Aggressive Behavior - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Aggressive Behavior: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00037-7 1. Aggressive Behavior-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on aggressive behavior. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ............................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Aggressive Behavior...................................................................... 9 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 66 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Finding Nutrition Studies on Aggressive Behavior .................................................................. 111 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 113 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 113 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR.......................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 115 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 118 General References ..................................................................................................................... 119 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR............................................................ 121 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 121 Dissertations on Aggressive Behavior ....................................................................................... 121 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 127 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ...................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Patents on Aggressive Behavior................................................................................................. 129 Patent Applications on Aggressive Behavior............................................................................. 134 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 135 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR .......................................................................... 137 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 137 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 137 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 139 Chapters on Aggressive Behavior............................................................................................... 140 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ............................................................... 141 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 141 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 141 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR ............................................ 143 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 143 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 143 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 145 Academic Periodicals covering Aggressive Behavior ................................................................. 145 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 149 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 149 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 149 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 151 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 153 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 155 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 155 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 155 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 158 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 161

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Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 161 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 161 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 167 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 167 AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR DICTIONARY ............................................................................. 169 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 223

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with aggressive behavior is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about aggressive behavior, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to aggressive behavior, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on aggressive behavior. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to aggressive behavior, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on aggressive behavior. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on aggressive behavior.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and aggressive behavior, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Descriptive Study of Physically Aggressive Behavior in Dementia by Direct Observation Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 42(2): 192-197. February 1994. Summary: A direct-observation, timewand system study examined physically aggressive behavior (PAB) in a cohort of older people with dementia. Researchers used a cross-sectional survey in a locked special care unit for Alzheimer's disease and ordinary skilled units of two suburban nursing homes. Twenty men and women with a history of PAB participated. Outcome measurements involved portable bar-codereaders and daily diaries to determine the frequency of PAB and to elucidate the antecedents and consequences of it. Findings suggest that PAB was most often directed toward staff (23 out of 28 episodes), usually in the context of personal care (15 out of 23

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episodes). In the majority of cases, verbal aggression or non-compliance preceded the PAB. Most often PAB was followed by a rapid return to non-aggressive behavior. These results imply that very little PAB was truly spontaneous, or the participant's normal behavior. Most PAB occurred in response to intrusion into the participant's personal space by staff or other residents. PAB may be better understood as a defensive response than an expression of anger. 3 tables, 20 references. (AA-M). •

Aggressive Behaviors Among the Institutionalized Elderly Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 41(8): 853-856. August 1993. Summary: The authors describe their experience with aggressive behavior over a 1-year period at a large, urban, long-term care nursing home. The retrospective study involved all nursing home residents who had exhibited aggressive behavior requiring completion of an incident report. There were 94 reports of aggressive behaviors involving 47 residents (29, 12, and 6 residents had 1, 2, and 3 or more aggressive behavior episodes, respectively). The latter six residents accounted for 44 percent of all events. The incidence of aggressive behavior was 0.27 per resident per year for the entire facility; on the Alzheimer's unit the incidence was 0.75 per resident per year. Sixty-two percent of the victims of aggressive behavior were other nursing home residents, 37 percent were employees, and 1 percent included visitors. Researchers reviewed the charts of the six residents with three or more aggressive behaviors. These residents received trials of multiple scheduled psychotropic medications, often exhibited several additional agitated behaviors around the time of the attack, were at risk for psychiatric hospitalizations during the study period, and often had underlying acute medical illnesses near the time of the attack. The study reveals that about two aggressive behaviors per week occurred in a large nursing home. Residents and staff of Alzheimer's units have a higher risk of being victims of aggressive behavior. A small number of patients accounts for nearly half of the behaviors, even on the Alzheimer's unit. According to the authors, aggressive behaviors may be clinical indicators of underlying acute medical illnesses. 1 table, 25 references.

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Relationship of Aggressive Behavior to Other Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 153(2): 243-247. February 1996. Summary: This article describes a study of the relationship between aggressive behavior and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in 75 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with probable or possible AD were assessed with the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Thirty-three percent of patients had verbal outbursts and 17 percent engaged in physical aggression in the month prior to assessment. Aggressive patients and nonaggressive patients did not differ regarding age, education, gender, level of depression, or severity of dementia. Results suggest that in the group studied, dysphoria was found in 33 percent, delusional thinking in 39 percent, and hallucinations in 16 percent. Aggressive behavior was more frequent among patients with hallucinations than among those without. Scores on hallucinations and activity disturbance predicted 12 percent of the variance in total aggressive behavior. When data from patients taking psychotropic medication were excluded from the analysis, hallucination and delusion scores predicted 22 percent of the variance in the aggression score. Physical aggression was associated with activity disturbance and hallucinations, and verbal aggression was associated with delusional ideation. No other clinical correlations of aggression were identified. Aggressive behavior is a frequent behavioral symptom in AD. According to

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the authors, approximately one-fourth of the variance in aggression could be attributed to psychosis. 1 table, 40 references. (AA-M). •

Use of Music to Decrease Aggressive Behaviors in People With Dementia Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 24(7): 10-17. July 1998. Summary: This article describes a study that examines the effect of music in decreasing aggressive behavior among individuals with dementia while being bathed by caregivers. Researchers studied the reactions of 18 cognitively impaired adults aged 55 to 95 who were observed while bathing with caregiver help under a control condition (no music) or an experimental condition (selections of music chosen by the subject were played). Conditions were reversed after a 2-week period (10 bath times). Decreases in 12 of 15 identified aggressive behaviors occurred during the music condition. Decreases were significant for the total number of observed behaviors and for hitting. Caregivers frequently reported improved attitude and an increase in cooperation during the music condition. These findings indicate that music may improve the quality of care for cognitively impaired older adults, and the use of music during caregiving may enhance the caregiver's experience. 1 figure, 3 tables, 23 references.

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Training Staff To Prevent Aggressive Behavior of Cognitively Impaired Elderly Patients During Bathing and Grooming Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 22(1): 37-43. January 1996. Summary: This article describes a theory-based training program designed to help nursing staff develop the knowledge and skills necessary in preventing and reducing aggressive behavior in cognitively impaired older patients during bathing and grooming. The study was conducted in a rural, 210-bed, State-operated geropsychiatric hospital. Staff participating in the study consisted of all nursing staff on three hospital units. The training included four components: helping staff re-examine the approaches they currently used; introducing methods outlined in the model and explaining why they are useful in meeting the specific needs of these patients; demonstrating how to apply the methods and enabling staff to practice them; and emphasizing that the trainers will assist the staff in using the methods after training. According to the authors. there was a significant and meaningful gain in knowledge and skill following completion of the training program. 2 tables, 20 references.

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Reducing Aggressive Behavior During Bathing Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 23(5): 16-23. May 1997. Summary: This journal article describes a study funded by the National Institute on Aging to evaluate an intervention designed to reduce the aggressive behaviors of nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease or other dementias during bathing. Ten residents with severe cognitive impairment who were verbally or physically aggressive during bathing participated in this study. Eight of the participants were female, and all were white. The mean age was 89.5 years, and the mean score on the Mini-Mental State Examination was 5.7. The intervention was aimed at shifting the nursing assistants' perspective from task-focused (getting the bath done) to personfocused (attending to the perspective and preferences of the resident and individualizing bathing care). A geropsychiatric clinical nurse specialist observed the nursing assistant with the resident during one bath, and then helped the assistant during another three to eight baths to resolve problems and try alternative approaches.

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An individualized bathing care plan then was written for each resident. Scores on the Ryden Aggression Scale suggested that the residents were less upset and aggressive and more calm and relaxed during bathing after the intervention. Using the Assessment of Bathing Experience scale, the nursing assistants rated the bathing experience as less frightening, frustrating, and challenging after the intervention. 1 figure, 4 tables, 27 references. •

Assessment and Intervention Study of Aggressive Behavior in Cognitively Impaired Institutionalized Elderly Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. p. 24-29. January-February 1997. Summary: This journal article describes an assessment and intervention study of aggressive behavior in four nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease (AD), three males and one female aged 69 to 82 years. They were identified by staff as the most physically aggressive and noncompliant with daily care. Baseline behavioral data were collected by direct care staff, support staff, and a research assistant over 5 weeks. Staff used the Overt Aggression Scale and the Antecedent Behavior and Consequences Record, and the research assistant unobtrusively observed each resident for 60-90 minutes per day. Data collection continued for another 9 weeks after implementation of individualized environmental or pharmacologic interventions. These interventions included pain management, restraint management, and beta blocker therapy. The four residents exhibited four distinct patterns of aggressive behaviors and apparent precipitating factors. The interventions were successful in reducing the amount and intensity of the aggressive behaviors in three of the four residents. The authors conclude that a good baseline assessment is important to identifying effective interventions for aggressive behavior in older people with dementia. They note that pain is a precipitating factor for aggressive behavior in cognitively impaired older persons. When these patients cannot verbally communicate their pain to caregivers, caregivers may not recognize the link between pain and aggressive behavior nor seek treatment for the pain. 4 figures, 17 references.

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Aggressive Behavior: Educating Nursing Assistants Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 18(5): 3-12. May 1992. Summary: This journal article describes an educational program for nursing assistants caring for cognitively impaired or disturbed nursing home residents. The program was part of a study testing the feasibility of an intervention to prevent or reduce aggressive behavior in a sample of residents with cognitive impairment. The program was based on a review of the gerontological and psychiatric literature and on the prior experience and research of the authors. Pretest and posttest scores on three measures showed that nursing assistants viewed the task of caregiving as significantly more rewarding and significantly less frustrating. The nursing assistants in this study were responsive to opportunities to enhance their knowledge and skill about dementia care and were eager to participate actively in trying out intervention strategies once they had a clear sense of the goals that might prevent or reduce residents' aggressive behavior. 27 references.

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Evaluation and Management of Aggressive Behavior in the Elderly Demented Patient Source: Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 17(2): 32-35. April 1999. Summary: This journal article discusses the evaluation and treatment of older people with dementia and aggression, examining neurobiological, cognitive, and environmental factors that shape aggressive behavior in dementia. Rating scales can be

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useful in detecting and evaluating aggression in older people with dementia. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory provides a comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia, though it has some semantic problems. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale also has semantic problems, but it offers proven usability, reliability, and sensitivity to change in evaluating aggression in older people with dementia. Measurement of changes in neurobiological factors can refine treatment approaches. For example, older people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have greater sensitivity to norepinephrine in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than do healthy people. High levels of norepinephrine in the CSF of people with AD suggests up-regulation of locus ceruleus neurons in those people. Other neurobiological factors may also mediate aggressive behavior in older people with dementia. Treatment can include antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and betaadrenergic blockers. This article concludes with a discussion by two researchers on CSF concentrations of norepinephrine and aggression in people with AD, noting results of postmortem studies on the subject. 1 figure, 2 tables, 12 references. •

Effectiveness of Special Care Unit (SCU) Placements in Reducing Physically Aggressive Behaviors in Recently Admitted Dementia Nursing Home Residents Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. 14(5): 270-277. September-October 1999. Summary: This journal article examines the effectiveness of special care units (SCUs) compared with regular nursing home placement in reducing physically aggressive behaviors among newly admitted residents with dementia. Between December 1992 and June 1994, 695 elderly dementia patients were admitted to 106 SCUs (n=495) and 47 nonSCU facilities (n=200). A total of 432 SCU residents and 164 non-SCU residents survived 6 months in their original placement. Physically aggressive behavior was measured with the aggression subscale of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory. After controlling for age and baseline levels of disruptive behaviors, SCU had neither a positive nor negative effect on the frequency of aggressive behaviors. However, increased use of psychotropic medications and a reduction in the use of physical restraints were associated with lower levels of aggression. The authors conclude that SCUs do not appear to decrease aggressive behaviors, but they still may serve a beneficial function for nursing home residents with dementia. 3 tables, 34 references.

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Predictors and Consequences of Aggressive Behavior by Community-Based Dementia Patients Source: Gerontologist. 30(2): 206-211. April 1990. Summary: This journal article reports the results of a study of the frequency, nature, context, and caregivers' reactions to aggressive behavior in 213 dementia patients (caregivers: 145 females and 68 males, having a mean age of 63.10 years; patients: 128 females and 85 males having a mean age of 75.16 years). Aggression was reported in 57.2 percent of the patients and in 10.6 percent of the caregivers. Predictors of patient aggression were greater frequency of behavior and memory problems, pre-morbid aggression, and a more troubled pre-morbid social relationship between patient and caregiver. Patient aggression predicted the decision to discontinue home care. 20 references.

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Aggressive Behavior in the Elderly: A Critical Review Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 13(2): 3-22. 1993.

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Summary: This paper critically reviews literature on aggressive behavior in older people, and describes current treatment interventions and their effectiveness. It includes, but is not limited to, aggression related to dementia. This paper reports studies in the areas of neuropsychology, neurochemistry, social/personality psychology, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. The studies show that aggressive behavior in older people occurs more frequently than has been believed previously. According to the authors, problems with current literature on this topic include the large difference in prevalence rates of aggression reported and the fact that most studies do not provide detailed information on the type of aggression exhibited by older people. This paper emphasizes the need for more reports on aggressive behavior, the use of standardized instruments for aggression assessment, and the need to assess and report the psychometric properties of these instruments. Currently, pharmacotherapy is the most frequently used form of treatment for aggressive older people. However, while nonpharmacological treatments have been effective, the increase in older population may make use of such treatments very labor-intensive. 87 references. •

Aggressive Behavior in Institutionalized Elders: A Theoretical Framework Source: American Journal of Alzheimer's Care and Related Disorders and Research. 10(2): 23-29. March-April 1995. Summary: This paper explores current research on aggression in institutionalized older people and proposes a theoretical framework for use by caregivers. The author discusses the relationships among biological indexes of brain dysfunction, past behaviors, social networks, and environmental triggers in the expression of aggression. The author notes that variables cited in the psychiatric literature as influencing aggression also are found in institutionalized older people. The research suggests that historical factors together with biological changes may be important variables for predicting aggression in the institutionalized patient. If this is the case, the author suggests that caregivers need to take a close and detailed history of past behavior and social relationships, including a functional evaluation; and pay particular attention to preserving and respecting remaining capabilities. 1 figure, 74 references.

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Transdermal Estradiol in the Management of Aggressive Behaviors in Male Patients With Dementia Source: Clinical Gerontologist. 15(3): 54-58. 1995. Summary: This report describes five cases of aggressive male patients with dementia who were treated with transdermal estradiol to control their aggression. The low dose estradiol (0.05 mgm or 0.10 mgm per day) administered via a patch placed between the shoulder blades was at least partially effective in the treatment of these physically aggressive behaviors in about 50 percent of the patients. Estrogen, when effective, appeared to work quickly, within 1 to 3 days. Mood was secondarily improved, and there was no sedative effect. Not only was the medication well tolerated by the patient, it was also accepted by the families. Observations suggest that the drug, in terms of risk profile and positive benefits, is a benign and relatively safe medication for this particular population. 5 references.

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Federally Funded Research on Aggressive Behavior The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to aggressive behavior. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to aggressive behavior. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore aggressive behavior. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for aggressive behavior: •

Project Title: 5HT1B RECEPTOR IN ANTISOCIAL ALCOHOLICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Moss, Howard B.; Professor of Psychiatry; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: A host of clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that serotonergic neurotransmission is altered both in Alcohol Use Disorders and among individuals with heightened aggression and impulsivity. Several laboratories have shown that mice bred to be lacking in the gene encoding the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor display heightened levels of aggressive behavior, increased volitional alcohol consumption, and greater self-administration of cocaine. These results clearly implicate this class of serotonin receptor in both mammalian aggression and alcohol and other drug use behavior. Consistent with this observation in the animal model, linkage has been demonstrated between polymorphisms of the gene for the human 5-HT1B receptor and antisocial forms of alcoholism. This proposed exploratory study will extend these pre-clinical and human studies by investigating both the functional responsivity of the 5-HT1B receptor, using a sumatriptan challenge paradigm, and the measured genetic variability in the locus encoding this receptor, in a study population of Alcohol Dependent men with and without Antisocial Personality Disorder. A comparison group of non-alcoholic, non-antisocial individuals, who are matched to probands on age, sex, ethnicity, and U.S. Census tract will also be studied. This latter group represents individuals who are unaffected by alcohol dependence and sociopathy, despite similar socio-environmental exposure. We believe that this approach is innovative and heuristic because it directly addresses the seential issue of the physiological ramifications of gene expression. If the serotonin 5HT1B receptor system was found to be broadly contributory to the intergenerational transmission of antisociality and substance abuse, the results would identify this system as a salient target for future genetic and psychopharmacological investigations. No less important is the possibility that psychopharmacologic agents with a high- degree of specificity for this receptor (e.g.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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"Triptans" such as sumatriptan) could have utility as potential therapeutics for antisocial disorders associated with substance abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: A MOUSE MODEL FOR UV-INDUCED JUNCTIONAL MELANOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Noonan, Frances P.; Professor; Immunology; George Washington University 2121 I St Nw Washington, Dc 20052 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), already notorious for its highly aggressive behavior and its recalcitrance to currently available therapeutics is one of the the fastest increasing cancers in the USA. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence for a significant underlying genetic basis for CMM, as well as an initiating role for sunlight exposure in its etiology. The functional relationship, however, between genes and environment in the pathogenesis of melanoma is virtually unknown. Until now, research on this deadly disease has been badly hampered by the lack of an animal model which adequately recapitulates human disease. We have developed a new transgenic mouse model for UV-induced melanoma which, for the first time, shows an etiology, histopathology and molecular pathogenesis remarkably similar to human CMM. In this proposal, we seek to characterize and further validate this model which shows great promise for melanoma investigations. Preliminary data to date have demonstrated that a single neonatal burning dose of UV exposure is necessary and sufficient to induce highly penetrant cutaneous melanoma, arising in apposition to epidermal elements with a junctional morphology and a molecular pathogenetic profile remarkably reminiscent of human melanoma. Specifically, the UV responsiveness and waveband dependence of this model will be established, the role of critical genetic alterations in the tumor suppressor loci Ink4a and p53 occurring in early lesions and in malignant tumors will be investigated using an in vivo genetic approach, and we propose to establish if UV-induced immune alterations play a fundamental role in the early pathogenesis of disease in this model. We anticipate that these studies will provide the major basis for development of this system for application in the design of preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions and for further investigations of the fundamental biology of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO VEGF BLOCKADE IN WILMS TUMOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Kandel, Jessica J.; Surgery; Columbia University Health Sciences Po Box 49 New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): While most children with Wilms tumor (WT) are cured, a subset with aggressive disease continues to fail all current therapies. This proposal focuses on the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in WT angiogenesis. Our general strategy will be to characterize the response to altered status of VEGF in a xenograft model, focusing on changes in endothelium, recruited perivascular cells, and expression of angiogenesis-related genes (VEGF, angiopoietins, platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B), and Eph/Ephrins). Our preliminary results demonstrate that VEGF blockade initially inhibits WT xenografl growth and angiogenesis. However, prolonged treatment leads to recurrent tumor growth despite continued VEGF blockade, associated with profound alterations in vasculature. We hypothesize that a potential mechanism of this apparent resistance is the remodeling of

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tumor vessels to a state where they are less dependent on VEGF function. We will examine this mechanism by studying genes contributing to arterial/venous specification, vascular integrity, and remodeling (Aims 1 and 2) and the her2/neu oncogene, which may contribute to WT response to VEGF blockade (Aim 3). In Aim 1, we hypothesize that VEGF, in cooperation with ephrins, angiopoietins, and PDGFB, plays a critical role in forming vasculature with specific features that support aggressive behavior in WT. We will examine the response to VEGF blockade or overexpression in developing xenografts of different histology, relating tumor status to changes in vessel structure and expression of angiogenesis-related genes. We will determine if the regression of established vessel networks by VEGF blockade will alter specific vascular attributes. In Aim 2, we hypothesize that PDGF-B contributes to acquired resistance of WT xenografts to VEGF blockade. We will overexpress and block PDGF-B in Wilms tumor, and characterize the effect of altered status of PDGF-B on the response to VEGF antagonism. In Aim 3, we will determine whether her2/neu expression confers a relative survival advantage during VEGF blockade, by comparing the effects of blockade in xenografts expressing different levels of this receptor. We will characterize the effects of her2/neu activation and blockade on angiogenic genes in tumors in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo, and determine whether her2/neu inhibition affects acquisition of resistance to VEGF antagonists. The resulting preclinical data may provide a rational basis for use of anti-angiogenic therapies in Wilms tumor, and assist in circumventing their limitations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADOLESCENT AGGRESSION

ANABOLIC

STEROIDS,

VASOPRESSION,

&

Principal Investigator & Institution: Melloni, Richard H,.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1996; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The abuse of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) has increased dramatically amongst the adolescent population and represents a serious drug problem in the United States. The most consistently cited behavioral sequelae of AAS abuse is increased aggressive behavior. The arginine vasopressin (AVP) neural system has been strongly implicated in the regulation of aggressive behavior. It is hypothesized that abuse of anabolic steroids during the adolescent period of neural development results in increased aggressive behavior correlated with developmental changes in the AVP neural system. These changes may be a function of alterations in the expression of AVP and/or the expression and activity of specific AVP receptors. Alternatively, these developmental changes may be due to modifications in the synaptic connectivity of the AVP neural system. Studies outlined in this proposal will utilize an animal model to examine the behavioral and neurobiological effects of high dose AAS exposure during a period that is physiologically similar to adolescence in humans. The first set of experiments will determine whether exposure to AAS during adolescent development facilitates aggressive behavior in golden hamsters using the resident/intruder paradigm of offensive aggression. The next set of experiments will determine whether AAS exposure during adolescence alters the molecular biology and neurochemistry of the AVP neural system. These studies will employ the use of cDNA fragments, antibodies, and selective receptor ligands to visualize and quantitate the activity of the genes encoding AVP and the AVP V1A subtype receptor. The last set of experiments will determine whether exposure to AAS during adolescent development alters the synaptic connections of the AVP neural system. Changes in synaptic connectivity will be

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visualized and quantitated by wide-field digital microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. The data obtained from these studies should provide valuable information regarding the increased risk of aggressive and violent behavior in those individuals who abuse AAS during early life, and the neurobiological sequelae of prolonged high dose use of AAS. This knowledge is important in helping us to identify developmental periods that are particularly vulnerable to environmental insult, and to document the neurobiological changes that may predispose individuals to behave in a self-destructive or violent manner later in life. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADOLESCENT DRUG USE: DEVELOPMENT, PREVENTION, AND POLICY Principal Investigator & Institution: Dodge, Kenneth A.; Professor and Director; Sanford Inst for Public Policy; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (Provided by Applicant): This competing-continuation application of a K05 Senior Scientist Award requests salary support for the PI to accomplish five goals. The first goal is to complete a program of research on how substance use, abuse, and disorder develop during adolescence. A biopsychosocial model that posits biological, sociocultural, parenting, peer, school, and cognitive-emotional factors that cumulate, interact, and transact across development guides this research. Hypotheses will be tested in an ongoing prospective study of 585 boys and girls who have been followed since age 4 and will turn 18 during the current year. Findings to date indicate that risk for early-onset substance use is enhanced by family history, adversity, and academicsocial-conduct problems, whereas risk for adolescence-onset substance use derives especially from peer influences. The second goal is to complete a program of research on the prevention of substance use and related problem behaviors in adolescence. Based on the model and findings reported above, the PI has developed and implemented Fast Track, which is a comprehensive program for high-risk children (partially funded by NIDA). After screening over 9,000 kindergarteners, 891 were selected as high-risk and then randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. The intervention lasts 10 years and includes parent training, academic tutoring, social-cognitive skills training, peer coaching, mentoring, and vocational orientation. Findings after six years indicate that assignment to intervention leads to significantly less self-reported substance use (especially in girls), fewer associations with drug using peers, reduced aggressive behavior, fewer special education placements, and fewer psychiatric hospitalizations. Participants turn 14-16 years old this year and will be followed for the next five years. The third goal is to complete a program of public policy and services research on the costs, benefits, and utilization of health services, special education, and juvenile-justice system involvement by high-risk children. An economic study of Fast Track will be completed, along with analyses of the prediction of service utilization across time. The fourth goal is to enhance the PI?s research career development, particularly his ability to integrate basic developmental science with prevention program design and public policy analysis. He will become more learned in economic analysis and in the state of knowledge regarding adolescent substance use policy. The fifth goal is to enhance the PI?s ability to train new research scholars in a developmental approach to prevention and public policy toward adolescent substance use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ADOLESCENT GIRLS' AGGRESSION: INDIVIDUAL & FAMILY RISKS Principal Investigator & Institution: Obeidallah, Dawn; Abt Associates, Inc. Cambridge, Ma 02138 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-JAN-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: (adapted from Investigator's abstract): Aggressive behavior among adolescent girls is a growing and serious problem (Office of the Juvenile Justice Dept., 1998), yet the majority of studies of aggressive behavior focus on males. This proposal represents one of the first prospective studies of adolescent girl's aggressive behavior. The overarching goal of this project is to identify individual- and family-level predictors of adolescent girls' aggressive behavior, with particular attention to depression. Results from the proposed study will not only deepen our understanding of these problems but may also facilitate treatment efforts by targeting girls at-risk of engaging in aggressive acts. The proposed two-year project includes three central aims: 1) to investigate whether previously hypothesized individual-level precursors are associated with the development of aggressive behavior in girls; la) to determine whether girls' engagement in aggressive acts typically precedes or follows the emergence of depressive symptoms; 2) to predict whether previously hypothesized family-level precursors are associated with development of girls' aggressive behavior and whether family-level characteristics moderate the relationship between individual level risk factors and girls' aggressive acts; and 3) to determine whether a cumulative risk model describes the relationships between girls' engagement in aggressive acts and the number of individual- and familylevel risk factors experienced. Data will be drawn from the first three waves of the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN, P.I., F. Earls). At the writing of this proposal, wave I data is being analyzed and results reported, wave 2 data is being cleaned, and wave 3 data is being collected. Respondent retention between waves one and two was 86.2 percent. The initial sample includes 1, 1 1 1 9-, 12-, and 15year old adolescent girls from African American, Latino, and white families living across 74 neighborhoods. The proposed study uses Hierarchical Linear Modeling (BLM) to examine the hypothesized relationships. Preliminary results of the cross-sectional data showed a consistent relationship between girls' engagement in aggressive acts and depressive symptoms, even after controlling for other important variables (e.g., substance abuse, family aggression). Further, results showed that early maturing girls are at elevated risk for engaging in aggressive acts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: AGGRESSION AND SOCIAL COGNITIONS IN URBAN YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Guerra, Nancy G.; Professor; Psychology; University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, Ca 92521 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The aim of the proposed study is to extend our knowledge about the developmental course of aggression and delinquency among urban boys and girls from different ethnic backgrounds living in communities characterized by high rates of poverty, violence and crime. This study will build on the scientific value of an existing, developmental database employing an accelerated longitudinal design and involving eight successive cohorts of children. These children initially participated in the study when they were in the 2nd or 5th grade and they were randomly assigned to either an intervention or a no treatment control condition. This application seeks funding to analyze data on the 1017 children who received parental

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Aggressive Behavior

permission to participate and were assigned to the control condition. A particular focus of this research is to examine the evolving and reciprocal relations between socialcognitive variables, neighborhood violence, peer influences, and aggressive/delinquent behavior. In addition to examining trajectories and growth curves of aggression, delinquency and social cognition, these data will permit examination of the extent to which the course of aggression and delinquency is influenced specifically by contextual factors including neighborhood violence, peers' aggressive behavior, peers' social cognitions, and peer relations and how developing trajectories of aggression and delinquency influence some contextual factors (e.g., selections of antisocial peers) in a transactional process. The proposed set of studies can provide a bridge between psychological investigations of aggression and delinquency focused on social-cognitive and early peer relationship factors (e.g., peer rejection) and sociological studies of peer influences on adolescent delinquency focused on both the behavior and beliefs of the antisocial peer group. Because the data set includes both boys and girls from different ethnic groups, it will be possible to examine whether these individuals and contextual influences vary systematically by gender and ethnicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AGGRESSION AND WOMEN--ALCOHOL AND SEROTONIN RELATIONSHIP Principal Investigator & Institution: Dougherty, Donald M.; Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Be; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: The overall aim of these studies is to determine whether impaired serotonin function confers vulnerability to the aggression increasing effects of alcohol among women. More specifically, we propose to study the effects of alcohol and plasma Ltryptophan manipulations (and ultimately serotonin levels in the central nervous system) on aggressive responding in female subjects under controlled laboratory conditions. A naturalistic laboratory procedure will be used, which provides the participating subject with the opportunity to aggress toward a fictitious person who ostensibly presents an aversive stimulus to the subject. To identify the complete timecourse effects of alcohol and/or the plasma L-tryptophan manipulations on behavior, subjects' responses will be evaluated at periodic intervals before and following drink administration. The effects of alcohol and amino-acid drink mixtures, which either increase (T+) or decrease (T-) plasma L- tryptophan levels, will be compared. Of particular importance will be the effects of these drink manipulations in two groups of women, who differ in the severity of menstrual related symptoms, at two different phases of the menstrual cycle. This is important because serotonin function appears to vary across the menstrual cycle phase (lower function during premenstrual phase) and is affected by the degree of premenstrual symptomatology experienced (lower function in women with high levels of symptomatology). These factors should differentially affect the efficacy of the drink administration (alcohol and/or amino-acid drinks). The specific aims of these laboratory studies are: l. To determine the differences in the effects of alcohol on aggression during the follicular and late- luteal (i.e., premenstrual) phases of the menstrual cycle; 2. To determine differences in the effects of the T+ and T- drinks on aggression during the follicular and late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle; 3. To determine the interaction between alcohol combined with either the T+ or T- drinks on aggression; 4. To systematically examine how individuals with and without premenstrual symptomatology are differentially affected by the alcohol and L-

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tryptophan manipulation procedures; and 5. To determine how clinical instruments of aggression and impulsiveness are related to aggressive responding observed in the laboratory. These proposed studies will answer several questions regarding how alcohol, serotonin, premenstrual symptomatology, and the menstrual cycle are related to the susceptibility for aggressive behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ALCOHOL AND THE ACTIVATION OF AGGRESSIVE THOUGHTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Quigley, Brian M.; None; State University of New York at Buffalo Suite 211 Ub Commons Buffalo, Ny 14228 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal is a revision of a previously reviewed Scientist Development Award (SDA). The SDA is requested to allow the P.I. to develop an independent program of research on the social cognitive aspects of alcohol-related aggression. As violence is an increasing societal problem and alcohol has been found to be involved in over 50% of all violent incidents, understanding how alcohol affects the decision making processes involved in aggressive behavior is extremely important. The specific aims of this research proposal are: 1) to examine whether alcohol expectancies regarding aggression can be conceptualized as cognitive-associative networks in memory, and 2) to examine the interactive effects of alcohol intoxication and alcohol expectancy on the activation of aggressive cognitions. Two studies will be conducted during the award period. The two proposed studies examine the impact of alcohol on the first stage of information processing involved in aggressive behavior: the activation of aggressive thoughts. The first study is designed to examine if alcohol expectancies relating to aggression can be conceptualized as cognitive-associative networks and to assess the validity of three laboratory procedures for examining this question. The three procedures to be assessed are a word similarity rating procedure, a word appropriateness rating procedure, and a modified Stroop task. Findings from the first study will be used to inform design of the second study. In the second study, the impact of intoxication and alcohol expectancy on the activation of aggressive cognitions will be examined. It is hypothesized that intoxication, the expectancy that alcohol increases aggression, and the presence of an aggressive cue are required for the activation of aggressive cognitions. The SDA will allow the researcher to develop a research program which will lead to future investigations of intoxicated aggression and to engage in career development activities that will advance his knowledge of social cognition and alcohol research through consultation with experts in these fields. It also will provide supervised training in laboratory alcohol administration procedures. The training and research will be conducted at the Research Institute on Addictions, an environment which has a strong history of supporting the development of young researchers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROID EFFECTS ON BRAIN & BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Mcginnis, Marilyn Y.; Associate Professor; Anatomy/Functional Morphology; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-FEB-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of this research is to understand the impact of peripubertal AAS abuse on sociosexual and reproductive maturation. This is

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Aggressive Behavior

an important area of AAS research in view of recent data indicating that AAS abuse has risen in teenagers. Critical hormonal and neurological changes occur during puberty which are responsible for the development and expression of aggressive, sexual and sociosexual behaviors. As human studies often rely on subjective reports, a rat model is used to study AAS effects on behavior. The aims of this project are to assess the behavioral and neuroendocrine consequences of AAS abuse in pubertal rats. Our work has focused on the individual effects of three commonly abused AAS, testosterone (TP), nandrolone (ND) and stanozolol (ST). In adults we found that TP stimulates aggression, and a phase advance in circadian rhythms. In contrast, ST suppresses aggression and sexual behavior. Because ST is not aromatizable, Aim 1 will determine whether the suppressive effect of ST on aggressive and reproductive behaviors is due to lack of estrogenic exposure. The results of this study will also demonstrate whether estrogen is required for development of sociosexual and aggressive behaviors in pubertal males. Aim 2 will assess whether the behavioral changes resulting from peripubertal AAS abuse are reversible. Since AAS users typically "stack" (combine) AAS, Aim 3 will determine whether 'stacking' ameliorates or exaggerates AAS effects on aggression and reproductive behavior. We previously found that TP induces an exaggerated response to physical provocation even toward non-threatening opponents. Aim 4 will examine whether this phenomenon extends to aggression toward females. Aim 5 will investigate whether serotonin plays a role in mediating AAS effects on aggression to delineate possible mechanisms underlying AAS effects on brain in juveniles. The fact that dynamic hormonal changes occur during puberty, and the brain is affected by these hormonal influences, emphasizes the need for more research on the effects of AAS exposure during adolescence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANGER AND PARENT-TO-CHILD AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mammen, Oommen K.; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: This is a revised Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award application that describes a program of training and research on the correlates and treatment of parent-to-child aggression in parents who have physically abused their child. The candidate's goal is to acquire the training needed to conduct controlled trials of integrated psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacologic interventions designed to reduce parent-to-child aggression. This goal is to be achieved through the proposed research and through the educational plan consisting of independent study, courses in statistics and research design, and clinical work with abusive families. Because child physical abuse (CPA) involves parent-to-child aggression, the wealth of literature on aggression in other settings can be used to better understand CPA. The proposed study is informed by the following findings: anger contributes to aggressive behavior, persons with high compared to low levels of anger show more aggressive behavior, and serotonergic antidepressants such as fluoxetine reduce anger and aggression. This randomized double-blind placebo controlled study will examine whether fluoxetine adds to standard treatment for physically abusive parents in the community, by examining the effectiveness of fluoxetine in reducing aggression among abusive parents assigned to Fluoxetine plus Treatment-as-Usual (TAU) or Placebo plus TAU. A causal model of parental aggression will also be examined. Specifically, the role of anger will be examined as a mediator of the effects of the following variables implicated in CPA: psychopathology (depression and anxiety), social cognition, physiologic arousability,

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impulsivity and selected ecological factors. Eighty abusive parents will be studied. In contrast to cognitive-behavior therapy, fluoxetine may reduce aggression through reducing the intensity of angry emotion and its attendant arousal and aggressive action tendencies. Thus, if fluoxetine reduces parental aggression, it may prove to be a useful adjunct to psychotherapeutic interventions currently used to treat CPA. Prior studies of abusive parents have not examined these variables within a single sample and there are no trials of antidepressants in this group. This application, which combines training and experience in causal and treatment research, may contribute to the understanding and treatment of child physical abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANGER CONTROL TRAINING FOR YOUTH WITH TOURETTE SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Scahill, Larry D.; Professor; None; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application requests funding to complete an ongoing pilot study on the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral, anger control training (ACT) in 42 adolescents with Tourette Syndrome (TS) and explosive, disruptive behavior. ACT will be compared to treatment as usual in a randomized clinical trial. Disruptive behaviors in TS may take numerous forms including noncompliance, anger outbursts, and physical aggression. Anger outbursts in TS have been described as rage attacks or rage storms due to their high intensity and unpredictability in response to minimal provocation. Whether these behaviors are part of TS, related to comorbid conditions, or due to the burden of chronic illness is not clear. Nevertheless, these disruptive behaviors can result in significant functional impairment and often require clinical attention. The purpose of this ACT intervention is to improve the explosive and noncompliant behavior in adolescents with TS by enhancing affect regulation and social problem-solving skills. The treatment is based on anger control training (Feindler and Ecton, 1986) which has been empirically supported for reducing aggressive behaviors and improving social functioning in aggressive youths. Funded by a one-year research award from the Tourette Syndrome Association (TSA), our research group has modified the treatment manual to target conduct problems that occur in TS. Thus far, we enrolled 15 subjects. The requested funding will allow us to continue the study, which will be the first to evaluate the efficacy of structured, cognitive-behavioral therapy for disruptive behavior problems in TS. The study will be conducted at the Yale Child Study Center in collaboration with the Tic Disorder Clinic, the ongoing Program Project in Tourette syndrome (PO1MH49351) and the Research Unit in Pediatric Psychopharmacology (NO1MH7009). The primary outcome measures include the Oppositional Defiant Scale and the Clinicians Global Improvement Score, to be assessed by a clinician blind to treatment assignment. In addition, the impact of ACT on adolescent's tic symptoms, anger experience, and family functioning will be explored. Subjects in the treatment as usual comparison condition participate in ACT after the 10-week period. This design will permit demonstration of a clinically relevant effect size for anger control training in adolescents with TS. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BASIC PROCESSES & VARIATION IN COGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Macwhinney, Brian J.; Professor; Psychology; Carnegie-Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh, Pa 15213

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: The goal of this program is the successful training of the next generation of cognitive psychologists with a specific emphasis on basic processes and individual variation in cognition. NIH has underscored the importance of applying behavioral research to the study of a wide variety of health problems from autism to addiction and aggressive behavior. The training proposed here addresses that need by focusing on individual differences in cognition and learning. The application of cognitive psychology to these issues emphasizes the role of individual differences in cognition, training, and motivation as they interact with social and educational structures. In order to deal effectively with this wide range of applications, the next generation of cognitive psychologists needs to master a core set of research methodologies and theoretical approaches. This proposal focuses on three specific pathways for training cognitive psychologists interested in the study of individual differences in cognition. The first pathway introduces the trainee to the methods and theories of cognitive neuroscience. Methods here include imaging techniques (FMRI, ERP, PET), psychometric evaluation, lesion studies, and work with specific clinical populations. The second pathway exposes the trainee to the methods and theories of cognitive development. Methods here include microgenetic analysis, gesture-speech studies, naturalistic observation, modeling, and strategy choice analysis. The third pathway emphasizes understanding of variation in normal adult cognitive functioning. Methods here include protocol analysis, implicit learning paradigms, studies of working memory, and investigations of problem-solving. Each trainee will be committed to exploring in detail one of these three pathways. However, all trainees will also learn something about methods and theories in all three pathways. In this way, trainees will be given the tools needed to produce high quality research on the roots of individual variation in human cognition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BEHAVIORAL ENDOCRINOLOGY OF MALE PHENOTYPES Principal Investigator & Institution: Moore, Michael C.; Professor; Biology; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1992; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): A significant problem for biomedicine generally and mental health specifically is understanding how individual variation in phenotype is produced. In this proposal we continue our previous approach of attempting to generalize the dominant model of sexual differentiation, the organizational-activational model, to an understanding of the neuroendocrine mechanisms that produce individual variation in aggressive behavior. For these studies we use a nontraditional model, an animal with alternative male phenotypes or morphs. The morphs differ in color and one morph is highly aggressive, while the other is not. This model system is powerful because we can use color to assign individuals to behavioral phenotypes that differ in only one dimension, aggressiveness. In previous funding periods, we learned that differences in behavior between these morphs are organized by early actions of sex steroid hormones in a manner analogous to the organization of sexual phenotype. This result suggests that differences within the sexes may be produced by mechanisms very similar to those that produce differences between the sexes. We propose here to examine this effect more closely and to focus on a more detailed level of the specific mechanisms within the brain. Where do these hormones act in the brain and how does this change during the course of development? What neuroanatomical and neurochemical changes do these hormones produce to bring about the differences in aggressive behavior? How does experience modify the effects of these hormones on these neural substrates? We

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also propose to test a working hypothesis, the Dual Gate Hypothesis, that is a specific extension of the organizational-activational model and that proposes that the differences in behavior are produced by the early actions of hormones on at least two specific areas of the brain, the medial amygdala and the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOLOGY OF NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCER GROWTH & PROGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Clayman, Gary L.; Associate Professor; Immunology; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 06-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is increasing rapidly, and further increases are expected. A small proportion of these basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin exhibit an aggressive phenotype, characterized by multiple recurrences, size more then 2 cm, invasion of muscle, cartilage, bone, or nerves, or lymph node metastasis. The State of Texas has a high incidence of skin cancer and an unusually high death rate from NMSC. Because of its geographic location and referral patterns, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center treats a large number of highly aggressive NMSC; in fact, nearly half of the approximately 100 new cases of skin cancer seen annually in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery exhibit aggressive behavior and are difficult to control by surgery and radiation. Progress toward reducing the incidence of and morbidity and mortality from NMSC requires a 3-pronged approach; Identification of the etiologic and genetic factors that contribute to skin cancer induction; determination of the host and tumor characteristics associated with skin cancer progressions; and development of new approaches for the treatment of highly aggressive NMSC. The specific aims of this Program are therefore, to (1) develop an understanding of the molecular events leading to skin cancer development; (2) ascertain athe role of UV radiation in the development of NMSC, including those with aggressive behavior, (3) assess the contribution of various mechanisms to progression of NMSC; (4) reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life of patients with aggressive skin cancer. These goals will be addressed by 16 Key Program Investigators in laboratory and clinical investigations on the role of p53 in UV carcinogenesis and immunosuppression (Project 1); regulation of apoptosis in skin cancer development (Project 2); DNA repair and chromosome instability in skin cancers (Project 3); and adjuvant biotherapy of aggressive skin cancers with 13-cis retinoic acid and interferonalpha (Project 5). These studies will be coordinated and supported by cores devoted to collection of clinical, pathological, molecular, and epidemiological data and procurement, maintenance, processing, and distribution of clinical samples and biostatistical analysis and integration of laboratory and clinical data. These efforts will be supported by 16 collaborators/co-investigators and 8 Program Advisors. The Program Project will provide information on the etiology, biology, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of induction of NMSC and generate valuable clinical and epidemiological databases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CATHEPSINS IN MALIGNANT PROGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sloane, Bonnie F.; Professor & Chair; Pharmacology; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1992; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: There is increasing evidence that malignant progression of human tumors involves proteolytic cascades that are initiated at the tumor cell surface. Two major observations implicate the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B in this process. One is that cathepsin B becomes a cell surface enzyme in tumors. The other is that high levels of expression of cathepsin B correlate positively with aggressive behavior and progression of human tumors and negatively with patient survival. Cathepsin B appears to be a participant as cathepsin B inhibitors and cysteine protease inhibitors reduce tumor cell motility, invasion and growth in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Recent studies have found that cathepsin B expression is dramatically increased in premalignant lesions. This would be consistent with our hypothesis that membraneassociated cathepsin B degrades basement membrane coincident with the transition to malignancy. In this proposal, we will evaluate mechanisms that may result in association of cathepsin B with the tumor cell surface and, using model systems for colon cancer, determine whether this protease participates in degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and invasion in vitro and malignant progression in vivo. In the first aim, we will establish the function of various regions of cathepsin B in its trafficking using cells deficient in cathepsin B or mannose 6-phosphate receptors, and analyze the interactions between cathepsin B and a vacuolar sorting receptor and cathepsin B and putative binding proteins. In the second aim, we will use living colon cancer cells to determine whether: a) cell surface cathepsin B exhibits endopeptidase or exopeptidase activity, and b) cathepsin B is responsible for degradation of extracellular matrix proteins in a novel quenched-fluorescent protein assay. In the third aim, we will manipulate colon cancer model systems to downregulate cathepsin B expression, reduce its cell surface localization or inhibit its activity in order to determine whether cathepsin B is casually linked to colon cancer progression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COCAINE AND MATERNAL NEGLECT: INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Johns, Josephine M.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Given the social and ethical issues surrounding maternal neglect and abuse in humans, an animal model of neglect provides an important method to study the biobehavioral underpinnings of maternal neglect/abuse with more direct control over the confounding variables found in human research. Child abuse and maternal neglect has long been strongly correlated with drug abuse in women. Recently, lower levels of oxytocin and cocaine use during pregnancy have also been associated with general feelings of anger and hostility and difficulty with infant attachment in women. In a rodent model, the investigators have found that chronic cocaine treatment during pregnancy and acute cocaine treatment in postpartum dams both increase maternal neglect, defined as the disruption of pup-directed maternal behavior. Chronic cocaine treatment also increases postpartum maternal aggression towards intruders to the extent that pups are often injured, while acute cocaine treatment decreases protection of pups from intruders. They have also observed that chronic cocaine treatment reduces levels of oxytocin in the medial preoptic area and amygdala at the same time periods that maternal behavior and maternal aggression, respectively, are maximally affected. The investigators hypothesize that chronic and acute cocaine treatment will result in

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differential and significant patterns of maternal neglect/abuse of offspring at different times across the lactation period. They will measure the frequency, duration and latency of maternal behavior and maternal aggression in rat dams during lactation and unprovoked aggressive behavior (postweaning) towards other rats following chronic cocaine, acute cocaine, and saline treatment (Study 1). They also hypothesize that prenatal exposure to chronic cocaine and acute cocaine will result in altered patterns of maternal/parental behavior and aggression in offspring. Male and female rat offspring prenatally exposed to no treatment, chronic cocaine, acute cocaine or saline treatment will be tested for maternal behavior, parental behavior (males), maternal aggression, and unprovoked aggression towards other rats as juveniles and adults (Study 2). To determine if rearing conditions (neglect versus nurturing) ameliorate or exacerbate the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine, they will study the offspring of chronic cocaine, acute cocaine, saline treated or untreated dams who are reared with their natural mothers or cross-fostered to other untreated, or cocaine or saline treated mothers. Males and females will be tested for maternal/parental behavior, maternal aggression and unprovoked aggression as juveniles and adults (Study 3). Study 4 will determine if oxytocin system changes in relevant brain areas are correlated with behavioral differences between groups of dams and offspring by sacrificing rats after behavioral testing and measuring oxytocin levels in these regions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COGNITIVE AGGRESSION

FUNCTIONING

AND

ALCOHOL

RELATED

Principal Investigator & Institution: Giancola, Peter R.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT: Acute alcohol consumption is associated with interpersonal aggression. However, alcohol does not directly cause aggression solely through its pharmacological actions. Rather, alcohol- related aggression is the product of multiple influences interacting with alcohol pharmacodynamics. The overarching aim of the FIRST application is to elucidate the role of Executive Cognitive Functioning(ECF) in alcohol-related aggression. ECF is defined as a "higher-order" cognitive construct involved in the planning, initiation, and regulation of goal-directed behavior. ECF encompasses abilities such as attentional control, strategic goal planning, abstract reasoning, temporal response sequencing, and the organization of information in working memory. Specifically, this project will delineate the impact of ECF in conjunction with two other salient individual difference variables (alcohol expectancies and dispositional aggressivity), and one historical variable (past year drinking history), on intoxicated aggression under varying levels of contextual provocation. Evidence implicating ECF in alcohol-related aggression is based on data demonstrating that 1) ECF is a strong predictor of sober state aggressive behavior, and 2) acute alcohol consumption differentially disrupts ECF relative to other cognitive processes. The role of ECF (in conjunction with other key variables) in the expression of intoxicated aggression has not been systematically studied. Subjects will be 320 young adult male and female social drinkers, randomly assigned to either a Placebo or an Alcohol group. A battery of validated neuropsychological tests will measure ECF. Aggression will be assessed using the well-established Taylor-Aggression Paradigm (TAP). The TAP measures reactive aggression, an interpersonally hostile reaction manifested in relation provocation. This large laboratory- based project will elucidate an aggregate set of

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Aggressive Behavior

influences integral to the determination of alcohol-related aggression in both men and women that can be later verified in more naturalistic settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMMUNICATION IMPLICATION OF LEARNING STRATAGIES. Principal Investigator & Institution: Vehrencamp, Sandra L.; Laboratory of Ornithology; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neuroscientists studying the process of song learning and memory in songbirds have been limited to three species that are easily kept in the lab: sparrows, zebra finches, and canaries. These species exhibit very different patterns in the timing and duration of learning and their tendency to copy whole song types. Very little is known about why these different learning strategies have evolved. This study continues our field-based program of examining the communication consequences of different song learning strategies in wild songbirds with repertoires of song types. Our working hypothesis is that males invoke different cognitive processes when singing to rival males than when singing to females. Having completed our studies of an age-restricted learner, the song sparrow, we plan to continue our studies of an intermediate learner, a tropical wren, and to begin the study of an open-ended learner with a very large repertoire and heterospecific mimicry abilities, the mockingbird. We shall take advantage of new technology, including microphone array recording and interactive playback, to quantify how males use their song repertoires and their shared and unshared songs to communicate aggressive intentions to other males and their attractiveness to females. For both species, we shall: 1) quantify the acquisition and nature (copied versus improvised) of new song types with respect to neighbors and relate their learning behavior to their age, survival, and reproductive success, 2) monitor the simultaneous singing of adjacent males as a function of their aggressive behavior, and compare observed song-type delivery patterns to various random and non-random models, 3) perform interactive playback experiments to test the salience of songs that match the bird's own song to different degrees, 4) test the "keep-out" function of shared (local) versus unshared (foreign) songs, and 5) pinpoint the ecological and demographic factors that may be selecting for different learning, copying, and singing strategies. For the mockingbird, we shall study the brain anatomy of this amazing songster and compare immediate-early gene activity in countersinging versus courtship-singing individuals. This research relates to recent work on human language learning showing that some aspects of acquisition occur and are restricted to early ages, whereas other aspects of acquisition can accommodate to the social environment experienced by adults. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COMPUTERIZED APPROACHES TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG YOU Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Michael S.; Inflexxion, Inc. Newton, Ma 02464 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-MAY-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This application proposes development of an interactive, multi-media program called SmartHeart, a prevention program for violence and other forms of delinquency (e.g., substance abuse, criminal involvement, etc.) for children in kindergarten. The need for this product arises from the alarming prevalence of violence

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among young people in America. The need for this product arises from the alarming prevalence of violence young people in America. Children with inadequate emotional knowledge early in life tend to be rejected by peers, which can lead to entrenched, violence-prone patterns of thought and behavior. Experts advocate targeting prevention efforts at children under six and including family and teachers. The current application proposes combining the latest findings and theories on emotional knowledge with multimedia computer technology to devise customized teaching material and experiences for children, parents, and teachers. The child-focused program will be delivered through an engaging animation format for all kindergarten age children to facilitate establishing life long patterns of pro-social behavior. Material (including a website) for parents and teachers will also be developed. Based on the results of focus groups with children, parents and teachers, a survey of educational administrators, and input from expert consultants. Phase I will yield a technical plan for the CD-ROM development, and creation and acceptance testing of a SmartHeart demo. Phase II will include a 90-day follow-up of children and parents exposed to the program. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: The commercial potential of this project is very promising. Americans are increasingly aware of the consequences of not dealing with the precursors of violent behavior in youth and have turned to the country's educators for a cost-effective response. This program will make use of computer technology and state-of-the-art prevention science to permit tailored interventions to be administered reliably/consistently with minimal teacher training. ITS has a Phase II partnership with Stech- Vaughn, a large publisher of elementary school materials. By including SmartHead in a planned, national marketing campaign, the product should be very commercially successful. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COMPUTERIZED ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Kupersmidt, Janis B.; President; Innovation Research and Training, Inc. 1415 W Nc Hwy 54 Durham, Nc 27707 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The purpose of this grant proposal is to develop an audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) software package for assessing the social information processing in children. Research over the past 20 years has established a consistent relationship between social information processing (SIP) skill deficits and aggressive behavior in youth. In addition, the majority of current evidencebased programs designed to prevent or treat aggressive behavior in children or adolescents are predicated on the SIP model (Crick & Dodge, 1994) and include social cognitive intervention techniques. Despite these advances in the study of aggression, there currently exist no standardized, normed measures of SIP skills with known psychometric properties. Thus, mental health professionals and researchers do not have access to state-of-the-art measures to assess the effectiveness of their interventions or to establish treatment goals related to social cognitive functioning. The current proposal is designed to begin to fill these gaps by creating professional quality software and video clips to assess multiple stages of social information processing in children. Phase I includes two basic sets of aims regarding product development and then product testing. The product development aims include creating vignette scripts of common misunderstandings among 2nd-to 5th-grade boys; creating professional quality, digital video clips of social situations containing ambiguous intent with 2nd-5th grade male actors; designing assessment questions to reliably and validly assess multiple aspects of

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Aggressive Behavior

social information processing; creating software for audio computer-assisted selfinterviewing administration; creating scoring algorithms for the SIP measures; writing clinical report shells that will summarize assessment findings and provide clinical implications for responses to the software; and developing attractive, user-friendly, developmentally and culturally appropriate computer software that incorporates video vignettes, assessment items, scoring algorithms and reporting components to assess SIP in elementary school-aged boys. The product testing aims include piloting video clips and audio-CASI software with youth to determine appropriateness, clarity, interest, and effectiveness; and to conduct quantitative analyses on a small sample of pilot data. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONSENT CAPACITY OF ADULTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fisher, Celia B.; Director; Psychology; Fordham University Bldg. 540 Bronx, Ny 10458 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The stated objectives of this research are to assess and develop procedures to enhance the capacity of adults with mild and moderate mental retardation (MR) to provide informed consent for therapeutic research, and to exert their rights to assent or dissent when surrogate consent is obtained. The project will have two phases, with the first designed to examine the understanding of basic elements of psychotropic treatment including the purpose and nature of the research, risks and benefits, voluntary nature of the participation, and right to withdraw without penalty. The project will also examine comprehension of the consent elements (e.g., goals, role of a scientist, nature of placebo conditions, etc). Consent capacity will also be evaluated within the four psycho-legal standards outlined by Appelbaum and Grisso (1988). In phase 1, persons with mild, moderate and "typical;" intelligence will be respond to a hypothetical vignette describing research utilizing a randomized control trial of a new medication to reduce aggressive behavior. In phase 2, the authors will use data generated from phase 1 to develop and evaluate three formats designed to improve the consent capacity of individuals with mild and moderate MR: 1) a picture book format, 2) a video format, and 3) a supported decision-making format. A significant other is also chosen by the subjects to aid in them during the three format presentations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CROSS GENERATIONAL INFLUENCES ON DEV OF AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Huesmann, L Rowell.; Professor and Research Scientist; Res Center for Group Dynamics; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The proposed research is aimed at elaborating our understanding of how environmental/contextual and individual/ personal factors combined with cognitive processes to influence the transmission of aggressive and antisocial behavior across generations as well as over the life span. By collecting psychosocial data on the children of 856 subjects whom we have studied previously at ages 8 (1960), 19 (1971), and 30 (1982), and by collecting new data on the subjects, we will be able to address several critical issues for understanding the development of human aggressive behavior and its transmission across generations. We will be able to examine the stability or change in aggressive behavior across three generations or in few cases even four generations. Moreover, we will be able to examine continuity across parent-child pars in which the

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child subjects vary from 4 years old to about 24 years. Of special interest will be the degree to which childhood aggression in one generation is predictive of childhood aggression in the next, and the degree to which different trajectories in the development of aggressive or prosocial behavior in one generation affect the occurrence of aggressive, prosocial, or other behaviors in the next. Within one generation we will be able to evaluate the trajectory of aggressive behavior over a 40-year span from middle childhood at age 8 to middle-age at age 48. This study will enable us to derive a better understanding of the processes underlying continuity and change in aggressive and antisocial behavior within the life-span and across generations. We expect to find substantial continuity of aggression over time and across generations. However, the more important questions are why such continuity occurs, what mediates what, what moderates it, and what can deflect a trajectory of developing aggressive behavior. We will examine the extent to which the degree of continuity of aggressive behavior over time and across generations as a product of the continuity of environmental/contextual factors (e.g., parent childrearing practices, socioeconomic context, television viewing environment) or of personal/individualized factors (e.g., intellectual achievement, social competence, aggression-related cognitions). We will identify those contextual and individual variables that place individuals at greater or lesser risk for later aggressive behavior and those that promote or inhibit the cycle of aggressive behavior across generations. Finally, we will evaluate the role of cognitive, information-processing factors as mediators in a social- learning process that teachers children life-long aggressive habits and promotes transmission across generations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CULTURE SPECIFIC MODELS OF MEN'S AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hall, Gordon C.; Professor; Psychology; University of Oregon Eugene, or 97403 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): There is a dearth of information on sexual aggression in ethnic minority populations. It is unknown if factors associated with sexual aggression among European Americans also are associated with sexual aggression in other groups, including Asian Americans, which are the fastest growing ethnic minority population in the United States. The proposed project would be the first large-scale study of determinants of sexual aggression in Asian American samples. A theoretical model is proposed in which general constructs distal to sexually aggressive behavior are mediated or moderated by constructs that are more proximal and specific to sexually aggressive behavior. The most distal construct to be examined is Ethnicity. The second level of the model involves Individualism and Collectivism. European Americans are predicted to be relatively more individualistic than Asian Americans. Asian Americans having stronger ethnic identities are expected to be bicultural. The third level of the model involves Interpersonal Constructs specifically associated with sexual aggression in the collectivist path. The intrapersonal constructs diverge into Hostile Masculinity and Impersonal Sex paths. The interpersonal constructs diverge into a risk and a protective path, each involving the impact of sexual aggression on one's reputation in terms of its effects on parents, peers, and legal authorities. All paths converge at the fourth level of the model, Substance Abuse, which includes alcohol and drugs as dis-inhibitors of sexual aggression. Substance abuse moderates the effects of interpersonal and interpersonal constructs on sexual aggression. The dependent measure is Sexual Aggression, as measured by self-report and laboratory analogue measures. It is hypothesized that within structural equation models of sexual

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Aggressive Behavior

aggression: (1) culture-specific models of sexual aggression will fit the data better than will a general model of sexual aggression; (2) interpersonal constructs will contribute to model fit among for both European Americans and Asian Americans. The specific aims of the project are to: (1) test culture-specific models of men's sexual aggression in Asian Americans and European Americans; (2) to cross-validate the model; (3) determine if ethnic differences in the determinants of sexual aggression are culturally-based or the result of ethnic minority status; and (4) determine the predictive validity of the models in a longitudinal study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS FOR CHILD PHYSICAL ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Runyon, Melissa K.; Center for Children's Support; Univ of Med/Dent Nj-Sch Osteopathic Med Osteopathic Medicine Stratford, Nj 08084 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Child physical abuse (CPA) has been associated with a wide range of debilitating psychosocial sequelae, such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, aggressive behavior, poor social problem-solving skills and communication skills, as well as lower levels of empathy and sensitivity towards others. Without treatment, these behaviors may also escalate into violent, criminal behavior in adolescence and adulthood, as well as abusive or coercive behaviors in dating relationships. The behavior may persist throughout CPA victims' lives in adult relationships and parent-child interactions. Although it is critical to include the parent and stop the ongoing abuse, it is necessary to help the child heal to prevent long-term emotional difficulties and to break an eventual cycle of violence. The present study is aimed at developing and examining the relative efficacy of a group cognitive-behavioral treatment model that involves the child and parent in families at risk for repeated CPA. It is hypothesized that the Combined Parent-Child Group CBT intervention will be superior to the Parent-Only Group CBT intervention for reducing children's PTSD and depressive symptoms, abuse-specific attributions, and behavioral difficulties, as well as overall parenting skills, parental attributions about children's behavior, and anger arousal. Parental attributions about failure associated with child rearing situations, and children's abuse-related attributions will be examined for their moderating influences on an exploratory basis. Participants will be children (ages 8 to 13) and their offending family members. Standardized evaluations will be conducted to assess parents' anger arousal, beliefs about children's behavior, parenting practices, parent reports of children's behavior patterns and PTSD symptoms, children's self-reports of PTSD, depression, anger, and perception of parenting style, as well as the use of violent disciplining strategies. After the initial assessment, children and/or their parents will receive a randomly determined group treatment type (Combined Parent-Child Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) vs. Parent-Only CBT). Assessments will be conducted at pre- and post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROBLEMS

DEVELOPMENTAL

TRAJECTORIES

OF

EARLY

BEHAVIOR

Principal Investigator & Institution: Calkins, Susan D.; Professor; Psychology; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2004

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Summary: This proposal describes a large-scale, longitudinal follow-up of a sample of children selected at age two years whose behavior was characterized by parents as problematic (aggressive and destructive). These children were assessed in the laboratory and using parent questionnaires in order to characterize their emotional, social and family functioning. Important differences between problem children and control children emerged that suggest that, rather than being transient phenomena, early behavior problems might have important developmental implications. The proposed investigation will involve multiple assessments of these children and their families in multiple contexts at several important developmental periods from age four to age seven. In addition, a second cohort of two-year-olds will be added to the study. The assessments of both cohorts will focus on five specific and interrelated domains of functioning: child characteristics, parent functioning, family environment, school adjustment and peer relationships. The study will examine the transactional role of functioning in these domains in the multiple, longitudinal pathways that may be associated with early-onset behavior problems, as well as the factors that may be associated with resilience despite the risk associated with such early problems. The proposed project is both significant and timely because, despite the clear importance of early identification of children with acting-out, aggressive behavior problems, few longitudinal studies have been conducted with children younger than 3 or 4 years of age examining the early display of these types of behaviors, the multiple factors contributing to such behavior, and the complex pathways to later psychosocial functioning. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENTAL TWIN STUDY: ATTENTION, AGGRESSION, AFFECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hudziak, James J.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The main objective of this proposed twin study is to use data from multiple informants, obtained at multiple time points with multiple assessment techniques to identify heritable phenotypes for future gene-mapping studies of ADHD and related behaviors. To accomplish this objective, the investigator will analyze standardized parental reports of Attention Problems, Aggressive Behavior, and Anxious/Depressed behavior syndromes, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) which have been shown to be highly predictive of ADHD and its most common comorbid conditions. CBCLs have been collected on 3,084 twin pairs by the Netherlands Twin Registry when they were 3 and 7 years old. To these data, he will add parent (CBCL and Parent Rating Scale- CPRS) and teacher reports (Teacher's Report Form- TRF, and Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-CTRS) at ages 10 and 12. He will also add maternal DSMIV interview data on a sub-sample of 250 at high risk for ADHD and 250 non-ADHD twin pairs. This design has the following strengths: 1) It combines features of a twin study with those of a longitudinal design; 2) It adds teachers' report data to a study that previously had only parental report data; 3) It adds Conners' data to a study that previously only had CBCL data; 4) It collects DSM-IV data via interviews on a selected sample of the twins who have been well described with CBCL data at ages 3, 7, 10, and 12 and with TRF/Conners' data at ages 10 and 12. With these data, the investigator will achieve the following aims: 1) Test informant variance effects by combining mother, father, and teacher ratings; 2) Measure instrument variance by combining CBCL, Conners' and DSM Interview data to assess genetic correlation for symptoms of ADHD and related behaviors across assessment approaches; 3) Measure developmental

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continuity and change in genetic and environmental contributions to symptoms of ADHD and related behaviors; 4) Test gender differences in the genetic and environmental contributions to symptoms of ADHD and related behaviors; and 5) Use genetic latent structure models to estimate genetic and environmental influences on comorbidity of symptoms of ADHD and related behaviors. Potential benefits of this research include the identification of genetically discriminating phenotypes for the study of ADHD and related disorders. By identifying these phenotypes, this research will help guide future molecular genetic studies of ADHD and related behaviors. A long-term goal of this project is to continue to study these subjects in order to extend the study of genetic factors from childhood, across adolescence, and into adulthood. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND CHILD AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jouriles, Ernest J.; Professor; Psychology; University of Houston 316 E Cullen Houston, Tx 772042015 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The primary goal of the proposed research is to advance our understanding of the relation between domestic violence and child problems, with an emphasis on children's aggressive behavior. We plan to address a number of important conceptual and methodological limitations of existing research that constrain our ability to interpret or generalize knowledge on this topic. In addition, we will examine pathways by which domestic violence is theorized to exert its detrimental effects on children; and, importantly, we will evaluate the contribution of domestically violent men to child problems (beyond the effects of their domestic violence). Participants will be 1000 children aged 7-9 years, their mothers, and mothers' partners (in families in which mothers and partners live together). The sample will be comprised of three demographically comparable groups. The first group will include 400 children whose mothers sought shelter because of recent domestic violence. The second group will consist of 400 children whose mothers experienced recent domestic violence but have not sought shelter. The third group will include 200 children not exposed to domestic violence. Each family will participate in 3 assessments over a 12month period; the assessments will be spaced by approximately 6 months. The assessments will include measurements of domestic violence, proximal context variables directly related to the domestic violence, family milieu variables, child responses hypothesized to mediate the relation between domestic violence and child problems, maternal and partner emotional functioning and parenting, and children's aggressive behavior and internalizing problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DRUGS OF ABUSE AND HUMAN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Cherek, Don R.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1984; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: Aggressive behavior puts individuals at high risk for a variety of antisocial behaviors in addition to substance abuse, and such aggressive behavior is a major component of the diagnostic criteria for childhood conduct disorder. Adolescents and adults with a history of childhood conduct disorder typically continue to engage in antisocial behavior in adulthood, and are at the highest risk for substance abuse and criminal activity. For the past twenty years, the investigator's laboratory has been

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engaged in the study of human aggressive responding under controlled conditions. They have developed a laboratory procedure, the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP), which is now used in several laboratories in and outside the U.S. Since aggressive behavior is intimately involved in the risk for substance abuse, it is important to investigate some of the basic biological mechanisms that may regulate this behavior. Five GABA related drugs will be studied to determine their effects on aggressive behavior in two different populations of subjects: 1) Subjects with a history childhood conduct disorder (CD) + current antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), probably the highest risk population and; 2) Matched controls. The drugs to be employed are: baclofen a GABA B agonist, tiagabine a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor, lorazepam a GABA A agonist, flumazenil a specific GABA A antagonist and gabapentin a GABA releasing agent. The proposed research will provide information about the role of GABA in human aggression. Understanding the different biological factors involved in human aggression may lead to intervention/prevention strategies that will reduce the risk for substance dependence among high-risk populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMOTION CENTERED PREVENTIVE-INTERVENTION FOR HEAD START Principal Investigator & Institution: Izard, Carroll E.; Psychology; University of Delaware Newark, De 19716 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed research will implement and evaluate an emotion-centered intervention, the Emotions Curriculum (EC), for economically disadvantaged children in Head Start. We followed differential emotions theory in translating findings from basic research on emotional development (emotion knowledge, emotion perception bias, emotion regulation, emotion socialization) into a thoroughly emotion-centered prevention program. A substantial part of the empirical basis for EC came from our longitudinal studies of emotional development and social behavior in Head Start children. Emotion theory, emotion research, and community (Head Start staff, teacher, parent, child) feedback from preliminary implementations of EC guided the development of EC techniques for increasing emotion knowledge, modulating emotions, and utilizing motivation inherent in emotion feelings. Such techniques and our emphasis on emotion modulation and emotion utilization represent distinctive features of EC. Effective modulation and utilization of the emotions not only reduce disruptive and aggressive behavior, they set the stage for positive social interactions and help create a classroom climate that facilitates learning and creative endeavors. Another goal of the proposed project concerns the upgrading of Head Start teachers' knowledge of the expressions, functions, regulation, and utilization of emotions and their relations to empathic prosocial responding and adaptive behavior. To evaluate the effectiveness of EC, we will use multiple informants (teachers, parents, children, independent observers). We will assess child temperament/emotionality and verbal ability as control measures and use multiple techniques to assess emotion knowledge, emotion regulation, and adaptive and maiadaptive behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EMOTIONAL AND COGNITIVE RISK FACTORS FOR AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Verona, Edelyn; Psychology; Kent State University at Kent Research & Graduate Studies Kent, Oh 44242

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent nationally reported incidents of violence (Columbine, Atlanta) have suggested that negative emotional states arising from environmental stressors (e.g., peer rejection, financial difficulties) can prompt some individuals to act out violently against others not responsible for their distress. Selfreport and experimental research has confirmed a general emotional priming of aggression (Berkowitz, 1990; Geen, 1990; Moyer, 1976; Rotton, 1979; Bell & Baron, 1976). Other research supports a relationship between negative emotional traits and reactive forms of aggressive behavior (Caprara et al., 1983; Netter, et al., 1998). Emphasis should be placed on examining cognitive-emotional interactions as mechanisms underlying risk for chronic aggression (Berkowitz, 1994). Preliminary evidence suggests that heightened aggression in stress-reactive individuals may result from the experience of prolonged periods of negative emotions (Verona, Patrick, & Lang, 2002) and the tendency to ruminate or experience recurrent negative thinking about past events (Caprara, et al., 1987; Rusting & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998). The current project will examine the interacting impact of prolonged emotional and cognitive experiences on laboratory aggressive behavior (via a Buss paradigm) among individuals exhibiting varying levels of negative emotional traits. Simultaneous recording of on-going negative emotional state (indexed via acoustic startle reactivity), autonomic nervous system activity, and aggressive responses will occur during experimental task blocks including a high stress or low stress condition. Participants' autonomic responses will also be recorded during a post-task "recovery" period, and subsequently, aggressive responses will be gauged during a post-recovery final block. Self-report measures of rumination will also be administered. It is expected that highly stress-reactive persons will experience prolonged (tonic) negative emotional arousal when exposed to an on-going stressor, as well as for a period of time after the end of the stressor. It is hypothesized that the tendency to "hold on" to negative emotions and thoughts will be directly related to participants' concurrent (during experimental blocks) and subsequent (during the postrecovery block) aggressive responses toward a confederate. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EVALUATING A INTERVENTION TO REDUCE BARROOM AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Graham, Kathryn M.; Center for Addiction and Mental Health 250 College St Toronto, On Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to reduce aggression in bars. Alcohol is known to be associated with aggression, and bars in particular are drinking contexts where the risk of aggression and injury is high. Therefore, reducing aggression in bars is a serious social and health concern. Responsible Beverage Service training has demonstrated success in reducing overserving, but an intervention is needed that focuses specifically on preventing aggression. The proposed research involves a randomized control study of the effects of the Safer Bars intervention on reducing aggression. The intervention consists of two components: (1) Risk Assessment -a comprehensive assessment of environmental and other factors in the bar that increase the risk of aggression; and (2) Bar Staff Training -a training program for bar owners, managers and staff on preventing and managing problem behavior. A pool of 100 bars will be selected for the study (with 50 randomly assigned to the Safer Bars intervention). With an expected recruitment rate of 50 percent, the design will include 25 experimental bars, 25 "refusal" bars and 50 control bars. The effects of the intervention will be assessed

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through unobtrusive observations by researchers at baseline and two posttests., as well as by police records of calls for service, occurrence and arrests over the study period. The intervention is hypothesized to affect aggression as follows: (1) risk assessment consultation with owners and training of bar staff-(2) plans by owners to reduce risk factors and changes in knowledge and attitudes among staff following the training-(3) changes in the physical and social environment of the bar and changes in staff behavior in the bar-(4) reduced aggression. The study will involve both outcome(effects of the Safer Bars intervention on rate of physical aggression) and process (monitoring the delivery of the intervention, the extent that the risk assessment leads to plans to reduce risks, and pre-post training knowledge and attitude change) evaluation. If the Safer Bars intervention is demonstrated to be effective in reducing barroom aggression, the results could have a broad impact on bars in North America. Secondary Objective. Because evaluation of the intervention requires the collection of a large database on bar aggression and associated situational variables, secondary analyses of the data are planned to explore the role of the following in aggressive behavior: the effects of alcohol; females; bar staff; and routine activities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FAMILY RELIGIOSITY ON YOUNG ADULT ALCOHOL PROBLEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ensminger, Margaret E.; Professor and Chair; Health Policy and Management; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed developmental epidemiological study is focused upon the paths leading to alcohol use and abuse and how religiosity influences these paths. The intent of this study is to assess the buffering effect of religiosity during adolescence and adulthood on a variety of identified risk factors for alcohol use and abuse. These risk factors include parental alcohol use, a background of family disadvantage, early (first grade) aggressive and shy-aggressive behavior, poor parental monitoring, low educational attainment, depression, delinquency, and unemployment. The analysis will be conducted using data from a panel study of African Americans from the Woodlawn community in Chicago. This group has been assessed at three data points: first grade (1966-67), adolescence (1975-76) and young adulthood (1992-94). The population consists of a total cohort (N= 1242) of African American adults first studied in 1966 when they were in first grade in Woodlawn, an inner city neighborhood of Chicago. They were assessed three times in first grade, in third grade, during adolescence and most recently in 1993-94 when they were young adults. The overall aim of this research is to gain an understanding of the role that religious affiliation, attendance and participation, and religious salience play in the development of alcohol use, abuse, and alcoholism problems]. The first specific aim focuses on the concurrent relationships between religiosity and alcohol problems in young adulthood. The second aim examines the role of childhood and adolescent factors which may influence the development of alcohol problems and how these factors may moderate or mediate the pathways of religiosity to alcohol problems. The third aim brings together the findings of the first two aims to examine how childhood, adolescent, and young adult risk and protective factors work with religiosity over the life course to influence young adult alcohol problems. Mothers' religiosity is measured at the time of first grade and adolescence; the study "child's" religiosity is measured during adolescence and again in young adulthood. Alcohol problems were measured during adolescence and again in adulthood. We will use several different approaches, including descriptive

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Aggressive Behavior

statistics of prevalence, odds ratios, and mean differences, and multivariate logistic regression, survival analysis, and causal modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FIELD TRIAL OF EFFECTS OF THE COPING POWER PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Lochman, John E.; Professor and Saxon Chairholder in Clini; Psychology; University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa, Al 35487 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This field trial will examine whether the Coping Power prevention program, which has been demonstrated to have preventive effects on youths' substance use and delinquency in prior efficacy and effectiveness studies, can be usefully taken "to scale" and delivered in an effective manner by existing staff in a range of urban school sites. This study will have substantial policy implications for implementation of prevention programs in real-world settings. The Coping Power program is based on a contextual social-cognitive developmental model, and is designed to be provided to preadolescent children who are at risk for later substance use because of their high levels of aggressive behaviors. The multi-component program impacts mediating processes in the child (social cognitive and self-regulation processes) and family (parenting practices), while working closely with classroom teachers. The Child Component of the Coping Power program is directly derived from an Anger Coping program, which has itself been shown to prevent high levels of adolescent substance use. In this planned field study, existing school staff (school counselors, school psychologists, school social workers, school resource officers) will be trained to use the Coping Power program with high-risk children at the time of transition to middle school in the 5th and 6th grades. This innovative field study will address three primary gaps in the literature: (a) whether this type of prevention program can be taken "to scale" and produce positive substance use outcomes, good intervention integrity, and sustained use in the years following training; (b) whether the intensity level of training (Coping Power - Intensive Training: CP-IT; versus Coping Power - Basic Training: CP - BT) will impact the intervention outcomes, intervention integrity, and sustained intervention use; and (c) whether organizational and student population characteristics of the schools, and characteristics of the school site staff who will implement the intervention, will impact intervention outcomes, intervention integrity, and sustained intervention use. To address these gaps, this field trial will randomly assign 60 elementary schools to one of three conditions: CP-IT, CP-BT, or Control. Ten children in each school will be screened as being at-risk because of 4th grade teachers' ratings of students' aggressive behaviors, resulting in a total sample of 600 target children (20 schools and 200 children per condition). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FOLLOW-UP: ADOLESCENTS

YOUNG

ADULT

PHYSICALLY

ABUSED

AS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaplan, Sandra J.; North Shore University Hospital 300 Community Dr Manhasset, Ny 11030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: This is a follow-up study (Time 2) of young adults who were initially studied during their adolescence (Time 1) soon after they were documented as physically abused. The original (T1) study represents the first controlled study of the mental health of physically abused adolescents who were not referred for treatment. It was, and

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remains, unusual for its focus on adolescent abuse victims, inclusion of middle- class subjects, and comprehensive systematic investigation of adolescent psychiatric disorders and behavioral functioning. Subjects for the follow-up study will be drawn from the original (T1) study group of 99 adolescents who were confirmed as physically abused by the Departments of Social Services in the suburban New York counties of Nassau and Suffolk between 1989 and 1991, and 99 non- abused comparison subjects matched for community. Physical abuse has been associated with poor outcomes in multiple domains of adolescent and adult functioning. Therefore, subjects' young adult (T2) psycho-asocial functioning in the domains of Internalizing/Emotional Functioning and Interpersonal Functioning/Aggressive Behavior will be examined. Based on an ecological framework, Individual, Interpersonal, and Contextual variables measured in adolescence and hypothesized to have a role in determining resilient as well as poor outcomes will be examined. A model is offered that will examine the path from contextual risk factors to physical abuse and exposure to domestic, which influence young adult psycho-social outcome through adolescent individual and interpersonal mediating variables. Studies such as this will be important in deciding the timing and focus of preventive and rehabilitative interventions for physically abused youth, and for young adults who were physically abused as adolescents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GASTROINTESTINAL PEPTIDES AND PANCREATIC CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith, Jill P.; Medicine; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 03-JAN-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease that occurs in nearly 30,000 Americans annually and is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. From the time of diagnosis the median survival for patients with pancreatic cancer is approximately 3 to 6 months. The reasons for this aggressive behavior include the inability to detect patients with this malignancy at early stages, resistance to standard chemotherapy, and a poor understanding of the mechanisms involved in growth regulation of pancreatic cancer. Peptides of the CCK-gastrin family have been shown to stimulate growth of pancreatic cancer through selective CCK-like receptors and blockade of this receptor with antagonists results in growth indeed be unique. Unlike many other cultured cells, pancreatic cancer cells thrive readily in growth media deprived of serum since they produce gastrin, which in turn regulates growth of this cancer in a tonic and autocrine fashion. Based upon her preliminary findings, she puts forth the hypothesis that the growth of human pancreatic cancer is mediated through a unique CCK-like receptor, dependent upon gastrin and/or CCK, and that deprivation of these peptides will inhibit growth of this malignancy. In order to test this hypothesis it is proposed to 1) determine the biological form of gastrin and /or CCK involved in pancreatic cancer growth by performing growth studies, Reverse-phase HPLC, and radioimmunoassay, 2) characterize the differences between peptides and receptor expression of human pancreas cancer tissues and normal pancreas tissues, 3) study the functional significance of CCK/gastrin gene expression by stable transfections of these peptides into pancreatic cancer cells, 4) characterize the molecular properties of the receptor by cloning and sequencing the receptor, and 5) examine the functional significance of the unique CCK-like receptor by examining it's over and under expression in stable transfected cell lines. These studies are part of the team's long-term goal to understand the mechanisms involved in the biology of human pancreatic cancer, and contribute to the treatment and early detection of this malignancy.

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Aggressive Behavior

Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE EXPRESSION IN PEDIATRIC ARTHRITIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Glass, David N.; Professor of Pediatrics and Director; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This program project grant application focuses on the use of DNA micro array (gene chip) technology to detect differential expression of genes in children with pediatric arthritis. It builds on the existing resources and provides strong interactions and synergism with the Cincinnati Rheumatic Diseases Core Center (P30) grants in existence within the applicants' center. Rapid advances in biotechnology, including the human genome project, the advent of high through put micro arrays that contain nearly all genes in the human genome, and statistical computing power have come together to create an unprecedented opportunity to refine the diagnosis, treatment, and understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in pediatric rheumatic diseases. Four projects are proposed. Project by Glass focuses on the recognition of disease specific gene expression profiles in peripheral blood from inception cohorts of children with either poly or pauciarticular onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Prospective follow-up of these patients will reveal how gene expression patterns change with disease evolution and therapy and will provide insights into varying pathophysiological mechanisms between the two disease subtypes. Project by Hirsch will perform a comprehensive functional genomic analysis of synovium in JRA, and elucidate the molecular pathways responsible for the aggressive behavior of fibroblasts in arthritic synovium. Project by Colbert focuses on juvenile spondyloarthropathies (JSpA) and aims to determine whether expression profiles distinguish JSpA from other forms of pediatric arthritis and controls. Project by Grom will determine if expression profiles in early disease can distinguish patients with systemic JRA (sJRA) who progress to an aggressive form of articular disease from those that do not, and determine the extent of NK dysfunction early and late in the disease. In addition, expression patterns among patients with sJRA who have acute macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) will be compared to patterns obtained after resolution of MAS and among those with a history of MAS. An Administrative Unit will in conjunction with the MCRC Methods Core manage the prospective clinical studies will assure proper collection and processing of demographic and clinical phenotype data. The Administrative Unit will also provide leadership and evaluate program progress. The Tissue Core, an extension of the P30 Tissue Repository will handle biological specimens from initial acquisition through to the release to the Affymetrix Core. An Informatics Corelis proposed to manage and analyze the data in conjunction with project staff and develop a web-enabled national level genomic database. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: GENETIC DISSECTION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brodkin, Edward S.; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks to provide Edward S. Brodkin, M.D. with a five-year period of supervised research training that will enable him to become an independent investigator, with a research focus on the genetic dissection of

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aggressive behaviors in mice. The candidate will gain training and experience in high resolution genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), candidate gene analysis, and mutagenesis methods. Background: Aggressive behaviors are a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with severe neuropsychiatric disorders. A propensity towards aggression is substantially heritable in mammals. Genetic dissections of aggressive behaviors in mice can identify biological pathways that underlie mammalian aggression and that may be involved in the pathophysiology of human psychiatric disorders. Dr. Brodkin has previously identified aggression QTLs on chromosome 10 (Aggr1) and chromosome X (Aggr2) in NZB/B1NJ and A/J mice; however he has had no previous experience with high-resolution (fine) mapping of QTLs, candidate gene analysis, or mutagenesis methodologies. Training in these methodologies is important for the candidate's career development and is necessary for his future research independence. Specific Aims of Research Plan: 1. Fine-mapping aggression QTLs. Using NZB/B1NJ and AJ mice as progenitor strains, interval-specific congenic strains will be bred for the Aggr1 and Aggr2 QTL intervals and will be used to fine map the QTL intervals. 2. Candidate gene analysis. Within the finely mapped QTL intervals, candidate genes that are expressed in brain will be sequenced in the progenitor strains to look for functional polymorphisms. Expression level of the candidate genes in brain regions will be compared in the progenitor strains. 3. Initiation of mutagenesis studies of aggressive behaviors. ENU mutagenesis and gene-trap studies of aggressive behaviors in mice will be initiated. ENVIRONMENT: The training will be conducted at the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. RESEARCH CAREER DEVELOPMENT: The candidate will take relevant courses at Penn and elsewhere and will attend research meetings. Dr. Wade Berrettini will be the mentor, and Drs. Maja Bucan, Russell Buono, Thomas Ferraro, and Irwin Lucki will provide additional consultation in genetics and behavioral analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GROWING UP VIOLENT IN RURAL AMERICA Principal Investigator & Institution: Costello, Elizabeth J.; Professor; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27710 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 07-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Creating a civil society is a task that requires sustained effort at the level of the whole community, at the level of institutions (e.g., schools), families, and individuals. Violence can be triggered by failures and deficiencies at any or all of these levels. A "bioecological" model is needed to trace the development of youth violence. Many of the components of violent behavior, such as aggression, are very common early in life, but it takes time and "canalization" for the normally aggressive behavior of most preschoolers to turn into the socially deviant violence of a few adults. The problem for prevention science is to identify both the developmental stage and the bioecological level at which intervention will be most cost-efficient. The Principal Investigator and colleagues have for the past 9 years been conducting two ongoing longitudinal studies that provide unique data sets for identifying key points for intervention in risk for violence. Together they provide data on some 2,300 young people aged 9 through 20, with over 10,000 subject x interview observation points over time. Participants are of both sexes, and include White, African American, and American Indian youth. We request funds to complete the bioecological picture of changing risk for violence by collecting and integrating information on the schools and communities in which the participants are growing up, and using the combined data to

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identify cost-efficient entry points for intervention. (1) Using tapes provided by the state's Department of Public Instruction, to extract information on the level of violence in each of the schools attended by participants. (2) To identify the "subjective neighborhoods" in which study participants live, and to describe their perceived characteristics. (3) To attach to each participant's file measures of community resources and social capital, ethnic mix, population growth, etc., and also local crime and violence. (4) To check the local juvenile court records for all study participants. Also, to search the NC criminal records on families (and participants over 17 or if waived to adult court). (5) To collect information needed to estimate the cost of services delivered to both violent and nonviolent youth. (6) To model the onset of violence in individuals and groups of participants in terms of the interplay of community, school, family, and individual risk and protective factors over time. (7) To test the hypothesis that violence is explained by a "social selection" model in White, but not minority, children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CONTEXT ON EARLY AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Mccomas, Jennifer J.; Educational Psychology; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Antisocial and aggressive behavior among children and youth is a nationally recognized public health problem. From a social learning theory perspective, research suggests that early aggressive behavior is learned through negative reinforcement mechanisms underlying a coercive family process in which the principal socialization agent is the parent. It is unclear what specific social processes occur and come to regulate aggressive behavior when the child enters the preschool environment. Presumably, repeated displays of aggressive acts affect the way adults (i.e., teachers) and peers respond to and interact with the aggressive child. However, the relative effects of teacher and peer interactions in preschool environments are not well understood. A sample (N=72) of preschool children characterized as high aggressors will be randomly selected from three urban alternative schools serving young children with severe behavior problems. Using a repeated measures longitudinal design, standardized direct-observation data will be collected monthly for all subjects. Withinsubject lag sequential analysis will be used to determine the magnitude of association between aggressive behavior and social consequences on a session-by-session basis. A dynamic covariate analysis will be used to test the effects of the victim's response (i.e., reciprocated aggression), the sex of the victim, and the sex of the aggressor on changes in teacher responsivity. To test the effects of changes in teacher responsivity on changes in the base rate of aggression over time, longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) will be used. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine how early patterns of high-rate aggression in preschool classrooms is influenced by social context. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BEHAVIOR

INTERGENERATIONAL

TRANSMISSION

OF

ANTISOCIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Raine, Adrian; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-SEP-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): While it is well-known that antisocial behavior runs in families, surprisingly little is known about the specific mechanisms by which it is

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transmitted from one generation to the next. While the intergenerational transmission paradigm is becoming increasingly influential in addressing this issue, very few such studies are prospective, include both parents, focus on early mechanisms, and address female as well as male antisocial behavior. Importantly, none to date have examined biological influences on transgenerational continuity and change, or how they interact with social factors in modulating the transmission of antisocial behavior. The proposed three-generation study attempts to address these gaps in knowledge by capitalizing on a novel design in which I ,795 males and females were tested on psychophysiological, behavioral, nutritional, and cognitive measures at age 3, while their first-generation parents were assessed on psychosocial influences. These second-generation three-yearolds are now aged 30 years and will be retested, together with their third-generation three-year-old offspring, on psychophysiological, psychosocial, cognitive, behavioral, parenting, and antisocial behavior measures. Both the second generation parent and their previously untested spouse will be tested on psychophysiological measures, together with measures of life stress, daily hassles, family conflict, mental illness, and criminal behavior. The study will also assess whether a nutritional, exercise, and educational enrichment from ages 3-5 years in 100 of the second generation subjects, which has lead to increased physiological arousal and attention at age 11 years and reduced conduct disorder at age 17 years, disrupts the intergenerational transmission of antisocial behavior from the second to third generations. It is thought that the study offers a truly unique opportunity to understand the unexplored issue of how biological influences interact with social contexts in either blocking or facilitating the intergenerational transmission of antisocial and aggressive behavior. This new knowledge, if further developed, could contribute to a new generation of more effective prevention programs for reducing antisocial and violent behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERMITTENT EXPLOSIVE DISORDER: A FAMILY STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Coccaro, Emil F.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The primary specific aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is familial. IED is a disorder characterized by recurrent, sudden eruptions of aggressive behavior not due to psychosis, substance intoxication, or other frank organic causes. Accordingly, IED is the categorical expression of recurrent, problematic, impulsive aggressive behavior. While it is thought that the personality dimension of impulsive aggression is familial (and possibly under substantial genetic influence), there is a paucity of systematically collected data to support this hypothesis with regard to clinically significant impulsive aggressive behavior. A family history study by the PI demonstrates that IED (by research criteria) aggregates in first degree relatives of IED+ Probands. Aggregation of IED in these first degree relatives was not accounted for by co-morbidity of other Axis I or II conditions in the IED+ Probands. While aggregation of other Axis I disorders was also noted in the first degree relatives of IED+ Probands (e.g., major depression, alcohol/drug use disorders, etc.), the risk of IED in relatives was not affected by the risk of these other disorders in the relatives. That is, IED was transmitted independently of these other Axis I disorders. The formal specific aims of this study are as follows: a) to compare the familiality of IED, and of dimensional measures of aggression, in first degree relatives of IED+ Probands (n = 80), in first-degree relatives of Psychiatric Control Probands (n = 80) and in first-degree relatives of Outpatient Surgical Control Probands (n = 80) using the

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Aggressive Behavior

direct Family Study Method; b) to compare the familiality of Major Depression and Alcohol/Drug Use Disorders in first degree relatives of Probands meeting Research Criteria for IED (by research criteria) and in relatives of the two Control groups; and, c) to explore phenomenologic and biologic correlates of familial IED in probands and in family members of IED probands (i.e., relatives of IED probands with and without IED). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: LEAD EXPOSURE AND EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Delville, Yvon; Psychology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (ADAPTED FROM APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT) During development, the nervous system is vulnerable to chemical agents present in the environment. For instance, children exposed to lead are at risk for cognitive and emotional problems contributing to lower IQ and antisocial behaviors. Today, the level of exposure to lead is still significant for children in urban, industrial and rural areas, and the intensity and frequency of violent acts performed by adolescents in America is particularly troubling. Various animal models are being developed to better understand the developmental effects of lead on cognition. However, little is known of the neurobiology underlying impairments in social and emotional behavior. The present studies were designed to test the effects of early exposure to lead on aggressive behavior and stress responsiveness in an animal model. Golden hamsters are ideal for these studies as their aggressive behavior has been well characterized. Furthermore, the neurobiology of aggression is also well understood in this species. The following topics are covered under the following studies. First, the proposed studies will determine the effects of exposure to various doses of lead on aggressive behavior and stress responsiveness in golden hamsters. These two topics will be studied together as they appear to be linked. Second, the proposed studies will tests the effects of lead exposure on the neurobiology underlying aggressive behavior and stress responsiveness, focussing particularly on the serotonin system. Third, the studies will test the effects of lead exposure on the neural systems controlling aggression and stress responsiveness. Together, these studies will provide a preclinical database that may contribute to a better understanding of risk factors and potential therapies in human populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAKING CHOICES : A SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fraser, Mark W.; Professor; None; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Aob 104 Airport Drive Cb#1350 Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The specific aim of this proposal is to fully develop and pilot-test a youth violence prevention program for third grade children in a high-risk rural community. Designed to address developmental risk factors associated with youth violence, the proposed two-element program focuses on early aggressive behavior and rejection by peers. While there are many developmental pathways that lead to violent behavior, the early onset of aggressive, stubborn, and defiant behavior has been implicated in the development of later fighting and violence. "Early start" youth use overt force to solve social problems, come from families where parent-child exchanges are coercive, demonstrate poor school adjustment, and, by approximately the third grade, begin to be rejected by their prosocial peers. Youth who are "early starters" are at heightened risk for

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embarking on a life-course-persistent trajectory of criminal offending. These youth represent approximately six percent of the general population, but they perpetrate nearly half of all adolescent crimes, including youth violence (Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, I 999a). Based on findings from developmental and intervention research, we have designed a school-based intervention that addresses two key risk factors for 8-9 year old children. These risk factors are poor social information processing skills, and inconsistent parental supervision and discipline. The proposed program targets children, parents, and teachers and has both universal and selective prevention elements. The Making Choices program teaches children social information processing skills and will be provided as a part of routine health studies classes to all third grade children in two rural elementary schools. The Strong Families program impacts coercive parenting practices and will be provided in two ways to parents of the third grade children. First, each school will hold fall, winter, and spring "family conferences" to which all parents of third grade children will be invited. At the same time, parents of a select group of high-risk children - those who demonstrate high levels of aggression and are rejected by prosocial peers - will be further invited to multifamily groups designed to develop specific home plans related to children's school behavior. We propose a partial factorial design that permits separate estimation of the effects of Making Choices and the combination of Making Choices plus Strong Families. That is, the design will "dismantle" the effects of Making Choices and Strong Families training components. Our major research hypotheses are: (a) Making Choices alone will be more effective than routine services; (b) Making Choices plus Strong Families will be more effective than Making Choices alone or routine services; and (c) program outcomes will not vary significantly by gender or race/ethnicity. We posit the third hypothesis because the Making Choices program has been developed to include: (a) content on relational aggression, a form of aggression thought to place girls at higher risk, and (b) content on attributional biases and reactive aggression, a cognitive process and form of aggression thought to place Latino and African American children at higher risk. Even though both programs have recently been manualized, we expect to tailor the programs to the unique problems confronted by schools in socially disorganized rural environments. In that regard, we will carefully document both the changes we make in the programs and the strategies we employ to engage various members of the community in family conferences and multifamily groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF PROGRESSION IN C-MYC-INDUCED BREAST CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Chodosh, Lewis A.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 21-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: The natural history of mammary tumorigenesis is characterized by the progressive selection and outgrowth of mutant clones of cells that possess increasingly aggressive properties. Although this process is ultimately responsible for cancer mortality, the molecular and cellular alterations that underlie breast cancer progression are largely unknown. As such, elucidating the molecular pathways that are involved in tumor progression is a critical priority in breast cancer research. Such pathways undoubtedly regulate proliferation, survival, differentiation, and local invasion, as well as multiple other properties of epithelial and stromal cells within the mammary gland. Amplification of the proto-oncogene, c-MYC, occurs in a subset of human breast cancers and is associated with aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis. Although c-MYC

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Aggressive Behavior

has been shown to affect cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, the genetic mechanisms responsible for the aggressive behavior of c-MYC amplified tumors is unknown. To better define the role played by c-MYC in the multistep processes of mammary carcinogenesis and breast cancer progression we have created a novel bitransgenic murine model system in which c-MYC can be inducibly expressed in the mammary epithelium of animals treated with tetracycline derivatives. This model system permits the direct visualization and analysis of each stage of tumorigenesis from normal mammary tissue in the uninduced state to invasive adenocarcinomas that arise as a consequence of c-MYC overexpression. Remarkably, many of these invasive tumors regress to a clinically undetectable state following deinduction of the c-MYC transgene. Moreover, nearly half of c-MYC-induced mammary adenocarcinomas harbor spontaneous activating point mutations in the ras family of proto-oncogenes, with a strong preference for K-ras compared to H-ras. Surprisingly, we have found that nearly all tumors lacking activating ras mutations fully regress following deinduction of MYC transgene expression, whereas tumors bearing ras mutations do not. Our findings indicate that c-MYC-induced mammary tumorigenesis proceeds via a preferred secondary oncogenic pathway involving K-ras, and suggest a role for K-ras in the progression of c-MYC-induced breast cancers. We believe that the model system that we have created presents a valuable new opportunity for studying the molecular events that contribute to tumor progression. In particular, defining a role for K-ras, or molecules induced by K-ras, in the progression of c-MYC-induced breast cancer would contribute to our understanding of the biological basis for the aggressive behavior of this subset of human breast cancers. Ultimately, elucidating the broad range of molecular alterations that occur during breast cancer progression will facilitate the development of chemotherapeutic agents tailored to the more aggressive forms of this disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: META-ANALYSIS OF RISK FOR SUBSTANCE USE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lipsey, Mark W.; Professor; None; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2001; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: This research concerns the development of substance use (alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs). One of the important empirical issues for this topic is identification of the risk factors during each age period that are associated with greater or lesser likelihood of subsequent substance use. No one study can cover all the risk variables, age periods, subject samples, and substance use outcomes that are of theoretical or practical importance, but advanced meta-analysis techniques can be used to conduct a detailed analysis and synthesis of empirical evidence across the full body of existing research. In a previous meta-analysis, data were coded from 1,557 reports of 215 longitudinal studies to generate a database of approximately 14,000 correlational effect sizes representing predictive relationships between risk variables and alcohol, tobacco, and drug use across a wide age range. The project proposed here will, first, update and extend that database to include recent research reports and to code correlations among risk variables and among outcome variables along with the risk- outcome correlations that were the focus of the earlier work. Second, further statistical analyses will be conducted to differentiate and synthesize the body of empirical research findings in relation to the following issues: 1. The categorization of antecedent risk variables into groups (factors) that are conceptually and empirically related to each other at different age periods. 2. The relative independent strength of association of the different categories of antecedent

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risk variables with subsequent substance use, and how those associations vary by life stage and type of substance used. Particular attention will be paid to the convergence of empirical data with theoretical formulations about associations between risk factors and substance use. 3. The comorbidity of substance use and other problem behaviors at various age periods, e.g., the extent of co-occurrence of substance use with aggressive behavior, crime, and mental illness. 4. The relationship of early tobacco, alcohol, or marijuana use (gateway drugs) to subsequent substance use and the related issue of age of onset of first substance use. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MH OUTCOMES OF PBIS WHOLE SCHOOL INTERVENTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Leaf, Philip J.; Professor; Mental Hygiene; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Research has shown that many elementary school children exhibit disruptive and aggressive behavior and that such behaviors are related to subsequent mental disorders and school failure. Educators and others working in schools have developed and implemented whole school interventions designed to decrease such behavior. Although many of these interventions are based on welldocumented behavioral management practices, they have not been evaluated using the same outcome measures and rigorous research designs as interventions developed through NIMH funding sources. The Johns Hopkins University (JHU), the Maryland State Department of Education (MSDE), and Sheppard Pratt Health System (SPHS) and local school districts in Maryland have developed a partnership to study the effectiveness of the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Support (PBIS) strategy on reducing disruptive and aggressive behavior. PBIS is one of the most widely used whole school interventions designed to decrease disruptive and aggressive behavior. Specific aims for this project include: Aim 1. To determine if students in elementary schools randomized to the PBIS intervention are less likely to exhibit behavioral or emotional problems than students in schools randomized to the standard practice condition, and Aim 2. To identify other factors that affect the level of behavioral or emotional problems in school. PBIS training began in summer of 2002 with implementation in Fall 2002 for treatment schools in a first group of 24 schools. A second group of 28 schools will be recruited in spring 2003 and will be trained in summer 2003. Prior to training, schools will be stratified by school district, matched for similar demographic characteristics, and randomly assigned into one of two conditions: (1) training and implementation of PBIS (n=28), or (2) no training or implementation of PBIS (n=24). With preexisting funds, baseline assessments for all group 1 schools are underway. Each year of the study data will be collected: (a) teacher ratings of student classroom behavior and need for mental health services, (b) student ratings of school climate, (c) independent observations of student behaviors; (d) school characteristics and organizational climate, (e) implementation of the PBIS strategy, and (f) school records academic functioning and disciplinary and service referrals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEURAL CORRELATES OF EMOTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Keele, Norman B.; Psychology and Neuroscience; Baylor University Waco, Tx 76798 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this project is to develop and use a clinically relevant animal model of aggressive behavior. We hypothesize that low serotonin-induced aggression is associated with (1) changes in other emotional behavior and (2) increased membrane excitability in amygdala neurons. Impulsive-aggressive humans reportedly have low anxiety and are less sensitive to fear-conditioning. Similar to humans, it is proposed that anxious behaviors and fear-learning are correlated with aggression and low serotonin levels. In addition, aggression has been suggested to result from epilepsy-like processes in limbic areas. One limbic structure, the amygdala, has well-defined roles in both epilepsy and emotion, and seizure activity that involves the amygdala may be associated with aggression in humans. Thus, cellular mechanisms of neuronal excitability in the amygdala may have a functional role in aggressive behavior. Supporting this idea are clinical studies showing anti-aggressive effects of anticonvulsants in prison inmates and psychiatric patients. In this project rats are chronically treated with PCPA, a competitive inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, to significantly inhibit serotonin synthesis. Low serotonin is widely-implicated in aggression in many species. Aggressive behavior is quantified using a simple test of rodent aggression characterized by easily recognized, stereotypical behaviors. Preliminary data have shown that aggressive behavior in this model is inhibited by the anticonvulsant phenytoin, as others have shown with human aggression. The specific aims of this project are to (1) define the salient independent variables required to model impulsive aggression, and to examine the relationship between aggression, low brain serotonin, and changes in amygdala-dependent emotional behaviors such as anxiety and fear-learning; and (2) compare amygdala neuron membrane properties and neurotransmission in control and aggressive animals using whole cell voltage-clamp.An animal model is developed that shares behavioral, neurochemical, and pharmacological similarities with impulsive-aggression in humans. Also, the neural correlates of aggression are investigated using cellular physiological methods never before used to study aggressive behavior. This innovative proposal examines basic biological mechanisms of aberrant emotional behavior that are relevant to human psychopathology. By developing this animal model, future research efforts can yield important insight into the cellular neurobiology of complex emotional behaviors such as aggression, and may have important clinical implications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders involving inappropriate aggression such as bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL STEROIDOGENIC ENZYMES AND BRAIN FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Schlinger, Barnett A.; Assistant Professor; Physiological Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2009 Summary: (provided by applicant): Steroid hormones are powerful signaling molecules in the CNS and there is substantial evidence that steroid synthesis is a property of the brain. Steroids synthesized in brain (neurosteroids) have many reported functions, but there is still doubt about the full biological importance of neurosteroidogenesis. Studies of songbirds are identifying important functions of brain steroid synthesis. We have excellent evidence that steroids synthesized in the songbird brain play a key role in the development of song control circuits and in the activation of some adult behaviors. Recently, we created songbird specific probes and found that developmentally, steroidogenic enzymes are concentrated near the walls of the ventricles where

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neurogenesis is known to occur. We hypothesize that ventricular steroidogenesis in songbirds impacts the proper birth, differentiation or migration of neurons destined to enter brain regions required for masculine song expression. A related mechanism may persist in adults that retain prominent neural plasticity. After neural injury, we find the estrogen synthetic enzyme aromatase is strongly expressed in radial glia with aromatase-positive fibers guiding newly generated cells. We hypothesize that additional steroidogenic enzymes must be expressed in or near these radial glia to provide substrates for estrogen synthesis to assist in neural repair. Lastly, we predict that these enzymes are up-regulated during non-breeding seasons in some species to activate steroid-dependent aggressive behaviors. In studies proposed here, we will test these hypotheses in slice-culture preparations of developing zebra finch brain, after neural injury to adult zebra finches and in a seasonal breeding songbird. We will inhibit steroidogenic enzymes and examine the effects on steroid synthesis, cytogenesis and differentiation, masculine brain development and behavior. These studies will reveal important actions of neurosteroids in neural growth, plasticity and repair that will have important implications in basic developmental neurobiology and in treatments of neurodegenerative disease Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: AGGRESSION

NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY

OF

DIFFERENTIAL

FEMALE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Ellen S.; Psychology; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): These studies will help clarify the manner in which aggressive experience influences future behavior by investigating neuroendocrine mechanisms involved. This research will incorporate hormonal, neural and behavioral approaches to the study of female aggression, which has been little studied outside of maternal aggression. Specifically, these studies will investigate how experience and hormones interact to alter aggressive behavior and theses differences in aggression are related to differences in neuronal activity. First, I will demonstrate plasticity in aggression in female Peromyscus californicus and their ability to win encounters both due to previous experience and across reproductive states. Second, I will determine whether estrogen, progesterone, testosterone or corticosterone is associated with baseline levels and/or changes in aggression, as well as investigate possible bidirectional relationships between these hormones and aggression. Third, I will investigate several brain areas known to be involved in aggression, and determine the amount of c-fos activity associated with aggression and changes in aggression due to previous experience and/or reproductive state. These areas will include the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus, lateral septa, bed nucleus of the stria terminals, medial and corticomedial amygdala, and the preoptic, ventromedial and peripeduncular nuclei. Together, these studies will help to identify whether (1) baseline hormone levels; (2) change in hormone levels; (3) amount of neural activity; and/or (4) changes in location of neuronal activity can explain how information from previous aggressive encounters can alter outcomes of future aggressive encounters. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROGENETICS, SEROTONIN, AND HUMAN AGGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Manuck, Stephen B.; Professor of Psychology; Psychology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Aggression is a prominent feature of many clinical conditions (such as antisocial personality disorder), a common cause of criminal incarceration, and a frequent concomitant of alcohol and other substance abuse. The social costs associated with aggressive behavior also rank among the primary concerns of contemporary society. In addition to environmental determinants, genetic factors contribute to the etiology of aggressive temperament. Reduced central nervous system (CNS) serotonergic activity is also correlated with human aggression, as seen in clinical, forensic and non patient samples. We have previously found that among unrelated individuals in a non patient population, life history of aggression and anger-related personality traits, as well as CNS serotonergic responsivity, are associated with polymorphisms of two genes regulating elements of the serotonergic system: tryptophan hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase A. The purpose of the proposed research is to confirm and extend these observations by more definitive methodology, utilizing family-based controls in conjunction with transmission-disequilibrium (TDT) analysis of adult, community volunteers and their parents. The primary study sample will include 800 individuals comprising relative ends (quartiles) of the population distribution of aggressive phenotype, as assessed by standardized clinical interview. Additional polymorphisms in the serotonergic system will also be evaluated, and if alleles of non-functional polymorphisms are found to differentiate high and low aggressive subjects, detailed molecular analyses will be conducted to identify functional variation that may account for these associations. Psychiatric characterization of study participants will be made by structured diagnostic evaluation and group differences in aggressive behavior will be confirmed by additional interview, questionnaire and observational measures of antagonistic disposition and impulsivity. The findings of this project will advance understanding of the genetic correlates of an important dimension of human temperament germane to antisocial behavior, violence, interpersonal distress, and personality-related psychopathology. This application is the resubmission of a prior proposal of the same title. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PATTERNS NEUROBLASTOMA

OF

GANGLIOSIDE

EXPRESSION

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaucic, Karen L.; Children's Research Institute Washington, D.C., Dc 20010 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (Provided by applicant): Gangliosides are membrane-bound glycolipid molecules found in all vertebrate tissues, but particularly prominent in neural tissue. They are synthesized via two pathways designated "a" (predominant in adult brain), and "b" (predominant in fetal brain). Experimental evidence supports a role for gangliosides in the clinical behavior of several human tumors, including neuroblastoma. Our preliminary data demonstrate that fetal patterns of ganglioside biosynthesis predominate in neuroblastoma tumors from patients less than 1 year of age, those with low stage disease, whereas the adult patterns predominate in tumors from older children and those with disseminated disease. Our data also demonstartes improved

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outcome among NB patients with tumors containing a predomince (less than 60 percent) of "b" pathway gangliosides. Further, we have demonstrated that the downstream "b" pathway ganglioside, GT1b is absent from disseminated tumors, but not from lower stage tumors. In light of our work and published studies demonstrating that the "b" pathway gangliosides GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b (immediately downstream from GD2) are absent in aggressive tumors, we hypothesize that the lack of terminal "b" pathway gangliosides may be related to the aggressive behavior of certain neuroblastomas, and is attributable to a defect in one of the "b" pathway biosynthetic enzymes. We will test this hypothesis by elucidating the association between patterns of "b" pathway ganglioside biosynthesis and the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma tumors. We will then delineate the enzymatic lesions associated with altered ganglioside biosynthesis in these tumors. These studies will pinpoint the ganglioside marker(s) associated with aggressive disease in neuroblastoma, and provide the basis for the development of a model system to test potential therapies aimed at modulating altered ganglioside biosynthesis as an approach to improving the clinical outcome of patients with aggressive neuroblastoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NETWORKS

PATTERNS

OF

INTIMIDATION:

THE

ROLE

OF

SOCIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Tien, Allen Y.; President and Research Director; Medical Decision Logic, Inc. Suite 2 Towson, Md 21204 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 26-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: In Phase I, the goal of this SBIR project is to determine the feasibility of using a web-based system for addressing the problem of intimidation and bullying among 6th, 7th, and 8th grade children in the school setting. A major innovation is the estimation of social network parameters which are relevant to bullying behaviors, their effects, and bully and victim status and role. The proposed system will consist of two complementary but distinct software components, and will be enhanced with a training workshop. The first software program will collect data used in the description of each classroom's informal social network,in addition to collecting data involving intimidation and bullying behaviors. The second system entails a mapping and assessment system used by school counselors to assist in analysis and prevention. Together, these two systems, to be implemented and tested over the course of Phase I and Phase II, are intended to support two levels of intervention: (1) individual "treatment" by counselors of both bullies and victims; and (2) using social network parameters to identify influence leaders and group dynamics involved in bullying, as well as potential victims. In Phase I the main aims are (1) to implement and test the feasibility of an effective and efficient interface which children in school can use to record data on social networks and intimidation events; (2) automatic calculation and presentation to counselors of relevant social network parameters; (3) initial development and software implementation of materials and functions to support training workshops for program development and interventions. For ongoing long-term development and evolution of a software system, implementation of the software as a web-based, multi-tier (i.e., web client, middleware and data base server) internet client-server system has significant advantages. Deployment of such a system across classrooms and schools is far easier compared to traditional client- server models, since no proprietary networking software is needed nor does proprietary software (other than an internet browser) need to be installed and maintained on individual computers. The proposed system's reliance on Java for both the web client and middleware development provides real platform independence,

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important when many schools use a mix of Apple Macintosh and Windows-based systems. Having subject data kept centrally and off-site in a secure data base server enhances confidentiality and security. In Phase II targeted interventions will be guided by social network parameters, and outcomes will be systematically assessed through use of the system. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: Intimidation and bullying is a broad type of aggressive behavior that is prevalent in schools and is often ignored or downplayed, but which appears to have significant short- and long-term negative effects. In school settings it is difficult to measure, observe, and prevent bullying behavior. Effective software for detecting social networks and their role in perpetuating bullying behavior and guiding interventions has significant commercial potential. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PHARMACOTHERAPY OF HIGH-RISK BIPOLAR DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Oquendo, Maria A.; Associate Clinical Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 100321098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This R01 application, based at New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYPSI) requests five years of support for a prospective, parallel group, double blind, random assignment treatment study of high-risk (previous suicide attempters) patients with Bipolar Disorder, who are in a mixed or depressed phase. This study will compare the effects of acute and maintenance treatment with lithium and valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior in these subjects. Subjects (N=280) will be well characterized in terms of Axis I and II diagnosis, psychopathology (measures of suicidal behavior including ideation and acts) and aggression and impulsivity. This study will have three distinct phases: an acute stabilization phase, a treatment continuation phase and a treatment maintenance phase. Upon study entry, subjects will be randomized to lithium or valproate. Depressed patients will be stabilized using paroxetine (or two other alternative antidepressants) and patients with psychosis or in a mixed state will receive olanzapine (or two other antipsychotics). Up to six months will be devoted to an acute stabilization phase. In the continuation phase subjects will be maintained on lithium or valproate and an antidepressant or antipsychotic for up to 6 months. The acute phase ends when patients have achieved at least two weeks of euthymia. During the 18 months maintenance phase, most subjects will be maintained on mood stabilizer alone. They have operationalized rescue procedures that will be available for patients with a recurrence of an episode. Over the course of the study, patients will be assessed for changes in psychopathology, mood symptoms, suicidal behavior, aggressive behavior and substance abuse. They predict that subjects on lithium will have less suicidal behavior, including completion, attempt or hospitalization for suicidal ideation than subjects on valproate and that this effect will be independent of mood stabilization. The project will test the following hypotheses: (1) Lithium treatment will be superior to valproate in the prevention of suicidal behavior (suicidal acts or episodes of suicidal ideation with a plan that would require a change in treatment such as addition of a rescue medication or hospitalization). (2) The two treatment groups will not differ in terms of the total number of episodes of, or total duration in, a major depression or mixed mood states requiring commencement of a rescue medication over 18 months of the maintenance phase. (3) Lithium treatment will be superior to valproate in decreasing aggression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHYTOESTROGENS, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Kudwa, Andrea E.; Psychology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2003; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): My proposed research will test the role of dietary soy phytoestrogens in the sexual differentiation of the mouse basal forebrain and subsequent activation of adult sexual and aggressive behaviors. Phytostrogens are biologically active non-steroidal molecules found primarily in soy products, legumes and whole grains. High concentrations of these compounds are increasingly being used as supplements in many consumer products marketed as natural alternatives to hormone replacement therapy and as preventative agents for hormone- and agedependent cancers and diseases (2, 26). The roles of testosterone (T) and its aromatized metabolite, estradiol (E2), in sexual differentiation of the brain have been extensively examined, but only a handful of studies have examined a dimorphic role for phytoestrogens. Analysis of a standard soy-derived commercial laboratory diet revealed that isoflavone concentrations fed to rats and mice exceed endogenous estrogen levels by 30,000-60,000 fold (9). By comparison, serum isoflavone levels in infants fed soy formula are 13,000-22,000 fold higher than endogenous estradiol levels (38, 39). To explore their specific neuronal function, phytoestrogenic actions must be separated from those of endogenous E2. The aromatase knockout (ArKO) mouse provides a unique model to investigate phytoestrogen effects. These transgenic mutants lack the functional aromatase enzyme gene and are unable to produce endogenous estrogens, but they express both classic estrogen receptors (ERalpha, ERbeta), and thus can respond to exogenous estrogens. One bio-assay I have used to investigate phytoestrogenic actions is estradiol-mediated neural induction of progestin receptors (PR). The specific aims of this proposal are first, to determine whether phytoestrogens affect organization and/or activation of PR induction. Secondly, I will manipulate developmental phytoestrogen exposure/intake and assess sexual behaviors in both male and female mice. Finally, I will determine whether aggression, a non-sexual behavior, and the neural peptide, arginine vasopression (AVP), are altered by phytoestrogen manipulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bixler, Edward O.; Professor; Psychiatry; Pennsylvania State Univ Hershey Med Ctr 500 University Drive Hershey, Pa 170332390 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of this proposal are to: 1) establish the prevalence of different types of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in a large general random sample of children; 2) identify important risk factors of SDB; (3) establish the family history of various risk factors associated with children with SDB; (4) assess the impact of SDB on clinical, psychometric and behavioral/academic outcomes; and 5) identify characteristics which will assist in identifying those children at risk for SDB for possible early intervention. Several studies evaluating select populations have suggested that various severe consequences are associated with SDB in children. These consequences include: cardiovascular complications such as pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, and arrhythmia; behavioral abnormalities such as excessive daytime sleepiness, poor school performance, hyperactivity, aggressive behavior, and social withdrawal; and growth disturbances which at times are reversed by successful treatment. To date, there have been only four studies evaluating the prevalence of sleep

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apnea using objective sleep evaluation methods in general random samples of children. Three studies evaluated a limited age range of 6 mos to 6 yrs, while the fourth assessed a range of 2-18 years. These studies employed relatively small samples in their sleep laboratory phase (N=lO, 11, 132, and 126, respectively). Thus, they could not adequately assess clinical significance. None of these studies evaluated: general development (eg height, weight, age adjusted BMI); the effects of SDB on physical health (eg blood pressure); academic achievement; or electrophysiologic defined sleep stages as possible outcome measures. Only one study reported a possible association with daytime sleepiness and behavior. Thus, the prevalence and clinical impact of SDB in school age children is unknown. In order to establish the prevalence and clinical significance of SDB in children aged 6 - 12 years with reasonable precision, we propose to employ a protocol similar to that used to establish the prevalence and clinical significance in two previously NIH supported protocols in adults. The proposed study will employ a twophase protocol: 1) questionnaire completed by the parents of every child enrolled in local elementary school which will assess general sleep, behavior and learning problems; 2) a random sample (n= 1,000) selected from the first sample based on risk for SDB and evaluated in the sleep laboratory to determine the presence of SDB. The second phase will receive a thorough pediatric ENT and pulmonary evaluation and school records and behavior will be assessed. The parents of this group will be interviewed for the family history of risk factors associated with SDB in children. This strategy will yield adequate power to establish the prevalence and clinical significance of SDB in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTING CONDUCT PROBLEMS, PROMOTING SOCIAL COMPETENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Webster-Stratton, Carolyn H.; Professor and Director; Family and Child Nursing; University of Washington Grant & Contract Services Seattle, Wa 98105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (adapted from the investigator's abstract): The purpose of this project is to take empirically supported, clinic-based treatment programs for child oppositional and conduct disorders (ODD/CD) and evaluate their short- and long-term efficacy as school-based early intervention programs for preventing ODD/CD, one of the most important behavioral predictors of substance abuse and delinquency. These schoolbased interventions for children ages 5 to 7 years are three carefully integrated packages that maximize consistency and follow-through in the home and the school. The intervention enhances children's protective factors (i.e., academic and social competence) and reduces risk factors (i.e., aggressive behavior and low school involvement) by: (1) teacher training, strengthening teacher competencies in classroom management and collaboration with parents: and (2) child training, implementation of the Dinosaur Social Skills and Problem-Solving Curriculum (delivered in the classroom by trained teachers); and (3) parent training, strengthening discipline competencies and fostering school involvement. The teacher and child training programs (CR) will be offered as a universal intervention to all kindergarten and 1st grade children in randomly assigned intervention schools. In addition, a randomly selected subset of parents of higher-risk (top 1/3 aggressive behavior) children from CR schools will be offered the indicated parent program (PT). The intervention will span kindergarten and 1st grade. Outcome will be measured by comparing intervention (CR or CR + PT); control children in terms of conduct problems, child social and academic skills, parent competencies and school involvement, teacher classroom management skills, and

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classroom environment. Multiple agents and assessment methods will be used including independent classroom observations of teacher-child and peer-child as well as teacher reports of aggression and social competence. Additionally, for indicated children, home observations of parenting interactions and child noncompliance and conduct problems will be assessed. Follow-up assessments will be conducted at the end of kindergarten and each year through grade three. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PREVENTION OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN URBAN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: August, Gerald J.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Minnesota Twin Cities 200 Oak Street Se Minneapolis, Mn 554552070 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): This study aims to test-the comparative impact of two contrasting family support service delivery models, each embedded in a comprehensive, developmentally-focused preventive intervention (i.e., the Early Risers Risk Prevention Program) for children at heightened risk for the development of violence and antisocial behavior. Model 1 features a community integration approach which seeks to assimilate families into a culturally specialized neighborhood-based family resource center whose mission is to help families by strengthening their parenting competencies, expanding their opportunities, and changing the conditions that limit their choices for the future. Model 2 features an outreach-broker approach, in which a family advocate assists families with practical support services while brokering more challenging health and social welfare services to diverse and varied community agencies and government programs. The intervention (Early Risers Program) is informed by an "early-starter" model of antisocial behavior derived from developmental theory and longitudinal research (Patterson, DeBaryshe, and Ramsey, 1989). The intervention design features two complementary components, CORE and FLEX. CORE includes a regimen of education, skill-building, and mentoring interventions that target four key competence factors purported to move high-risk children onto a healthy development trajectory. For the child these include behavioral self-regulation, social competence, academic achievement/school bonding, and for the parent, investment in the child. These interventions are delivered within the context of (i) a summer program, (ii) a regular school year "check and connect" program, an after-school personal enrichment program, and a "dinosaur school" social skills training program. FLEX is a program of strengths/needs identification and proactive family support individually tailored for each family. FLEX is delivered in tandem with CORE and seeks to provide synergy among intervention components by encouraging family empowerment, goal setting service utilization. The present study targets elementary school-aged children with early-onset aggressive behavior, living in culturally-diverse, economically disadvantaged urban communities. A multiple time series design is used with random assignment of aggressive children to the community integration model, the outreachbroker model, or to a nonintervention control group. The prevention trial begins with a two-year high intensity intervention phase, followed by a one-year booster phase, and ends following a one-year no-intervention follow-up period. A multi-method, multisource set of assessment strategies is used to assess the differential effectiveness of the intervention delivery models on proximal outcomes corresponding to the four competence factors. In addition, the study examines theory-based relationships between family characteristics, intervention model type and outcomes and explores the practical, attitudinal, and affective factors associated with program participation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIORAL IN BPD Principal Investigator & Institution: Soloff, Paul H.; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: Borderline Personality Disorder is a psychiatric disorder defined, in part, by recurrent impulsive and suicidal behaviors. With a suicide rate of up to 9.5 percent, BPD is among the most lethal of psychiatric disorders, comparable to affective and schizophrenic disorders. This study is the continuation of a first prospective, multidimensional study of the clinical, psychosocial and biological risk factors for suicidal behavior in patients with BPD. Following a stress-diathesis model of suicide, we assess predicted risk factors at baseline and follow patients annually for up to ten years, assessing for suicidal behavior, psychiatric co-morbidities, substance use disorders, episodes of impulsive-aggression, psychosocial stressors, treatment effects, social and clinical outcomes. The role of central serotonergic regulation in impulsive and suicidal behavior is studied using the 5HT2A specific radioligand [F-18] altanserin and PET neuroimaging. The effects of a childhood history of abuse are assessed on suicide risk, impulsive-aggressive behavior and on measures of central serotonergic function. Stressors increasing the risk of suicidal behavior include co-morbidity with Major Depression or Substance Use Disorders, Recent Life Events, and poor social support. Personality characteristics such as impulsivity and aggression represent chronic vulnerabilities to suicidal behavior. Longitudinal follow-up of suicidal patients allows testing of predictor hypotheses concerning risk factors for suicidal behavior in BPD through the application of survival analyses. Risk factors predicting recurrence and medical lethality of attempts will allow early identification of BPD patients at highest risk for suicide and inform treatment efforts. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REDUCING PREVENTION

VIOLENCE

BY

JOINING

EDUCATION

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kellam, Sheppard G.; American Institutes for Research 1000 Thomas Jefferson Nw Washington, Dc 200073835 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 22-SEP-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: Over the past three decades, evidence from developmental epidemiological studies has consistently identified specific antecedents as early as first grade, of later aggressive and violent behavior. Many if not most of these antecedent risk factors are exhibited in and around classrooms and school buildings. Aggressive, disruptive behavior in the first grade classroom is a well-replicated antecedent of later youth violence, particularly when the first grade classroom is itself chaotic. In first grade and thereafter, aggressive, disruptive behavior is strongly related to poor academic achievement. In previous population based, randomized preventive trials, raising achievement levels improved early aggressive behavior, with impact lasting at least into middle school. Improving classroom management has also improved longer-term outcome. Improving the monitoring and teaching of pro-social behavior in noninstructional school settings, and improving teacher/parent partnerships have also led to reduced youth arrests and less aggressive behavior. This project seeks to build the next generation of prevention trials on these results by: 1) developing a classroom based preventive intervention program for first grade that combines curriculum, instruction, behavior management, and social skills training; 2) developing a preventive intervention program for non-instructional settings, such as the lunch room, halls,

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playground, and bus stop that improves adult monitoring, teaches social skills outside of the classroom, and promotes parent/teacher partnerships; 3) developing an in-service and pre-service training program to train teachers in curriculum, instruction, classroom behavior management, and school-family partnerships; 4) developing a conceptual framework, measures, and procedures for a school-based, multi-stage system of integrated services for children to back-up universal prevention programs such as the above, and 5) developing new measures of implementation, estimates of power, and psychometrics for new and existing measures. This work will be done by a unique partnership among the American Institutes for Research, the Oregon Social Learning Center (OSLC), the Prevention Science Methodology Group, Morgan State University, and the Baltimore City Public School System. A Community and Institutional Board will continue to oversee this next stage of prevention research. Two areas have already been assigned by the Baltimore City Public School System. Over the past 16 years, the parents, schools, teachers, and our Board have endorsed random or balanced assignment of children, teachers, and schools in the interest of rigorous evaluation of education and prevention work. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RISK FACTORS FOR ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Baker, Laura A.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: Human aggression and antisocial behavior are known to be the product of both social and biological risk factors. What is not yet understood is how environment and genetic factors may mediate the interrelationships among these risk factors and antisocial outcomes. A study of twins and their families would provide the ideal opportunity to answer the critical question in this regard: Do measured social and biological variables relate to antisocial development for environment or genetic reasons? Our ability to develop effective and efficient interventions for antisocial behavior rest heavily upon the answer to this question. A study of normal variation in antisocial and aggressive behavior is proposed for 600 twin pairs (both male and female), aged 9-10 years old during an initial assessment, and aged 11-12 years old during a follow-up assessment. The study will provide the first opportunity to investigate the environmental and genetic underpinnings of important social and biological risk factors for unlawful, antisocial and aggressive behavior in boys and girls on the risk of adolescence. Social risk factors will include aspects of the family environment, such as socio-economic status, emotional climate, cohesion, parental warmth and affection, parental supervision, discipline and control. Specific environmental factors for each twin will also be studied including individual relationships with each family member, as well as peer-group characteristics. Biological risk factors will include psychophysiological indicators of arousal (both electrodermal and cardiac channels), as well as neuropsychological and cognitive testing. Both the social and biological risk factors studied here have previously been shown to distinguish between children at high and low risk for aggressive and antisocial behavior. The twin design allows the unique occasion to estimate the relative contributions of environmental and genetic factors to both antisocial behavior and their risk factors, as well as their interrelationships. Of particular importance are whether the links between antisocial behavior with biological and social risk factors, if they exist in this sample, are mediated by genetic or environmental factors. DNA samples will be extracted through mouthwash procedures and will serve two purposes. First, zygosity determination will be made using PCR tests

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for the 400 same-sex pairs. Then, the remaining DNA will be stored for future analyses of specific genetic loci hypothesized to show associations with antisocial behaviors. We anticipate that by the end of this project, a substantial number of candidate genes will be suggested for antisocial outcomes. At that point, additional funding will be sought to confirm these associations using the rich data source resulting from this project. Detailed knowledge of the underlying biological and genetic mechanisms in aggressive and other forms of antisocial behavior will lead to a greater understanding of how social variables in turn are related to antisocial outcomes, ultimately enabling greater control of this important social phenomenon. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE AGGRESSION

OF

ALPHA

&

BETA

ESTROGEN

RECEPTORS

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Ogawa, Sonoko; Lab/Neurobiology/Behavior; Rockefeller University New York, Ny 100216399 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) It has been well established that testosterone facilitates aggression during social conflict, typically seen between male mice. Testosterone exerts its neural action not only by activating androgen receptors (AR), as its original form or as 5alpha-reduced metabolite, dihydrotesterone, but also by acting through estrogen receptors (ER), after being aromatized to estradiol. It has been previously described that activation of ER at the time of testing as well as during perinatal development plays a critical role in the induction of aggressive behavior in male mice and determines the sex differences in the levels of testosterone-inducible aggression. Two forms of ERs, a classical ER-alpha and a recently discovered ER-beta, are localized in the brain areas known to be involved in testosterone-inducible aggression. The main objective of the proposed studies is to determine the specific roles played by ER-alpha and ER-beta in the regulation of aggressive behavior. In the first part, we will determine the role of ER-beta activation, at the time of testing in adulthood, in the regulation of aggressive behavior of MALE mice by: 1) comparing the levels of estrogen-inducible aggression of ER-beta gene knockout (BERKO) mice (ERalpha specific activation) with those of their wild type littermates (BWT; ER-alpha and ER-beta activation); and 2) examining the effects of an ER-beta specific agonist on aggressive behavior induced by an ER-alpha specific agonist or an AR-specific agonist in WT male mice. In the second part of the proposal, we will determine the roles of ERalpha and ER-beta in testosterone-inducible aggression (toward male intruder mice) in FEMALE mice. The effects of testosterone treatment will be tested in three types of knockout mice: ER-alpha knockout (aERKO), BERKO, and double knockout of ER-alpha and ER-beta genes (dERKO). In the third part of the proposal, the possibility will be tested that aERKO FEMALE mice are "endogenously" sensitized for testosteroneinducible aggression by elevated levels of testosterone as a result of ER-alpha gene disruption. In the last part, we will test the hypothesis that neonatal ER-alpha, but not ER-beta, activation determines the responsiveness to aggression-promoting action of testosterone and its metabolites in adulthood, by manipulating neonatal steroid levels in FEMALE mice. The findings of the proposed studies will provide new insights concerning the specific roles and mechanisms played by the two types of ERs in the sexspecific regulation of aggressive behavior by gonadal steroids. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF LIMBIC-MIDBRAIN AXIS IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Principal Investigator & Institution: Siegel, Allan; Professor; Neurology and Neurosciences; Univ of Med/Dent Nj Newark Newark, Nj 07107 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-FEB-1977; Project End 31-DEC-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of our laboratory is to identify the neural circuitry and neurochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie the expression and control of rage and aggressive behavior. The primary focus of the present grant application, which represents a major new direction in our research program, is to identify and characterize the roles of serotonin and cytokines in the medial hypothalamus in regulating these forms of aggression. This rationale for this application is based upon our most recent preliminary studies. They provide evidence that, in the medial hypothalamus, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors and cytokines, IL-lbeta and IL-2, powerfully modulate defensive rage behavior in the cat. The overarching hypothesis is that differential cytokine effects upon defensive rage and predatory attack are mediated principally through distinct neurotransmitter receptors of which serotonin and possibly GABA are primary candidates. Five experiments are proposed to test this hypothesis. The first will utilize immunocytochemical and neuroanatomical methods to characterize the pathway from the PAG to the medial hypothalamus mediating defensive rage and its relationship to serotonin axons and pre-terminals in this region. The second experiment will determine the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptors in the medial hypothalamus upon defensive rage. The third experiment will determine: the role of IL-1beta in the medial hypothalamus upon defensive rage, its relationship to 5HT2 receptors, the distribution of IL-1R in this region and its relationship to serotonin axons and pre-terminals as well as to c-Fos labeled neurons following the expression of defensive rage. The fourth experiment will seek to determine the role of IL-2 in the medial hypothalamus upon defensive rage and their underlying neurotransmitterreceptor mechanism. The fifth experiment will identify the effects of activation of 5-HT and the above cytokines upon predatory attack behavior. The discovery that cytokines in the brain play a significant role in defensive rage represents a most significant observation. It has provided an entirely new direction of research - a direction in which the focus will address how cytokines and related substances in the brain may play critical roles in the expression and control of aggression and rage. By identifying the mechanisms underlying these effects, the proposed studies are of further significance because the strategies utilized here can now be applied for the study of how cytokines in the brain may regulate other behavioral processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SCHOOL BASED USE OF THE POSIT Principal Investigator & Institution: Wyrick, David L.; Education Research and Methodology; University of North Carolina Greensboro 103 Foust Building Greensboro, Nc 274026170 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 30-MAY-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) The Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT) is a self-report measure that identifies stressors and potential problems in ten functional areas (e.g. substance use/abuse; mental health; aggressive behavior/delinquency) for adolescents 12 to 19. The POSIT has primarily been used in juvenile justice and clinical settings to screen troubled youth. In contrast, adoption within school settings has been sparse. The goal of this project is to compare two methods of administration on self-reported behaviors as well as to examine the potential

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each method of administration has on adoption and use of the POSIT in school-based settings. Students will be administered the POSIT while in school using either a paperand-pencil format or an Internet format that is augmented with audio (Audio-Web). Students will be randomly assigned as individuals to format of administration. Grade in school, gender, and ethnicity will be used prior to assignment as stratifying conditions. It is hypothesized that students' willingness to disclose the personal information called for in the POSIT will be enhanced through Audio-Web administration. To test issues about adoption and use, school principals and guidance counselors will be randomly assigned to receive recruitment presentations about one of the two modes of administration and will then be interviewed before and after student completion of the POSIT. Interviews will identify the effects that mode of administration may have in terms of potential barriers as well as facilitating effects related to their willingness to adopt and use the POSIT. Post-administration interviews will also examine the degree to which mode of administration effects guidance counselors' perceptions of data quality and usefulness. Hypothesized mode effects will be analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings will be used to explore practical means by which response bias can be minimized and improved and the adoption of the POSIT can be facilitated in schoolbased settings. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEROTONIN REGULATION IN EATING DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Wolfe, Barbara E.; Assistant Professor; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2000; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): This project investigates the contribution of altered central nervous system (CNS) serotonin function to the abnormal eating patterns characteristic of bulimia nervosa. This serious psychiatric disorder leads to severe psychosocial distress and potentially serious medical consequences in approximately two percent of young women, the population at greatest risk for eating disorders. Binge eating in bulimia nervosa is thought to result in part from a deficiency in the satiety response that normally leads to meal termination. Hypo thalamic serotonin is important in meal-related satiety. Patients with bulimia nervosa have abnormalities in serotoninmediated release of neuroendocrine hormones. The primary goal of this project is to test the hypothesis that serotonin-mediated satiety responses are abnormal in bulimia nervosa. To evaluate serotonin-mediated satiety responses, this project measures the decrease in food intake during a single-item test-meal following administration of a single oral dose of the serotonin-agonist medication m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) (0.4 mg/kg). During the three year project, serotonin-mediated satiety and neuroendocrine responses will be compared in 18 medication-free women who meet DSM-IV criteria for bulimia nervosa and 18 health female volunteers. Although dieting behaviors per se can influence serotonin function, alterations in CNS serotonin regulation in bulimia nervosa are postulated to occur independently of the effects of dieting. To test this hypothesis, this project includes a second comparison group of 18 healthy female volunteers studied while following a reduced calorie diet. This project will also assess whether stable recovery in a group of 18 women with a history of bulimia nervosa is associated with a normal pattern of decreased food intake following mCPP administration. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to mCPP will be evaluated using a placebo-controlled, randomized design. Subject groups will be matched for age and height-adjusted weight, with studies scheduled during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Further exploratory analyses will evaluate the

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relationship of serotonergic responses in bulimia patients to associated psychiatric symptoms, including depressed mood and impulsive and aggressive behaviors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SEROTONIN, IMPULSE CONTROL, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Moeller, Frederick G.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston Box 20036 Houston, Tx 77225 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: This application is a re-submission of an Independent Scientist Award (K02). The candidate is Frederick G. Moeller, M.D. He is an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Environment: He is a member of the Psychiatry Department's Substance Abuse Research Center, and has several established investigators in the area of substance abuse, laboratory measurement of behavior and neurochemistry with whom he collaborates. His Human and wet laboratories occupy approximately 2,000 square feet of space. Research Projects: The research plan draws heavily from currently funded grants R01 DA08425, and R01 AA10828 on which the author is the principal investigator. The overall aim of this proposal is to study the relationship between drug use, serotonin, and impulsive/aggressive behaviors. Once the underlying biochemistry of these behaviors is determined, this will allow development of treatments for impulsivity, which leads to behaviors such as drug use or impulsive sexual behaviors that increase the risk for HIV transmission. The proposed research is grouped into four experiments. Experiment I will determine if combining two treatments which can decrease impulsive behavior (the serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram and behavior modification through monetary contingencies) will improve response to treatment in cocaine dependence. Experiment II will measure ethanol induced aggressive responding in subjects with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASP) and matched controls. Experiment III will measure serotonin (5-HT) function using a neuroendocrine challenge and relate this measure to impulsive and aggressive behaviors in the laboratory and in the clinic. Experiment IV will determine if changes impulsivity in the laboratory parallel clinical response to treatment for cocaine dependence. The candidate's immediate career goals are to continue ongoing research on serotonin, substance abuse and impulse control. Long term career goals are to develop as a researcher in the area of the biology of impulse control and substance abuse. This will be done by defining the serotonergic receptors involved in impulse control through collaboration with experts in preclinical serotonin research, and impulsivity. Novel laboratory methods for measurement of impulsivity will be developed and validated in impulsive patient populations, and neurophysiology techniques will be used as an additional measure of 5-HT. Research Career Development Program: The research career development consists of new and expanded collaborations with scientists in the field of basic science of serotonin function, impulsivity, and laboratory measurement of human behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SEX CHROMOSOME EFFECTS ON NEURAL DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Arnold, Arthur P.; Professor; Physiological Sciences; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2006

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed studies have two long-term goals: (1) to understand the molecular signals that initiate sexually dimorphic development of the brain, and lead to sex differences in behavior and (2) to understand the effects of Y chromosome action on the brain. The proposal seeks to determine when and where Y chromosome genes are expressed in brain, and how they act. The sites and times of neural expression of Y chromosome genes will be determined. To establish correlations between Y chromosome expression in brain and the Y gene effects on behavior, Y chromosome gene expression in the brain will be compared in several dyadic comparisons of mouse strains that differ only in their Y chromosome and show differences in behavior attributed to the action of Y chromosome genes. These studies will identify candidate Y genes that are responsible for the Y-induced differences in behavior. The role of these candidate genes will be tested by measuring the reproductive and aggressive behavior of mouse strains that differ in level of expression of only a single Y gene. The reciprocal influence of Y genes and gonadal androgens will be tested by measuring the interaction of androgens and Y genes on behavior. The proposed research will contribute significantly to an understanding of the principles of sexual differentiation of the brain. At issue are the molecular mechanisms by which male and female brains differ, which is relevant to the biological basis of abnormalities of sexual differentiation, and to the explanation of sex differences in neurological and psychiatric disease (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis). The proposed studies will also help explain genetic effects of sex chromosome aneuploidy (Klinefelter Syndrome 47,XXY, and 47,XYY) on behavior and will shed light on the forces that control reproductive behavior, aggressive behavior and hyperaggression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SIBLING SOCIALIZATION EFFECTS: A TWIN-FRIEND DESIGN Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Guire, Shirley A.; Assistant Professor; Psychology; University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton St San Francisco, Ca 941171080 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed study will examine sibling socialization effects and the development of adolescent-onset, non-aggressive behavior problems. The goal of the investigation is to understand under what conditions the sibling relationship promotes the development of deviant behavior. The study is the first time point in a longitudinal analysis of connections between sibling relationships, peer experiences, and adolescent-onset delinquency. Hypotheses, based on biosocial and social learning theories, will be tested in relation to each aim. The three aims of the study are: (1) To apply a unique design to examine the nature of childrens sibling relationships during middle childhood; (2) To examine twin and friend similarity in behavior problems, cognitive abilities, personality, and peer experiences; (3) To test a model of twin/sibling relationship effects on connections between peer experiences and behavior problems. The novel design includes 342 pairs of children (and their parents) between 8 and 11 years old in six same-age dyads: 57 monozygotic twin pairs, 57 samesex dizygotic twin pairs, 57 opposite-sex dizygotic twin pairs, 57 same-sex, same-aged, unrelated sibling pairs, 57 opposite-sex, same-aged, unrelated pairs and 57 friend-friend pairs. Same-age, unrelated siblings raised together since infancy replicate the twin situation but without genetic relatedness. In addition, a friend of each twin in the samesex twin pairs will be interviewed over the telephone. A variety of methods will be used to assess the relevant constructs (e.g., standardized assessments, parent and child reports, observations of social interaction, and telephone interviews with parents, siblings, and friends). Levels of mutual respect, competition, cooperation, warmth,

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conflict, and temporal involvement in the sibling relationship will be assessed. Multiple aspects of the childrens friendships and peer groups will be examined, as well as the quality of the parent-child relationships. The role of childrens and friends personal characteristics and interests will be also explored. Outcome measures will include assessments of childrens levels of aggression, delinquency, loneliness, depression, and anxiety, as well as childrens personality characteristics and cognitive abilities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON CENTRAL ARGININE VASOTOCIN ACTIONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Godwin, John R.; Zoology; North Carolina State University Raleigh 2230 Stinson Drive Raleigh, Nc 27695 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): A long range goal of psychobiology is to understand how internal physiological processes and external environmental factors interact to influence neural function and individual behavior. Improving our understanding of this interaction has strong implications for basic and applied human behavioral biology. The objective of this application is to examine and differentiate social and gonadal hormone influences on the function of the arginine vasotocin/vasopressin (AVT/AVP) system in the brain. The central hypotheses to be tested are: 1) that AVT expression is primarily influenced by the social environment in an animal model system where behavioral sex is determined by dominance interactions rather than the gonads, and 2) that AVT stimulates dominant male-typical sexual and offensive aggressive behavior through central actions in the brain of this teleost fish. The rationale behind this research is that while we know much about how gonadal hormones influence the brain and behavior, much less is known about potential direct social influences on the brain. The AVT system is a logical focus for asking how social influences act on the brain since this family of protein hormones has been strongly linked to the display of sexual behavior in all major groups of vertebrates and to aggression behavior in important mammalian models. The subject of this study, the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) undergoes complete behavioral and gonadal female-to-male sex change as an adult animal. This sex change is accompanied by a four- fold increase in AVT-mRNA levels in the brain area which exerts primary control of sexual and aggressive behaviors. The AVT/AVP system is influenced strongly by gonadal steroid hormones in many species. Importantly, however, behavioral sex change can occur even in the absence of gonads in bluehead wrasses and is instead completely dependent on social environment. This species therefore appears to present a unique opportunity to directly examine social influences on this important neural system. To address the central hypotheses above, the PI will pursue three specific aims: 1) Use natural behavioral variation and experimental dissections of social and gonadal influences to examine the control of AVT-mRNA expression, 2) Determine whether AVT can induce sexual and aggressive behavior in this species and 3) Determine sites of AVT action in the wrasse brain by AVT receptor localization and cellular markers of neural activation. Direct influences of social environment on the expression and behavioral actions of AVT would have relevance to humans, where sexual and aggressive behaviors are also under environmental influences. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SOCIAL CHILDHOOD

RISK

AND

SELF

REGULATION

PROBLEMS

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Principal Investigator & Institution: Olson, Sheryl L.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Aggressive impulsive behavior is a normal characteristic of pre-school children that dissipates during middle-childhood as they develop more advanced self-regulation abilities. However, many young children with early behavioral self-regulation problems show continuity of aggressive behavior into middle childhood. Efforts will be made in this project to identify the developmental and ecological risk factors that differentiate children who show stability of behavior problems from those who have externalizing problems early but not later with specific attention to gender differences. 120 male and 120 female children will be recruited into a longitudinal study and assessed when they are 3-years old and again in the second semester of kindergarten when they will be about 5-1/2. At each age observations and testing of child and social interactions will take place in the home, in the laboratory, in the classroom, and in a group interaction setting with unfamiliar peers. In addition during the second wave the kindergarten children will be observed interacting with their familiar classmates. Cognitive-verbal skills, "theory of mind," moral development, affect and attention control, and activity level will be assessed as component subprocesses of self-regulation that influence aggressive behavior at each age. In turn, parent-child interaction and social risk factors will be assessed as influences on both persistent maladjustment and the subprocesses of self-regulation that underlay the maladjustment. Linear, additive, and transactional models will be tested of the linkage between early and later behavior problems. In the transactional model, Wave I child regulation problems are predicted to negatively affect Wave II parent and peer interaction behavior that will, in turn, exacerbate Wave II externalizing problem behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING FOR AGGRESSIVE ADOLESCENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Derosier, Melissa E.; Research Assistant Professor; Three C Institute for Social Developmt 1903 N Harrison Ave, Ste 101 Cary, Nc 275132410 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-MAR-2003; Project End 30-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): Problematic peer relations, particularly when chronic, can have a tremendous impact on children's functioning and mental health. Interpersonal aggression is a substantial peer problem among our youth. A history of aggressive behavior with peers is associated with a myriad of later negative outcomes, including delinquency and criminality. Intervention research supports the use of social skills training for decreasing aggression and antisocial behavior problems in aggressive youth as well as for improving their peer relations and social behavior. The primary aim of this project is to develop a new social skills intervention, entitled Project Forward (PF), for use with Middle and High school students. PF will build on an established group social skills intervention, S.S.GRIN (Social Skills GRoup INtervention) that has been particularly successful working with aggressive elementary students. PF will not only extend S.S.GRIN to older students, but also incorporate innovative treatment strategies so that PF will offer professionals a significant advancement over what is currently available for use with this population. The first task of Phase I will be to

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develop a prototype of the Project Forward (PF) intervention. PF will build on S.S.GRIN and extend skill training for decreasing antisocial and impulsive behavior and more directly address social triggers for aggression, such as bullying. Innovative treatment strategies (video segments and Internet-based homework) will also be integrated into the curriculum. Separate developmental versions will be created for Middle and High school, each including a Facilitator's Manual, session scripts, and youth and parent handouts. The second task of Phase I will be to conduct a test of PF's feasibility within two primary targeted markets (school counselors and community agency professionals). Based on Phase I findings, Phase II funding will be sought to revise and refine these products in order to maximize quality and create Spanish translations. A Phase II scientific evaluation of the use and efficacy of PF will also be conducted predicting changes in social and behavioral functioning. This project will establish PF as an efficacious competitor in the intervention marketplace. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOURCES AND MEDIATORS OF JEALOUSY Principal Investigator & Institution: Desteno, David A.; Psychology; Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by investigator): The experience of jealousy negatively impacts both psychological and physical well-being; it can result not only in acute psychological distress, but also in violence aimed at relationship partners. Given this import, much research has attempted to illuminate the functioning of jealousy. Although this work has lead to a consensus regarding the phenomenology of jealousy, agreement regarding its underlying causal mechanisms remains elusive. To date, many competing theories abound, defining jealousy variously as a type of evolved response, dispositional trait, social construction, or equity mechanism. Such lack of consensus has lead to numerous predictions and findings that are often orthogonal and has, thereby, complicated understanding of the processes that underlie jealousy. Increased clarification of these processes stands as an important goal given the negative behavioral sequelae of jealousy. To address this need, a new theory of jealousy is presented that is based on a single mediating mechanism: threat to self-esteem. This theory is capable of integrating findings stemming from the many theoretical frameworks used to study jealousy through a model able to explain both inter- and intra-individual variation in jealousy as a function of biological, dispositional, and cultural influences on self-evaluation. The purpose of the present application is to provide an initial test of the fundamental postulate of this model: threats to self-esteem mediate jealousy and its associated aggressive behaviors. Although past research has been suggestive of the mediational role played by threat to self, direct evidence of its causal influence is lacking. To investigate this question, jealousy will be induced through the development and subsequent threatening of valued working relationships involving participants and confederates acting as partners and rivals. Implicit as well as explicit measures of selfesteem will be used to assess quick and possibly unconscious alterations in self-esteem as well as to combat strategic attempts to conceal self-esteem threats. Manipulations of self-esteem will also be used in order to clarify the causal sequence. A final step will examine whether self-threats and the resulting jealousy lead to aggressive actions; measures of aggression aimed at partners and rivals will be included. Evaluation of the central postulate will provide important evidence regarding the viability of the proposed theory and shape subsequent examinations of its other tenets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STATINS AND NON-CARDIAC ENDPOINTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Golomb, Beatrice A.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; University of California San Diego La Jolla, Ca 920930934 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 20-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): A relation of lowered cholesterol to increased aggressive behaviors (including suicide) and impaired cognition has been variably demonstrated and remains to be established or excluded with confidence. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors ("statins") are the most widely used agents and their effects are of special interest. Purpose: To examine the effect of statins on aggressive responding, cognition, and serotonin in individuals with moderate LDL and no identified cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypothesis: Statin therapy will increase aggressive responding on the PSAP (Point Subtraction Aggression paradigm, a standardized aggression measure that correlates with both violent behavior and serotonin); will reduce measures of cognition (including psychomotor speed and attention); and will change serotonin (gauged by whole blood serotonin), which may be a mediator of effects on behavior and perhaps cognition. Secondarily, it is hypothesized that simvastatin (lipophilic) will exert more potent effects on cognition (and perhaps aggression) than pravastatin (hydrophilic); that serotonin (5HT) changes will related to changes in aggressive responding and perhaps cognition; and that a "susceptible subset" may be defined by baseline characteristics including biochemistry, mood, personality, and extremes of cardiovascular reactivity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STEPPED PHARMACOTHERAPY FOR AGGRESSIVE YOUTH WITH ADHD Principal Investigator & Institution: Blader, Joseph C.; Long Island Jewish Medical Center 270-05 76Th Ave New Hyde Park, Ny 11040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 19-SEP-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award is to promote the candidate's progress toward an independent scientific career focused on treatment strategies for youth with severe disruptive disorders. Didactics and apprenticeship in interventions research skills in Year 1 will prepare the candidate to initiate a study of stepped pharmacotherapy for aggressive youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study, conducted in Years 2, 3 and part of 4, will a) provide the candidate with supervised experience in controlled treatment research, and b) address the critical need for rigorous trials to examine if combined medication approaches improve outcomes over monotherapy in this patient group. Childhood aggressive behavior most often develops alongside other disruptive disorder symptoms, which are highly comorbid with ADHD. Stimulant medication is first-line treatment for ADHD. Yet, for many children receiving stimulant treatment, aggressive behavior and affective instability remain significant impairments, leading clinicians to layer additional medications in efforts to diminish aggressive dyscontrol. However, the lack of evidence to support any medication combination strategy for these children is a great concern. The proposed study will first optimize open stimulant treatment for aggressive children 6- 12 years old with ADHD and a comorbid disruptive disorder. Children whose ADHD symptoms benefit from stimulant treatment but whose aggression persists will be randomly assigned to the mood stabilizer divalproex sodium or placebo during an 8-week double-blind trial while their stimulant treatment continues. All families will receive structured

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psychosocial treatment. The study will furnish preliminary data to enable a full-scale efficacy study, supported through an R01 to be submitted in Year 4. Further training activities throughout the award period will equip the candidate with research skills and provide experience in the areas of: a) intervention trial design and statistics, b) development and adoption in clinical settings of treatment strategies, including combined medication and psychosocial treatment, and c) assessment, including observational and laboratory approaches to outcome and mediator measurement. Mentors (N. Schooler, P. Jensen, V. Kafantaris) and consultants (including H. Abikoff, P. Frick, C. Grillon, J. Halperin, J. Kane, D. Kolko, S. Pliszka) will provide expert training and supervision. The proposed program will therefore culminate in the awardee's competence as a well-rounded clinical scientist focused on the complex treatment needs of youth with severe behavior disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STEROID POTENTIATION OF AGGRESSION-RELATED LEARNING Principal Investigator & Institution: Farrell, William J.; Psychology; University of Texas Austin 101 E. 27Th/Po Box 7726 Austin, Tx 78712 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 12-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Aggressive behavior and violence impact both the health of individuals and American society. Aggressive behavior is highly plastic. Circulating steroids modulate aggressive behavior, as do learning processes such as reinforcement and associative learning. The proposed research is intended to integrate aggression-related learning into the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology. It is my hypothesis that surges in testosterone (T) following aggressive interactions render engaging in aggressive behavior reinforcing, and that corticosterone (CORT) released during aggression facilitates associative learning. The model organism will be the green anole lizard (Anolis carolinensis). A conditioned place preference paradigm will be used to determine whether engaging in aggression is reinforcing. Pharmacological and physiological manipulations of testosterone will then be undertaken to determine whether T surges are responsible for this reinforcement. Classical conditioning of aggressive behavior will then be used in conjunction with pharmacological manipulations of CORT to determine whether this hormone enhances aggressionrelated associative learning. The results of these studies will provide new information about the ways in which experience and hormones can interact to influence aggressive behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SYNOVIAL PHENOTYPES IN JRA

GENE

EXPRESSION

PROFILES

/FIBROBLAST

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hirsch, Raphael; Associate Professor of Pediatrics; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 452293039 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 22-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: A confluence of events, including the sequencing of the human genome and the advances in DNA microarray technology, have created an opportunity to undertake a comprehensive functional genomics analysis of JRA. Such an approach is likely to result in novel insights into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of these disorders. While peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) are more readily accessible than is synovial tissues, PBL may not be fully representative of the pathophysiologic processes responsible for maintenance of arthritis. Direct analysis of synovial tissues is likely to be

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necessary to elucidate disease-related pathways, as well as to validate the pathophysiologic relevance of peripheral blood gene expression profiles. Furthermore, synoviocytes are likely responsive to mediators secreted by PBL, and vice versa. Preliminary data demonstrate distinct differences in synovial tissue gene expression profiles that differentiate between polyarticular and systemic onset JRA, even after many years of disease, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms responsible for these two disease subtypes persist throughout the course of disease. This proposal is designed to identify the differentially expressed genes in JRA synovial tissue, identify synovial gene expression profiles that differentiate chronic disease in two JRA subtypes (polyarticular and systemic onset), and elucidate the molecular pathways responsible for the invasive phenotype of fibroblasts in arthritic synovium. Using DNA microarrays covering the majority of the human genome, the first Specific Aim will identify the differentially expressed genes in synovium of patients with long-standing JRA, discover novel genes hitherto not known to be involved in JRA, identify specific profiles that differentiate systemic-onset from polyarticular JRA, and compare gene expression profiles from JRA synovium with profiles of PBL and synovial fluid cells derived from other projects in this PO1, including paired PBL samples. The second Specific Aim will elucidate the molecular pathways responsible for the aggressive behavior of fibroblasts in arthritic synovium. These studies will determine the contribution of JRA synovial fibroblasts to the global synovial profile, identify genes differentially expressed in JRA synovial fibroblasts, compared to fibroblasts from non-inflamed synovium, and identify genes from JRA fibroblasts whose expression in culture is stably altered. These studies will result in a comprehensive database to be used as a road map for developing and testing novel hypotheses and for investigating specific pathways and genes in the pathophysiology of JRA. To facilitate this outcome, the database will be made available to the scientific community via the internet. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: THE ROLE OF TSP-1 AND 2 IN THE BIOLOGY OF ASTROCYTOMAS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gladson, Candece L.; Associate Professor; Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Malignant astrocytomas demonstrate a prominent angiogenic response that promotes the highly invasive and proliferative phenotype of these tumors. Tumors typically synthesize both anti- and pro-angiogenic molecules; however, when the balance shifts toward pro-angiogenic molecules tumors exhibit very aggressive behavior. Intact thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and 2 and peptides derived from the type 1 repeat domain of TSP-1 and 2 have been shown to act as anti-angiogenic molecules. However, the amino terminal domain of TSP-1 and 2 may have a different function than the type 1 repeat domain, as recent in vitro data from other investigators indicates that the amino-terminal domain of TSP-1 can be pro-angiogenic. In this regard, we have preliminary data indicating that an amino-terminal domain fragment of TSP-1 and 2 is proteolytically generated in vivo in malignant astrocytomas but is minimally detected in the normal brain. The mechanism by which the amino-terminal domain of TSP-1 and 2 can promote angiogenesis is unclear. TSP-1 and 2 complex with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and 9 and the complex is internalized by the LDL receptorrelated protein (LRP), reducing the activity of MMP-2 and 9. TSP-1 and 2 bind to LRP through their amino terminal domain. We hypothesize that the in vivo amino-terminal fragments of TSP-1 and 2 compete with intact TSP-1 or 2 (complexed with MMP-2 or 9) for binding to and internalization by LRP. The latter competition should result in

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increased MMP-2 and 9 activity in these tumors, promoting angiogenesis and tumor invasion.The aims of this project are as follows. 1) Characterize the proteolytic fragments of TSP-1 and 2 that are found in malignant astrocytomas, and create recproteins corresponding to these in vivo fragments. 2) Test the angiogenic modulatory effect of rec-TSP- 1 and 2 fragments in capillary tube formation assays and the corneal model of angiogenesis, and determine whether the amino-terminal fragments of TSP-1 and 2 inhibit LRP internalization of intact TSP-1or 2 complexed with MMP-2 or 9. 3) Determine the biologic role of host or stromal cell-derived TSP-2 in malignant gliomas, and the effect on the angiogenic phenotype of stable tumor cell over-expression of TSP-2 fragments identified in patient biopsies in aim 1. Mouse malignant glioma cell clones will be injected intracerebrally into the TSP-2 knockout mouse and the wild-type mouse, and studies to analyze tumor angiogenesis and proliferation performed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TUMOR PROGRESSION AND APOPTOSIS IN MOUSE MAMMARY GLAND Principal Investigator & Institution: Kordon, Edith C.; National Academy of Medicine 3092 Las Heras Buenos Aires, Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 23-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) The present project addresses two main goals: 1) Discovering new pathways involved in mammary tumor progression, particularly those related to the loss of hormone-dependency; and 2) determine the events that initiate the cascades that trigger programmed mammary cell death during mammary gland involution. Understanding what determines the neoplastic-cell lack of response to the regulatory controls for cell proliferation and death is the main goal for experimental oncology. In the case of mammary cells, one of the main controls for proliferation and differentiation resides in the action of pregnancy-related hormones. Determine new genes and pathways that release the mammary epithelial cells from such a control is a fundamental issue in the fight against breast cancer. A particular aspect of this process will be focused in our studies: the fast and aggressive behavior of tumors that resume growth after long periods of dormancy. Although a relevant issue in the treatment of cancer patients, there have not been too many cellular or molecular approaches to this issue. Our studies will be carried out using new MMTV variants that induce pregnancydependent tumors that progress to a hormone-independent behavior. Using the Inverse PCR technique, the MMTV sequences will provide us a molecular tag for cloning host genomic regions that, when altered, contribute to tumor progression. It has been proposed that stimuli that trigger apoptosis in normal ceils, would fail in neoplastic tissue, the mammary gland, the process by which the lactating gland goes back to a virgin-like state is known as mammary involution. This process takes place after each lactation period and involves a very important reduction, by apoptosis, of the mammary alveolar epithelium. The signaling pathways that become activated in the mammary secretory cells right after weaning have received a lot of attention in the scientific community during the last years. However, the very early causes that determine the initiation of this process remain unknown. The purpose of the experiments described in our project is to study these early events to determine how the lack of suckling induces mammary cell death. This issue will be approached by in rive as well as in vitro experiments. In addition, we will focus in determining whether neoplastic cells show alteration in the signaling pathways that lead to mammary epithelium cell death and whether that would be relevant during tumor progression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE AT 13Q21 IN PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Dong, Jin-Tang; Associate Professor; Winship Cancer Institute; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 18-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from investigator's abstract): Prostate cancer has a complex pathogenesis in which many men develop early stage 'benign' cancers, and a much smaller but substantial number develop aggressive cancers that metastasize and cause premature death. The PI has identified a region on chromosome 13q21 which appears to contain a gene whose alteration contributes to the aggressive behavior of prostate cancer. This region is subject to LOH and homozygous deletion in aggressive prostate cancers and cell lines. The current minimal region contains at least three genes which are expressed in normal prostate and low-grade tumors, but not aggressive cancers. The PI now proposes to define the smallest region of deletions that contains the 13q21 gene; to identify the 13q21 tumor suppressor gene (TSG) through expression and mutation analyses; to express the gene in cancer cell lines to examine effects on growth and metastasis; and examine in greater detail how often LOH and homozygous deletion affect the gene, the expression of the gene in prostate cancer, and clinical and pathologic correlations including prognostic significance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TWO TYPES OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Shih, Jean C.; Professor of Molecular and Pharmacology; Molecular Pharm & Toxicology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-1985; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: The objectives of this project are to understand the regulation and the in-vivo function of monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, which are isoenzymes important for the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters and biogenic amines. Abnormal levels of MAO activity have been associated with a number of mental disorders. A better understanding of these isoenzymes will allow for the development of more effective treatments for mental disorders. The specific aims are outlined below: To study the function of both MAO A and B in neurotransmitter metabolism and behavior using double knock-out (KO) mice MAO A and B (A/B) double KO mice will be generated by inactivating the MAO A gene of MAO KO mice via homologous recombination. PCR, Southern blot analysis, MAO catalytic activity and Western blot analysis will be used to ensure that both MAO A and B are deficient in these mice. Brain levels (whole brain and regions) of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine (MAO A substrates) and their metabolites will be determined in MAO A/B double KO and wild type mice by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Brain levels of the neuromodulator Bphenylethylamine (MAO B substrate) will be determined by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). These levels will be correlated with MAO A and B catalytic activity. Aggressive behavior will be analyzed in male MAO A/B double KO mice and correlated with brain neurotransmitter levels. II. To investigate the role of factors F, M and Sp1 in the regulation of MAO B gene expression. The essential DNA bases required for factors F and M binding will be determined by site-directed mutagenesis and the role of each factor in MAO B gene expression will be identified by gel retardation and promoter activity assays. Using UV crosslinking experiments we will determine if the factors comprise of a single or multiple polypeptides. Full-length cDNAs encoding factors F and M will be cloned and their

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functional validity will be determined by gel retardation assays with expressed proteins. The cDNA encoding factor F, M and Sp1 will be transfected and the effect of expressed factors on MAO B expression in vivo will be studied by determination of promoter activity, MAO B mRNA levels, protein levels and catalytic activity. These studies are important for both basic neuropharmacology and clinical research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UNIQUE SURFACE STRUCTURES ON SYNOVIAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fox, David A.; Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammation and ultimate destruction of articular structures are accompanied by extensive infiltration of synovium by T lymphocytes and macrophages, and hyperplasia of synovial fibroblasts (SF). The role of T lymphocytes remains controversial, with no conclusive proof for T cell directed autoimmunity as the cause of RA. We have taken several approaches to better understand pathways of T cell activation and of the role of T cells in RA, including generation of monoclonal antibodies to novel T cell surface antigens, and ligands of surface structures important for T cell activation, including ligands expressed on SF. In addition we have developed evidence that T cells, even resting T cells, can interact with SF in a bi-directional manner. Thus SF can function as potent accessory cells for T cell activation, while resting T cells can stimulate a proinflammatory pattern of gene expression in SF, even in the absence of stimuli that activate the T cell. We have termed this ability of unactivated T lymphocytes to stimulate the SF "effector function of resting T cells." We now propose that a significant component of the aggressive behavior of SF in RA arises from direct interactions between T cells and RA SF. We also hypothesize that the molecular basis for this unusual and pathogenic program of cell differentiation arises from a unique immunologic synapse formed between the T lymphocyte and the SF. The current proposal would further analyze the molecular interactions between T cells and SF and the functional consequences of these interactions, using both morphologic and immunologic approaches. A novel ligand of CD6 expressed by SF will be molecularly characterized and functionally studied. New antibodies will be generated to analyze the T cell/SF microarray analysis of SF gene expression, and quantitative interaction, directed at both known and novel cell surface molecules and at the secreted CD26-related cell interaction molecule attractin. Activation of SF will be studied using measurement of relevant RNA species and protein products, such as osteoclast differentiation factor, cytokines, and tissue destructive proteases. The proposed studies represent a fresh approach to understanding RA. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: USING MEDIA TO PREVENT VIOLENCE AMONG RURAL YOUTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Swaim, Randall C.; Senior Research Scientist; Psychology; Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, Co 80523 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: Youth violence has been thrust upon the national scene as a critical public health issue following recent multiple incidents of school violence. One area of study that has received considerable research attention is the effect of the mass media on

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youthful violence. Youth are exposed to various messages, positive and negative through a variety of media channels. In contrast to the negative effects of viewing aggressive and violent acts, media can be used to promote pro-social behavior. A number of national social marketing media campaigns have been launched in recent years that have successfully targeted adolescent drug use, tobacco use, drunk driving, and other public health problems. One limitation, however, of national, social marketing media campaigns is perceived lack of relevance to certain populations. This is particularly true of rural populations. Although rural areas are equally at-risk for youth violence compared to urban locations, they are likely to view national media campaigns, which tend to focus on urban or suburban target audiences, as less relevant to their communities. Lack of message relevance in such campaigns can be overcome by creating media campaigns that are localized. Specifically tailored rural media campaigns, that use rural rather than urban images, that are implemented by local people, and that incorporate local data and local references, may be more effective in rural locations than standard urban-style campaigns. Furthermore, media campaigns that incorporate local peers may be more effective than those not using peers. We have successfully used this approach for reduction of adolescent drug use. This study will experimentally test the effects of two different levels of a community-based antiviolence media campaign. The project will target violence reduction among middle school students in rural communities. The community-based antiviolence media campaign makes use of marketing and media methods to change normative attitudes/beliefs, and self-efficacy for avoiding interpersonal aggression and aggressive behaviors. It targets both intrapersonal attitudes and beliefs about violence and aggression, as well as targeting individual level violence and community change in awareness and attitudes toward violence. This project proposes a three-group experimental design testing the effectiveness in six rural communities (two communities per group) of 1) a Community-Based Rural Media Campaign (COMM), 2) a Community-Based Peer Rural Media Campaign (COMMPEER), and 3) Controls. A twoyear anti-violence media campaign will be administered to groups 1 and 2. Pre-test, post-test and follow-up surveys will assess the effects of various levels of the media campaign on attitudes toward aggression and violence, and aggressive and violent behaviors among youth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for aggressive behavior in the PubMed Central database: 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Aggressive behavior induces release of nerve growth factor from mouse salivary gland into the bloodstream. by Aloe L, Alleva E, Bohm A, Levi-Montalcini R.; 1986 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=386464

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with aggressive behavior, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for aggressive behavior (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of physically aggressive behavior in two VA nursing homes. Author(s): Rudman D, Alverno L, Mattson DE. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1993 June; 44(6): 571-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8514305

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A descriptive study of physically aggressive behavior in dementia by direct observation. Author(s): Bridges-Parlet S, Knopman D, Thompson T. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1994 February; 42(2): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8126335

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A guide for managing acute aggressive behavior of youths in residential and inpatient treatment facilities. Author(s): dosReis S, Barnett S, Love RC, Riddle MA; Maryland Youth Practice Improvement Committee. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2003 October; 54(10): 1357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14557521

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A post-intervention training strategy for the management of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Johnson JW. Source: J Healthc Prot Manage. 2004 Winter; 20(1): 114-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15061105

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A teacher-focused approach to prevent and reduce students' aggressive behavior: the GREAT Teacher Program. Author(s): Orpinas P, Horne AM; Multisite Violence Prevention Project. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2004 January; 26(1 Suppl): 29-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732185

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Abnormal lateralization in finger tapping and overt aggressive behavior. Author(s): Hillbrand M, Sokol SJ, Waite BM, Foster HG Jr. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1993 May; 17(3): 393-406. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8475321

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Aggressive behavior against self and others among first-admission patients with schizophrenia. Author(s): Steinert T, Wiebe C, Gebhardt RP. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 January; 50(1): 85-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9890585

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Aggressive behavior among women sexually abused as children. Author(s): Siegel JA. Source: Violence Vict. 2000 Fall; 15(3): 235-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11200100

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Aggressive behavior and Brunner syndrome: no evidence for the C936T mutation in a population sample. Author(s): Mejia JM, Ervin FR, Palmour RM, Tremblay RE. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2001 May 8; 105(4): 396-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11378857

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Aggressive behavior and opportunities to purchase drugs. Author(s): Rosenberg MF, Anthony JC. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2001 August 1; 63(3): 245-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11418228

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Aggressive behavior and the brain: a different perspective for the mental health nurse. Author(s): Harper-Jaques S, Reimer M. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 1992 October; 6(5): 312-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1362049

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Aggressive behavior directed at nursing home personnel by residents' family members. Author(s): Vinton L, Mazza N. Source: The Gerontologist. 1994 August; 34(4): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7959112

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Aggressive behavior in abused children. Author(s): Connor DF, Doerfler LA, Volungis AM, Steingard RJ, Melloni RH Jr. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 December; 1008: 79-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998874

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Aggressive behavior in childhood and early adolescence: an ecologicaldevelopmental perspective on youth violence. Author(s): Fraser MW. Source: Social Work. 1996 July; 41(4): 347-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8669001

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Aggressive behavior in clinically depressed adolescents. Author(s): Knox M, King C, Hanna GL, Logan D, Ghaziuddin N. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 May; 39(5): 611-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10802979

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Aggressive behavior in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Author(s): Begic D, Jokic-Begic N. Source: Military Medicine. 2001 August; 166(8): 671-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515314

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Aggressive behavior in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and pervasive developmental disorders. Author(s): Weller EB, Rowan A, Elia J, Weller RA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 15: 5-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418807

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Aggressive behavior in patients with Sotos syndrome. Author(s): Mauceri L, Sorge G, Baieli S, Rizzo R, Pavone L, Coleman M. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2000 January; 22(1): 64-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10669209

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Aggressive behavior in schizophrenia: relationship to age of onset and cortical atrophy. Author(s): Sandyk R. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 1993 January; 68(1-2): 1-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8063505

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Aggressive behavior management for nurses: an international issue? Author(s): Hurlebaus A. Source: J Healthc Prot Manage. 1994 Summer; 10(2): 97-106. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10136053

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Aggressive behavior of epilepsy patients in the course of levetiracetam add-on therapy: report of 33 mild to severe cases. Author(s): Dinkelacker V, Dietl T, Widman G, Lengler U, Elger CE. Source: Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B. 2003 October; 4(5): 537-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14527496

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Aggressive behavior on an inpatient geriatric unit. Author(s): Ferguson JS, Smith A. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1996 March; 34(3): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8676288

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Aggressiveness revisited: a comment on Frank's “on the prediction of aggressive behavior from the Rorschach”. Author(s): DeCato CM. Source: Psychological Reports. 1994 August; 75(1 Pt 2): 610; Discussion 650. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7809333

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Alcohol, tobacco, and father's aggressive behavior in relation to socioeconomic variables in Cretan low versus medium income families. Author(s): Diacatou A, Mamalakis G, Kafatos A, Vlahonikolis J, Bolonaki I. Source: Int J Addict. 1993 March; 28(4): 293-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8463019

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Altered p53 is associated with aggressive behavior of chondrosarcoma: a long term follow-up study. Author(s): Oshiro Y, Chaturvedi V, Hayden D, Nazeer T, Johnson M, Johnston DA, Ordonez NG, Ayala AG, Czerniak B. Source: Cancer. 1998 December 1; 83(11): 2324-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9840532

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Association of aggressive behavior with altered serotonergic function in patients who are not suicidal. Author(s): Stanley B, Molcho A, Stanley M, Winchel R, Gameroff MJ, Parsons B, Mann JJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 April; 157(4): 609-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10739421

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Association of elevated protein kinase CK2 activity with aggressive behavior of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Author(s): Gapany M, Faust RA, Tawfic S, Davis A, Adams GL, Ahmed K. Source: Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.). 1995 September; 1(6): 659-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8529132

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Association study of onset age, attempted suicide, aggressive behavior, and schizophrenia with a serotonin 1B receptor (A-161T) genetic polymorphism. Author(s): Hong CJ, Pan GM, Tsai SJ. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2004; 49(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14730192

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Association study of serotonin-6 receptor variant (C267T) with schizophrenia and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Tsai SJ, Chiu HJ, Wang YC, Hong CJ. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 1999 August 20; 271(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10477121

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Attachment relationships among children with aggressive behavior problems: the role of disorganized early attachment patterns. Author(s): Lyons-Ruth K. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1996 February; 64(1): 64-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8907085

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Benzodiazepines and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Essman WB. Source: Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 1978; 13: 13-28. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=625293

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Body color pattern and the aggressive behavior of male pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) during the reproductive season. Author(s): Stacey PB, Chiszar D. Source: Behaviour. 1978; 64(3-4): 271-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=566542

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Brain catecholamines, spontaneous bioelectrical activity and aggressive behavior in ants (Formica rufa). Author(s): Kostowski W, Tarchalska B, Wanchowicz B. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1975 May-June; 3(3): 337-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=168591

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Brain glycine and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Stern P, Catovic S. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1975 July-August; 3(4): 723-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1237900

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Brain mechanisms related to aggressive behavior. Author(s): Kaada B. Source: Ucla Forum Med Sci. 1967; 7: 95-133. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4880540

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Brief report: comparative effects of antecedent exercise and lorazepam on the aggressive behavior of an autistic man. Author(s): Allison DB, Basile VC, MacDonald RB. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1991 March; 21(1): 89-94. Erratum In: J Autism Dev Disord 1991 September; 21(3): 379. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2037553

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Buspirone challenge: preliminary evidence for a role for central 5-HT1a receptor function in impulsive aggressive behavior in humans. Author(s): Coccaro EF, Gabriel S, Siever LJ. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1990; 26(3): 393-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2274641

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Can conflict resolution training increase aggressive behavior in young adolescents? Author(s): Colyer E, Thompkins T, Durkin M, Barlow B. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1996 July; 86(7): 1028-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8669506

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Carbamazepine and behavior therapy for aggressive behavior. Treatment of a mentally retarded, postencephalitic adolescent with seizure disorder. Author(s): Rapport MD, Sonis WA, Fialkov MJ, Matson JL, Kazdin AE. Source: Behavior Modification. 1983 April; 7(2): 255-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6433880

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Carbamazepine in the treatment of aggressive behavior in schizophrenic patients: a case report. Author(s): Yassa R, Dupont D. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1983 November; 28(7): 566-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6652609

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Caregivers' perception of aggressive behavior in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Author(s): Beck C, Baldwin B, Modlin T, Lewis S. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience Nursing : Journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 1990 June; 22(3): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2142190

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Case series: amantadine open-label treatment of impulsive and aggressive behavior in hospitalized children with developmental disabilities. Author(s): King BH, Wright DM, Snape M, Dourish CT. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 June; 40(6): 654-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11392342

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Case study: sleep and aggressive behavior in a blind, retarded adolescent. A concomitant schedule disorder? Author(s): Sadeh A, Klitzke M, Anders TF, Acebo C. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 June; 34(6): 820-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7608057

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Cathepsin D in host stromal cells, but not in tumor cells, is associated with aggressive behavior in node-negative breast cancer. Author(s): Nadji M, Fresno M, Nassiri M, Conner G, Herrero A, Morales AR. Source: Human Pathology. 1996 September; 27(9): 890-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8816882

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CD3- CD56+ non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an aggressive behavior related to multidrug resistance. Author(s): Drenou B, Lamy T, Amiot L, Fardel O, Caulet-Maugendre S, Sasportes M, Diebold J, Le Prise PY, Fauchet R. Source: Blood. 1997 April 15; 89(8): 2966-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9108417

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Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use. Author(s): Kouri EM, Pope HG Jr, Lukas SE. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 143(3): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353434

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Characteristics of aggressive behavior induced by nucleus accumbens septi lesions in rats. Author(s): Lee SC, Yamamoto T, Ueki S. Source: Behav Neural Biol. 1983 March; 37(2): 237-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6684912

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Characteristics of children and adolescents with mental retardation and frequent outwardly directed aggressive behavior. Author(s): Davidson PW, Jacobson J, Cain NN, Palumbo D, Sloane-Reeves J, Quijano L, Van Heyningen J, Giesow V, Erhart J, Williams T. Source: Am J Ment Retard. 1996 November; 101(3): 244-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8933899

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Children's normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Huesmann LR, Guerra NG. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997 February; 72(2): 408-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9107008

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Clinical pharmacology of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Sheard MH. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1984; 7(3): 173-83. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6149018

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Clozapine: its impact on aggressive behavior among patients in a state psychiatric hospital. Author(s): Chengappa KN, Vasile J, Levine J, Ulrich R, Baker R, Gopalani A, Schooler N. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 January 1; 53(1-2): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11728832

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Cocaine and aggressive behavior: neurobiological and clinical perspectives. Author(s): Yudofsky SC, Silver JM, Hales RE. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1993 Spring; 57(2): 218-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8099516

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Community-Based multiple family groups to prevent and reduce violent and aggressive behavior: the GREAT Families Program. Author(s): Smith EP, Gorman-Smith D, Quinn WH, Rabiner DL, Tolan PH, Winn DM; Multisite Violence Prevention Project. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2004 January; 26(1 Suppl): 39-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732186

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Comparison of aggressive behavior between men and women in sport. Author(s): Lenzi A, Bianco I, Milazzo V, Placidi GF, Castrogiovanni P, Becherini D. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1997 February; 84(1): 139-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9132702

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Comparison of the effects of GABA-mimetic agents on two types of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Mandel P, Kempf E, Simler S, Puglisi S, Ciesielski L, Mack G. Source: Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1983; 37: 149-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6685425

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Concurrent reinforcement and alcohol: interactive effects on human aggressive behavior. Author(s): Kelly TH, Cherek DR, Steinberg JL. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1989 September; 50(5): 399-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2779240

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Congruence between aggressive behavior and type of intervention as rated by nursing personnel. Author(s): Fagan-Pryor EC, Femea P, Haber LC. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 1994 March-April; 15(2): 187-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8169121

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Co-occurrence of aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior at age 12: multirater analyses. Author(s): Bartels M, Hudziak JJ, van den Oord EJ, van Beijsterveldt CE, Rietveld MJ, Boomsma DI. Source: Behavior Genetics. 2003 September; 33(5): 607-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14574136

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Creatine kinase elevations and aggressive behavior in hospitalized forensic patients. Author(s): Hillbrand M, Spitz RT, Foster HG, Krystal JH, Young JL. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 1998 Spring; 69(1): 69-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9536476

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Culture conditions affect expression of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin associated with aggressive behavior in head and neck cancer. Author(s): Carey TE, Laurikainen L, Ptok A, Reinke T, Linder K, Nair TS, Marcelo C. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1992; 320: 69-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1442285

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Cyclic nucleotides and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Eichelman B, Hegstrand LR, McMurray T, Kantak KM. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981; 14 Suppl 1: 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6264505

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Day-night variation in aggressive behavior among psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Manfredini R, Vanni A, Peron L, La Cecilia O, Smolensky MH, Grassi L. Source: Chronobiology International. 2001 May; 18(3): 503-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11475419

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Deceptive appearances: television violence and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Comstock G, Strasburger VC. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1990 January; 11(1): 31-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2407700

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Decreased aggressive behavior in the offspring of ACTH-treated mice. Author(s): Simon NG, Gandelman R. Source: Behav Biol. 1977 December; 21(4): 478-88. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=203262

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Delayed development of aggressive behavior in castrate isolated male mice. Author(s): Heilman RD, Brugmans M, Strainer SM. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 1977 October; 9(2): 107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=562830

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delta 1-Tetrahydrocannabinol but not cannabidiol reduces contact and aggressive behavior of rats tested in dyadic encounters. Author(s): van Ree JM, Niesink RJ, Nir I. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1984; 84(4): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6098915

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Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and aggressive behavior in rats. Author(s): Miczek KA, Barry H 3rd. Source: Behav Biol. 1974 June; 11(2): 261-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4858807

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Depressed 5-hydroxyindole levels associated with hyperactive and aggressive behavior. Relationship to drug response. Author(s): Greenberg AS, Coleman M. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1976 March; 33(3): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1259523

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Development of neuropharmacologically based behavioral assessments of impulsive aggressive behavior. Author(s): Coccaro EF, Harvey PD, Kupsaw-Lawrence E, Herbert JL, Bernstein DP. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1991 Spring; 3(2): S44-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1821222

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Dietary tryptophan modulation and aggressive behavior in mice. Author(s): Kantak KM, Hegstrand LR, Eichelman B. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1980 May; 12(5): 675-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190302

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Differences in children's peer sociometric and attribution ratings due to context and type of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Willis LM, Foster SL. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1990 April; 18(2): 199-215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2189923

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Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) to reduce aggressive behavior following traumatic brain injury. Author(s): Hegel MT, Ferguson RJ. Source: Behavior Modification. 2000 January; 24(1): 94-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10641369

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Diminished suicidal and aggressive behavior, high plasma norepinephrine levels, and serum triglyceride levels in chronic neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenic patients maintained on clozapine. Author(s): Spivak B, Roitman S, Vered Y, Mester R, Graff E, Talmon Y, Guy N, Gonen N, Weizman A. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 1998 July-August; 21(4): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9704166

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Discordance of self ratings versus observer ratings in the improvement of depression: role of locus of control and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Castrogiovanni P, Maremmani I, Deltito JA. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1989 May-June; 30(3): 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2731421

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Disruptive, delinquent and aggressive behavior in female adolescents with a psychoactive substance use disorder: relation to executive cognitive functioning. Author(s): Giancola PR, Mezzich AC, Tarter RE. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1998 September; 59(5): 560-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9718109

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Dissociative symptomatology and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Kaplan ML, Erensaft M, Sanderson WC, Wetzler S, Foote B, Asnis GM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 September-October; 39(5): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9777279

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Divalproex sodium for impulsive aggressive behavior in patients with personality disorder. Author(s): Kavoussi RJ, Coccaro EF. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1998 December; 59(12): 676-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9921702

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Divalproex sodium in the treatment of aggressive behavior and dysphoria in patients with organic brain syndromes. Author(s): Horne M, Lindley SE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1995 September; 56(9): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7665542

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Divalproex sodium in the treatment of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Wilcox J. Source: Annals of Clinical Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists. 1994 March; 6(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7951640

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Drugs in aggressive behavior. Author(s): Campbell M, Cohen IL, Small AM. Source: J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1982 March; 21(2): 107-17. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7040529

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Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. Author(s): Hoaken PN, Stewart SH. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 December; 28(9): 1533-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14656544

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Effects of aggressive behavior and perceived self-efficacy on burnout among staff of homes for the elderly. Author(s): Evers W, Tomic W, Brouwers A. Source: Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2001 June; 22(4): 439-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11885158

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Effects of aggressive behavior on canine welfare. Author(s): Hunthausen W. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997 April 15; 210(8): 1134-6. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9108915

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Effects of alcoholic beverage, instigation, and inhibition on expectancies of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Cheong J, Patock-Peckham JA, Nagoshi CT. Source: Violence Vict. 2001 April; 16(2): 173-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11345477

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Effects of fluoxetine on aggressive behavior of adult inpatients with mental retardation and epilepsy. Author(s): Troisi A, Vicario E, Nuccetelli F, Ciani N, Pasini A. Source: Pharmacopsychiatry. 1995 May; 28(3): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7568367

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Effects of low doses of caffeine on aggressive behavior of male rats. Author(s): Wilson JF, Nugent NR, Baltes JE, Tokunaga S, Canic T, Young BW, Bellinger ER, Delac DT, Golston GA, Hendershot DM. Source: Psychological Reports. 2000 June; 86(3 Pt 1): 941-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10876350

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Effects of reducing children's television and video game use on aggressive behavior: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Robinson TN, Wilde ML, Navracruz LC, Haydel KF, Varady A. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2001 January; 155(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11177057

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Effects of sensation seeking, instruction set, and alcohol/placebo administration on aggressive behavior. Author(s): Cheong J, Nagoshi CT. Source: Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.). 1999 January; 17(1): 81-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9895040

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Effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on aggressive behavior in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents: results of an open trial. Author(s): Constantino JN, Liberman M, Kincaid M. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1997 Spring; 7(1): 31-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9192540

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Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: a meta-analytic review of the scientific literature. Author(s): Anderson CA, Bushman BJ. Source: Psychological Science : a Journal of the American Psychological Society / Aps. 2001 September; 12(5): 353-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11554666

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Effortful control, attention, and aggressive behavior in preschoolers at risk for conduct problems. Author(s): Dennis TA, Brotman LM. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 December; 1008: 252-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14998890

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Estrogen therapy and aggressive behavior in elderly patients with moderate-to-severe dementia: results from a short-term, randomized, double-blind trial. Author(s): Kyomen HH, Satlin A, Hennen J, Wei JY. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 1999 Fall; 7(4): 339-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10521168

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Estrogens control aggressive behavior in some patients with Sanfilippo syndrome. Author(s): Hier DB, Ahluwalie S, Melyn M, Hoganson GE Jr. Source: Neurological Research. 1999 September; 21(6): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10491824

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Evaluation and management of aggressive behavior in the elderly demented patient. Author(s): Raskind MA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 15: 45-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418815

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Evidence of an association between 6q13-21 chromosome aberrations and locally aggressive behavior in patients with cartilage tumors. Author(s): Sawyer JR, Swanson CM, Lukacs JL, Nicholas RW, North PE, Thomas JR. Source: Cancer. 1998 February 1; 82(3): 474-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9452264

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Executive cognitive functioning and aggressive behavior in preadolescent boys at high risk for substance abuse/dependence. Author(s): Giancola PR, Martin CS, Tarter RE, Pelham WE, Moss HB. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1996 July; 57(4): 352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8776676

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Experimentally induced aggressive behavior in subjects with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“Ecstasy”) use history: psychobiological correlates. Author(s): Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Ampollini R, Giusti F, Delsignore R, Raggi MA, Laviola G, Macchia T, Brambilla F. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse. 2001; 13(4): 471-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11775077

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Expressive communicative ability, symptoms of mental illness and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Dura J. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1997 June; 53(4): 307-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169385

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Extramammary Paget's disease with aggressive behavior: a report of two cases. Author(s): Kim JC, Kim HC, Jeong CS, Cho MK, Koh KS, Gong G, Koh JK, Lee MG. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 1999 April; 14(2): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10331574

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Extraordinarily large calcifying epithelioma without aggressive behavior. Author(s): Kawakami M, Akiyama M, Kimoto M, Hirabayashi S, Matsuo I. Source: Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 202(1): 74-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11244238

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Extrathoracic solitary fibrous tumors: their histological variability and potentially aggressive behavior. Author(s): Hasegawa T, Matsuno Y, Shimoda T, Hasegawa F, Sano T, Hirohashi S. Source: Human Pathology. 1999 December; 30(12): 1464-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10667425

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Factors affecting the aggressive behavior of the hermit crab Calcinus tibicen. Author(s): Hazlett BA. Source: Z Tierpsychol. 1966 November; 23(6): 655-71. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6011316

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Factors influencing aggressive behavior and risk of trauma in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Author(s): Erwin J. Source: Laboratory Animal Science. 1977 August; 27(4): 541-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=409883

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Factors relating to the aggressive behavior of primary caregiver toward a child. Author(s): Isaranurug S, Nitirat P, Chauytong P, Wongarsa C. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 October; 84(10): 1481-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11804260

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Family structure and aggressive behavior in a population of urban elementary school children. Author(s): Pearson JL, Ialongo NS, Hunter AG, Kellam SG. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 May; 33(4): 540-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8005907

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Fear response and aggressive behavior of hippocampectomized house rats. Author(s): Kim C, Kim CC, Kim JK, Kim MS, Chang HK, Kim JY, Lee IG. Source: Brain Research. 1971 June 18; 29(2): 237-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5165591

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Feeding and aggressive behavior evoked by hypothalamic stimulation in a cichlid fish. Author(s): Demski LS. Source: Comp Biochem Physiol A. 1973 March 1; 44(3): 685-92. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4146618

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Film-induced arousal and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Mueller CW, Donnerstein E. Source: The Journal of Social Psychology. 1983 February; 119(First Half): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6834805

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Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects. Author(s): Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 December; 54(12): 1081-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9400343

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Fluoxetine effects on serotonin function and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Fuller RW. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1996 September 20; 794: 90-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8853595

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Fluoxetine, suicidal ideation, and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Selzer JA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992 May; 149(5): 708-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1575263

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From transcriptional regulation to aggressive behavior. Author(s): D'Souza UM, Kel A, Sluyter F. Source: Behavior Genetics. 2003 September; 33(5): 549-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14574132

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Further aspects of aggressive behavior induced by sustained high dose of theophylline in rats. Author(s): Sakata T, Fuchimoto H. Source: Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 1973 December; 23(6): 787-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4544691

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Further studies of the aggressive behavior induced by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in REM sleep-deprived rats. Author(s): Carlini EA. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1977 July 18; 53(2): 135-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=197557

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Gabapentin associated with aggressive behavior in pediatric patients with seizures. Author(s): Tallian KB, Nahata MC, Lo W, Tsao CY. Source: Epilepsia. 1996 May; 37(5): 501-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8617181

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Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Author(s): Eagly AH, Steffen VJ. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1986 November; 100(3): 309-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3797558

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Genetic analysis of different kinds of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Popova NK, Nikulina EM, Kulikov AV. Source: Behavior Genetics. 1993 September; 23(5): 491-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8267559

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Genetic determination of aggressive behavior and brain cyclic AMP. Author(s): Orenberg EK, Renson J, Elliott GR, Barchas JD, Kessler S. Source: Psychopharmacol Commun. 1975; 1(1): 99-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=178032

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Genetic models for the study of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Palmour RM. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1983; 7(4-6): 513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6141601

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Gonadal and adrenal hormones. Developmental transitions and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Susman EJ, Granger DA, Murowchick E, Ponirakis A, Worrall BK. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1996 September 20; 794: 18-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8853589

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Gonadal hormones and the differentiation of sexual and aggressive behavior and learning in the rat. Author(s): van de Poll NE, de Bruin JP, van Dis H, van Oyen HG. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1978; 48: 309-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570717

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Granular cell myoblastoma of the hand: report of three new cases with aggressive behavior in one. Author(s): Fierro FJ, Dorfman HD. Source: Bull Hosp Joint Dis. 1975 October; 36(2): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1218280

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Group social context and children's aggressive behavior. Author(s): DeRosier ME, Cillessen AH, Coie JD, Dodge KA. Source: Child Development. 1994 August; 65(4): 1068-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7956465

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Heightened aggressive behavior by animals interacting with alcohol-treated conspecifics: studies with mice, rats and squirrel monkeys. Author(s): Miczek KA, Winslow JT, DeBold JF. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1984 March; 20(3): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6538687

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Heterogeneity in plasminogen activator (PA) levels in human prostate cancer cell lines: increased PA activity correlates with biologically aggressive behavior. Author(s): Keer HN, Gaylis FD, Kozlowski JM, Kwaan HC, Bauer KD, Sinha AA, Wilson MJ. Source: The Prostate. 1991; 18(3): 201-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1902292

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Highly aggressive behavior and poor prognosis of small cell carcinoma in the stomach: flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analysis. Author(s): Kimura H, Konishi K, Kaji M, Maeda K, Yabushita K, Tsuji M, Miwa A. Source: Oncol Rep. 1999 July-August; 6(4): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10373653

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Highly aggressive behavior and poor prognosis of small-cell carcinoma in the alimentary tract: flow-cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical staining for the p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Author(s): Kimura H, Konishi K, Maeda K, Yabushita K, Tsuji M, Miwa A. Source: Digestive Surgery. 1999; 16(2): 152-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10207243

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Hippocampal EEG correlates of intraspecies aggressive behavior in the rat. Author(s): Frederickson CJ, Miczek KA, Zurawin RA, Frederickson MH. Source: Brain, Behavior and Evolution. 1977; 14(5): 352-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=562698

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Hormonal activity may predict aggressive behavior in neuroblastoma. Author(s): Zambrano E, Reyes-Mugica M. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 2002 March-April; 5(2): 190-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11910515

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Hormonal control of aggressive behavior in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Author(s): Selinger HE, Bermant G. Source: Behaviour. 1967; 28(3): 255-68. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6068396

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Hormonal determinants of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Conner RL, Levine S, Wertheim GA, Cummer JF. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1969 July 30; 159(3): 760-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5260297

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Hormonal modication of aggressive behavior between female goldne hamsters. Author(s): Payne AP, Swanson HH. Source: The Journal of Endocrinology. 1971 October; 51(2): 17-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5166151

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Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Orobio de Castro B, Veerman JW, Koops W, Bosch JD, Monshouwer HJ. Source: Child Development. 2002 May-June; 73(3): 916-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12038560

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Household family structure and children's aggressive behavior: a longitudinal study of urban elementary school children. Author(s): Vaden-Kiernan N, Ialongo NS, Pearson J, Kellam S. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1995 October; 23(5): 553-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8568079

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How do you manage the aggressive behavior of cognitively impaired patients? Author(s): Fitzwater E, Gates DM. Source: Rehabilitation Nursing : the Official Journal of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses. 2004 January-February; 29(1): 5, 13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14727468

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Human neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia: induction of genes associated with growth, survival, and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Jogi A, Vallon-Christersson J, Holmquist L, Axelson H, Borg A, Pahlman S. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 2004 May 1; 295(2): 469-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15093745

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Identification of gene expression profiles that predict the aggressive behavior of breast cancer cells. Author(s): Zajchowski DA, Bartholdi MF, Gong Y, Webster L, Liu HL, Munishkin A, Beauheim C, Harvey S, Ethier SP, Johnson PH. Source: Cancer Research. 2001 July 1; 61(13): 5168-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11431356

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If you can't join them, beat them: effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Author(s): Twenge JM, Baumeister RF, Tice DM, Stucke TS. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001 December; 81(6): 1058-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11761307

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Imipramine binding to blood platelets and aggressive behavior in offenders, schizophrenics and normal volunteers. Author(s): Sarne Y, Mandel J, Goncalves MH, Brook S, Gafni M, Elizur A. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1995; 31(3): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7609859

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Imitative influences of consistent and inconsistent response consequences to a model on aggressive behavior in children. Author(s): Rosekrans MA, Hartup WW. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1967 December; 7(4): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6065873

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Impact of distressed and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Biglan A, Rothlind J, Hops H, Sherman L. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1989 August; 98(3): 218-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768656

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Improving documentation of aggressive behavior in nursing home residents. Author(s): Beck CM, Robinson C, Baldwin B. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1992 February; 18(2): 21-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1538083

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Impulsive aggressive behavior: open-label treatment with citalopram. Author(s): Reist C, Nakamura K, Sagart E, Sokolski KN, Fujimoto KA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 January; 64(1): 81-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12590628

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In mice aggressive behavior provokes vast increase in plasma renin concentration, causing only slight, if any, increase in blood pressure. Author(s): Bing J, Poulsen K. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1979 January; 105(1): 64-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=570342

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Influence of child-rearing on aggressive behavior in a transcultural perspective. Author(s): Ekblad S. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1988; 344: 133-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3067524

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Influence of corticosterone on the development and display of androgen-dependent aggressive behavior in mice. Author(s): Simon NG, Gandelman R. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1978 April; 20(4): 391-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=29318

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Influence of cyclic GMP on rodent aggressive behavior. Author(s): Kantak KM, Hegstrand LR, Eichelman B. Source: Life Sciences. 1981 September 28; 29(13): 1379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6270485

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Influence of symbolically modeled instrumental aggression and pain cues on aggressive behavior. Author(s): Hartmann DP. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1969 March; 11(3): 280-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5784268

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Inhibition of isolation-induced aggressive behavior with GABA transaminase inhibitors. Author(s): DaVanzo JP, Sydow M. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1979 March 29; 62(1): 23-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=108744

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Interrater reliability of the Motivation Assessment Scale: failure to replicate with aggressive behavior. Author(s): Sigafoos J, Kerr M, Roberts D. Source: Research in Developmental Disabilities. 1994 September-October; 15(5): 333-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7997635

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Involvement of central GABA-ergic systems in convulsions and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Mandel P, Ciesielski L, Maitre M, Simler S, Mack G, Kempf E. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1979; 123: 475-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=390995

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Involvement of the GABAergic system on shock-induced aggressive behavior in two strains of mice. Author(s): Puglisi-Allegra S, Simler S, Kempf E, Mandel P. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981; 14 Suppl 1: 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6787619

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Irritability, acute alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior in men and women. Author(s): Giancola PR. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 December 1; 68(3): 263-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12393221

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Is instrumental variability abnormally high in children exhibiting ADHD and aggressive behavior? Author(s): Saldana L, Neuringer A. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1998 July; 94(1): 51-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9708839

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Kids, TV viewing, and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Hockey R. Source: Science. 2002 July 5; 297(5578): 49-50; Author Reply 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102090

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Kids, TV viewing, and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Bakshi SN. Source: Science. 2002 July 5; 297(5578): 49-50; Author Reply 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102089

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Kids, TV viewing, and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Klopfer PH. Source: Science. 2002 July 5; 297(5578): 49-50; Author Reply 49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12102088

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Laboratory evaluation of aggressive behavior of the grasshopper mouse (Onychomys). Author(s): Cole HF, Wolf HH. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1970 July; 59(7): 969-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5464086

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Laboratory-measured aggressive behavior of women: acute tryptophan depletion and augmentation. Author(s): Marsh DM, Dougherty DM, Moeller FG, Swann AC, Spiga R. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002 May; 26(5): 660-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11927191

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Large-cell medulloblastomas. A distinct variant with highly aggressive behavior. Author(s): Giangaspero F, Rigobello L, Badiali M, Loda M, Andreini L, Basso G, Zorzi F, Montaldi A. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1992 July; 16(7): 687-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1530108

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Light-dark rhythms in aggressive behavior of the male golden hamster. Author(s): Landau IT. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1975 June; 14(6): 767-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1237903

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Limbic system seizures and aggressive behavior (superkindling effects). Author(s): Andy OJ, Velamati S. Source: Pavlov J Biol Sci. 1978 October-December; 13(4): 251-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=571080

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Lithium and aggressive behavior in patients with early total deafness. Author(s): Altshuler KZ, Abdullah S, Rainer JD. Source: Dis Nerv Syst. 1977 July; 38(7): 521-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=872717

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Lithium carbonate for aggressive behavior or affective instability in ten brain-injured patients. Author(s): Glenn MB, Wroblewski B, Parziale J, Levine L, Whyte J, Rosenthal M. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1989 October; 68(5): 221-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2508726

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Lithium carbonate in the management of hyperactive aggressive behavior of the mentally retarded. Author(s): Goetzl U, Grunberg F, Berkowitz B. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1977 November-December; 18(6): 599-606. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=923235

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Lithium in aggressive behavior. Author(s): Schiff HB, Sabin TD, Geller A, Alexander L, Mark V. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1982 October; 139(10): 1346-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6812440

Studies

91

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Loss of heterozygosity at 16q24.1-q24.2 is significantly associated with metastatic and aggressive behavior of prostate cancer. Author(s): Elo JP, Harkonen P, Kyllonen AP, Lukkarinen O, Poutanen M, Vihko R, Vihko P. Source: Cancer Research. 1997 August 15; 57(16): 3356-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269995

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Low salivary cortisol levels and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Herzog AG, Edelheit PB, Jacobs AR. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 May; 58(5): 513-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11343536

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Magnitude of victim's pain cues and level of prior anger arousal as determinants of adult aggressive behavior. Author(s): Baron RA. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1971 March; 17(3): 236-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5546888

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Maintained aggressive behavior in gonadectomized male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Author(s): Weiss CS, Coughlin JP. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1979 July; 23(1): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=574650

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Maladaptive antisocial aggressive behavior and outlets for intimacy. Author(s): Anchor KN, Sandler HM, Cherones JH. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1977 October; 33(4): 947-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=925182

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Malignant blue nevus. Occurrence with aggressive behavior. Author(s): Reiss RF, Gray GF Jr. Source: N Y State J Med. 1975 September; 75(10): 1749-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1059898

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Malignant renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma with aggressive behavior and distant metastasis. Author(s): Lin WC, Wang JH, Wei CJ, Pan CC, Chang CY. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 May; 66(5): 303-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12908574

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Managing aggressive behavior in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Hollander E. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 1999; 60 Suppl 15: 38-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10418814

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Managing aggressive behavior. Author(s): Monahan AM. Source: Nurs Bc. 1999 March-April; 31(2): 27-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10595117

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Manipulation of aggressive behavior in adult DBA/2/Bg and C57BL/10/Bg male mice implanted with testosterone in Silastic tubing. Author(s): Selmanoff MK, Abreu E, Goldman BD, Ginsburg BE. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 1977 June; 8(3): 377-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=560350

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Medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic lesions: influences on aggressive behavior in female hamsters. Author(s): Hammond MA, Rowe FA. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1976 September; 17(3): 507-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1034941

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Metoprolol for aggressive behavior in persons with mental retardation. Author(s): Kastner T, Burlingham K, Friedman DL. Source: American Family Physician. 1990 December; 42(6): 1585-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2244550

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Midbrain interaction with the hypothalamus in expression of aggressive behavior in cats. Author(s): Romaniuk A, Golebiewski H. Source: Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 1977; 37(2): 83-97. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=563160

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Modeling growth in boys' aggressive behavior across elementary school: links to later criminal involvement, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Schaeffer CM, Petras H, Ialongo N, Poduska J, Kellam S. Source: Developmental Psychology. 2003 November; 39(6): 1020-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14584982

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Model's behavior and attraction toward the model as determinants of adult aggressive behavior. Author(s): Baron RA, Kepner CR. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1970 April; 14(4): 335-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5434869

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Modifying aggressive behavior in the older dog. Author(s): Vollmer PJ. Source: Vet Med Small Anim Clin. 1978 March; 73(3): 282-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=247796

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Modulation of aggressive behavior in fish by alcohol and congeners. Author(s): Peeke HV, Figler MH. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981; 14 Suppl 1: 79-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195588

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More aggressive behavior of squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior tongue in young women. Author(s): Vargas H, Pitman KT, Johnson JT, Galati LT. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2000 October; 110(10 Pt 1): 1623-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11037814

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Multidimensional latent-construct analysis of children's social information processing patterns: correlations with aggressive behavior problems. Author(s): Dodge KA, Laird R, Lochman JE, Zelli A; Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2002 March; 14(1): 60-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911050

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Nadolol in the treatment of aggressive behavior associated with schizophrenia. Author(s): Ritrovato CA, Weber SS, Dufresne RL. Source: Clin Pharm. 1989 February; 8(2): 132-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2917450

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Naloxone potentiates shock-induced aggressive behavior in mice. Author(s): Puglisi-Allegra S, Oliverio A. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981 September; 15(3): 513-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7197370

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Naturalistic studies of aggressive behavior: aggressive stimuli, victim visibility, and horn honking. Author(s): Turner CW, Layton JF, Simons LS. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975 June; 31(6): 1098-107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1142063

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Neonatal administration of androstenedione, testosterone or testosterone propionate: effects on ovulation, sexual receptivity and aggressive behavior in female mice. Author(s): Edwards DA. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1971 March; 6(3): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5166472

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Neonatal estrogen stimulation nd aggressive behavior in female mice. Author(s): Edwards DA, Herndon J. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1970 September; 5(9): 993-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5535484

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Neural correlates of imaginal aggressive behavior assessed by positron emission tomography in healthy subjects. Author(s): Pietrini P, Guazzelli M, Basso G, Jaffe K, Grafman J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 November; 157(11): 1772-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11058474

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Neural pathways from thalamus associated with regulation of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Bandler RJ Jr, Flynn JP. Source: Science. 1974 January 11; 183(120): 96-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4128547

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Neurobiological factors in aggressive behavior. Author(s): Garza-Trevino ES. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1994 July; 45(7): 690-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7927294

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Neurochemical and psychopharmacologic aspects of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Eichelman BS. Source: Annual Review of Medicine. 1990; 41: 149-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1970469

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Neuroendocrine response to fenfluramine challenge in boys. Associations with aggressive behavior and adverse rearing. Author(s): Pine DS, Coplan JD, Wasserman GA, Miller LS, Fried JE, Davies M, Cooper TB, Greenhill L, Shaffer D, Parsons B. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1997 September; 54(9): 839-46. Erratum In: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998 July; 55(7): 625. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9294375

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Neuroendocrine tumor imaging: can 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography detect tumors with poor prognosis and aggressive behavior? Author(s): Pasquali C, Rubello D, Sperti C, Gasparoni P, Liessi G, Chierichetti F, Ferlin G, Pedrazzoli S. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 1998 June; 22(6): 588-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9597933

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Neurological perspectives on aggressive behavior. Author(s): Bear D. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1991 Spring; 3(2): S3-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1821218

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Neurological substrates of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Clemente CD, Chase MH. Source: Annual Review of Physiology. 1973; 35: 329-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4581768

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Neuropsychological deficit and aggressive behavior: a prospective study. Author(s): Foster HG, Hillbrand M, Silverstein M. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1993 November; 17(6): 939-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8278603

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Neuropsychological performance on tests of frontal-lobe functioning and aggressive behavior in men. Author(s): Giancola PR, Zeichner A. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1994 November; 103(4): 832-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822588

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Neurosteroids, GABAA receptors, and escalated aggressive behavior. Author(s): Miczek KA, Fish EW, De Bold JF. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2003 September; 44(3): 242-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14609546

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Neurotransmitter and endocrine modulation of aggressive behavior and its components in normal humans. Author(s): Gerra G, Avanzini P, Zaimovic A, Fertonani G, Caccavari R, Delsignore R, Gardini F, Talarico E, Lecchini R, Maestri D, Brambilla F. Source: Behavioural Brain Research. 1996 November; 81(1-2): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8949997

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Neurotransmitter-hormonal responses to psychological stress in peripubertal subjects: relationship to aggressive behavior. Author(s): Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Giucastro G, Folli F, Maestri D, Tessoni A, Avanzini P, Caccavari R, Bernasconi S, Brambilla F. Source: Life Sciences. 1998; 62(7): 617-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9472721

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N-myc and c-myc oncogenes amplification in medulloblastomas. Evidence of particularly aggressive behavior of a tumor with c-myc amplification. Author(s): Badiali M, Pession A, Basso G, Andreini L, Rigobello L, Galassi E, Giangaspero F. Source: Tumori. 1991 April 30; 77(2): 118-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2048223

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Noradrenergic changes, aggressive behavior, and cognition in patients with dementia. Author(s): Matthews KL, Chen CP, Esiri MM, Keene J, Minger SL, Francis PT. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 March 1; 51(5): 407-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11904135

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Olfactory bulb removal vs peripherally induced anosmia: differential effects on the aggressive behavior of male mice. Author(s): Edwards DA, Thompson ML, Burge KG. Source: Behav Biol. 1972 December; 7(6): 823-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4676291

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On the prediction of aggressive behavior from the Rorschach. Author(s): Frank G. Source: Psychological Reports. 1994 August; 75(1 Pt 1): 183-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7984721

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Ontogenetic and maturational studies of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Source: Ucla Forum Med Sci. 1967; 7: 57-94. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4881410

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Open-label treatment with risperidone of 26 psychiatrically-hospitalized children and adolescents with mixed diagnoses and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Buitelaar JK. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2000 Spring; 10(1): 19-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10755578

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Operant and classically-conditioned aggressive behavior in Siamese fighting fish. Author(s): Thompson T. Source: Am Zool. 1966 November; 6(4): 629-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6009828

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Organized aggressive behavior in cats after surgical isolation of the hypothalamus. Author(s): Ellison GD, Flynn JP. Source: Arch Ital Biol. 1968 February; 106(1): 1-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5689835

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Overexpression of the growth-hormone-releasing hormone gene in acromegalyassociated pituitary tumors. An event associated with neoplastic progression and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Thapar K, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Scheithauer B, Killinger DW, Lioyd RV, Smyth HS, Barr A, Thorner MO, Gaylinn B, Laws ER Jr. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1997 September; 151(3): 769-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9284826

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Paranoid and aggressive behavior in two obsessive-compulsive adolescents treated with clomipramine. Author(s): Alarcon RD, Johnson BR, Lucas JP. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1991 November; 30(6): 999-1002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1757451

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Parental influences on aggressive behavior: a social learning approach. Author(s): Neapolitan J. Source: Adolescence. 1981 Winter; 16(64): 831-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7331930

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Peer relationships of young children: affiliative choices and the shaping of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Snyder J, Horsch E, Childs J. Source: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1997 June; 26(2): 145-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9169375

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Perinatal exposure to 19-nor-17 alpha-ethynyltestosterone (norethindrone) influences morphology and aggressive behavior of female mice. Author(s): Gandelman R, Howard SM, Reinisch JM. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 1981 December; 15(4): 404-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7199016

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Pharmacotherapy of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Pabis DJ, Stanislav SW. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 1996 March; 30(3): 278-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8833564

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Phencyclidine produces aggressive behavior in rapid eye movement sleep-deprived rats. Author(s): Musty RE, Consroe PF. Source: Life Sciences. 1982 May 17; 30(20): 1733-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7201554

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Physiological rationale of aggressive behavior: a brain blood perfusion hypothesis. Author(s): Sugahara H. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 December; 57(6): 745-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11918439

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Plasma testosterone, aggressive behavior, and personality dimensions in young male delinquents. Author(s): Mattsson A, Schalling D, Olweus D, Low H, Svensson J. Source: J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. 1980 Summer; 19(3): 476-90. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7410752

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Practice parameter for the prevention and management of aggressive behavior in child and adolescent psychiatric institutions, with special reference to seclusion and restraint. Author(s): Masters KJ, Bellonci C, Bernet W, Arnold V, Beitchman J, Benson RS, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, McClellan J, Rue D, Shaw JA, Stock S; American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 February; 41(2 Suppl): 4S-25S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11833634

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Prediction of aggressive behavior in basal cell carcinoma. Author(s): Jacobs GH, Rippey JJ, Altini M. Source: Cancer. 1982 February 1; 49(3): 533-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7059912

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Predictors and consequences of aggressive behavior by community-based dementia patients. Author(s): Hamel M, Gold DP, Andres D, Reis M, Dastoor D, Grauer H, Bergman H. Source: The Gerontologist. 1990 April; 30(2): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2347502

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Pretreatment characteristics of carcinoid tumors of the lung which predict aggressive behavior. Author(s): Perkins P, Kemp BL, Putnam JB Jr, Cox JD. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1997 June; 20(3): 285-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9167755

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Prevalence and correlates of aggressive behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Chemerinski E, Petracca G, Teson A, Sabe L, Leiguarda R, Starkstein SE. Source: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998 Fall; 10(4): 421-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9813787

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Prevention and management of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Cooper AE. Source: Can Nurse. 1994 June; 90(6): 53-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8076338

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Problems in the management of aggressive behavior on a medical ward. A multidisciplinary case conference. Author(s): Kaplan KH, Phull B. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 1981 March; 3(1): 66-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7215798

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Progestin therapy for aggressive behavior in male dogs. Author(s): Hart BL. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1981 May 15; 178(10): 1070-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196903

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Prognosis of treatment for aggressive behavior of dogs toward children. Author(s): Voith VL. Source: Mod Vet Pract. 1980 November; 61(11): 939-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7464770

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Prostatic foamy gland carcinoma with aggressive behavior: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis. Author(s): Tran TT, Sengupta E, Yang XJ. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 May; 25(5): 618-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11342773

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Psychopharmacological treatment of aggressive behavior: implications for domestically violent men. Author(s): Maiuro RD, Avery DH. Source: Violence Vict. 1996 Fall; 11(3): 239-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9125792

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Psychotic symptoms and physically aggressive behavior in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Gilley DW, Wilson RS, Beckett LA, Evans DA. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1997 September; 45(9): 1074-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9288014

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Quetiapine treatment of psychotic symptoms and aggressive behavior in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies: a case series. Author(s): Takahashi H, Yoshida K, Sugita T, Higuchi H, Shimizu T. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2003 May; 27(3): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12691793

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Reactance. Understanding aggressive behavior in long-term care. Author(s): Meddaugh DI. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 1990 April; 28(4): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2110250

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Reduced frequency of aggressive behavior in forensic patients in a social learning program. Author(s): Beck NC, Menditto AA, Baldwin L, Angelone E, Maddox M. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1991 July; 42(7): 750-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1885190

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Reducing aggressive behavior during bathing cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Author(s): Hoeffer B, Rader J, McKenzie D, Lavelle M, Stewart B. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1997 May; 23(5): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9180505

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Reduction of aggressive behavior after removal of music television. Author(s): Waite BM, Hillbrand M, Foster HG. Source: Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1992 February; 43(2): 173-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1572616

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Reduction of aggressive behavior in a retarded boy using a water squirt. Author(s): Gross AM, Berler ES, Drabman RS. Source: Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 1982 March; 13(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7068904

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Reinforcement and intraspecific aggressive behavior. Author(s): Taylor GT. Source: Behav Neural Biol. 1979 September; 27(1): 1-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=574002

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Relation between the microcirculation architecture and the aggressive behavior of ciliary body melanomas. Author(s): Rummelt V, Folberg R, Woolson RF, Hwang T, Pe'er J. Source: Ophthalmology. 1995 May; 102(5): 844-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7777286

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Relations between hyperactive and aggressive behavior and peer relations at three elementary grade levels. Author(s): Pope AW, Bierman KL, Mumma GH. Source: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1989 June; 17(3): 253-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2754112

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Relationship of aggressive behavior to other neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Aarsland D, Cummings JL, Yenner G, Miller B. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 February; 153(2): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8561206

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Relationships between aggressive behavior in cognitively impaired nursing home residents and use of restraints, psychoactive drugs, and secured units. Author(s): Ryden MB, Feldt KS, Oh HL, Brand K, Warne M, Weber E, Nelson J, Gross C. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 1999 August; 13(4): 170-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10478495

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Resistance of androgen-mediated aggressive behavior in mice to flutamide, an antiandrogen. Author(s): Heilman RD, Brugmans M, Greenslade FC, DaVanzo JP. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1976 May 5; 47(1): 75-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=986664

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Responding to aggressive behavior: impact of training on staff members' knowledge and confidence. Author(s): Allen D, Tynan H. Source: Mental Retardation. 2000 April; 38(2): 97-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10804700

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Reverse discrimination and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Johnson SD. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 1980 January; 104(1St Half): 11-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7359448

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Rhabdoid features in leiomyosarcoma of soft tissue: with special reference to aggressive behavior. Author(s): Oshiro Y, Shiratsuchi H, Oda Y, Toyoshima S, Tsuneyoshi M. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2000 November; 13(11): 1211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11106079

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Risperidone for controlling aggressive behavior in a mentally retarded child: a case report. Author(s): Maneeton N, Intaprasert S, Srisurapanont M. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 June; 84(6): 893-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556472

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Risperidone for young children with mood disorders and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Schreier HA. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1998; 8(1): 49-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9639079

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Risperidone treatment of aggressive behavior in children with Tourette syndrome. Author(s): Sandor P, Stephens RJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2000 December; 20(6): 710-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11106151

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Rodent models of aggressive behavior and serotonergic drugs. Author(s): Olivier B, Mos J. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 1992; 16(6): 847-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1513929

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Role of affective assessment in modeling aggressive behavior. Author(s): Slife BD, Rychlak JF. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1982 October; 43(4): 861-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7175679

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Role of brain dopaminergic mechanisms in rodent aggressive behavior: influence of (+/-)N-n-propyl-norapomorphine on three experimental models. Author(s): Baggio G, Ferrari F. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1980; 70(1): 63-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6775337

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for aggressive behavior in patients with dementia after head injury. Author(s): Kim KY, Moles JK, Hawley JM. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 21(4): 498-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11310524

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Self-directed and other-directed aggressive behavior in a forensic sample. Author(s): Hillbrand M. Source: Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 1992 Fall; 22(3): 333-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1440747

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Self-reported aggressive behavior in patients with stroke. Author(s): Paradiso S, Robinson RG, Arndt S. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996 December; 184(12): 746-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8994458

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Sensory alterations and aggressive behavior in the rat. Author(s): Bugbee NM, Eichelman BS Jr. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1972 June; 8(6): 981-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4672552

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Septal lesions and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Blanchard DC, Blanchard RJ, Takahashi LK, Takahashi T. Source: Behav Biol. 1977 September; 21(1): 157-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=561603

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Serotonergic studies in patients with affective and personality disorders. Correlates with suicidal and impulsive aggressive behavior. Author(s): Coccaro EF, Siever LJ, Klar HM, Maurer G, Cochrane K, Cooper TB, Mohs RC, Davis KL. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1989 July; 46(7): 587-99. Erratum In: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990 February; 47(2): 124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2735812

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Serum cholesterol and aggressive behavior in psychiatrically hospitalized children. Author(s): Rao U, Carlson GA, Rapport MD. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 January; 83(1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2011960

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Sex-role-taking and aggressive behavior in children. Author(s): Sandidge S, Friedland SJ. Source: The Journal of Genetic Psychology; Child Behavior, Animal Behavior, and Comparative Psychology. 1975 June; 126(2D Half): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1141869

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Sexual dimorphism in the hormonal control of aggressive behavior of rats. Author(s): DeBold JF, Miczek KA. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1981; 14 Suppl 1: 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195590

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Shell selection and aggressive behavior in two sympatric species of hermit crabs. Author(s): Grant WC Jr, Ulmer KM. Source: The Biological Bulletin. 1974 February; 146(1): 32-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4856150

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Short- and long-term effects of aggressive behavior on urinary marking in Mus musculus. Author(s): Matthews MK Jr. Source: Behav Neural Biol. 1981 May; 32(1): 104-10. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7196221

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Short-lived facilitation of aggressive behavior by violent communications. Author(s): Day KD. Source: Psychological Reports. 1976 June; 38(3 Pt 2): 1068-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=935301

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Should severely disturbed psychiatric patients be distributed or concentrated in specialized wards? An empirical study on the effects of hospital organization on ward atmosphere, aggressive behavior, and sexual molestation. Author(s): Gebhardt RP, Steinert T. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 1999 September; 14(5): 291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10572360

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Singular vs combined effects of frustration and insult on aggressive behavior. Author(s): Henry NR, Rousseau AW, Schlottmann RS. Source: Psychological Reports. 1974 August; 35(1): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4425089

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Situation-oriented assessment and reduction of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Petermann F. Source: International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Rehabilitationsforschung. Revue Internationale De Recherches De Readaptation. 1980; 3(4): 561-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7203761

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Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Author(s): Dodge KA. Source: Child Development. 1980 March; 51(1): 162-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7363732

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Some studies on endocrine influences on aggressive behavior in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse). Author(s): Evans CM, Brain PF. Source: Prog Brain Res. 1974; 41: 473-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4475445

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Stimulus control of aggressive behavior in androgenized female mice. Author(s): Svare B, Gandelman R. Source: Behav Biol. 1974 April; 10(4): 447-59. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4857078

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Student injuries due to aggressive behavior in the Seattle public schools during the school year 1969-1970. Author(s): Johnson CJ, Carter AP, Harlin VK, Zoller G. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1974 September; 64(9): 904-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4419730

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Summary of the practice parameter for the prevention and management of aggressive behavior in child and adolescent psychiatric institutions with special reference to seclusion and restraint. Author(s): Masters KJ, Bellonci C, Bernet W, Arnold V, Beitchman J, Benson S, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, McClellan J, Rue D, Shaw JA, Stock S, Kroeger K. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001 November; 40(11): 1356-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11699812

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Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smailes EM, Kasen S, Brook JS. Source: Science. 2002 March 29; 295(5564): 2468-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923542

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Testing a mediational model of sexually aggressive behavior in nonincarcerated perpetrators. Author(s): Ouimette PC, Riggs D. Source: Violence Vict. 1998 Summer; 13(2): 117-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9809392

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The 5-HTTPR*S/*L polymorphism and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Sukonick DL, Pollock BG, Sweet RA, Mulsant BH, Rosen J, Klunk WE, Kastango KB, DeKosky ST, Ferrell RE. Source: Archives of Neurology. 2001 September; 58(9): 1425-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11559314

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The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Author(s): Kellam SG, Ling X, Merisca R, Brown CH, Ialongo N. Source: Development and Psychopathology. 1998 Spring; 10(2): 165-85. Erratum In: 2000 Winter; 12(1): 107. Dev Psychopathol 1999 Winter; 11(1): 193. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9635220

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The effects of alcohol and provocation on aggressive behavior in men and women. Author(s): Giancola PR, Helton EL, Osborne AB, Terry MK, Fuss AM, Westerfield JA. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 2002 January; 63(1): 64-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11925061

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The effects of an aggressive behavior management program on nurses' levels of knowledge, confidence, and safety. Author(s): Hurlebaus AE, Link S. Source: Journal of Nursing Staff Development : Jnsd. 1997 September-October; 13(5): 260-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9362823

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The efficacy of a response cost-based treatment package for managing aggressive behavior in preschoolers. Author(s): Reynolds LK, Kelley ML. Source: Behavior Modification. 1997 April; 21(2): 216-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9086867

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The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self-injurious and aggressive behavior. Author(s): Pelios L, Morren J, Tesch D, Axelrod S. Source: J Appl Behav Anal. 1999 Summer; 32(2): 185-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10396771

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The influence of fluoxetine on aggressive behavior. Author(s): Fuller RW. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996 February; 14(2): 77-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8822529

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The neglected link between eating disturbances and aggressive behavior in girls. Author(s): Thompson KM, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 October; 38(10): 1277-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517061

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The Relationship among depressive and alcoholic symptoms and aggressive behavior in adult male emergency department patients. Author(s): Bacaner N, Kinney TA, Biros M, Bochert S, Casuto N. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2002 February; 9(2): 120-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11825836

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The relationship between personality psychopathology and aggressive behavior in research volunteers. Author(s): Berman ME, Fallon AE, Coccaro EF. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1998 November; 107(4): 651-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9830252

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The relationship between two scales measuring aggressive behavior among continuing-care psychogeriatric inpatients. Author(s): Shah A, De T. Source: Int Psychogeriatr. 1997 December; 9(4): 471-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9549597

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The rules of drug taking: wine and poppy derivatives in the ancient world. III. Wine as an instrument of aggressive behavior and of ritual madness. Author(s): Nencini P. Source: Substance Use & Misuse. 1997 February; 32(3): 361-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9058480

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The use of buspirone with aggressive behavior. Author(s): Hillbrand M, Scott K. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1995 December; 25(6): 663-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8720034

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Thin melanomas with unusual aggressive behavior: a report on nine cases. Melanoma Group of French Federation of Cancer Centers. Author(s): Vilmer C, Bailly C, Le Doussal V, Lasry S, Guerin P, Delaunay MM, Mandard AM. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1996 March; 34(3): 439-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8609256

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Topoisomerase alpha II, retinoblastoma gene product, and p53: potential relationships with aggressive behavior and malignant transformation in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Author(s): Gupta D, Holden J, Layfield L. Source: Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology : Aimm / Official Publication of the Society for Applied Immunohistochemistry. 2001 March; 9(1): 86-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11277421

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Training staff to prevent aggressive behavior of cognitively impaired elderly patients during bathing and grooming. Author(s): Maxfield MC, Lewis RE, Cannon S. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1996 January; 22(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698962

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Treatment of aggressive behavior in dementia with the anticonvulsant topiramate: a retrospective pilot study. Author(s): Fhager B, Meiri IM, Sjogren M, Edman A. Source: Int Psychogeriatr. 2003 September; 15(3): 307-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14756165

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Treatment of cherubism with locally aggressive behavior presenting in adulthood: report of four cases and a proposed new grading system. Author(s): Kalantar Motamedi MH. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1998 November; 56(11): 1336-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9820222

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Unusual aggressive behavior in the male golden hamster. Author(s): Frisk CS, Wagner JE, Kusewitt DF. Source: Laboratory Animal Science. 1977 October; 27(5 Pt 1): 682-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=563487

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Using group process to educate staff and manage aggressive behavior of nursing home residents. Author(s): Swift MB, Williams RB, Potter ML. Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 2002 January; 40(1): 40-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813352

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Validation of two Hand Test indices of aggressive behavior in an institutional setting. Author(s): Panek PE, Wagner EE. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1989 Spring; 53(1): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2645395

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Variables influencing the acquisition and maintenance of aggressive behavior: modeling versus sensory reinforcement. Author(s): Hayes SC, Rincover A, Volosin D. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1980 April; 89(2): 254-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7365138

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Varieties of aggressive behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Author(s): Devinsky O, Bear D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1984 May; 141(5): 651-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6711685

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Verbal aggressive behavior in delinquent boyys. Author(s): Mosher DL, Mortimer RL, Grebel M. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1968 October; 73(5): 454-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5722384

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Verbal imagery and connotation as memory-induced mediators of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Turner CW, Layton JF. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1976 June; 33(6): 755-763. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1271235

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and aggressive behavior.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Aggressive Behavior The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “aggressive behavior” (or a synonym): •

Corticosterone treatment has no effect on reproductive hormones or aggressive behavior in free-living male tree sparrows, Spizella arborea. Author(s): Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia. [email protected] Source: Astheimer, L B Buttemer, W A Wingfield, J C Horm-Behavolume 2000 February; 37(1): 31-9 0018-506X

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Development of apomorphine-induced aggressive behavior: comparison of adult male and female Wistar rats. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Estonia. Source: Pruus, K Rudissaar, R Skrebuhhova Malmros, T Allikmets, L Matto, V MethodsFind-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 2000 Jan-February; 22(1): 47-50 0379-0355

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Effects of chronic cocaine administration on aggressive behavior in virgin rats. Author(s): Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA. [email protected] Source: Lubin, D A Meter, K E Walker, C H Johns, J M Prog-NeuropsychopharmacolBiol-Psychiatry. 2001 October; 25(7): 1421-33 0278-5846

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High maternal intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy in mice alters offsprings' aggressive behavior, immobility in the swim test, locomotor activity and brain protein kinase C activity. Author(s): Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20007, USA. Source: Raygada, M Cho, E Hilakivi Clarke, L J-Nutr. 1998 December; 128(12): 2505-11 0022-3166

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Modulation by 5-hT2A receptors of aggressive behavior in isolated mice. Author(s): Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. Source: Sakaue, M Ago, Y Sowa, C Sakamoto, Y Nishihara, B Koyama, Y Baba, A Matsuda, T Jpn-J-Pharmacol. 2002 May; 89(1): 89-92 0021-5198

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Social and neural determinants of aggressive behavior: pharmacotherapeutic targets at serotonin, dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid systems. Author(s): Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA. [email protected] Source: Miczek, K A Fish, E W De Bold, J F De Almeida, R M Psychopharmacology(Berl). 2002 October; 163(3-4): 434-58 0033-3158

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Sodium valproate in the treatment of aggressive behavior in patients with dementia-a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Author(s): Geriatric Department, Parnassia Psycho Medical Center, PO Box 53002, 2505 AA The Hague, The Netherlands. Source: Sival, Rob C Haffmans, P M Judith Jansen, Paul A F Duursma, Sijmen A Eikelenboom, Piet Int-J-Geriatr-Psychiatry. 2002 June; 17(6): 579-85 0885-6230

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The acute effects of codeine on human aggressive and non-aggressive behavior. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Texas Mental Sciences Institute, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77030. Source: Spiga, R Cherek, D R Roache, J D Cowan, K NIDA-Res-Monogr. 1989; 95479-80 1046-9516

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The effect of antidepressants on rat aggressive behavior in the electric footshock and apomorphine-induced aggressiveness paradigms. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, University of Tartu, Estonia. [email protected] Source: Matto, V Skrebuhhova, T Allikmets, L Methods-Find-Exp-Clin-Pharmacol. 1998 May; 20(4): 329-37 0379-0355

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Use of sodium valproate in violent and aggressive behaviors: a critical review. Author(s): Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Manhattan Psychiatric Center, New York University Medical Center, NY 10035, USA. Source: Lindenmayer, J P Kotsaftis, A J-Clin-Psychiatry. 2000 February; 61(2): 123-8 0160-6689

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to aggressive behavior. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to aggressive behavior and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to aggressive behavior: •

“Pastoral crisis intervention”: toward a definition. Author(s): Everly GS Jr. Source: Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2000 Spring; 2(2): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11232175

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A teacher-focused approach to prevent and reduce students' aggressive behavior: the GREAT Teacher Program. Author(s): Orpinas P, Horne AM; Multisite Violence Prevention Project. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2004 January; 26(1 Suppl): 29-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14732185

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CD3- CD56+ non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an aggressive behavior related to multidrug resistance.

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Author(s): Drenou B, Lamy T, Amiot L, Fardel O, Caulet-Maugendre S, Sasportes M, Diebold J, Le Prise PY, Fauchet R. Source: Blood. 1997 April 15; 89(8): 2966-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9108417 •

Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use. Author(s): Kouri EM, Pope HG Jr, Lukas SE. Source: Psychopharmacology. 1999 April; 143(3): 302-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10353434

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Development of aggressive behavior in rats by chronic administration of Cannabis sativa (marihuana). Author(s): Carlini EA, Masur J. Source: Life Sciences. 1969 June 1; 8(11): 607-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5816398

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Effect of crude extracts of Erythrina americana Mill. on aggressive behavior in rats. Author(s): Garin-Aguilar ME, Luna JE, Soto-Hernandez M, Valencia del Toro G, Vazquez MM. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000 February; 69(2): 189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10687875

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Effects of dietary supplements and a tryptophan-free diet on aggressive behavior in rats. Author(s): Kantak KM, Hegstrand LR, Whitman J, Eichelman B. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 1980 February; 12(2): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7189591

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Evaluating the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation in reducing the aggressive behaviors of mentally handicapped patients. Author(s): To MY, Chan S. Source: Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2000 February; 14(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10692805

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Evaluation of an inservice education program regarding aggressive behavior on a psychiatric unit. Author(s): Goodykoontz L, Herrick CA. Source: Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 1990 May-June; 21(3): 129-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2112174

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High maternal intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy in mice alters offsprings' aggressive behavior, immobility in the swim test, locomotor activity and

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brain protein kinase C activity. Author(s): Raygada M, Cho E, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1998 December; 128(12): 2505-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868200 •

Increased aggressive behavior and decreased affiliative behavior in adult male monkeys after long-term consumption of diets rich in soy protein and isoflavones. Author(s): Simon NG, Kaplan JR, Hu S, Register TC, Adams MR. Source: Hormones and Behavior. 2004 April; 45(4): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15053944

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Neurobiology of aggressive behavior. Author(s): Delgado JM. Source: Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1976 October 30; 52(18 Suppl): 1-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=193531

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Reducing aggressive behavior during bathing cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Author(s): Hoeffer B, Rader J, McKenzie D, Lavelle M, Stewart B. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1997 May; 23(5): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9180505

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Sensory alterations and aggressive behavior in the rat. Author(s): Bugbee NM, Eichelman BS Jr. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 1972 June; 8(6): 981-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4672552

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Sex-role-taking and aggressive behavior in children. Author(s): Sandidge S, Friedland SJ. Source: The Journal of Genetic Psychology; Child Behavior, Animal Behavior, and Comparative Psychology. 1975 June; 126(2D Half): 227-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1141869

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The effects of chronic cannabis treatment on the aggressive behavior and brain 5hydroxytryptamine levels of rats with different temperaments. Author(s): Palermo Neto J, Carvalho FV. Source: Psychopharmacologia. 1973 October 15; 32(4): 383-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4796837

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The effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury on aggressive behavior in the rat. Author(s): Royalty J, Taylor GT, Korol BA.

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Source: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 1987 March-April; 9(2): 87-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3657757 •

Training staff to prevent aggressive behavior of cognitively impaired elderly patients during bathing and grooming. Author(s): Maxfield MC, Lewis RE, Cannon S. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1996 January; 22(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8698962

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Treatment of aggressive behavior: the effect of EMG response discrimination biofeedback training. Author(s): Hughes H, Davis R. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1980 June; 10(2): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6927687

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Use of music to decrease aggressive behaviors in people with dementia. Author(s): Clark ME, Lipe AW, Bilbrey M. Source: Journal of Gerontological Nursing. 1998 July; 24(7): 10-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9801526

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to aggressive behavior. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “aggressive behavior” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on aggressive behavior, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Aggressive Behavior ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to aggressive behavior. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A COMPARISON OF COGNITIVE, COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL AND BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS IN REDUCING CLASSROOM AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by ETSCHEIDT, SUSAN LARSON, PHD from University of Minnesota, 1984, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8501861

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A GENERAL APPROACH TO A THEORY OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by THOMPSON, GEORGE MERSEREAU, JR., PHD from University of California, Los Angeles, 1973, 255 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7323421

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A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CHILDREN ATRISK DUE TO EARLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (AT RISK, AGGRESSION) by O'DONNELL, JULIE ANNE, PHD from University of Washington, 1992, 228 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9230413

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A STUDY OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS: TELEVISION VIEWING, ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, PARENTAL CONTROL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. by WALKER, ROY MCCLINTON, PHD from The University of Michigan, 1976, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7708065

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A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVORCED MOTHERS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS THEIR EX-HUSBANDS, PERCEIVED SUPPORTIVE AND COERCIVE BEHAVIOR IN MOTHER-SON INTERACTIONS, AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN BOYS by GREENE, ROBERT MICHAEL, PHD from Fordham University, 1984, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8423124

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A STUDY OF TYPE OF DAY CARE EXPERIENCE AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN by LEBEL, JANICE LEE, EDD from Northeastern University, 1988, 269 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8822942

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE AGGRESSIVE AND NON-AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF A COLLEGE BASKETBALL COACH by REUSSER, JANET K., EDD from Oklahoma State University, 1986, 109 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8701050

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF TWO FORMS OF SHORT TERM ASSERTIVE TRAINING ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. by ALLEN, RICHARD DAY, PHD from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1978, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7817506

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AN ASSESSMENT OF VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH TELEVISION VIEWING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF THIRD GRADE CHILDREN. by REYNOLDS, JEAN ELLEN, PHD from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1978, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7908074

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AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF A STRUCTURED SOCIAL INTERACTION PROGRAM FOR REDUCING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENTS OF A DESEGREGATED ELEMENTARY SCHOOL by COWAN, MAE RENA PENDLETON, PHD from University of Southern California, 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1006710

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AN INVESTIGATION OF CROWD BEHAVIORS IN SELECTED AUSTRALIAN SPORTS, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON VIOLENCE, AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND FACILITIES by PICKARD, PAULINE PATRICIA, EDD from Boston University, 1990, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9024468

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AN INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, READING, AND DOGMATISM IN DELINQUENT BOYS by HOGENSON, DENNIS LARRY, EDD from Michigan State University, 1968, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6817094

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An observational study of the relationship between sleep, aggressive behavior, and cortisol secretion in preschool-age children within a child care environment by Taggart, Anne Louise; EdD from The George Washington University, 2003, 198 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083812

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ANALYSIS OF THE ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENTS TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN CLASSROOMS FOR STUDENTS IDENTIFIED AS SERIOUSLY

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EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED (CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR) by WEHBY, JOSEPH HARDING, PHD from Vanderbilt University, 1990, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9117133 •

ANDROGEN AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN MAN. by KEDENBURG, HENRY DEAN, PHD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1977, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7717546

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ASSERTIVE/AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THREE YEAR OLD CHILDREN: RELATIONSHIP WITH PARENTAL VALUES, PARENT BEHAVIOR, AND CHILD TEMPERAMENT by BISCHOFF, MARILYN BRETT, DSW from Boston College, 1985, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8601586

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COMPARISON OF STRUCTURED LEARNING, DIDACTIC LEARNING, AND A 'PRESCRIPTIONS ONLY' APPROACH TO TRAINING SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS IN CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION SKILLS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by MCREYNOLDS, REBECCA ANNE, PHD from Syracuse University, 1982, 370 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8310463

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Conflict resolution skills and antisocial/aggressive behavior in a rural middle school population by Walker, Gerald Anthony; PsyD from Spalding University, 2003, 172 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078809

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Does the infusion of conflict resolution intervention strategies into a school's curriculum effectively reduce or extinguish violent or aggressive behavior in at-risk students as indicated by a 30 percent decline in documented occurrences by Bush, Sandi Tokoa; PhD from The Union Institute, 2000, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9995580

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EFFECT OF PATIENT MANAGEMENT TRAINING ON NURSING INTERVENTION IN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR: AN EVALUATIVE STUDY by SMITH, KAY JACKSON, EDD from North Carolina State University, 1982, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8308581

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Effects of exposure to verbally aggressive television on aggressive behavior and beliefs by Chory, Rebecca M.; PhD from Michigan State University, 2000, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9985367

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EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CUE DISCREPANCIES ON PERCEIVED ANGER LEVEL AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by TURNER, CHARLES WAYNE, PHD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1970, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7103491

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EMOTIONAL AROUSAL AS A FACTOR IN COMMUNICATION-MEDIATED AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by ZILLMANN, DOLF, PHD from University of Pennsylvania, 1969, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7016232

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EXPOSURE TO A NONAGGRESSIVE MODEL, SIMILARITY TO THE MODEL, AND LEVEL OF PRIOR ANGER AROUSAL AS DETERMINANTS OF ADULT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by WALDMAN, DAVID MARK, PHD from University of South Carolina, 1970, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7109733

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FRUSTRATION, ATTACK, AND PRIOR TRAINING IN AGGRESSIVENESS AS ANTECEDENTS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by GEEN, RUSSELL GLENN, PHD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1967, 219 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6716945

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INTERACTION BETWEEN TIME AND VERBAL FLUENCY: A BEHAVIORAL MODEL FOR REDUCING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by BRINSON, LESLIE CLAY, PHD from University of Maryland College Park, 1971, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7123972

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LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE REGULATION OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF BLACK, PUERTO RICAN, AND WHITE CHILDREN. by BOONE, SHERLE LEON, EDD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 1975, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7601102

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Leader and therapeutic influences on aggressive behaviors and prosocial skills in groups with children by Letendre, Joan Anne, PhD from University of Illinois at Chicago, 1999, 105 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9934770

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Predictors of deliquent and aggressive behavior problems in maltreated children: A test of the diathesis-stress model by Schweder, Amanda Elizabeth; PhD from Yale University, 2003, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084367

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PREDICTORS OF SEXUALLY COERCIVE AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN COLLEGE MALES by COLE, JON ANTHONY, PHD from Auburn University, 1988, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8918778

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RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES: THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PAST AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND THEIR TRENDS IN FORENSIC PATIENTS (CATHARTIC, MENTAL ILLNESS, CRIMINALS) by TODD, WALTER CHESTER, EDD from The University of Alabama, 1984, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8423520

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN AND PARENT PERCEPTION OF CHILD BEHAVIOR. by BOGAARD, LAMBERTUS, PHD from University of Oregon, 1976, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7713184

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SELDOM TESTED VARIABLES IN THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISED VIOLENCE ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR: AN EXAMINATION OF VIOLENCE PLACEMENT, NON-FORCED RESPONSE CHOICE, FICTIONAL/ NON-FICTIONAL PRESENTATIONS, AND MALE/FEMALE RESPONSE DIFFERENCES by JOHNSON, ROLLAND CLAIR, PHD from Ohio University, 1971, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7209587

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Self-esteem influences on change in aggressive behavior: Do high, unstable, and inflated self-appraisals promote aggression? by DioGuardi, Richard James; PhD from St. John's University (New York), 2003, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3091194

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Sexually aggressive behavior among a Midwestern university population by Adams, Cynthia Gail; MS from Central Missouri State University, 2003, 47 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1417024

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Students in alternative schools for aggressive behavior: A descriptive analysis by McDonald, Patricia Andrews, PhD from University of Georgia, 1998, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9920061

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Suicidal and aggressive behavior in seriously emotionally disturbed children from lower socioeconomic classes who have been sexually abused under the age of 13 by Coronges, Helen King, PhD from New York University, 1999, 673 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9925002

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THE CHALLENGE OF MANAGING AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR (AGGRESSION, AT RISK, BOYS) by BIE, ANDREA MARIE, PHD from University of Minnesota, 1995, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9537836

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THE COMPARISON OF REAL-LIFE MORAL REASONING WITH HYPOTHETICAL MORAL REASONING OF CHILDREN ABOUT THEIR SPONTANEOUS PHYSICALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS by CAGLE, BOBBY WAYNE, EDD from The University of Tennessee, 1980, 77 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8018475

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE ROLETAKING ABILITIES IN RELATION TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CLASSROOM. by GILBERG, BRUCE MICHAEL, PHD from Iowa State University, 1977, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7729835

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THE EFFECTS OF COMPETITIVE AND COOPERATIVE VIDEO GAME PLAY ON THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF 6- AND 7-YEAR-OLD MALES by LANG, MARY KAY, EDD from Auburn University, 1984, 56 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8428067

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THE EFFECTS OF DENSITY AND PRIVACY UPON THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF INSTITUTIONALIZED PROFOUNDLY MENTALLY RETARDED PERSONS by ORTIZ, JOHN MICHAEL, PHD from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1981, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8200603

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THE EFFECTS OF INSULT AND APPROVAL ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. by AUSTIN, DAVID ROSS, PHD from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1973, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7411938

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The effects of management of aggressive behavior training on patient aggressive behaviors and staff performance ratings by Rochester, Pamela Rodgers; PhD from Mississippi State University, 2000, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9970352

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The effects of parental empathic responses on children's aggressive behavior by Eagle, Kathleen Ann; PhD from University of San Francisco, 2003, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3098803

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THE EFFECTS OF PROSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN KINDERGARTEN CLASSROOMS by AMBROSE, RICHARD PETER, PHD from Syracuse University, 1985, 178 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8524398

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THE EFFECTS OF RELAXATION THERAPY UPON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED ELEMENTARY SCHOOL MALES by KORES, PETER JOHN, EDD from The University of Tennessee, 1981, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8208976

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THE EFFECTS OF SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL AND STRESS INOCULATION TRAINING ON THE FREQUENCY OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN by LAVIT, ANN CHRISTINA, PHD from Arizona State University, 1982, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8214902

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THE EFFECTS OF SUBCULTURE UPON THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR OF BLACK COLLEGE ATHLETES UNDER STRESS. by JONES, JOSEPH AUGUSTUS, PHD from University of Maryland College Park, 1973, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7409802

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THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION VIOLENCE ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR: A META-ANALYSIS by PAIK, HAEJUNG, PHD from Syracuse University, 1991, 184 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9204542

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THE EFFECTS OF VIEWING JUSTIFIED AND UNJUSTIFIED FICTIONAL VERSUS REAL FILM VIOLENCE ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by MEYER, TIMOTHY P., PHD from Ohio University, 1970, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7104805

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THE EFFICACY OF ANGER CONTROL TRAINING IN REDUCING CHRONIC AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED/LEARNINGDISABLED AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALE PREADOLESCENTS AND ADOLESCENTS by PASCUCCI, NICHOLAS JAMES, PHD from St. John's University (New York), 1990, 93 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9109870

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The impact of classroom aggression on the development of aggressive behavior problems in children by Thomas, Duane Edward; PhD from The Pennsylvania State University, 2003, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3106334

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THE INHIBITION OF IMITATIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF SEVERITY AND TYPE OF THREAT by MUSCHEWSKE, ROBERT CHARLES, PHD from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1969, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6922291

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN AND PERCEPTIONS OF AGGRESSION AND RESULTANT AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. by LAVENTURE, RENE OLIVE, PHD from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1977, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7804285

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CERTAIN TYPES OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AND SELECTED ATTITUDES AND VALUES by NEWCOMER, CHARLES ALFRED, JR, EDD from Temple University, 1966, 82 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/6706255

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RORSCHACH MEASURES OF AGGRESSION AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN ADOLESCENTS by GILL, STEPHEN CHARLES, PHD from United States International University, 1986, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8616708

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TELEVISION VIOLENCE VIEWING PATTERNS AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN TWO SAMPLES OF ADOLESCENTS by ATKIN, CHARLES KENWARD, PHD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1972, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7213070

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The relationship of community type to depression, aggressive behavior, and school disciplinary procedures among middle school adolescents by English-Shaw, Sonia R.; PhD from Tennessee State University, 2001, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061752

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF TELEVISION PROGRAM CONTENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS TO AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR by SIMONSON, HANA M., PHD from Columbia University, 1972, 169 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7220066

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The role of school context in the development of aggressive behavior in children by Gibbs, Michael Cullen; PhD from Texas A&M University, 2002, 65 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050643

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “aggressive behavior” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on aggressive behavior, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Aggressive Behavior By performing a patent search focusing on aggressive behavior, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on aggressive behavior: •

Asbestos free friction element Inventor(s): Bohrer; George J. (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): H. K. Porter Company, Inc. (pittsburgh, Pa) Patent Number: 4,130,537 Date filed: February 2, 1977 Abstract: A composition for use in forming an asbestos free friction element includes a cross-linkable polymeric binder and glass fibers with a sufficient amount of an infusible organic fiber to mitigate the aggressive behavior of the friction element during operation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition for use in forming shaped friction elements such as clutch facings, brake pads or linings, and the like. The invention permits such friction elements to possess properties comparable with known friction elements yet, consonant with the increased demand to protect workers against exposure to airborne substances that are deleterious to their health, eliminates asbestos as the conventional components of such friction elements. The mineral asbestos has been long associated with the manufacture of articles whose use requires that they withstand heat. Even before the days of Marco Polo, who reported to fellow Venetians upon his travels to Siberia where he saw the fibrous substance woven into cloth which remained incombustible when thrown into fire, the heat-resistive property of asbestos was known. It is not surprising, therefore, that asbestos has been the major component of friction elements such as those used in the brake and clutch assemblies of automotive vehicles where severe operating temperatures and pressures must be withstood. U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,608,165; 2,025,039; 2,218,535; 2,431,883; 2,702,770; 3,068,131; and 3,437,546 are representative of the period, spanning almost 50 years, that asbestos dominated as the principal active friction ingredient in friction materials. When the asbestos used in friction elements is in the form of a yarn, the yarn is commonly provided with a core of fine metal wire to provide the tensile strength needed in handling the yarn during fabrication of a friction element. Workers in the art found it necessary, however, to reinforce the asbestos fibers with a stronger fibrous substance such as cotton in order to spin the asbestos into a yarn. These workers thus commonly preferred a yarn composed of about 75 to 85 percent asbestos and 15 to 25 percent cotton; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,052,808; 2,130,520; 2,855,081; 3,068,131; 3,365,041; and 3,429,766. The teachings of these patents make clear that the introduction of cotton or some other fiber into the asbestos was to improve its spinability or the tensile strength of the yarn, and thus the addition was to be tolerated rather than encouraged. In fact, the need for including a limited amount of other fibers such as cotton in asbestos yarn intended for use in friction elements has become so well accepted that more recent patent disclosures refer only to "asbestos yarn" without specifically mentioning such other fibers; see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,437,546 and 3,600,258. Other teachings have suggested the use of cellulosic fibers in combination with asbestos to minimize the undesirable characteristic of "fading" under the frictional heat of operation; see U.S. Pat. No. 2,702,770. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04130537__

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Method of dopaminergic and serotonergic neuron formation from neuroprogenitor cells Inventor(s): Hynes; Mary A. (San Mateo, CA), Rosenthal; Arnon (Burlingame, CA), Ye; Weilan (San Mateo, CA) Assignee(s): Genentech, Inc. (so. San Francisco, Ca) Patent Number: 6,277,820 Date filed: April 9, 1998 Abstract: The present invention relates to neuronal formation and methods of treating diseases characterized by abnormalities in the activity of dopaminergic (DA) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons. In particular, the invention relates to a method of forming serotonergic neurons in vitro by contacting neuroprogenitor cells to an effective amount of native sequence, variants and functional fragments of FGF-4, FGF-8 and Shh. Additionally, disclosed is a method for forming dopaminergic neurons by contacting neuroprogenitor cells to an effective amount of FGF-8 and Shh. Further described are compositions, cell culture compositions and medical devices which contain sufficient amount of FGF-8, Shh or FGF-8, Shh and FGF-4 to stimulate differentiation into dopaminergic or serotonergic neurons, respectively. Further described are methods of using serotoneurgic neurons to treat disorders relating to food intake, hormone secretion, stress response, pain and immune function, sexual activity, cardiovascular function and temperature regulation, in particular, depression, proclivity to suicide, violent aggressive behavior, obsessive-compulsive behavior and anorexia/bulimia and schizophrenia. Further described are methods of using dopaminergic neurons to treat disorders relating postural reflexes, movement and reward-associated behaviors, specifically, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and drug addiction. Further described is the coadministration of a neuronal survival factor, for example, NGF, CNTF, BDNF, NT3, NT-4, aFGF, IL-1.beta., TNF.alpha., IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF-.beta., TGF-.beta.1 or skeletal muscle extract. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to neuronal formation and methods of treating diseases characterized by abnormalities in and the activity of dopaminergic (DA) and serotonergic (5HT) neurons. The vertebrate nervous system is composed of multiple neuronal and non-neuronal cell types which develop in stereotypic positions along the dorso-ventral (D-V) and anterior-posterior (A-P) axes of the early neural tube. The mechanisms controlling this process, which is essential for subsequent formation of functional neural networks, are not fully understood (reviewed in Lumsden and KrumIauf, (1996) Science 274: 1109-1114; Tanabe and Jessell, (1996) Science 274: 11151123. However, it has been proposed that signaling centers which operate along the two main axes of this system establish an epigenetic grid of Cartesian coordinates, and that neural progenitors assess their location on this grid, assuming distinct cell fates accordingly (e.g. Wolpert, (1969) J. Theor. Biol. 25: 1-47; Rubenstein et al., (1994) Science 266: 578-80. Consistent with the epigenetic grid hypothesis, grafting experiments have epeatedly demonstrated that vertebrate neural progenitors are not genetically predetermined, but instead can acquire new stereotypic identities if moved to ectopic locations in the neural plate (Alvarado-Mallartet al., (1990) Develop. Biol. 139: 75-88; Gardner and Barald, (1991) Develop. 113: 1037-1048; Grapin-Botton et al., Develop. 124: 849-859 (1997); Itasaki et al. (1996) Neuron 16: 487-500; Simon et al. (1995) Current Biol. 5: 205-214. In addition, transplantation, as well as explant culture studies have confirmed the existence of signaling centers which can change the fate of juxtaposed neural progenitors. Thus, signaling centers such as the dorsal ectodermal epidermis, roof plate, floor plate and notochord have been shown to instruct cell fates along the D-

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V axis [reviewed in Tanabe and Jessell (1996) Science 274: 1115-1123; Liem et al. (1997) Cell 91: 127-138] whereas signaling centers located in the prechordal plate, paraxial mesoderm, somitic mesoderm, mid-hindbrain boundary (isthmus) and the anterior neural plate [reviewed in Lumsden and Krumlauf (1996) Science 274: 1109-1114; Dale et al. (1997) Cell 90: 257-269; Foley et al. (1997) Develop. 124: 2983-2996; Grapil-Botton et al. (1997 supra; Muhr et al. (1997) Neuron 19: 487-502; Itasaki et al. (1996) Neuron 16: 487500; Shimamura and Rubenstein, (1997) Develop. 124: 2709-2718; Houart et al., (1998) Nature 391: 788-792] can change cell fate along the A-P axis of the neural tube. Finally, in agreement with the notion that the information grids are established by extra-cellular molecules, a number of secreted proteins and chemicals were shown to modify the fate of neural plate cells in a characteristic fashion. Thus, Sonic hedgehog and BMP proteins were shown to influence cell fate along the D-V axis (reviewed in Tanabe and Jessell (1996), supra; Liem et al. (1997) Cell 91: 127-138, whereas FGF2, FGF8, retinoic acid and Wnt1 can change cell fate along the A-P axis [reviewed in Lumsden and Krumlauf (1996), supra; Crossley et al. (1996) Nature 380: 66-68; Shimamura and Rubenstein (1997), supra.]. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06277820__ •

Novel o-triazenobenzamides, in treating aggressive behavior Inventor(s): Ariyan; Zaven S. (Woodbury, CT), O'Brien; John Terence (Chesire, CT) Assignee(s): Uniroyal Inc. (new York, Ny) Patent Number: 3,932,633 Date filed: March 4, 1974 Abstract: Certain o-triazenobenzamides are useful as anti-aggression agents. Certain methods of perparation are novel. This is a division of application Ser. No. 311,878, filed Dec. 4, 1972. Excerpt(s): This application is related to, and incorporates by reference, the contents of application Ser. No. 282,311, of Ariyan, filed Aug. 21, 1972. The neurochemistry of aggression has recently attracted much attention, since it has been recognized that aggressive behavior in animals and man can be produced by alterations in ordered brain function. In man, aggressive behavior is very often associated with almost every type of mental disease. Thus, aggression is a major side effect of most mental disorders. This invention relates to a broad class of novel o-triazenobenzamides which are useful as psychotherapeutic agents, particularly as anti-aggression agents. Thus, certain of these o-triazenobenzamides have been found to be highly selective for the abolition of aggressive behavior at doses which cause little or no signs or symptoms of central nervous system depression or toxicity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03932633__

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Treatment of behavioral disorders with.beta.-lactam compounds Inventor(s): Koppel; Gary A. (Indianapolis, IN) Assignee(s): Revaax Pharmaceuticals, Llc (indianapolis, In) Patent Number: 6,627,625 Date filed: August 16, 2000

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Abstract: Administration of.beta.-lactam compounds including.beta.-lactam antibiotics and.beta.-lactamase inhibitors provides significant neurotropic effects in warm-blooded vertebrates evidenced inter alia by anxiolytic and anti-aggressive behavior modification and enhanced cognition. Therapeutic methods for using such compounds and their pharmaceutical formulations are described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel mechanism of neuropsychiatric intervention. More particularly, this invention is directed to pharmaceutical formulations and methods for treatment of a variety of neurological disease states, including cognitive and behavioral disorders. The pharmaceutical industry has directed extensive research and development efforts toward discovery and commercialization of drugs for treatment of neurological disorders. Such disorders typically derive from chemical imbalances in the brain. Overproduction or underproduction of pertinent neurochemical species and/or receptor dysfunction has been identified with many disease states recognized by neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and other medical practitioners skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disease. Most of the discovery effort for new neurologically active drugs has been based on the study of agonist/antagonist drug interaction with one or more of the numerous receptors in the brain and/or their respective receptor ligands. The present invention provides a novel approach to drug intervention in the treatment of a wide variety of neurologic disease states and other disease states or clinical conditions of related etiology. It is based in part on the discovery that.beta.-lactam containing compounds known for their activity as inhibitors of bacterial peptidases or proteases, particularly transpeptidases and/or carboxypeptidases, are also potent inhibitors of certain mammalian neuro-peptidases, including N-acetylated-.alpha.-linked acidic peptidases (NAALADases), several of which have been identified/characterized in the literature [Pangalos et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, No. 13, 8470-8783]. The present invention is also based in part on the discovery that neurogenic NAALADases can be targeted with NAALADase inhibitors to effect significant behavioral modification and enhanced cognitive performance. Preliminary studies have confirmed that one or more neurogenic proteases, now believed to be NAALADases and related peptidases and transferases, capable of recognizing and transforming certain neuropeptides (e.g., N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-Lglutamate) play a significant if not dominant role at the neurochemical level of brain function and concomitantly have a substantial impact on patient behavior and cognitive performance. It has been previously reported that certain glutamate analogs acting as NAALADase inhibitors can be used to treat prostate disease and glutamate abnormalities associated with certain nervous tissue insult. It has now been determined that NAALADase inhibitors, including particularly certain.beta.-lactam-containing bacterial peptidase and.beta.-lactamase inhibitors capable of blood-brain barrier transport, can function in the brain at very low concentrations as potent neuroactive drug substances to reduce the symptoms of a wide variety of neurological disorders characterized by behavioral aberration or sensory/cognitive dysfunction. Significantly, such bacterial enzyme inhibitors are believed to be effective inhibitors of NAALADase and related neurogenic peptidases, at concentrations below those concentrations known to be required for clinically effective bacterial enzyme inhibition. Thus it is expected that such compounds can also be used effectively for treating prostate disease and the disease states associated with nervous tissue insult previously described as responsive to treatment with other NAALADase inhibitors. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627625__

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Patent Applications on Aggressive Behavior As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to aggressive behavior: •

Human preprotachykinin gene promoter Inventor(s): Gascon, Pedro; (Barcelona, ES), Rameshwar, Pranela; (Maplewood, NJ) Correspondence: Saul Ewing Llp; Centre Square West; 1500 Market Street, 38th Floor; Philadelphia; PA; 19102-2186; US Patent Application Number: 20020146810 Date filed: December 23, 2000 Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for identifying novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer, bone marrow metastasis, pain, arthritis, aggressive behavior, depression, and certain hematopoietic disorders. Disclosed are promoters and 3' regulatory regions of genes whose expression differs in malignant cells as compared with non-malignant cells. These include PPT-I, NK-2 and SP-R. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/171,970, filed Dec. 23, 1999, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. This invention relates to the fields of molecular biology, drug discovery and neoplastic transformation. More specifically, nucleic acid molecules encoding a preprotachykinin (PPT) gene promoter or 3' mRNA operably linked to a nucleic acid encoding a reporter molecule are provided for use in methods for identifying beneficial therapeutic reagents which influence expression levels and biochemical functions of this protein. The compositions of the invention may be used to advantage in the discovery of therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and other hematologic disorders. The immunehematopoietic-neural axis encompasses the neuroendocrine system. These two systems cooperate via biochemical cross-talk. A particular cytokine or neuropeptide can be produced in cells of both neural and peripheral tissue, the latter including lymphoid organs and bone marrow, among others. Soluble factors mediate this bidirectional communication between the nervous and immune/hematopoietic systems. Due to this crosstalk, changes in one system often influence functional changes in the other. In fact, studies show that the onset of hematopoiesis is correlated with complete innervation of the bone marrow. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Neurotherapeutic clavulanate composition and method Inventor(s): Koppel, Gary A.; (Indianapolis, IN) Correspondence: Barnes & Thornburg; 11 South Meridian; Indianapolis; IN; 46204 Patent Application Number: 20040014739 Date filed: July 15, 2003 Abstract: Administration of clavulanic acid and related compounds at low dosages provides significant neurotropic effects in warm-blooded vertebrates evidenced inter

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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alia by anxiolytic and anti-aggressive behavior and enhanced cognition believed to be mediated by inhibition of neurogenic enzyme activity. Therapeutic methods for using such compounds and their pharmaceutical formulations are described. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/640,363, filed Aug. 16, 2000, herein incorporated by reference, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial Nos. 60/149,115, filed Aug. 16, 1999, 60/172,452, filed Dec. 17, 1999; 60/176,570, filed Jan. 18, 2000; and 60/194,534, filed Apr. 4, 2000. This invention relates to a novel mechanism of neuropsychiatric intervention. More particularly, this invention is directed to pharmaceutical formulations and methods for treatment of a variety of peptidase mediated disease states, including cognitive and behavioral disorders. The pharmaceutical industry has directed extensive research and development efforts toward discovery and commercialization of drugs for treatment of neurological disorders. Such disorders typically derive from chemical imbalances in the brain. Overproduction or underproduction of pertinent neurochemical species and/or receptor dysfunction has been identified with many disease states recognized by neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists and other medical practitioners skilled in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disease. Most of the discovery effort for new neurologically active drugs has been based on the study of agonist/antagonist drug interaction with one or more of the numerous receptors in the brain and/or their respective receptor ligands. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with aggressive behavior, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on aggressive behavior. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning aggressive behavior. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to aggressive behavior. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on aggressive behavior include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on aggressive behavior: •

Aggression: Common Problems With the Elderly Confused Source: Bicester, England: Winslow Press. 1987. 84 p. Contact: Available from Speech Bin, Inc. 1766 Twentieth Avenue, Vero Beach, FL 32960. (561) 770-0007. PRICE: $21.95 plus 10 percent shipping and handling. ISBN: 086388055X. Summary: This book examines aggression problems in the elderly, including Alzheimer's disease patients, and provides suggestions for handling problems of aggression and violent outbursts of temper. The first section provides background information about the causes of aggression in the elderly, the contribution of environmental factors, and understanding the specific aggression problems of an individual patient. Section 2 suggests preventive measures, including reality orientation, changes in the environment, and residential care practices. Section 3 presents behavioral methods of controlling aggression and 'do's and don't's' for dealing with aggressive

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outbursts. The final section makes suggestions for caregivers about coping with the stress brought on by a patient's aggressive behavior. 10 references. •

Elder Rage: Or, Take My Father Please: How to Survive Caring for Aging Parents Source: Irvine, CA: Impressive Press. 2000. 344 p. Contact: Available from Impressive Press. 25 Via Lucca, Suite J333, Irvine, CA 926120604. (949) 975-1012; FAX: (949) 975-1013. Internet: http://www.elderrage.com. PRICE: $19.95 plus $4.00 shipping. ISBN: 0967907318. Summary: This book for family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias, tells the story of a daughter's struggle to care for her difficult elderly father and give support to her frail mother. With the help of medications, tough love, and behavior modification, she turns her father's aggressive behaviors around. The book presents information on how to get a correct diagnosis and the proper medication, behavior modification techniques that work for handling difficult elders, and advice and resources to make caring for the loved one easier. An appendix focuses on behavior modification guidelines; how to handle behavior problems; long-term care insurance; warning signs of AD; AD diagnosis; three stages of AD; statistics about AD; other diseases that act like AD; and a physician's guide to treating aggression in dementia.

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Caring for People With Problem Behaviours: A Basic, Practical Text for Nurses, Health Workers and Others Who Are Learning to Manage Difficult Behaviours. A Self-Instructional Learning-Teaching Package Source: Melbourne, Australia: Ausmed Publications. 1999. 203 p. Contact: Available in U.S. from Ausmed Publications in care of Jamco Distribution, 1401 Lakeway Drive, Lewisville, TX 75057. Tel: (800) 538-1287; FAX: (972) 353-1300. Website: www.ausmed.com.au. PRICE: $39.95 (paperback). ISBN: 0958717168. Summary: This book is a self-instructional guide to caring for people with behavior problems, including those with dementia. Chapter 1 provides background information about understanding human behavior. Chapters 2 through 6 describe the Solutionfocused Behavioral Change model for managing difficult behaviors and apply the model to specific populations, including people with anxiety, aggressive behaviors, depression, and mental illness. The final chapter addresses the management of behavior problems in people with confusion. This chapter discusses the differences between delirium and dementia, assessment and intervention for the two disorders, strategies for specific behaviors, and community care options. Each chapter includes learning objectives, chapter references, instructional material, and written learning activities. The book also has a pre-test to assess prior knowledge about the management of behavior problems, a post-test to complete after reading the book, test answers, and a glossary.

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Early violence prevention: Tools for teachers of young children Source: Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. 1995. 198 pp. Contact: Available from Resource Sales Department, National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1509 16th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20036-1426. Telephone: (202) 232-8777 or (800) 424-2460 / fax: (202) 328-1846 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.naeyc.org\naeyc. $7.00.

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Summary: This book is designed to give teachers and caregivers who work with children ages 2-6 in preschool and kindergarten classrooms and centers the knowledge and practical strategies to manage, reduce, and help prevent aggressive behavior. Topics include addressing violence in real life, designing the physical and programmatic environment, materials, cooperative activities, responding effectively, helping children with aggressive behavior patterns, fostering social problem solving, sharing, assertiveness, role models, and controlling media effects. The book was developed by the Education Development Center.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “aggressive behavior” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “aggressive behavior” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “aggressive behavior” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Aggressive Behavior by A.P. Goldstein; ISBN: 0205143369; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205143369/icongroupinterna

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Aggressive Behavior; ISBN: 0205143377; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205143377/icongroupinterna

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Aggressive Behavior and the Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study by Saul, Rosenzweig; ISBN: 0030456568; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0030456568/icongroupinterna

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Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives (Plenum Series in Social/Clinical Psychology) by L. Rowell Huesmann (Editor); ISBN: 0306445530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306445530/icongroupinterna

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Aggressive Behavior: Genetic and Neural Approaches by Edward C. Simmel (Editor); ISBN: 0898592534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898592534/icongroupinterna

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Before Conflict: Preventing Aggressive Behavior by John D. Byrnes; ISBN: 0810843986; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0810843986/icongroupinterna

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Bibliography of Aggressive Behavior: A Reader's Guide to the Research Literature by Kenneth E.and Crabtree, Michael Moyer; ISBN: 0471564710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471564710/icongroupinterna

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Determinants and origins of aggressive behavior; ISBN: 9027976716; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9027976716/icongroupinterna

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Hand Test a New Projective Test With Special Reference to the Prediction of over Aggressive Behavior by Barry Bricklin; ISBN: 0398002231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398002231/icongroupinterna

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Hormones and Aggressive Behavior by Bruce B. Svare (Editor); ISBN: 0306410559; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306410559/icongroupinterna

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Indicators of Aggressive Behavior by M. Brown, David McDonald; ISBN: 0642240361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642240361/icongroupinterna

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Management of Aggressive Behavior in the Elderly by Marilyn Cleland; ISBN: 1877592137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1877592137/icongroupinterna

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Psychology Video Lab One: The Role of Dopamine in the Regulation of Motor and Aggressive Behaviors by Richard A. Deyo; ISBN: 0205267882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0205267882/icongroupinterna

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The Difficult Parent : An Educator's Guide to Handling Aggressive Behavior by Charles M. Jaksec III (Author); ISBN: 0761988998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761988998/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Aggressive Behavior In order to find chapters that specifically relate to aggressive behavior, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and aggressive behavior using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on aggressive behavior. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on aggressive behavior is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “aggressive behavior” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on aggressive behavior: •

Prevention and Management of Aggressive Behavior in the Elderly: (Part I: Before the Going Gets Rough; and Part II: After the Going Gets Rough) Source: Portland, OR: Good Samaritan Hospital and Medical Center. 1988. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Family Support Center, Good Samaritan Hospital and Medical Center. 1015 N.W. 22nd Avenue, Portland, OR 97210-5198. (503) 229-7348. PRICE: for Parts I - includes handbook: $200 plus $5.00 shipping (Preview: $50.00 plus $5.00 shipping and handling); for Part II - includes handbook: $200.00 plus $5.00 shipping (Preview: $50.00 plus $5.00 shipping and handling); for both Part I and Part II - includes handbook: $350.00 plus $5.00 shipping (Preview: $75.00 plus $5.00 shipping and handling); Handbook only: $25.00 plus $4.00 shipping. Summary: This two-part videocassette program (30 minutes each) looks at aggressive behavior from the caregiver's perspective. Part I covers the assessment of triggers and

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warning signs for aggressive behavior in the elderly, and emphasizes practical ways to defuse and prevent such behavior. Part II focuses on patient management issues. An accompanying handbook is included with either or both parts. (AA-M).

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CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover aggressive behavior.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on aggressive behavior is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to aggressive behavior. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for aggressive behavior: •

Gene for aggressive behavior found in mice Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 24, 2003

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Risperidone controls aggressive behavior in autistic children Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: July 31, 2002

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Studies link video games to aggressive behavior Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 17, 2001

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Estrogen reduces aggressive behavior among elderly with dementia Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 08, 1999

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Drug curbs aggressive behavior in dementia Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 09, 1998

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Estrogen Receptors Have A Role In Aggressive Behavior In Male Mice Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 21, 1997

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Nitric Oxide Linked To Aggressive Behavior Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 23, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to aggressive behavior, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on aggressive behavior: •

Hostile, Angry Behavior: How to Respond Source: Caregiver: Newsletter of the Duke Family Support Program. 9(2): 7-8. June 1989. Contact: Available from Duke Family Support Program. Box 3600, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. (919) 660-7510 or (800) 672-4213 (in North Carolina). PRICE: Free to North Carolina residents. $10.00 per year for nonresidents. Summary: Angry or aggressive behavior from an Alzheimer's disease patient can be very disturbing; such behavior may cause undue physical and emotional distress for the caregiver, leaving her or him with feelings of anger, guilt, or incompetence. The attitude and approach of the caregiver can calm the patient or add to his or her agitation. Several useful approaches are highlighted. Tips also are included for the caregiver if the angry or aggressive patient is not easily distracted and violent behavior escalates to create danger. Finally, it is argued that caregivers find that they are more tolerant and capable of handling patient behavior problems, including angry, aggressive behavior, when they have taken care to attend to their own needs.

Academic Periodicals covering Aggressive Behavior Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to aggressive behavior. In

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addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering aggressive behavior that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 18682 656 889 25 116 20368

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on aggressive behavior can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to aggressive behavior. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to aggressive behavior. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “aggressive behavior”:

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Anabolic Steroids http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anabolicsteroids.html Child Behavior Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childbehaviordisorders.html Child Development http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childdevelopment.html Infant and Toddler Development http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerdevelopment.html Teen Violence http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teenviolence.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on aggressive behavior. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Managing Aggressive Behavior: An Inservice Aid for Those Who Work in Long-Term Care Source: Reno, NV: Eymann Publications, Inc. 2003. 8 p. Contact: Available from Eymann Publications, Inc. P.O. Box 3577, Reno, NV 89505-3577. (775) 358-1554; FAX: (775) 358-1476. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.care4elders.org. PRICE: $25.00 for purchase and site license privileges. Summary: This pamphlet discusses the management of aggressive behaviors in residents with dementia. The first part defines aggression and lists examples, possible causes, and preventive strategies. The second part outlines common causes of aggression in long-term care residents. The third part describes the ABC method for changing aggressive behavior. The fourth part presents strategies for preventing violence and keeping a potentially aggressive situation under control. The fifth part provides a plan for responding when a resident becomes aggressive. It explains what to do first, how to approach the resident, and how to prevent aggression during showers and baths. The sixth part suggests ways to contain a potentially violent situation and describes a five- step process for handing a physical struggle. The seventh part describes three types of aggression toward a resident and reviews staff responsibility for

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documenting and recording violent episodes. The pamphlet includes a summary of key points and review questions for each part, and an overall quiz for comprehension. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Practice parameter for the prevention and management of aggressive behavior in child and adolescent psychiatric institutions with special reference to seclusion and restraint Source: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 May 13; 81 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3020&nbr=2246&a mp;string=aggressive+AND+behavior The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to aggressive behavior. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to aggressive behavior. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with aggressive behavior. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about aggressive behavior. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “aggressive behavior” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “aggressive behavior”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “aggressive behavior” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “aggressive behavior” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenocarcinomas: A malignant tumor of the epithelial cells of a gland which typically metastasizes by way of the lymphatics. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases

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catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Akathisia: 1. A condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. An inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH]

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Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amantadine: An antiviral that is used in the prophylactic or symptomatic treatment of Influenza A. It is also used as an antiparkinsonian agent, to treat extrapyramidal reactions, and for postherpetic neuralgia. The mechanisms of its effects in movement disorders are not well understood but probably reflect an increase in synthesis and release of dopamine, with perhaps some inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anabolic Steroids: Chemical derivatives of testosterone that are used for anabolic promotion of growth and repair of body tissues and the development of male sexual characteristics. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU]

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Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Androgenic: Producing masculine characteristics. [EU] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Androstenedione: A steroid with androgenic properties that is produced in the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex. It is a precursor to testosterone and other androgenic hormones. [NIH] Aneuploidy: The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of chromosomes or chromosome pairs. In a normally diploid cell the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is monosomy (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is trisomy (symbol: 2N+1). [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anosmia: Absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. [EU]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]

Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH]

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Antidiuretic: Suppressing the rate of urine formation. [EU] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of

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the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral

Dictionary 175

afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Baclofen: A GABA derivative that is a specific agonist at GABA-B receptors. It is used in the treatment of spasticity, especially that due to spinal cord damage. Its therapeutic effects result from actions at spinal and supraspinal sites, generally the reduction of excitatory transmission. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Baths: The immersion or washing of the body or any of its parts in water or other medium for cleansing or medical treatment. It includes bathing for personal hygiene as well as for medical purposes with the addition of therapeutic agents, such as alkalines, antiseptics, oil, etc. [NIH] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzodiazepines: A two-ring heterocyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring. Permitted is any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents and any Hisomer. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving

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chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biogenic Amines: A group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology. [NIH] Biological Factors: Compounds made by living organisms that contribute to or influence a phenomenon or process. They have biological or physiological activities. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH]

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Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and a serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the benzodiazepines, but it has an efficacy comparable to diazepam. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract. [NIH] Cannabis: The hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Products prepared from the dried flowering tops of the plant include marijuana, hashish, bhang, and ganja. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carboxypeptidases: Enzymes that act at a free C-terminus of a polypeptide to liberate a single amino acid residue. They are further divided based on their catalytic mechanism into serine-type carboxypeptidases EC 3.4.16; metallocarboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.17; and cysteinetype carboxypeptidases, EC 3.4.18. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoid: A type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors are usually benign. [NIH]

Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart

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and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catalyse: To speed up a chemical reaction. [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell motility: The ability of a cell to move. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Chemoreceptor: A receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. [EU] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Child Rearing: The training or bringing-up of children by parents or parent-substitutes. It is used also for child rearing practices in different societies, at different economic levels, in different ethnic groups, etc. It differs from parenting in that in child rearing the emphasis is on the act of training or bringing up the child and the interaction between the parent and child, while parenting emphasizes the responsibility and qualities of exemplary behavior of the parent. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chondrosarcoma: A type of cancer that forms in cartilage. [NIH] Chorea: Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as choreatic disorders. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of basal ganglia diseases. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH]

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Citalopram: A selective neuronal serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a clinically effective antidepressant with tolerable side effects. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from tardive dyskinesia (TD) in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate this condition. [NIH]

Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clavulanic Acid: Clavulanic acid (C8H9O5N) and its salts and esters. The acid is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with beta-lactam antibiotics prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to imipramine that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in

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mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or

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bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consultation: A deliberation between two or more physicians concerning the diagnosis and the proper method of treatment in a case. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c.

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villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cor pulmonale: Heart disease that results from resistance to the passage of blood through the lungs; it often leads to right heart failure. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Coturnix: A genus of birds (family Phasianidae) containing the common European and other Old World quails. [NIH] Courtship: The mutual attraction between individuals of the opposite sex. [NIH] Crabs: Chiefly marine, largely carnivorous crustaceans including the genera: Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes. It includes crabs as food. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cues: Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH]

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Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusion: A false belief, not susceptible to argument or reason, and determined, pathologically, by some form of mental disorder. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Demography: Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss

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of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disposition: A tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Domestic Violence: Deliberate, often repetitive, physical abuse by one family member against another: marital partners, parents, children, siblings, or any other member of a household. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU]

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Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dormancy: The period when an organism (i. e., a virus or a bacterium) is in the body but not producing any ill effects. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysphoria: Disquiet; restlessness; malaise. [EU] Dystonia: Disordered tonicity of muscle. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emetic: An agent that causes vomiting. [EU]

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Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth

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factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermal growth factor receptor: EGFR. The protein found on the surface of some cells and to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, so these cells may divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelioma: A neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma). [EU] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU]

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Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Characteristics: Size and composition of the family. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectins: Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins. [NIH] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Focus Groups: A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their

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opinions about topics, issues, or questions. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicular Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with menstruation and ends with ovulation. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglioside: Protein kinase C's inhibitor which reduces ischemia-related brain damage. [NIH]

Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH]

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Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Programs: Programs and activities sponsored or administered by local, state, or national governments. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Grading: A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. [NIH]

Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Group dynamics: Is concerned with examining the complex relations which exist between members of a group and the effect of these relationships on the operational effectiveness of the group as a whole. [NIH] Hallucination: A sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. [EU] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH]

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Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] HER2/neu: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. The HER2-neu protein is involved in growth of some cancer cells. Also called c-erbB-2. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Hospital Units: Those areas of the hospital organization not considered departments which provide specialized patient care. They include various hospital special care wards. [NIH] Human Genome Project: A coordinated effort of researchers to map and sequence the human genome. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in

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the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamic: Of or involving the hypothalamus. [EU] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of suppressor T-cell populations or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of interleukins and other cytokines are emerging. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]

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Impulsive Behavior: An act performed without delay, reflection, voluntary direction, or obvious control in response to a stimulus. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incarceration: Abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Informed Consent: Voluntary authorization, given to the physician by the patient, with full comprehension of the risks involved, for diagnostic or investigative procedures and medical and surgical treatment. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH]

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Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraspecific: Occurring among members of a single species. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Isoenzymes: One of various structurally related forms of an enzyme, each having the same mechanism but with differing chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Jealousy: An irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and self criticism. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lag: The time elapsing between application of a stimulus and the resulting reaction. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH]

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Leiomyosarcoma: A tumor of the muscles in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Locomotor: Of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. [EU] Loneliness: The state of feeling sad or dejected as a result of lack of companionship or being separated from others. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a

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given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lorazepam: An anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. [NIH] Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte Depletion: Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation. [NIH] Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each); those with characteristics of neither major class are called null cells. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokines: Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU]

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Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Mass Media: Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc. [NIH] Maternal Behavior: The behavior patterns associated with or characteristic of a mother. [NIH]

Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH]

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Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to dextroamphetamine. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH]

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Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monosomy: The condition in which one chromosome of a pair is missing. In a normally diploid cell it is represented symbolically as 2N-1. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Movement Disorders: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU]

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Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroendocrinology: The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system. [NIH]

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Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the action of drugs upon various parts of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropsychological Tests: Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury. [NIH] Neuropsychology: A branch of psychology which investigates the correlation between experience or behavior and the basic neurophysiological processes. The term neuropsychology stresses the dominant role of the nervous system. It is a more narrowly defined field than physiological psychology or psychophysiology. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Node-negative: Cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes. [NIH]

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Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of progesterone but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception. [NIH] Notochord: The rod-shaped body, composed of cells derived from the mesoblast and defining the primitive axis of the embryo. In lower vertebrates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, but in higher vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nursing Staff: Personnel who provide nursing service to patients in an organized facility, institution, or agency. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Odds Ratio: The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases. [NIH]

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Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncology: The study of cancer. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]

Orthostatic: Pertaining to or caused by standing erect. [EU] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxytocic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labor). 2. An agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. [EU]

Oxytocin: A nonapeptide posterior pituitary hormone that causes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parent-Child Relations: The interactions between parent and child. [NIH] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH]

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Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Perivascular: Situated around a vessel. [EU] Personal Space: Invisible boundaries surrounding the individual's body which are maintained in relation to others. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenytoin: An anticonvulsant that is used in a wide variety of seizures. It is also an antiarrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. [NIH]

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Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Population Characteristics: Qualities and characterization of various types of populations within a social or geographic group, with emphasis on demography, health status, and socioeconomic factors. [NIH]

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Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postherpetic Neuralgia: Variety of neuralgia associated with migraine in which pain is felt in or behind the eye. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Post-traumatic stress disorder: A psychological disorder that develops in some individuals after a major traumatic experience such as war, rape, domestic violence, or accident. [NIH] Postural: Pertaining to posture or position. [EU] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases). [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Preoptic Area: Region of hypothalamus between the anterior commissure and optic chiasm. [NIH]

Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Problem Solving: A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an

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antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Program Development: The process of formulating, improving, and expanding educational, managerial, or service-oriented work plans (excluding computer program development). [NIH]

Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus

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of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychometrics: Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures. [NIH] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychophysiology: The study of the physiological basis of human and animal behavior. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH]

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Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Rape: Unlawful sexual intercourse without consent of the victim. [NIH] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptivity: The condition of the reproductive organs of a female flower that permits effective pollination. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Rehabilitative: Instruction of incapacitated individuals or of those affected with some mental disorder, so that some or all of their lost ability may be regained. [NIH]

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Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Research Support: Financial support of research activities. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risperidone: A selective blocker of dopamine D2 and serotonin-5-HT-2 receptors that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative

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symptoms in the treatment of schizophrenia. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Satiety Response: Behavioral response associated with the achieving of gratification. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is

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synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sibling Relations: Interactions and relationships between sisters and/or brothers. The concept also applies to animal studies. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Simvastatin: A derivative of lovastatin and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL-cholesterol (lipoproteins, LDL cholesterol). [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Sleep Stages: Periods of sleep manifested by changes in EEG activity and certain behavioral correlates; includes Stage 1: sleep onset, drowsy sleep; Stage 2: light sleep; Stages 3 and 4: delta sleep, light sleep, deep sleep, telencephalic sleep. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH]

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Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Problems: Situations affecting a significant number of people, that are believed to be sources of difficulty or threaten the stability of the community, and that require programs of amelioration. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Welfare: Organized institutions which provide services to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society. [NIH] Socioeconomic Factors: Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Songbirds: Passeriformes of the suborder, Oscines, in which the flexor tendons of the toes are separate, and the lower syrinx has 4 to 9 pairs of tensor muscles inserted at both ends of the tracheal half rings. They include many commonly recognized birds such as crows, finches, robins, sparrows, and swallows. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with

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heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Stanozolol: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]

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Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stria: 1. A streak, or line. 2. A narrow bandlike structure; a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. [EU] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of migraines. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Supraspinal: Above the spinal column or any spine. [NIH] Survival Analysis: A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic

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postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Sympatric: Of species or races inhabiting the same or overlapping areas. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Syrinx: A fistula. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Tetrahydrocannabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis

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sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound. Dronabinol is a synthetic form of delta-9-THC. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Tic: An involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. [EU] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH]

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Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transaminase: Aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphate-proteins. [EU]

Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translations: Products resulting from the conversion of one language to another. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tricuspid Atresia: Absence of the orifice between the right atrium and ventricle, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy because the right ventricle is absent or not functional. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trigger zone: Dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trisomy: The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell. [NIH]

Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter

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release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasopressor: 1. Stimulating contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. 2. An agent that stimulates contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. [EU]

Vasotocin: Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg-Gly, cyclic 1-6 disulfide. The non-mammalian hormone that controls water and salt metabolism. It is the phylogenetic precursor of both antidiuretic hormones and oxytocins and a possible neuroendocrine mediator in mammals. Vasotocin has oxytocic and vasopressor actions. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH]

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Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

223

INDEX A Abdomen, 169, 176, 188, 196, 204, 205, 215 Abdominal, 169, 204 Aberrant, 42, 169 Acceptor, 169, 219 Acetylcholine, 169, 179, 202 Acoustic, 30, 169 Adaptability, 169, 178 Adaptation, 169, 201, 206 Adenocarcinomas, 40, 169 Adenoma, 169, 188 Adenosine, 169, 177, 218 Adjustment, 27, 38, 169 Adjuvant, 19, 169 Adolescence, 11, 12, 16, 26, 28, 31, 32, 51, 69, 97, 106, 169 Adrenal Cortex, 169, 172, 183, 188, 207 Adrenal Medulla, 169, 178, 187, 188, 203 Adrenergic, 7, 170, 173, 186, 188, 216, 219 Adverse Effect, 170, 173, 180, 205, 213 Affinity, 170, 174, 180, 196, 214 Age of Onset, 41, 70, 170 Aggressiveness, 18, 70, 113, 170 Agonist, 29, 52, 54, 133, 135, 170, 173, 175, 177, 186, 216 Airway, 170, 213 Akathisia, 170, 173 Albumin, 170, 217 Alertness, 170, 177 Algorithms, 24, 170, 176 Alimentary, 85, 170 Alkaloid, 170, 180, 200, 218 Alleles, 44, 170, 192 Alpha Particles, 171, 210 Alternative medicine, 144, 171 Amantadine, 73, 171 Amenorrhea, 171, 203 Amino Acid Sequence, 171, 172, 190 Amino Acids, 171, 172, 176, 190, 202, 205, 206, 208, 213, 216 Amino-terminal, 62, 171 Amphetamine, 171, 176, 185 Amplification, 39, 96, 171 Amygdala, 19, 20, 42, 43, 171, 196, 218 Anabolic, 11, 156, 171, 185, 215 Anabolic Steroids, 11, 156, 171 Anaesthesia, 171, 172, 194 Anal, 80, 83, 107, 171, 196

Analgesic, 171, 180, 200 Analogous, 18, 171, 219 Analysis of Variance, 54, 172 Anatomical, 172, 174, 179, 193, 199, 201 Androgenic, 11, 172, 203 Androgens, 56, 169, 172, 173 Androstenedione, 94, 172 Aneuploidy, 56, 172 Angiotensinogen, 172, 211 Animal model, 9, 10, 11, 20, 38, 42, 57, 172 Anorexia, 131, 172 Anosmia, 96, 172 Antagonism, 11, 172, 177, 180, 218 Antecedent, 6, 40, 50, 72, 172 Antibacterial, 172, 180 Antibiotic, 172, 180, 205, 217 Antibodies, 11, 65, 172, 191, 200, 206 Antibody, 170, 172, 173, 181, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 200, 210, 215 Anticonvulsant, 42, 108, 172, 197, 205 Antidepressant, 46, 172, 180, 189, 193 Antidiuretic, 173, 220 Antidote, 173, 189 Antiemetic, 173 Antigen, 85, 170, 172, 173, 181, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 210 Antipsychotic, 46, 173, 180, 202, 211 Antiviral, 171, 173, 195 Anus, 171, 173, 181 Anxiety, 16, 42, 57, 138, 170, 173, 197, 203 Anxiolytic, 133, 135, 173, 177 Apathy, 173, 202 Apnea, 173 Apomorphine, 112, 113, 173 Apoptosis, 19, 40, 63, 173 Aqueous, 173, 175, 179, 184 Arginine, 11, 47, 57, 173 Aromatase, 43, 47, 173 Arterial, 11, 174, 182, 193, 208 Arteries, 174, 176, 183, 209, 220 Arterioles, 174, 176, 177, 199 Arteriovenous, 174, 199 Artery, 174, 209 Articular, 34, 65, 174 Asbestos, 130, 174 Asbestosis, 174 Assay, 20, 47, 174, 210 Astrocytes, 174, 199, 200

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Atrial, 174, 182, 219 Atrioventricular, 174, 182 Atrium, 174, 182, 219, 220 Atrophy, 70, 174 Atypical, 174, 180, 211 Autoimmune disease, 174 Autoimmunity, 65, 174 Autonomic Nervous System, 30, 174, 205, 214, 216 Axons, 53, 175 B Baclofen, 29, 175 Bacteria, 172, 173, 175, 199, 200, 220 Bactericidal, 175, 188 Bacterium, 175, 186 Basal cell carcinoma, 98, 175 Basal cells, 175 Basal Ganglia, 173, 175, 179, 196, 203 Base, 36, 45, 175, 184, 190, 195, 206, 217 Basement Membrane, 20, 175, 189, 195 Baths, 5, 156, 175 Behavior Therapy, 17, 73, 101, 175 Benign, 8, 64, 169, 175, 177, 188, 191, 201, 202, 204 Benzodiazepines, 71, 175, 177, 189 Beta blocker, 6, 175 Bewilderment, 175, 182 Bile, 175, 196, 215 Biochemical, 134, 170, 175, 205, 213 Biogenic Amines, 64, 176 Biological Factors, 29, 176 Biological response modifier, 176, 194 Biosynthesis, 44, 176, 197, 208, 213, 219 Biotechnology, 34, 66, 67, 144, 151, 176 Bipolar Disorder, 42, 46, 176 Bladder, 176, 182, 202, 208, 220 Blood Coagulation, 176, 177, 189 Blood Platelets, 87, 176, 213 Blood pressure, 48, 87, 176, 178, 193, 200, 209, 214 Blood vessel, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 187, 195, 197, 205, 214, 216, 218, 220 Blood-Brain Barrier, 133, 176 Blot, 64, 176 Body Fluids, 176, 186, 214 Bone Marrow, 134, 176, 197, 216 Bowel, 171, 176, 216 Breeding, 43, 176 Bronchi, 177, 188, 218 Bronchial, 177, 192, 218 Bulimia, 54, 131, 177 Buspirone, 72, 108, 177

C Caffeine, 79, 177 Calcium, 174, 177, 181, 198 Cannabidiol, 76, 177 Cannabis, 116, 117, 177, 217 Capillary, 63, 177, 220 Carboxypeptidases, 133, 177 Carcinogenesis, 19, 40, 177 Carcinogenic, 177, 194, 204, 208, 215 Carcinogens, 177, 204 Carcinoid, 99, 177 Carcinoma, 85, 100, 177, 183, 188 Cardiac, 51, 177, 183, 188, 215 Cardiovascular, 47, 60, 131, 171, 177, 213, 214 Cardiovascular disease, 60, 177 Carrier Proteins, 178, 210 Case report, 73, 102, 178, 180 Case series, 73, 100, 178, 180 Catalyse, 178, 219 Catecholamine, 178, 186, 205 Caudal, 178, 193, 203, 207 Caudate Nucleus, 178, 203 Causal, 16, 32, 59, 178 Cell Death, 63, 173, 178, 201 Cell Differentiation, 65, 178 Cell Division, 175, 178, 198, 200, 206, 208, 212 Cell motility, 20, 178 Cell proliferation, 63, 178 Cerebral, 175, 176, 178, 182, 184, 188, 217, 218 Cerebrospinal, 7, 178 Cerebrospinal fluid, 7, 178 Cerebrovascular, 178 Chemoreceptor, 173, 178 Chemotherapeutic agent, 40, 178 Chemotherapy, 33, 178 Child Care, 122, 179 Child Rearing, 26, 179 Chin, 91, 179, 199 Cholesterol, 60, 104, 175, 179, 183, 197, 213, 215 Cholinergic, 173, 179 Chondrosarcoma, 71, 179 Chorea, 173, 179 Chromatin, 173, 179, 197 Chromosomal, 171, 172, 179 Chromosome, 19, 35, 56, 64, 81, 172, 179, 196, 200, 212, 219 Chromosome Aberrations, 81, 179

225

Chronic, 17, 20, 30, 50, 58, 62, 77, 112, 116, 117, 179, 194, 197 Chronic Disease, 62, 179 Ciliary, 101, 179, 213 Ciliary Body, 101, 179, 213 Ciliary processes, 179 Circadian, 16, 179 Circadian Rhythm, 16, 179 CIS, 19, 179 Citalopram, 55, 87, 180 Clamp, 42, 180 Clavulanic Acid, 134, 180 Clinical study, 180, 182 Clinical trial, 9, 151, 180, 182, 186, 208, 210 Clomipramine, 97, 180 Cloning, 33, 63, 176, 180 Clozapine, 74, 77, 180 Coca, 180 Cocaine, 9, 20, 55, 75, 112, 180 Codeine, 112, 180 Coenzyme, 180, 197, 213 Cognition, 14, 15, 16, 18, 38, 60, 80, 96, 105, 133, 135, 180, 202 Collagen, 175, 180, 189, 198 Collapse, 181, 213 Colon, 20, 181 Comorbidity, 28, 41, 181 Complement, 181, 190 Complementary and alternative medicine, 115, 119, 181 Complementary medicine, 115, 181 Compliance, 4, 181 Compulsions, 182, 203 Computational Biology, 151, 182 Concomitant, 44, 73, 182 Confounding, 20, 182 Confusion, 138, 182, 185, 193, 202 Congestion, 173, 182 Connective Tissue, 176, 181, 182, 185, 190, 197, 211, 216 Consciousness, 171, 182, 184, 209 Constipation, 173, 182 Constriction, 182, 194, 195 Consultation, 15, 31, 35, 182 Contraception, 182, 203 Contraindications, ii, 182 Control group, 12, 38, 49, 182 Controlled clinical trial, 112, 182 Controlled study, 16, 32, 182 Convulsions, 88, 172, 182, 193 Cor, 47, 182, 183 Cor pulmonale, 47, 183

Corneum, 183, 188 Coronary, 178, 183 Coronary heart disease, 178, 183 Corpus, 183, 207, 218 Corpus Luteum, 183, 207 Cortex, 183, 188 Cortical, 70, 183, 189, 212 Cortisol, 91, 122, 170, 183 Coturnix, 85, 183 Courtship, 22, 183 Crabs, 104, 183 Crossing-over, 183, 210 Cues, 88, 91, 183 Cultured cells, 33, 183 Curative, 183, 202, 218 Cutaneous, 10, 183 Cyclic, 76, 84, 88, 177, 183, 218, 220 Cyproterone, 183, 189 Cysteine, 20, 177, 183, 184, 216 Cystine, 183, 184 Cytochrome, 174, 184 Cytokine, 53, 134, 184 Cytoplasm, 173, 184, 197 D Data Collection, 184, 189 Decarboxylation, 176, 184, 192 Deletion, 64, 173, 184 Delirium, 138, 173, 184 Delusion, 4, 184 Dementia, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 67, 80, 96, 99, 100, 103, 108, 112, 118, 138, 144, 156, 173, 184 Demography, 184, 206 Dendrites, 184, 202 Depressive Disorder, 184, 196 Deprivation, 33, 185 Dermis, 185, 219 Desensitization, 185, 193 Dextroamphetamine, 171, 185, 199 Diagnostic procedure, 129, 144, 185 Diathesis, 50, 124, 185 Diffusion, 185, 194 Digestion, 170, 175, 176, 185, 196, 215 Digestive tract, 185, 213, 215 Dihydrotestosterone, 185, 210 Diploid, 172, 185, 200, 206, 219 Direct, iii, 3, 6, 20, 36, 38, 40, 57, 59, 61, 65, 67, 185, 186, 210, 217 Discrimination, 102, 118, 185 Disinfectant, 185, 188 Disorientation, 182, 184, 185 Disposition, 44, 185 Dissection, 34, 185

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Distal, 25, 185, 209 Diuresis, 177, 185, 218 Domestic Violence, 28, 185, 207 Dominance, 57, 185 Dopamine, 64, 112, 140, 171, 173, 180, 185, 186, 200, 202, 211 Dormancy, 63, 186 Dorsal, 131, 186, 207 Dorsum, 186 Double-blind, 16, 60, 80, 186 Drug Interactions, 186 Duct, 186, 189, 197, 212 Duodenum, 175, 186, 215 Dyskinesia, 173, 180, 186 Dysphoria, 4, 78, 186 Dystonia, 173, 186 E Eating Disorders, 54, 186 Ectopic, 131, 186 Effector, 65, 169, 181, 186 Efficacy, 14, 17, 26, 32, 48, 59, 61, 66, 79, 107, 177, 186 Elastin, 181, 186, 189 Elective, 103, 186 Electrolyte, 184, 186, 214 Electrons, 175, 186, 195, 210 Embryo, 178, 186, 194, 199, 203 Emetic, 173, 186 Empirical, 29, 40, 105, 187 Endocrine System, 187, 201 Endogenous, 47, 186, 187 Endometriosis, 187, 203 Endometrium, 187, 199 Endorphins, 187, 202 Endothelial cell, 176, 187 Endothelium, 10, 187 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 187 Endothelium, Vascular, 187 Enkephalins, 187, 202 Environmental Exposure, 9, 187, 204 Environmental Health, 150, 152, 187 Enzymatic, 45, 176, 177, 181, 187, 192 Enzyme, 20, 43, 47, 133, 135, 173, 180, 186, 187, 195, 197, 200, 208, 210, 211, 213, 216, 219, 221 Enzyme Inhibitors, 133, 187 Epidemiological, 19, 31, 50, 187 Epidermal, 10, 187, 188, 192, 198 Epidermal Growth Factor, 187, 188, 192 Epidermal growth factor receptor, 188, 192 Epidermis, 131, 175, 183, 185, 187, 188, 192

Epidermoid carcinoma, 188, 215 Epigastric, 188, 204 Epinephrine, 170, 176, 186, 188, 202, 203, 220 Epithelial, 39, 63, 169, 179, 188, 195, 204 Epithelial Cells, 63, 169, 188, 195 Epithelioma, 81, 188 Epithelium, 40, 63, 175, 187, 188 Erythrocytes, 176, 188 Esophagus, 185, 188, 215 Estradiol, 8, 47, 52, 188 Estrogen, 8, 16, 43, 47, 52, 80, 94, 144, 174, 183, 188 Estrogen receptor, 47, 52, 188 Ethanol, 55, 180, 188 Ethnic Groups, 14, 179, 188 Evoke, 188, 215 Excitability, 42, 188 Excitation, 178, 188, 202 Excitatory, 175, 189, 190, 191 Exhaustion, 172, 189 Exocrine, 189, 204 Exogenous, 47, 187, 189 Extracellular, 20, 174, 182, 189, 198, 214 Extracellular Matrix, 20, 182, 189, 198 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 20, 189, 198 Extracellular Space, 189 Extrapyramidal, 170, 171, 173, 186, 189 F Family Characteristics, 49, 189 Family Planning, 151, 189 Fat, 176, 182, 183, 189, 196, 206, 214, 217, 219 Fenfluramine, 95, 189 Fetus, 189, 206, 207, 220 Fibroblasts, 34, 62, 65, 189 Fibronectins, 189 Flexor, 189, 214 Flumazenil, 29, 189 Fluoxetine, 16, 79, 83, 107, 189 Flutamide, 102, 189 Focus Groups, 23, 189 Fold, 47, 57, 190 Follicular Phase, 54, 190 Forearm, 176, 190 Friction, 130, 190 G Ganglia, 169, 190, 201, 205, 216 Ganglioside, 44, 190 Gas, 64, 185, 190, 192, 202, 220 Gastrin, 33, 190, 192

227

Gastrointestinal, 174, 177, 180, 188, 190, 213, 214, 216 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 174, 190 Gastrointestinal tract, 180, 188, 190, 213 Gene, 9, 22, 27, 33, 34, 35, 47, 52, 56, 62, 64, 65, 86, 97, 108, 134, 143, 170, 174, 176, 185, 190, 192, 204, 206, 212 Gene Expression, 9, 33, 34, 56, 62, 64, 65, 86, 190 Genetic Code, 190, 203 Genetic Engineering, 176, 180, 190 Genetics, 35, 68, 75, 83, 84, 185, 190 Genital, 190, 195 Genomics, 61, 190 Genotype, 190, 205 Geriatric, 70, 80, 112, 190 Gestation, 190, 205, 206 Gland, 39, 63, 67, 100, 169, 190, 197, 204, 208, 212, 215 Glioma, 63, 190 Glutamate, 133, 190, 191 Glutamic Acid, 191, 202 Glycine, 72, 191, 202, 213 Glycosaminoglycans, 189, 191 Gonad, 191 Gonadal, 52, 56, 57, 84, 191, 215 Governing Board, 191, 207 Government Programs, 49, 191 Grade, 13, 23, 31, 32, 38, 45, 48, 50, 54, 64, 101, 106, 191 Grading, 109, 191 Grafting, 131, 191 Group dynamics, 45, 191 H Hallucination, 4, 191 Haptens, 170, 191, 210 Headache, 177, 191, 193 Health Services, 12, 191 Health Status, 191, 206 Heart attack, 178, 191 Heart failure, 183, 191 Hematopoiesis, 134, 191 Hemorrhage, 191, 192, 216 Hemostasis, 192, 213 Hepatic, 170, 184, 192, 213 HER2/neu, 11, 192 Hereditary, 192, 200, 211 Heredity, 190, 192 Heterozygotes, 185, 192 Histamine, 173, 176, 192 Histology, 11, 192 Homologous, 64, 170, 183, 192, 212, 217

Homozygotes, 185, 192 Hormonal, 16, 43, 85, 86, 104, 174, 192 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 47, 192 Horny layer, 188, 192 Hospital Units, 5, 192 Human Genome Project, 34, 192 Hydrogen, 169, 175, 189, 192, 200, 202, 209 Hydrolysis, 192, 206, 208 Hydrophilic, 60, 192 Hydroxylation, 192, 219 Hyperplasia, 65, 192 Hypersensitivity, 185, 193, 211 Hypertension, 178, 191, 193 Hypertrophy, 183, 192, 193, 219 Hypnotic, 193, 197 Hypoglycaemia, 184, 193 Hypotension, 173, 182, 193 Hypothalamic, 82, 92, 193 Hypothalamus, 19, 43, 53, 92, 97, 174, 193, 196, 207, 218 Hypoxia, 86, 184, 193 I Imipramine, 87, 180, 193 Immersion, 175, 193 Immune response, 169, 173, 174, 191, 193, 216, 221 Immune system, 174, 193, 197, 220, 221 Immunogenic, 193, 210 Immunologic, 65, 193, 197 Immunology, 10, 19, 169, 170, 193 Immunosuppression, 19, 193, 197 Immunosuppressive, 193 Immunosuppressive Agents, 193 Impairment, 5, 6, 17, 175, 184, 186, 193, 199, 209 Impulsive Behavior, 55, 58, 59, 194 In vitro, 11, 20, 62, 63, 131, 194 In vivo, 10, 11, 20, 62, 65, 194, 197 Incarceration, 44, 194 Incision, 194, 195 Incompetence, 145, 194 Induction, 19, 47, 52, 86, 172, 173, 194, 213 Infancy, 56, 194 Infection, 176, 179, 184, 194, 197, 205, 211, 216, 221 Infiltration, 65, 194 Inflammation, 65, 170, 179, 194, 206, 211 Informed Consent, 24, 194 Infusion, 123, 194 Initiation, 21, 35, 63, 194 Innervation, 134, 194 Inotropic, 186, 194

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Inpatients, 76, 79, 108, 194 Insight, 42, 194 Interferon, 19, 194, 195 Interferon-alpha, 19, 194, 195 Intermittent, 37, 195, 197 Intoxication, 15, 37, 184, 195, 221 Intracellular, 177, 194, 195, 210 Intraspecific, 101, 195 Intravenous, 194, 195 Intrinsic, 170, 175, 195 Invasive, 40, 62, 195 Involuntary, 179, 195, 218 Involution, 63, 195 Ionizing, 171, 187, 195 Ions, 175, 186, 192, 195 Ischemia, 174, 190, 195 Isoenzymes, 64, 195 Isoflavones, 117, 195 J Jealousy, 59, 195 K Kb, 150, 195 Keto, 195, 219 L Lactation, 21, 63, 195, 204 Lag, 36, 195 Laminin, 175, 189, 195 Latency, 21, 195 Latent, 28, 93, 195 Leiomyosarcoma, 102, 196 Lesion, 18, 196, 217 Lethal, 50, 175, 196 Libido, 172, 196 Ligament, 196, 208 Ligands, 11, 65, 133, 135, 196 Limbic, 42, 90, 171, 196 Limbic System, 171, 196 Linkage, 9, 58, 196 Lipid, 195, 196, 219 Lipophilic, 60, 196 Lithium, 46, 90, 173, 196 Liver, 169, 170, 175, 180, 192, 196, 197 Lobe, 95, 196 Localization, 20, 57, 196 Localized, 52, 66, 194, 195, 196, 206 Locomotion, 196, 206 Locomotor, 112, 116, 196 Loneliness, 57, 196 Longitudinal Studies, 27, 29, 35, 40, 196 Longitudinal study, 26, 58, 86, 196 Long-Term Care, 4, 100, 138, 156, 197 Lorazepam, 29, 72, 197

Lovastatin, 197, 213 Luteal Phase, 14, 197 Lymph, 19, 187, 197, 202 Lymph node, 19, 197, 202 Lymphatic, 187, 194, 197 Lymphatic system, 197 Lymphocyte Depletion, 193, 197 Lymphocytes, 65, 173, 197, 221 Lymphoid, 134, 172, 197 Lymphokines, 197 M Macrophage, 34, 197 Macrophage Activation, 34, 197 Malaise, 186, 197 Malignancy, 20, 33, 198 Malignant, 10, 20, 62, 91, 108, 134, 169, 188, 198, 201 Malignant tumor, 10, 169, 198 Malnutrition, 170, 174, 198 Mammary, 39, 63, 198 Manic, 173, 176, 196, 198, 209 Manic-depressive psychosis, 198, 209 Mass Media, 65, 198 Maternal Behavior, 20, 198 Matrix metalloproteinase, 62, 198 Medial, 19, 20, 43, 53, 92, 198, 204 Mediate, 7, 28, 31, 51, 59, 134, 186, 198 Mediator, 16, 60, 61, 198, 213, 220 Medical Records, 198, 211 MEDLINE, 151, 198 Meiosis, 198, 217 Melanocytes, 198, 202 Melanoma, 10, 19, 101, 108, 198 Membrane, 20, 42, 44, 174, 181, 187, 188, 195, 198, 200, 205, 211, 217 Memory, 7, 15, 18, 21, 22, 110, 172, 184, 198 Meninges, 178, 198 Menstrual Cycle, 14, 54, 190, 197, 199, 208 Menstruation, 171, 190, 197, 199 Mental Disorders, 41, 64, 132, 199, 209 Mental Health, iv, 9, 18, 23, 30, 32, 41, 53, 58, 69, 70, 75, 79, 100, 109, 150, 152, 199, 209 Mental Health Services, iv, 9, 41, 70, 100, 109, 152, 199 Mental Processes, 199, 209 Mental Retardation, 24, 74, 79, 92, 102, 199 Mesoderm, 132, 199 Mesolimbic, 173, 199 Meta-Analysis, 40, 86, 199 Metabolite, 47, 52, 180, 197, 199, 207

229

Metastasis, 19, 20, 64, 91, 134, 198, 199 Metastasize, 64, 199, 212 Metastatic, 91, 199, 212 Methamphetamine, 81, 199 Microbe, 199, 218 Microcirculation, 101, 199 Microglia, 174, 199, 200 Microorganism, 200, 221 Microscopy, 12, 175, 200 Migration, 43, 197, 200 Mitosis, 173, 200 Modeling, 13, 18, 32, 36, 92, 103, 109, 200 Modification, 55, 73, 77, 107, 133, 138, 190, 200, 210 Molecular, 10, 11, 19, 28, 33, 34, 39, 44, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 71, 108, 112, 134, 151, 153, 176, 182, 200, 210, 219 Molecule, 65, 134, 173, 175, 180, 181, 186, 188, 192, 200, 206, 210 Monitor, 22, 200, 203 Monoamine, 44, 64, 171, 185, 200, 219 Monoclonal, 65, 200 Monoclonal antibodies, 65, 200 Monosomy, 172, 200 Monotherapy, 60, 200 Mood Disorders, 102, 200 Morphine, 173, 180, 200 Morphology, 10, 15, 98, 108, 197, 200 Motility, 200, 213 Motor Activity, 182, 200 Movement Disorders, 171, 173, 200 Mucosa, 200, 216 Multidrug resistance, 74, 115, 201 Muscle relaxant, 201, 205 Muscle Relaxation, 116, 201 Muscle Spindles, 201, 205 Mutagenesis, 35, 64, 201 Mutagens, 201 N Nausea, 173, 201 NCI, 1, 149, 179, 201 Necrosis, 173, 201 Neonatal, 10, 52, 94, 201 Neoplasm, 188, 201, 204 Nerve Growth Factor, 67, 201 Nervous System, 14, 38, 44, 54, 131, 132, 169, 171, 174, 177, 178, 180, 185, 190, 191, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 213, 216, 217, 218, 220 Networks, 8, 11, 15, 45, 131, 201

Neural, 11, 18, 38, 42, 43, 44, 47, 52, 53, 56, 57, 74, 94, 101, 104, 112, 131, 134, 139, 199, 201 Neuroblastoma, 44, 85, 86, 201 Neuroendocrine, 16, 18, 43, 54, 55, 95, 134, 201, 220 Neuroendocrinology, 61, 201 Neurogenic, 133, 135, 202 Neuroleptic, 77, 170, 173, 180, 202 Neurologic, 133, 202 Neuronal, 42, 43, 47, 131, 180, 202 Neurons, 7, 42, 43, 53, 131, 180, 184, 189, 190, 201, 202, 216, 217 Neuropeptide, 134, 202 Neuropharmacology, 65, 74, 77, 112, 202 Neurophysiology, 55, 202 Neuropsychological Tests, 21, 202 Neuropsychology, 8, 202 Neurotransmitter, 53, 64, 96, 169, 186, 190, 191, 192, 202, 203, 216, 220 Neutrons, 171, 202, 210 Nevus, 91, 202 Niacin, 202, 219 Nitrogen, 170, 172, 189, 202, 219 Node-negative, 73, 202 Norepinephrine, 7, 64, 77, 170, 186, 202, 203 Norethindrone, 98, 203 Notochord, 131, 203 Nuclear, 85, 175, 186, 196, 201, 203, 218 Nuclei, 43, 171, 186, 190, 196, 200, 202, 203, 206, 208 Nucleic acid, 134, 190, 201, 202, 203 Nucleus, 19, 43, 74, 173, 179, 183, 184, 197, 198, 202, 203, 208, 214, 218 Nucleus Accumbens, 74, 203 Nursing Staff, 5, 107, 203 O Observational study, 122, 203 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 92, 203 Odds Ratio, 32, 203 Oncogene, 11, 39, 204 Oncogenic, 40, 204 Oncology, 63, 99, 204 Optic Chiasm, 193, 204, 207 Orthostatic, 173, 204 Ovaries, 174, 204, 213 Ovary, 172, 183, 188, 191, 204, 216 Overexpress, 11, 204 Ovulation, 94, 190, 197, 203, 204 Ovum, 183, 190, 204, 207 Oxytocic, 204, 220

230

Aggressive behavior

Oxytocin, 20, 204 P Palliative, 183, 204, 218 Pancreas, 33, 169, 204 Pancreatic, 33, 204 Pancreatic cancer, 33, 204 Papilloma, 188, 204 Parent-Child Relations, 57, 204 Parkinsonism, 173, 204 Paroxetine, 46, 204 Patch, 8, 204, 219 Pathologic, 64, 173, 183, 193, 204 Pathologic Processes, 173, 204 Pathophysiology, 35, 61, 204 Patient Education, 156, 162, 164, 167, 205 Peer Group, 14, 57, 205 Pelvic, 187, 205, 208 Pelvis, 169, 196, 204, 205, 220 Penicillin, 172, 205 Peptide, 47, 205, 206, 208 Perception, 26, 29, 73, 191, 205, 212 Perfusion, 98, 193, 205 Perinatal, 52, 98, 205 Peripheral blood, 34, 61, 195, 205 Peripheral Nervous System, 187, 202, 205, 216 Perivascular, 10, 199, 205 Personal Space, 4, 205 Personality Disorders, 104, 205 Pharmacodynamics, 21, 205 Pharmacologic, 6, 205, 218 Pharmacotherapy, 8, 60, 98, 103, 205 Phenotype, 18, 19, 34, 44, 62, 205 Phenytoin, 42, 205 Physiologic, 16, 170, 176, 199, 206, 210 Physiology, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 103, 117, 169, 202, 206 Pigment, 198, 206 Pilot study, 17, 108, 206 Placenta, 174, 188, 206, 207 Plants, 170, 176, 180, 200, 203, 206, 212, 219 Plasma, 14, 77, 87, 98, 170, 172, 187, 189, 192, 206, 211, 212, 213 Plasma cells, 172, 206 Plasticity, 43, 206 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 10, 206 Platelets, 206 Pleomorphic, 203, 206 Pneumonia, 182, 206 Point Mutation, 40, 206 Poisoning, 173, 184, 195, 201, 206

Polymorphism, 71, 106, 206 Polypeptide, 171, 177, 180, 187, 206 Polysaccharide, 173, 206, 208 Polyunsaturated fat, 112, 116, 206 Population Characteristics, 32, 206 Population Growth, 36, 207 Posterior, 131, 171, 186, 204, 207 Postherpetic Neuralgia, 171, 207 Post-traumatic, 26, 69, 200, 207 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 69, 207 Postural, 131, 207 Potentiates, 93, 207 Practice Guidelines, 152, 157, 207 Pravastatin, 60, 207 Precancerous, 207 Precipitating Factors, 6, 207 Preclinical, 11, 38, 55, 207 Precursor, 172, 186, 187, 203, 207, 219, 220 Premalignant, 20, 207 Prenatal, 21, 117, 186, 207 Preoptic Area, 20, 43, 207 Presynaptic, 202, 207 Prevalence, 8, 22, 32, 47, 99, 203, 207 Problem Solving, 139, 207 Progesterone, 43, 203, 207, 215 Prognostic factor, 208, 216 Program Development, 45, 208 Progression, 19, 20, 39, 63, 97, 172, 208 Progressive, 39, 116, 178, 184, 195, 201, 208, 211 Projection, 203, 208 Promoter, 64, 134, 208 Prone, 23, 208 Prophase, 208, 217 Prospective Studies, 13, 208 Prospective study, 12, 95, 196, 208 Prostate, 64, 85, 91, 133, 208 Protease, 20, 208 Protease Inhibitors, 20, 208 Protein S, 176, 190, 208, 217 Proteoglycans, 175, 189, 208 Proteolytic, 20, 63, 181, 208 Protocol, 18, 48, 208 Protons, 171, 192, 195, 208, 210 Proximal, 25, 28, 49, 185, 207, 209 Psychic, 196, 199, 209, 212 Psychoactive, 78, 101, 209, 217, 221 Psychometrics, 51, 209 Psychopathology, 7, 16, 42, 44, 46, 106, 107, 209 Psychophysiology, 202, 209 Psychosis, 5, 37, 46, 173, 209

231

Psychotropic, 4, 7, 24, 209 Puberty, 16, 209 Public Health, 36, 65, 72, 105, 152, 209 Public Policy, 12, 151, 209 Publishing, 66, 209 Pulmonary, 47, 176, 183, 209, 220 Pulmonary Artery, 176, 209, 220 Pulmonary hypertension, 47, 183, 209 Pulse, 200, 209 Pyridoxal, 209, 219 Q Quality of Life, 19, 210 R Race, 39, 200, 210 Radiation, 19, 187, 193, 195, 210, 221 Radioactive, 192, 200, 203, 204, 210 Radioimmunoassay, 33, 210 Rage, 17, 53, 138, 210 Randomized, 16, 17, 24, 30, 41, 46, 50, 54, 79, 80, 112, 186, 210 Randomized clinical trial, 17, 210 Rape, 207, 210 Reality Testing, 209, 210 Receptivity, 94, 210 Receptors, Serotonin, 210, 213 Recombination, 64, 210 Rectum, 173, 181, 185, 190, 208, 210 Recurrence, 46, 50, 176, 179, 198, 210 Reductase, 60, 174, 197, 207, 210, 213 Refer, 1, 130, 181, 187, 196, 202, 209, 210 Regimen, 49, 186, 205, 210, 211 Rehabilitative, 33, 210 Reliability, 7, 88, 211 Remission, 176, 198, 210, 211 Renal failure, 184, 211 Renin, 87, 172, 211 Research Design, 16, 41, 211 Research Support, 30, 58, 211 Respiration, 173, 178, 200, 211 Retina, 179, 204, 211, 212, 213 Retinoblastoma, 108, 211 Retreatment, 99, 211 Retrograde, 195, 211 Retrospective, 4, 108, 211 Retrospective study, 4, 211 Rheumatic Diseases, 34, 211 Rheumatoid, 34, 65, 211 Rheumatoid arthritis, 34, 65, 211 Risk factor, 13, 31, 33, 38, 40, 47, 48, 50, 51, 58, 208, 211 Risperidone, 97, 102, 144, 211 Rod, 175, 180, 203, 212

Rural Population, 66, 212 S Saline, 21, 212 Saliva, 212 Salivary, 67, 91, 204, 212 Saponins, 212, 215 Satiety Response, 54, 212 Schizoid, 212, 221 Schizophrenia, 68, 70, 71, 74, 93, 131, 212, 221 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 212, 221 Screening, 12, 53, 180, 212 Secondary tumor, 199, 212 Secretion, 122, 131, 179, 187, 192, 195, 199, 212 Secretory, 63, 212 Sedative, 8, 180, 189, 193, 197, 212 Segregation, 210, 212 Seizures, 83, 90, 184, 205, 212 Semen, 208, 212 Sequencing, 21, 33, 61, 212 Serine, 177, 212 Serous, 187, 213 Serrata, 179, 213 Serum, 33, 47, 77, 104, 170, 181, 197, 210, 213 Serum Albumin, 210, 213 Sex Characteristics, 169, 172, 209, 213, 217 Shock, 88, 93, 213, 219 Sibling Relations, 56, 213 Side effect, 132, 170, 173, 180, 197, 213, 218 Simvastatin, 60, 213 Skeletal, 131, 172, 180, 201, 213 Skeleton, 213 Skull, 213, 217 Sleep apnea, 48, 213 Sleep Stages, 48, 213 Small intestine, 186, 192, 213 Smooth muscle, 177, 192, 200, 214, 216 Social Behavior, 23, 29, 50, 58, 66, 214 Social Environment, 22, 31, 57, 210, 214 Social Problems, 38, 214 Social Support, 50, 214 Social Welfare, 49, 214 Social Work, 32, 69, 214 Socialization, 29, 36, 56, 214 Socioeconomic Factors, 206, 214 Sodium, 60, 78, 112, 113, 214 Soft tissue, 102, 176, 213, 214 Solitary Nucleus, 174, 214 Solvent, 188, 214 Somatic, 169, 196, 198, 200, 205, 214

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Aggressive behavior

Songbirds, 22, 42, 214 Soybean Oil, 206, 214 Spasticity, 175, 214 Specialist, 5, 158, 215 Specificity, 9, 170, 215 Sperm, 172, 179, 215 Spinal cord, 174, 175, 178, 179, 198, 201, 205, 215, 216 Spinous, 188, 215 Sporadic, 211, 215 Squamous, 19, 71, 93, 188, 215 Squamous cell carcinoma, 19, 71, 93, 188, 215 Squamous cells, 215 Stabilization, 46, 205, 215 Stabilizer, 46, 60, 215 Stanozolol, 16, 215 Steel, 180, 215 Steroid, 18, 42, 52, 57, 172, 174, 183, 212, 213, 215 Stimulant, 60, 171, 177, 185, 192, 199, 215 Stimulus, 14, 105, 188, 191, 194, 195, 215, 218 Stomach, 85, 169, 185, 188, 190, 192, 201, 213, 215 Stool, 181, 216 Stress, 26, 30, 37, 38, 50, 96, 124, 131, 138, 174, 178, 183, 201, 211, 216 Stria, 43, 216 Striatum, 203, 216 Stroke, 103, 150, 178, 216 Stromal, 39, 63, 73, 187, 216 Stromal Cells, 39, 73, 216 Subclinical, 194, 212, 216 Subspecies, 215, 216 Substance P, 199, 212, 216 Substrate, 64, 187, 216, 219 Sulfur, 189, 216 Sumatriptan, 9, 216 Suppression, 216 Suppressive, 16, 216 Supraspinal, 175, 216 Survival Analysis, 32, 216 Sympathetic Nervous System, 174, 216, 217 Sympathomimetic, 171, 185, 186, 188, 199, 203, 216, 219 Sympatric, 104, 217 Symphysis, 179, 208, 217 Symptomatic, 171, 217 Symptomatic treatment, 171, 217 Symptomatology, 14, 78, 217

Synapse, 65, 170, 207, 217, 219 Synapsis, 217 Synaptic, 11, 202, 217 Synergistic, 217, 218 Synovial, 61, 65, 217 Synovial Fluid, 62, 217 Synovial Membrane, 217 Syrinx, 214, 217 Systemic, 34, 62, 176, 184, 188, 194, 217, 219 T Tardive, 173, 180, 217 Temperament, 29, 44, 217 Temporal, 21, 57, 109, 171, 217 Temporal Lobe, 109, 171, 217 Testicular, 174, 217 Testis, 172, 188, 217 Testosterone, 16, 43, 47, 52, 61, 92, 94, 98, 171, 172, 210, 217 Tetracycline, 40, 217 Tetrahydrocannabinol, 76, 77, 83, 217 Thalamic, 54, 218 Thalamus, 94, 196, 218 Theophylline, 83, 218 Therapeutics, 10, 218 Thermal, 174, 202, 218 Third Ventricle, 193, 218 Threshold, 188, 193, 218 Thrombosis, 208, 216, 218 Tic, 17, 218 Tomography, 94, 95, 218 Tone, 214, 218 Tonic, 30, 33, 218 Topical, 188, 218 Toxic, iv, 187, 218 Toxicity, 132, 186, 218 Toxicology, 64, 152, 218 Toxins, 173, 194, 200, 219 Traction, 180, 219 Transaminase, 88, 219 Transdermal, 8, 219 Transfection, 176, 219 Transferases, 133, 219 Translating, 29, 219 Translations, 59, 219 Transmitter, 169, 174, 186, 198, 203, 219 Transplantation, 131, 197, 219 Trauma, 82, 184, 191, 201, 219 Tricuspid Atresia, 183, 219 Tricyclic, 180, 193, 219 Trigger zone, 173, 219 Triglyceride, 77, 219

233

Trisomy, 172, 219 Tryptophan, 14, 44, 77, 89, 116, 181, 213, 219 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 44, 219 Tubercle, 203, 219 Tumor suppressor gene, 64, 219 Tyramine, 176, 219 Tyrosine, 186, 220 U Unconscious, 59, 220 Urethra, 208, 220 Urinary, 104, 220 Urine, 173, 176, 185, 187, 220 Uterine Contraction, 204, 220 Uterus, 183, 187, 196, 199, 204, 207, 220 V Vaccine, 169, 208, 220 Vascular, 10, 185, 187, 194, 199, 206, 220 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 10, 220 Vasodilator, 186, 192, 220 Vasopressor, 220 Vasotocin, 57, 220 VE, 69, 220 Vein, 174, 195, 203, 220 Venous, 11, 174, 208, 219, 220

Venter, 220 Ventral, 131, 193, 203, 220 Ventricle, 171, 174, 178, 182, 203, 209, 218, 219, 220 Ventricular, 43, 182, 219, 220 Venules, 176, 177, 187, 199, 220 Vertebral, 203, 220 Veterinary Medicine, 151, 220 Viral, 189, 204, 221 Virulence, 218, 221 Virus, 186, 190, 195, 221 Visceral, 174, 196, 221 Visceral Afferents, 175, 221 Vitro, 20, 221 Vivo, 20, 62, 64, 197, 221 W Wakefulness, 184, 221 War, 105, 192, 207, 221 White blood cell, 172, 197, 206, 221 Withdrawal, 47, 74, 116, 184, 221 Wound Healing, 198, 221 X Xenograft, 10, 172, 221 X-ray, 203, 215, 221 Y Yeasts, 205, 221

234

Aggressive behavior

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236

Aggressive behavior