Acetylene - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

ACETYLENE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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ACETYLENE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Acetylene: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00007-5 1. Acetylene-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on acetylene. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ACETYLENE ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Acetylene....................................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 7 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ACETYLENE ..................................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Finding Nutrition Studies on Acetylene ..................................................................................... 19 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 21 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ACETYLENE............................................................... 23 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 23 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 23 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 28 General References ....................................................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ACETYLENE................................................................................. 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 Dissertations on Acetylene .......................................................................................................... 31 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ACETYLENE ........................................................................................... 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Patents on Acetylene.................................................................................................................... 33 Patent Applications on Acetylene................................................................................................ 54 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ACETYLENE ............................................................................................... 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 83 Chapters on Acetylene.................................................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ACETYLENE ................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 85 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 86 Academic Periodicals covering Acetylene .................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 91 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 93 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 95 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 97 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 101 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 101 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 101 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 107 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 107

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ACETYLENE DICTIONARY ....................................................................................................... 109 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 141

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with acetylene is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about acetylene, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to acetylene, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on acetylene. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to acetylene, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on acetylene. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON ACETYLENE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on acetylene.

Federally Funded Research on Acetylene The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to acetylene. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to acetylene. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore acetylene. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for acetylene: •

Project Title: BIOINORGANIC COPPER COORDINATION CHEMISTRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Karlin, Kenneth D.; Professor; Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1990; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The long term objective of the proposed research is the development of the fundamental coordination chemistry of copper ion as it pertains to the active site

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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chemistry of proteins involved in O2-transport, O2- activation (e.g., monooxygenation, N-dealkylation) and O2-reduction. Through detailed studies of chemical model systems, a reasonable basis for hypothesis of biological structure and competency of intermediates can be made. There exists a paucity of information about Cu(I) coordination chemistry, and its reactions with O2/substrate. Our interests are in functional modeling, i.e., reactions of CuI/O2 and CuI/O2/substrate. The structures, spectroscopy and reactivity of possible intermediates such as Cu-O2-Cu, Cu-OOH, CuO-Cu and Cu-O are poorly understood. Systematic investigations using model compounds with varied, but known structure, ligation and associated CuII/CuI redox potential can lead to a better understanding of the biological transformations. The proposed research is divided into sub-projects, directed along various themes, questions, or chemical systems. We plan to study: (1) Cu-pterin interactions, to help elucidate the active site chemistry of Cu-phenylalanine hydroxylase. Chelating pterins will be used to study Cu/O2 reactions with reduced pterins and substrates. (2) Chemistry with tripodal tetradentate ligands, including dinucleating versions. Both Cu/O2 1:1 and 2:1 adducts should form and comparisons of structure, kinetics/thermodynamics and reactivity will provide fundamental information. (3) L2CuI/O2 + L' and LnCuI-X (X = CO, CN-, RNC, acetylene) chemistry with L as a biologically 'relevant' unidentate imidazole ligand. The latter compounds will help in developing spectroscopic probes for protein reduced Cu(I) ion. (4) The chemistry of side-on bound peroxo dinuclear complexes. Modified ligands will help probe structure and reactivity of these species, which are capable of effecting arene hydroxylation reactions. In addition to studies with 'endogenous' substrates, we will develop CuI/O2 chemistry using organic receptors for 'exogenous' substrates, such as cyclodextrins and those based on a diphenylglycoluril building block. (5) The chemistry of unsymmetrical dinuclear complexes will be developed. This is relevant to a number of Cu proteins, where one Cu ion (or cofactor) passes electrons to another which effects O2/substrate reactions. (6) Hydroperoxide-Cu interactions, which are involved in proteins such as dopamine b-hydroxylase and others. We will also investigate and compare structure, spectroscopy and reactivity of systems which are 'reductively activated', i.e., with Cu(I) complex reactions with ROOH. (7) Oxidative N-dealkylation chemistry using Cu-ligand systems observed to undergo such reactions; structures of intermediates and mechanism will be determined. (8) The chemistry of tri- and tetranuclear Cu complexes and their O2 reactions; Cu clusters occur in laccase & ascorbate oxidase and possibly in Cu methane monooxygenase. (9) O2-binding and reduction chemistry at porphyrin-Fe/Cu complexes, as structural/functional models for reactions occurring in cytochrome c oxidase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHEMOTHERAPY DRUG ANALYZER Principal Investigator & Institution: Farquharson, Stuart; Real-Time Analyzers 87 Church St East Hartford, Ct 06108 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 27-SEP-2002; Project End 26-SEP-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of the proposed program is to develop a bed-side analyzer capable of providing rapid identification and quantification of chemotherapy drugs and metabolites in serum and urine. The analyzer would allow optimizing effectiveness and minimizing adverse side-effects associated with chemotherapy drugs administered during cancer treatment. The analyzer will use capillary electrophoresis to separate drugs from body fluids with minimal sample preparation, Raman spectroscopy to identify the drugs, and surface-enhanced Raman

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spectroscopy (SERS) to increase sensitivity and allow quantification at physiologic concentrations. The Phase I program will demonstrate feasibility through three tasks with the following objectives: 1) develop the SER active sol-gel chemistry for selective adsorption of polar or nonpolar and positive or negative chemical groups; 2) test and refine chemical selectivity and SER activity of the sol-gels using p-aminobenzoic acid, phenyl acetylene, benzoic acid, aniline, camptothecin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and 8-oxyguanine; and 3) test ability to selectively measure these chemicals and drugs with detection limits of <50 ng/ml and 5 ng/ml in simulated serum and urine samples, respectively. In Phase II a prototype bed-side analyzer will be engineered and head-to-head comparisons to existing technology will be performed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROMES P450 2E1 T303A Principal Investigator & Institution: Blobaum, Anna L.; Pharmacology; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 catalyzes the oxidation of a large number of drugs, hepatotoxic xenobiotics, and carcinogens. The primary goals of the proposed research are to gain a better understanding of the active site structure of P450 2E1 and to identify the critical amino acid residues in the active site of 2E1 that are involved in catalysis and substrate binding. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) will be used to determine the identities of the metabolites produced during the mechanism-based inactivation of cytochromes P450 2E1 and 2E1 T303A by tert-butyl acetylene (tBA) and tert-butyl 1methyl-2-propynyl ether (tBMP). LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) will be used to identify the tBA-modified polypeptide(s) and amino acid residue(s) in the P450 2E1 active site. NMR methodology and site-specific 2E1 mutants will be used to explore the novel mechanism for the inactivation of P450 2E1 T303A by tBA. Finally, ESI-LC-MS will be used to determine what effect alternate oxidants may have on the mechanism of inactivation of P450s 2E1 and 2E1 T303A by tert-butyl acetylenes. Understanding the active site structure of P450s and identifying the critical amino acid residues involved in catalysis and substrate binding will prove to be extremely valuable for developing techniques that can be used to selectively modulate the catalytic activity of these enzymes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: REGULATION OF MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW IN OLD AGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Proctor, David N.; Assistant Professor; Noll Physiological Res Ctr; Pennsylvania State University-Univ Park 110 Technology Center University Park, Pa 16802 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The goal of this application is to test the hypothesis that human aging alters the regulation of blood flow to active skeletal Skeletal muscles during whole body exercise. Compelling evidence supporting this hypothesis comes from our recent finding that leg blood flow during submaximal cycle ergometry is reduced in older versus younger aerobically-trained men, despite similar cardiac output and leg muscle mass. To determine if reduced skeletal muscle perfusion duration exertion is an inevitable consequence of aging, and to clarify the mechanisms involved, we will

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address the following specific aims: 1) Is active muscle blood flow during exercise influenced by age, gender, or chronic physical activity? 2) Does an acute reduction in the work of breathing (inspired HeO2) during submaximal exercise augment active muscle blood flow to a greater extent in older compared to younger subjects and if so, how? 3) Is there evidence for an age-associated increase in sympathetic vasoconstriction in active skeletal muscle during exercise and if so, is this related to differences in muscle fiber type (needle biopsy)? 4) Does an aerobic exercise training program modify the effects of age on exercise hyperemia and vasodilator responsiveness in the leg? These questions will be investigated by measuring leg blood flow (femoral vein thermodilution), leg norepinephrine spillover, arterial pressure, and cardiac output (acetylene uptake) during graded leg cycle ergometry in healthy younger z920-30 years) and older (60-75 years) men and women. Leg muscle mass (DEXA) and leg vasodilator responses to local administration of prazosin (Aim 3) and endothelial-dependent and independent agonists (ACh, NTP, papavarine, Aim 4) will also be assessed as a function of age. We hypothesize that normal aging is associated with reduced active muscle vasodilation during dynamic exercise and that this is due to increased respiratory muscle blood flow demands, augmented sympathetic vasoconstriction in the legs, and impaired respiratory muscle blood flow demands, augmented sympathetic vasoconstriction in the legs, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. These investigations should contribute significantly to our understanding of the decline in physical functional capacity and increased incidence of chronic disease in older humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SYNTHESIS OF MDR REVERSING POLYENES Principal Investigator & Institution: Andrus, Merritt B.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University A-261 Asb Provo, Ut 846021231 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is due to the expression of Pgp (Pglycoprotein), by the MDRl gene, an ATP-driven membrane-bound multi-drug transporter. Recently we have developed synthetic routes to new MDR reversal agents, stipiamide, and a more potent, non-toxic compound 6,7- dehydrostipiamide (DHS, fig.1) that restores the cytotoxicity of adriamycin to resistant human breast cancer cells (MCF7adrR) at very low concentrations (4 nM). We will now investigate new compounds possessing non-natural spacers, in combinatorial libraries, and benzophenone photolabels. Non-natural polyenes will be produced to identify the optimal structural requirements for MDR reversal using assays with resistant cancer cell lines and purified Pgp. The polyene region of stipiamide will be changed to minimize toxicity and increase MDR reversal. Bi-directional cross coupling reactions with para- disubstituted benzenes will be investigated to selectively attach the two ends. Competition studies with known radiolabeles will be used to verify the direct Pgp binding. The toxicity of each compound will be determined using normal cancer cells and resistant cell lines with added cancer drug. Alternative routes to the anti-1,2-hydroxy methyl will be investigated with chiral auxiliaries and catalytic aldol approaches. The functionality at the two ends and the stereochemistry will be probed using combinatorial libraries. The conditions of the coupling will be optimized at 1:1 iodide:acetylene stoichiometry and applied to the combinatorial libraries. The compounds will be assayed as mixed pools using the MCF-7adrR MDR assay. Specific residues on Pgp will be identified, for the first time, using high-efficiency benzophenone- stipiamide photoaffinity labeler. Microsequencing will be used to identify specific residues found in the binding site. Bifunctional dual-domain compounds will also be made by linking two MDR reversal

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compounds through the terminal amide. Reversal assays with these compounds will be used to establish the distance constraints between Pgp transmembrane helices TM6 and TM12 that have been implicated to contain the drug and reversal agent binding sites. Results from the libraries, the bi-functional compounds, and the photolabels will establish, for the first time, the location, the binding characteristics, and the distances between the binding bites on Pgp. Data obtained from these experiments will have direct bearing on the 3D-structure of Pgp. This is an important first step toward a molecular understanding of the unique recognition properties, transport mechanism of Pgp, and will further facilitate the design of new, more potent reversal agents. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING HEAVY EXERCISE Principal Investigator & Institution: Johnson, Bruce E.; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: The following protocol seeks to validate a non-invasive open circuit method for determination of cardiac output (pulmonary blood flow) at rest and during heavy exercise using simple gas exchange based measures. There are relatively few noninvasive techniques that give valid estimates of cardiac output at rest and during heavy whole body exercise. The acetylene rebreathing technique has been used extensively over the last 10-15 years and has been validated with thermodilution and Fick estimates of cardiac output in exercising humans and dogs. In this technique, the highly soluble gas, acetylene, is taken up in the lungs in direct proportion to the blood passing through the pulmonary circulation. A drawback to the rebreathing technique is the fact carbon dioxide builds up and oxygen decreases in both the rebreathing bag and lungs. The build up of CO2 causes increased dyspnea, particularly in patients with poor lung function and limited exercise tolerance. The transient changes in the VC02/V02 relationship make it difficult to control for changes in the lung-rebreathing bag volume which can lead to errors in the estimate of cardiac output. In addition, rebreathing may lead to alterations in breathing pattern, which also may cause changes in the cardiac output. Recently, an open circuit acetylene technique that offers several advantages over the rebreathing technique has been developed but not validated in humans. The present study proposes to validate the open circuit technique more fully in exercising humans against the already established technique, and the standard techniques to measure cardiac output using thermodilution and Fick. The specific aims of this study are to compare an open circuit acetylene uptake technique for determination of cardiac output with the traditional acetylene rebreathing technique; and to compare an open circuit acetylene technique for determination of cardiac output at rest and during exercise to the standard thermodilution and Fick measurements of cardiac output. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National

3

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

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Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for acetylene in the PubMed Central database: •

Action of water in depressing acetylene reduction by detached nodules. by Straten JV, Schmidt EL.; 1975 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=186993

•

Anaerobic Oxidation of Acetylene by Estuarine Sediments and Enrichment Cultures. by Culbertson CW, Zehnder AJ, Oremland RS.; 1981 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243707

•

Asymbiotic Acetylene Reduction by a Fast-Growing Cowpea Rhizobium Strain with Nitrogenase Structural Genes Located on a Symbiotic Plasmid. by Bender GL, Plazinski J, Rolfe BG.; 1986 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238976

•

Blockage by acetylene of nitrous oxide reduction in Pseudomonas perfectomarinus. by Balderston WL, Sherr B, Payne WJ.; 1976 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=169812

•

Bradyrhizobium japonicum Inoculant Mobility, Nodule Occupancy, and Acetylene Reduction in the Soybean Root System. by McDermott TR, Graham PH.; 1989 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203110

•

Chemistry of acetylene on platinum (111) and (100) surfaces. by Muetterties EL, Tasi MC, Kelemen SR.; 1981 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=349089

•

Comparing Denitrification Estimates for a Texas Estuary by Using Acetylene Inhibition and Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry. by Bernot MJ, Dodds WK, Gardner WS, McCarthy MJ, Sobolev D, Tank JL.; 2003 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=201219

•

Comparing Time Course Profiles of Immediate Acetylene Reduction by Grasses and Legumes. by van Berkum P, Sloger C.; 1981 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243660

•

Denitrification in Low pH Spodosols and Peats Determined with the Acetylene Inhibition Method. by Muller MM, Sundman V, Skujins J.; 1980 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291558

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With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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•

Denitrification Rates in a Marine Sediment as Measured by the Acetylene Inhibition Technique. by Sorensen J.; 1978 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243045

•

Denitrification, Acetylene Reduction, and Methane Metabolism in Lake Sediment Exposed to Acetylene. by Knowles R.; 1979 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243521

•

Direct Measurements of Steady-State Kinetics of Cyanobacterial N2 Uptake by Membrane-Leak Mass Spectrometry and Comparisons Between Nitrogen Fixation and Acetylene Reduction. by Jensen BB, Cox RP.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242459

•

Effect of acetylene on nitrous oxide reduction and sulfide oxidation in batch and gradient cultures of Thiobacillus denitrificans. by Dalsgaard T, Bak F.; 1992 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=195646

•

Effect of Ammonium Chloride and Methionine Sulfoximine on the Acetylene Reduction of Detached Root Nodules of Peas (Pisum sativum). by Houwaard F.; 1979 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243403

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Effect of oxygen on acetylene reduction by photosynthetic bacteria. by Hochman A, Burris RH.; 1981 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216069

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Effects of Abiotic Factors on Acetylene Reduction by Cyanobacteria Epiphytic on Moss at a Subantarctic Island. by Smith VR.; 1984 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241572

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Effects of Ammonium Ions, Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide, and Acetylene on Anaerobic and Aerobic Hydrogen Formation by Anabaena cylindrica B629. by Lambert GR, Daday A, Smith GD.; 1979 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243526

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Effects of long-term treatment with acetylene on nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. by David KA, Fay P.; 1977 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242724

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Effects of Salinity on Acetylene Reduction (Nitrogen Fixation) and Respiration in a Marine Azotobacter. by Dicker HJ, Smith DW.; 1981 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=244093

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Estimation of nitrogenase activity in the presence of ethylene biosynthesis by use of deuterated acetylene as a substrate. by Lin-Vien D, Fateley WG, Davis LC.; 1989 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=184114

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Acetylene

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Factors Affecting the Acetylene to 15N2 Conversion Ratio in Root Nodules of Myrica gale L. by Schwintzer CR, Tjepkema JD.; 1994 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159629

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Growth of Nocardia rhodochrous on acetylene gas. by Kanner D, Bartha R.; 1979 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216849

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Improved method for preparing anaerobic bacteroid suspensions of Rhizobium leguminosarum for the acetylene reduction assay. by Van Straten J, Roelofsen W.; 1976 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=169846

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In situ studies on N2 fixation using the acetylene reduction technique. by Stewart WD, Fitzgerald GP, Burris RH.; 1967 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=223907

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Influence of Acetylene on Growth of Sulfate-Respiring Bacteria. by Payne WJ, Grant MA.; 1982 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=241903

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Inhibition of alkylbenzene biodegradation under denitrifying conditions by using the acetylene block technique. by Hutchins SR.; 1992 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=183109

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Inhibition of Methanogenesis in Marine Sediments by Acetylene and Ethylene: Validity of the Acetylene Reduction Assay for Anaerobic Microcosms. by Oremland RS, Taylor BF.; 1975 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=187254

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Invalidity of the acetylene reduction assay in alkane-utilizing, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. by De Bont JA, Mulder EG.; 1976 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=291169

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Measurement of Denitrification in Two Freshwater Sediments by an In Situ Acetylene Inhibition Method. by Chan YK, Knowles R.; 1979 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=243355

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Metabolism of acetylene by Nocardia rhodochrous. by Kanner D, Bartha R.; 1982 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=216458

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Oxygen requirement for acetylene reduction by pure cultures of rhizobia. by Keister DL, Evans WR.; 1976 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=233045

Studies

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Problems of the Acetylene Reduction Technique Applied to Water-Saturated Paddy Soils. by Lee KK, Watanabe I.; 1977 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242726

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Production of Ethane, Ethylene, and Acetylene from Halogenated Hydrocarbons by Methanogenic Bacteria. by Belay N, Daniels L.; 1987 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203918

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Purification and characterization of acetylene hydratase of Pelobacter acetylenicus, a tungsten iron-sulfur protein. by Rosner BM, Schink B.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177396

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Quantification and Removal of Some Contaminating Gases from Acetylene Used to Study Gas-Utilizing Enzymes and Microorganisms. by Hyman MR, Arp DJ.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203655

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Sulfide Alleviation of the Acetylene Inhibition of Nitrous Oxide Reduction in Soil. by Evans DG, Beauchamp E, Trevors JT.; 1985 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=238373

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with acetylene, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for acetylene (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A comparison between freon and acetylene rebreathing for measuring cardiac output. Author(s): Bonde-Petersen F, Norsk P, Suzuki Y. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1980 November; 51(11): 1214-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7213267

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Acetylene

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A continuous method for measuring acetylene in expired gas using glow discharge and its application to assessment of pulmonary blood flow. Author(s): Koyama T, Nakajima S. Source: Japanese Journal of Physiology. 1974 August; 24(4): 377-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4436988

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A modified acetylene method for the determination of cardiac output during muscular exercise. Author(s): Pugh LG. Source: Ergonomics. 1972 May; 15(3): 323-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5052566

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Accidental death due to explosion of acetylene bird-scarer. Author(s): Jerreat PG. Source: Med Sci Law. 1980 April; 20(2): 126-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7190207

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Acetylene reduction (dinitrogen fixation) by clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Author(s): Chambers CA, Silver WS. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1977 November; 6(5): 456-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=336640

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Acetylene reduction by rumen microflora. Author(s): Elleway RF, Sabine JR, Nicholas DJ. Source: Arch Mikrobiol. 1971; 76(4): 277-91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5581030

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Acute tetrabromoethane (acetylene tetrabromide) intoxication in man. Author(s): van Haaften AB. Source: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 1969 May-June; 30(3): 251-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5793994

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An investigation of 11C-methane, 13N-nitrous oxide and 11C-acetylene as regional cerebral blood flow agents. Author(s): Madsen MT, Hichwa RD, Nickles RJ. Source: Physics in Medicine and Biology. 1981 September; 26(5): 875-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7291308

Studies

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Antimalarial activity of extracts and fractions from Bidens pilosa and other Bidens species (Asteraceae) correlated with the presence of acetylene and flavonoid compounds. Author(s): Brandao MG, Krettli AU, Soares LS, Nery CG, Marinuzzi HC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 July; 57(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9254115

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Burn due to misuse of an acetylene gas burner: a case report. Author(s): Shimada K, Aoki Y, Ide Y, Ishikura N, Kawakami S. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1999 November; 25(7): 666-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10563697

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Cardiac output during exercise by the open circuit acetylene washin method: comparison with direct Fick. Author(s): Johnson BD, Beck KC, Proctor DN, Miller J, Dietz NM, Joyner MJ. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 2000 May; 88(5): 1650-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10797126

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Cardiac output measured by acetylene rebreathing technique at rest and during exercise. Comparison of results obtained by various calculation procedures. Author(s): Kanstrup IL, Hallback I. Source: Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. 1981 May; 390(2): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7195567

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Comparison of CO2 rebreathing and acetylene methods for cardiac output. Author(s): Klausen K. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1965 July; 20(4): 763-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5838728

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Death due to inhalation of industrial acetylene. Author(s): Williams NR, Whittington RM. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2001; 39(1): 69-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11327229

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Determination of cardiac output by the Fick method, thermodilution, and acetylene rebreathing in pulmonary hypertension. Author(s): Hoeper MM, Maier R, Tongers J, Niedermeyer J, Hohlfeld JM, Hamm M, Fabel H. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1999 August; 160(2): 535-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10430725

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Acetylene

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Doubly homologated dihalovinyl and acetylene analogues of adenosine: synthesis, interaction with S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, and antiviral and cytostatic effects. Author(s): Wnuk SF, Valdez CA, Khan J, Moutinho P, Robins MJ, Yang X, Borchardt RT, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2000 March 23; 43(6): 1180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10737751

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Enhancement of strontium absorption in the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame by potassium and sodium and the determination of strontium in biological material. Author(s): Van Puymbroeck S, Van der Borght O. Source: Analytica Chimica Acta. 1971 December; 57(2): 441-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5132424

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Estrogen receptor-beta potency-selective ligands: structure-activity relationship studies of diarylpropionitriles and their acetylene and polar analogues. Author(s): Meyers MJ, Sun J, Carlson KE, Marriner GA, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Source: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2001 November 22; 44(24): 4230-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11708925

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Evaluation of a modified acetylene rebreathing method for the determination of cardiac output. Author(s): Nystrom J, Celsing F, Carlens P, Ekblom B, Ring P. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1986 June; 6(3): 253-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3522058

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Influence of hematocrit and temperature on solubility of acetylene and dimethyl ether. Author(s): Jibelian G, Mitchell RR, Overland ES. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1981 November; 51(5): 1357-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7298475

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Inhaled industrial acetylene. A diabetic ketoacidosis mimic. Author(s): Foley RJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985 August 23-30; 254(8): 1066-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3927016

Studies

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Measurement of cardiac output during exercise by open-circuit acetylene uptake. Author(s): Barker RC, Hopkins SR, Kellogg N, Olfert IM, Brutsaert TD, Gavin TP, Entin PL, Rice AJ, Wagner PD. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 October; 87(4): 150612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10517785

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Measurements of cardiac output in maximum exercise. Application of an acetylene rebreathing method to arm and leg exercise. Author(s): Simmons R, Shephard RJ. Source: Int Z Angew Physiol. 1971; 29(2): 159-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5135867

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Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B6 by a novel terminal acetylene inhibitor. Author(s): Fan PW, Gu C, Marsh SA, Stevens JC. Source: Drug Metabolism and Disposition: the Biological Fate of Chemicals. 2003 January; 31(1): 28-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12485950

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Mortality from lung cancer in an acetylene and phthalic anhydride plant. A casereferent study. Author(s): Riboli E, Bai E, Berrino F, Merisi A. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1983 December; 9(6): 455-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6673103

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Mortality of workers at acetylene production plants. Author(s): Newhouse ML, Matthews G, Sheikh K, Knight KL, Oakes D, Sullivan KR. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1988 January; 45(1): 63-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3342189

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Nitrate-consuming processes in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer quantified using push-pull tests combined with 15N isotope and acetylene-inhibition methods. Author(s): Schurmann A, Schroth MH, Saurer M, Bernasconi SM, Zeyer J. Source: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2003 October; 66(1-2): 59-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14516941

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Noninvasive cardiac output measurement in orthostasis: pulse contour analysis compared with acetylene rebreathing. Author(s): Stok WJ, Stringer RC, Karemaker JM. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1999 December; 87(6): 2266-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10601177

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Acetylene

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Noninvasive determination of cardiac output by a modified acetylene rebreathing procedure utilizing mass spectrometer measurements. Author(s): Triebwasser JH, Johnson RL, Burpo RP, Campbell JC, Reardon WC, Blomqvist CG. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1977 March; 48(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=857797

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Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output by an acetylene uptake technique and simultaneous comparison with thermodilution in ICU patients. Author(s): Sadeh JS, Miller A, Kukin ML. Source: Chest. 1997 May; 111(5): 1295-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9149586

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Pulmonary tissue volume measured by acetylene rebreathing under artificial ventilation. Author(s): Mizuno K, Ichinose Y, Ishii H, Nishi I. Source: Respirology (Carlton, Vic.). 2000 June; 5(2): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10894104

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Repeatability of the acetylene rebreathing method in measuring cardiac output: influence of acetylene concentration. Author(s): Wendelboe Nielsen O, Hansen S, Christensen P, Gronlund J. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1990 July; 34(5): 354-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2389650

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Reproducibility of a semiautomated acetylene rebreathing technique for measuring cardiac output in humans at rest. Author(s): Hunt BE, Davy KP, Seals DR. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1997 November; 17(6): 599-607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9413647

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Reproducibility of the acetylene rebreathe technique for determining cardiac output. Author(s): Warburton DE, Gledhill N, Jamnik VK. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 June; 30(6): 952-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9624657

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Rest and exercise cardiac output and diffusing capacity assessed by a single slow exhalation of methane, acetylene, and carbon monoxide. Author(s): Ramage JE Jr, Coleman RE, MacIntyre NR. Source: Chest. 1987 July; 92(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3297519

Studies

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Solubility of acetylene in human blood determined by mass spectrometry. Author(s): Meyer M, Scheid P. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1980 June; 48(6): 1035-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7380699

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The non-invasive acetylene rebreathing method for estimation of cardiac output: influence of breath-by-breath variation. Author(s): Hansen S, Wendelboe O, Christensen P. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1997 March; 17(2): 193-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156965

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The simultaneous comparison of acetylene or carbon dioxide flux as a measure of effective pulmonary blood flow in children. Author(s): Rosenthal M, Bush A. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1997 November; 10(11): 2586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426100

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Two tier burn by ignited compressed acetylene gas and air mixture. Author(s): Kumar P, Abraham CE. Source: Burns : Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 1998 June; 24(4): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9688206

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Use of acetylene breathing to determine cardiac output in young and older adults. Author(s): Bell C, Monahan KD, Donato AJ, Hunt BE, Seals DR, Beck KC. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2003 January; 35(1): 58-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12544636

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Validation of the acetylene rebreathing method for measurement of cardiac output at rest and during high-intensity exercise. Author(s): Liu Y, Menold E, Dullenkopf A, Reissnecker S, Lormes W, Lehmann M, Steinacker JM. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1997 March; 17(2): 171-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9156963

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND ACETYLENE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and acetylene.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Acetylene The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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Acetylene

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “acetylene” (or a synonym): •

Fulvinol, a new long-chain diacetylenic metabolite from the sponge reniera fulva. Author(s): Universidad de Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain. Source: Ortega, M.J. Zubia, E. Carballo, J.L. Salva, J. Journal-of-natural-products (USA). (November 1996). volume 59(11) page 1069-1071.

Additional physician-oriented references include: •

11 beta,13-Dihydroguaianolides from Artemisia douglasiana and a thiophene acetylene from Artemisia Schmidtiana. Source: Jakupovic, J. Chau Thi, T.V. Warning, U. Bohlmann, F. Greger, H. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (7) page 1663-1667. 00319422

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Allometry of acetylene reduction and nodule growth of Robinia pseudoacacia families subjected to varied root zone nitrate concentrations. Source: Johnsen, K.H. Bongarten, B.C. Tree-Physiol. Victoria, B.C. : Heron Publishing. December 1991. volume 9 (4) page 507-522. 0829-318X

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An acetylene and a monoterpene glycoside from Adenocaulon himalaicum. Source: Kwon, H.C. Lee, K.R. Planta-med. Stuttgart : Georg Thieme Verlag,. July 2001. volume 67 (5) page 482-484. 0032-0943

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Effects of the acetylene compound from Atractylodes rhizome on experimental gastric ulcers induced by active oxygen species. Author(s): Hokkaido Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Otaru, Japan. Source: Sakurai, T Sugawara, H Saito, K Kano, Y Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1994 October; 17(10): 1364-8 0918-6158

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Enzyme inhibitory activities of acetylene and sesquiterpene compounds in atractylodes rhizome. Author(s): Hokkaido Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Otaru, Japan. Source: Sakurai, T Yamada, H Saito, K Kano, Y Biol-Pharm-Bull. 1993 February; 16(2): 142-5 0918-6158

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Highly oxygenated bisabolenes and an acetylene from Matricaria aurea. Author(s): Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, Egypt. Source: Ahmed, A A Abou Elela, M Phytochemistry. 1999 June; 51(4): 551-4 0031-9422

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Kinetics of chromium removal from spent tanning liquors using acetylene production sludge. Author(s): Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Portugal. Source: Beleza, V M Boaventura, R A Almeida, M F Environ-Sci-Technol. 2001 November 1; 35(21): 4379-83 0013-936X

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Phototoxicity of naturally occurring and synthetic thiophene and acetylene analogues to mosquito larvae. Source: Arnason, J.T. Philogene, B.J.R. Berg, C. MacEachern, A. Kaminski, J. Leitch, L.C. Morand, P. Lam, J. Phytochemistry. Oxford : Pergamon Press. 1986. volume 25 (7) page 1609-1611. 0031-9422

Nutrition

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Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Acetylene

The following is a specific Web list relating to acetylene; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

23

CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND ACETYLENE Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to acetylene. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to acetylene and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to acetylene: •

A polyacetylene and flavonoids from Cirsium rhinoceros. Author(s): Yim SH, Kim HJ, Lee IS. Source: Arch Pharm Res. 2003 February; 26(2): 128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12643588

•

Aluminium and fluoride in hospital daily diets and in teas. Author(s): Nabrzyski M, Gajewska R. Source: Z Lebensm Unters Forsch. 1995 October; 201(4): 307-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8525696

•

An acetylene and a monoterpene glycoside from Adenocaulon himalaicum. Author(s): Kwon HC, Lee KR.

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Acetylene

Source: Planta Medica. 2001 July; 67(5): 482-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488471 •

Antiallergic agents from natural sources. 3. Structures and inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production and histamine release of five novel polyacetylene glucosides from Bidens parviflora WILLD. Author(s): Wang N, Yao X, Ishii R, Kitanaka S. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 August; 49(8): 938-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11515581

•

Antihyperglycemic acetylenic glucosides from Bidens pilosa. Author(s): Ubillas RP, Mendez CD, Jolad SD, Luo J, King SR, Carlson TJ, Fort DM. Source: Planta Medica. 2000 February; 66(1): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10705745

•

Anti-inflammatory active polyacetylenes from Bidens campylotheca. Author(s): Redl K, Breu W, Davis B, Bauer R. Source: Planta Medica. 1994 February; 60(1): 58-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8134419

•

Antimalarial activity of extracts and fractions from Bidens pilosa and other Bidens species (Asteraceae) correlated with the presence of acetylene and flavonoid compounds. Author(s): Brandao MG, Krettli AU, Soares LS, Nery CG, Marinuzzi HC. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1997 July; 57(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9254115

•

Antimicrobial activity of polyacetylenes from Bellis perennis and their synthetic derivatives. Author(s): Avato P, Vitali C, Mongelli P, Tava A. Source: Planta Medica. 1997 December; 63(6): 503-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9434600

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Antiproliferative constituents in Umbelliferae plants II. Screening for polyacetylenes in some Umbelliferae plants, and isolation of panaxynol and falcarindiol from the root of Heracleum moellendorffii. Author(s): Nakano Y, Matsunaga H, Saita T, Mori M, Katano M, Okabe H. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1998 March; 21(3): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9556156

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Antitumor agents, 115. Seselidiol, a new cytotoxic polyacetylene from Seseli mairei. Author(s): Hu CQ, Chang JJ, Lee KH.

Alternative Medicine 25

Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1990 July-August; 53(4): 932-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2095375 •

Arrangement and regulation of the nitrogen fixation genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae studied by depression kinetics. Author(s): Collmer A, Lamborg M. Source: Journal of Bacteriology. 1976 May; 126(2): Unknown. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=816785

•

Atomic absorption determination of tin in foods: collaborative study. Author(s): Elkins ER, Sulek A. Source: J Assoc Off Anal Chem. 1979 September; 62(5): 1050-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=528446

•

Characterization of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae strain C1204b. Author(s): Chien CT, Maundu J, Cavaness J, Dandurand LM, Orser CS. Source: Fems Microbiology Letters. 1992 January 1; 69(2): 135-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1537541

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Chemical constituents from the colombian medicinal plant Niphogeton ternata. Author(s): Duan H, Takaishi Y, Fujimoto Y, Garzon C, Osorio C, Duque C. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 January; 50(1): 115-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11824570

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Chemical inactivation of the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase allows for the accumulation of salicylic acid in elicited cells. Author(s): Schoch GA, Nikov GN, Alworth WL, Werck-Reichhart D. Source: Plant Physiology. 2002 October; 130(2): 1022-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12376665

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Comparative response of Pisum sativum nodulated with indigenous soil Rhizobium populations and/or co-inoculated with a Rhizobium leguminosarum strain. I. Acetylene-reducing, dihydrogen- and carbon dioxide-evolving activities. Author(s): Skrdleta V, Nemcova M, Lisa L, Novak K, Kovarova D. Source: Folia Microbiol (Praha). 1991; 36(3): 271-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1841862

•

Conjugate additions of o-iodoanilines and methyl anthranilates to acetylenic sulfones. A new route to quinolones including first syntheses of two alkaloids from the medicinal herb Ruta chalepensis. Author(s): Back TG, Parvez M, Wulff JE.

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Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2003 March 21; 68(6): 2223-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12636385 •

Cytotoxic acetylenes from Panax quinquefolium. Author(s): Fujimoto Y, Satoh M, Takeuchi N, Kirisawa M. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1991 February; 39(2): 521-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2054881

•

Effect of polyacetylenes on the neurite outgrowth of neuronal culture cells and scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Author(s): Yamazaki M, Hirakura K, Miyaichi Y, Imakura K, Kita M, Chiba K, Mohri T. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2001 December; 24(12): 1434-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11767118

•

Effects of the acetylene compound from Atractylodes rhizome on experimental gastric ulcers induced by active oxygen species. Author(s): Sakurai T, Sugawara H, Saito K, Kano Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994 October; 17(10): 1364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7874060

•

Enzyme inhibitory activities of acetylene and sesquiterpene compounds in atractylodes rhizome. Author(s): Sakurai T, Yamada H, Saito K, Kano Y. Source: Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1993 February; 16(2): 142-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8395928

•

Factors affecting vesicle formation and acetylene reduction (nitrogenase activity) in Frankia sp. CpI1. Author(s): Tjepkema JD, Ormerod W, Torrey JG. Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1981 August; 27(8): 815-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6794897

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Further phenols and polyacetylenes from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea and their anti-inflammatory activity. Author(s): Resch M, Heilmann J, Steigel A, Bauer R. Source: Planta Medica. 2001 July; 67(5): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11488458

•

Gymnasterkoreaynes A-F, cytotoxic polyacetylenes from Gymnaster koraiensis. Author(s): Jung HJ, Min BS, Park JY, Kim YH, Lee HK, Bae KH.

Alternative Medicine 27

Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2002 June; 65(6): 897-901. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12088435 •

Hepatoprotective and nitric oxide production inhibitory activities of coumarin and polyacetylene constituents from the roots of Angelica furcijuga. Author(s): Matsuda H, Murakami T, Kageura T, Ninomiya K, Toguchida I, Nishida N, Yoshikawa M. Source: Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 1998 August 18; 8(16): 2191-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9873511

•

Improved method for preparing anaerobic bacteroid suspensions of Rhizobium leguminosarum for the acetylene reduction assay. Author(s): Van Straten J, Roelofsen W. Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1976 June; 31(6): 859-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=820257

•

New acetylenes isolated from the bark of Heisteria acuminata. Author(s): Kraus CM, Neszmelyi A, Holly S, Wiedemann B, Nenninger A, Torssell KB, Bohlin L, Wagner H. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1998 April; 61(4): 422-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9584394

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New evidences of antimalarial activity of Bidens pilosa roots extract correlated with polyacetylene and flavonoids. Author(s): Oliveira FQ, Andrade-Neto V, Krettli AU, Brandao MG. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004 July; 93(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15182902

•

Polyacetylene analogs, isolated from hairy roots of Panax ginseng, inhibit Acyl-CoA : cholesterol acyltransferase. Author(s): Kwon BM, Ro SH, Kim MK, Nam JY, Jung HJ, Lee IR, Kim YK, Bok SH. Source: Planta Medica. 1997 December; 63(6): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9434610

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Polyacetylene carboxylic acids from Mitrephora celebica. Author(s): Zgoda JR, Freyer AJ, Killmer LB, Porter JR. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 2001 October; 64(10): 1348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11678665

•

Polyacetylene glycosides from Gymnaster koraiensis. Author(s): Park J, Min B, Jung H, Kim Y, Lee H, Bae K.

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Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 May; 50(5): 685-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12036032 •

Polyacetylenes in hairy roots of a panax hybrid. Author(s): Washida D, Shimomura K, Kitanaka S. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 December; 69(12): 1163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14750038

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Steroidal adducts. VI. Steroids as probes of the relative reactivities of enophiles and dienophiles. Reactions of dicyanoacetylene with ergosterol derivatives. Author(s): Abramovitch A, Le Quesne PW. Source: The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 1974 July 26; 39(15): 2197-2201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4854408

•

Studies on the role of calcium ions in acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) by Gloeocapsa sp. 1430/3 [proceedings] Author(s): Hamadi AF, Gallon JR. Source: Biochemical Society Transactions. 1979 December; 7(6): 1266-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=119655

•

Use of on-flow LC/1H NMR for the study of an antioxidant fraction from Orophea enneandra and isolation of a polyacetylene, lignans, and a tocopherol derivative. Author(s): Cavin A, Potterat O, Wolfender JL, Hostettmann K, Dyatmyko W. Source: Journal of Natural Products. 1998 December; 61(12): 1497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9868150

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

Alternative Medicine 29

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to acetylene; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Herbs and Supplements Achillea Alternative names: Yarrow; Achillea millefolium L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

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Pimpinella Alternative names: Anise; Pimpinella anisum (L) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Silybum Alternative names: Milk Thistle; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

31

CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON ACETYLENE Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to acetylene. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “acetylene” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on acetylene, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Acetylene ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to acetylene. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

High-resolution Raman spectra of gaseous acetylene and dideuterated acetylene, and monodeuterated acetylene with single-mode argon ion laser excitation by Kostyk, Edmund; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40926

•

Isolation from soil and characterization of a denitrifying Cytophaga capable of reducing nitrous oxide in the presence of acetylene and sulfide by Adkins, Anne M; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL24071

•

Modelling of methane, acetylene and silane plasmas: Study of the plasma chemistry by Herrebout, Dieter; Dr from Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen (Belgium), 2003, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3115498

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•

Production of nitrous oxide by nitrification and the effect of acetylene on nitrifying bacteria by Hynes, Russell K; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK64585

•

Selective hydrogenation of acetylene and hydrodechlorination of 1,2-dichloroethane over palladium bimetallic catalysts by Arsenault, Sarah; PhD from Tulane University, 2003, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084099

•

Spectroscopic study of the acetylene species by Duan, Zicheng; PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f203345

•

STABILIZED METHYLACETYLENE PROPADIENE (MPS) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ACETYLENE FOR WELDING INSTRUCTION (SAFETY, OXY-FUEL) by DRAKE, WILLIAM HOPKINS, JR., PHD from Texas A&M University, 1983, 123 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8408424

•

The effect of oxygen on nitrogen fixation and acetylene reduction in soil and in pure culture systems by Brouzes, R. J. P; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11768

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The oligomerization of acetylene over fluoridated alumina catalysts by Allenger, Vincenza M; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46699

•

X-ray crystallographic studies on [Pi] acetylene complexes of platinum by Davies, Brian William; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24520

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

33

CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON ACETYLENE Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “acetylene” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on acetylene, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Acetylene By performing a patent search focusing on acetylene, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Acetylene

will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on acetylene: •

Aqueous coating composition Inventor(s): Fritcher; Jesse (Lansing, IL), Kim; Juhan (Annarbor, MI), Makarewicz; Jeffrey (Annarbor, MI) Assignee(s): Nippon Bee Research America, Inc. (Lansing, IL), Toyota Technical Center, U.S.A., Inc. (Annarbor, MI) Patent Number: 6,613,826 Date filed: September 1, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides: a high viscosity aqueous coating composition, which can be coated onto plastic materials such as polyolefin materials by a HVLP gun, and which has excellent sagging performance and can obtain a coating film with good appearance. The aqueous coating composition comprises an acetylene diol defoamer and a silicone wetting agent in addition to a film-formable component, wherein the nonvolatile solid content of the acetylene diol defoamer is in the range of 0.25 to 1.0 weight % of the entirety of the aqueous coating composition, and the nonvolatile solid content of the silicone wetting agent is in the range of 0.75 to 2.0 weight % of the entirety of the aqueous coating composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aqueous coating composition which can improve poor appearance caused when plastic materials are directly coated with the composition by a high-volume-low-pressure (HVLP) gun, namely, which gives good sprayability. Plastic materials utilized for automotive interior parts include polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) and polycarbonate (PC). In recent years, polyolefin materials are getting often used in view of cost and recyclability. Until now, these plastic materials were coated with organic solvent type paints or aqueous paints by spray guns, such as a HVLP gun and a conventional air-spray gun. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06613826__

•

Carbon nitride coating for optical media discs Inventor(s): Lieberman; Val L. (Lancaster, PA), Richter; J. Hans (Lancaster, PA), Yamazaki; Yasuo (Lancaster, PA) Assignee(s): Richter Precision, Inc. (East Petersburg, PA) Patent Number: 6,658,895 Date filed: August 16, 2001 Abstract: The disclosure is for a film coating which yields increased life for optical media molds and the method and apparatus for making such a film. The film is a carbon nitride layer of 0.5 to 5.0 microns thickness with 2% to 45% nitrogen coated on an underlayer. One method of making the carbon nitride film is by the use of a pulsed carbon arc to generate a carbon plasma while injecting nitrogen into the vacuum chamber in which the arc is created. Another method is to generate a radio frequency plasma in a vacuum chamber into which acetylene and nitrogen gas are injected. The carbon nitride is formed by the combination of nitrogen with the carbon from the acetylene.

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Excerpt(s): This invention deals generally with wear and corrosion resistant coatings on metal and more specifically with a coating for plastic injection molds. Over the last decade, diamond-like carbon coatings deposited on various tools and parts have gained wide acceptance for wear and corrosion protection. The diamond-like carbon coatings demonstrate a unique combination of properties that include high hardness in excess of 2,000 GPa and extremely low coefficients of friction and surface tension. Furthermore, they are chemically inert when in a variety of aggressive environments and have an aesthetically attractive appearance. Such diamond-like carbon coatings are amorphous, which means that they do not have long range repeatability of atomic positions in their crystalline structure. In recent years diamond-like carbon films have been introduced for coating molds that are used for plastic injection molding where the anti-sticking properties of the diamond-like carbon coatings allow for reduced downtime, longer mold life, and improved product quality. Diamond-like carbon films have been particularly beneficial when used for the protection of the working surfaces of the molds and the mold parts used for manufacturing optical media discs such as CDs, DVDs, and the like. Although discs manufactured with diamond-like carbon film coated molds generally outperform those from uncoated or titanium nitride coated molds, the field performance of diamond-like carbon coated molds varies for different methods of depositing the diamond-like carbon. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06658895__ •

Chemical sensors and method of use Inventor(s): Glass; Timothy E. (State College, PA), Moran; Ricardo (Washington, DC), Raker; Joseph (State College, PA) Assignee(s): The Penn State Research Foundation () Patent Number: 6,586,256 Date filed: May 2, 2000 Abstract: Chemical sensor compositions and methods for quantifying analytes are described. The chemical sensors include analyte-binding moieties and reporter moieties covalently attached to a framework including two trityl groups connected by a linear spacer such as ethyne or butadiyne. The sensors chelate an analyte across the acetylene axis of the molecule to stabilize the molecule in an eclipsed rotamer conformation. This conformation causes the sensors to emit a measurable signal. Also disclosed are methods of making the chemical sensors, methods of using the chemical sensors, and kits for quantifying analytes using the chemical Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds for quantifying analytes. In particular, the present invention relates to small molecule compounds that have analytebinding moieties functionally linked to reporter moieties. The reporter moieties of these molecules emit a measurable signal when the analyte-binding moieties interact with the analyte. Chemical sensors or chemosensors are small synthetic molecules that produce a measurable signal upon interaction with a specific analyte. They are used to determine the concentration of an analyte without involving complicated analytical techniques or having to "disturb" the system being analyzed. Numerous uses for chemosensors exist. For example, in the biochemical community, they have been used as sensitive, nondestructive probes for quantifying the amount of a particular analyte in living cells. In the medical industry, chemosensors are used for quickly quantifying the amount of certain analytes in bodily fluids such as blood or urine. Myriad other applications for chemosensors exist, including, for example, monitoring pollutants in waste water and

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quantifying contaminants in chemical compositions. See, Chemosensors of Ion and Molecule Recognition, Desvergne, J- P.; Czarnik, A. W., Eds.; NATO ASI Series C: 492; Kluwer: New York, 1997; "Signaling Recognition Events with Fluorescent Sensors and Switches" de Silva, A. P.; Gunaratne, H. Q. N.; Gunnlaugsson T.; Huxley, A. J. M.; McCoy, C. P.; Radermacher, J. T.; Rice, T. E. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1515; "Desperately Seeking Sensors" Czamik, A. W., Chem. and Bio. 1995, 2, 423; Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition, Czarnik, A. W. (Ed.), ACS Symp. Set. 538; ACS: Washington D.C., 1993. Several molecules that can serve as chemosensors have previously been developed (see, e.g., http://www.molecularprobes.com). These compounds are typically designed to have an analyte-binding moiety functionally connected to a fluorescent reporter moiety. Binding of the analyte of interest by the analyte-binding moiety causes a conformational change in the chemosensor molecule that results in the modulation of the fluorescence of the reporter moiety. For example, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) may result when two fluorescent moieties are brought into close proximity by the steric change of a chemosensor molecule caused by analyte-binding. FRET alters the fluorescence emission of the reporter moiety, resulting in a measurable signal from which the analyte concentration can be extrapolated. Other chemosensor molecules produce a visible color change upon binding an analyte. Analyte-binding by these molecules alters their conformation so that in solution they absorb visible light differently and thereby cause a color change. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586256__ •

Coating liquid, and image recording method and recording using same Inventor(s): Hara; Kazuhiko (Nagano, JP), Ito; Fumitsugu (Nagano, JP), Komatsu; Hidehiko (Nagano, JP), Ota; Hitoshi (Nagano, JP), Yatake; Masahiro (Nagano, JP) Assignee(s): Seiko Epson Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,723,784 Date filed: April 10, 2001 Abstract: A coating liquid for forming a transparent topcoat, without requiring a hardening or fixing process that uses heating or UV radiation. The coating liquid imparts light resistance, water resistance, fixation, and glossiness to recordings. Also, a recording method using the coating liquid, and recordings produced thereby. The liquid, which is applied to recorded images, contains at least water, fine polymer particles, and a penetrating agent, preferably a penetrating agent selected acetylene glycol surfactants, acetylene alcohol surfactants, glycol ethers, and 1,2-alkylene glycols. Also, an image recording method for forming an even, transparent coating layer by spraying the coating liquid during an ink jet recording process, as well as recordings produced thereby. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a coating liquid used in methods for coating recorded images, to an image recording method using that coating liquid, and to a recordings recorded therewith. Conventionally, the method of coating a recorded image with a laminate film is practiced as a method for protecting the recorded image and enhancing the bond between the recorded image and the base material. With this method, however, because separate process steps are required for supplying the laminate film, coating, and pressure application and the like, the apparatus itself becomes complex. With further innovations needed to effect suitable coatings, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. S59-104974/1984 (published), an apparatus is proposed for effecting good and suitable laminate coatings by the new addition, to the

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process, of an apparatus for detecting laminate film layer displacement. With this, however, the apparatus becomes even larger and more complex. Ink jet recording, on the other hand, is a method wherewith text or graphics are recorded on the surface of a recording medium by ejecting small droplets of ink from very small nozzles. The ink jet recording procedures being implemented in practice include a method wherewith electrical signals are converted to mechanical signals using an electrostriction transducer, and ink stored in a nozzle head portion is discharged intermittently and text or symbols are recorded on the surface of a recording medium, and a method wherewith a part extremely close to the portion ejecting the ink stored in the nozzle head portion is rapidly heated to generate bubbles, intermittent ejection is effected by the cubical expansion of those bubbles, and text or symbols are recorded on the surface of a recording medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06723784__ •

Conductive melt-processible fluoropolymer Inventor(s): Ishii; Kasuke (Shimizu, JP), Kondo; Shosaku (Shimizu, JP), Lee; Jeong Chang (Shimizu, JP), Sato; Hajime (Shimizu, JP), Suzuki; Noriyuki (Shimizu, JP) Assignee(s): DuPont Mitsui Fluorochemicals (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,582,628 Date filed: May 21, 2002 Abstract: A method for producing an electrically conducting melt-processible fluoropolymer comprising pulverizing a composition of (a) carbon aggregate and (b) coagulum particles of aqueous dispersion polymerized melt-processible fluoropolymer, coating the coagulum particle with the disintegrated particles of carbon black. The preferred composition comprises a structured carbon black such as acetylene black and a melt processible fluoropolymer wherein said melt processible fluoropolymer has two crystallization peaks in a DSC cooling curve when allowed to crystallize from a temperature of not less than its melting point at a cooling rate of 12.degree. C./min; and the ratio of the crystallization peak heights (high temperature side peak/low temperature side peak) is 0.65 or greater; and/or the ratio of the high temperature side crystallization peak area to the total area of the crystallization peaks [high temperature side peak area/(high temperature side peak area+low temperature side peak area)] is 0.18 or greater. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to melt-processible fluoropolymer rendered conductive by the incorporation of carbon black. Fluoropolymers are used in containers and hoses for flammable fluids because they are little affected by such fluids and also are highly impermeable to them. Because the containers and hoses should have some electrical conductivity to prevent the accumulation of static charge, which can cause safety problems, fillers are added to the fluoropolymers to confer electrical conductivity. To obtain articles having uniform electrical conductivity, it is desirable that fillers that impart conductivity be uniformly distributed. Japanese Kokai Patent Hei 11 (1999)-35694 discloses a method for granulation of melt-processible fluoropolymer by the addition of polyfluoroalkyl alkyl ether to aqueous fluorocarbon dispersion. The resultant fluoropolymer powder granules have a large average particle size (1.0 to 1.5 mm according to the Examples). Addition of conductive filler to these granules leads to uneven distribution of the filler and this adversely affects conductivity of articles meltfabricated from the granule/filler mixture.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582628__ •

Conjugated copolymers of dithienothiophene with vinylene or acetylene Inventor(s): Farrand; Louise Diane (Blandford Forum, GB), Giles; Mark (Southampton, GB), Heeney; Martin (Southampton, GB), McCulloch; Iain (Kings Somborne, GB), Shkunov; Maxim (Southampton, GB), Sparrowe; David (Bournemouth, GB), Thompson; Marcus (Fordingbridge, GB), Tierney; Steven (Southampton, GB) Assignee(s): Merck Patent GmbH (Darmstadt, DE) Patent Number: 6,645,401 Date filed: August 19, 2002 Abstract: Conjugated copolymers of dithienothiophene with vinylene or acetylene are suitable for use as semiconductors or charge transport materials in optical, electrooptical or electronic devices including field effect transistors, electroluminescent, photovoltaic and sensor devices. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to new conjugated copolymers of dithienothiophene with vinylene or acetylene (ethinylene). The invention further relates to methods of their preparation, to their use as semiconductors or charge transport materials in optical, electrooptical or electronic devices including field effect transistors, electroluminescent, photovoltaic and sensor devices. The invention further relates to field effect transistors and semiconducting components comprising the new polymers. Organic materials have recently shown promise as the active layer in organic based thin film transistors and organic field effect transistors [see reference 1]. Such devices have potential applications in smart cards, security tags and the switching element in flat panel displays. Organic materials are envisaged to have substantial cost advantages over their silicon analogues if they can be deposited from solution, as this enables a fast, large-area fabrication route. The performance of the device is principally based upon the charge carrier mobility of the semiconducting material and the current on/off ratio, so the ideal semiconductor should have a low conductivity in the off state, combined with a high charge carrier mobility (>1.times.10.sup.-3 cm.sup.2 V.sup.-1 s.sup.-1). In addition, it is important that the semiconducting material is relatively stable to oxidation, i.e., it has a high ionisation potential, as oxidation leads to reduced device performance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645401__

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Dielectric compositions, preparation thereof, and integrated circuit devices fabricated therewith Inventor(s): Carter; Kenneth R. (San Jose, CA), Hedrick; James L. (Pleasanton, CA), Lee; Victor Yee-Way (San Jose, CA), McHerron; Dale C. (Staatsburg, NY), Miller; Robert D. (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, NY) Patent Number: 6,518,392 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: A novel dielectric composition is provided that is useful in the manufacture of integrated circuit devices and integrated circuit packaging devices. The dielectric composition is prepared by imidizing and curing an oligomeric precursor compound

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comprised of a central polybenzoxazole, polybenzothiazole, polyamic acid or polyamic acid ester segment end-capped at each terminus with an aryl-substituted acetylene moiety such as an ortho-bis(arylethynyl)aryl group, e.g., 3,4-bis(phenylethynyl)phenyl. Integrated circuit devices, integrated circuit packaging devices, and methods of synthesis and manufacture are provided as well. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to dielectric materials and their use in integrated circuits. More particularly, the invention pertains to novel dielectric polymer compositions, oligomeric precursors and methods for preparing the compositions, and integrated circuit devices fabricated therewith. Polyimides are known in the art for use in the manufacture of integrated circuits including chips (e.g., chip back end of line, or "BEOL"), thin film packages, and printed circuit boards. Polyimides are useful in forming dielectric interlayers, passivation layers, alpha particle barriers, and stress buffers. Polyimides are particularly useful as an interlayer dielectric material to insulate the conductor wiring interconnecting the chips on a multichip module. This is known as "thin film" wiring. Multichip modules represent an intermediate level of packaging between the chips and the circuit board, and are generally known in the art. Multichip modules are made up of multiple layers of power, signal, and ground planes which deliver power to the chips and distribute the input/output signals between chips on the module or to and from the circuit board. There is a continuing desire in the microelectronics industry to increase the circuit density in multilevel integrated circuit devices, e.g., memory and logic chips, thereby increasing performance and reducing cost. In order to accomplish these goals, those in the field are striving to reduce the minimum feature sizes, e.g., metal lines and vias, and to decrease the dielectric constant of the interposed dielectric material to enable closer spacing of circuit lines without a concomitant increase in crosstalk and capacitive coupling. Polyimides usually have dielectric constants of about 3.0-3.8 and mechanical and thermal properties sufficient to withstand present processing operations including the thermal cycling associated with semiconductor manufacturing. However, there is a need in the art for a dielectric material that would be suitable for use in integrated circuit devices, wherein the material exhibits a lower dielectric constant (e.g., <3.0) than typically exhibited by polyimides and has improved mechanical and thermal properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06518392__ •

Electric heating cloth and method Inventor(s): Kleshchik; David (6542 Hilltop Dr., Troy, MI 48098) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,649,886 Date filed: May 11, 2002 Abstract: A highly flexible and reliable electric heating cloth and method for providing a stable elevated temperature to an environmental site. The heating cloth is comprised of conductive resistive threads which are interwoven with non-conductive threads. One characterizing feature of the cloth is that the diameters of the threads are less than 0.7 mm. Another distinguishing feature is that the conducting resistive threads have thin outer shells containing a matrix of a thermally stable, elastomeric, high temperature polymer and dispersed particles of carbon formed from acetylene and colloidal graphite. A third distinguishing feature is that an arrangement of conductive bus bars and conductive distributing bars in the heating cloth make it possible to divide the cloth into multiple heating zones. A method is disclosed for producing the heating cloth.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to electric heating fabrics, and more particularly to an electric heated cloth and method for the generation and maintenance of a required temperature in a certain local zone. The invention also relates to a conducting resistive thread used in the heated cloth. Present-day demands to control temperatures generate a high interest in flexible electric heating devices that may be used to ensure environment adaptation to a temperature parameter. Cloth heaters are a type of flexible electric heater representing a flexible means of heating various surfaces and media that are easily adapted to the application site. Among the devices that require use of cloth electric heaters are automotive heated seats, heated steering wheels, automotive engine oil crankcases, cement hardening heaters, clothes with heating elements, thermal blankets, etc. In some applications, such as automotive seat heaters, it is desirable that permanent operating heater temperature of approximately 37.degree. C. be maintained, with provisions to raise it to about 150.degree. C. within a short period of time during fabrication of seats in order to ensure melting of an adhesive material that ensures gluing of the car seat material to a foam. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649886__ •

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using industrial process off gas feedstreams Inventor(s): Pedersen; Peter S. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): Rentech Inc. (Denver, CO) Patent Number: 6,627,666 Date filed: August 8, 2001 Abstract: A process is described in which the waste gas from the production of acetylene is employed in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of hydrocarbon liquids. The process consists of the steps of collecting the waste gas, compressing it to the proper pressure, passing the compressed gas into a reactor containing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst under the proper conditions of temperature, pressure, and space velocity, and collecting the liquid products thereby formed from the waste gas stream. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for synthesizing hydrocarbons from industrial waste gas streams such as acetylene off-gases. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in the slurry phase, Schlesinger, M. D. et al., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 43(6) 1951 pp. 1474-79. These works and the references contained therein are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627666__

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Ink jet recording ink and ink jet recording apparatus Inventor(s): Yatake; Masahiro (Suwa, JP) Assignee(s): Seiko Epson Corporation (Tokyo-To, JP) Patent Number: 6,737,449 Date filed: February 17, 1998 Abstract: An ink composition is provided which can realize a good image having no significant featuring or bleeding on various recording media, especially even on plain paper, recycled paper, and recording media having thereon a gloss layer. The ink composition comprises a pigment, a water-soluble organic solvent, a surfactant, and

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water, wherein the pigment is dispersible and/or soluble in water without a dispersant and the surfactant is an acetylene glycol surfactant. This ink composition can realize an image having no significant feathering or bleeding on various recording media. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an ink jet recording ink which can yield a print having high quality with high reliability on various recording media, especially on plain papers, recycled papers, and special papers having thereon an ink-receptive layer. Properties required of inks used in the ink jet recording includes a good drying property of the print, no feathering created, homogeneous printing performed on the surface of various recording medium, and, in the case of multi-color printing, no color-to-color intermixing occurred. Feathering on paper occurs attributable to the presence of fibers different from each other in ink penetration, a black ink and a color ink are intermixed at the boundary therebetween to deteriorate the image quality. Further, when the ink put on a recording medium is touched with a hand, the ink is unfavorably detached from the recording medium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06737449__ •

Internal combustion system adapted for use of a dual fuel composition including acetylene Inventor(s): Hulett; Maynard (Columbia, MO), Lee; Sunggyu (Columbia, MO), Wulff; Joseph W. (Hallsville, MO) Assignee(s): Go-Tec (Columbia, MO) Patent Number: 6,575,147 Date filed: March 21, 2000 Abstract: An internal combustion engine adapted to use an environmentally clean multifuel composition, comprising acetylene as a primary fuel and a combustible fuel, such as one or more fluids selected from an alcohol such as ethanol, methanol or any other alcohol or alcohols from the group comprising C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 carbon chains, ethers such as from the group comprising dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, ethyl t-butyl ether, t-amyl methyl ether, di-isopropyl ether and the like, low-molecularweight esters such as from the group comprising methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, ethyl malate, butyl malate, and the like, or other suitable combustible fluid such as mineral spirits and the like, as a secondary fuel for operatively preventing early ignition and knock arising from the primary fuel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a system using fuel comprising at least two combustible ingredients and more particularly, without limitation, to an internal combustion engine using fuel comprising acetylene and another combustible fuel. Acetylene is conventionally produced by reacting calcium carbide with water. The reaction is spontaneously occurring and can be conducted without any sophisticated equipment or apparatus. Such produced acetylene has been utilized for lighting in mine areas, by street vendors, etc. People often call such lighting sources "carbide lights" or "carbide lamps". Industrial uses of acetylene as a fuel for motors or lighting sources, however, has been nearly nonexistent. In modern times, the use of acetylene as a fuel has been largely limited to acetylene torches for welding or welding-related applications. In most such applications, acetylene is generally handled in solution form, such as acetylene dissolved in acetone for example. The reaction proceeds spontaneously at any temperature and pressure conditions and easily goes to completion without leaving any residues other than the desired combustion products,

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namely carbon dioxide and water. Further, the reaction ideally takes place in a gaseous phase without any need for catalytic assistance. The gas-phase reaction has several advantages over heterogeneous reactions such as gas-liquid, gas-solid, and solid-liquid reactions. For example, the gas-phase reaction does not require much effort for mixing necessary ingredients, assuring proper ratios, or handling by-products of combustion. Such advantages become very significant in fuel applications for combustion engines where liquid fuels such as gasoline have been conventionally used, and gasoline (liquidphase) and air (gas-phase) interact contact in an engine for combustion reaction purposes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06575147__ •

Liquid crystal composition, color filter and optical film Inventor(s): Ichihashi; Mitsuyoshi (Shizuoka-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 6,645,397 Date filed: June 6, 2001 Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal composition whose orientation undergoes a large change upon irradiation with light, and which also has a large birefringence.DELTA.n. The liquid crystal composition contains an aromatic acetylene compound and a chiral compound that undergoes a structural change upon photoreaction, and has such properties that, upon irradiation with light, its helical pitch undergoes a large change in accordance with the level of the light intensity, and that has a large birefringence.DELTA.n. Therefore, the present invention makes it possible to provide a reflection type color filter which utilizes the liquid crystal composition, and which provides a lighter display with high reflectance. Moreover, the present invention also provides an optical film that can be formed as a thinner film using the liquid crystal composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid crystal composition, a color filter and an optical film using such a liquid crystal composition. In general, a color filter used for a color liquid crystal display, etc., is composed of, red (R), green (G) and blue (B) pixels respectively, and black matrixes that are formed between the pixels so as to improve display contrast. Conventionally, the color filter of this type has been mainly formed by dispersing a pigment into a resin or dyeing a resin with a dye. In the manufacturing method also, such a colored resin liquid is coated onto a glass substrate by spin coating, etc., to form a colored resist layer. This is patterned by photolithography to form a color filter pixel, or a colored pixel is printed directly on a substrate; thus, a color filter is manufactured. However, in the manufacturing method of a color filter using a printing method, there is a drawback in that the pixel resolution is low and it is difficult to produce a high-resolution image pattern. In the manufacturing method using the spin coat method, there is also a drawback in that there is a large amount of material loss. Further, it is generally necessary to carry out mask exposure three times in order to form R, G & B pixels respectively, and as a result the manufacturing process is complex and manufacturing cost is high. The color filter is required to have properties of high transmittance and high color purity. In a method in which a dye is used, transmittance and purity may be improved by optimizing the type of dye and the color resin. Also, in a method using a pigment, transmittance and purity may be improved by using a fine pigment which is more thoroughly dispersed. However, since all of the conventional color filters are color filters of the light-absorbing

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type, there is a limit to how much the color purity can be improved by improving the transmittance. In recent years, there have been high demands for transmittance and color purity of color filters used, in liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. In particular, in reflection-type LCD color filters, it is very difficult to simultaneously achieve a degree of whiteness like white paper, contrast and color reproducibility, but there have been particularly high demands for color filters having these properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645397__ •

Lithium secondary battery Inventor(s): Kitoh; Kenshin (Nagoya, JP), Kurokawa; Teruhisa (Aichi-prefecture, JP) Assignee(s): NGK Insulators, Ltd. (Nagoya, JP) Patent Number: 6,569,557 Date filed: September 9, 1999 Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes: an internal electrode body including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, the positive electrode and the negative electrode being wound or laminated via the separator, and an organic electrolyte. The active material used in the positive electrode satisfies the following relation between the average particle diameter R (.mu.m) and the specific surface area S (m.sup.2 /g):6.ltoreq.R.times.S.ltoreq.50The amount of the acetylene black added to the positive electrode active material satisfies the following relation with the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material:S.ltoreq.W.ltoreq.S+5 (W.ltoreq.10)(W is the amount of the acetylene black added to the positive electrode active material, expressed in % by weight based on the amount of the active material, and S is expressed in m.sup.2 /g.) In this battery, the electron conductivity is improved, and the internal resistance is reduced. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery wherein the electron conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer is improved, the internal resistance is reduced, and discharging in large output and in large current is possible and which can be suitably used particularly as an electric source for driving of the motor of an electric vehicle or the like. In recent years, as the movement for environmental protection has become active, it has become a serious issue to control the exhaust gas (e.g. carbon dioxide and other harmful materials) emitted from internal combustion engines or to save energy. In this connection, it has become common, in the automobile industry, to investigate the market introduction, as early as possible, of electric vehicles (EVs) or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in place of conventional automobiles using fossil fuels (e.g. gasoline). As the battery used for driving of the motor of EV or HEV, a lithium secondary battery is promising for its high energy density. In order for an EV or HEV to exhibit sufficient performance in acceleration, slope-climbing property, continuous running property, etc., the lithium secondary battery used therein must have a large capacity and a large output. For example, in an HEV, the lithium secondary battery for motor driving must have a high output because the motor assists the output of vehicle during acceleration. Since the voltage of a single battery is determined by the materials constituting the battery and, in the case of lithium secondary battery, is at best about 4.2 V in terms of open-circuit voltage and about 3 to 4 V in terms of actual discharge voltage, the above-mentioned "high output" means that a large current flows. In HEVs, etc., a large current of 100 A or more flows often and, in some cases, a current as large as 500 A flows in a short period of time.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569557__ •

Method for hemihydrogenating dinitriles to form aminonitriles Inventor(s): Dallemer; Frederic (Lyons, FR), Seigneurin; Aline (Le Chesnay, FR) Assignee(s): Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates (Saint Fons, FR) Patent Number: 6,635,781 Date filed: June 7, 2002 Abstract: A process is provided for the hemihydrogenation of dinitriles to corresponding aminonitriles using hydrogen in the presence of a supported catalyst. The supported catalyst comprises ruthenium supported on a carbon black, called acetylene black, resulting from the pyrolysis of paraffin oils. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the hemihydrogenation of dinitriles to corresponding aminonitriles. The hydrogenation of dinitriles is generally carried out in order to prepare the corresponding diamines; thus, particularly, the hydrogenation of adiponitrile results in hexamethylenediamine, which is itself one of the base monomers in the preparation of polyamides. However, it can sometimes prove necessary to prepare not the diamine but the intermediate aminonitrile. This is the case, for example but not limitingly, in the hemihydrogenation of adiponitrile to aminocapronitrile, which is capable of subsequently being converted either to caprolactam, the base monomer in the manufacture of polyamide-6, or directly to polyamide-6. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635781__

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Method for producing fluorinated diamond-like carbon films Inventor(s): Hakovirta; Marko J. (Geneva, CH), He; Xiao-Ming (Midland, MI), Lee; Deok-Hyung (Plano, TX), Nastasi; Michael A. (Santa Fe, NM) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Los Alamos, NM) Patent Number: 6,572,937 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: Fluorinated, diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) films are produced by a pulsed, glow-discharge plasma immersion ion processing procedure. The pulsed, glowdischarge plasma was generated at a pressure of 1 Pa from an acetylene (C.sub.2 H.sub.2) and hexafluoroethane (C.sub.2 F.sub.6) gas mixture, and the fluorinated, diamond-like carbon films were deposited on silicon <100>substrates. The film hardness and wear resistance were found to be strongly dependent on the fluorine content incorporated into the coatings. The hardness of the F-DLC films was found to decrease considerably when the fluorine content in the coatings reached about 20%. The contact angle of water on the F-DLC coatings was found to increase with increasing film fluorine content and to saturate at a level characteristic of polytetrafluoroethylene. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the deposition of diamond-like coatings on substrates and, more particularly, to the deposition of fluorinated diamondlike coatings on substrates using plasma immersion ion processing. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are known for their high hardness, wear resistance and low friction. Many applications have been developed for these coatings and their modified counterparts. A scratch resistant and extremely hard coating with excellent hydrophobic

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(un-wetting) properties has numerous practical applications ranging from non-stick kitchenware to protective coatings for optics. Since DLC is itself only mildly hydrophobic, different elements such as F, N, O or Si, have often been incorporated into it by using a variety of techniques (see e.g., M. Grischke et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. 74, 739 (1995)). The fluorination of thin films and surfaces can be achieved using both etching and deposition treatments. However, the fluorine incorporation in surfaces after the widely used C.sub.2 F.sub.4 plasma etching process is only a few nanometers deep (see, e.g., Y. Lin and L. J. Overzet, Appl. Phys. Left. 62, 675 (1993) and C. Vivensang et al., Diamond Relat. Mater. 3, 645 (1994)), thereby limiting the applications of the treated surfaces. The deposition of different types of fluorinated films such as fluoropolymer films by sputtering of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) onto targets or by using plasmaassisted deposition has been well established (see, e.g., D. Fleisch et al., J. Membrane Sci. 73, 163 (1992) and F. Quaranta et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 63, 10 (1993)). For the plasma deposition of F-DLC films fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon mixtures have been mostly used (see, e.g., D. Fleisch et al., J. Membrane Sci. 73, 163 (1992), R. S. Butter et al., Thin Solid Films, 107 (1997), and J. Seth and S. V. Babu, Thin Solid Films 230, 90 (1993)). The results from various studies by different groups have shown that the un-wetting properties of F-DLC films can reach the performance of PTFE and the hardness and wear resistance have been kept relatively high (see, e.g., M. Grischke et al., Diam. Relet. Mater. 7, 454 (1998) and C. Donnet et al., Surf. Coat. Technol. 94-95, 531 (1997)). Earlier studies have also shown that the contact angle behavior of the F-DLC films produced with plasma techniques from fluorocarbon-hydrocarbon gas mixtures depends on the incorporation of CF.sub.2 and CF.sub.3 groups rather than CF group (see, e.g., D. Fleisch et al., supra, H. Kasai et al., J. Phys. D19, L225 (1986), and J. Seth and S. V. Babu, supra). This incorporation then depends on the composition of source gases, deposition technique and parameters and plasma chemistry that take place during the deposition. In order to attain widespread utilization, a method for deposition of thin films must be readily scalable to a production scale. This also applies to F-DLC films. To date, all plasma deposition techniques that have been used to produce hard F-DLC with good unwetting properties have been line-of-sight processes. Thus, complex-shaped objects are difficult to uniformly coat. Plasma Immersion Ion Processing (PIIP) for the deposition of F-DLC coatings differs from the Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) process by employing a low pulsed-bias voltage, typically less than 10 kV, and enables the deposition of thin films on various substrate materials (see, e.g., K. C. Walter et al., Surf. Coat Technol. 93, 287 (1997) and S. M. Malik et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A15, 2875 (1997)). Additionally, PIIP enables conformal deposition over large areas (see, e.g., J. R. Conrad et al., J. Appl. Phys. 62, 4591 (1987)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06572937__ •

Molding composition of siloxane capable of extending mold lifetime Inventor(s): Yang; Wen-Chen (No. 167, Pei Shing Street, Chia Yi, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,617,392 Date filed: January 3, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides the molding composition of siloxane, which is capable of extending mold lifetime where inhibitors alkene or acetylene polymerization are mixed in the molds composed of siloxane. The inhibitors can effectively inhibit the release of alkene or acetylene when a resin containing an alkene or acetylene is poured

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into the molds which extends lifetime of molds composed of siloxane. The inhibitors are compounds containing primarily sulfur, wherein sulfur is the most effective. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a molding composition of siloxane which is capable of extending mold lifetime that can be realized by adding alkene or acetylene polymerization inhibitors into molds composed of siloxane and are especially indicated in this invention. The process of making molds (caves) by using solidificable composition of siloxane is primarily done by pouring the composition around objects which will be released and removed after the composition of siloxane solidify, then followed by emptying the caves where the objects were placed before are formed. The glassy or solid molded products will be obtained after the molded material, such as a liquid or resin with a solidifying agent, is added into the caves. The molded material most often used is a polymerizable liquid such as a polyester-styrene resin (unsaturated polyester resin) which will polymerize and solidify after it is injected into the mold caves composed of siloxane. However, since this process (especially for the alkene resin) is exothermic (sometimes highly exothermic reaction), the molds will be damaged after it is reused. 1. A part of a solidified composition of siloxane molds adhere to the molded material. The molds composed of siloxane are damaged by the pulling when the molded material is taken out. This is especially true for molds containing juts or fine stripes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06617392__ •

Olefin separations employing CTS molecular sieves Inventor(s): Bell; Valerie A. (Edison, NJ), Kuznicki; Steven M. (Whitehouse Station, NJ) Assignee(s): Engelhard Corporation (Iselin, NJ) Patent Number: 6,517,611 Date filed: July 23, 2001 Abstract: Separation of ethylene from ethane is achieved by feeding a mixture of the C.sub.2 hydrocarbons in contact with a CTS-1 crystalline titanium silicate molecular sieve which has a controlled pore size to selectively adsorb ethylene and size exclude ethane. The feed stream can also contain acetylene which can be selectively adsorbed from both ethane and ethylene by further controlling the pore size of the CTS-1 molecular sieve. Propane/propylene separation is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to use of adsorbents in purification of relatively impure olefins such as are typically produced by thermal cracking of suitable hydrocarbon feedstocks. More particularly, this invention concerns purification by passing an olefinic stream, containing alkanes, small amounts of acetylenic impurities, carbon oxides and/or other organic components, which are typically impurities in cracked gas oil, in contact with an adsorbent comprising a crystalline titanium silicate under conditions suitable for adsorption of olefins and/or alkynes. Generally, this invention is directed to separating useful alkenes (olefins) and/or alkynes from alkanes (paraffins) of the same carbon content and is more specifically directed to separating ethylene or propylene from mixed streams of ethane/ethylene or propane/propylene, respectively, using CTS titanium silicate adsorbents. As is well-known, olefins, or alkenes, are a homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds characterized by having a double bond of four shared electrons between two carbon atoms. The simplest member of the series, ethylene, is the largest volume organic chemical produced today. Importantly, olefins including ethylene, propylene and smaller amounts of butadiene,

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are converted to a multitude of intermediate and end products on a large scale, mainly polymeric materials. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517611__ •

Organic compound having an acetylene group, vacuum deposition polymerization thereof, deposited polymerized thin film, and electroluminescence device containing same Inventor(s): Jung; Sang Hyun (Taean-kun, KR), Kang; Yong Ku (Shinsung-dong, KR), Kim; Hee Jung (Myungjang-dong, KR), Lee; Chang Jin (Yusung-ku, KR), Lee; Sung Koo (Bundang-ku, KR) Assignee(s): Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (Daejeon, KR) Patent Number: 6,682,782 Date filed: January 3, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to an organic compound having acetylene group(s), a thin film formed by vacuum deposition polymerization using said organic compound, vacuum deposition polymerization to form said thin film, and an electroluminescence device containing said thin film. More particularly, the present invention relates to an organic compound having at least one acetylene groups, vacuum deposition polymerization in which said organic compound is deposited on the substrate and simultaneously or then polymerized by heat treatment or UV irradiation to form a polymer thin film, and an electroluminescence device using at least one layer of said thin film. Excerpt(s): Organic functional thin film is recently used in Thin Film Transistor-Liquid Crystal Device (TFT-LCD), organic polymer electroluminescence devices, piezoelectric devices, optical materials and the like because it is applicable for portable electronics. Conventional organic thin film can be prepared by wet process such as dip coating or spin coating but it has disadvantages in that a certain polymer which is insoluble in a solvent requires an additional process of coating a precursor and heating to form a thin film. Further, wet process. results in problems including easy contamination by a solvent, difficulty in controlling film thickness and film uniformity below 100 nm. Also wet process is not favorable for a following process such as a manufacturing process of semiconductors which requires dry process. On the other hand, a deposition polymerization is a method to produce an organic thin film by direct polymerization on the substrate by vaporizing a precursor with heat energy under high vacuum. Said deposition polymerization can i)produce a thin film through a simple vacuum device without using a catalyst or a solvent, ii)prevent from contamination of impurities, iii)control molecular sequences and film thickness, iv)provide easy preparing of a thin film of inprocessible polymer, and v)form a pattern by using a mask. Therefore, it is very important to develop thin film forming, technology by vacuum deposition polymerization which is expected to be essential to various electronic devices in future information industries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06682782__

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Polymerization processes for using dilute multicomponent feeds (LAW624) Inventor(s): Cook; Raymond A. (Hampton, NJ), Matturro; Michael G. (Lambertville, NJ), Patil; Abhimanyu O. (Westfield, NJ), Schulz; Donald N. (Annandale, NJ) Assignee(s): ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company (Annandale, NJ) Patent Number: 6,541,586 Date filed: January 19, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of forming carbon monoxide-containing polymers from multi-component syngas feeds and at least one vinyl comonomer. Feeds useful in the practice of the invention comprise ethylene in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 40 mole %, carbon monoxide is an amount ranging from about 1 to about 40 mole %, hydrogen in an amount ranging from about 4 to about 55 mole %, carbon dioxide in an amount ranging from about 3 to about 10 mole %, and methane in an amount ranging from about 4 to about 85 mole %. The feed may also include acetylene in an amount ranging up to about 10 mole %. The feed may contain at least one free radical-polymerizable vinyl comonomer, or a cofeed containing such a comonomer can be used. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed towards a polymerization process for making copolymers from feeds of ethylene, carbon monoxide, and at least one vinyl comonomer, the feeds preferably being derived from hydrocarbon conversion processes. Ethylene copolymers with CO, and another vinyl comonomer are prepared at high pressure, high temperature from high purity monomer streams, especially streams having a low hydrogen concentration. Multicomponent syngas-type feeds, containing ethylene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane are formed from various gas conversion processes, and are becoming increasingly abundant. Using such feeds for polymerization would be beneficial. However, such feeds are not considered to have sufficient purity for polymerization because they contain substantial amounts of reactive species such as hydrogen and acetylene. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541586__

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Process and installation for recovery and purification of ethylene produced by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, and gases obtained by this process Inventor(s): Kaiser; Victor (Maisons Laffitte, FR), Laugier; Jean-Paul (Paris, FR), Simon; Yvon (Les Loges en Josas, FR) Assignee(s): Technip-Coflexip (Courbevoie, FR) Patent Number: 6,578,378 Date filed: December 4, 2001 Abstract: A process for the high-yield recovery of ethylene and heavier hydrocarbons from the gas produced by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in which the liquid products resulting from the fractionated condensation of a cracking gas for the recovery of almost all the ethylene, are supplied to a distillation column, called a de-ethanizer, at different intermediate levels. At the top of the de-ethanizer the vapor of the column distillate is treated directly in an acetylene hydrogenation reactor, the effluent containing virtually no acetylene being separated by a distillation column called a de-methanizer, into an ethylene- and ethane-enriched tail product, while the head product is recycled by compression or treated for subsequent recovery of ethylene.

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Excerpt(s): This invention concerns in general and in a first of its aspects, the chemical industry and, in particular, a method for high-yield recovery and purification of ethylene as well as other products originating from a gas produced by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons. This invention also concerns an installation and equipment for exploiting this method on an industrial scale. A large number of papers and patents addressing the production, recovery, and purification of olefins show their industrial importance and the problems encountered in the exploitation of the various processes. Recently, the production capacity of ethylene units has attained and even exceeded the level of 1 million tons per year for a single line; which requires a new approach in the design of the process, equipment, and the controllability of the unit. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06578378__ •

Process for continuous production of acetylenediol Inventor(s): Fukuda; Hideo (Ichihara, JP), Imanishi; Kazuhiro (Ichihara, JP), Omori; Hideki (Ichihara, JP), Sato; Tomohiko (Ichihara, JP), Sawada; Goro (Ichihara, JP) Assignee(s): Maruzen Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,506,946 Date filed: June 12, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing an acetylenediol continuously by reacting a ketone with acetylene in the presence of an alkali catalyst, which process comprises continuously feeding, into a first-stage reactor, a reaction solvent, an alkali catalyst, a ketone and acetylene to give rise to a reaction, continuously introducing the reaction mixture into a second-stage reactor, and continuously feeding a fresh portion of the same ketone into the second-stage reactor to give rise to a reaction. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing an acetylenediol continuously. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for producing an acetylenediol continuously and efficiently by reacting a ketone with acetylene. An acetylenediol (hereinafter abbreviated to ADO in some cases) represented by, for example, the general formula (III) or (IV) shown below has been produced generally by reacting 2 moles of a ketone with 1 mole of acetylene in the presence of an alkali catalyst such as potassium hydroxide (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,385,546 and 2,455,058). In this reaction, however, not only ADO is produced but also an acetylenemonool (hereinafter abbreviated to AMO in some cases) which is a reaction product between 1 mole of the ketone and 1 mole of acetylene is formed as a by-product. Hence, it was attempted to minimize the amount of AMO formed as a by-product and increase the amount of ADO produced. In, for example, JP-A-63-258823, is disclosed a process for producing an alkynediol, wherein a particular ether type solvent and a particular ratio of raw materials are employed to suppress the amount of AMO formed as a by-product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506946__

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Process for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in an ethylene purification process Inventor(s): Blankenship; Steven A. (Radcliff, KY), Fried, Jr.; James E. (Buckner, KY), Perkins; Jennifer A. (Louisville, KY), Voight; Richard W. (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Sud-Chemie Inc. (Louisville, KY) Patent Number: 6,509,292 Date filed: March 30, 2001 Abstract: A process for selective hydrogenation of acetylene during ethylene purification without in-situ prereduction utilizing a palladium/gold impregnated catalyst wherein the ratio of the gold to the palladium is from about 6:1 to about 50:1. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a process for selective hydrogenation of acetylene in an olefinic feed stream, particularly for ethylene purification. This invention also relates to a catalyst, its process of preparation and its use for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene, particularly for ethylene purification. The manufacture of unsaturated hydrocarbons usually involves cracking various types of hydrocarbons and often produces a crude product containing hydrocarbon impurities that are more unsaturated than the desired product. These unsaturated hydrocarbon impurities are often very difficult to separate by fractionation from the desired product. A common example of this problem occurs with ethylene purification, in which acetylene is a common impurity. It is often difficult, industrially, to remove such undesirable, highly unsaturated hydrocarbons by hydrogenation without significant hydrogenation of the desired hydrocarbons. One example of this process is described in UK Pat. No. 916,056. Two general types of gas phase selective hydrogenation processes for removing undesired, unsaturated hydrocarbons have come into use. One, known as "front-end" hydrogenation, involves passing the crude gas from the initial cracking step, after removal of steam and condensible organic material, over a hydrogenation catalyst. Despite the large hydrogen content of such gas, which is very greatly in excess of the quantity of acetylenes that are present and which quantity should be sufficient to hydrogenate a substantial part of those acetylenes, substantially complete hydrogenation of acetylene with sufficient selectivity to produce olefins of polymerization quality is often a problem. The high concentration of hydrogen present in the front-end systems requires a very selective catalyst that does not substantially hydrogenate the ethylene. Overhydrogenation can lead to a thermal excursion in reactors, known as "run-away". Under "run-away" conditions, high temperatures are experienced, severe loss of ethylene occurs and catalyst damage takes place. In addition, furnace upsets in the front-end reactor system can result in swings of CO concentration from moderate levels to very low levels. Existing front-end catalysts cannot tolerate these swings in CO concentration very well and often are prone to "run-away". In the front-end reactor system, the catalyst is also exposed to high space velocity operations 10,000-12,000 GHSV per bed. In the other type of gas phase selective hydrogenation, known as "tail-end" hydrogenation, the crude gas is fractionated and the resulting concentrated product streams are individually reacted with hydrogen in a slight excess over the quantity required for hydrogenation of the highly unsaturated acetylenes which are present. However, in tail-end use there is a greater tendency for deactivation of the catalyst, and consequently, periodic regeneration of the catalyst is necessary. Tailend reactor systems operate at lower GHSV of 2500-5000 per bed. H2 addition can also be adjusted to maintain selectivity. However, formation of polymers is a major problem. Thermal excursion is not a problem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06509292__

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Process for the hydrogenation of phenyl acetylene in a styrene-containing medium with the aid of a catalyst Inventor(s): Bosman; Hubertus J. M. (Sittard, NL), Grootendorst; Edwin J. (Born, NL), Postma; Leonardus H. (Kerkrade, NL), Smeets; Theodorus M. (Elsloo, NL) Assignee(s): DSM N.V. (Heerlen, NL) Patent Number: 6,747,181 Date filed: October 6, 2000 Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of phenyl acetylene in a styrene-containing medium with the aid of a supported nickel catalyst with a nickel content of 10-25 wt. %. This process is by preference used for the hydrogenation of phenyl acetylene in a styrene-containing medium which contains more that 30 wt. % of styrene. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of phenyl acetylene in a styrene-containing medium with the aid of a catalyst and in the presence of hydrogen gas. Styrene is often polymerized to polystyrene. In the styrene-containing medium which is used for this purpose, the phenyl acetylene causes undesirable side reactions during the polymerization, such as cross-linking of the polymer chains. It is therefore of importance to keep the phenyl acetylene content of the styrene-containing medium as low as possible. The above-mentioned process for the hydrogenation of phenyl acetylene is known from JP-A-55,35368. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06747181__

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Process for the purification and production of a diolefin hydrocarbon stream Inventor(s): Lankton; Steven P. (Wheeling, IL) Assignee(s): UOP LLC (Des Plaines, IL) Patent Number: 6,512,151 Date filed: April 18, 2001 Abstract: A selective acetylene hydrogenation process which is able to produce a high quality diolefin having extremely low levels of acetylene over an extended period of time compared with the prior art. The process of the present invention provides a selective hydrogenation reaction zone wherein the catalyst activity is maintained at a high level while the process unit remains on stream by contacting the selective hydrogenation catalyst with a polymer solvent, diolefin feed and hydrogen in one embodiment and by contacting the selective hydrogenation catalyst off-line with only polymer solvent and hydrogen in a second embodiment. In addition, the quantity of make-up regeneration solvent is significantly reduced. Excerpt(s): The field of art to which this invention pertains is the purification of a diolefin hydrocarbon stream containing trace quantities of acetylene compounds. The production of diolefins is well known and widely practiced to produce a wide variety of products and precursor products utilizing a variety of diolefin production processes including naphtha cracking processes and by-products from fluid catalytic cracking processes. Most of these diolefin production processes produce undesirable trace quantities of acetylene. One technique which is used to purify diolefin streams selectively hydrogenates the acetylene while minimizing the destruction or hydrogenation of the diolefin compounds. The selective hydrogenation of the acetylene

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compounds is generally conducted in the presence of a selective hydrogenation catalyst and hydrogen and conducted at an elevated pressure and temperature. Such selective hydrogenation catalysts are well known in the art and include, for example, a catalyst containing copper metal associated with one or more activator metals impregnated on an alumina support. During the acetylene hydrogenation polymers are formed and deposited on the catalyst thereby reducing the activity of the catalyst. One known method of regenerating spent or partially spent catalyst is to perform a controlled carbon burn and subsequent metal reduction to remove catalyst contaminants which are formed as an undesirable by-product of the acetylene hydrogenation. The carbon burn regeneration techniques necessarily require that the reaction zone containing the spent catalyst be taken off-line and that ancillary regeneration equipment be provided. U.S. Pat. No. 3,634,536 B1 (Frevel et al) discloses a process for selectively hydrogenating acetylenic impurities in an isopropene- or butadiene-containing stream whereby carbon monoxide is utilized during hydrogenation over a copper-based catalyst. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06512151__ •

Process for treatment of C4 hydrocarbons that comprise butadiene and acetylene compounds that comprise stages for distillation and selective hydrogenation Inventor(s): Boyer; Christophe (Charly, FR), Coupard; Vincent (Vaulx en Velin, FR), Pinault; Mathieu (Lyons, FR) Assignee(s): Institut Francais du Petrole (Rueil Malmaison Cedex, FR) Patent Number: 6,740,787 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: A process for treatment of a batch with four carbon atoms that contains diene compounds and a minor portion of acetylene compounds is described. A portion of the fluid that circulates in a distillation zone that is enriched with acetylene compounds is drawn off laterally, preferably in the drainage zone, and a selective hydrogenation stage is carried out in a hydrogenation zone that is outside the distillation zone. The hydrogenation effluent that is produced is recycled in the rectification zone. A C4 fraction that comprises butadiene and that is low in acetylene compounds is recovered at the top, and a C5 fraction that is enriched with oligomers is recovered at the bottom. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for treatment of a feedstock that comprises hydrocarbons with at least four carbon atoms per molecule, greatly unsaturated. It pertains in particular to the purification of an olefinic fraction that contains butadiene in large part, in particular butadiene 1,3, a highly upgradable product as a raw material of elastomers. The prior art is illustrated by Patent Applications WO-97 24413 and EP-A-0 273 900. This fraction also contains impurities of acetylenes, vinylacetylene (VAC), and ethylacetylene (ETAC), generally at a height of 1 to 2%, which create flaws in the polymerization processes due to the presence of gums that these compounds have a tendency to create and that should therefore be eliminated. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06740787__

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Reactor for carrying out reactions having a high enthalpy change Inventor(s): Heisel; Michael (Gistlstrasse 54, Pullach, DE 82049) Assignee(s): Heisel; Michael (Pullach, DE) Patent Number: 6,676,906 Date filed: November 8, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor for carrying out reactions having a high enthalpy change containing catalyst particles between cooled dividing walls. According to the invention, the cooled dividing walls are formed by metal plates/metallic components in which hollow or intermediate spaces in the form of channels are provided in the metal plates/components for accommodating and conveying a cooling medium so as to cool the reactor. The reactor can be used for carrying out strongly exothermic catalytic reactions, for example for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene to ethylene. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a reactor for carrying out reactions having a high enthalpy change containing catalyst particles between cooled dividing walls in at least one reactor vessel. Such a reactor is known from the journal Hydrocarbon Processing, March 1991, page 134. This is a multitube reactor with catalyst particles in the tubes. The tubes are cooled on the jacket side of the reactor by means of boiling water or other suitable heat-transfer media. The distribution of the reaction space and the catalyst particles over a plurality of tubes ensures that in the case of an operating fault any selfaccelerating reaction caused by local overheating is restricted to one reaction tube and does not encompass the entire reactor. This reactor construction has proven itself but has a number of disadvantages. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06676906__

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Water-soluble resin composition Inventor(s): Kanda; Takashi (Shizuoka, JP), Tanaka; Hatsuyuki (Shizuoka, JP) Assignee(s): Clariant Finance (BVI) Limited (Tortola, VG) Patent Number: 6,555,607 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: A water-soluble resin composition comprising (1) a water-soluble resin, (2) a water-soluble crosslinking agent, (3) at least one of surface active agents selected from acetylene alcohols, acetylene glycols, polyethoxylates of acetylene alcohols and polyethoxylates of acetylene glycols, and (4) a solvent consisting of water or a mixture of water and a water-soluble solvent. This water-soluble resin composition is applied onto a resist pattern, then heated to crosslink by an acid supplied from the resist, followed by development to remove the non-crosslinked water-soluble resin coating layer. This water-soluble resin composition is excellent in coating characteristics on steps of resist patterns and in dimensional regulation upon fining of patterns so that resist patterns such as trench patterns and hole patterns can effectively be fined. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel water-soluble resin composition and a fine pattern-forming material comprising the water-soluble resin composition. In particular, the present invention relates to a water-soluble resin composition which is coated on resist patterns formed and then crosslinked for thickening the resist patterns to fine effectively trench patterns or hole patterns and reduce the size of a space in the

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resist patterns without investment in expensive facilities such as an exposure unit for short wavelengths or a phase-shift reticle in a process for producing semiconductor devices etc., and a fine pattern-forming material comprising said water-soluble resin composition. Photolithographic techniques has been traditionally used for the formation of fine elements or the fine processing in many fields such as the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits such as an LSI, the production of the display plane of a liquid crystal display device in an LCD panel, and the production of a circuit substrate for a thermal head and the like. To form resist patterns by photolithographic techniques, various positive- or negative-working radiation-sensitive resin compositions have been used. In recent years, as higher integration of semiconductor devices, the width of wires and separation gaps required in a production process become increasingly fine. To cope with this requirement, there are various attempts such as fining resist patterns with a light of shorter wavelength, forming fine resist patterns by means of a phase-shift reticle etc., and developing novel resists. In the conventional photolithographic techniques using exposure, however, formation of fine resist patterns exceeding the limit of wavelength is difficult, and exposure units for short wavelengths and devices using a phase-shift reticle are expensive. Accordingly, a method of forming fine patterns described below has been proposed. That is, after resist patterns are formed in a known method of forming patterns by using a known positive- or negative-working radiationsensitive resin composition, a coating layer is applied onto the resist patterns formed, and then the resist is heated and/or exposed to generate an acid to be diffused onto the coating layer. By the diffused acid, the coating layer is crosslinked to thicken the resist patterns, and as a result, gaps in the resist patterns are thinned. Thereby the resist patterns make fine and the fine resist patterns below the resolution limit are effectively formed. Various coating layer-forming compositions usable in the above method are known (e.g. JP-A Hei5-241348, JP-A Hei6-250379, JP-A Hei10-73927 etc.). As the composition for forming said coating layer, a water-soluble resin composition comprising a water-soluble resin, a water-soluble crosslinking agent and as necessary a plasticizer and a surface active agent and generating crosslinking reaction in the presence of an acid has been proposed. However, the conventionally known watersoluble resin composition is poor in the uniformity of coating film on steps of resist patterns and is accordingly poor also in the ability to regulate the dimension of patterns upon fining thereof. Therefore, there is demand for further development in respect of improvement of yield. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06555607__

Patent Applications on Acetylene As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to acetylene:

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This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Acetylene distribution system Inventor(s): Burghard, Joseph; (Bellville, TX), Constantine, Donald F.; (Conroe, TX), Hord, W. Dan III; (Bellville, TX), Robertson, Craig A.; (Bellville, TX), Royer, Ted M.; (Orange, TX), Schumann, Brian H.; (Bellville, TX) Correspondence: B. Todd Patterson; Moser, Patterson & Sheridan, L.L.P.; Suite 1500; 3040 Post Oak BLVD.; Houston; TX; 77056; US Patent Application Number: 20040031537 Date filed: August 14, 2003 Abstract: The present invention generally an apparatus and a method for filling tanks with acetylene gas. The invention includes filling a first tank to a first level, thereafter filling a second tank while continuing to fill the first tank. The invention further includes restricting the flow of gas to the second tank while continuing to fill the first tank. The invention also includes a first and a second transportable source of compressed acetylene. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application serial No. 60/404,028, filed Aug. 16, 2002, which is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for supplying compressed gas to a point of use. More particularly, the invention relates to an acetylene distribution system that fills a transportable source of gas that can be located at a worksite, used and then removed and replaced by another transportable source. Compressed fuel gases, especially gases such as acetylene, are well known and widely used in construction and manufacturing. Typically, acetylene is mixed with oxygen at a point of use to provide a combustible mixture. Because of its volatility, acetylene must be carefully handled before and during use. Conventionally, acetylene is provided at a point of use in a cylinder that can be delivered and then removed and refilled. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Acetylene polymers and their use as liquid crystals Inventor(s): Kong, Xiangxing; (Hong Kong, HK), Kwok, Hoi Sing; (Hong Kong, HK), Lam, Wing Yip; (Hong Kong, HK), Tang, Ben Zhong; (Hong Kong, HK) Correspondence: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030164474 Date filed: January 17, 2003 Abstract: There is disclosed a liquid crystalline polyacetylene having a repeat structure of the formula 1where spa is a spacer group and mes is a mesogenic substituent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel classes of mesogen containing acetylene polymers with particular, but by no means exclusive, reference to their use as liquid crystals. The present invention also relates to novel classes of mesogen containing acetylene monomers, and to polymerisation methods for producing said polymers from said monomers. Most industrially utilised plastics consist of polymers having flexible chains. In contrast, polymers having relatively rigid polymeric chains have proven far less useful in an industrial context, primarily due to processing difficulties associated with their low solubility and high melting temperature. This is despite the fact that rigid polymers can exhibit some very interesting properties. For example, polyacetylene and

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associated derivatives thereof can exhibit electrical conductivity (when doped), chemical reactivity and complex forming ability. Another potential application is chiral separation. However, polyacetylene is completely intractable, insoluble and infusible, and has found few practical applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Aqueous ink composition Inventor(s): Momose, Masayuki; (Nagano-ken, JP) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61 Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030101905 Date filed: April 4, 2002 Abstract: An aqueous ink composition comprising at least: a colorant; water; 0.005 to 10 wt. %, based on the whole weight of the ink composition, of at least one acetylene alcohol compound represented by the following formula (1): 1wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may be branched, or an alkylphenyl group; and a surface active substance capable of causing the acetylene alcohol compound of formula (1) to dissolve in water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to aqueous ink compositions, particularly to quick-drying type aqueous ink compositions suitable for ink jet printing method. It has bee the common practice to add, to aqueous ink compositions, a surface active substance in order to (a) improve print quality (including adaptability to paper), (b) improve quick drying property and (c) prevent bleeding between adjacent colors upon multi-color printing. Since a surface active substance to be added to aqueous ink compositions is required to have high penetration promoting effects into a recording medium and structural characteristic that does not cause defects such as bubbling during printing, a nonionic surfactant is often selected as the surface active substance. Particularly, surfactants such as acetylene alcohol compounds and acetylene glycol compounds have attracted attentions as surfactants capable of satisfying the above-described requirements. Among them, acetylene alcohol compounds have markedly high penetration promoting effects and they are known to provide excellent print quality even with a small addition amount (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 139964/1988, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 239068/1992). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Aqueous ink composition and ink jet recording process Inventor(s): Ito, Hiroshi; (Nagano, JP), Koike, Yoshiyuki; (Nagano, JP) Correspondence: William R. Evans; C/o Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61st Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20040016367 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides an aqueous ink composition which contains at least (a) a glycol ether type water-soluble organic solvent, (b) an acetylene glycol type surfactant and (c) a pigment, wherein the pigment has a ratio (B/A) of its dissolution amount (B) in

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the ink liquid medium at 40.degree. C. to its dissolution amount (A) in the ink liquid medium at 25.degree. C. (A) of from 1 to 10. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aqueous ink composition containing a pigment as a colorant and to a process for ink jet recording with the ink composition. The invention further relates to an aqueous ink composition containing an aqueous dispersion of pigment-containing polymer particles and to a process for ink jet recording with the ink composition. Solvent-based inks have problems concerning influences of the organic solvents on the global environment and working atmosphere, and aqueous inks have hence come to be mainly used. Water-soluble dyes have been used in inks for water-base writing utensils and ink jet printers. However, water-soluble dyes intrinsically have poor resistance to light and gases and, hence, use of the dyes has a drawback concerning the storability of recorded images. Namely, when recorded images are exposed to light such as sunlight or the light of a fluorescent lamp, the watersoluble dyes undergo color fading to impair the image quality. Furthermore, the watersoluble dyes suffer color fading by the action of oxidant gases contained in the air, e.g., ozone, to impair the image quality. Water-soluble dyes further have a problem concerning water resistance. For overcoming those problems, aqueous inks employing a pigment as a colorant are recently being investigated. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Aromatic carboxylic acids, acid halides thereof and processes for preparing both Inventor(s): Enoki, Takashi; (Yokohama-shi, JP), Hase, Yoko; (Susono-shi, JP), Higashida, Nobuhiro; (Izumiohtsu-shi, JP), Ishida, Yuichi; (Shinagawa-ku, JP), Okanuma, Masako; (Jyoetsu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Smith Gambrell & Russell; Suite 800; 1850 M Street N W; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040068139 Date filed: October 6, 2003 Abstract: A novel aromatic carboxylic acid useful as a material for macromolecular compounds and, in particular, for polycondensed macromolecular compounds exhibiting excellent heat resistance, an acid halide derivative thereof and a process for producing these compounds are disclosed. The aromatic carboxylic acid and the acid halide derivative thereof have structures represented general formulae (1) and (2), respectively, and can be efficiently produced from a dialkyl ester derivative of isophthalic acid and an acetylene derivative in accordance with the disclosed process comprising specific steps. 1In the above formulae, A represents:--C.ident.C--R.sup.1 (a)or 2(R.sup.1 represents hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aromatic group, R.sup.2 represents an alkyl group or an aromatic group) and X represents a halogen atom. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an aromatic carboxylic acid, an acid halide derivative thereof and a process for producing these compounds. More particularly, the present invention relates to an aromatic carboxylic acid useful as a material for macromolecular compounds and, in particular, for polycondensed macromolecular compounds exhibiting excellent heat resistance, an acid halide derivative thereof and a process for efficiently producing these compounds. Aromatic carboxylic acids having two carboxyl groups in one molecule and acid halides of these compounds are used as the material for aromatic polyamide resins, polyarylate resins, polybenzoxazole resins and polybenzothiazole resins. Resins having various structures are produced and used

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in accordance with the applications. In general, these resins have excellent heat resistance although these resins are thermoplastic macromolecular compounds and these resins are frequently used for applications exposed to high temperatures. As the means of further enhancing the heat resistance, introduction of thermosetting substituents has been attempted. Therefore, a material used for such resins has been desired. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Battery cell and batteries including same Inventor(s): Chak, Yik Pang; (Hksar, CN), Law, Chung Yuen; (Hksar, CN), Lu, Tse Wan; (Hksar, CN) Correspondence: Burns, Doane, Swecker & Mathis, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20040072068 Date filed: October 11, 2002 Abstract: A battery unit cell with improved conductive sealing by shielding the positive tablet electrode with a conductive polymeric sheet such as a thermo-plastic rubber sheet dispersed with acetylene black. This improved sealing alleviates the adverse loss of moisture from the battery unit cell and enhances the shelf- or storage-life of batteries with cells with such improved sealing means or methods. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dry batteries and battery cells and, more particularly, to battery cells with improved sealing. This invention also relates to batteries including a plurality of stacked together cell units. More specifically, this invention relates to batteries or battery cells having a tablet-shaped positive electrode containing a manganese dioxide composition and a negative electrode containing zinc. A battery cell or a unit cell is the basic unit of a battery. In order to provide a sufficient battery voltage, dry-cell batteries may contain a plurality of dry-cell units which are stacked together and connected in series. Each individual cell unit generally includes a first or positive electrode, a second or negative electrode, a separator and a supporting electrolyte which are all held together by a receptacle or sub-casing. The battery cell or the plurality of stacked together battery cells are generally enclosed within an outer housing so that the battery cell is shielded from the external environment and to avoid leakage of electrolyte. Batteries formed with a plurality of stacked together cell units usually include cell units having a multi-layered tablet structure. This multi-layered structure usually includes a first layer of a positive electrode composition, a second layer of a separator or electrolyte composition, and a third layer of a negative electrode composition. The positive electrode composition may contain a positive active material, an electro-conductive material and a binding agent. The positive active material may be, for example, oxidizing agents such as manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, lead dioxide, and the like. The electro-conductive material may be, for example, acetylene black, graphite, carbon black, nickel powder, and the like. The binding agent is generally added to the positive electrode composition to improve the binding integrity or strength of the positive active material. Common binding agents include, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, polytetrafluoroethylene, salts of carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, agar, methylcellulose, and the like. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Biopolymers obtained by solid state irradiation in an unsaturated gaseous atmosphere Inventor(s): Al-Assaf, Saphwan; (Wrexham, GB), Du Plessis, Tjaart Andries; (Pretoria, ZA), Phillips, Glyn Owen; (Cardiff, GB), Williams, Peter Anthony; (Cardiff, GB) Correspondence: Sheldon Palmer; Galvin & Palmer; 7th Floor; 630 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10017; US Patent Application Number: 20040059097 Date filed: March 28, 2003 Abstract: Disclosed are modified naturally occurring biocompatible biopolymers of plant and animal origin made by subjecting same to ionizing radiation in the presence of a mediating gas, typically acetylene to enable one to selectively enhance and modify one or more of the physiochemical properties of the starting materials which have a wide range of uses in medicine, food technology and other industrial applications. Notwithstanding the modifications, the biocompatibility of the biopolymer remains unchanged and no new or additional functional groups are introduced into the starting biopolymer. Excerpt(s): The invention relate to a range of new products; processes for preparing them from dry biological polymers (biopolymers) using ionizing radiation in the solid-non fluid state in the presence of an unsaturated gas under specified reaction conditions and the uses thereof. It is known in the art to subject certain types of polymeric materials to irradiation in order to achieve a number of different goals, although to our knowledge it is not known in the art to subject such biopolymers to high energy irradiation in the presence of a mediating gas, e.g., acetylene, in order to modify the bipolymer so as to enhance its properties in one or more respects. The following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 3,215,634 (Walker); 4,024,073 (Shimizu); 4,716,224 (Sakurai); 4,746,514 (Warne); 4,987,222; (De Ambrosi); and 5,376,692 (Park); and published foreign application WO 96/03147; (Fidia, S.p.A) are of interest, but are not significantly relevant. For example, none of the art teaches irradiation of polymeric materials in the solid state, including Warne ('514) who does use an ethylenically unsaturated compound application WO 96/03147; (Fidia, S.p.A) are somewhat, but not significantly relevant, which is not a gas. Sakurai ('224) teaches the cross-linking of hyaluronic acid with polyfunctional epoxy compounds under certain conditions, none of which teach the use of ionizing radiation/unsaturated [alkenic or alkynic] gases. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition for acetylene production and method for treating lime slurry by-product from acetylene production Inventor(s): Davis, Nancy H.; (Ashtabula, OH), Linn, G. Wayne; (Ashtabula, OH), Nilsen, Mark F.; (Ashtabula, OH), Simons, Michael D.; (Ashtabula, OH) Correspondence: Muserlian And Lucas And Mercanti, Llp; 600 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10016; US Patent Application Number: 20030208958 Date filed: April 10, 2003 Abstract: The use of a settling aid in the reactor during acetylene production results in the by-product lime slurry being easier to handle and allows the acetylene producers to

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use different sources of calcium carbide as well as the calcium carbide manufacturers to use different sources of raw materials to make calcium carbide. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a composition for use in the production of acetylene gas and a method for treating the lime slurry by-product from acetylene gas production to make the slurry easier to handle and avoid the need for special handling equipment for the sediment. The present invention allows an acetylene producer to use calcium carbide from a variety of sources and allows the calcium carbide producer more flexibility in sourcing raw materials. Calcium carbide (CaC.sub.2) is produced in an electric furnace by heating a mixture of lime and carbonaceous materials such as coke, coal, or charcoal. The heat of the furnace converts the mixture to calcium carbide and carbon monoxide. Both the source of lime and the source of carbonaceous material have different impurities which are carried through to the calcium carbide. Typically, industrial grade calcium carbide, sold for the generation of acetylene gas, contains about 2% to about 5% by weight impurities. The primary impurities are metals and metal alloys such as silicon, iron, aluminum and magnesium. One of the conventional methods for producing acetylene (CH.ident.CH) is the action of water on calcium carbide. One of the by-products from such production is a lime slurry. This lime slurry essentially comprises calcium hydroxide, water, and whatever impurities were present in the calcium carbide. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Continuous preparation of alkenyl compounds Inventor(s): Lorenz, Rudolf Erich; (Ludwigshafen, DE), Pinkos, Rolf; (Bad Durkheim, DE) Correspondence: Herbert B. Keil; Keil & Weinkauf; 1350 Connecticut AVE., N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030105354 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: A continuous processs for the preparation of O--, S-- and N-alkenyl compounds by reaction of the corresponding OH, SH or NH compound with an acetylene in the liquid phase in the presence of basic alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds at from 40 to 300.degree. C. and from 0.11 to 5 MPa absolute comprises continuously feeding the corresponding OH, SH or NH compound and the acetylene and operating at a conversion of the corresponding OH, SH or NH compound of.gtoreq.90%. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a continuous process for the preparation of O--, S-- and N-alkenyl compounds by reaction of the corresponding OH, SH or NH compound with an acetylene in the liquid phase in the presence of basic alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds at from 40 to 300.degree. C. and from 0.11 to 5 MPa absolute. Alkenyl compounds represent an important class of compound with a wide range of applications. Alkenyl ethers, for instance, find use as monomeric building blocks in polymers and copolymers, in coatings, adhesives, printing inks and also in radiation-curable coatings. Further areas of application are the production of intermediates, scent and aroma chemicals, and also pharmaceutical products. Alkenylamides are used as monomers in the production of plastics and coatings. Polyvinylamides are used, for example, as laundry detergent ingredients, as adjuvants in cosmetic and medicinal products and also to stabilize and clarify beers and fruit

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juices. Polyvinyllactams, in particular polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers, have a wide range of uses and serve, for example, as dispersants for pigments, as laundry detergent ingredients, as adjuvants in cosmetic and medicinal products and also as assistants in textile processing and adhesive technology. The industrial production of vinyl compounds is carried out in general by reaction of the corresponding active-hydrogen compounds, such as alcohols, amides or amines, with ethyne in the presence of basic catalysts (see Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6.sup.th edition, 2000 Electronic Release, Chapter "VINYL ETHERS--Production" and W. Reppe et al., Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem., 601 (1956), pages 135 to 138). The vinylation can take place in both the liquid phase and the gas phase. Vinylation in the gas phase employs basic heterogeneous catalysts, such as KOH on activated carbon or MgO or CaO. In the liquid phase, the strongly exothermic reaction is generally carried out in the presence of alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal alkoxide catalysts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Continuous tracer generation method Inventor(s): Chen, Shiaoguo; (Urbana, IL), Coleman, Dennis D.; (Champaign, IL), Rostam-Abadi, Massoud; (Champaign, IL), Ruch, Rodney R.; (Champaign, IL) Correspondence: Michael L. Antoline; 2606 Cherry Hills Drive; Champaign; IL; 61822; US Patent Application Number: 20040072355 Date filed: September 4, 2002 Abstract: The invention provides a method of online and on-site tracer generation for tagging natural gas stored in underground storage fields wherein feedstock is drawn from a feedstock source. The feedstock undergoes initial analysis to determine hydrocarbon levels. The feedstock then undergoes reaction to produce tracers such as ethylene, propylene, acetylene hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The feedstock is then analyzed to determine post reaction tracer concentration. The feedstock including generated tracers is then introduced back into the feedstock stream. Tracer levels in the pre-reaction or initial analysis of feedstock are compared with tracer levels in the postreaction feedstock and the rate of flow of feedstock through the system is adjusted to achieve a predetermined level of tracer concentration. The level of tracer concentration will then be used to identify the particular natural gas charge in a storage field. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of PPA Application Ser. No. 60/317,702 with a filing date of Sep. 7, 2001. Not applicable. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Dampening composition for lithographic printing Inventor(s): Kondo, Toshiro; (Tokyo, JP), Kurokawa, Hiroyuki; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: Manelli Denison & Selter; 2000 M Street NW Suite 700; Washington; DC; 20036-3307; US Patent Application Number: 20030127016 Date filed: September 25, 2002

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Abstract: There is disclosed a dampening composition for lithographic printing which comprises a (poly) propylene glycol alkyl ether and an ethylene oxide adduct of acetylene glycol. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a dampening composition for lithographic printing, more specifically to a dampening composition to be preferably used in lithographic printing using ink containing soybean oil, further to a dampening composition suitable for printing using a lithographic printing plate which utilizes a light-sensitive silver halide. Lithographic printing is a printing system which adroitly utilizes characteristics in which water and oil do not inherently mix to each other. A lithographic printing plate comprises oleophilic image portions which are receptive to oily inks and oil-repellent non-image portions which are not receptive to the inks. In general, said non-image portions are receptive to water, namely, hydrophilic. Usual lithographic printing is carried out by feeding both ink and a dampening solution to the surface of printing plates to allow the image portions to receive preferentially the coloring ink and the nonimage portions to receive preferentially the dampening solution and, then, transferring the ink on the image portions onto a substrate such as paper. In such a lithographic printing, it is important that inks and the dampening solutions are fed onto the lithographic plate with a suitable balance. If an amount of the dampening solution to be fed onto the lithographic plate is too little, there is a problem that ink stain occurs at the non-image portions while if an amount of the dampening solution is too much, emulsification of the ink excessively proceeds whereby a density at the image portions becomes insufficient. In a conventionally known dampening solution, there is a solution in which a hydrophilic agent such as phosphoric acid or a salt thereof, Gum Arabic, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the like are contained. These dampening solutions containing these compounds, however, involve a problem that they do not uniformly wet at the non-image portions, so that they are insufficient for the characteristics of a dampening solution used for high speed printing in recent years. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Dispersant compositions Inventor(s): Nakamura, Norio; (Takefu-shi, JP), Shinohara, Shuichiro; (Takefu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030125393 Date filed: August 29, 2002 Abstract: A dispersant composition comprising (A) 20-80% by weight of an acetylene glycol or ethoxylated acetylene glycol and (B) 20-80% by weight of a graft product of an allyl alcohol-maleic anhydride-styrene copolymer with a polyoxyalkylene monoalkyl ether, comprising (a) polyoxyalkylene monoalkyl ether units, (b) maleic anhydride units, and (c) styrene units, in a compositional ratio a:b:c of 25-40:25-40:25-40 in mole percent, and having a {overscore (Mw)} of 1,000-50,000 exerts improved dispersing, antifoaming and viscosity-reducing effects, when used in small amounts in dispersing of inorganic particulates. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dispersant compositions, and more particularly, to dispersant compositions which exert improved dispersing, anti-foaming and viscosityreducing effects when added in small amounts in dispersing inorganic particulates such as ceramic particulates (e.g., alumina, ferrite) and calcium carbonate. Prior art methods

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of forming ceramic sheets involve dissolving a binder such as polyvinyl butyral resin in an organic solvent, admixing a finely divided ceramic raw material in the solution, and milling the mixture in a ball mill or suitable mixer for a long time for dispersion. After defoaming, the dispersion is applied to a film support of polyester or the like to a certain thickness to form a green sheet, which is fired. Because of the flammability and environmental problems of organic solvents, it was recently proposed to use aqueous binders to avoid the use of organic solvents. Water-soluble binders including polyvinyl alcohol and water-soluble polyurethane were developed as disclosed in JP-A 60-180955. They have found more frequent use. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

FREE-STANDING AND ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBES AND SYNTHESIS THEREOF Inventor(s): HUANG, ZHONGPING; (CHEEKTOWAGA, NY), REN, ZHIFENG; (EAST AMHERST, NY), WANG, DEZHI; (WILLIAMSVILLE, NY), WANG, JUI H.; (AMHERST, NY) Correspondence: Michael L Goldman; Nixon Hargrave Devans & Doyle; Clinton Square P O Box 1051; P.O. Box 31051; Rochester; NY; 14603; US Patent Application Number: 20030203139 Date filed: June 18, 1999 Abstract: One or more highly-oriented, multi-walled carbon nanotubes are grown on an outer surface of a substrate initially disposed with a catalyst film or catalyst nano-dot by plasma enhanced hot filament chemical vapor deposition of a carbon source gas and a catalyst gas at temperatures between 300.degree. C. and 3000.degree. C. The carbon nanotubes range from 4 to 500 nm in diameter and 0.1 to 50.mu.m in length depending on growth conditions. Carbon nanotube density can exceed 10.sup.4 nanotubes/mm.sup.2. Acetylene is used as the carbon source gas, and ammonia is used as the catalyst gas. Plasma intensity, carbon source gas to catalyst gas ratio and their flow rates, catalyst film thickness, and temperature of chemical vapor deposition affect the lengths, diameters, density, and uniformity of the carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes of the present invention are useful in electrochemical applications as well as in electron emission, structural composite, material storage, and microelectrode applications. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/089,965, filed Jun. 19, 1998, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/099,708, filed Sep. 10, 1998. The present invention relates to a product with a substrate having one or more carbon nanotubes, a method of producing that product, and devices utilizing the product. Since the first observation of carbon nanotubes, numerous papers have reported studies on the yield of well-graphitized nanotubes, their diameter and wall thickness (single or multiple), growth mechanisms, alignment, electron emission properties, nanodevices, theoretical predictions, and potential applications. Selective positioning and growth of carbon nanotubes is necessary for future integration with conventional microelectronics as well as the development of novel devices. However, limited progress has been reported in the controlled placement of nanotubes. Alignment of the carbon nanotubes is particularly important to enable both fundamental studies and applications, such as cold-cathode flat panel displays, chargeable batteries, and vacuum microelectronics.

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Ink jet recording ink composition containing pigment coated with resin Inventor(s): Sano, Tsuyoshi; (Nagano-Ken, JP), Takemoto, Kiyohiko; (Nagano-Ken, JP), Watanabe, Kazuaki; (Nagano-Ken, JP) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61st Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030236321 Date filed: February 6, 2003 Abstract: An ink composition for ink jet recording is provided which possesses excellent printing stability, ejection stability, and storage stability and can yield good images, especially images having excellent color reproduction. The ink composition for ink jet recording comprises at least a colorant, a penetrating agent, a water-soluble organic solvent, and water, the colorant comprising a pigment coated with a resin which is an anionic group-containing polymer, the content of the pigment being in the range of 35 to 90% by weight based on the colorant, the penetrating agent comprising an acetylene glycol surfactant and/or a polysiloxane surfactant, the water-soluble organic solvent comprising at least an alkyl ether derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, wherein the alkyl has 3 or more carbon atoms, and/or a 1,2-alkanediol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pigment-based ink composition which is preferably used for ink jet recording. Ink jet recording is a printing method wherein droplets of an ink composition are ejected and deposited on recording media, such as paper, to perform printing. The feature of the ink jet recording method is that images having high quality with high resolution can be printed at a high speed by means of a relatively inexpensive apparatus. Ink compositions used in ink jet recording generally comprise water as a main ingredient and, added to water, a colorant and a wetting agent, such as glycerin, for clogging preventive purposes and the like. A large number of water-soluble dyes have been used as the colorant for the ink composition for ink jet recording from the viewpoints of, for example, high chroma of the coloring material, a wide variety of usable coloring materials, and solubility in water. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Inkjet ink Inventor(s): Momose, Masayuki; (Nagano, JP), Yatake, Masahiro; (Nagano, JP) Correspondence: Clifford J. Mass; C/o Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61st Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030196569 Date filed: January 17, 2003 Abstract: For the purpose of providing an ink for inkjet recording that allows substantially bleed-free printing to be performed on plain paper, and particularly recycled paper, and providing an inkjet ink capable of ensuring high print quality and maintaining high ejection stability on plain paper, recycled paper, and coated paper, the present invention provides an inkjet ink comprising, together with a coloring material and water, a nonionic substance that has acetylene bonds in the molecules thereof and that also has hydroxyl groups and/or alkylene oxide repeating structures (preferably a

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substance whose structure is shown by formula (IA) according to claim 2, a substance whose structure is shown by formula (I) according to claim 20, or the like), and a nonionic substance that has lipophilic units comprising alkyl groups or cycloalkyl groups and that also has alkylene oxide repeating structures (preferably a substance whose structure is shown by formula (IIA) according to claim 2, a substance whose structure is shown by formula (II) according to claim 20, or the like). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an inkjet ink capable of providing high print quality on plain paper, recycled paper, or coated paper. The present invention relates to an inkjet ink capable of ensuring high ejection stability and providing high print quality on plain paper, recycled paper, or coated paper. Inkjet recording is a method in which ink is ejected as droplets from minute nozzles to record characters and patterns on the surface of a recording medium. The inkjet recording systems used include methods in which electric signals are converted to mechanical signals with the aid of an electrostrictive element, and ink stored in a nozzle head portion is continuously ejected to record characters or symbols on the surface of a recording medium; and methods in which ink stored in a nozzle head portion is foamed by the rapid heating of the part that is the closest to the ejection portion, discontinuously ejected by foaming-induced volumetric expansion, and used to record characters or symbols on the surface of a recording medium. The ink used for such inkjet recording must ensure good print drying, no print bleeding, uniform printing on the surface of the recording medium, no blending of colors in the case of multicolor printing, and other characteristics. A particular problem in this case is that bleeding can be easily caused by fibers that have different permeability levels when paper is used as the recording medium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ink-jet recording ink, ink-jet recording ink set, recording method, print, and ink-jet recording apparatus Inventor(s): Hayashi, Hiroko; (Nagano, JP), Miyabayashi, Toshiyuki; (Nagano-ken, JP), Yatake, Masahiro; (Nagano-ken, JP) Correspondence: Ladas & Parry; 26 West 61st Street; New York; NY; 10023; US Patent Application Number: 20030106462 Date filed: June 18, 2002 Abstract: Provided are an ink jet recording ink (IJ ink), an ink jet recording ink set (IJ ink set) and a recording method, having excellent dispersion stability and ejection stability and being capable of providing images which is free from bleeding and which is excellent in color development property and rubbing resistance. An IJ ink and an IJ ink set having long-term storage stability are provided. Also provided are recorded matter having excellent color development property and rubbing resistance, and an ink jet recording apparatus capable of providing the same.The invention includes: an IJ ink containing a colorant of a pigment and/or dye enveloped in a polymer, and water, and containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of acetylene glycol surfactants, acetylene alcohol surfactants, glycol ethers and 1,2-alkylene glycols; an IJ ink set comprising a plurality of the inks; a recording method of using the ink and/or the ink set; recorded matter printed according to the recording method; and an ink jet recording apparatus having an electrostrictive unit mounted thereon and is designed so as to be capable of ejecting the ink.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an ink jet recording ink, an ink jet recording ink set, a recording method, recorded matter, and an ink jet recording apparatus. Ink for such ink jet recording is required to have various specific characteristics. For example, for printing on paper which is an recording object, the requirements of the ink to be used are that it does not cause bleeding, it quickly dries thereon, it enables uniform recording on various kinds of recording objects, and it does not mix with the neighboring ink in multi-color printing to form color prints. For ink jet recording ink, generally used are those prepared by dissolving various kinds of water-soluble dyes in aqueous media. Recently, those prepared by dispersing pigments in aqueous media have been provided, and this is characterized in that the pigment-containing inks are superior to the water-soluble dye-containing ones in water-resistance and lightresistance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Long-term fertilizer containing nitrogen Inventor(s): Czikkely, Vilmos; (Mannheim, DE), Hahndel, Reinhard; (Limburgerhof, DE), Horchler, Klaus; (Limburgerhof, DE), Weigelt, Wolfgang; (Dudenhofen, DE), Wissemeier, Alexander; (Speyer, DE), Zerulla, Wolfram; (St. Martin, DE) Correspondence: Collard & Roe, P.C.; 1077 Northern Boulevard; Roslyn; NY; 115761696; US Patent Application Number: 20030154755 Date filed: December 6, 2002 Abstract: A long-term fertilizer containing nitrogen, contains a mixture of acetylene diurea and at least one other organic fertilizer containing nitrogen, such as methylene urea, isobutylidene diurea, crotonylidene diurea, oxamide, melamine, substituted triazones, ethylene diurea, triuret or mixtures of them. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to long-term fertilizers containing nitrogen, methods for their production, and their use. Fertilizers with a long-term effect have many advantages as compared with conventional mineral or organic fertilizers. They offer a delivery of the nutrients to the plants that is better in keeping with demand, and thereby improve the utilization of the nutrients. This results in a reduction of nutrient losses, thereby reducing the burden on the environment and increasing the efficiency of fertilization. In addition, they make it possible to save work steps and thereby to reduce agriculture business costs. A long-term effect of fertilizers can be achieved in different ways. One possibility is to surround granulated fertilizers that are easily soluble in water with a coating that is insoluble in water. Nutrient release from such coated fertilizers takes place with a time delay, since the nutrients first have to diffuse through the coating layer, before they can be taken up by the roots. Another possibility is to apply the fertilizers initially in the form of chemical compounds in which they are not available to the plants. Only after a prior release step has taken place, e.g. chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic splitting and/or microbial conversion, are the nutrients present in a form that can be utilized by the plants. Such fertilizers are also referred to as chemical long-term fertilizers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Low-pressure carburising method Inventor(s): Goldsteinas, Aymeric; (Voreppe, FR), Pelissier, Laurent; (Saint Jean de Moirans, FR) Correspondence: Duane Morris Llp; 100 College Road West, Suite 100; Princeton; NJ; 08540-6604; US Patent Application Number: 20030168125 Date filed: May 6, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a low-pressure carburising method comprising alternating low-pressure enrichment steps and diffusion steps in the presence of a neutral gas. During the enrichment steps, an enriching gas and neutral gas mixture is used, the proportion of the neutral gas being between 5 and 50% by volume of the enriching gas. The enriching gas can be, for example, acetylene (C.sub.2H.sub.2). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the processing of metal parts and more specifically to cementation, that is, the introduction of carbon down to a given depth of the parts to improve their mechanical features. A specific low-pressure cementation method has already been described in French patent no 2678287 of the applicant (inventor: Jean Naudot). This patent provides alternating enrichment steps and diffusion steps. It specifies that the cementation gas may be any hydrocarbon capable of dissociating at work temperatures to cement the parts to be processed. However, this method more specifically provides using propane as the cementation gas and nitrogen as the neutral gas between cementation phases. Further, an article by Jelle H. Kaspersma and Robert H. Shay published in Metallurgical Transactions, volume 13B, Jun. 1982, studies the cementation speeds linked to the use of various enrichment gases and the soot formation problems. It indicates that acetylene is the gas enabling the fastest cementation, but with the disadvantage of generating the most soot in the processing chamber. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Metal complexes contanining acetylenic ligands, polymerization catalysts and addition polymerization process Inventor(s): Vogel, Alexander; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: The Dow Chemical Company; Intellectual Property Section; P. O. Box 1967; Midland; MI; 48641-1967; US Patent Application Number: 20040082769 Date filed: August 19, 2003 Abstract: A complex of a Group 3-10 metal, said complex comprising a cyclic group containing delocalized electrons, a bridging group connecting he metal with the cyclic group, and acetylene or a derivative thereof Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a class of metal complexes and to addition polymerization catalysts derived from such complexes that are particularly suitable for use in a polymerization process for preparing homopolymers and copolymers of olefins or diolefins, including copolymers comprising two or more olefins or diolefins such as copolymers comprising a monovinyl aromatic monomer and ethylene or a C.sub.38.alpha.-olefin and ethylene. Constrained geometry metal complexes and methods for their preparation are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,187. Additional teachings of

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constrained geometry catalysts may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,321,106, 5,721,185, 5,374,696, 5,470,993, 5,541,349, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,632. Such metal complexes containing a neutral conjugated diene ligand group are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,470,993, 5,556,928 and 5,624,878. Certain highly active, polyaromatic, metal complexes, especially derivatives of cyclopentaphenanthrenyl ligand groups are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,297. Metallocenes containing multiple, non-aromatic fused ring systems are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 09/879,463, filed Jun. 12, 2001. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method and apparatus for lubricating molten glass forming molds Inventor(s): Burton, Robert L.; (Maumee, OH), Leidy, D. Wayne; (Perrysburg, OH), Newsom, Daniel L.; (Oak Harbor, OH), Scott, Garrett L.; (Toledo, OH) Correspondence: Nirav D. Parikh; Owens-illinois, INC.; One Seagate, 25-ldp; Toledo; OH; 43666; US Patent Application Number: 20030221455 Date filed: May 28, 2002 Abstract: A burner (16, 116, 216) of a nozzle-mixing type receives a carbonaceous fuel, for example, an acetylene-based fuel, from a fuel line (20) and an oxidant, such as relatively pure oxygen, from an oxidant line (18), the oxidant being supplied to the burner at a rate insufficient to result in complete combustion of the fuel, to thereby produced a sooty flame that is useful in applying lubricating soot particles to a molten glass contacting surface of a glass manufacturing machine. The burner, which is intermittently operated by a solenoid valve (38) in the oxidant line and by a solenoid valve (40) in the fuel line, has a fuel inlet passage (60) that extends along a longitudinal central axis of a tip element (56) of the burner, and an annular inlet passage (64) that surrounds the fuel inlet passage. The fuel inlet passage, which is otherwise closed at its downstream end, terminates in a multiplicity of separate passages (62) that are arranged in an annular array and through which fuel exits from a burner tip in an annular pattern on an interior of oxidant exiting from the burner in an annular pattern through a passage (66) in an annulus between the tip element and a cap element (58) of the burner. The burner serves to ensure rapid mixing of the fuel and oxidant streams downstream of the burner, to thereby rapidly form an ignitable mixture that can be ignited by a spark igniter (54) 2-way solenoid valves (38, 40) are provided in the oxidant and fuel lines, respectively, to permit the burner to be operated intermittently. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method and an apparatus for lubricating the molten glass contacting surfaces of glass forming molds. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus of the foregoing character for imparting a layer of carbon soot derived from the partial oxidation of a gas that contains acetylene, such as mapp gas (a mixture of methyl acetylene and propadiene). As is known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,099 (Moreftin) or U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,409 (Seeman), it is desirable to lubricate a molten glass contacting surface of a glass manufacturing machine, for example, an internal surface of a forming mold of such a machine, with a thin layer of carbon soot as a substitute for periodically brushing such a surface with a conventional oil and graphite-based mold dopant. Such a soot coating is obtained by the partial oxidation of a carbonaceous gas, such as acetylene or a mixture of an acetylenebased gas, such as methacetylene and propadiene (occasionally referred to as mapp gas or as MAPD gas) by way of a burner whose flame is directed towards the mold surface to be coated. The aforesaid Seeman '409 patent describes a mold surface

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soot-coating system in which a mixture of MAPD gas and oxygen, after igniting by a natural gas-derived pilot flame, is directed toward a surface to be coated. As noted in Seaman '409, because of the inherently intermittent nature of the operation of a soot burner in a glass manufacturing machine, a mixture of MAPD gas and oxygen must be carefully controlled so as to prevent backfiring of the flame from the burner into the burner nozzle (column 3, lines 9-20), and it is understood that the system of the Seeman '409 patent has proven to be capable of operating in a successful manner in sooting glass-making molds of a Hartford 28 rotary tableware glass forming machine, where a single sooting burner can service all molds on a rotating table. In that regard, the pulse rate of a sooting burner for a Hartford 28 tableware machine occurs at a fairly high frequency, and any tendency of backfiring to occur by the backflow of oxygen into the fuel line through an air-fuel mixer can be avoided by careful control of the operating condition of the sooting apparatus. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for making an extreme ultraviolet microlithography tranmission modulator and resulting modulator Inventor(s): Arnal, Yves Alban Marie; (Poisat, FR), Golanski, Andre; (Pologne, FR), Lacoste, Ana; (St. Martin Le Vinoux, FR), Pelletier, Jacques Henri,Lucien; (St. Martin D'Heres, FR), Piazza, Fabrice; (Saint Die, FR) Correspondence: Young & Thompson; 745 South 23rd Street 2nd Floor; Arlington; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20040052971 Date filed: September 11, 2003 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for making an extreme ultraviolet microlithography transmission modulator, characterised in that it consists in obtaining adamantine amorphous carbon by a process using a plasma consisting of a mixture of acetylene and argon and maintained by the power of a microwave source; in depositing a thin adamantine amorphous carbon film on a substrate with low absorption in extreme ultraviolet whereto is applied a variable polarisation; in varying the forbidden band between 1 and 2 eV through control of the argon partial pressure and in varying the corresponding extinction coefficient so as to modulate the modulator transmission without modifying the thickness of the deposited film. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the production of transmission and phase modulators for deep ultraviolet microlithography, and relates more particularly to the production of transmission modulators with variable transmission aperture for deep ultraviolet microlithography (157 nm). The methods and the materials which are currently used in microlithography at 248 nm cannot be used in deep UV: for wavelengths less than 193 nm, the absorption coefficients of the materials are much too high. Considerable effort is being directed at present to developing new materials which can be used in deep UV. Adamantine amorphous carbon (DLC) is amongst the new materials proposed for the applications in deep ultraviolet microlithography. The technique recently proposed by Lucent Technologies enables production of the transmission modulators from DLC. DLC is an absorbent material, such that the transmission can be modulated by varying the thickness of the layer of DLC. The principal limitation of the Lucent Technologies technique comes from the intrinsic stress which is always present in DLC. The stress increases with the thickness and can lead to

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delamination or destruction of the film. The presence of the stress limits the thickness of the film and the corresponding attenuation of the transmission. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for separation and recovery of propargyl alcohol Inventor(s): Fukuda, Hideo; (Ichihara-shi, JP), Omori, Hideki; (Ichihara-shi, JP), Sato, Tomohiko; (Ichihara-shi, JP), Sawada, Goro; (Ichihara-shi, JP), Takeuchi, Mitsuru; (Ichihara-shi, JP) Correspondence: Melvin L Stoltz; 51 Cherry Street; Milford; CT; 06460; US Patent Application Number: 20030109757 Date filed: November 8, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a method for separating and recovering propargyl alcohol from a product mixture containing a solvent, water and propargyl alcohol, which alleviates the problems of prior art and which can separate and recover propargyl alcohol in a simple operation at an advantageous thermal energy without requiring a large distillation unit or a complicated separation operation or step.The method for separation and recovery of propargyl alcohol according to the present invention is characterized by subjecting, to distillation at a pressure of 100 to 150 mmHg, a propargyl alcohol-containing product mixture obtained by reacting paraformaldehyde with acetylene in the presence of a catalyst in a polar solvent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for separating and recovering propargyl alcohol from a product mixture containing propargyl alcohol obtained by a reaction between paraformaldehyde and acetylene, particularly to a method for simply and efficiently separating propargyl alcohol from the solvent, etc. used in the reaction. For example of a synthesis of propargyl alcohol, a method which comprises subjecting an aldehyde or a ketone to a reaction with an acetylene type hydrocarbon in a particular solvent, in the presence of an alkali metal oxide or an alkali metal alcoholate as a catalyst, is known (U.S. Pat. No. 2,996,552). The product mixture after the reaction contains a large amount of the polar solvent and water which is contained in the raw materials or formed by the reaction; therefore, their separation from propargyl alcohol is necessary. However, it is not generally easy to separate propargyl alcohol of high polarity from the solvent of high polarity and water, by means of a distillation or the like and, particularly when the difference in boiling point between the solvent and propargyl alcohol is small, their separation is more difficult. Hence, in order to separate propargyl alcohol, for example, a method which comprises adding fresh water of which separation inherently is difficult, to the product mixture and subjecting the resulting mixture to distillation to separate an azeotropic mixture of propargyl alcohol and water from the solvent, and a method which comprises adding a solvent showing azeotropy with water and subjecting the mixture to distillation to separate and recover propargyl alcohol, have hitherto been employed (U.S. Pat. No. 3,097,147). With such methods, however, it is apparent that a large distillation unit is required, the steps of distillation and separation are complicated, and there is a disadvantage in thermal energy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for the continuous production of acetylene diurea Inventor(s): Czikkely, Vilmos; (Mannheim, DE), Franke, Dirk; (Birkenheide, DE), Horchler, Klaus; (Limburgerhof, DE) Correspondence: Collard & Roe, P.C.; 1077 Northern Boulevard; Roslyn; NY; 115761696; US Patent Application Number: 20040054191 Date filed: July 7, 2003 Abstract: The continuous production of acetylene diurea takes place by means of the reaction of glyoxal with urea in the presence of mineral acids. The reaction is carried out in at least one reactor having a mixing device, into which glyoxal, urea, and mineral acid are continuously fed, and from which a suspension of acetylene diurea in mother liquor is discharged. The acetylene diurea is mechanically removed from the mother liquor, and the remaining mother liquor is recycled back into the reactor, in whole or in part. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the continuous production of the time-release nitrogen fertilizer acetylene diurea. Fertilizers with a time-release effect have many advantages as compared with conventional mineral or organic fertilizers. They offer a delivery of nutrients to the plants that is better in keeping with the plants' needs, and thereby improve the utilization of the nutrients. This results in a reduction in nutrient losses, thereby reducing the burden on the environment and increasing the efficiency of fertilizer use. In addition, they make it possible to save work cycles and operating materials, and thereby agricultural costs. A time-release effect of fertilizers can be achieved in different ways. One possibility is to surround granulated fertilizers that are easily soluble in water with a covering that is insoluble in water. The nutrient release from such coated fertilizers takes place with a delay, since the nutrients must first diffuse through the cover layer before they can be absorbed by the roots. Another possibility is to apply the nutrients in the form of chemical compounds in which they are not available to the plants at first. Only after a prior release step, for example chemical hydrolysis, enzymatic splitting and/or microbial transformation, has taken place, will the nutrients be available in a form that the plants, can utilize. Such fertilizers are also called chemical time-release fertilizers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Novel linear metallocene polymers containing acetylenic and inorganic units and thermosets and ceramics therefrom Inventor(s): Keller, Teddy M.; (Fairfax Station, VA) Correspondence: Naval Research Laboratory; Code 1008.2; 4555 Overlook AVE., S.W.; Washington; DC; 20375-5320; US Patent Application Number: 20030134736 Date filed: November 4, 2002 Abstract: A transition metal-containing ceramic made by the process comprising the step of pyrolyzing an organometallic linear polymer containing at least one metallocenylene unit, at least one silyl or siloxyl unit, and at least one acetylene unit to form a ceramic; where the ceramic has a ceramic yield of at least about 75% by weight. A transition metal-containing ceramic made by the process comprising the steps of: forming an organometallic linear polymer containing at least one metallocenylene, at

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least one silyl or siloxyl unit, and at least one acetylene unit; crosslinking said linear polymer through the acetylene units, thereby forming a thermoset; and pyrolyzing said thermoset to form a ceramic; where the ceramic has a ceramic yield of at least about 75% by weight. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/818,193 filed on Mar. 14, 1997. This invention relates to a new class of transition metal containing linear polymers of varying molecular weight that are useful for conversion to high temperature thermosets and ceramics. These new materials have repeat units that contain alkynyl groups for cross-linking purposes along with organotransition metal complexes, silyl, siloxyl, boranyl, or di(silyl or siloxyl)carborane units. These novel linear polymers with the metal units in the backbone are soluble in most organic solvents and can be easily fabricated from the melt into shaped components, which enhance their importance for high temperature structural, magnetic, and microelectronic applications. Cross-linking of alkynyl groups is known to occur by either photochemical or thermal processes. The ceramics may also contain carbon nanotubes and/or metal nanoparticles. The incorporation of transition metals into a polymer structure has long been seen as a good way of preparing materials with different properties from conventional carbon-based polymers. Small molecule transition metal complexes and solid state compounds possess an array of interesting high temperature, hardness, redox, magnetic, optical, electrical, and catalytic properties. In addition, the rich diversity of coordination numbers and geometries available for transition elements offer the possibility of accessing polymers with unusual conformational, mechanical, and morphological characteristics. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel non-linear polymer product derived from dilute multi-component feeds Inventor(s): Cook, Raymond A.; (Hampton, NJ), Matturro, Michael G.; (Lambertville, NJ), Patil, Abhimanyu O.; (Westfield, NJ), Schulz, Donald N.; (Annandale, NJ) Correspondence: Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company; P.O. Box 900; 1545 Route 22 East; Annandale; NJ; 08801-0900; US Patent Application Number: 20030130455 Date filed: December 17, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of forming carbon monoxide-containing polymers from multi-component syngas feeds and at least one vinyl comonomer. Feeds useful in the practice of the invention comprise ethylene in an amount ranging from about 5 to about 40 mole %, carbon monoxide is an amount ranging from about 1 to about 40 mole %, hydrogen in an amount ranging from about 4 to about 55 mole %, carbon dioxide in an amount ranging from about 3 to about 10 mole %, and methane in an amount ranging from about 4 to about 85 mole %. The feed may also include acetylene in an amount ranging up to about 10 mole %. The feed may contain at least one free radical-polymerizable vinyl comonomer, or a cofeed containing such a comonomer can be used. Excerpt(s): The invention is directed towards a polymerization process for making copolymers from feeds of ethylene, carbon monoxide, and at least one vinyl comonomer, the feeds preferably being derived from hydrocarbon conversion processes. Ethylene copolymers with CO, and another vinyl comonomer are prepared at high pressure, high temperature from high purity monomer streams, especially streams

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having a low hydrogen concentration. Multicomponent syngas-type feeds, containing ethylene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane are formed from various gas conversion processes, and are becoming increasingly abundant. Using such feeds for polymerization would be beneficial. However, such feeds are not considered to have sufficient purity for polymerization because they contain substantial amounts of reactive species such as hydrogen and acetylene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel process for the production of polyacetylene derivatives Inventor(s): Maeda, Katsuhiro; (Aichi, JP), Yashima, Eiji; (Aichi, JP) Correspondence: Rader Fishman & Grauer Pllc; Lion Building; 1233 20th Street N.W., Suite 501; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030114618 Date filed: October 9, 2002 Abstract: A process for the production of polyacetylene derivatives by which polyacetylene derivatives having an ability to discriminate asymmetry can be easily obtained in a few steps and in high yield and which is also advantageous in respects of economical efficiency, environmental problems, and so on. This process is characterized by polymerizing an acetylene derivative having a hydrophilic functional group in an aqueous solvent in the presence of a water-soluble transition metal complex catalyst and a base. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for the production of a polyacetylene derivative and also to a polyacetylene derivative having a unique ability for discrimination of chirality obtained by the said producing process. With regard to a substance having optical asymmetry, there have been known many substances such as that having asymmetric carbon and that having the so-called molecular asymmetry. Those substances have been widely used in industry as agents for optical resolution, materials for liquid crystals, chiral sensors, nonlinear optical materials and other functional materials. Among those asymmetric molecules, high-molecular substances having molecular asymmetry have been receiving public attention in recent years and, for example, there have been known optically active polyacrylamide derivatives (Japanese Patent Publication No. 167708/1981) and poly(triphenylmethyl methacrylate) (Japanese Patent Publication No. 106907/1981) having a helical structure and a high optical rotatory power. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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OLEFIN PLANT RECOVERY SYSTEM EMPLOYING A COMBINATION OF CATALYTIC DISTILLATION AND FIXED BED CATALYTIC STEPS Inventor(s): Gartside, Robert J.; (Summit, NJ), Haines, Robert I.; (West Milford, NJ), Skourlis, Thomas; (Basking Ridge, NJ), Sumner, Charles; (Livingston, NJ) Correspondence: Alix, Yale & Ristas, Llp; 750 Main Street; Hartford; CT; 06103-2721; US Patent Application Number: 20040019245 Date filed: July 24, 2002

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Abstract: Presented is an improvement to a previous invention involving the catalytic hydrogenation of the C.sub.2 to C.sub.5 and heavier acetylenes and dienes in a thermally cracked feed stream without significantly hydrogenating the C.sub.2 and C.sub.3 olefins. The improvement involves the use of a fixed bed hydrogenation reactor system in combination with a modified version of the catalytic distillation unit used in the prior art. The modification to the catalytic distillation unit involves improvement of the liquid recycle scheme. The fixed bed reactors combined with the modified catalytic distillation allows for 100% conversion of acetylene and helps to maintain high conversion of the other dienes and acetylenes with no ethylene or propylene conversion under a variety of conditions. These condition variations include but are not limited to the feed diene and acetylene composition, the mol % carbon monoxide in the feed, and catalyst deactivation. With catalytic distillation alone, complete conversion of the acetylene as stated above can not be achieved without ethylene loss, nor would satisfactory operation and control be possible under the variety of conditions experienced during a commercial operation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the production of olefins and particularly to processing the cracking heater effluent to more effectively recover the product and process the by-products. In the production of ethylene and propylene through the pyrolysis of a variety of feedstocks, several byproducts and unsaturated diolefins and acetylenes are created. The net effluent from the pyrolysis heaters, typically referred to as charge gas, requires processing for the separation of the byproducts and removal of the diolefins and acetylenes from the primary olefin products. Removal of the C.sub.2 and heavier diolefins and acetylenics from the cracked gas is handled through a combination of separation via distillation and reaction via hydrogenation. Specifically for acetylene, separation alone would result in excessive loss of the ethylene product since acetylene and ethylene have very similar relative volatility. Currently, the distillation and hydrogenation take place in several distinct process steps that are designed to separate and hydrogenate the C.sub.2, C.sub.3, and C.sub.4 compounds independently. Separation of the different hydrocarbons before hydrogenation is currently required for achieving better control over the hydrogenation, prolonging catalyst life, and enhancing performance. One disadvantage of this widely practiced conventional technology is the large energy consumption necessary to generate the high pressures and cryogenic temperatures required to separate first the hydrogen from the cracked gas and then subsequently the molecules of higher carbon number. Additionally, the hydrogenation steps for each of the hydrocarbon groups require an independent reactor system consisting of several pieces of equipment driving up the capital investment and complexity of the plant. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Optically active alkenylphosphinic acid esters and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Han, Li-Biao; (Ibaraki, JP), Tanaka, Masato; (Ibaraki, JP), Zhao, Chang-Qiu; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: Rader Fishman & Grauer Pllc; Lion Building; 1233 20th Street N.W., Suite 501; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040092752 Date filed: September 8, 2003 Abstract: A novel, optically active alkenylphosphinic acid ester having chirality on a phosphorus atom; and a simple process for producing the ester. An optically active,

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hydrogen phosphinic acid ester is reacted with an acetylene compound in the presence of a catalyst containing a metal of group 9 or 10 of the periodic table to thereby obtain a novel, optically active alkenylphosphinic acid ester which has chirality on a phosphorus atom and is represented by the following general formula [1] and/or [2].R.sup.1{CH.dbd.CR.sup.2[P(O)(OR.sup.3)Ar]}.sub.n [1]R.sup.1{C[P(O)(OR.sup.3)Ar].dbd.CHR.sup.2}.sub.n [2] Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel optically active alkenylphosphinic acid ester compound having chirality on a phosphorus atom and to a process for producing the same. With regard to optically active alkenylphosphinic acid esters, their fundamental skeleton has been found in nature and it has been known that they themselves show a physiological activity when made to act with enzyme or the like. Further, the compounds are very useful. For instance, they can easily be converted to optically active tertiary phosphines, which are widely used as auxiliary ligands for various kinds of asymmetric catalytic reactions. Furthermore, the compounds easily react with nucleophilic agents and radical species and are able to be used for HornerWittig reaction. Thus, they are a group of compounds highly useful in view of synthesis of fine chemicals as well. General synthetic method for optically active alkenylphosphinic acid esters has not been known yet. With regard to a method for their synthesis involving the formation of the carbon-phosphorus bond, one can consider a method where the corresponding alkenyl halide compound is subjected to the substitution reaction with hydrogen phosphinic acid ester. However, in that method, it is necessary to add a base for trapping the hydrogen halide which is simultaneously produced as a result of the reaction, and hence large quantities of hydrogen halide salt are produced as well. In addition, alkenyl halide compounds, which are the starting materials, are not always easily available on the basis of industry and, further, they are usually toxic. Therefore, this method is not industrially advantageous at all. There is another method where racemic alkenylphosphinic acid esters are subjected to optical resolution but the process involved in the optical resolution is generally troublesome whereby it is not an industrially advantageous manufacturing method as well. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Oxygenate conversion in the presence of highly unsaturated compounds Inventor(s): Ou, John Di-Yi; (Houston, TX), Risch, Michael A.; (Seabrook, TX) Correspondence: Exxonmobil Chemical Company; Law Technology; P.O. Box 2149; Baytown; TX; 77522-2149; US Patent Application Number: 20040097760 Date filed: November 15, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for treating a stream, say, an olefins stream, e.g., propylene, containing at least one ether, e.g., dimethyl ether, and/or at least one of an alkyne and an alkadiene, e.g., methyl acetylene and propadiene, typically present as impurities. The process comprises: contacting the stream with a metalcontaining catalyst, e.g., palladium supported on alumina, under conditions sufficient to convert the ether and the at least one of an alkyne and an alkadiene to provide a product stream having a reduced impurities content. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for treating streams in the presence of oxygenates, such as C.sub.2 to C.sub.6 ether, and at least one highly unsaturated compound, e.g., alkyne and/or alkadienes. Light olefins, defined herein as ethylene,

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propylene, butylene and mixtures thereof, serve as feeds for the production of numerous important chemicals and polymers. Typically, light olefins are produced by cracking petroleum feeds. Because of the limited supply of competitive petroleum feeds, the opportunities to produce low cost light olefins from petroleum feeds are limited. Efforts to develop light olefin production technologies based on alternative feeds have increased. An important type of alternate feed for the production of light olefins is oxygenate, such as, for example, alcohols, particularly methanol and ethanol, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, diethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, and methyl formate. Many of these oxygenates may be produced by fermentation, or from synthesis gas derived from natural gas, petroleum liquids, carbonaceous materials, including coal, recycled plastics, municipal wastes, or any organic material. Because of the wide variety of sources, alcohol, alcohol derivatives, and other oxygenates have promise as an economical, non-petroleum source for light olefin production. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for preparation of alkenylphosphine oxides or alkenylphosphinic esters Inventor(s): Han, Li-biao; (Ibaraki, JP), Tanaka, Masato; (Ibaraki, JP), Zhao, Chang-qiu; (Ibaraki, JP) Correspondence: Rader Fishman & Grauer Pllc; Lion Building; 1233 20th Street N.W., Suite 501; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20040059146 Date filed: August 8, 2003 Abstract: A novel process for preparation of alkenylphosphine oxides or alkenylphosphinic acid esters provided by which the objective compounds can be easily, safely and efficiently synthesized and easily separated and purified with little formation of by-products. Specifically, a process of conducting the addition reaction of an easily available secondary phosphine oxide or hydrogen phosphinic acid ester with an acetylene compound with a catalyst containing a Group 9 or 10 metal of the periodic table to thereby obtain the corresponding alkenylphosphine oxide or alkenylphosphinic acid ester. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of alkenylphosphine oxides or alkenylphosphinic acid esters. These compounds are a group of compounds which are highly useful in view of synthesis of fine chemicals in such a manner, for instance, they are able to be easily converted to tertiary phosphines and they themselves easily react with nucleophilic agents and radical species. In addition, they are able to be used for Horner-Witting reaction. Furthermore, it is known that Alkenylphosphinic acid skeletons are found in nature and that they themselves exhibit a physiological action through interaction with enzymes, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for recovery of diene-free feedstocks from olefinic process streams Inventor(s): Foral, Michael J.; (Aurora, IL), Satek, Larry R.; (St. Charles, IL), Ventura, Diadema N.; (Lisle, IL) Correspondence: Carol Wilson; BP America INC.; Mail Code 5 East; 4101 Winfield Road; Warrenville; IL; 60555; US Patent Application Number: 20030105378 Date filed: November 30, 2001 Abstract: Processes using heterogeneous adsorbents are disclosed for purification of olefins such as are typically produced by thermal cracking of suitable hydrocarbon feedstocks. The processes for recovery of diene-free feedstocks includes passing an olefinic process stream containing undesirable levels of propadiene, and optionally hydrocarbon compounds having more than one double bond, small amounts of acetylenic impurities, and/or other organic components, through a particulate bed of heterogeneous adsorbent comprising a metal supported on a high surface area carrier, under conditions suitable for adsorption of dienes. Beneficially, the resulting gaseous mixtures also have reduced levels of other hydrocarbons having more than one double bond, and have reduced levels of acetylenic impurities, such as acetylene and methylacetylene. Processes according to this invention are particularly useful where the olefin being purified is ethylene and/or propylene formed by thermal cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks from the adsorbent. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to use of heterogeneous adsorbents in purification of relatively impure olefins such as are typically produced by thermal cracking of suitable hydrocarbon feedstocks. More particularly, this invention concerns recovery of diene-free feedstocks by passing an olefinic process stream containing undesirable levels of propadiene, and optionally hydrocarbon compounds of from 4 to about 6 carbon atoms having more than one double bond, small amounts of acetylenic impurities, and/or other organic components, through a particulate bed of heterogeneous adsorbent comprising a metal supported on a high surface area carrier, under conditions suitable for adsorption of dienes. Beneficially, the resulting gaseous mixtures also have reduced levels of other hydrocarbons having more than one double bond, and have reduced levels of acetylenic impurities, such as acetylene and methylacetylene. Processes according to this invention are particularly useful where the olefin being purified is ethylene and/or propylene formed by thermal cracking of hydrocarbon feedstocks. As is well known, olefins, or alkenes, are a homologous series of hydrocarbon compounds characterized by having a double bond of four shared electrons between two carbon atoms. The simplest member of the series, ethylene, is the largest volume organic chemical produced today. Olefins including, importantly, ethylene, propylene and smaller amounts of butadiene, are converted to a multitude of intermediate and end products on a large scale, mainly polymeric materials. Furthermore, sources of relatively impure olefins may also contain undesirable levels of hydrocarbons having more than one double bond, for example dienes such as propadiene, 1,2-butadiene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,2-pentadiene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2,3pentadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene), and cyclopentadiene and/or trienes such as 1,3,5-hexatriene. Commercial production of olefins is, almost exclusively, accomplished by pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in tubular reactor coils installed in externally fired heaters. Thermal cracking feed stocks include streams of ethane, propane or a hydrocarbon liquid ranging in boiling point from light straight-run gasoline through gas oil. Because of the very high temperatures employed, commercial olefin processes invariably coproduce significant amounts of acetylene, methyl

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acetylene, and propadiene. Required separation of the more highly unsaturated contaminating compounds from the primary olefin can, considerably, increase the plant cost. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

PROCESS FOR THE SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF ALKYNES Inventor(s): Ryu, J. Yong; (League City, TX) Correspondence: Kenneth H. Johnson; P.O. Box 630708; Houston; TX; 77263; US Patent Application Number: 20040092783 Date filed: November 8, 2002 Abstract: An improved selective hydrogenation process for removing acetylenic impurities such as vinyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene, propyl acetylene and acetylene in a steam cracked crude butadiene stream by selective hydrogenation is carried out in two steps. In the first step, the partial selective hydrogenation is carried out in a fixed bed with a copper based catalyst to have the ratio of vinyl acetylene to ethyl acetylene in a range of from 0 to about 1, preferably from about 0.01 to 0.6, in the product stream. In the second step, the selective hydrogenation of the remaining C.sub.4 acetylenic impurities is carried out to the completion in the catalytic distillation mode using a palladium promoted copper catalyst, an improved palladium catalyst or a combination of these two. The product stream from the first step partial hydrogenation is introduced to the catalytic distillation column at a position within the catalytic reaction zone and hydrogen feed gas is introduced below the catalyst bed to maximize the recovery of 1,3butadiene. The feed position to the catalytic distillation column may vary along the catalyst loading zone depending on the feed composition from the first step selective hydrogenation reactor. Optionally, to prolong the catalyst service and cycle time, a solvent is added to the reactor with the hydrocarbon bed stream in the first step or the second step or both steps. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the selective removal of more highly unsaturated compounds from mixtures of unsaturated compounds. More particularly the invention is concerned with the selective hydrogenation of acetylenic compounds from mixtures with dienes, such as 1,3-butadiene. The invention provides a novel process for the selective hydrogenation of acetylenes in admixture with other unsaturated compounds. Crude butadiene streams contain undesired multi-unsaturated impurities such as vinyl acetylene, ethyl acetylene, methyl acetylene, etc. These impurities need to be removed to produce high quality 1,3-butadiene product. Although the acetylenes are more reactive in the hydrogenation, 1,3-butadiene is not inert under the selective hydrogenation condition, especially as the conversion of acetylenes approaches to near completion. The concentration of vinyl acetylene in the steam cracked crude butadiene stream is generally much higher than the concentration of ethyl acetylene. The reactivity of vinyl acetylene toward selective hydrogenation is higher than ethyl acetylene. Complete or near complete recovery of 1,3-butadiene and complete removal of both vinyl acetylene and ethyl acetylene is highly desired. However, it is not possible to accomplish this objective in the current commercial processes. In current commercial practice, the selective hydrogenation is carried out in either fixed bed process or catalytic distillation process. Each has its own advantages. The fixed bed unit is easier and cheaper to operate, construct, replace spent catalyst with new catalyst, and regenerate spent catalyst. A catalytic distillation unit generally has higher recovery of 1,3-butadiene and longer catalyst cycle time. But it has higher cost for

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the catalyst loading and the deactivated catalyst needs to be removed from the distillation column instead of in-situ regeneration. Also catalytic distillation operation has one less independent process variable than fixed bed operation because the temperature is a function of pressure and composition of the materials in the catalytic distillation column. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Reduced-corrosion inkjet inks and methods for making same Inventor(s): Chatterjee, Amiya K.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Hewlett-packard Company; Intellectual Property Administration; P.O. Box 272400; Fort Collins; CO; 80527-2400; US Patent Application Number: 20030116060 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: Improved inkjet ink compositions have a sufficient amount of an acetylenic alcohol incorporated therein to reduce the corrosiveness of the ink without adversely affecting the printing characteristics of the ink composition. The inkjet ink compositions of the invention include a carrier, a colorant that is soluble or dispersable in said carrier, and a sufficient quantity of at least one acetylenic alcohol to reduce the corrosiveness of said ink composition to metal placed in contact with said ink composition. The inkjet ink compositions may also include at least one acetylenic alcohol that contains a terminal acetylene and an.alpha.-hydroxy group. A method for reducing corrosiveness of an inkjet ink composition includes adding to said inkjet ink composition a sufficient quantity of at least one acetylenic alcohol to reduce the corrosiveness of said ink composition to metal placed in contact with said ink composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to corrosion inhibitors and, more particularly, to inkjet printing formulations which contain corrosion inhibitors and methods of making the same. Ink-jet printing is a non-impact printing process in which droplets of ink are deposited on a print medium. Substantial developments have been made in the field of electronic printing technology, leading to the existence of a wide variety of highly efficient printing systems that are capable of dispensing ink in a rapid and accurate manner. One such system is a thermal inkjet printer that utilizes ink cartridges. Thermal inkjet print cartridges operate by rapidly heating a small volume of ink to cause the ink to vaporize and be ejected through one of a plurality of orifices so as to print a dot of ink on a recording medium, such as a sheet of paper. Typically, the orifices are arranged in one or more linear arrays in a nozzle plate. The properly sequenced ejection of ink from each orifice causes characters or other images to be printed upon the paper as the printhead is moved across the paper. These and other ink jet printing techniques typically impose rigid requirements on the ink compositions. To be suitable for use as a jet ink, the compositions must meet particular requirements. In general, a successful ink set for color ink-jet printing should have good crusting resistance, good stability, proper viscosity, proper surface tension, good color-to-color bleed alleviation, rapid dry time, no negative reaction with the vehicle, consumer-safety, good permanence (e.g., smearfastness, lightfastness, waterfastness), and low strikethrough. Further, the ink must be quick drying and smear resistant and capable of passing through the ink jet nozzle without clogging. The ink should also permit rapid cleanup of the machine components with minimum effort. When placed into a thermal ink-jet system, the ink set should also be kogation-resistant and have stable drop ejection performance (e.g. little or no drop velocity degradation over time).

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Selective hydrogenation catalyst Inventor(s): Blankenship, Steven A.; (Radcliff, KY), Perkins, Jennifer A.; (Crestwood, KY), Rokicki, Andrzej; (Prospect, KY) Correspondence: Joan Simunic; 1600 West Hill Street; Louisville; KY; 40210; US Patent Application Number: 20030232719 Date filed: June 12, 2002 Abstract: A catalyst for selective hydrogenation of acetylene including a high surface area support material with a surface area at least about 150 m.sup.2/g and gold wherein the gold comprises from about 0.05 to about 5.0 weight percent of the catalyst and wherein the depth of penetration of the gold into the support material is such that at least about 90 percent of the gold is located within about 250 microns of the surface of the catalyst. A noble metal additive may also be included in the gold catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to selective hydrogenation catalysts, more particularly to a gold impregnated catalyst with a high surface area carrier, the catalyst being useful for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in an olefinic feed stream, particularly for ethylene purification. This invention also relates to processes of preparation and use of these catalysts. The manufacture of unsaturated hydrocarbons usually involves cracking various types of hydrocarbons. This often produces a crude product containing hydrocarbon impurities that are more unsaturated than the desired product. An example of this problem occurs with ethylene purification processes, in which acetylene is a common impurity. An example of the process of ethylene purification is described in UK Patent No. 802,100. These unsaturated hydrocarbon impurities are often very difficult to completely remove by fractionation from the desired product. Further, it is often difficult, industrially, to hydrogenate the highly unsaturated hydrocarbon impurities without significant hydrogenation of the desired unsaturated hydrocarbons also occurring. Two general types of gas phase selective hydrogenation processes for removing undesired, unsaturated hydrocarbons are commonly used: "front-end" hydrogenation and "tail-end" hydrogenation. "Front-end" hydrogenation involves passing the crude gas from the initial cracking step, after removal of steam and condensible organic material, over a hydrogenation catalyst. The crude gas generally includes a relatively large volume of hydrogen and a mixture of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Typically, the hydrogen gas concentration is greater than the stoichiometric amount needed for complete hydrogenation of the acetylenes present in the crude gas. To minimize the risk of the excess hydrogen gas hydrogenating ethylene in the feed stream, the hydrogenation catalyst must be very selective. Further, the catalyst risks being damaged in the front-end reactions because hydrogenation of ethylene can lead to thermal excursion, known as "run-away" whereby high temperatures are experienced. Run-away can also result in severe loss of ethylene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Torch in water will slit water into oxygen and hydrogen Inventor(s): Awad, Hanna Albert; (Ajaltoun, LB) Correspondence: Hanna Albert Awad; 4721 Nathan West; Sterling Heights; MI; 48310; US Patent Application Number: 20040067194 Date filed: October 4, 2002 Abstract: a torch of acetylene or any other combustible will light and ignite more in water.The fire has several colors: blue, yellow, red, green, etc.One color for fire of a torch will ignite more in water and split water into oxygen and hydrogen while burning a small portion of them.The oxygen and hydrogen will get to the surface and can be split by compressing the mix. The liquefaction point of oxygen is different from the liquefaction point of hydrogen, therefore we get by compressing the mix a liquid and a gas. And the mix is separated. Excerpt(s): a torch of acetylene or any other combustible will light and ignite more in water. The fire has several colors: blue, yellow, red, green, etc. One color for fire of a torch will ignite more in water and split water into oxygen and hydrogen while burning a small portion of them. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with acetylene, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on acetylene. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning acetylene. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON ACETYLENE Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to acetylene. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on acetylene include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “acetylene” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “acetylene” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “acetylene” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Brief communication soot volume fraction maps for normal and reduced gravity laminar acetylene jet diffusion flames (SuDoc NAS 1.26:205338) by Paul S. Greenberg; ISBN: B00010WQSS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010WQSS/icongroupinterna

•

Characterization of the minimum energy paths for the ring closure reactions of C b4 sH b3 s with acetylene (SuDoc NAS 1.26:207259) by Stephen P. Walch; ISBN: B0001101GQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001101GQ/icongroupinterna

•

Modem Acetylene Chemistry by Peter J. Stang (Editor), F. Diederich (Editor); ISBN: 3527290842; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527290842/icongroupinterna

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New Reactions and Chemicals Based on Sulfur and Acetylene (Sulfur Reports Series) by Boris A. Trofimov; ISBN: 3718601753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718601753/icongroupinterna

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NFPA 51A: Standard for Acetylene Cylinder Charging Plants (1996 ed.) by National Fire Protection Association; ISBN: 9994653423; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9994653423/icongroupinterna

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Take Care with Acetylene (Leaflet) by Health and Safety Executive (Editor); ISBN: 071761817X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/071761817X/icongroupinterna

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The World Market for Parts for Gas- or Water-Producing Gas Generators, Acetylene Gas Generators, and Water-Process Gas Generators: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134JMQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134JMQ/icongroupinterna

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TOHO ACETYLENE CO., LTD.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B0001660Y8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001660Y8/icongroupinterna

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TOHO ACETYLENE CO., LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Icon Group Ltd., Icon Group Ltd.; ISBN: 0597303878; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597303878/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Acetylene In order to find chapters that specifically relate to acetylene, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and acetylene using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON ACETYLENE Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover acetylene.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on acetylene is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to acetylene. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “acetylene” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “acetylene” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to acetylene, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “acetylene” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on acetylene:

Periodicals and News

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Body Piercing and Branding Are the Latest Fads Source: Skin and Allergy News. 30(12): 27. December 1999. Contact: Available from Skin and Allergy News, Circulation. 12230 Wilkins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852. (301) 816-8796. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the safety of body piercing and branding. One dermatologist who has studied various forms of body decorations for over 35 years believes that most people who have body art do not experience any problems. Nickel allergy does occur but is not all that common. Bacterial infections from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus seem to cause most problems. Another type of infection common in patients who have body piercings is Pseudomonas. Colonization of this bacteria can liquify ear cartilage and may require treatment with intravenous antibiotics. Candidal infections commonly affect piercings of the navel. Infections are more likely to occur in moist areas such as the genitalia and the nose, mouth piercings rarely become infected. Umbilicus piercings are more prone to infection if exposed to friction. Infections can also occur from trauma-induced tears. Problems are more likely to arise if the piercing is done by an unqualified person. The newest symbols of teenage rebellion are branding and scarification. The latter involves cutting a design into the skin and placing sand or another agent in the wound to promote the formation of a keloid. Branding is performed using a branding iron with initials or some other design on a tip that is heated using an acetylene torch. 6 figures.

Academic Periodicals covering Acetylene Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to acetylene. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering acetylene that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

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National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

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National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

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National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2809 20 0 1 205 3035

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “acetylene” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on acetylene can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to acetylene. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to acetylene. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas.

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You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on acetylene. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “acetylene” (or synonyms). Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to acetylene. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. NORD (The National Organization of Rare Disorders, Inc.) NORD provides an invaluable service to the public by publishing short yet comprehensive guidelines on over 1,000 diseases. NORD primarily focuses on rare diseases that might not be covered by the previously listed sources. NORD’s Web address is

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http://www.rarediseases.org/. A complete guide on acetylene can be purchased from NORD for a nominal fee. PEDBASE Similar to NORD, PEDBASE covers relatively rare disorders, limited mainly to pediatric conditions. PEDBASE was designed by Dr. Alan Gandy. To access the database, which is more oriented to researchers than patients, you can view the current list of health topics covered at the following Web site: http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/pedlynx.htm. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to acetylene. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with acetylene. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about acetylene. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “acetylene” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “acetylene”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “acetylene” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “acetylene” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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ACETYLENE DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is

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present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by

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organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antibiotics: Substances produced by microorganisms that can inhibit or suppress the growth of other microorganisms. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU]

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Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Arthroplasty: Surgical reconstruction of a joint to relieve pain or restore motion. [NIH] Ascorbate Oxidase: An enzyme that converts ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid. EC 1.10.3.3. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Bacteroid: 1. Resembling a bacterium. 2. A structurally bacterium. [EU] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU]

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Basophil: A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biodegradation: The series of processes by which living organisms degrade pollutant chemicals, organic wastes, pesticides, and implantable materials. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biopolymers: Polymers, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, or polysaccharides formed by any living organism. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the

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blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Caprolactam: Cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. Can cause local irritation. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboplatin: An organoplatinum compound that possesses antineoplastic activity. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxymethylcellulose: It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabilizer for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH]

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Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cementation: The joining of objects by means of a cement (e.g., in fracture fixation, such as in hip arthroplasty for joining of the acetabular component to the femoral component). In dentistry, it is used for the process of attaching parts of a tooth or restorative material to a natural tooth or for the attaching of orthodontic bands to teeth by means of an adhesive. [NIH]

Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Cicatrix, Hypertrophic: An elevated scar, resembling a keloid, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously. [NIH]

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Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Coke: A residue of coal, left after dry (destructive) distillation, used as a fuel. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Competency: The capacity of the bacterium to take up DNA from its surroundings. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Constriction, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclodextrins: A homologous group of cyclic glucans consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose

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units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytostatic: An agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Dehydroascorbic Acid: The reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3diketogulonic acid and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Dermatologist: A doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems. [NIH]

Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency

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coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diamines: Organic chemicals which have two amino groups in an aliphatic chain. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the

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effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the

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entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Ergometer: An instrument for measuring the force of muscular contraction. [NIH] Ergometry: Any method of measuring the amount of work done by an organism, usually during exertion. Ergometry also includes measures of power. Some instruments used in these determinations include the hand crank and the bicycle ergometer. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ether, Ethyl: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at

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the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femoral Vein: The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen

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family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Fossil Fuels: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fracture Fixation: The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH]

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Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histamine Release: The secretion of histamine from mast cell and basophil granules by exocytosis. This can be initiated by a number of factors, all of which involve binding of IgE, cross-linked by antigen, to the mast cell or basophil's Fc receptors. Once released, histamine binds to a number of different target cell receptors and exerts a wide variety of effects. [NIH]

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Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogenation: Specific method of reduction in which hydrogen is added to a substance by the direct use of gaseous hydrogen. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Iliac Vein: A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH]

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Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Industrial Waste: Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations. It represents an ecological problem and health hazard. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH]

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Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU]

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Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by

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volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). EC 1.18.6.1. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with

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metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical antiinflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylalanine Hydroxylase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of L-tyrosine, dihydrobiopterin, and water from L-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause phenylketonurias and phenylketonuria, maternal. EC 1.14.16.1. [NIH] Phenylketonurias: A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or less frequently by reduced activity of dihydropteridine reductase (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; seizures; skin hypopigmentation; eczema; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of

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skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polytetrafluoroethylene: Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron. [NIH] Polyvinyl Alcohol: A polymer prepared from polyvinyl acetates by replacement of the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups. It is used as a pharmaceutic aid and ophthalmic lubricant as well as in the manufacture of surface coatings artificial sponges, cosmetics, and other products. [NIH] Popliteal: Compression of the nerve at the neck of the fibula. [NIH] Popliteal Vein: The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the

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convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, pheochromocytoma, Raynaud's syndrome, prostatic hypertrophy, and urinary retention. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH]

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Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quinolones: Quinolines which are substituted in any position by one or more oxo groups. These compounds can have any degree of hydrogenation, any substituents, and fused ring systems. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any

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of its parts. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Run-away: Serious timing circuit malfunction that results in a pulse repetition rate above 150 beats per minute with sufficient output to capture the heart. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Scopolamine: An alkaloid from Solanaceae, especially Datura metel L. and Scopola carniolica. Scopolamine and its quaternary derivatives act as antimuscarinics like atropine, but may have more central nervous system effects. Among the many uses are as an anesthetic premedication, in urinary incontinence, in motion sickness, as an antispasmodic, and as a mydriatic and cycloplegic. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in

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water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrometer: An apparatus for determining spectra; measures quantities such as wavelengths and relative amplitudes of components. [NIH] Spectroscopic: The recognition of elements through their emission spectra. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]

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Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thermodilution: Measurement of blood flow based on induction at one point of the circulation of a known change in the intravascular heat content of flowing blood and detection of the resultant change in temperature at a point downstream. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH]

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Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.

Dictionary 139

[NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Viruses: Minute infectious agents whose genomes are composed of DNA or RNA, but not both. They are characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the inability to replicate outside living host cells. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

140

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X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH]

141

INDEX A Acetone, 41, 109, 127 Acetylcholine, 109, 129 Acrylonitrile, 34, 109, 135 Adaptability, 56, 109 Adaptation, 40, 109 Adduct, 62, 109 Adenine, 109 Adenosine, 14, 109, 131 Adhesives, 60, 109 Adjustment, 109 Adrenal Medulla, 109, 115, 121, 130 Adrenergic, 109, 119, 121, 133, 137 Adsorption, 5, 46, 77, 109 Adsorptive, 109 Adverse Effect, 109, 135 Aerobic, 6, 9, 109, 110, 121 Aerobic Exercise, 6, 110 Aerosol, 110, 130, 137 Affinity, 110, 127, 136 Agar, 58, 110, 117, 125 Agonist, 110, 119 Algorithms, 110, 113 Alkaline, 60, 110, 111, 114, 131, 137 Alkaloid, 110, 112, 114, 135 Allo, 110, 124 Alopecia, 110, 118 Alpha Particles, 110, 134 Alpha-1, 110, 117, 133 Alternative medicine, 86, 110 Aluminum, 60, 110 Alveoli, 110, 139 Amine, 110, 124 Amino Acids, 111, 114, 131, 132, 133, 137, 138 Ammonia, 63, 110, 111, 138 Anaerobic, 8, 9, 10, 27, 111 Anal, 25, 111, 122 Analgesic, 111, 130 Analog, 111, 123 Analytes, 35, 111 Anatomical, 111, 117, 119, 125, 127 Anemia, 111, 124 Aneurysm, 111, 139 Anionic, 64, 111 Anions, 111, 127 Antibiotics, 87, 111, 133

Antibody, 110, 111, 116, 125, 126, 127, 129, 134, 140 Antigen, 110, 111, 116, 124, 125, 126 Anti-inflammatory, 24, 26, 111, 131 Antimetabolite, 111, 123 Antineoplastic, 111, 114, 118, 123 Antioxidant, 28, 112, 130 Antiseptic, 109, 112 Antispasmodic, 112, 135 Antiviral, 14, 112 Aqueous, 34, 37, 56, 57, 63, 66, 73, 112, 120, 127 Arginine, 112, 129 Argon, 31, 69, 112 Arterial, 6, 112, 125, 133 Arteries, 112, 113, 133 Arterioles, 112, 113, 114 Artery, 111, 112, 113, 122, 134, 139 Arthroplasty, 112, 115 Ascorbate Oxidase, 4, 112 Ascorbic Acid, 112, 118 Asphyxia, 112, 130 Assay, 6, 10, 27, 112 Atropine, 112, 135 Attenuation, 70, 112 B Bacteria, 9, 10, 11, 32, 87, 109, 111, 112, 117, 118, 128, 130, 139 Bacterial Physiology, 109, 112 Bactericidal, 112, 121 Bacterium, 112, 116 Bacteroid, 10, 27, 112 Base, 36, 44, 57, 73, 75, 109, 112, 117, 127 Basophil, 113, 124 Benzoic Acid, 5, 113 Beta Rays, 113, 120 Binding agent, 58, 113 Binding Sites, 7, 113 Biochemical, 28, 35, 111, 113 Biodegradation, 10, 113 Biological Transport, 113, 119 Biopolymers, 59, 113 Biopsy, 113 Biosynthesis, 9, 113 Biotechnology, 7, 11, 86, 93, 113 Bladder, 113, 126, 138, 139 Blood Cell Count, 113, 124 Blood Coagulation, 113, 114

142

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Blood pressure, 113, 125, 133, 136 Blood vessel, 113, 120, 131, 136, 139 Body Fluids, 4, 113, 120, 136 Brachytherapy, 113, 126, 127, 134, 140 Bradykinin, 113, 129 Bronchial, 114, 124 Buffers, 39, 114 C Calcium, 28, 41, 60, 62, 114, 116 Calcium Carbonate, 62, 114 Calcium Hydroxide, 60, 114 Camptothecin, 5, 114 Capillary, 4, 114, 139 Caprolactam, 44, 114 Capsules, 114, 122 Carbohydrate, 114, 124 Carbon Dioxide, 7, 17, 25, 42, 43, 48, 72, 73, 114, 117, 118, 122, 123, 134, 138 Carboplatin, 5, 114 Carboxy, 114 Carboxylic Acids, 27, 57, 114 Carboxymethylcellulose, 58, 114 Carcinogen, 109, 114 Cardiac, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 114, 115, 120, 121, 137 Cardiac Output, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 115, 137 Cardiorespiratory, 110, 115 Case report, 13, 115 Catecholamine, 115, 119 Cathode, 63, 113, 115, 120 Cations, 115, 127 Cell Division, 112, 115, 132 Cementation, 67, 115 Central Nervous System, 109, 115, 131, 135 Centrifugation, 115, 124 Cerebral, 12, 115, 121 Cerebrum, 115 Character, 68, 115 Chemotherapy, 4, 115 Cholesterol, 27, 115 Chromium, 20, 115 Chronic, 6, 115, 126, 137 Chronic Disease, 6, 115 Cicatrix, 115, 127 Cicatrix, Hypertrophic, 115, 127 Clinical Medicine, 116, 133 Clinical trial, 3, 93, 116, 133 Cloning, 113, 116 Cofactor, 4, 116, 129, 133 Coke, 60, 116

Collagen, 109, 116, 127, 132 Colloidal, 39, 116, 120, 137 Combinatorial, 6, 116 Competency, 4, 116 Complement, 116, 117 Complementary and alternative medicine, 23, 30, 116 Complementary medicine, 23, 117 Computational Biology, 93, 117 Concomitant, 39, 117 Conjugated, 38, 68, 113, 117, 118 Connective Tissue, 112, 116, 117, 118, 127 Constriction, 117, 139 Constriction, Pathologic, 117, 139 Contamination, 47, 117 Contraindications, ii, 117 Coordination, 3, 72, 117 Corrosion, 35, 79, 117 Coumarin, 27, 117 Crystallization, 37, 117 Culture Media, 110, 117 Curative, 117, 137 Cyanobacteria, 9, 117, 130 Cyclic, 67, 114, 117, 124, 129 Cyclodextrins, 4, 117 Cyclophosphamide, 5, 118 Cysteine, 118, 137 Cytochrome, 4, 5, 15, 118 Cytostatic, 14, 118 Cytotoxic, 24, 26, 118, 134 Cytotoxicity, 6, 118 D Deamination, 118, 138 Decarboxylation, 118, 124 Dehydroascorbic Acid, 112, 118 Dental Caries, 118, 123 Depressive Disorder, 118, 127 Dermatologist, 87, 118 Dermis, 118, 127 Deuterium, 118, 125 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 14, 118 Diagnostic procedure, 33, 86, 119 Diamines, 44, 119 Diffusion, 67, 83, 113, 119, 125 Dilatation, Pathologic, 119, 139 Dilation, 114, 119, 139 Dimethyl, 14, 41, 75, 76, 119 Diploid, 119, 132 Direct, iii, 6, 7, 9, 13, 47, 116, 119, 125, 134 Discrimination, 73, 119 Disinfectant, 119, 121 Dissociation, 110, 119, 127

143

Distal, 119, 120 Dopamine, 4, 119, 129, 131 Drug Interactions, 119 Drug Resistance, 6, 119, 120 Drug Tolerance, 119, 138 Duct, 120, 131 Dyes, 57, 64, 66, 120 Dyspnea, 7, 120 E Elastic, 120, 137 Elastomers, 52, 120 Electrode, 43, 58, 115, 120 Electrolyte, 43, 58, 120, 132, 136 Electrons, 4, 46, 67, 77, 112, 113, 115, 120, 127, 130, 134 Electrophoresis, 4, 120, 125 Elementary Particles, 120, 129, 133 Emulsion, 120, 122 Endogenous, 4, 119, 120, 130 Endothelium, 6, 120, 121, 129 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 120 Endothelium, Vascular, 120 Endothelium-derived, 121, 129 Environmental Health, 92, 94, 121 Enzymatic, 66, 71, 114, 116, 118, 121, 124 Enzyme, 20, 26, 75, 112, 114, 118, 121, 122, 124, 129, 130, 131, 137, 138 Epinephrine, 109, 119, 121, 129, 130, 138 Epithelium, 120, 121 Ergometer, 121 Ergometry, 5, 121 Ethanol, 5, 41, 76, 121, 122 Ether, 5, 14, 37, 41, 49, 56, 62, 64, 75, 121 Ether, Ethyl, 41, 121 Excitation, 31, 121, 129 Exercise Test, 121 Exercise Tolerance, 7, 121 Exocytosis, 121, 124 Exogenous, 4, 109, 120, 121 External-beam radiation, 121, 127, 134, 140 Extracellular, 117, 122, 136 Extrapyramidal, 119, 122 F Family Planning, 93, 122 Fat, 122, 127, 136, 137 Fatty acids, 114, 119, 122, 135 Femoral, 6, 115, 122, 132 Femoral Artery, 122 Femoral Vein, 6, 122, 132 Femur, 122 Fermentation, 76, 122

Fertilizers, 66, 71, 122 Filler, 37, 122 Fine-needle aspiration, 122, 129 Fixation, 9, 10, 12, 25, 28, 32, 36, 122 Flatus, 122, 123 Fluorescence, 36, 122 Fluorine, 44, 45, 122 Fluorouracil, 5, 123 Food Technology, 59, 123 Fossil Fuels, 43, 123 Fovea, 122, 123 Fractionation, 50, 80, 123 Fracture Fixation, 115, 123 Free Radicals, 112, 119, 123 Friction, 35, 44, 87, 123 Fructose, 123, 124 Fungistatic, 113, 123 G Gas exchange, 7, 123, 139 Gasoline, 42, 43, 77, 123 Gastric, 20, 26, 123, 124 Gastrointestinal, 114, 121, 123, 137 Gastrointestinal tract, 121, 123 Gels, 5, 123 Gene, 6, 113, 123, 127 Ginseng, 27, 29, 123 Glucans, 117, 123 Glucose, 112, 115, 117, 123, 124, 126 Glycine, 113, 124, 129 Glycols, 36, 53, 65, 124 Glycoprotein, 6, 124 Glycoside, 20, 23, 124 Governing Board, 124, 132 Grade, 60, 124 Graft, 62, 124 Granule, 37, 124 Graphite, 39, 58, 68, 124 Guanylate Cyclase, 124, 129 H Habitual, 115, 124 Haploid, 124, 132 Heart failure, 124, 133 Hematocrit, 14, 113, 124 Hemodialysis, 114, 124 Hepatotoxic, 5, 124 Heredity, 123, 124 Histamine, 24, 124, 125 Histamine Release, 24, 124 Histidine, 124, 125 Histology, 125, 131 Homogeneous, 41, 125 Homologous, 46, 77, 117, 125

144

Acetylene

Hybrid, 28, 43, 125 Hydrogen, 9, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 61, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 81, 110, 112, 114, 118, 125, 129, 130, 133 Hydrogenation, 32, 44, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 74, 78, 80, 125, 134 Hydrolysis, 66, 71, 125, 132 Hydrophilic, 62, 73, 125 Hydrophobic, 44, 125 Hydroxylation, 4, 125 Hypertension, 125, 133 Hypertrophy, 125, 133 I Iliac Vein, 122, 125 Imaging procedures, 125, 138 Imidazole, 4, 124, 125 Immersion, 44, 125 Immunodiffusion, 110, 125 Immunoelectrophoresis, 110, 125 Immunosuppressant, 123, 125 Immunosuppressive, 118, 125 Impairment, 26, 125 Implant radiation, 126, 127, 134, 140 Incision, 126 Incontinence, 126, 135 Induction, 126, 137 Industrial Waste, 40, 126 Infection, 87, 126, 128, 137 Inflammation, 111, 126, 132 Inhalation, 13, 110, 121, 126 Inorganic, 62, 71, 126 Inotropic, 119, 126 Insecticides, 126, 131, 139 Insulin, 118, 126, 127 Intermittent, 37, 69, 126 Internal radiation, 126, 127, 134, 140 Interstitial, 113, 126, 127, 140 Intoxication, 12, 126 Intracellular, 126, 129, 132 Intravascular, 126, 137 Intravenous, 87, 126 Intrinsic, 69, 110, 126 Invasive, 7, 17, 126 Ionization, 5, 127 Ionizing, 59, 110, 127, 134 Ions, 9, 28, 112, 114, 119, 120, 125, 127 Irradiation, 42, 47, 59, 127, 140 Isopropyl, 41, 127 K Kb, 92, 127 Keloid, 87, 115, 127 Ketoacidosis, 109, 127

Ketone Bodies, 109, 119, 127 Ketosis, 119, 127 Kinetic, 127 L Laxative, 110, 114, 127, 128 Ligands, 4, 14, 67, 75, 127 Ligation, 4, 127 Lipophilic, 65, 127 Liquor, 71, 127 Lithium, 43, 127 Liver, 113, 118, 120, 124, 127, 138 Localized, 118, 122, 126, 128, 132 Locomotion, 128, 132 Lubricants, 128, 131 Lymph, 120, 128 Lymphatic, 120, 126, 128 M Manic, 127, 128 Mediate, 119, 128 MEDLINE, 93, 128 Melanin, 128, 131, 138 Membrane, 6, 8, 9, 45, 116, 121, 128 Memory, 26, 39, 128 Mental, iv, 3, 92, 94, 119, 128, 133 Metabolic acidosis, 119, 128 Metabolite, 20, 119, 128 Methacrylate, 73, 128 Methanol, 41, 76, 128 Methylcellulose, 58, 128 Microbe, 128, 138 Microbiology, 12, 25, 26, 27, 109, 128 Microorganism, 116, 128 Mineralization, 114, 128 Mobility, 8, 38, 128 Modeling, 4, 128 Modification, 74, 128 Modulator, 69, 128 Molecular, 7, 41, 46, 47, 72, 73, 93, 95, 111, 113, 117, 124, 128, 135 Molecule, 35, 52, 57, 72, 111, 112, 113, 116, 119, 121, 124, 125, 129, 130, 134 Monoclonal, 127, 129, 134, 140 Morphological, 72, 129 Motion Sickness, 129, 135 Mydriatic, 119, 129, 135 N Narcotic, 129, 130 Needle biopsy, 6, 122, 129 Neoplasms, 111, 129, 134 Nervous System, 115, 129, 137 Neuronal, 26, 129 Neurons, 129

145

Neurotransmitter, 109, 114, 119, 124, 129, 130, 137 Neutrons, 110, 127, 129, 134 Nickel, 51, 58, 87, 129 Nitric Oxide, 24, 27, 129 Nitrogen, 9, 10, 25, 28, 32, 34, 66, 67, 71, 110, 112, 117, 118, 122, 129, 130 Nitrogenase, 8, 9, 26, 130 Nitrous Oxide, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 31, 32, 130 Norepinephrine, 6, 109, 119, 129, 130 Nuclear, 114, 120, 130 Nuclei, 110, 120, 129, 130, 133 Nucleic acid, 130 Nucleus, 113, 117, 118, 120, 129, 130, 133 O Ointments, 130, 131 Ophthalmic, 130, 132 Ophthalmology, 122, 130 Oxidants, 5, 130 Oxidation, 5, 8, 9, 38, 68, 112, 118, 119, 130 Oxidation-Reduction, 130 Oxides, 46, 76, 130 P Palladium, 32, 50, 75, 78, 131, 135 Palliative, 131, 137 Paraffin, 44, 131 Particle, 37, 39, 43, 131 Peptide, 131, 132, 133 Perfusion, 5, 131 Pesticides, 113, 126, 131 Petroleum, 15, 76, 123, 131 Phagocyte, 130, 131 Phallic, 122, 131 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 121, 131, 133 Pharmacologic, 131, 138, 139 Phenyl, 5, 39, 51, 131 Phenylalanine, 4, 131, 138 Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, 4, 131 Phenylketonurias, 131 Phosphorus, 74, 75, 114, 131 Physiologic, 5, 110, 113, 131, 134 Pigment, 40, 42, 56, 57, 64, 65, 66, 131 Pitch, 42, 132 Plants, 15, 24, 66, 71, 84, 110, 112, 114, 123, 124, 130, 132, 138 Plasma, 31, 34, 44, 63, 69, 120, 132 Platelet Aggregation, 129, 132 Platelets, 129, 132 Pneumonia, 117, 132 Polyethylene, 58, 132

Polymers, 38, 48, 50, 52, 55, 59, 60, 71, 72, 76, 113, 132, 133, 137 Polypeptide, 5, 116, 132 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 44, 45, 58, 132 Polyvinyl Alcohol, 58, 63, 132 Popliteal, 122, 132 Popliteal Vein, 122, 132 Potassium, 14, 49, 132 Potassium hydroxide, 49, 132 Practice Guidelines, 94, 132 Prazosin, 6, 133 Precursor, 38, 47, 51, 118, 119, 121, 130, 131, 133, 138 Premedication, 133, 135 Probe, 4, 133 Progressive, 119, 133 Projection, 130, 133 Prone, 50, 87, 133 Propylene Glycol, 62, 133 Protein C, 133, 138 Protein S, 113, 133 Proteins, 4, 111, 113, 116, 120, 125, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138 Protocol, 7, 133 Protons, 110, 125, 127, 133, 134 Psychiatry, 122, 133, 139 Public Policy, 93, 133 Publishing, 8, 20, 133 Pulmonary, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17, 113, 121, 133, 137, 139 Pulmonary Circulation, 7, 133 Pulmonary hypertension, 13, 133 Pulse, 15, 69, 134, 135 Q Quaternary, 134, 135 Quinolones, 25, 134 R Race, 75, 134 Racemic, 75, 134 Radiation, 36, 54, 59, 60, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127, 134, 139, 140 Radiation therapy, 121, 123, 126, 127, 134, 140 Radioactive, 125, 126, 127, 130, 134, 140 Radioisotope, 134, 138 Radiolabeled, 127, 134, 140 Radiotherapy, 113, 127, 134, 140 Receptor, 14, 109, 111, 119, 134 Rectum, 122, 123, 126, 134 Red blood cells, 134, 136 Refer, 1, 116, 122, 128, 129, 134 Regeneration, 50, 51, 52, 79, 134

146

Acetylene

Reliability, 41, 134 Respiration, 9, 114, 134 Respiratory Physiology, 17, 134, 139 Rheumatoid, 130, 135 Ribose, 109, 135 Rigidity, 132, 135 Rubber, 58, 109, 120, 135 Run-away, 50, 80, 135 Ruthenium, 44, 135 S Salicylic, 25, 135 Saturate, 44, 135 Scopolamine, 26, 135 Screening, 24, 116, 135 Secretion, 124, 135 Sediment, 9, 60, 135 Semisynthetic, 114, 135 Sensor, 35, 38, 135 Serous, 120, 135 Serum, 4, 116, 135 Shock, 135, 138 Side effect, 109, 118, 135, 138 Silicon, 38, 44, 60, 135 Silicon Dioxide, 135 Skeletal, 5, 136 Skeleton, 75, 122, 136 Sludge, 20, 136 Smooth muscle, 124, 136, 137 Sodium, 14, 136 Soft tissue, 136 Solvent, 34, 40, 47, 49, 51, 53, 56, 57, 63, 64, 70, 73, 78, 109, 121, 128, 133, 136 Soybean Oil, 62, 136 Species, 4, 13, 20, 24, 26, 32, 48, 73, 75, 76, 118, 121, 125, 129, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139 Spectrometer, 16, 136 Spectroscopic, 4, 32, 136 Spinal cord, 115, 129, 136 Stabilizer, 114, 136 Steel, 136, 138 Sterility, 118, 136 Stimulant, 124, 136 Stimulus, 120, 121, 136 Stomach, 123, 127, 136 Stress, 39, 69, 115, 135, 136 Stroke, 92, 115, 136, 137 Stroke Volume, 115, 137 Strontium, 14, 137 Structure-Activity Relationship, 14, 137 Styrene, 34, 46, 51, 62, 135, 137 Subacute, 126, 137 Subclinical, 126, 137

Subspecies, 136, 137 Substance P, 128, 135, 137 Substrate, 4, 5, 9, 42, 45, 47, 54, 62, 63, 69, 137 Sulfur, 11, 46, 83, 137 Surfactant, 40, 56, 64, 137 Suspensions, 10, 27, 137 Sympathomimetic, 119, 121, 130, 137 Systemic, 113, 121, 126, 127, 134, 137, 140 T Therapeutics, 137 Thermal, 39, 40, 46, 50, 54, 70, 72, 77, 79, 80, 119, 129, 137 Thermodilution, 6, 7, 13, 16, 137 Thigh, 122, 137 Thyroxine, 131, 138 Tolerance, 109, 138 Tooth Preparation, 109, 138 Topical, 121, 131, 138 Toxic, iv, 6, 75, 112, 118, 124, 128, 132, 137, 138 Toxicity, 6, 119, 138 Toxicology, 13, 94, 138 Toxins, 111, 126, 138 Trace element, 115, 122, 129, 135, 138 Tracer, 61, 138 Transfection, 113, 138 Transmitter, 109, 119, 130, 138 Trauma, 87, 138 Trees, 135, 138 Tuberculosis, 135, 138 Tungsten, 11, 115, 138 Tyrosine, 119, 131, 138 U Urea, 66, 71, 138 Urease, 129, 138 Urethra, 138, 139 Urinary, 126, 133, 135, 138, 139 Urinary Retention, 133, 139 Urine, 4, 35, 113, 126, 127, 138, 139 V Vaccine, 133, 139 Valves, 68, 139 Vascular, 118, 120, 121, 126, 129, 139 Vasoconstriction, 6, 121, 139 Vasodilation, 6, 139 Vasodilator, 6, 114, 119, 124, 139 Vein, 111, 122, 125, 126, 130, 132, 139 Ventilation, 16, 139 Ventricle, 134, 139 Venules, 113, 114, 120, 139 Veterinary Medicine, 93, 139

147

Virulence, 138, 139 Viruses, 109, 112, 128, 139 Viscosity, 34, 62, 79, 139 Vivo, 130, 139

X Xenobiotics, 5, 139 X-ray, 32, 115, 122, 127, 130, 134, 136, 139, 140 X-ray therapy, 127, 140

148

Acetylene

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