Vitamins - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright Ó2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Vitamins: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83721-X 1. Vitamins-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on vitamins. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications.

Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON VITAMINS .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Vitamins ..................................................................................... 18 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 76 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 84 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND VITAMINS ...................................................................................... 171 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 171 Finding Nutrition Studies on Vitamins .................................................................................... 171 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 186 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 187 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND VITAMINS................................................................ 217 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 217 The Combined Health Information Database............................................................................. 217 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 218 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 225 General References ..................................................................................................................... 284 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON VITAMINS.................................................................................. 285 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 285 Dissertations on Vitamins ......................................................................................................... 285 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 286 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND VITAMINS ............................................................................ 287 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 287 Recent Trials on Vitamins ......................................................................................................... 287 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 304 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON VITAMINS ............................................................................................ 307 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 307 Patents on Vitamins .................................................................................................................. 307 Patent Applications on Vitamins............................................................................................... 343 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 378 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON VITAMINS ................................................................................................ 379 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 379 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 379 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 380 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 404 Chapters on Vitamins ................................................................................................................ 406 Directories.................................................................................................................................. 408 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON VITAMINS ..................................................................................... 409 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 409 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 409 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 410 Bibliography: Multimedia on Vitamins ..................................................................................... 410 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON VITAMINS .................................................................. 413 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 413 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 413 Newsletters on Vitamins............................................................................................................ 418 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 418 Academic Periodicals covering Vitamins................................................................................... 419 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 421 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 421

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U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 421 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 425 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 429 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 429 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 429 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 431 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 438 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 439 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 439 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 439 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 449 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 451 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 451 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 451 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 451 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 451 ONLINE GLOSSARIES ................................................................................................................ 457 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 462 VITAMINS DICTIONARY.......................................................................................................... 463 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 571

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with vitamins is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about vitamins, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to vitamins, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on vitamins. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to vitamins, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on vitamins. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on vitamins.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and vitamins, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: ·

Treatment with Vitamin D and Calcium Reduces Bone Loss After Renal Transplantation: A Randomized Study Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 13(6): 1608-1614. June 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-6423. Summary: A decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) is a major complication of renal (kidney) transplantation (RTx), predominantly occurring within the first 6 months after RTx. The most important causative factor is the use of corticosteroids, but persisting hyperparathyroidism and abnormalities in vitamin D metabolism play a role too. This study examined the effect of treatment with calcium and active vitamin D on the loss of

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BMD in the first 6 months after RTx. A total of 111 kidney transplant recipients (65 men, 46 women; mean age 46 years, plus or minus 13 years) were randomized to treatment with active vitamin D plus calcium (CaD group) or to no treatment (NoT group). Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of cyclosporine, prednisone, and mycophenolate mofetil. Laboratory parameters and BMD (lumbar spine and hip) were measured at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months after RTx. Lumbar BMD was nearly normal at the time of RTx. In both groups, a significant decrease in lumbar BMD was observed during the first 3 months. Between the third month and the sixth month, lumbar BMD slightly recovered in the CaD group, but it decreased further in the NoT group. As a result, the amount of bone loss at 6 months was significantly lower in the CaD group. Loss of BMD at the different femoral (thigh or hip) sites was also significantly reduced in the CaD group. Apart from a trend toward more frequent hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood), no clinical or biochemical differences existed between the groups. The authors conclude that treatment with a low dose of active vitamin D and calcium partially prevents bone loss at the lumbar spine and proximal femur during the first 6 months after kidney transplantation. 1 figure. 4 tables. 32 references. ·

Impact of Vitamin A Supplementation to Rural Children on Morbidity Due to Diarrhoea Source: Indian Journal of Medical Research. 113: 53-59. February 2001. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: A number of studies have shown the association between vitamin A deficiency and the increased risk of diarrheal and other childhood morbidities (illnesses) and mortality (death). However, some studies have raised controversies regarding the reduction of the incidence of diarrhea after vitamin A supplementation to children. This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation to young rural children in reducing the incidence of diarrhea. The double blind randomized intervention trial was carried out amongst 404 rural children between 6 and 59 months of age to assess the impact of vitamin A supplementation on morbidity due to diarrhea. Children were allocated to receive either 200,000 or 50,000 International Units (IU) of vitamin A; the same dose was repeated after six months. Morbidity due to diarrhea was observed by twice a week household surveillance, during the subsequent one year of follow up. The incidence of diarrhea in the two supplemented groups was also compared with the incidence observed during the year preceding supplementation. The incidence of diarrhea was similar in the two supplemented groups. However, the overall incidence of diarrhea among all the children in the two supplemented groups (0.56 episodes per child per year) was significantly lower than the incidence before supplementation (1.15 episodes per child per year). The results of this study indicate that vitamin A supplementation in a dose of 200,000 IU has no additional advantage over 50,000 IU, at least when the aim is to reduce the incidence of diarrhea. For control of morbidity due to diarrhea, vitamin A supplementation in a dose of 50,000 IU every six months appears to be adequate, cost effective, and suitable for younger children. 3 tables. 21 references.

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Vitamin, Mineral, and Hormone Interactions in Renal Bone Disease Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition. 3(1): 30-35. January 1993. Summary: As part of the patient care team, the renal dietitian should actively participate in the development of the care plan for the prevention and treatment of renal bone

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disease in the dialysis patient, primarily in the choice of appropriate vitamin or mineral preparations. This article presents a review of renal nutrition as it relates to the prevention and treatment of renal bone disease through understanding of vitamin, mineral, and hormone interactions. Topics include phosphate binders; aluminum binders, toxicity, and treatment; magnesium; calcium supplementation; calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and secondary hyperparathyroidism; and treatment with calcitriol. 1 figure. 1 table. 35 references. (AA-M). ·

Effects of Vitamin E on Cardiovascular and Microvascular Outcomes in High-Risk Patients with Diabetes: Results of the HOPE Study and MICRO-HOPE Substudy Source: Diabetes Care. 25(11): 1919-1927. November 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Experimental and observational studies suggest that vitamin E may reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and of microvascular complications in people with diabetes. However, data from randomized clinical trials are limited. This article reports on a study that evaluated the effects of vitamin E supplementation on major CV outcomes and on the development of nephropathy (kidney disease) in people with diabetes. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial is a randomized clinical trial which evaluated the effects of vitamin E and of ramipril in patients at high risk for CV events. The study was designed to recruit a large number of people with diabetes, and the analyses of the effects of vitamin E in this group were preplanned. There were 3,654 people with diabetes in the study. Vitamin E had a neutral effect on the primary study outcome, on each component of the composite primary outcome, and on all predefined secondary outcomes. The authors conclude that the daily administration of 400 IU vitamin E for an average of 4.5 years to middle aged and elderly people with diabetes and CV disease or additional coronary risk factors has no effect on CV outcomes or nephropathy. 2 figures. 2 tables. 26 references.

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Effect of Multivitamins on Plasma Homocysteine and Folate Levels in Patients on Hemodialysis Source: ASAIO Journal. American Society for Artificial Internal Organs. 45(1): 94-97. January-February 1999. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030. Fax (301) 824-7390. Summary: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients on hemodialysis. Homocysteine is a nonprotein forming, sulfur containing amino acid. Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia (too much homocysteine in the blood) include genetic enzyme deficiencies, chronic renal failure, and vitamin deficiencies. Homocysteine correlates negatively with folate status. In patients on hemodialysis, supraphysiologic doses of B vitamins and folate reduce homocysteine by 26 to 33 percent. This article reports on the effect of a standard multivitamin (Nephro-Vite Rx), containing B vitamins and 1 mg of folate, on erythrocyte-folate (RBC-folate) and homocysteine in patients on dialysis. The authors examined RBC-folate and homocysteine levels in 11 stable chronic patients on hemodialysis (mean duration of dialysis 9.8 months) who were not on vitamin or folate supplements, and repeated these studies after 3 weeks of once daily Nephro-Vite Rx dosage. Plasma homocysteine levels fell by 23.7 percent, whereas RBCfolate levels rose 60 percent. The authors note that the optimum dose of B vitamins and folate remains to be established, and a clinical benefit from lowering homocysteine has

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not yet been demonstrated. However, these results may have implications for the modification of cardiovascular risk in these patients. 3 figures. 1 table. 20 references. (AA-M). ·

'Bouncing' Glucose Levels/Vitamins and Minerals Source: Practical Diabetology. 13(2): 21-22. June 1994. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: In this article, in which the author answers questions commonly asked by persons with diabetes, the discussion concerns bouncing blood glucose levels and how to manage and prevent them. The editor's comment refers readers to an earlier article about making insulin work 'backwards.' The second half of the article discusses vitamins and minerals, including the role of chromium supplements, the metabolism of beta carotene to vitamin A in people with diabetes, and vanadium compounds. The author concludes with a brief overview of vitamins and minerals for people with diabetes.

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Selected Vitamins and Minerals in Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 17(5): 464-479. May 1994. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: In this article, the authors review the current status of knowledge about the interrelationship between diabetes and several important vitamins and minerals and provide a balanced perspective on what is known about this topic. Topics include trace minerals, including chromium, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, and selenium; vitamins, including vitamin A, the group B vitamins (thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin E, vitamin D, and folic acid; assessment of selected vitamin and mineral needs; and detailed nutritional assessment. One chart summarizes the Recommended Dietary Allowances and food sources of selected micronutrients. 1 figure. 1 table. 201 references.

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Evidence of Poor Vitamin Status in Coeliac Patients on a Gluten-free Diet for 10 Years Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(7):1333-1339. July 2002. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: Patients with celiac disease are advised to keep to a lifelong gluten-free diet to remain well. Uncertainty still exists as to whether this gives a nutritionally balanced diet. This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the vitamin nutrition status of a series of celiac patients living on a gluten-free diet for 10 years. The study included 30 adults with celiac disease (mean age 55 years, range 45 to 64 years, 60 percent women), in biopsy-proven remission following 8 to 12 years of dietary treatment. The authors found that celiac patients showed a higher total plasma homocysteine level than the general population, indicative of a poor vitamin status. The mean daily intakes of folate and vitamin B12, but not of vitamin B6, were significantly lower in celiac patients than in controls. The authors conclude that half of the adult celiac patients carefully treated with a gluten-free diet for several years showed signs of a poor vitamin status. This may

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have clinical implications considering the linkage between vitamin deficiency, elevated total plasma homocysteine levels, and cardiovascular disease. The results may suggest that, when following up adults with celiac disease, the vitamin status should be reviewed. 3 tables. 37 references. ·

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Vitamin D Hormone Replacement Therapy: New Treatment Perspectives Source: Dialysis and Transplantation. 30(2): 109-111, 125. February 2001. Contact: Available from Dialysis and Transplantation, Attn.: Subscriptions. P.O. Box 10535, Riverton, NJ 08076. (800) 624-4196 or (609) 786-0871. Summary: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) affects nearly all patients with chronic renal (kidney) failure (CRF). Recent evidence indicates that complications of SHPT are systemic, and not merely limited to renal bone disease. The link between SHPT and these co morbid conditions has prompted clinicians to make SHPT management a higher patient care priority. This article reviews the development of SHPT, the historical lack of appropriate treatment, and how vitamin D hormone replacement therapies could be used to prevent or limit its effects. In recent years, two vitamin D analogs that have been shown to be less calcemic, paricalcitol (Zemplar IV) and doxercalciferol (Hectorol oral and IV), have been approved for the treatment of SHPT in renal patients. Paricalcitol is active upon administration, with similar pharmacokinetic (how the drug works in the body) characteristics. However, doxercalciferol is a prohormone that, like endogenous vitamin D, must undergo metabolic transformation in the liver in order to form the active vitamin D hormone. This results in a pharmacokinetic profile that, at normal doses, provides blood levels of active vitamin D hormones that peak in 8 hours and remain in the physiologic range for more than 40 hours. This mimics the body's natural metabolism of vitamin D hormone, the ideal treatment for vitamin D hormone deficiency. 19 references.

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Relationship of Serum Antioxidant Vitamins to Serum Creatinine in the U.S. Population Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 39(3): 460-468. March 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Several small clinical studies have reported that serum (blood) vitamin A levels were higher but serum vitamin C levels were lower among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the relationship of antioxidant vitamins to renal function has not been studied in the general population. This article reports on a study that examined the relationship of serum antioxidant vitamin levels to serum creatinine levels (a measure of kidney function) and risk for hypercreatininemia (high levels of creatinine in the blood) in a representative sample. The study included 6,629 nonHispanic whites, 4,411 non-Hispanic blacks, and 4,480 Mexican Americans aged 18 years or older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Results showed that serum vitamin A level was positively and significantly associated with serum creatinine level. A one standard deviation higher level of serum vitamin A was associated with a 2.53 fold, 2.07 fold, and 2.76 fold greater risk for hypercreatinemia among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans, respectively. A one standard deviation higher serum vitamin C level was associated with a 22 percent lower risk for hypercreatinemia in non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans. The authors conclude that this is useful information to

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support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins may have an important role in the pathogenesis (development) of chronic renal failure. 2 figures. 3 tables. 47 references. ·

Select Vitamins and Minerals in the Management of Diabetes Source: Diabetes Spectrum. 14(3): 133-148. August, 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: The use of vitamin, mineral, and other complementary nutrition-based therapies has increased dramatically in the United States. Many health care providers are also beginning to explore the use of these therapies in their practices. For those providers who work in conventional health care settings, this is a new venture. But for many patients who have been self-medicating with supplements, it is nothing new. This article reviews how micronutrient requirements are determined and summarizes current recommendations for supplementation and the most pertinent research on the use of key vitamins and minerals in diabetes management. Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals that the body requires in small quantities for specific functions. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the American Dietetic Association recommend that healthy people at low risk for nutritional deficiencies meet their nutritional requirements with natural food sources. The ADA does note that people who are at increased risk for micronutrient deficiencies, such as those following very low calorie (VLC) diets, the elderly, strict vegetarians, and other special populations, may benefit from multivitamin supplements. The author reviews selected micronutrients, including chromium, vanadium, nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B3), magnesium, vitamin E, and B vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism. Readers are encouraged to be open to new treatment regimens while also serving as careful watchdogs for ineffective or dangerous therapies. Health care providers should encourage their patients' involvement in and ownership of their diabetes, and help them to focus their efforts where they are likely to receive the greatest benefits. A patient education handout on this topic is also available in this issue. 5 tables. 95 references.

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High-Dose Vitamin E Supplementation Normalizes Retinal Blood Flow and Creatinine Clearance in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 22(8): 1245-1251. August 1999. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article describes a study that determined the effectiveness of vitamin E treatment in normalizing retinal blood flow and renal function in patients who had type 1 diabetes for less than 10 years. The 8-month randomized double-masked placebocontrolled crossover trial evaluated 36 people who had type 1 diabetes and 9 people who did not have diabetes. Subjects were randomly assigned to either 1,800 IU vitamin E per day or placebo for 4 months and followed, after treatment crossover, for a further 4 months. Retinal blood flow was measured using video fluorescein angiography, and renal function was assessed using normalized creatinine clearance from timed urine collections. After vitamin E treatment, serum levels of vitamin E were significantly elevated in both people who had type 1 diabetes and control patients. Glycosylated hemoglobin was not affected by vitamin E treatment. The baseline retinal blood flow of patients who had diabetes was significantly decreased compared with that of people who did not have diabetes. After vitamin E supplementation, the retinal blood flow of patients who had diabetes was significantly increased and was comparable with that of

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the people who did not have diabetes. In addition, vitamin E treatment significantly normalized elevated baseline creatinine clearance in people who had diabetes. The article concludes that oral vitamin E treatment appears to be effective in normalizing retinal hemodynamic abnormalities and improving renal function in people who have had type 1 diabetes for less than 10 years. This suggests that vitamin E supplementation may provide an additional benefit in reducing the risks for developing diabetic retinopathy or nephropathy. 3 figures. 2 tables. 37 references. (AA-M). ·

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Elderly People: Combined Effect of Renal Insufficiency and Vitamin D Deficiency Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 58(2): 187-191. August 1993. Summary: This article discusses a research study in which the relative effects of renal insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency on parathyroid gland function were assessed in 29 free-living elderly subjects by using a sensitive assay for intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and PTH were measured after an overnight fast during wintertime, after oral vitamin D therapy, and at the end of the subsequent summer. Hypovitaminosis D was evident in 86 percent of the subjects during wintertime and 52 percent had elevated PTH concentrations. The researchers conclude that secondary hyperparathyroidism is common in elderly people, and in Ireland is the result of both renal insufficiency and hypovitaminosis D.

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Older People: Improving Diagnosis and Preventing Disability Source: JAGS. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 46: 1317-1319. 1998. Summary: This article discusses an investigation that provides information about whether a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency has a deleterious effect on the health of older adults. A goal of diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency in older adults is to find a treatable condition and relieve suffering or to prevent future disability that would occur should the condition remain untreated. The author discusses the spectrum of B12 deficiency, the primary clinical problem of older adults who have metabolic and/or clinical evidence of B12 deficiency, and how folic acid enrichment of grain products may mask megaloblastic anemia and contribute to problems of diagnosis. 21 references.

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Vitamins, Trace Elements, and Antioxidant Status in Dementia Disorders Source: International Psychogeriatrics. 13(3): 265-275. 2001. Summary: This article examines levels of vitamins and trace elements in the diets of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n=31), vascular dementia (VaD, n=10), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n=10) and a comparison group of healthy caregivers (n=30). Blood levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) also were assessed. Dietary intake of most measured vitamins and trace elements was decreased in severe AD but not in the other dementia groups. There was no significant difference in TAC among any of the dementia groups. However, a significant correlation was found between intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B12, zinc, and selenium and blood levels of TAC in the VaD group but not in the AD and DLB groups. No association was observed between zinc and copper intake and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity, or between dietary selenium intake and glutathione peroxidase activity, in any of the dementia groups. Results suggest that dietary levels of vitamins and trace elements are associated with

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overall antioxidant status in VaD patients but not those with AD or DLB. 3 tables, 36 references. (AA- M). ·

Vitamins and Minerals Essential for Good Health; Some Have Special Benefits Source: Diabetes in the News. 13(3): 20-23. June 1994. Summary: This article familiarizes readers with current research and recommendations on vitamins and minerals. The author focuses on helping readers with diabetes include adequate vitamins and minerals in their meal plans. Topics include deciding about multivitamin supplements; the role of specific vitamins, including vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), niacin, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene; minerals, including magnesium, chromium, and trace minerals such as manganese, selenium, zinc, and vanadium; and the importance of consumer education and awareness in avoiding problems with vitamins and minerals. The article is accompanied by a second article discussing how vitamins and minerals can affect one's physical appearance.

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When Patients Ask About Vitamin-Mineral Supplements Source: Patient Care. 30(14): 85-86, 89-90, 92, 94-97, 101-102. September 15, 1996. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This article guides primary care physicians through the art of recommending vitamin and mineral supplements for their patients. The authors introduce the use of a dietary supplement screening tool that allows physicians to review each patient's health and nutrition profile quickly and determine if supplementation is warranted. The authors first discuss the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) and the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes of selected vitamins and minerals (ESADDIs); the latter present a range for essential nutrients when data were sufficient to develop a range but insufficient for developing RDAs. The authors then review recent health claims for supplements, including those on antioxidant vitamins, vitamins and cancer prevention, and antioxidants and eye disease. After describing and presenting the nutrition screening tool, the authors briefly consider additional related topics in determining the need for supplementation. These include dietary behaviors; patients who diet for weight control; temporary or periodic clinical conditions that may indicate the need for supplementation; treatment of disease; behavioral factors such as tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse; eating disorders; and nutrition risk factors, such as financial constraints or lack of access to refrigeration. The article includes a lengthy table that profiles selected vitamins, noting the U.S. RDA and functions of each vitamin. 2 figures. 1 table. 26 references.

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Protect Your Liver from Potentially Harmful Medications, Vitamins and Supplements Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 3(5): 27-29. September-October 2001. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article helps readers protect their livers from potentially harmful medications, vitamins and supplements. Written particularly for people with chronic liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis (liver scarring), or other liver diseases, the article reviews how the liver works and why it is vulnerable to drug complications. Many seemingly innocuous products can cause significant injury if the liver is not able

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to properly process them. For example, liver patients and people with alcohol abuse can only tolerate the common medication, acetaminophen (Tylenol) at lower doses. And while acetaminophen can be tolerated in small doses in liver patients, ibuprofen products (Advil, Motrin) as well as other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided by those with hepatitis and cirrhosis. Some herbal supplements and vitamins also can damage the liver if taken in higher than recommended amounts or if there is an existing liver disease. When potentially hepatotoxic (liver damaging) medications are required to treat a patient's disease, the patient should consult with their physician about performing regular blood tests to monitor liver enzyme levels. One sidebar lists products containing acetaminophen and NSAIDs. The article concludes with a list of five websites for readers who wish to obtain more information. 1 table. ·

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Do You Need One? Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 15: 7-8, 10-12. September-October 1998. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: This article helps readers with diabetes understand the use of vitamin and mineral dietary supplements and decide whether they might utilize such supplements. The author emphasizes that supplements cannot compensate for bad eating habits, counteract the damage done by poor blood glucose (sugar) control, or make up for a sedentary lifestyle. Supplements also cannot take the place of food. The author cautions that while it is very difficult to get too much of a vitamin or mineral in food, there is a danger of overdosing with supplements, especially when a pill contains 10 to 20 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Another potential problem lies in the complicated interactions between nutrients that take place in the body, and even moderate amounts of some vitamins and minerals can interfere with some drugs. The author discusses the RDA and how it was established, and notes some of the specific problems that can come from ingesting more than the recommended amounts of some vitamins and minerals. The author then discusses factors that can alter nutritional needs, including age, pregnancy, certain medications, and poor dietary habits. The article concludes with an exploration of some specific vitamins and minerals, including antioxidants (beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C), folate, calcium and vitamin D, magnesium, and chromium. The author concludes that the bottom line is to start with a balanced diet that is high in fruits, vegetables, and low fat dairy products, then consider taking a broad multivitamin and mineral supplement. One sidebar lists and debunks common myths about supplements.

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Vitamin E for Alzheimer's Disease (Cochrane Review) Source: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD002854. 2001. Summary: This article presents a systematic review of vitamin E treatment for people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Cochrane Dementia Group Register of Clinical Trials was searched to identify all unconfounded, double blind, randomized trials in which treatment with vitamin E at any dose was compared with placebo for patients with AD. Only one trial was found which met the inclusion criteria. In this study of 341 participants, the primary outcome was survival time to one of four endpoints: death, institutionalization, loss of two out of three basic activities of daily living, or severe dementia. The total numbers in each group who reached the primary endpoint within 2 years were reported for participants completing the study. Results suggested some

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benefit from vitamin E compared with placebo (58 percent versus 74 percent reaching endpoint). However, more participants taking vitamin E experienced a fall (16 percent compared with 5 percent for placebo). Results for specific endpoints and for secondary outcomes could not be interpreted. The authors conclude there is insufficient evidence of the efficacy of vitamin E as a treatment for AD. 3 tables, 38 references. ·

Vitamin-Mineral Supplements Source: Lifeline. 10(4): 3-4. Fall 1992. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association/United States of America, Inc. CSA/USE, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131-0700. (402) 558-0600. Summary: This article presents direct quotations from the statements of various health organizations on the use of vitamin and mineral supplements. Organizations quoted include the American Medical Association, the American Institute of Nutrition, the American Society for Clinical Nutrition, the American Dietetic Association, the National Council Against Health Fraud, and the Committee on Diet and Health National Academcy of the Sciences National Research Council. Two additional sections summarize the use of supplements by adults in the United States and possible nutrient toxicities. The article concludes with a cautionary statement for people with celiac disease.

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Vitamins and Trace Metals Status in Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Source: International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 61(4): 328-333. 1991. Summary: This article reports on a study in which the status of various vitamins and trace metals in plasma of 100 persons with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was compared to those of 112 age-and sex-matched individuals without diabetes. The plasma concentration of riboflavin, pyridoxine, and folic acid were found to be decreased in the people with diabetes, while retinol and ascorbic acid were relatively increased, in comparison to the control groups. However, in those with NIDDM, the mean plasma concentration of all the trace metals and vitamins, except for riboflavin, were within the range of normal values. In spite of these findings, the percent of patients with diabetes with various vitamin or metal deficiencies was significantly higher than in the healthy population. The authors conclude that vitamin and metal deficiency is common in people with NIDDM. 5 tables. 34 references. (AA-M).

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Vitamins, Herbs, and Supplements: Tools of Empowerment Source: Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. 39(4): 34-41. April 2001. Summary: This article reviews the use of vitamins, herbs, and supplements as tools of empowerment. It discusses how choosing to use natural products is an act of selfempowerment, and how education is very necessary because products often are not obtained in a professional, consultative setting but rather in department stores and supermarkets. The article also addresses the importance of consulting a health care practitioner who shares this shift in perspective and who follows the literature.

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Vitamin E Reduced Secondary Cardiovascular Disease Events in Patients Receiving Long-term Hemodialysis Source: ACP Journal Club. p. 91. May-June 2001.

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Contact: Available from American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM). 190 North Independence Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 191061572. Summary: This brief article reports on a study of the impact of vitamin E on cardiovascular disease in patients receiving long term hemodialysis. The randomized, blinded, controlled trial included 196 patients (mean age 65 years, 69 percent men) with cardiovascular disease (CVD, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, angina pectoris, transient cerebral ischemia, or peripheral vascular disease) who were stable on hemodialysis. After stratification by sex and age, patients at each center were allocated to 800 IU (international units) of vitamin E to be taken at night (n = 97) or to placebo (n = 99). All cause mortality was 31 percent in the vitamin E group and 29 percent in the placebo group. CVD mortality (including sudden death) was 9 percent in the vitamin E group and 15 percent in the placebo group. Fewer total CVD events and myocardial infarctions (MI, heart attack) occurred in the vitamin E group than in the placebo group. The article includes a brief commentary on the research study; the commentary author notes that in three studies, no conclusive evidence has arisen to show that vitamin E supplements reduce the risk for secondary CVD events. Both the researchers and the commentary author call for a larger trial to continue evaluating the potential impact of vitamin for risk reduction for CVD death and fatal and nonfatal MIs. 1 table. 3 references. ·

Vitamin Therapy: A Possible Treatment for IBD? Source: Foundation Focus. p. 21. April 1994. Contact: Available from Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. 386 Park Avenue South, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10016-8804. (800) 343-3637 or (800) 932-2423 or (212) 685-3440. Summary: This brief newsletter article explores the possibility of vitamin therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The article addresses anti-oxidants and why they are important, possible etiologies of the intestinal damage in IBD, and current research studies. The author concludes that researchers are still not sure whether treatment with anti-oxidant vitamins can benefit people with IBD.

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Should High-Dose Vitamin E Supplementation Be Recommended to Diabetic Patients? (editorial) Source: Diabetes Care. 22(8): 1242-1244. August 1999. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This editorial addresses the issue of whether high-dose vitamin E supplementation should be recommended to people who have diabetes. There is no clear evidence as to whether oxidative stress plays any role in the development of complications in people who have diabetes. Many animal studies demonstrate a reduction in oxidative stress and complications after antioxidant supplementation. Studies of vitamin E supplementation in people who have diabetes have not provided any conclusive results. Vitamin E supplementation of people who have diabetes has been shown to decrease or have no effect on blood glycated hemoglobin, to reduce or have no effect on triglyceride levels, and to lower levels of lipid peroxides and thromboxane-B2 and the oxidative susceptibility ex vivo to low density lipoprotein.

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However, one study has for the first time determined the effect of vitamin E supplementation on retinal blood flow and renal hyperfiltration in people who have type 1 diabetes. Results show that high-dose vitamin E supplementation for a short duration of 4 months normalizes retinal blood flow and renal hyperfiltration in people who had type 1 diabetes for less that 10 years and no or minimal diabetic retinopathy or microalbuminuria. The most important issue resulting from this study is whether highdose vitamin E supplements, such as the 1,800 IU used in the study, should be recommended to people who have diabetes. An additional issue is whether there are subsets of people who have diabetes who would be more likely to show beneficial effects of vitamin E or other antioxidant intervention. There is currently no data for or against concerns for a high dose of vitamin E supplementation. A long term clinical trial with a larger patient population is needed to assess the efficacy of vitamin E supplementation. 35 references. ·

Effect of Vitamin B12 Deficiency on Older Veterans and Its Relationship to Health Source: JAGS. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 46: 1199-1206. 1998. Summary: This journal article describes a study that examined the effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on older veterans and its relationship to general health and cognitive impairment. Researchers used a cross-sectional design to study 303 ambulatory veterans 65 years and older without a known diagnosis of B12 deficiency. B12 deficiency was measured using a strict standard and a broader one; cognitive impairment was measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); and general health was measured using a health survey. The study controlled for daily alcohol intake, daily intake of vitamin/mineral supplements, annual income, and level of education. Data showed that B12 level decreases with increasing age; bodily pain is the only health outcome associated with B12 deficiency; subjects with normal B12 levels indicate less cognitive impairment than those who are B12 deficient; and the broader measurement of B12 deficiency was not a significant correlate of cognitive impairment and general health. 4 tables, 31 references (AA-M).

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Association of Vitamin E and C Supplement Use With Cognitive Function and Dementia in Elderly Men Source: Neurology. 54: 1265-1272. March 2000. Summary: This journal article explores whether the use of vitamin E and C supplements protects against subsequent development of dementia and poor cognitive functioning. The sample included 3,385 Japanese- American men, from the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, whose use of vitamin E and C supplements had been ascertained. Participants were divided into five cognitive functioning-type groups consisting of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), mixed or other types of dementia, poor cognitive functioning without dementia, and cognitively intact. A protective effect for VaD and other dementia was found in men who reported taking both vitamin E and C supplements. No protective effect was found for AD. Among men without dementia, the use of either vitamin E or C supplements was significantly associated with better cognitive functioning, and the use of both supplements had borderline significance. 4 tables, 46 references.

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Vitamins and the Skin Source: Patient Care for the Nurse Practitioner. 2(1): 18-24,27-29. January 1999.

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Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on vitamin deficiencies and toxicities that cause a diverse group of diseases with distinctive cutaneous manifestations. The most convenient classification system for vitamins is by solubility. Fat-soluble vitamins, which are readily stored and can reach toxic levels with prolonged intake of doses exceeding their reference daily intake, include vitamins A, D, E, and K. By contrast, excess amounts of water- soluble vitamins such as C and the B vitamins are excreted relatively unchanged in the urine. The most common causes of vitamin deficiencies are inadequate diet, alcoholism, malabsorption secondary to chronic illness, and use of drugs that disrupt absorption. The article discusses vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12 in terms of their sources, recommended daily allowance, biochemistry, deficiencies, cutaneous symptoms of deficiency, and toxicity. 6 figures, 1 table, and 12 references. ·

Vitamin Supplements : Understanding Vitamins Source: GMHC Treatment Issues. Contact: Project Inform, HIV Treatment Hotline, 205 13th St Ste 2001, San Francisco, CA, 94103, (415) 558-8669, http://www.projectinform.org. Summary: This reprint examines the use of vitamins to supplement the medical treatments available for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The reprint discusses the vitamin requirements for healthy and HIV-positive persons, as well as the biological role of vitamins in the body. It explains that HIV/AIDS tends to deplete the body of important vitamins and describes the diagnostic process used to determine these deficiencies. The reprint provides information concerning vitamin supplementation, mega-dosing, the roles of various vitamins in the immune system, and their possible prevention of the pathogenesis of HIV to AIDS.

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Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin E Transport Source: in McCormick, D.B., Bier, D.M., and Goodridge, A.G., eds. Annual Review of Nutrition. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. 1999. Volume19: 343-355. Contact: Available from Annual Reviews Inc. 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. (800) 523-8635. Fax (415) 424-0910. PRICE: $53.00. ISBN: 0824328167. ISSN: 01999885. Individual article reprints available from Annual Reviews Preprints and Reprints. (800) 347-8007 or (415) 259-5017. E-mail: [email protected]. Base price $13.50 per article. Summary: This review article (from an Annual Review of Nutrition monograph) focuses on molecular mechanisms of vitamin E transport. The authors describe how interactions by investigators from various scientific disciplines using stable isotopes, molecular biology tools, and sophisticated genetic studies of humans with vitamin E deficiency have led to a better understanding of these mechanisms. The chapter provides an overview of studies using deuterated tocopherols that demonstrated that the plasma preference for alpha tocopherol is dependent on metabolic processes in the liver; the isolation, molecular biology, and function of the alpha tocopherol transfer protein; and studies that demonstrated that patients who were vitamin E deficient as a result of no known cause had defective alpha tocopherol transfer protein genes. 2 figures. 45 references.

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Vitamin B-12 for Ileostomates Source: Metro Washington By-Pass. p. 5. November 1992. Contact: Available from United Ostomy Association Metropolitan Washington Chapter. Washington Hospital Center, East Building, Room 3102, 110 Irving Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20010. (202) 877-6019. Summary: This very brief article alerts readers to potential problems with vitamin B-12 deficiency in people with ileostomies. The author notes that, if a large amount of the last portion of the small intestine (terminal ileum) is removed, the patient will require vitamin B-12. Other topics include the time frame for vitamin B-12 deficiency to be diagnosed, symptoms. and treatment.

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Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Elderly Source: in McCormick, D.B., Bier, D.M., and Goodridge, A.G., eds. Annual Review of Nutrition. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc. 1999. Volume 19: 357-377. Contact: Available from Annual Reviews Inc. 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139. (800) 523-8635. Fax (415) 424-0910. PRICE: $53.00. ISBN: 0824328167. ISSN: 01999885. Individual article reprints available from Annual Reviews Preprints and Reprints. (800) 347-8007 or (415) 259-5017. E-mail: [email protected]. Base price $13.50 per article. Summary: Vitamin B12 deficiency is estimated to affect 10 to 15 percent of people over the age of 60. This review article (from an Annual Review of Nutrition monograph) focuses on vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly, noting that laboratory diagnosis is usually based on low serum (blood) vitamin B12 levels or elevated serum methylmalonic acid and homcysteine levels. Although elderly people with low vitamin B12 status frequently lack the classical signs and symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency (e.g., megaloblastic anemia), precise evaluation and treatment in this population is important. Absorption of crystalline vitamin B12 does not decline with advancing age. However, compared with the younger population, absorption of protein-bound vitamin B12 is decreased in the elderly (due to a high prevalence of atrophic gastritis, or stomach inflammation, in this age group). Atrophic gastritis results in a low acid-pepsin secretion by the gastric mucosa, which in turn results in a reduced release of free vitamin B12 from food proteins. Furthermore, hypochlorhydria in atrophic gastritis results in bacterial overgrowth of the stomach and small intestine, and these bacteria may bind vitamin B12 for their own use. Elderly persons should try to obtain their vitamin B12 from either supplements or fortified foods (such as cereals) to ensure adequate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Because the American food supply is now being fortified with folic acid, concern is increasing about neurologic exacerbation in individuals with marginal vitamin B12 status and high dose folate intake.

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Effects of Long-Term Supplementation with Moderate Pharmacologic Doses of Vitamin E are Saturable and Reversible in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 72(5): 1142-1149. November 2000. Contact: Available from American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Production Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 530-7038. Fax (301) 571-8303. Website: www.ajcn.org. Summary: Vitamin E supplementation has been proposed as adjunctive therapy to counteract the increased LDL (low density lipoproteins, a type of blood fat or lipid)

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oxidation in diabetes and thus prevent or delay cardiovascular complications. This article reports on a study undertaken to investigate the effect of a moderate pharmacologic dose of vitamin E for less than one year in patients with type 1 diabetes. The study was double blind and the subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the supplemented group (group S, n = 22) received vitamin E three times for day for 1 year and the placebo group received a placebo for 6 months followed by vitamin E three times per day for an additional 6 months. Serum vitamin E (levels of the vitamin in the blood) doubled after 3 months of supplementation. Although lipid profiles, glycated hemoglobin, and blood biochemistry values did not change significantly, copper induced in vitro peroxidizability of LDL and VLDL decreased after 3 months of supplementation. Vitamin E supplementation for an additional 3 to 9 months resulted in no further changes in serum vitamin E and lipoprotein peroxidizability. Values returned to baseline after supplementation ended. The authors conclude that because the improvement in lipoprotein peroxidizability is saturable and reversible, life long supplementation with vitamin E should be considered in patients with type 1 diabetes. 2 figures. 63 references. ·

Vitamins in Food and Supplements Source: Diabetes Self-Management. 18(5): 38-50. September-October 2001. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Website: www.diabetes-self-mgmt.com. Summary: Vitamins are chemical compounds used by the body to perform basic functions necessary for good health. They act as important components of basic chemical reactions that produce energy, build tissue, and regulate body processes. This article reviews current research and guidelines on the role of vitamins in diet and health, the benefits and drawbacks of vitamin supplementation, and the possible roles of certain vitamins in diabetes management. Vitamins are categorized as either water soluble (B6, B12, folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C) or fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K). In general, vitamin supplements are not necessary. A diet high in fruits and vegetables, low fat dairy products, and whole grains can provide all the vitamins and minerals most people need. The author notes however, that if a reader recognizes that the quality of his or her diet is less than ideal, it is probably helpful to take a multivitamin that provides approximately 100 percent of the Daily Value for most vitamins and minerals while the reader works to improve his or her diet. There are some groups of people who have increased vitamin requirements, decreased ability to absorb or process certain nutrients, or difficulty meeting nutrition guidelines with food sources alone; for these people multivitamins or individual nutrient supplements may be necessary. In general, healthy people with diabetes have similar nutrient requirements to other healthy people and do not require vitamin and mineral supplements. However, frequent or chronic high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) can cause nutrient deficiencies. So, along with eating a healthy diet, maintaining blood glucose levels in the desired range is a key factor in keeping stores of nutrients optimal. The author explains the several nutrition standards set by the government, including the percent Daily Values, the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). A final section outlines the vitamins that have generated interest as possibly beneficial to people with diabetes, notably the antioxidants vitamin E and C, the B vitamins, and vitamins D and A. One detailed sidebar helps readers choose an appropriate multivitamin, when indicated. Another sidebar helps readers increase their intake of fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy products and whole grains to improve their overall diet and reduce the need for vitamin or

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mineral supplementation. One chart lists vitamins, their RDA, UL, and good food sources for each. 1 table. ·

Why Getting the Right Amount of Vitamins is Important for the Renal Disease Patient Source: For Patients Only. 16(2): 12-16. March/April 2003. Contact: Available from For Patients Only. 18 East 41st Street, New York, NY 10017. (818) 704-5555. Fax (818) 704-6500. Summary: Vitamins are important for everyone's good health. For patients with end stage renal (kidney) disease (ESRD) and those on dialysis, restrictions of the renal diet sometimes make it difficult for them to get the appropriate vitamins and in the right amounts. This article, from a patient education newsletter, reviews these concerns about vitamins and nutrition for the patient with renal disease. Topics include uremia (build up of waste products in the blood); dialysis, vitamin interaction, and medications; fatsoluble vitamins; vitamin A; vitamin D; vitamin E; vitamin K; water soluble vitamins; erythropoiesis, folic acid, B6, and B12; cardiovascular mortality (death), folic acid, B6 and B12; high flux dialyzers and B6; vitamin C; and zinc. The article concludes by recommending a daily renal multivitamin that contains the B vitamins and vitamin C. One table summarizes the product information for six different renal vitamin preparations (prescription). 1 figure. 1 table. 27 references.

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Vitamin Supplementation in Renal Patients Source: Nephrology Forum. 1: 2. Summer 1992. Contact: Available from R and D Laboratories, Inc. 4640 Admiralty Way, Suite 710, Marina del Rey, CA 90292. (800) 338-9066. Summary: Vitamins are in the news, and the medical profession is becoming more aware than ever before of the importance of nutritional supplements in treating patients. This brief commentary discusses vitamin supplementation in renal patients. Topics include the importance of vitamins for normal physiological functioning; proper vitamin stores in the human body; problems caused by vitamin deficiencies; retention or lack thereof of vitamins in renal failure patients; avoiding over-or undersupplementation; and the goals of the Nephrology Forum newsletter, from which this article is taken.

Federally Funded Research on Vitamins The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to vitamins. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to vitamins. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore vitamins. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for vitamins: ·

Project Title: A RANDOMIZED, CONTROLLED TRIAL FOR HOMOCYSTEINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bostom, Andrew G.; Staff Physician; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, Ri 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the application) This multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial has been designed to determine whether total homocysteine (tHcy)-lowering treatment with a standard multivitamin augmented by a high dose combination of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6, versus treatment with a standard multivitamin devoid of these three B-vitamins, reduces the pooled rate of recurrent and de novo cardiovascular disease outcomes (i.e., pooled occurrence of nonfatal and fatal arteriosclerotic outcomes, including coronary heart, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease events= primary outcome), among clinically stable renal transplant recipients who have mild to moderately elevated tHcy levels. The basic eligibility criteria are age 35 to 75 years old, functioning renal allograft for greater than six-months with serum creatinine based creatinine clearance greater than 30 mL/min, and a screening random tHcy level greater than12 uM/L. Patients will be stratified based on the presence/absence of clinical CVD, and randomly assigned to treatment with a standard multivitamin containing a high dose combination of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, or an identical multivitamin devoid of these three micronutrients. Randomized patients will also undergo a methionine loading test. All patients will receive standard clinical management for traditional CVD risk factor reduction. The study is designed to recruit 4000 patients (2000 in each group) over a two-year period for 83% power to detect a 25% treatment effect. Follow-up continues until occurrence of de novo or recurrent non-fatal CVD, or death, or a maximum of four-years. Data analysis will be performed on the basis of original randomization (intention to treat) using the log-rank test of difference in survival-without-endpoint curves. In the current era of cereal grain flour fortified with physiologic amounts of folic acid, RTRs comprise a patient population particularly well-suited to test the tenable hypothesis that tHcylowering treatment will reduce CVD outcomes, given: a) their persistent excess prevalence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia post-fortification, in contrast, for example, to coronary heart disease patients with normal renal function; b) the demonstrated capability of B-vitamin treatment regimens featuring supraphysiologic amounts of folic acid to successfully "normalize" tHcy levels in RTRs. Furthermore, overall "conditions" in the RTR population (i.e., renal impairment, mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinemia which can be normalized by supraphysiologic dose B-vitamin supplements, and high CVD event rates) are representative of the larger population of patients with chronic renal insufficiency, who are not yet dialysis-dependent. Accordingly, findings from the proposed trial are very likely to be generalizable to the much more sizable population of patients with renal insufficiency progressing to end-stage renal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: A TOPICAL MICRONUTRIENT DELIVERY SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Qasem, Jaber G.; Niadyne, Inc. 2509 N Campbell Ave, Ste 138 Tucson, Az 85719 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 06-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The skin plays multiple roles in protection from environmental insults. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that micronutrients including vitamins B6, B12, C, E, folate, and niacin are involved in the maintenance of genomic integrity of skin cells via mechanisms ranging from scavenging ROS to the repair of DNA damage. Subclinical micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent even in advanced societies and micronutrient status decreases with age. The above information leads to the hypothesis that improvement of the micronutrient status of skin will retard skin deterioration by enhancement of cellular defense mechanisms to environmental insults. The overall objective of this proposal is to determine the feasibility of developing a topical micronutrient delivery system to provide nutritional support to skin. The specific aims of the proposed research are (i) to synthesize and characterize a series of micronutrient derivatives (pronutrients) designed to effectively diffuse through the stratum corneum layer of skin, (ii) to determine the optimal lipophilicity of pronutrients for topical delivery to the cellular components of skin, (iii) to develop inactive companion co-esters for the purpose of regulating micronutrient delivery, and (iv) to determine the efficacy of co-ester companions in the delivery of nutrients to specific areas of skin. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Biomedical research of the past 20 years has shown that the health of skin, like other aspects of human health, requires nutritional support. Benefiting the health of skin via novel pronutrients and a novel formulation strategy that can be patent protected has considerable commercial potential in a skin care market that exceeds $20 billion per year. Further, this market promises to coninue to grow as the population continues to age and migrate to the sun belt. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE IN DOWN SYNDROME: ANTIOXIDANT TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Lott, Ira T.; Pediatrics; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this pilot clinical trial is to obtain information on the tolerability, safety, and efficacy of a high potency combinatorial supplement in the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) in Down syndrome (DS). Individuals with DS have an increased incidence of AD and evidence of oxidative stress in brain. The DS population is an excellent candidate for antioxidant intervention. The trial will conform to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and repeated analysis of variance design. The supplement will consist two cellular antioxidants (vitamins E 900 IU/day and C 200 mg/day) and a mitochondrial antioxidant (alpha-lipoic acid 600 mg/day). The clinical diagnosis of AD in DS will be made by the investigators utilizing their previous experience with DSM-IV criteria for dementia in DS. There are three specific aims: 1) to determine whether cognitive measures are improved by antioxidant supplementation. Outcome measures have been shown to have reliability and validity for DS. They comprise three informant scales (Dementia Rating Scale for Persons with Mental Retardation, Neuropsychology Behavior and Affect Profile, Vineland Adaptive Scales) and three direct assessments (Severe Impairment Battery, Brief Praxis Test, and the FULD-Object/Memory Test-modified); 2) to determine whether plasma biomarkers

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of lipid oxidative damage (malondialdehyde, isoprostanes), protein oxidative damage (carbonyl group formation), levels of beta-amyloid, and vitamin E levels will be altered in subjects receiving the diet; and 3) to determine the safety and tolerability of the antioxidant supplementation utilizing checklists for adverse events, clinical chemistries, and measures of medication compliance. All study measures will be obtained at baseline and at 6-month intervals for a total of 24 months of treatment. All study patients will be on an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Power analysis configured on the primary outcome measures supports a study group of 30 treated and 30 placebo randomized patients. Database management will facilitate analysis of the 24-month observations. The data from this study is intended to provide information relevant to the indications for a multicenter definitive clinical trial of antioxidants in DS. Since the process resulting in AD in DS is age dependent across the lifespan, a positive result from this pilot trial may have implications for utilizing high potency combinatorial antioxidants at earlier age epochs in DS. The pilot trial should also contribute information as to the possible role of antioxidants in the treatment or prevention of AD in the general population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT & HYPERGLYCEMIA INDUCED PROCOAGULANT STATE Principal Investigator & Institution: Boden, Guenther; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, Pa 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Diabetes is associated with an increased incidence and prevalence of premature atherosclerotic vascular disease and mortality. The reason for this is not well understood, but is likely to be related, at least in part, to a procoagulant state existing in diabetes. We have recently shown that prolonged hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia (about 200 mg/dl x 18-72 h) but not euglycemiahyperglycemia activated the tissue factor (TF) pathway of blood coagulation in healthy young men as evidenced by a rise in plasma factor VIla and factor VII coagulant activity and by elevated TF pathway inhibitor and FVHL This suggested an enhanced potential for acute thrombosis during hyperglycemia when coagulation mechanisms are triggered by intense exposure to tissue factor, such as during plaque rupture. In the proposed project, we plan to test the hypotheses that 1) selective hyperglycemia is as effective as hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia in activating the TF pathway; 2) hyperglycemia induces expression of IF in monocytes; 3) in non-diabetic subjects, hyperglycemia mediated activation of the TF pathway of blood coagulation can be prevented or reduced with antioxidants; 4) that the procoagulant state in diabetes is, at least partially, caused by hyperglycemia and can be reduced by either strict glycemic control or with antioxidants (at co-existing hyperglycemia). We will test these hypotheses 1) in obese and non-obese non-diabetic and obese diabetic subjects by determining effects of prolonged (48 h) hyperglycemia (about 200 mg/d1) on IF pathway factor (VIla, VIIc, TF pathway inhibitor) and other coagulation proteins (factor VIII) and markers of thrombin generation (prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complex) with and without administration of antioxidants (Vitamin C or Vitamin E) and 2) in patients with Type II diabetes by determining effects of strict euglycemic control (for 5 days) on IF pathway activity. We believe that this model of prolonged hyperglycemia (with or without hyperinsulinemia) is uniquely suited to study in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions, including lowering of blood glucose and administration of antioxidant vitamins, on the TF pathway of blood coagulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT INTERACTIONS OF SELENIUM AND VITAMINS Principal Investigator & Institution: May, James M.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The goal of this project is to define a role for selenium in preventing oxidant damage, both in vitro and in vivo. Selenium, by as yet unknown mechanisms, has long been known to "spare" vitamin E from oxidative loss in animal dietary studies. Vitamin E, or alpha-tocopherol, is the primary chain-breaking antioxidant in lipoproteins and cell membranes that must be recycled from its oxidized form. Recycling of alphatocopherol is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by vitamin C, or ascorbic acid. This project will test hypotheses that the selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase and other selenoproteins are crucial in recycling ascorbic acid, in preserving alpha-tocopherol and in preventing lipid peroxidative damage in cells and in animals. Accelerated lipid peroxidation has been associated with several human diseases, including atherosclerosis, inflammatory conditions, and Alzheimer's disease. There are three specific aims. Studies in the first aim will examine the mechanisms by which thioredoxin reductase regenerates ascorbic acid from its oxidized forms, and will establish the extent to which such recycling occurs in cultured human hepatoma cells (HepG2). A novel role for low molecular weight selenoproteins to enhance the ability of thioredoxin reductase to recycle ascorbate will be examined, and there are plans to purify and characterize one or more of these proteins from rat liver. Studies in the second aim will test the hypothesis that thioredoxin reductase both spares alpha-tocopherol and prevents lipid peroxidation by reducing lipid hydroperoxides in lipid bilayers. The relative contributions of thioredoxin reductase and the glutathione peroxidases to such protection will be assessed using the differential sensitivity of these enzymes to selenium deficiency in HepG2 cells. In the third aim, a dietary model of combined nutrient deficiency in guinea pigs will be established to examine the extent to which selenium can prevent oxidative loss of both ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol. Like humans, guinea pigs cannot synthesize ascorbic acid. Thus, use of ascorbate-deficient animals will provide the means to test in vivo whether selenium preserves ascorbate, and whether this contributes to selenium-dependent sparing of alpha-tocopherol and to prevention of lipid peroxidation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ANTIOXIDANT TRANSGENE PROTECTS OFFPRING FROM MATERNAL DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Liu, Ye Qi; University of Louisville University of Louisville Louisville, Ky 40292 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: Maternal diabetes is major cause of birth defects and a contributing factor to the development of diabetes in the offspring. A hyperglycemic environment during pregnancy significantly increases the rat of malformation and resorption in the fetus. In addition, children and adults from diabetic mothers have a markedly higher rate of Type 2 diabetes. The most widely proposed hypothesis for damage is free radical (oxidative) stress to the developing fetus. Based on this hypothesis, clinical trials of antioxidants are being proposed for antioxidant treatment of diabetic mothers. However, there are problems with the current evidence for this hypothesis, which we will address in our proposed studies. Most of the support for the antioxidant hypothesis derives from treatment of diabetic rats with antioxidant vitamins, E and C. Because

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these drugs are delivered systemically it is impossible to determine if the protective effect is exerted at the level of the fetus or the mother, since both are subject to hyperglycemia and subsequent oxidative stress. To overcome this limitation we will produce antioxidant transgenes that will be expressed exclusively in the developing embryo. An additional problem with prior studies is that they have been performed using streptozotocin induced diabetes. Streptozotocin is a powerful oxidant and its damaging effects are not confined to the pancreatic beta cell. To overcome this limitation we will use the OVE26 transgenic model of diabetes. In these mice diabetes is induced by a transgene that is absolutely confined to the pancreatic beta cell, eliminating any potential direct damaging effects on the fetus. The impact of maternal diabetes on the ultimate development of Type II diabetes in the offspring has recently been recognized. Until now most attention has been paid to the role of insulin resistance. However, impaired insulin secretion is at least as crucial to the development of Type II diabetes and diabetes will not develop unless secretion fails. The insulin secretin beta cell is one of the most sensitive cells in the body to free radical damage. We will apply our expertise in pancreatic islet function to determine if insulin secretion is impaired in the offspring of OVE26 diabetic mothers and to examine whether a fetal antioxidant transgene can protect from the development of Type II diabetes in the offspring. To test our hypothesis that fetal oxidative stress leads to congenital malformations and to long term damage to insulin secretion we will carry out the following Specific Aims: 1. Evaluate developmental aberrations in the offspring of diabetic OVE26 mice. 2. Characterize glucose homeostasis and pancreatic islet function in the offspring of diabetic OVE26 mice. 3. Produce transgenic mice that over-expressing antioxidants metallothionein (MT) and Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) during embryonic and fetal development. 4. Determine if antioxidant transgenes can reduce maternal diabetes induced damage to fetal development and islet function. Completion of these Specific Aims will provide a definitive genetic test of the role of oxidative damage to the offspring. They will also provide a much-improved model of maternal diabetes, which is amenable to modern genetic manipulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: B12 NUTRITION IN THE AGED Principal Investigator & Institution: Stabler, Sally P.; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Hyperhomocysteinemia (high serum total homocysteine) remains a problem for seniors even in this era of highly folate-fortified food in the United States. This paradox is explained because many seniors continue to have undiagnosed and untreated vitamin B 12 deficiency as shown by elevated serum methylmalonic acid concentrations. Hyperhomocysteinemia due to vitamin deficiency or renal failure may cause elevations of S-adenosylhomocysteine with a low Sadenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, which may impair crucial methylations of brain neurotransmitters, phospholipids and myelin. A new stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method will be used to explore the relationships between homocysteine and S-adenosylmethionine, Sadenosylhomocysteine and ratio in human seniors and rats with vitamin deficiency and renal failure. The pattern of the serum and urine metabolites will be studied after high dose oral vitamin B 12 and folic acid treatment in seniors who have vitamin B 12 deficiency and/or elevated serum S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations. The baseline and post treatment S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine and ratio will be

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correlated with depression and neurologic symptoms. Enzymes of methionine metabolism such as cystathionine beta-synthase, gamma-cystathionase, methionine adenosyltransferase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase will be studied in tissues from B 12 deficient rats and in cell culture models. The long term goals of these studies are to determine whether vitamin B 12 deficiency impairs the balance of Sadenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. It will be determined whether the pattern of urine and serum metabolites in renal insufficiency could be differentiated from vitamin B 12 deficiency since treatment and complications might be different. New understanding of the control of regulation of methionine metabolism will be obtained in the setting of vitamin B 12 deficiency and renal insufficiency, conditions which continue to be important clinically and for which treatment with vitamins or Sadenosylmethionine supplements will be safe and widely available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY OF BETA-CAROTENE METABOLITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Russell, Robert M.; Associate Director; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-1991; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Understanding the mechanism(s) of anticarcinogenic and procarcinogenic effects of beta-carotene is important due to continuing interest in the potential use of carotenoids as chemopreventive agents -- and the conflicting results of observational studies vs. intervention trials. In the last grant period, our studies indicate that a biologic basis for the harmful effect of beta-carotene supplementation in smokers is related to the high dosage used and the enhanced formation of reactive beta-carotene metabolites in the free-radical-rich, but antioxidantpoor environment of the lungs of cigarette smokers. A mechanism to explain the instability of the beta-carotene molecule is that exposure of lung cells to smoke results in increased lung cell oxidative stress, thereby causing decreased tissue levels of other important antioxidants, such as ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol, which have a stabilizing effect on unoxidized beta-carotene. In the present grant, we propose to conduct an intervention to investigate possible protective effects of a rational combination of linked antioxidants (beta-carotene, vitamins C and E) against cigarette smoke-induced lung lesions in the ferret model. These studies will provide important information on the potential future use of rational antioxidant combinations against lung cancer as well as other tissue. Our specific aims are as follows: 1) To determine the effectiveness of beta-carotene in both physiologic (low) and pharmacological (high) doses in the presence of vitamins C and E as anti-proliferative agents in the smokeexposed ferret by examining A) lung cell proliferation indices (cyclin D1, proliferative cellular nuclear antigen PCNA), and the appearance of squamous metaplasia; B) lung retinoid concentrations and retinoid target gene expressions (RARbeta, MAP kinase phosphatase-1, and Bax-1); C) the Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent (JNK) signaling pathway; and D) apoptosis (Caspase 3 and TUNEL); 2) To determine if there is a dosedependent relationship between beta-carotene intake in the presence of vitamins C and E and oxidative stress by examining A) beta-carotene, vitamin E and vitamin C concentrations in both plasma and lung tissue; and B) the degree of oxidative stress status by measuring isoprostane and malondialdehyde levels in both plasma and lung tissue of ferret; and 3) To determine if vitamins C and E will inhibit the formation of oxidative metabolites from beta-carotene via in vitro incubation studies using the postnuclear fraction of ferret lungs. We will also determine whether beta-carotene 9?10?dioxygenase in the ferret lung is involved in metabolism of beta-carotene into apo-

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carotenals by examining A) expression of beta-carotene 9?10'?-dioxygenase in the ferret lung tissue after treatment with smoke, pharmacological beta-carotene supplementation, or a combination of both in vivo; and B) whether additional supplementation of vitamins C and E in the smoke-exposed ferret with or without beta-carotene supplementation will regulate the expression of beta-carotene 9?10?-dioxygenase and prevent the destruction of beta-carotene both in vivo and in vitro. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES

RISK

UNDERLYING

EDUCATION

HEALTH

Principal Investigator & Institution: Crimmins, Eileen M.; Professor of Gerontology; Gerontology; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This project will explore how differences in educational attainment result in differential patterns of biological risk for a wide range of poor health outcomes. The proposed research will investigate cumulative biological risk profiles that underlie educational differences in rates of disease, disability, and death. Biological risk is conceptualized in this work as a summary of dysregulation and risk across a number of indicators including cardiovascular functioning, metabolic functioning, the inflammatory system, organ system dysfunction, and levels of vitamins and antioxidants. In addition to education, these biological risk factors will be related to a set of demographic, social, behavioral, psychological, health care availability and economic indicators to better understand the sources of observed education-related differences in biological risk profiles. The biological factors will also be included as independent variables in models predicting health outcomes to understand their mediating role between education and more downstream health outcomes. Use of the National Health Nutrition and Examination Surveys I, 11, ]II, and IV will allow examination of the relationships between educational attainment and biological risk and a variety of health outcomes for African Americans, Hispanic Americans (largely of Mexican origin), and Non-Hispanic Whites across all adult ages (20 and above) and across a period of time (from 1971 until 2002). The specific aims of the project are to: l) Clarify the patterns of biological risk across a range of physiologic markers by educational attainment in order to identify the biological risk factors related to the "earlier aging" of people with lower education. 2) Explore mechanisms which mediate education influences on biological risk. 3) Examine the links between education, biological risk, and health outcomes to determine the biological mechanisms that mediate the education/health relationship. 4) Examine changes over time in the patterning of biological risk by education. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: BXR SIGNALING IN VERTEBRATE DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Blumberg, Bruce; Assistant Professor; Developmental and Cell Biology; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): How cells acquire, transfer and interpret positional information to shape the developing embryo is a fundamental embryological question. Positional information is involved in important developmental

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processes including embryonic induction, differential competence of the responding tissue, and cytoplasmic specification. The long term goals of this research are to understand the role of hormonal signaling in establishing positional information in the early embryo and physiologic function in the adult. One class of information transfer is mediated by morphogens, diffusible chemicals responsible for causing morphogenesis. An interest in identifying novel morphogens led the investigators to design a strategy where candidate nuclear hormone receptor homologs were first isolated from a developmental system and then used to identify the corresponding ligand. Xenopus was chosen as a model because it affords an ideal combination of embryological and biochemical approaches to study embryonic signaling while remaining an appropriate model for higher vertebrates. The hypothesis is that identifying new signaling systems will provide important insights into positional specification during embryonic development. The investigators previously isolated and characterized a novel nuclear receptor activated by a class of endogenous substituted alkyl benzoates. These compounds comprise a novel class of hormone receptor ligand and are related the Bcomplex vitamins p-aminobenzoic acid and folic acid suggesting a further link between development and nutrition. This BXR (benzoate 'X' receptor) represents a hitherto unknown hormonal signaling pathway. They aim to fully characterize the BXR signaling pathway during Xenopus development and subsequently extend these results to mouse and human. They will exploit the unique accessibility of the early Xenopus embryo to experimental manipulations to I) test the effects of locally increasing or decreasing BXR signaling during development, 2) Identify the true endogenous ligand for BXR in Xenopus embryos and bovine serum, 3) determine the temporal and spatial localization of the BXR ligand during early development, and 4) Isolate and characterize mammalian homologs of BXR. Aberrant signaling processes, especially those related to cellular identity, are particularly relevant to cancer and its treatment. Identification of developmental signaling molecules and their receptors could lead to the identification of novel morphogens, teratogens, and hormones. Moreover, because nearly all hormones regulate cell growth and differentiation they and their antagonists are natural candidates in the treatment of human disease, especially cancers. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL EVENTS IN KIDNEY DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Ojo, Akinlolu O.; Associate Professor; Internal Medicine; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 24-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant):The aim of this proposal is to enable Dr. Ojo to devote 50% effort to conduct clinical research and to mentor patient-oriented research trainees. The research projects that will be principally utilized for the proposed mentoring plan are: (1) The Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study (CRIC); (2) The Folic Acid for Vascular Outcome Reduction in Transplantation Study (FAVORIT); and (3) The Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients (SRTR). CRIC is an NIH-sponsored, multicenter, prospective cohort study designed to determine the risk factors for accelerated decline in renal function and to evaluate the incidence and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). The CRIC will provide the mentored trainees with hands-on application of a nonexperimental study design. The FAVORIT is an NIH-sponsored, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial designed to determine whether total homocysteine (tHcy)-lowering treatment with a standard multivitamin augmented by a

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high dose combination of folic acid, vitamin B 12, and vitamin B6 versus treatment with a standard multivitamin devoid of these three B-vitamins, reduces the pooled rate of recurrent and de novo CVD outcomes in stable renal transplant recipients. The FAVORIT will be used as a template to instruct the trainees in the design, conduct and analysis of randomized clinical trials. The SRTR is a longitudinal database designed to conduct scientific investigations of patient-centered outcomes relevant to solid organ retrieval, allocation, and transplantation in the U.S. The SRTR will serve the trainee as a practicum for hypothesis-driven clinical epidemiologic outcome studies. Mentoring Plan: This award will entail the development and implementation of an integrated mentoring program starting from the first year of fellowship and consisting of three key components: (1) the practical experience of an observational study of 500 patients (CRIC), a randomized therapeutic clinical trial of 200 patients (FAVORIT) and outcomes analyses with a database of 300,000 organ recipients (SRTR); (2) rigorous didactic instructions in patient-oriented research methodologies through a Master degree in Clinical Research or Epidemiology program or flexibly designed set of course work; and (3) continuous training on rights, ethics and responsibilities in research with human subjects through the University of Michigan Research Responsibility Program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CHRONIC INGESTION OF LUTEIN AND ZEAXANTHIN IN PRIMATES Principal Investigator & Institution: Khachik, Frederick; Adjunct Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Maryland College Pk Campus College Park, Md 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: An epidemiological study has concluded that high consumption of fruits and vegetables, rich specifically in two dietary carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, reduces the risk of a degenerative eye disease called Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). High intake of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables results in the absorption of 25 dietary carotenoids which are converted to 9 metabolites in humans. Although all 34 carotenoids have been identified in human serum, milk, and tissues at varying concentrations, the major carotenoids found in the human retina, lens, and iris are lutein and zeaxanthin. In addition, two of the major oxidation products of lutein and zeaxanthin, 3'-oxolutein and 3'-epilutein, have also been shown to be present in retina and other ocular tissues at relatively low concentrations. One of the underlying hypothesis for the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin has been based on the ability of these carotenoids to act as antioxidant and protect the human macula from photooxidation. The overall objective of his three-year proposal is to investigate the bioavailability, oxidative metabolism, retinal pigment density, and possible toxicity in primates supplemented with chronic and pharmaceutical doses of lutein, zeaxanthin, and their 1/1 combination. These studies will also evaluate possible interaction between lutein, zeaxanthin, and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamins A and E. In year one, chronic daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin at a high dose of up to three hundred fold of the dietary levels, will be examined to establish safety or possible toxicity. In year two, 18 primates will be daily supplemented with lutein, zeaxanthin, and their 1/1 combination at a pharmaceutical dose of 0.5 mg/Kg/body weight to establish the optimum macular pigment density and correlate these values to plasma concentration of these carotenoids. In year three, 3 primates will be daily dosed with isotopically labeled zeaxanthin for a duration of six months. The study with labeled zeaxanthin allows the investigators to determine the possible metabolic conversion of this carotenoid to its oxidation products (metabolites) in serum and ocular tissues. The results from these

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studies will enable researchers to safely design and conduct clinical trials to investigate the efficacy of lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation in the prevention and treatment of AMD and cataract. Lutein/zeaxanthin supplements have widely used as a nutritional supplement un the U.S. since 1995, while safety and efficacy of these carotenoids has not yet been established. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CYP25 Principal Investigator & Institution: Bell, Norman H.; Va Medical Investigator; Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Vitamin D must undergo hydroxylation to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] by the enzyme vitamin D-25hydroxylase (CYP25) to become biologically active. Porcine CYP25 cDNA was cloned and characterized. The gene encodes a cytochrome P450 microsomal enzyme expressed in liver and kidney that catalyzes the conversion of vitamins D2 and D3 to 25(OH)D3, respectively. Patients with isolated 25(OH)D deficiency and rickets who respond to pharmacologic doses of vitamin D and physiologic doses of 25(OH)D3, 1alpha(OH)D3, or related drugs are presumed to have CYP25 deficiency. The specific aims of this proposal are to use portions of porcine CYP25 cDNA to isolate and characterize human CYP25 cDNA, to clone and characterize the human CYP25 gene, to determine chromosome locus of CYP25 DNA and tissue expression of CYP25 mRNA, to use gene mapping, linkage analysis and positional cloning, to characterize family pedigrees and determine molecular mechanisms of patients with isolated 25(OH)D deficiency and rickets, to characterize CYP25 gene polymorphisms in affected populations, and to correlate genotype with phenotype. The fact that porcine CYP25 cDNA has 83 percent homology with human CYP2D6 cDNA, a cytochrome P450 microsomal enzyme that plays a role in drug metabolism, has interfered with cloning of human CYP25 cDNA. Pig liver extracts are reported to have no CYP2DK activity. Using a radiation hybrid cell panel (ImpRH), we found that the porcine CYP25 gene maps to pig chromosome 5p1415 close to the ACO2 gene, a region syntenic ot human chromosome 22q12-13 where human CYP2D6 was mapped. We used haplotype analysis of family pedigrees of patients with isolated CYP25 deficiency and rickets and found that the disease does not map to either the CYP2D6 gene locus or chromosome 22. The results of the proposed studies should provide important new information about the molecular structure and chromosomal locus of the CYP25 gene and the molecular causes of isolated 25(OH)D and rickets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COLUMBIA CENTER HEALTH

FOR CHILDRENS ENVIRONMENTAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Perera, Frederica P.; Assistant Professor; Div/Environmental Hlth Scis; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-NOV-1998; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: The aim of this study is to lower the risk of asthma in young African American and Hispanic children living in northern Manhattan through two interventions, one at the community level and one at the household level. For the Community Education Intervention (CEI) the Center and its community partners,

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coordinated by West Harlem Environmental Action, Inc (WE ACT) will join with other community based organizations, including Alianza Dominicana, to develop, implement, and evaluate a community wide intervention to increase awareness of environmental health hazards, particularly airborne pollutants and allergens, and educate community members to take action and events held throughout Northern Manhattan. The CEI will be delivered through a combination of written and audiovisual materials, and public meetings and events held throughout Northern Manhattan. The CEI will be evaluated with data from maternal questionnaires from the cohort of 400 mothers enrolled in the developmental studies (see Ford and Perera projects). Using a single group pre-testpost-test research design, we hypothesize that from baseline to follow-up 24 months later the CEI intervention will: 1.1 Reach 10% of the wp,em aged 18-35 living in Northern Manhattan; and 1.2 Increase the percentage pf wp,em aged 18-35 who take steps to prevent or reduce environmental hazards in their households or in the community. The household intervention will consist of an Indoor Pollution and Allergen Control childhood. When the cohort of 400 children research their second birthday, we will enroll the 120 children (30%) with the highest total IgE levels--the best predictor of asthma at any age--for a one year trial of environmental strategies to prevent asthma. Enrolled families will be randomly assigned to treatment or control studies, and we will intervene in treatment group households to (a) clean and seal the preparation that includes antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E and selenium (Se), and (c) provide the child's mother with written materials and one-to-one counseling by the health educator about the importance of and methods for reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the home. Control group families will be given a placebo intervention that includes a multi- vitamin preparation for children that does not contain the anti-oxidant vitamins and written materials about reducing exposure to ETS. Baseline data will be collected at each child's second birthday (24 months) and follow up data will be collected at 30 months (household allergen levels) and 36 months (all measures). We hypothesize that from baseline to follow up the treatment group will have, relative to controls: 2.1 reduced plasma levels of cotinine in children; 2.2 reduced household levels of cockroach and dust mite allergen; 2.3 higher plasma levels of vitamins A, C, and E and Se in children; 2.4 lower sera levels of total, cockroach-specific, rodent-specific, and dust mite-specific IgE in children; 2.5 fewer clinical signs or symptoms of asthma or allergies in children. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CORE--MEASUREMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Selhub, Jacob; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: The overall goal of the core laboratory is to provide measurements of blood and other biological samples for the assessment of folate and one carbon metabolism states. Our working hypothesis is that assessing these states is best attained by multiple measurements. These measurements are divided into a number of categories: 1) Measurement of blood vitamin levels. 2) Measurements of blood total homocysteine level, as a functional indicator of B vitamin status particularly folate (and B12) 3) Measurements of genomic DNA methylation, which provides an insight into folate (and other B vitamins) status, particularly as it relates to the C667T mutation in the MTHFR gene, and as a possible biomarker for colorectal adenoma 4) Measurements of uracil misincorporation into DNA which is an indication of a low folate (and other B vitamins) status, and as a possible biomarker for colorectal adenoma and 5) measurements of

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folate form distribution in cell extracts, which provides an insight of relative rates of one carbon flow into the various metabolites. The specific aims are: To use the methods which have been routinely used in our lab in samples provided by the various sites, for the determination of plasma and red blood cell folates (microbial assays), plasma vitamin B12 (radiometric assay), plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (radioenzymatic assay), plasma B2 (HPLC with fluorimetric detection) and plasma homocysteine (HPLC with fluorimetric detection). To compare folate, B12, PLP, B2 and tHcy values in representative plasma samples, between our laboratory and that of Dr Per Magnum Ueland from the University of Bergen in Norway and determine common denominators, that will allow integration of data from the EPIC study with those from the US. To determine in circulating lymphocytes and colorectal biopsies, genomic DNA methylation using our newly developed method which is based on the determination of methylcytosine concentration in hydrolyzed DNA using LCMS. To determine in circulating lymphocytes and colorectal biopsies, uracil misincorporation into DNA using GCMS of hydrolyzed DNA. To determine in same colorectal biopsies folate forms distribution using our new affinity/HPLC method for the assessment of folate status in these biopsies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: COREPRESSORS FOR THE ORPHAN RECEPTOR REVERB Principal Investigator & Institution: Lazar, Mitchell A.; Sylvan Eisman Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) are key transcriptional regulators of cellular growth, differentiation, and metabolism. The NR superfamily include receptors for hormones, vitamins, metabolites, and xenobiotics, as well as receptors without known ligands, termed orphan receptors, NRs repress transcription in the absence of ligand by recruiting co-repressors N-CoR and SMRT. Hormone action is largely the result of dissociation of co-repressor, accompanied by the recruitment of co-activator molecules. A major goal of this laboratory is to understand transcriptional repression from the interaction of NRs with the co-repressors to the molecular mediators of the repressive signal. The orphan receptor RevErb has been a superb of NRs with corepressors to the molecular mediators of the repressive signal. The orphan receptor RevErb has been a superb model for learning about activation helix, and that RevErb homodimers recruit N-CoR to specific DNA binding sites. We hypothesize that each subunit of the DNA-bound RevErb homodimer binds to a specific DNA binding sites. We hypothesize that each subunit of the DNA-bound RevErb homodimer binds to a different CoRNR motif in N-CoR. This hypothesis will be directed tested in Specific Aim 1, which will determine the molecular mechanism by which RevErb homodimers interact with co-repressor using mutagenesis, chimeric receptors and co-repressors, and proteolytic mapping. We have also identified multiple histone deacetylases (HDACs) and other proteins that interact with N-CoR/SMRT and are potential mediators of the repressive signal. We hypothesize that different co-repressors and co-repressor associated proteins are recruited by RevErb and other NRs in a receptor- and cellspecific manner. Specific Aim 2 is to determine the co-repressors and co-repressorassociated proteins involved in repression by RevErb and other NRs in vivo, using chromatin immunoprecipitation and RNA interference. We have also shown that N-CoR and SMRT act as activ ating co-factors for the HDAC3 enzyme. Specific Aim 3 is to determine the mechanism of this phenomenon, and to understand its applicability to

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other co-repressors and other HDACs. We hypothesize that SMRT and N-CoR have others functions related to chromatin modification and transcriptional repression. Preliminary data indicate that one such function is histone binding. Specific Aim 4 is to understand the chromatin-related function of the co-repressors. The mechanism and function of histone binding will be elucidated. Together, these studies will elucidate basic mechanisms underlying the regulation of NR interactions with co-repressors, and co-repressor regulation of transcription. The insights gained from this work will expand our understanding of the mechanisms of hormone action, and has potential to lead to novel approaches to diseases associated with NR function, including obesity, diabetes, and leukemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: CORE--PROTEOMICS AND MASS SPECTROMETRY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kim, Helen; Director; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: We propose that certain genetic pathways regulate proliferation and differentiation in mammalian breast and prostate cells which are susceptible to hormone-dependent cancers. These pathways may be in turn regulated by the steroid hormones; we propose that selected categories of nutrients namely the polyphenols, have demonstrated chemopreventive efficacy by modulating key genetic pathways, or by affecting the metabolism and synthesis of the hormones themselves. Using state of the art genomic and proteomic approaches, the studies described in this Center proposal will analyze those pathways at the gene and protein level, and assess to what extent these pathways can be attenuated by selected polyphenols and vital vitamins, alone and in combination. The role of this Core is to provide proteomics support for the projects in this Center. This will be principally in the form of high-resolution separation of proteins in complex biological samples, coupled with mass spectrometry identification of proteins that comprise the biological samples generated by the various projects. This support will be provided through the existing instrumentation and personnel in the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Shared Facility. In addition, the Core will provide educational support for the CNGI studies, through an already initiated program of tutorials on current methodologies in the Core, as well as on emerging technologies that may become incorporated into the Core. Finally, the Core will work with the principal investigators of the various projects in experimental design and sample generation, to ensure optimal sample preparation and rigorous analysis, and followup. Thus, the specific aims of this Core are (1) to provide high-resolution two dimensional electrophoretic and/or chromatographic protein separations coupled with MALDI-TOF and other mass spectrometry analyses, to identify differences in polypeptide expression and/or modifications that may be the basis for the beneficial actions of polyphenols in mammary and prostate epithelial cells; (2) to apply similar methodologies to the analysis of sera and urines from girls as they undergo menarche while naturally consuming diets containing various amounts of soy, to determine protein markers of soy consumption as it may correlate with effects on the onset of menarche; (3) to maintain an already initiated educational program to keep investigators both in CNGI study and in the UAB biomedical community actively informed of current and emerging technologies in the rapidly evolving area of proteomics; and (4) to provide proteomics data to Project 4 and Core C investigators to develop and refine statistics and bioinformatics methodologies to enhance the Center research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIET AND GENETIC RISKS FOR LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Patterson, Ruth E.; Associate Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-MAR-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This proposal is for an investigation into the associations of diet, and interactions of diet and genetic polymorphisms, with the risk of lung cancer. Data are from 18,314 men and women enrolled in a chemoprevention trial of beta-carotene and retinol (CARET). After a mean of 7.4 years of follow up, CARET has endpoint data on almost 800 cases of lung cancer. Dietary intake was measured with a food frequency questionnaire. Serum micronutrient and genetic polymorphisms have been analyzed for 388 lung cancer cases and 753 controls. Our specific aims are: 1. To better understand the association of fruit and vegetable intake with the reduced risk of lung cancer. Fruit and vegetable intake will be measured as: (i) servings per day (total and grouped by phytochemical content), (ii) micronutrient associated with fruits and vegetables, including vitamins C and E, folate, and carotenoids, and (iii) serum carotenoids and vitamin E. 2. To examine whether the associations of fruit and vegetable intake with lung cancer risk are modified by genotypes of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes (i.e., CYP2D6, CYP2El, CYP1Al, GSTM1, GSTT1, and EH). We will conduct cohort analyses for dietary intake data and case control analyses for laboratory based studies. Although the baseline dietary data have been collected and the laboratory analyses (for serum micronutrients and genotypes) have been completed, there are no CARET investigators with expertise in nutrition science who are funded to conduct these analyses and write the associated manuscripts. Therefore, to meet the specific aims proposed above, we request support for nutritional epidemiologists, a statistician, molecular biologist, and the staff support needed to publish the findings. This work addresses important questions about the etiology and prevention of lung cancer, and can be completed with a modest amount of funding in addition to what has already been invested in this large chemoprevention trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DIET, CELL PROLIFERATION AND BREAST CANCER IN SHANGHAI Principal Investigator & Institution: Thomas, David B.; Member; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Box 19024, 1100 Fairview Ave N Seattle, Wa 98109 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The assumption on which this application is based is that factors that enhance mammary cell proliferation act to promote the development of breast cancer, and factors that inhibit proliferation serve as anti-promoters. Several dietary factors have been posited to influence mammary epithelial cell proliferation. The overall goals of the proposed study are to identify associations between various dietary factors and proliferation, as demonstrated histologically and by direct tissue assays, in benign fibrocystic breast lesions and in the mammary epithelium adjacent to both benign and malignant breast tumors. There are also plans to compare dietary factors in women with malignant and proliferative benign breast lesions, accounting for histologic evidence of proliferative changes in the surrounding non-tumorous tissue. Study subjects will be selected from among over 267,000 female textile workers in Shanghai, who were enrolled in 1988-89 in a randomized trial of breast self-examination (BSE). Women in this cohort, who, during a 5-year period, develop breast cancer or fibrocystic lesions, and normal age-matched controls selected from the cohort, will be interviewed to obtain

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information on risk factors for breast cancer, frequency of intake of multiple foods, recent dietary changes and recent intake of phytoestrogen-rich foods. All data will be gathered prior to diagnosis. Blood specimens will be collected and assayed for various lipids, antioxidant vitamins, and isoflavones. Histologic slides from all cases will be collected, the lesions will be classified, and both the benign lesions and normal tissue will be evaluated for various morphologic and immunocytochemical indicators of ductal and lobular proliferation. Unlike prior studies, consumption of foods in this study sample covers a range over which not only breast cancer rates are expected to vary widely, but also phytoestrogen consumption is high, providing an opportunity to evaluate their role in breast cancer. Also unlike prior epidemiologic studies of diet and breast cancer, in the proposed investigation the primary end points are various indices of cell proliferation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: DISTINCT HUMAN MACROPHAGE RECEPTOR FOR ABNORMAL VLDL Principal Investigator & Institution: Gianturco, Sandra H.; Prof/Div/Gerontology/Geriatric Medicine; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis is the major cause of death on the US. Monocyte-macrophage (MM)-derived, lipid-filled "foam cells" are hallmarks of both early fatty streak and later, rupture-prone, thrombogenic lesions. Elevated plasma triglycerides [hyper (H) TG, fasting or post-prandial] are emerging risk factors for atherothrombotic disease; the mechanistic links are not known. One potential mechanism is via a MM receptor (R) we identified that binds apoB of TG-rich lipoproteins (TGRLP), including apoB-48 of chylomicrons (CM), inducing foam cells in vitro like those in vivo in atherosclerotic lesions and in the bone marrow, skin, and spleen in humans with persistent CMs and remnants. We have cloned the human R's cDNA (3773 bp). It encodes a new, unique R that induces TGRLP uptake and foam cell formation when transfected into R- negative CHO-K1 cells. Its approximately 3.8 kb mRNA is expressed in THP-1 monocytes, placenta, peripheral mononuclear leukocytes, bone marrow, spleen, tonsil, lymph node, and appendix, a distribution like that of foam cells in vivo in humans with persistent CMs. Immunohistochemical studies show R expression in foam cells of human aortic fatty streaks, advanced coronary and carotid lesions and MM of immune tissues. We hypothesize that the receptor's normal role is to ensure efficient delivery of essential dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins to monocytes and accessible macrophages of the immune system; when overwhelmed, as in states with persistent CMs, it is involved in foam cell formation and atherogenesis. To test this hypothesis in vivo, homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells will be used to make R deficient (R-/- and R-/+) mice and tissue specific, overexpressing transgenics. Effects of gene dosage on lipoprotein profiles and atherosclerosis susceptibility in these and in crosses with murine models of atherosclerosis (apoE-/-, LDLR-/-) and HTG (apoCIII, and apoCI transgenics) will help clarify this R's role in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis in vivo. Studies in vitro in monocytes and transfected CHOs will define mechanisms of the R's synthesis, processing, cycling, and uptake of core lipids. The potential impact of this R on CVD warrants the proposed studies to provide cellular, molecular, and in vivo functional rationales for therapeutic interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DONEPEZIL HCL: TREATING COGNITIVE DEFICIT IN AUTISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Handen, Benjamin L.; Associate Professor and Program Director; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities (APA, 1994). Interest in the amelioration of some of the core and secondary features of ASD has led the use of a wide range of pharmacological interventions, with inattention and overactivity, ritualistic behavior, self-injury and agitation/aggression among the most frequently targeted symptoms. Recent survey data indicates that up to 34 percent of individuals with ASD are prescribed medication and/or vitamins for control of a wide range of behaviors (Aman et al., 1995). While most pharmacological research to date has attempted to treat many of the behavioral deficits commonly associated with ASD, few pharmacological studies have attempted to ameliorate the core features of this disorder (an area of particular interest for this RFA). Donepezil HC1, a cholinesterase inhibitor which increases brain levels of acetylcholine, is purported to enhance cognitive functioning in a range of disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disorder, and ADHD. A recent open-label study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil HC1 in 25boys with ASD found significantly increased speech production and a statistical trend toward improvement in core symptoms of ASD (Chez et al., 2000). The present application will provide an opportunity to conduct further pilot testing of the tolerability, safety and effect of donepezil HCl on the cognitive deficits presumed to underlie the core features of ASD. Forty children and adolescents with ASD will be recruited to participate in a 10-week, double blind, placebo-controlled parallel groups study of donepezil HC1. This feasibility study is designed to provide documentation of medication-enhanced cognitive functioning in ASD using a 5mg and 10 mg/day donepezil HC1 dose. This study will also examine the side effects profile of donepezil HC1 in children with ASD, explore possible correlates of treatment response, and provide an opportunity to obtain initial pilot data to determine the sample size needed to conduct a full-scale intervention trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECT OF CALORIE RESTRICTION ON INFECTION DURING AGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Fernandes, Gabriel; Medicine; University of Texas Hlth Sci Ctr San Ant 7703 Floyd Curl Dr San Antonio, Tx 78229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): It is well established that calorie restriction (3O-4O percent) prolongs the life span in rodents. Increased life span is accompanied by preventing the increase in body weight, maintaining cell-mediated immune function, and decreasing the incidence of malignancies and renal diseases. Although recent studies have revealed that CR alters the expression of various genes, particularly those involved in macromolecular damage, it remains unknown whether animals fed a lifelong CR diet are able to successfully ward off bacterial infection. Our recent studies showed that CR-fed young C57BL/6 mice are more susceptible to bacterial infection than AL-fed mice. The differences in susceptibility to infection could be due to differences in strains of mice, energy uptake, supplementation of vitamins and minerals

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or delayed maturity of humoral immunity. We, therefore, propose to compare 3 different commonly used diets for CR studies in 2 strains of mice (C57LBL/6 and Balb/C) which differ in their response to Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine expression. We will compare 1) the AIN-93 diet with and without additional vitamin supplements, 2) the AIN-93 CR diet with reduced carbohydrates but increased protein, fat and vitamins to equal the AL diet, and 3) NIH-3 1, an undefined but commonly used rodent chow diet for CR studies. We will measure the mortality rate from polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and from salmonellosis in young and old mice. To establish the susceptibility and resistance to infection both in young (8 mo) and old (24 mo) mice, we will carry out detailed functional studies of macrophages, Th-1 and Th-2 cytokine production, and cDNA superarray analysis for Th-1/Th-2 and inflammatory response cytokine genes. These studies will establish the role of CR in developing optimal immune function to ward off infection arising from common bacterial pathogens during aging. This new information may become very useful to prevent any sudden onset of infection during CR studies and/or studies of weight reduction either by diet or by drugs in humans. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: EXTRACELLULAR REGULATION OF LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Goldberg, Ira J.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Lipoprotein lipase (LpL) is the principal enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of triglyceride in circulating lipoproteins. Changes in LpL activity are a basic mechanism used to modulate uptake of free fatty acids and perhaps fat-soluble vitamins by tissues. Regulation of LpL involves a number of post-secretory processes. By investigating these processes basic biological insights into the interaction of proteins with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have been obtained. In this renewal, a series of experiments are proposed to understand how LpL is transferred from its sites of synthesis, principally adipocytes and myocytes, to the luminal surface of endothelial cells. Aim 1 is to determine the pathways required for LPL transport across endothelial cell monolayers. We have observed that LpL transcytosis across endothelial monolayers is reduced by RAP, the 39 kDa inhibitor of the LDL receptor related protein and other receptors in this family. In this Aim we will assess the role of these receptors and HSPGs in the transcytosis of normal and mutant LpL. The importance of this pathway and the association of LpL with proteoglycans will also be studied in vivo. Aim 2 proposes to study how LPL interaction with HSPGs regulates HSPG binding. Using these mice and new mice expressing a tethered dimer of mutated LpL, the importance of LpL-HSPG interactions will be studied. Aim 3 will study how the VLDL receptor and other RAPsensitive receptor, and LpL monomizerization participate in the physiological regulation of LPL actions. We will assess the importance of LpL transcytosis pathways in wildtype and heterozygous LpL transcytosis pathways in wild type and heterozygous LpL knockout mice, the role of RAP-sensitive receptors in regulation of LpL activity with feeding/fasting, and modulation of tissue LpL in mice that cannot covert dimeric LpL to inactive monomers. These experiments will provide information about how a secreted protein transfers from the subendothelial space into the bloodstream and the importance of protein dimerization and HSPG binding in this process. Moreover by understanding the regulation of LpL activity, these investigations will may means to change human

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caloric and vitamin disposal; processes that are often abnormal in humans with lipoprotein disorders and diabetes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FEEDING STRATEGIES FOR LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS II Principal Investigator & Institution: Schanler, Richard J.; Chief of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: Data from our original study suggest that the quantity of human milk consumed had a marked effect on the incidence of late-onset sepsis and/or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the duration of hospitalization, and the growth of the premature infant. The proposed study will investigate the incidence of late-onset sepsis and/or NEC and duration of hospitalization in both a randomized trial of feeding premature infants fortified human milk (FHM)supplemented with either fortified pasteurized donor human milk or preterm formula (PF), and in a non-randomized comparison between fortified human milk and preterm formula. One potential mechanism to relate human milk feeding to a lower risk of infection, the maternal titer of pathogen-specific functional antibody, will be measured. The infants will be followed for 3 years to determine the long-term sequelae related to feeding human milk during hospitalization. Because of the failure of many mothers to provide sufficient milk to meet their infants' needs, mothers will be studied to determine the effect of stress reduction methods on milk production. The common nursery practice of skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant will be evaluated for its effect on maternal functional antibody titers and milk production. Infants from the nurseries at Texas Children's Hospital will be enrolled if they are less than 30 weeks gestation, the group with the highest risk of developing lateonset sepsis and/or NEC. We use the term fortified mother's milk to indicate mother's own milk to which a commercial preparation of protein, minerals, vitamins, and glucose polymers is added. The type of milk was determined by parental choice and infants to receive their mother's milk were randomized separately from those to receive formula. The duration of the study spanned the entire hospitalization of the infant. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: FOLATE PATHWAY GENES AND RISK FOR OROFACIAL CLEFTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Gary M.; Senior Epidemiologist; March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation 1900 Powell St, Ste 1050 Emeryville, Ca 94608 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The research program will investigate nutritional and genetic risk factors for orofacial clefts. The specific aims for the 3-year study are to assess the potential "geneenvironmental" interplay between genetic variation of 3 potential folate pathway genes (folate receptor gene, reduced folate carrier, and the N-acetal transferace 1 gene) among probands, maternal folic acid/multivitamin intake, and the risk of orofacial clefts. We propose to investigate the hypothesis that one or more of the 3 folate pathway genes are responsible for inadequate transport, accumulation, or metabolism of folate during critical stages of craniofacial development, making embryos susceptible to orofacial clefts even in the presence of clinically adequate maternal folate intake. By combining state-of-the-art molecular biology approaches, new genetic findings, and one of the largest case-control studies done on orofacial clefts, we will determine if maternal supplemental folic acid intake overcomes folate transport or metabolic dysfunction that may occur as a result of the embryo's genotypic variation for the 3 folate pathway genes

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and thus reduce the risk for orofacial clefting. The project has 3 collaborating research centers: California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, University of Nebraska, and Children's Hospital, Oakland. The research design will be case-control, including approximately 1200 cafes and controls, and will utilize maternal interview data in conjunction with genotyping of the folate receptor gene. Infants' DNA for genotyping will be obtained from residual newborn screening bloodspots, of which about 1250 DNA samples will be available for this study. Information on a variety of relevant covariates, such as parental cigarette smoking and the infant's genotype for transforming growth factor-alpha polymorphisms, will be available to analytically assess their contribution to risk for orofacial clefts. As one of the first attempts at investigating environmental and molecular genetic interactions in the epidemiology of congenital anomalies, this study endeavors to enhance our general understanding of the causes of orofacial clefts as well as our specific understanding of the apparent protective effect of folate supplementation on the occurrence of clefts. We observed a 50% reduction in risk for orofacial clefts among pregnant women who used vitamins. If this association ultimately proves causal, many of these anomalies will be preventable every year in the United States once it is understood what vitamin/diet component is important in facilitating the reduction in risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FOLATE, COLORECTAL AD

MRHFR,

DNA

METHYLATION,

URACIL

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Giovannucci, Edward L.; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Folate is required as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF) for methylation reactions such as DNA methylation, and as 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10methyleneTHF) for conversion of deoxyuridylate into thymidylate, a required reaction for DNA synthesis. Various experiments indicate that deficiency of folate in either form, leading to abnormalities in DNA synthesis or in DNA methylation, could enhance colorectal carcinogenesis. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) plays a central role in folate metabolism by irreversibly converting 5,10-methyleneTHF into 5methylTHF. A single nucleotide polymorphism of the MTHFR gene (677C ->T; alanineto-valine), correlates with reduced enzyme activity. Thus, MTHFR 677TT homozygotes tend to accumulate 5,10-methyleneTHF intracellularly at the expense of 5-methylTHF. MTHFR TT homozygotes appear to be hyper-responders to folate or alcohol, who are at relatively low risk (compared to those with CC or CT genotypes) if they have a "lowrisk" diet (high folate, low alcohol), but may have elevated risks if they have a "highrisk" diet (high alcohol, low folate). Building upon data from 2 ongoing randomized clinical trials of folic acid and colorectal adenoma incidence, we propose to examine if blood and rectal measures of genomic DNA methylation and uracil incorporation influence risk of adenoma. We will then study if the MTHFR 677 genotype influences how nutritional factors (folate, alcohol, as well as vitamins B2, B6 and B 12) affects DNA methylation and uracil incorporation. Specifically, we hypothesize that MTHFR TT homozygotes are at elevated risk through genomic DNA hypomethylation (relative to the other genotypes) if they consume alcohol and low folate diets, but have lower uracil misincorporation by having more folate in the form required for DNA synthesis (5,10methylene-THF). In addition to clarifying the mechanism by which folate influences risk of colorectal neoplasia, we anticipate these studies will resolve whether genomic

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hypomethylation and uracil misincorporation can be used as biomarkers of folate adequacy and adenoma risk. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: FRACTIONATION CHROMOSOMAL DNA

OF

CENTROMERE

REGIONS

FROM

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mach, Jennifer M.; Chromatin, Inc. 2201 W Campbell Park Dr, #307 Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 30-SEP-2002 Summary: The characterization of heterochromatin, the highly repetitive, highly condensed regions of the genome, has lagged behind the characterization of the euchromatic, gene-rich regions. Heterochromatic regions provide important functions, including centromeric activity, which is required for proper distribution of the chromosomes during cell divisions. Using proprietary technology developed by its founders, Dr. Daphne Preuss and colleagues, Chromatin, Inc. will isolate heterochromatic DNA from a variety of crop species, analyze its sequence, and test it for centromere function by constructing an autonomous mini-chromosome vector. This research will provide important information about heterochromatin and centromeres in plants; interestingly, Arabidopsis centromeres contain repeats of a 180- nucleotide sequence, whereas mammalian centromeres contain repeats of a 171-nucleotide sequence. Thus, research on plant heterochromatin may inform studies of mammalian heterochromatin. Furthermore, the ultimate goal of this research is the development of an autonomous mini-chromosome vector, which will be a significant improvement over current transformation methods by allowing the introduction of multiple genes in a controlled regulatory environment. Thus, this research will provide important insight on heterochromatic composition and function and will also provide a valuable tool for research studying the functions of multiple genes. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The ultimate goal of this research is the development of an autonomous mini-chromosome vector, which will be a significant improvement over current transformation methods. This vector will allow the introduction of multiple genes, possibly including entire biosynthetic pathways, into plants. Moreover, the autonomy of this vector allows genes to be introduced in a controlled regulatory environment without alteration of the host genome. Possible applications include the synthesis of vitamins or pharmaceuticals in plants and research studying the function of multiple genes in combination. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: GENE-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS IN REDOX HOMEOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Banerjee, Ruma; Willa Cather Professor of Biochemistry; Biochemistry; University of Nebraska Lincoln 14Th and R Sts Lincoln, Ne 68588 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) There is a growing literature on the role of dietary and environmental modulators in the control of reactive oxygen species that are implicated in the etiology of multiple and complex diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, arthritis, certain cancers as well as in aging and apoptosis. Glutathione is a key endogenous antioxidant that plays a major role in cellular defense against reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics. The biosynthesis of glutathione is comprised of: (1) the upstream trans-sulfuration pathway that provides

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an avenue for conversion of the essential amino acid, methionine, to cysteine, the limiting amino acid in glutathione synthesis; and (2) the downstream pathway representing the final 2 steps catalyzed by gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase. The upstream pathway is present only in tissues with the highest concentration of glutathione, whereas the downstream pathway is ubiquitous. Tissues lacking the upstream pathway depend on an exogenous supply of cysteine, and inter-organ transport of glutathione plays a key role in providing this nonessential amino acid to these cells. A number of vitamins (B6, B12 and folic acid) and cofactors (heme and Zn2+) converge at this metabolic focal point and could potentially affect glutathione synthesis and, therefore, cellular redox homeostasis. The research design of this project is guided by 3 specific aims: (1) to address how regulation of the up- and downstream pathways is coordinated by using a mouse knockout model for cystathionine beta-synthase, the first enzyme in the trans-sulfuration pathway. These studies will be a prelude to characterizing the effects of macro- (methionine, cysteine) and micronutrients (B6, B12 and folate) on modulating glutathione pools in the 3 genetic backgrounds (+/+, +/-and -/- cbs); (2) to elucidate the relative efficacies of the different genotypes in handling oxidative and xenobiotic challenges; and (3) to initiate studies to elucidate the molecular mechanism of redox regulation of gamma-glutamyl- cysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, by focusing on the properties of the regulatory subunit that the principal investigator has discovered is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HIV ADHERENCE MENTORED RES. SCIENTIST DEV. AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Ingersoll, Karen S.; Psychiatry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The purpose of this revised application for a 5-year mentored research scientist development award (KO1) on HIV adherence is to conduct research and training activities to advance the candidate's development as an independent behavioral scientist. The proposed research plan includes a series of studies that build upon each other in the area of HIV medication adherence. Study One is a cross sectional study of the relationship of normal and abnormal personality and treatment adherence in 156 HIV+ clinic patients, with consideration of key covariates such as psychopathology, substance use and substance disorders, readiness for adherence, and social support. Study Two includes two components: a prospective study of risk-related and healthpromoting behaviors and their relationship to HIV treatment adherence, and a method development study to refine and validate a time-line follow-back method of assessing medication adherence using a novel telephone reporting system to record patientreported adherence in 128 subjects. Study Three will investigate the necessary and sufficient components of combination adherence interventions. This study is a 3 level, randomized, 12 week prospective control group investigation of psychosocial adherence interventions to be conducted in 189 HIV+ clinic patients who are initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or changing a HAART regimen. This study will build upon results from studies One and Two in methods and key variables to be considered. Interventions will include treatment as usual in group 1, prospective self monitoring of adherence in Group 2, and a "trial run" of the selected regimen using vitamins added to prospective self monitoring in Group 3. Results from these studies will provide significant needed information to improve adherence among HIV+ patients

40 Vitamins

taking HAART, and will provide the structure and experiences for the candidate to develop an independent research program on treatment adherence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: HORMONAL INDUCTION ANIMAL MODEL OF PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Bosland, Maarten C.; Professor of Environmental Med. & Urolog; Environmental Medicine; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-JAN-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Combined treatment with testosterone (T) + estradiol-17beta (E2) induces prostate adenocarcinomas in 100 percent of NBL rats, and T alone a 40 percent incidence. This is the only model in which steroid hormones alone produce a high prostate cancer incidence; it offers opportunities to study the mechanisms whereby steroid hormones cause prostate cancer. We hypothesize that E2, either formed endogenously from T by the enzyme aromatase or exogenously administered, acts via a genotoxic mechanism that involves the generation of reactive oxygen species to produce prostate carcinomas in the presence of T, and that estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated mechanisms are not involved. To address the hypothesis and resolve some uncertainties about the model, the following specific aims are proposed. Aim 1: To establish whether E2 is an essential factor in the hormonal induction of prostate cancer by T, and whether it acts via a mechanism that is ER-independent; we will establish whether treatment with an aromatase inhibitor reduces or eliminates prostate cancer induction by T, and to demonstrate that antiestrogen treatment does not affect the tumor response. Aim 2: To determine whether induction of oxidative DNA damage and of prostate carcinomas by T and E2 are linked and, therefore, probably causally related; we will administer antioxidant vitamins (C and E) to T+E2-treated rats, which should reduce both prostate cancer induction and prostatic oxidative DNA damage (measured by formation of 8hydroxydeoxyguanosine). Aim 3: To demonstrate that T+E2-induced carcinomas have the potential to metastasize and determine whether T+E2-induced peripheral prostate dysplasia can progress to cancer; we will determine whether lowering of the E2 dose or shortening of the E2 treatment duration, while continuing T administration, will sufficiently lower or delay pituitary tumor formation and prolong survival to allow progression of prostate carcinomas to the metastatic stage. Aim 4: To establish whether T+E2- induced prostate carcinomas are androgen-sensitive and their induction is androgen-dependent and prolactin-independent; we will test the response of prostate cancers transplanted into syngeneic rats to castration and determining the effect of castration of T+E2-treated rats at a time at which very small carcinomas have already formed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FLAVONOIDS ON THE EXPRESSION OF AT* Principal Investigator & Institution: Keen, Carl L.; Professor and Chairman; Nutrition; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, Ca 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant) Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive concentrations of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Excessive oxidative damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous

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degenerative diseases including coronary vascular diseases (CVD). A current hypothesis suggests that ROS, RNS and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) induce the expression of atherogenic genes via redox-sensitive signaling pathways. The oxidative stress-induced gene expression has been shown to be mediated via the activation of redox sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor- kappaBeta (NFkB), and redox-sensitive transduction pathways such as those involving members of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family as well as members of the Src family. Genes regulated by NFkB activation encode for proteins implicated in acute phase and inflammatory responses including certain cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes; several of these molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Similarly, studies have shown that JNK, BMK-1 and cSrc are involved in signaling events stimulated by ROS that contribute to atherosclerosis such as smooth muscle cell proliferation. It is well known that diet plays a important role in a large number of chronic diseases. The investigators suggest that this is due in part to an effect of diet on a individual's antioxidant status. Vitamins and minerals contribute to the oxidative defense system because: (1) they are antioxidants (vitamins E, C and Bcarotene); (2) they are essential for the function of enzyme antioxidants (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and riboflavin); or (3) they act to maintain low levels of potentially pro-oxidant molecules (vitamins B12, B6 and folate). On the other hand, the cardio-protective effects of flavonoids result in part from their antioxidant properties, and their ability to modulate the activity of a wide spectrum of enzymes. The researchers propose to investigate the hypothesis that diet may influence vascular redox-mediated signaling and transcriptional activities. Using the mouse model, they will test the hypothesis that a diet marginal in select micronutrients will induce a pro-oxidative state that will worsen the pathophysiological state of atherosclerosis. Finally, they will test the hypothesis that addition of flavonoids to diets marginal in antioxidants will attenuate the atherogenic effect of the pro-oxidative effect of micronutrient deficiency and hypercholesterolemia. These issues will be addressed using mutant mice in which the LDL receptor (LDLr) has been inactivated. The researchers will measure the progression of atherosclerosis in LDLr +/+ and -/- mice fed a high fat-micronutrient adequate diet, or a high fat-micronutrient marginal diet, supplemented or not with the flavonoids, quercetin and catechin. They will use biochemical markers and immunohistochemistry to evaluate antioxidant capacity and redox status in the LDLr mice, and correlate these with the severity of atherosclerosis determined by lesion progression and atherogenic gene expression. Finally, they will examine the effects of the diets on the activation of NFkB and cell signaling pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REGULATION

INTESTINAL

VITAMIN

H

UPTAKE--MOLECULAR/CELL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Said, Hamid M.; Professor and Senior Research Career Sci; Medicine; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, Ca 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Studies on the molecular and cellular regulation of the intestinal absorption processes of water-soluble vitamins have been limited due in part to lack of suitable molecular probes/cell models that are needed to address these issues. This situation has begun to change in recent years with the cloning and molecular characterization of the transport systems involved in the intestinal absorption of these essential nutrients, and the availability of appropriate cell models/tools. The aims of the present proposal are to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the

42 Vitamins

intestinal absorption process of vitamin H, i.e., biotin, a process that has been recently shown to be also utilized by two other functionally unrelated nutrients, namely the vitamin pantothenic acid and the metabolically important antioxidant lipoate [for this reason the system involved is also being referred to now as the sodium- dependent multivitamin transport system, or SMVT]. Biotin is an essential micro-nutrient whose importance to normal health and well-being is underscored by the serious clinical abnormalities that results from its deficiency which include neurological disorders and growth retardation. Humans and other mammals can not synthesize biotin, and thus, must obtain the vitamin from exogenous sources via intestinal absorption. The mechanism of intestinal biotin absorption has been characterized by us and others and evidence was obtained indicating that the process is regulated by dietary biotin levels and by ontogeny. Very little, however, is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in this regulation. The recent cloning and molecular characterization of the intestinal biotin uptake system has assisted us in initiating studies to address these issues. In preliminary studies, we have obtained evidence that suggests possible involvement of transcriptional regulatory mechanism(s) in the regulation of intestinal biotin transport by extracellular biotin levels. We have also delineated the sequence of a 4.3 kb genomic DNA that is of relevance to our effort of characterizing the 5' regulatory region of the transporter gene. Based on this background, our specific aims in this proposal are: 1) to characterize the molecular/cellular mechanism(s) involved in the regulation of the intestinal biotin absorption process by dietary (extracellular) biotin levels, 2) to clone and characterize the 5'-regulatory region of the gene of the biotin transporter SMVT, and 3) to characterize the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the ontogenic regulation of the intestinal biotin transport process. The rat will be used as the experimental animal model in these studies. Results of these investigations will provide information that are of significant physiological and nutritional importance to both adult and the developing newborn regarding the molecular and cellular regulation of the intestinal absorption process of biotin in particular, and that of pantothenic acid and lipoate in general. These results should also contribute toward our understanding of regulation of SMVT function in other tissues that have been shown to express this transport system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: IRON AND ESTROGEN INDUCED CARCINOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Liehr, Joachim G.; Chief Pharmacologist; Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research 1918 Chenevert St Houston, Tx 77003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Iron is an essential nutrient utilized in metabolic processes and in cell proliferation. In addition, mammary epithelial cells have a unique requirement for iron, because they synthesize iron-lactoferrin complex as an iron source of mother's milk to meet the iron needs of the newborn. Our hypothesis is that the chronic ingestion of diets containing high iron concentrations overloads the iron storage and utilization capacity of mammary cells and in concert with estrogen induces mammary tumors. The excess iron may cause toxicities such as lipid peroxidation and free radical-mediated DNA and protein damage. Cells damaged by these processes and at the same time responding to estrogen stimulation of growth may be transformed and develop into mammary tumors. Dr. Liehr will examine this hypothesis by addressing the following questions. 1. a) Does iron accumulate in kidney of hamsters or mammary tissue of Noble (Nb) rats (animal models for estrogen-induced carcinogenesis) in response to estrogen treatment? b) Is this iron accumulation an estrogen receptor-dependent process? c) Does iron continue to

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accumulate in these rodent organs under conditions of chronic treatment with estradiol implants and cause toxicity at excess tissue iron concentrations? d)Does iron redistribute to organs of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis in estrogen-treated animals receiving a low iron-containing diet? 2. Does a low iron diet (3.5 ppm Fe) prevent estrogen-induced carcinogenesis? 3. Does iron accumulate in "normal" tissue surrounding tumors of breast cancer patients compared to controls? 4. What are the cellular mechanisms of action and interaction between iron and estrogens in MCF-10A immortal human mammary epithelial cells and in MCF-7 breast cancer cells? His studies will determine whether dietary iron accumulation causes breast cancer. In future experiments he will extend his findings to understanding the interactions of vitamins A and D with estrogens and iron in the etiology of breast cancer, and extend his hypothesis to prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: K VITAMINS--A NEW CLASS OF LIVER CELL GROWTH INHIBITORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Carr, Brian I.; Professor; Surgery; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 08-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LOCALIZED VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES AND RISK FOR LUNG CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Piyathilake, Chandrika J.; Nutrition Sciences; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (Applicant's Description) Although there is substantial epidemiological and experimental evidence of a protective effect of a high intake of fruits and vegetables against lung cancer (LC), studies that have attempted to isolate specific nutrient effects have given variable results. One possible reason for the lack of consistency between studies of individual nutrients and fruits and vegetables is that the frequently studied components like beta-carotene and other antioxidants in fruits and vegetables may not be the only protective components. We advance the possibility that folate in fruits and vegetables is one of these relatively unstudied components. The potential mechanisms whereby deficiencies of folate and inter-related vitamin B-12, could lead to gene damage via DNA hypomethylation are well understood. Furthermore, chemical components of cigarette smoke have been shown to interact with folate and vitamin B-12, transforming them into biologically inactive compounds. That these chemical reactions may have physiologic significance is supported by the reports of lower circulating and buccal mucosal folate levels in smokers, and a response of bronchial metaplasia to folate/B-12 supplementation. We expect the effect of smoking to be greatest in the lung, where the potential for cigarette smoke to oxidize and destroy micronutrients should be most pronounced. Yet, the importance of folate and vitamin B-12 in LC prevention is not widely appreciated. There are no reports on the measurement of folate or vitamin B-12 levels in lung tissue. Although there are some reports on the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) levels of vitamins C and E, and their accumulation by alveolar macrophages (AM) of smokers, none of these studies has measured a battery of vitamins in the same sample, studied the significance of AM accumulation of vitamins, or most importantly, correlated those vitamins with the expression of intermediate endpoint biomarkers

44 Vitamins

(IEB). The identification of IEB in LC has proceeded briskly, but studies of the chronology of early events are only in their infancy. Therefore, special emphasis will be given to the identification and validation of IEB in lung carcinogenesis since this is an inadequately documented but emerging area in cancer prevention research. This fiveyear Preventive Oncology Academic Award will provide the applicant with intensive training in IEB research under expert guidance to become an independent researcher in this area. Following this, the dietary intake and concentrations of folate, vitamins B-12, A, E, C, and beta-carotene in ELF, AM, bronchial biopsies, and blood will be measured along with global DNA hypomethylation and IEB in bronchial biopsies of smokers and non smokers matched for age, gender, and race. Along with identifying and validating IEB, the proposed studies will provide insight into the mechanisms for the welldocumented protective effects of fruits, vegetables, and antioxidant nutrients on the risk for lung cancer in smokers, and will provide much needed base-line data for the evaluation of chemopreventive applications of vitamins. These activities, along with advanced studies of epidemiology and statistical analysis and experience in teaching, will provide the expertise needed for a career as a successful, independent investigator. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MACROPHAGE MECHANISMS

CHYLOMICRON/B48

RECEPTOR,

BINDING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bradley, William A.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: ApoB is essential to life yet excess apoB100 or apoB48 is atherogenic and associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We identified and cloned a new, unique receptor (R) for dietary triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLP), the apoB48 R. It is constitutively expressed on monocyte-macrophages (MM), including human atherosclerotic foam cells and bone marrow precursors, and endothelial cells (ECs), cells intimately involved in hemostasis and atherothrombogenesis as well as hemopoiesis, immune function and tissue nutrition. Although we have documented that the apoB48 R binds to apoB48, major questions remain on the precise mechanism(s) of binding and why normal VLDL and LDL have low affinity for this R--which microdomain of apoB48 is necessary for R binding and how the other apoB regions, apoproteins, and lipid constituents modulate binding of lipoproteins to this R. Our published and preliminary data support the hypotheses that (1) an apoB48 microdomain that is required for binding is at or near the lipoprotein lipase binding site, is not releaseable by trypsin, is not in a heparin binding domain, and is masked in normal VLDL and LDL; (2) apoB48 R binding affinity is greater in large particles (Sf greater than 100) than in small particles (Sf less than 100); and (3) apoE inhibits binding to the apoB48 R. This ensures sufficient uptake of larger nutrient-rich (lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins) dietary particles by cells responsible for tissue nutrition, immune function and hemopoiesis, cells with high nutritional requirements, and directs smaller apoB lipoproteins to the liver, as observed in vivo. We propose multiple approaches to define the R-binding apoB48 microdomain (Aim 1) and to define modulators of this interaction (Aim 2), using native, modified, and model lipoproteins, monoclonal antibodies, C-terminal truncated apoB, molecularly engineered apoB mutant constructs, and cell and ligand blotting studies. Knowledge of the basic biochemical determinants and molecular mechanisms that govern the interactions of TGRLP with the apoB48 R are crucial to meaningful intervention to prevent excess, atherothrombogenic uptake by this route while preserving sufficient

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nutrient uptake or, conversely, to enhance uptake in subjects with multiple pathologies due to defective or deficient apoB. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN NUTRITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hargrove, James L.; Associate Professor; University of Georgia 617 Boyd, Gsrc Athens, Ga 306027411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): A healthful diet and balanced energy intake are important for normal growth, development, and prevention of chronic diseases. In addition to the essential nutrients, many phytochemicals and non-essential food components prevent disease or modify its course. Federal advisory panels are called upon to define adequate levels of intake of vitamins, minerals, and other dietary constituents such as choline. Mathematical modeling can assist in defining minimal needs for nutrients and also can generate predictive models for control points in diseases such as diabetes mellitus. A conference is proposed that will update and/or train participants in the use of mathematical modeling and new computational methods in experimental nutrition as related to chronic disease. The program will include presentations and tutorials in the areas of nutrient and phytochemical metabolism, diabetes, obesity and cancer. The specific aims of the proposed conference are: 1) To disseminate information about the use of mathematical modeling and new computer software to scientists in nutrition and related health sciences; 2) To train young scientists in applications of modeling in the study of diabetes, cancer, and chemoprevention of disease; 3) To explore the use of kinetic modeling in defining Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's) and healthful intakes of phytochemicals; and 4) To encourage collaborations and development of grant proposals among scientists in disciplines that range from nutrition to molecular and computational biology. Sessions will include traditional aspects of modeling in relation to vitamin, mineral, and tissue metabolism, and guided workshops in which participants are taught to use modeling software. New topics will include the use of modeling for estimating risk for cancer as a result of exposure to environmental agents, and computational methods for testing hypotheses about how changes in gene expression affect phenotype. One session will explore the use of modeling to assess uptake, distribution and effects of phytochemicals consumed in foods. A workshop will focus on writing successful grants and publications that use modeling, with leadership provided by current holders of federal grants. Lastly, a panel will discuss the use of modeling in undergraduate and graduate education, and will make recommendations for appropriate activities of a new Research Interest Section on Mathematical Modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISM & SIGNIFICANCE OF CUBILIN-MEDIATED HDL UPTAKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Argraves, W Scott.; Associate Professor; Cell Biology and Anatomy; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: We have used a unique cell culture model to study in vitro catabolism of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and to identify cubilin as a receptor that mediates endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of holoparticle HDL. The activities of cubilin are distinct from those of the other known HDL receptor, scavenger receptor SR-BI, which

46 Vitamins

mediates selective lipid uptake without facilitating endocytosis and degradation of the whole particle. Cubilin is a 460-kDa peripheral membrane protein that is expressed in kidney, intestine and yolk sac edoderm. The physiological significance of cubilin activity with respect to HDL endocytosis in these tissues is unknown. The vital role served by yolk sac cubilin is indicated by the severe developmental abnormalities observed when cubilin antibodies are administered to pregnant rats or to embryos cultured ex utero. A central hypothesis of this grant application is that cubilin functions in the yolk sac endoderm to mediate uptake of maternal plasma HDL and thereby serves a role supplying the embryo with HDL-associated cholesterol, lipid-soluble vitamins, phospholipids and/or triglycerides. To test this hypothesis, and to characterize fundamental mechanistic features of cubilin function, four aims are proposed. The first aim is to define the molecular basis for ligand binding and endocytotic functions of cubilin and will include mapping binding sites for HDL apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, and establishing the basis for the association of cubilin with the plasma membrane as it lacks a membrane-spanning domain. To accomplish these goals, recombinant fragments of cubilin and monoclonal antibodies will be produced and tested using in vitro binding and cellular uptake assays. The second aim is to determine whether other cell surface proteins function in conjunction with cubilin to mediate HDL endocytosis. These studies will evaluate megalin, a receptor that binds cubilin, and several other proteins that copurify with cubilin in the process of cublilin-mediated HDL endocytosis. The third aim is to test the hypothesis that cubilin not only functions to mediate lysosomal degradation of HDL but also mediates transcytosis as a means to transport HDL or its constituents across certain epithelia. This study will involve measuring transport of radiolabeled HDL across a monolayer of cubilin-expressing cells cultured on a permeable support. The fourth aim is to determine the developmental significance of cubilin-mediated uptake of HDL by yolk sac endoderm. Together, these studies should provide new insights into the function of cubilin in processes such as maternalembryonic lipoprotein transport and embryonic development. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MECHANISM AND THERAPIES FOR HAART INDUCED DIARRHEA Principal Investigator & Institution: Sipos, Tibor; President; Digestive Care, Inc. Ben Franklin Technology Center Bethlehem, Nj 18015 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-OCT-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this project is to establish the scientific rationale for the exogenous administration of a bicarbonate-buffered and enteric-coated pancrelipase to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients who experience diarrhea due to High Activity Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). As a side effect of HAART, many HIV patients experience mild to severe diarrhea with greasy and oily stool that is similar to the one experienced by cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Drug induced diarrhea causes maldigestion of food, malabsorption of fatsoluble vitamins and nutrients, reduces the absorption of exogenously administered drugs, and leads to reduced immunocompetence. The technical approach for establishing the scientific rationale for the use of a bicarbonate-buffered and entericcoated pancrelipase for the treatment of diarrhea and steatorrhea in HIV positive patients is to demonstrate that the HAART drugs interfere with any one of the key digestive processes that are responsible for handling the breakdown of fats and lipids, i.e., lipase/colipase and enterokinase catalyzed activation of zymogens to active enzymes. To achieve this goal the inhibitory effect of HAART drugs on pancreatic lipase/colipase, proteases and activation of prolipase to active lipase will be determined

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by employing specific enzyme assays. The results of these inhibitory studies will help to elucidate how these antiretroviral drugs interfere with the digestive activity of pancreatic lipase/colipase and the zymogen activation cascade that leads to HAART induced diarrhea and steatorrhea. Furthermore, the information gained from these in vitro studies will establish the therapeutic rationale for initiating the Phase II clinical program. The objective of the Phase II program is to demonstrate the efficacy of the exogenously administered bicarbonate-buffered and enteric-coated pancrelipase to HIV positive patients for the treatment of diarrhea due to HAART. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: NOT AVAILABLE Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOUSE CARCINOGENESIS

MODELS

FOR

ONE-CARBON

NUTRIENTS

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Mason, Joel B.; Associate Professor and Chief; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: Accumulating evidence from many different types of scientific studies indicates that inadequate intake of the B vitamin, folate, increases the risk of colorectal cancer. Among the observations supporting this concept are those which indicate that a common polymorphism in the folate-dependent enzyme, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), is associated with modulation of colorectal cancer risk. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which the effect of folate is mediated remain ill-defined, although the prevailing concept focuses on folate's central role in DNA synthesis and repair, and biological methylation. Although less compelling, there exists both scientific rationale and empiric evidence that other B-vitamins involved in onecarbon metabolism can interact with folate status in determining the risk of neoplastic transformation in the colorectum. An understanding of the pathways by which folate modulates colorectal carcinogenesis would be greatly facilitated by defining the mechanisms by which vitamins B2, B6, B12, as well the common MTHFR polymorphism, interact with folate in determining cancer risk. These factors can therefore serve as mechanistic probes to further our understanding of the processes involved. The proposed experiments will be conducted in established mouse models of B-vitamin depletion and intestinal carcinogenesis, as well as in some novel mouse models that are under development. Experiments are planned to examine the means by which interactions of the abovementioned dietary and genetic factors alter the biochemical, molecular and cell cycle mileu of the intestinal epithelium and thereby modulate the risk of carcinogenesis. Although several genetic pathways will be examined proactively, identification of novel, previously unsuspected, pathways towards cancer will be elucidated by use of DNA microarray technology. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the effect of folate on carcinogenesis will greatly enhance our ability to translate this field of scientific investigation into public health initiatives that effectively reduce the risk of cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MOUSE MODELS OF VITAMIN TRANSPORT DEFECTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fleming, Judith C.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2007

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Summary: (provided by applicant): SLC19A3 is a member of the vitamin transporter family that includes the reduced folate carrier, SLC 19A1 and the high-affinity thiamine transporter, SLC19A2. Members of this solute carrier sub-family are 12-membrane spanning proteins that specifically transport micronutrients such as folate (SLC19A1) or thiamine (SLC19A2 and SLC19A3). We hypothesize that SLC19A3 functions as a major portal for thiamine into the body, functioning as a major (if not the only) placental thiamine transporter. It is likely to also be a major intestinal thiamine transporter as well. Thiamine, like other vitamins, is obtained through dietary intake. Systemic (dietary) thiamine deficiency can lead to a multitude of problems including neurodegeneration, wasting, and death. This study proposes to characterize the expression pattern of SLCI9A3 RNA and protein in developing embryos and adult tissues. The functional role of thiamine delivery into tissues via SLC19A3 will be addressed using a mouse model with a targeted deletion of SLC19A3. Additionally, transgenic mouse lines in which SLC19A3 is deleted in only certain tissues will be created in order to assess the importance of thiamine to particular stages of development and to individual organ systems. These studies will provide important information concerning the contribution of thiamine in development and in normal and disease systems. The work proposed will be performed in the outstanding environment provided by Dr. Ellis Neufeld's laboratory and the Division of Hematology at Children's Hospital. Dr. Neufeld's expertise in genetics, hematology and biochemistry, as well as the close proximity of experts in mouse development and transgenic models (e.g. Drs. Stuart Orkin and Nancy Andrews) will have a great impact on the further development of the applicant towards an independent academic research career. The proposed project will be carried out in a superb training environment that will enhance the applicant's skill and knowledge repertoire. The types of experiments proposed, using a transgenic/knockout approach, will likely provide the applicant with several new research avenues to focus on in the future as an independent researcher, and will certainly provide the necessary preliminary data to compete for completely independent funding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MTHFR POLYMORPHISM, FOLATE, & COLORECTAL CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Hunter, David J.; Director; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 18-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: We propose to combine data from three large sets of prospective cohort studies to address the following three principal hypotheses: 1. Persons homozygous for the MTHFR C677T polymorphism are at reduced risk of colorectal cancer. 2. Higher intakes and serum levels of folate, vitamins B12, B6 and B2, and lower levels of serum homocysteine, are associated with lower risk of colorectal cancer. 3. The association with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism is modified by consumption of alcoholic beverages, and intake of folic acid, methionine, and vitamins B 12, B6 and B2, and serum levels of folate, homocysteine, and vitamins B 12, B6, and B2. We also propose to address a secondary hypothesis: 4. Homozygosity for the MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms, or compound heterozygosity with the C677T polymorphism, is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer. We will accomplish this by analyzing data from three very large sources of prospective data - the Harvard Cohort studies (the Nurses' Health Study, Health Professionals' Follow-up Study, and the Physicians' Health Study), the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), and the Alpha-

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Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene, Cancer Prevention Study (ATBC). With data on 2700 cases of colorectal cancer, and an equivalent number of controls, we will be able to prospectively assess the relations with dietary intake, plasma levels of folate and vitamins that influence one-carbon metabolism, and effect modification by these of the main effect of the MTHFR polymorphisms. Confirming the association between the MTHFR polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk would greatly bolster the case for a causal interpretation of the observational data indicating that folate is inversely related to colorectal cancer risk. Quantifying the relation of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism to colorectal cancer risk, and potential effect modification by other dietary influences on one-carbon metabolism will be important in determining optimum levels of folate and B vitamin nutriture. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: MUTATION ANALYSIS OF THYROID HORMONE FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Baxter, John D.; Professor and Director of Medicine; Metabolic Research Unit; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: Thyroid hormones mediate responses through receptors (Trs) that are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, including receptors that bind steroids, vitamins and fatty acids, each a major pharmaceutical target. We utilized X-ray crystallographic information about the TR ligand-binding domain (LBD) to guide placements of mutations on the TR LBD surface that block binding of proteins that interact with it. These are preferable to randomly placed mutations that often disrupt receptor folding and complicate interpretations. Using this scanning surface mutagenesis approach we defined the coactivator-binding surface, a distinct cleft which now provides a novel pharmaceutical target and provides information about ligandinduced conformational changes mediating receptor action. We defined dimer and heterodimer binding surfaces, which provide insights into formation and functions of TR homodimers vs. heterodimers with retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), and how receptors bind DNA. We defined a corepressor-binding surface. In the proposed studies we plan to use our large and growing bank of mutations to extend analyses to additional proteins and examine interactions of Trs with a selected group of proteins and their functional consequences in greater detail. Native and mutated Trs will be examined for protein binding in vitro and regulatory activities in cell culture. Proteins to be examined include: a novel coactivator, ligand-dissociated corepressors, a ligand-dependent inhibitor, and a receptor that blocks TR action. We will also use mutant receptors to: (i) define roles of the dimer surface and the hinge region connecting the LBD with the DNA-binding domain in formation of dimers and heterodimers with RXRs, mediation of allosteric influences, and influences on TR-DNA binding; and (ii) define TR surfaces involved in ligand-dependent repression and ligand-independent activation. Overall, these studies endeavor to provide a comprehensive understanding of the nuclear receptor LBD surface, with insights into receptor transmission of unliganded and hormone-mediated regulation of gene expression. The information gained will be relevant for understanding the nuclear receptor superfamily and gene regulation mechanisms in general. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NICOTINE, DYSFUNCTION

OXIDATIVE

STRESS

AND

ENDOTHELIAL

Principal Investigator & Institution: Fitzgerald, Garret A.; Professor; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAY-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by the applicant): Although the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality induced by cigarette smoking exceeds that attributable to lung cancer, the molecular basis of smoking induced tissue injury remains unclear. Considerable evidence supports a role for oxidant stress, and we have previously shown a dose response relationship between smoking and urinary isoprostane (iP) excretion, a reduction in iP excretion on quitting and suppression of elevated iPs in smokers with replacement of depleted vitamin C. Endothelial function is impaired in smokers, a harbinger of overt atherosclerosis and this defect is corrected by vitamin C supplementation. However, little is known of the effects of antioxidant vitamins on DNA and protein oxidation and we have some evidence that vitamin C may exacerbate DNA adduct formation. Interest has now developed in long term nicotine supplementation for smokers who cannot or will not quit. However, little is known of the chronic cardiovascular pharmacology of nicotine and several studies have shown impaired EC function in smokers switching to nicotine. The present studies are designed to investigate comprehensively the impact of nicotine on oxidative stress and its effect on EC function in humans, using novel approaches to the coordinate assessment of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA modification in vivo. They will be complemented by studies of the impact of nicotine on oxidative stress and atherogenesis in mouse models employing novel approaches to proteomic analysis of the vasculature and circulating cells. Specific Aim 1: To assess the dose related impact of cigarette smoking on novel indices of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA modification and on endothelial function in vivo. To assess the impact of vitamin C supplementation on these indices in cigarette smokers. To assess the impact of vitamin C supplementation on the disordered neutrophil protein expression found in smokers. Specific Aim 2: To assess the dose related impact of nicotine substitution on indices of oxidant stress, endothelial function and smoking induced neutrophil protein expression in smokers switched to nicotine. Specific Aim 3: To define the impact of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke on atherogenesis in the apobec-l/ LDLR double knockout (dko) mouse. To assess the effect of nicotine substitution on established smoking related atherosclerosis with and without continued smoke exposure and to assess the effect of nicotine de novo on atherogenesis in this model. Vascular tissues will be harvested to provide specimens for analysis of modified hyaluronan, fibrinogen and LDL in other projects. Proteomic analysis in the vasculature will assess the impact of disturbed flow and seek patterns analogous to those evident in human neutrophils in Specific Aim 1. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NUCLEAR HORMONE ACTION--ROLE OF UBIQUITIN PATHWAYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nawaz, Zafar; Cell Biology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: Steroids, vitamins, retinoids, and thyroid hormones exert profound effects on cell growth, development, differentiation, homeostasis and tumorigenesis through their cognate nuclear receptors which make up a superfamily of structurally related intracellular hormone-activated transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that

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transcriptional regulation by nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) require a diverse group of proteins termed co-activators. Co-activators portray a growing class of proteins that interact with receptors in a hormone-dependent manner and are required for maximal gene activation by the receptors. It is the general belief that co-activators enhance receptor function by acting as a bridge between the DNA-bound receptor and basal transcription factors of the pre-initiation complex and also by providing histone acetyl transferase activity, HAT, which disrupts the local repressive chromatin structure and contributes to increase transcriptional activity. Recently, our laboratory and other have cloned ubiquitin-proteasome and ubiquitin-like (NEDD8, neural precursor cellexpressed developmentally down-regulated) pathway enzymes, E6-associated protein (E6-AP), RSP5/RPF1, ubiquitin- conjugating enzymes (UBCs), SUG1 and E1 ubiquitinactivating enzymes (UBA3) as co-activators of NHRs. These co-activators possess other enzymatic activities such as ubiquitin activation, ubiquitination conjugation, ubiquitin ligation and protease activities, instead of HAT activity. These observations suggest a possible regulatory role for the ubiquitin and NEDD8 pathways in nuclear hormone receptor-mediated gene activation. However, the exact mechanisms by which these pathways regulate nuclear receptor gene activation is completely unknown at this time. Based on our preliminary observations, we hypothesize that the ubiquitin and NEDD8 pathways are modulators of nuclear hormone receptor co-activation. In order to understand the mechanism by which these pathways modulate nuclear hormone receptor gene activation, we propose the following three specific aims: A) To identify and characterize the E6-AP interacting protein(s) and study their role along with E6-AP in nuclear hormone receptor co-activation, B) To identify and characterize target proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and understand the mechanism by which these pathways modulate nuclear hormone receptor gene activation, we propose the following three specific aims: A) To identify and characterize the E6-AP interacting protein(s) and study their role along with E6-AP in nuclear hormone receptor coactivation, B) To identify and characterize target proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and understand the mechanism by which this pathway modulates nuclear hormone receptor gene activation, and C) To characterize the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, UBA3,. Of the NEDD8 pathway as a co-activator of NHRs and to characterize this role in nuclear hormone receptor co-activation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NUTRITION ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Knopp, Robert H.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Cardiovascular disease accounts for about 50 percent of all mortality nationwide in both men and women. While many cardiovascular disease risk factors bear on the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, poor nutritional status is estimated to account in its own right for at least a two-fold increase in cardiovascular disease. These effects are mediated through multiple dietary factors, including the classical fat sources, saturated fat and cholesterol, but other less well recognized nutrients including omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins, vitamins bearing on homocysteine levels, other antioxidants such as isoflavones and carotenoids, plant estrogens, soya, salt, trace minerals and alcohol. Physicians have an impression that diet is ineffective in preventing arteriosclerosis, in part because nutrition education is fragmented and inconsistent in medical schools despite nationwide recommendations. In light of these facts, a strong case can be made for embarking on a nutrition education program that is

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focused around one preventable disease state, arteriosclerosis, and directed at the education of medical students at several levels, postgraduate physicians and paraprofessionals. Plans are presented for the development of an educational program for 2nd, 3rd and 4th-year medical students, residents, research fellows, practicing physicians and allied health care professionals. The proposed members of the Nutrition Academic Award team are gifted teachers and all are conducting nutrition related research of national and international significance. This educational effort is strongly supported by the University of Washington School of Medicine and is already partially underway. Education evaluation components are proposed that are both well established or innovative and will build on evaluation elements from previous preventive cardiology research conducted at this institution. The past track record of teaching substantive and well received courses in cardiovascular disease prevention at the medical school and post-graduate levels assures that an authoritative and continually updated curriculum can be developed, put into practice at the University of Washington and distributed to other medical schools and health-training facilities. It is time to begin aggressive, substantive nutrition educational programs in cardiovascular disease prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NUTRITION AND VIRUS INDUCED OPTIC NEUROPATHY Principal Investigator & Institution: Beck, Melinda A.; Associate Professor; Pediatrics; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The effect(s) of nutrition on viral disease has not been well studied. The currently accepted model for the influence of nutrition on viral pathogenesis invokes host factors, such as a decreased immune response, which are responsible for the increased susceptibility of malnourished individuals to disease. However, little attention has been focused on the pathogen itself, which is replicating in a nutritionally deficient host. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated that increased oxidative stress in a coxsackievirus-infected mouse, due to a dietary deficiency in either selenium or vitamin E, led to mutations in a normally avirulent strain of coxsackievirus, causing it to become virulent. Once the avirulent virus had mutated in the nutritionally deficient host, it could now cause disease even in hosts with normal nutriture. Thus, we showed for the first time that the nutritional status of the host can have a profound effect on the genome of a virus, changing an avirulent virus to a virulent one. For this application, we propose to study the outbreak of optic and/or peripheral neuropathy which occurred in Cuba in the early 1990's. The disease was associated with major changes in the Cuban diet resulting in decreases in vitamins A, B complex and E and selenium, with smoking as a co- factor. In addition to the nutritional deficiency, a coxsackie- like virus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of 105 out of 125 patients tested, suggesting a co-factor role for this virus in the etiology of the disease. Again, the virus was altered compared to the prototype coxsackievirus from which it may have arisen, and the clinical syndrome differed from those previously associated with coxsackievirus infections of the central nervous system. We have sequenced one variant isolate from a patient diagnosed with nutritionally-induced optic neuropathy and found that although it is closely related to coxsackievirus A9, mutations in various regions of the virus suggest that alterations in its pathogenic expression is possible. We propose to use the Cuba epidemic as a model for a viral disease induced by a nutritional deficiency. We propose to use sequence analysis to study the evolution of the variant virus during the epidemic of optic

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neuropathy in order to understand the role of nutrition in the emergence of this disease. In addition, we will utilize cell culture techniques to further dissect the mechanism by which the viral mutations occur. Taken as a whole, we believe these studies will provide important new information on the critical role nutrition plays in the development of new viral variants with unpredictable pathogenic properties, a long neglected area of study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NUTRITIONAL AND BIOCHEMICAL/GENETIC MARKERS OF CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Stampfer, Meir J.; Professor and Chair; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1986; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The application proposed to continue and extend the analysis of blood samples that were collected at baseline as part of the Physicians' Health Study (PHS), a randomized trial of aspirin and beta-carotene among 22,071 U.S. male physicians, aged 40-84 years. Blood samples were collected prior to randomization, mostly in 1982, from 14,916 participants, free from prior myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or cancer (excluding non- melanoma skin cancer), and were stored at -82C. Using a nested casecontrol design, the plan is to continue to analyze the specimens for nutritional and biochemical/genetic markers of risk, with a specific focus on prostate and colorectal cancers. The studies are directed toward exploring the hypothesis that dietary and genetic factors, which increase intracellular folate, reduce risk of colon cancer. Measurements of biochemical markers (plasma, folate, vitamins B6 and B12), genetic polymorphisms for key enzymes, and dietary variables will be carried out. For both prostate and colorectal cancer, vitamin D levels and metabolism (including polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor) will be assessed. Additional experiments will test the hypotheses that high levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and low levels of selenium are associated with risk of colorectal and prostate cancer. These analyses are based in the PHS, for which follow-up of disease endpoints is already supported. Furthermore, there was a long period of beta-carotene supplementation for half the cohort, providing the opportunity to assess several interactions. The accrual of cases over a long duration since the blood was drawn will permit an assessment of latency. The completeness of follow-up and the many assays already performed can be used to complement any further studies. Several important and intriguing results have already emerged from the study. The nested case-control approach and the multiple analyses have provided an efficient means to increase the scientific value of PHS and test a number of hypotheses of potential public health importance, using blood samples that were collected at considerable expense and stored with great care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NUTRITIONAL ETIOLOGY OF PRE-DIABETIC AUTOIMMUNITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Norris, Jill M.; Associate Professor; Preventive Med and Biometrics; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-JUN-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): In order to examine the nutritional etiology of diabetes-related autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes, two unique cohorts of children have been assembled. The first is a birth cohort of children who have a known risk for

54 Vitamins

diabetes because they 1) had been typed for diabetes related HLA genotypes through a cord blood screening of 21,602 general population children or 2) they are a sibling or offspring of someone with type 1 diabetes. This cohort is followed from birth for the development of diabetes-related autoimmunity. The second cohort is of children who have tested positive for at least one diabetes autoantibody and who are followed over time, to determine reasons for conversion to diabetes, maintenance of autoimmunity or remission of autoimmunity. To date, a short prospective follow-up of these cohorts has already provided new important information concerning the role of vitamins, antioxidants and oxidative stress in the etiology of type 1 diabetes, as well as data suggesting a role for fatty acids. In this competitive renewal application, these cohorts will be followed for five years in order to address the following specific aims: 1. To continue to follow the children at risk for IDDM from birth to age 11 years, prospectively measuring diabetes-related autoantibodies, dietary intake of antioxidants, nitrates; and to complete, with sufficient power, already initiated cohort studies examining the role of dietary intake of anti-oxidants, nitrates and fatty acids in the risk of beta cell autoimmunity. In addition, using the aforementioned cohort and data, we propose to examine the role of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake on the risk of beta cell autoimmunity. 2. To complete, with sufficient power, already initiated case-cohort studies examining the role of plasma and urine antioxidants and vitamins, and F2-isoprostanes (a marker of oxidative stress) in risk of beta-cell autoimmunity. In addition, using stored samples and samples collected during the renewal, we propose to use the aforementioned case-cohort study design to examine the role of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, and plasma prostaglandins in risk of betacell autoimmunity. 3. To continue to follow the children who have developed beta-cell autoimmunity (a.k.a. Autoimmune Cohort) for dietary intake, plasma and urine measures of anti-oxidants, F2-isoprostanes; and to complete, with sufficient power, already initiated cohort studies examining these as predictors of remission of beta cell autoimmunity. In addition, we propose to examine the role of n-3 and n-6 PUFA, prostaglandins, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, and prostaglandin synthase 2 (PGS2 ) expression in the remission of beta cell autoimmunity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NUTRITIONAL INFLUENCES ON LUNG FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Cassano, Patricia A.; Div/Nutritional Sciences; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal investigates the relation of nutritional factors to lung function and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The project will use three data sources to investigate the following hypotheses. First, do antioxidants protect the lung from damage caused by endogenous and exogenous oxidants? This research question will be addressed with longitudinal data from the Normative Aging Study (NAS), a prospective study of 2,280 men. Dietary intake data on vitamins C and E and betacarotene from food frequency questionnaires (first administered 1987) will be examined in relation to pulmonary outcomes over the subsequent 13-year period, including forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), methacholine airways responsiveness, and incident COPD. Longitudinal evidence is needed to assess causality. Second, do lower lipid levels increase the risk of respiratory outcomes? Three data sources will be used to address this research question. Using cross-sectional data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we will investigate the relation of lipid profile (total, LDL and HDL cholesterol;

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apolipoproteins AI and B) to lung function and to prevalent COPD risk. The relation of lipids to lung function also will be investigated in the NAS cohort. The prospective data allow consideration of questions with a time dimension, for example whether changes in lipid profile predict changes in pulmonary outcomes. Finally, cross-sectional data from China, a population with naturally low cholesterol, will be studied to consider the hypothesis in a population with a different range of exposure. We will also consider the possible joint effects of lipids and antioxidant exposures on lung outcomes, given that some of the candidate antioxidants, for example vitamin E and betacarotene, are lipidsoluble. The overall objectives are to understand how nutrition affects lung function, including absolute measures as well as rate of decline, and how nutrition affects the risk of lung disease. An integrated approach to the study of nutritional factors and their potential influences on lung outcomes is proposed. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF HIV INFECTED INJECTION DRUG USERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Tang, Alice M.; Assistant Professor; Family Medicine & Cmty Health; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-1996; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: This proposed study is a competing renewal of a study on the nutritional status of HIV-positive and HIV-negative injection drug users (IDU) (NIDA-DA10252). Results from the first year of this 2.5 year grant indicate that serum antioxidant vitamins were similar between HIV-positive and HIV-negative IDUs. However, those HIVpositive participants on antiretroviral combination therapies (ART) including a protease inhibitor (PI) had significantly higher mean serum levels of several antioxidant vitamins compared to both HIV-negatives and HIV-positives not taking PI's. This difference was not explained by differences in dietary intake or supplement use. These results suggest that oxidative stress, as measured by serum antioxidants, may be reduced in patients taking PI's; however, this requires further investigation. Specifically, we would like to examine the associations between oxidative stress and serum antioxidant levels among HIV-negative IDUs and HIV-positive IDUs on various ART regimens. We will also examine the effect of oxidative stress and serum antioxidant levels on HIV disease progression. Furthermore, we have the opportunity to characterize a group of more active IDUs, many of whom are not on ART, with respect to oxidative stress and antioxidant status. The proposed renewal will build on the existing study (TANG - The ALIVE Nutrition Group) and the infrastructure of the ongoing ALIVE study (NIDADA04334). In addition to the subjects already enrolled in TANG (n=398), we plan to enroll 52 additional HIV-positive ALIVE participants to increase the sample size of each ARV therapy group to 50; 100 HIV-positive subjects who report injecting drugs at least 3 times a week, who have recently been recruited into the ALIVE study; and 30 HIV negative never-drug using volunteers from the community. Study participants will undergo dietary intake interviews, body composition measurements, and venipuncture for serum measures of oxidative stress and antioxidants. Participants will be followed for HIV-related outcomes for up to four years. The results from this observational study may help to guide the design of more effective interventions of antioxidant supplementation in the era of PI's. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORAL CANCER RESEARCH CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Engler, Jeffrey A.; Professor; Biochem & Molecular Genetics; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2002 Summary: The establishment of an Oral Cancer Research Center is proposed by a group of 24 investigators from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. This well-funded group of investigators represent faculty from both basic and clinical science within the Schools of Medicine, of Dentistry, and of Public Health. Three major projects constitute the major focus of the Center on "Mechanisms of Initiation of Oral Tumors": PROJECT 1 will study the activation of the normally latent matrix metalloproteinase, collagenase, which cleaves collagen in the extracellular matrix. The hypothesis to be tested is that collagenase is activated in vivo by oral cancers, but not by normal tissue, to allow malignant oral tumor cells to cross the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. These studies may identify active collagenase as a biomarker for oral cancer. PROJECT 2 will study the role of human papillomaviruses in the development of oral cancers. Project 2 will test the hypothesis that the expression of human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes in oral neoplasms is important to the development of these tumors. PROJECT 3 will test the hypothesis that the homeostasis of basal cells in the oral epithelium is disrupted by local deficiencies in folate and vitamin B-12 and that these deficiencies are caused or exacerbated by alcohol and tobacco use. Project 3 deals with issues of molecular mechanism (local depletion of vitamins) and use of tobacco and alcohol as possible synergistic etiologic agents. Funds to establish a pilot project program are also requested. In the first two years, Dr. Michael Ruppert will use a novel assay system that he has developed to screen oral cancer cDNA libraries for new oncogenes. These new studies may provide new biomarkers for use as screening tools for oral cancers. Two shared core facilities will support the Center: The administrative core will handle the operation of the Center, the Biostatistics Core will expand our database in oral cancers and aid each project with data analysis. Other facilities available for use, but not financially supported by the Center, include Tissue Procurement, Oligonucleotide Synthesis, and Peptide Synthesis and Analysis. In addition, there are significant clinical, basic science, and administrative resources available to insure the success of the Center. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ORGANOCHLORINE EXPOSURE, GENETIC POLYMORPHISM AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Berkowitz, Gertrud S.; Professor; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Taken from application) Parkinson?s disease (PD) is a progressive, disabling disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremors at rest, muscle rigidity, slowness, imbalance and, in later stages, often dementia. It is caused by loss of neurons in the substantial nigra that produce dopamine. Approximately half a million Americans are estimated to be affected by PD. Recent data suggest that environmental exposure, possibly in concert with genetically determined vulnerabilities, contribute to causation of PD; particularly in patients with onset of disease above age 50. The study will examine 300 cases of PD whose diagnoses have been confirmed by strict, standardized criteria and 300 controls with "minor" neurologic disorders not involving the basal ganglia. A blood sample will be obtained and a detailed questionnaire will be administered to each case and control. The groups will be half male, half female. All

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eligible minority patients will be enrolled. Cases and controls will be matched on age, gender, and race. This proposal has two inter-related biomedically based, epidemiologic objectives. We propose to determine: 1) whether serum organochlorine levels and/or a past history of exposure to pesticides are elevated in patients with Parkinson s disease; 2) whether polymorphisms in specific enzymes related to pesticide metabolism are more common in patients with PD; and 3) whether there is evidence for a gene-environment interaction. A more exploratory objective is to evaluate whether diet, particularly intake of antioxidants, may protect against development of PD. To test the hypothesis that organochlorine levels, the most common type of chemical pesticide used between 1940 and 1970, are increased in PD patients, DDT, DDE, Dieldrin, and oxychlordane will be determined and compared between cases and controls. PCB, its congeners and transnonachlor will also be measured since these are organochlorine compounds as well. The gene polymorphism hypotheses will focus specifically on CYP2D6, GSTP1, and PON1. To evaluate the possible protective role of antioxidants, a detailed dietary history will be taken to obtain extensive information on usual antioxidant intake before diagnosis, including Vitamins A, C and E, carotenoids, lycopene, tocopherol and polyphenols (phytoestrogens). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OXIDATIVE CELL INJURY: FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mahadik, Sahebarao P.; Psychiatry and Health Behavior; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, Ga 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: The objective of this proposal is to establish that the increased oxidative cell injury exists at the onset of psychosis and probably continued injury contributes to poor outcome of illness in some patients. The basis of this proposal is the initial findings from our previous studies of an impaired antioxidant defense and increased lipid peroxidation that were associated with the brain morphometric changes at the onset of psychosis. The proposed studies are an extension to examine in a systematic way the presence and extent of oxidative cell injury in periphery and its relationship to relevant neuropathology and neurotransmitter receptor-mediated signal transduction, and to elucidate the clinical implications in patients with a first episode of psychosis. The 4 year study will involve 40 first-episode psychosis patients at the D. D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center and 40 normal controls matched with patients for age, gender, education, ethnic background, and occupational status. Effects of oxidative cell injury will be examined in lymphocyte plasma membrane lipids, mitochondrial membranes, cellular proteins, and DNA (both Mitochondrial and nuclear). Specific measures will include membrane lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde, MDA), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), conjugated dienes and fatty acid contents, levels of carbonylated proteins, and DNA strand breaks. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) will be determined in red blood cells and in lymphocyte mitochondria. Plasma levels of MDA, PLA2, nonenzymatic antioxidants (vitamins C and E, urate), and micronutrients (copper, zinc, selenium) that are involved in activities of antioxidant enzymes will also be determined. Measures of antioxidants and indices of oxidative injury will be repeated after 6 and 12 weeks of neuroleptic treatment. Correlational studies will be conducted to examine the relationships of specific indices o oxidative injury with clinical parameters (history of premorbid functioning, severity of psychosis and negative symptoms at initial presentation, neurological signs, quality of immediate treatment response, early recurrence of psychosis after initial recovery, residual symptoms after three months of

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treatment, etc.), brain morphology using magnetic resonance imaging, and levels of neurotransmitter receptor-mediated phospholipid-derived release of second messengers (e.g., arachidonic acid and inositol polyphosphates). These studies will, albeit in peripheral cells, define the extent and nature of oxidative cell injury that will reflect the brain neuropathology associated with psychopathology at the onset of psychosis. If it is demonstrated in this comprehensive study that oxidative injury at the onset of psychosis contributes to a unfavorable early course of illness, it would suggest the need for adjunctive antioxidant treatment from the onset of psychosis. Studies on the nature of oxidative injury might then provide directions for developing rational and effective treatment strategies. Conceivably these could reduce the costs of clinical care by lowering risk of relapse and, hopefully, even prevent a deteriorating course of illness in some patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OXIDATIVE DAMAGE AND PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES Principal Investigator & Institution: Woods, James R.; Professor of Pharmacology/ Psychology; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: Increasing evidence suggests that preterm premature rupture of the chorioamnion membranes (PPROM) is attributable to oxidative damage resulting from reactive oxygen species (ROS). In-vitro data from our laboratory demonstrate that, in physiologic concentrations, the ROS, hypochlorous acid and superoxide, do damage amnion epithelium and collagen I, the strongest component of chorioamnion. Pretreatment of chorioamnion with vitamins C and E blocks the destructive processes when membranes then are exposed to ROS. Vitamin antioxidant treatment after OSexposure reduces the damage. We believe that increased intake of vitamins C and E through pregnancy will protect the chorioamnion and decrease PPROM. As a first step, we must show that obstetric patients who experience PPROM demonstrate increased evidence of systemic or regional oxidative damage. We then must prove that increased vitamins C and E when taken by pregnant women reach the chorioamnion and increase its antioxidant capacity. This project has two goals. 1) Our in-vitro studies (1 A-D) will map the sequelae of ROS- induced damage of chorioamnion membranes with special attention to the role of vitamins C and E to influence fibroblast and amnion epithelial cell damage, alterations in expression and release of the collagenolytic enzymes, metalloproteinases (MMPS) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPS), collagen breakdown, membrane tensile strength and collagen repair. 2) Our clinical trials will test (specific aim 2A) whether patients with documented PPROM on admission exhibit nutritional alterations and increased biomarker evidence of systemic (increased DNA adducts, decreased total antioxidant capacity) or local oxidative damage (decreased total antioxidant capacity) when compared with patients of comparable gestational age admitted for preterm labor (PTL) alone (fetal fibronectin+), or with control patients. Patients with documented PPROM from specific aim 21 will be randomized to daily standard prenatal vitamins alone or daily prenatal vitamins alone or daily prenatal vitamins plays enhanced vitamins C and E. Outcome data during vitamin treatment will include serial measures of systemic and local oxidative stress, collagenolytic activity in cervicalvaginal fluid, and interval between PPROM to delivery. At delivery, measures of maternal and newborn blood (cord blood) oxidative damage and antioxidant status, and vitamin C and E levels, as well as chorioamnion tensile strength and membrane vitamin

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C concentrations and neonatal outcome will be obtained. These in-vitro studies and clinical trials will provide important new information on the value of enhanced vitamin therapy to protect the chorioamnion. It also would lay the foundation for a prospective study of antioxidant therapy to prevent PPROM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OXIDATIVE DAMAGE IN SMOKERS AND PASSIVE SMOKERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Block, Gladys; None; University of California Berkeley Berkeley, Ca 94720 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: We propose to perform further epidemiological analyses of data collected in a previous study of oxidative damage in humans. We conducted a randomized intervention trial of smokers and passive smokers, with measurement of two biomarkers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA; and F2-isoprostanes, Iso-P). Laboratory data support a relationship between oxidative damage and cancer, and epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between consumption of fruit and vegetables or specific antioxidants and risk of some cancers. Demonstration of a causal relationship will require evidence that anti-oxidant treatment can decrease oxidative damage, and ultimately that decreasing oxidative damage will reduce disease. Our study will provide information needed by other researchers to study oxidative damage and antioxidants in cancer prevention. 325 Subjects were recruited (142 smokers, 81 passive smokers and 102 non-smokers), 750 clinic visits conducted, 3700 vacutainers of blood collected and 10,000 vials of plasma frozen. After two baseline visits, smokers and passive smokers were randomized to either placebo, vitamin C or an anti-oxidant cocktail. All assays have been completed, including MDA, Iso-P, vitamins C, E, A carotenoids, lipids, Creactive protein and continine. We have already completed statistical of the effect of anti-oxidant supplementation on Iso-P in smokers, the effect of smoking status on the level of several anti-oxidants in the blood, and predictors of lipid peroxidation. We are seeking funding to carry out further statistical analyses of these data. SPECIFIC AIMS 1) To determine effects of antioxidant treatment on F2-isoprostanes in passive smokers 2) To determine effects of anti-oxidant treatment on MDA in both smokers and passive smokers 3) To determine effects of antioxidant treatment on C-reactive protein in both smokers and passive smokers 4) To estimate the intra-individual variability of oxidative damage, of plasma anti-oxidants and of plasma continue 5) To establish the predictors of C-reactive protein in smokers, non- smokers and passive smokers 6) To determine the level of vitamin C required by smokers to attain the plasma vitamin C levels of nonsmokers 7) To study the effect of supplemental vitamin C or antioxidant cocktail on other plasma antioxidants Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: OXIDATIVE STRESS AND BREAST CANCER RISK Principal Investigator & Institution: Gammon, Marilie D.; Professor; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Reactive oxygen species derive from a number of different sources, and traditional and putative breast cancer risk factors can be linked to the disease by an oxidative stress mechanism, for example: 1) steroid hormones, as well as some environmental organochlorines, are metabolized to reactive quinones and hydroquinones, which can directly damage DNA; 2) the metabolism of alcohol results in

60 Vitamins

production of ROS and damage to DNA; 3) BRCA1 is needed for post-transcriptional repair of oxidative damage, indicating that oxidative stress may be an important risk factor for women with a family history of the disease; and 4) the inverse relationship noted with consumption of fruits and vegetables could be related to their being a source of antioxidant vitamins. Also, several markers of oxidative stress in a number of studies were higher in women with breast cancer and those at high risk than among nondiseased women. Endogenous factors affect not only the generation of ROS, but also an antioxidant response to them. We propose that inter-individual variability in genes that encode enzymes with pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities will have an impact on the generation of ROS and ultimately on breast cancer risk. Furthermore, we hypothesize that risk associated with metabolic variability will be associated with exposure to exogenous factors that increase the likelihood of production of ROS. In this project, we propose to evaluate this hypothesis utilizing data from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. DNA isolated from the blood samples donated by a large populationbased sample of breast cancer case and control women will be assayed for three different types of ROS-related genetic polymorphisms including: regulatory regions of enzymes or processes that generate ROS (myeloperoxidase and tumor necrosis factoralpha); those that prevent oxidative stress by neutralizing ROS (extracellular and manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and glutathione Stransferase Mi); and those that will affect ultimate levels of ROS generated by the metabolism of steroid hormones (catechol O-methyltransferase, glucuronosyltransferase). In addition to the large number of subjects for whom samples are available for the laboratory analyses (n = 1087 cases and 1122 controls), comprehensive assessment of the subjects? environmental exposures has already been obtained in the parent study. Thus, we can also explore whether the genetic polymorphisms in ?at-risk? genotypes will affect associations between breast cancer risk and factors that are likely to be related through an oxidative stress mechanism, such as fruit and vegetable intake, reproductive and hormonal factors, alcohol consumption, and environmental contaminants (organochlorines and PAHs). Results from this project can be confirmed utilizing data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: OXIDATIVE STRESS AND VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL GROWTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Berk, Bradford C.; Professor & Chairman; Medicine; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract): The major goal of this renewal proposal is to define the mechanisms by which oxidative stress regulates vascular remodeling. Oxidative stress may cause cardiovascular disease by oxidation of LDL and the vessel itself. Studies with vitamin E suggest that harmful effects of oxidative stress may be reversed as shown by the reduction in myocardial infarction in the CHAOS study. They propose that the effects of oxidative stress on vascular remodeling are mediated by redox sensitive protein kinases in endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Specifically, they believe that the beneficial effect of "outward" remodeling (increase in vessel and lumen size) are inhibited by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This hypothesis is based on three findings obtained during the previous two years of grant support. 1) They found a 3-fold increase in ROS production 2 weeks after coronary balloon injury. 2) They showed that vitamins C and E caused outward vessel remodeling which correlated with decreased

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ROS production by the injured vessel. 3) They defined several signal events stimulated by ROS and identified two members of Mitogen Activated Protein(MAP) kinase family ERK1/2 and the Big MAP Kinase (BMK-1)-as redox sensitive kinases. They now propose to investigate the role of BMK1 as an important redox-sensitive kinase involved in vascular remodeling. They have focused on BMK1 because it is the only redox sensitive kinase that is specifically activated by ROS and not by growth factor and cytokines; our data suggest that BMK1 is regulated by c-Src which may be a key mediator of redox-sensitive signal transduction; their data suggest that BMK1 to be highly regulated in both EC and VSMC; and it is likely that BMK1 plays an essential role in the changes in gene expression that accompany oxidative stress. The following Aims are proposed. Aim 1: Characterize the effect of vessel redox state on vascular remodeling in the rat carotid artery by using vitamin E deficient rats to increase ROS production. Aim 2: Determine the signal transduction events activated by steady and oscillatory flow in EC that stimulate BMK1 focusing on the role of c-Src and Rho. Aim 3: Determine the signal transduction events activated by ROS which stimulates BMK1 in VSMC focusing on the role of c-Src. Aim 4: Evaluate the role of BMK1 in vascular remodeling in the rat carotid by dominant inhibition using adenoviral gene transfected antisense oligonucleotide techniques. these studies should provide insight into the mechanisms by which ROS regulate remodeling and aid development of new therapeutic approaches to limit restenosis and atherogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PAINFUL HIV NEUROPATHY: TREATMENT WITH ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID Principal Investigator & Institution: Mann, John D.; Neurology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): HIV infection is associated with painful distal peripheral polyneuropathy in up to 35 to 50% of those without AIDS and in more than 70% of those with advanced disease. Pain is located distally in the extremities, is symmetrical, spontaneous, moderate to severe and associated with varying degrees of weakness and sensory loss. The pain is described as burning, pressure and shock-like with both constant and intermittent features. The condition is progressive but may be halted with disease remission. Disability is often significant, arising from the fluctuating intensity of the pain and the character of the pain itself. Peripheral nerve axons and sensory, neuron cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia are the principal targets of the process leading to symptoms. Conventional medical treatment consists of anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, opiates and adjuvant medications, all of which have significant side effects and limited effectiveness. Alpha-lipoic acid is an eight carbon disulfide, naturally occurring in all cells of the body, which serves as a critical cofactor for key mitochondrial enzymatic reactions leading to energy production. In high concentrations it acts as an antioxidant directly, regenerates other anti-oxidants such as glutathione and vitamins C and E, and promotes glutathione synthesis. Clinical studies in using alpha-lipoic acid for painful diabetic neuropathy have shown significant benefit at daily oral doses that are well tolerated: Diabetic neuropathy shares both clinical and some pathological features with painful HIV neuropathy. The present study is designed to evaluate the effects of using daily oral supplements of alpha-lipoic acid plus standard medical care in the treatment of painful HIV-associated neuropathy over a 6 month period in subjects 18 and older. A control group will receive standard medical care plus placebo for six months. Primary endpoints include pain, use of pain

62 Vitamins

medication and peripheral nerve function. Measures of current mood, depression and quality of life along with serum markers of HIV disease activity and mitochondrial function will be obtained at baseline and study termination for correlation with clinical outcomes. Possible benefits of the study to patients with HIV-associated painful neuropathy include reduction in pain and disability, reduced use of medications and enhanced cellular metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PDGF ALVEOLIZATION

GENE

REGULATION

BY

VITAMINS

A

&

D

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaetzel, David M.; Pharmacology; University of Kentucky 109 Kinkead Hall Lexington, Ky 40506 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 29-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The investigator proposes to assess the effect of RA, VitD, analogs, and dexamethasone individually or in combination on cell proliferation and expression of PDGFs and their receptors during lung development in vitro (Aim 1) and in vivo (Aim 2). This will include an evaluation of the effect of these treatments on alveolar formation and on lung function (Aim 2). Then, an analysis of the mechanisms regulating PDGF expression will be performed, aiming to characterize cis and trans elements potentially important on mediating transcriptional activation of the PDGF-A chain promoter during lung development (Aims 3 and 4). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PHYSICIANS HEALTH STUDY II: PREVENTION TRIAL OF VITAMINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gaziano, J Michael.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks 5 years of funding to continue the vitamin E (400 IU on alternate days), vitamin C (500 mg daily), and multivitamin (Centrum Silver daily) components of the Physicians' Health Study (PHS) II, extending average treatment and follow-up from 3.7 to 8.2 years. The PHS Ills an ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using a factorial design to evaluate the roles of Vitamin E, vitamin C, a multivitamin, and p-carotene in chronic disease prevention among 14,642 U.S. male physicians aged 50 years and older who have demonstrated excellent morbidity and mortality follow-up and high compliance. The PHS Ills uniquely positioned to clarify ambiguities regarding the roles of vitamin E in the primary prevention of prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) among those at usual risk; the role of a multivitamin and vitamin C in the prevention of cancer and CVD; and all three agents in the prevention of eye disease and declines in cognitive function. After reviewing the progress of the trial and the unblinded data, the Data and Safety Monitoring Board unanimously recommended an extension beyond the trial's scheduled termination of funding in December 2002. The primary rationale for the Board's recommendation was the likelihood, at the end of current funding, of ambiguous results due to insufficient numbers of endpoints and an inadequate latent period, which they feared could result in considerable clinical confusion. Because recruitment and 3.7 years of treatment and follow-up have been supported by nearly $20,000,000 of industry funds, the proposal to extend PHS II represents an extremely cost-efficient way to provide either clear positive or definitive null results on which

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sound clinical and public health recommendations can be Dased for the use of these commonly consumed vitamin supplements. Given the gaps in knowledge this study is intended to address, we believe the proposed extension of this primary prevention trial in men at usual risk is timely, important, and will complement other ongoing clinical trials. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: POLYPHENOLS & GENE EXPRESSION IN MAMMARY EPITHELIUM CELL Principal Investigator & Institution: Johanning, Gary; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 09-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: We propose in this application to use breast cell culture systems to examine how specific nutrients and/or combinations of nutrient factors alter gene expression and phenotype, growth characteristics, biomarkers of differentiation and apoptosis. Cells susceptible to transformation as well as transformed cells will be studied. The advantage of using cultured cells is that the levels of polyphenols, vitamins and other media constituents such as hormones and growth factors can be carefully controlled. We will focus our studies on cell culture models of breast preneoplasia and breast cancer. We will simulate the circumstances that breast epithelial cells are under during puberty when estrogen levels rise sharply. We hypothesize that nutrients shown to have chemopreventive properties do so in part by modulating genetic pathways involved in the development of the neoplastic phenotype. Our objective is to evaluate the ability of selected chemopreventive nutrients to inhibit cell proliferation, to attenuate the expression of established biomarkers ofneoplasia, and to modulate genetic pathways. These experiments will exploit the potential of eDNA microarrays and 2-dimensional proteomics. The chemopreventive nutrients that we propose to study are polyphenols and "cancer-protective" vitamins, which likely are contained in all human diets. To test this hypothesis, we propose the following three Specific Aims: 1. To evaluate the influence of polyphenols and vitamins, alone and in combination, on proliferation, DNA damage and anchorage-independent growth of cell models of breast cancer. 2. To determine whether individual and combined polyphenols and vitamins lead to alterations in expression of established biomarkers of breast neoplasia, including DNA methylation. 3. To assess changes in gene and protein expression resulting from growth of preneoplastic and neoplastic breast cells in the presence of polyphenols and vitamins. We hypothesize that combinations of specific polyphenols and vitamins will be more effective than individual components in moderating phenotypic and genotypic changes that occur during the progression of preneoplastic cells to a neoplastic state. The cell culture studies proposed here will provide a comprehensive profile of gene expression changes in human breast cell lines, as a result of exposure of the cells to polyphenols and "cancer-protective" vitamins, two classes of ntrtrients that have been associated with breast cancer prevention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: POOLED ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE ONCOLOGY ACADEMIC AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Smith-Warner, Stephanie A.; Nutrition; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 07-SEP-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2003

64 Vitamins

Summary: (Applicant's Description) Candidate: Stephanie Smith-Warner received her doctoral degree in epidemiology, with a focus on nutritional epidemiology, from the University of Minnesota. She has been involved with the conduct of several types of epidemiologic studies and has experience in the areas of study design, questionnaire development, data management and data analysis. Dr. Smith-Warner is interested in strengthening her research background and development as an independent researcher in the fields of cancer epidemiology and nutritional epidemiology. Environment: Dr. David J. Hunter, the current Project Leader of the Pooling Project, has agreed to be the sponsor for this proposal. Dr. Hunter has extensive experience in mentoring graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in diverse areas of study. In addition, the Principal Investigators of the individual studies included in the Pooling Project are enthusiastic about expanding their collaboration to evaluate diet and lung cancer associations. Finally, faculty in the Nutrition Department at the Harvard School of Public Health actively collaborate with scientists in other departments and institutions. This multifaceted, collaborative environment provides unique opportunities for furthering Dr. Smith-Warner's research training. Research Proposal: This proposal builds upon the existing Pooling Project of Prospective Studies and Cancer to evaluate associations between diet and lung cancer, a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Pooling data from multiple studies will permit more precise estimation of the associations and more standardized categorization of exposures and covariates. From the eight studies comprising the Pooling Project for these analyses, approximately 1,753 female and 1,945 male lung cancer cases were ascertained prospectively. The association between lung cancer and fruits and vegetables will be evaluated to determine whether specific fruits and vegetables, rather than total consumption, are most strongly related to lung cancer risk. Due to the recent controversy surrounding the association between B-carotene and lung cancer, the relationship with individual carotenoids will be assessed. Relationships with vitamins A, C and E, fat, cholesterol and alcohol also will be evaluated. A methods development aim is to use new analyses of diet diversity and diet indices to examine the effects of total diet, rather than individual components. For each exposure effect modification by smoking status and gender will be examined. These analyses will take full advantage of extensive data already collected in the individual cohorts to provide a powerful analysis of the relation between diet and lung cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PROSPECTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ascherio, Alberto; Associate Professor; Nutrition; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, Ma 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): We propose to study prospectively the relationships between lifestyle factors and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) among participants in the Cancer Prospective Study II (CPS II) of the American Cancer Society. The original cohort comprised 1,184,622 men and women from all 50 United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, aged 30 years and older, who completed a lifestyle and dietary questionnaire in 1982. The proposed investigation will include the 1,098,726 participants who were alive on January 1, 1989, as reliable information on causes of death is only available after this date. During ten years of follow-up, 621 participants in this cohort died of ALS. Specifically, we will examine prospectively the associations between risk of ALS and cigarette smoking, use of antioxidant vitamins, education, occupation, and exposures to agricultural chemicals and solvents. Because of the large number of participants and long follow-up time this cohort provides a unique

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opportunity to examine prospectively the association between lifestyle variables and the risk of ALS among men and women. A further strength of the proposed investigation is the availability of information on several potential confounders, including past medical history, physical activity, and diet. Identification of the risk factors for ALS will provide clues about the etiology of the disease and contribute to identify those hypotheses that need more intense scrutiny in clinical or laboratory investigations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: PROTEASE INHIBITOR-INDUCED HYPERLIPIDEMIA IN AIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Virgil W.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Emory University 1784 North Decatur Road Atlanta, Ga 30322 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) HIV-protease inhibitors (PI) prevent the maturation of nascent virions and are thus very effective in blocking further infection in HIV-positive patients. Significant reductions in mortality from AIDS have been achieved with the use of PI. Cross-sectional studies, however, have suggested accelerated atherosclerosis in HIV-positive patients receiving PI therapy and this may be associated with high prevalence of several risk factors for atherosclerosis: hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and fat redistribution. The exact mechanisms underlying these metabolic changes are not known. Based on homology studies, HIV-protease inhibitors may interfere with the function of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) and the cytoplasmic retinol binding protein (CRBP). LRP is responsible for the hepatic uptake of intestinal lipoproteins transporting dietary fats and fat- soluble vitamins such as vitamin A. Inside the cell, the transport of retinoic acid by CRBP may interact with peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) and thus affect the production of apoC-III and the differ- entiation of adipocytes. Using non-radioactive tracers, we propose to examine the changes in lipoprotein metabolism associated with HIV infection and the therapeutic use of PI. The metabolism of oral retinol will be examined with respect to the effect of PI on LRP. The production of apoC-III, a PPAR- regulated apolipoprotein linked to hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes, will be examined with respect to its association in PI-induced hypertriglyceridemia. While hyperlipidemia may be associated with atherosclerosis, it cannot explain the accelerated progression of the disease. Changes in physiological and biochemical responses with oxidative stress associated with postprandial lipemia will be examined as a possible mechanism for accelerated disease progression. A comprehensive longitudinal study with new markers for CAD will also be conducted to characterize the progression of the risk factors with PI. In a subset of patients with hyperlipidemia, the efficacy of combined therapy with vitamin A, fibrates, and thiazoladinediones will be evaluated. These are specific agents that are effective in reducing triglyceride as well as improving insulin resistance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PTDINS NEURODEGENERATION

TRANSFER

PROTEIN

FUNCTION

AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Bankaitis, Vytas A.; Professor; Cell and Developmental Biology; University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Office of Sponsored Research Chapel Hill, Nc 27599 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2008

66 Vitamins

Summary: (provided by applicant): The objective of this research is to undertake a detailed analysis of an under-investigated class of proteins: the mammalian phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine transfer proteins (PITPs). The functions and mechanisms of function of PITPs in mammalian cells remain to be elucidated. The research plan is designed to identify mechanisms of function of a specific mammalian PITP isoform (PITPalpha). This proposal is founded on our creation and characterization of a PITPalpha knockout mouse. PITP-/- mice suffer from spinocerebellar degeneration, hypoglycemia, and failure to absorb dietary fat and fat-soluble vitamins across the small intestine (i.e. a chylomicron retention disease). These phenotypes manifest themselves upon birth and PITPalpha-/- mice rapidly succumb to these disorders. The PITPalpha/- mouse is an ideal disease model in that it is born alive, but manifests powerful phenotypes. The rates of phenotype onset are rapid. Using this unique model, we will undertake three lines of investigation. First, we will restore PITPalpha expression to the small intestine of the PITPalpha-/- mouse to test our hypothesis that the dietary fat malabsorption syndrome is a primary factor in hypoglycemia and spinocerebellar degeneration. In this effort, we propose to develop a cultured enterocyte model in which chylomicron assembly and transport can be studied in detail. Second, our data indicate the PITPalpha-deficient neurons exhibit intrinsic defects; most likely in signaling through the so-called 'survival pathways'. Using genetic, biochemical and signaling approaches we will test this hypothesis in the PITPalpha-/- model. These studies will be complemented by exploitation of a novel Drosophila system for study of PITPct signaling functions. Third, we will use genome engineering approaches to functionally dissect the physiological functions of individual PITPalpha phospholipid transfer activities. In particular, we will test whether the key physiological function of PITPalpha is to facilitate phosphoinositide synthesis and, if so, what specific phosphoinositides are regulated in a PITPalpha-dependent manner and what signaling pathways are involved. PITPs play central roles in regulating signal transduction pathways that interface with diverse cellular processes. We now establish that these functional interfaces are relevant to human chylomicron retention disease, disorders of glucose homeostasis, and spinocerebellar degeneration. The Bankaitis laboratory is uniquely poised to address questions of mechanism of PITPalpha function as it has developed unique experimental systems for analysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REDUCED FOLATE TRANSPORT AND ANTIFOLATE RESISTANCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Melera, Peter W.; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1990; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The use of classical antifolates like methotrexate (MTX) and newer drugs such as lometrexol (DDATHF) and tomudex (ZD-1694) require transport by the same mechanisms that mediate uptake and efflux of the folate vitamins. The efficacy of these drugs is at least partially dependent upon their uptake and retention, and to achieve optimal effectiveness, it becomes necessary to not only understand the mechanisms responsible for their transport but also to determine the manner in which the genes responsible are regulated. Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (DC-3F) cultured in standard tissue culture media containing approximately 2 muM folic acid do not express folate receptors and are incapable of expressing them under conditions of folate stress eventhough they do contain the mRNA for folate receptor alpha (FRalpha). When selected for growth in 15 pM [6S]-folinic acid (leucovorin), however, these cells (DC3F/FA3) upregulate expression of FRalpha mRNA by 17 fold through a combination of

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gene amplification and transcription mediated events. In such cells the level of expression of the receptor itself is directly and inversely proportional to media folate concentrations and to the intracellular folate pool size and is regulated post transcriptionally. The studies proposed in this application will use a variety of recombinant DNA techniques and in vitro transcription and translation assays to determine the mechanisms responsible for both the transcriptional and post transcriptional regulation of FRalpha expression in DC-3F/FA3 cells in response to folate stress. They will also determine why DC-3F cells are not responsive to such stress. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: REGULATION OF CBP/P300 IN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Chakravarti, Debabrata; Pharmacology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: Steroid hormones and vitamins including glucocorticoids and vitamin A derivatives act to induce cellular differentiation by directly modulating gene transcription and are often associated with the inhibition of cell growth. Nuclear receptors bind to hormones and vitamins and activate hormone responsive genes by recruiting an acetylase co-activation complex. The broad long- term objectives of this proposal are: (a) to decipher novel regulatory mechanisms involved in receptor and coactivator function; (b) to identify new components of the receptor coactivationcomplex; and (c) to dissect the regulatory properties of the complex that translate a hormonal signal into transcriptional and physiological responses. To achieve the above goals, the following Specific Aims will be pursued: (I) To test the hypothesis that both nuclear receptor interaction domains of CBP/p300 are necessary for nuclear receptor mediated gene activation. (II) To determine the roles of the histone acetyltransferase (HAT)- associated domains of CBP/p300 in transcriptional activation and to test the hypothesis that additional proteins are necessary for HAT-mediated transactivation. (III) To test the hypothesis that constant region 2 (CR2) and constant region 3 (CR3) of adenoviral oncoprotein E1A function as the HAT-inhibitory domains and to determine the mechanism of transcription inhibition by E 1 A. A combination of in vitro binding, site directed mutagenesis, deletion analysis, and mammalian cell transfection based in vivo assays will be utilized to address the above Specific Aims. Yeast two-hybrid screens will be employed to identify and characterize novel CBP/p300 regulatory proteins. These studies are clinically significant because: (a) nuclear receptor agonists and antagonists are useful in treatment of breast, and prostate cancer, leukemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases; and (b) chromosomal translocations and amplification of nuclear receptors and their cofactors have been implicated in leukemia and breast cancer suggesting abnormal targeting or regulation of the activities of receptors or their coactivators may play important roles in leukemia and oncogenesis. The accomplishment of the Specific Aims described above geared towards achieving the long- term goals should provide a better understanding of the role of nuclear receptors and coactivators in transcription and in human diseases including cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RELATION OF DIET TO SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE LEVEL IN YOUTHS Principal Investigator & Institution: Osganian, Stavroula K.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Univ of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester Office of Research Funding Worcester, Ma 01655

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 12-SEP-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Data from observational studies suggest that plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentration may be an independent and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults. Plasma tHcy levels respond rapidly to nutrient supplementation with folic acid and vitamins Bl2 and B6, alone or in combination. The available data and the potential for prevention provide a strong rationale for understanding determinants of tHcy in youth. However, no large U.S. studies have examined the relation between tHcy levels to individuals' dietary intakes of folic acid and vitamins Bl2 and B6 in youth. This application for a competing continuation of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH Phase 3, 1994-1997) presents a unique opportunity to examine the relation between diet and serum tHcy levels in an ethnically and geographically diverse cohort of adolescents (n=3524). During CATCH Phase 3, we conducted a cross-sectional study of serum tHcy levels in eighth grade students (Jan-June 1997). We observed higher mean tHcy levels among males, Blacks, and non-users of multi-vitamins and a strong, inverse association with serum levels of folic acid and to a lesser extent, with serum vitamin Bl2. Our aim is to conduct a second measurement of the cohort at grade 12 in order to assess the doseresponse relation between serum tHcy and dietary intakes (not measured in grade 8) of folio acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6. In addition and of equal importance, we aim to evaluate changes in serum folio acid and tHcy levels from grade 8 to 12, after full implementation of fortification of cereal and grain products in the U.S. with folio acid and describe its impact on the distribution of tHcy levels in adolescents. Effective January 1, 1998, the U.S. Department of Agriculture mandated the addition of folic acid to all flour and grain products in the United States (FDA, Federal Register, 1996). CATCH has a unique opportunity to examine the effect of "this natural experiment" on the distribution of serum tHcy in the cohort, because serum tHcy levels were measured in grade 8, just prior to full implementation of the mandate. Furthermore, the proposed study will have adequate sample size to examine these changes among important clemographic-subgroups such as, males vs. females and Caucasians vs. African Americans vs. Hispanics. Information generated by this study will be valuable for designing specific dietary interventions for youth and targeting subgroups of children who may be at higher risk for CVD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RELATIVE HYPERTENSION

ARGININE

DEFICIENCY

IN

PULMONARY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Badesch, David B.; Clinical Director, Pulmonary Hypertensio; Medicine; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, Co 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) affects patients of all ages, both sexes (with a predilection toward young females), is highly lethal, and frequently requires complicated, invasive, and expensive therapy. Abundant evidence supports the broad importance of nitric oxide (NO) in the maintenance of normal vascular function, and more recently of vascular structure. Evidence in a wide array of vascular disorders also suggests that availability of L-arginine, the sole substrate for NO generation, limits NO generation. Under such circumstances NO production may be enhanced by administration of exogenous arginine. These considerations could be of direct and potentially practical importance in the pathophysiology and treatment of PH, but have not been extensively evaluated. Accordingly, this proposal tests the hypothesis that

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patients with PH have a chronic relative deficiency of NO synthase substrate (arginine). Thus increased generation of NO in response to increased shear stress and flow would be limited by substrate availability. We further hypothesize that chronic supplementation with L-arginine or protection of NO from oxidant degradation, would augment NO activity, ameliorating pulmonary vascular injury and structural remodeling, with consequent clinical improvement in PH as measured by exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. This work could define simple, inexpensive, low risk measures which might contribute to the treatment of PH. The specific aims are to determine whether: 1. NO activity (NOx, citrulline) is increased in patients with various forms of PH (PPH and SPH). 2. Levels of L-arginine (nitric oxide synthase substrate) are reduced in patients with various forms of PH. 3. Treatment of PPH with prostacyclin increases NO activity and/or decreases NOS substrate (arginine) levels. 4. L-arginine levels can be augmented in patients with PPH by chronic L-arginine supplementation, or by the administration of antioxidant vitamins. 5. Raising L-arginine levels in patients with PPH results in augmentation of NO activity (NOx, citrulline), short- term biologic effect as assessed by improvement in measures endothelial cell function, and long-term biologic effect as assessed by improvement in the 6-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RENAL TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOCYSTEINE LOWERING & COGNITION Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenberg, Irwin H.; None; Tufts University Boston Boston, Ma 02111 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant) This application is for an ancillary study to determine the cognitive effects of homocysteine Iowering, as an additional outcome in an ongoing, randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Elevated plasma homocysteine levels are associated with diminished cognitive function in the general population, and significantly increase the risk of vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, stroke and dementia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a pervasive feature of chronic renal insufficiency, even after a successful transplant; however, unlike in other types of chronic renal insufficiency, homocysteine levels can be lowered in RTRs by high doses of B-vitamins. The parent trial (FAVORIT - NIH NIDDK UO1 DK61700-01) is designed to determine the effect of lowering plasma total homocysteine levels on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease outcomes in chronic, stable RTRs. The FAVORIT trial aims to randomize 4000 RTRs with a stable functioning renal graft of > six months to a treatment or placebo group, and to follow them for 4 years or until the occurrence of a cardiovascular event or death. Treatment consists of a standard multivitamin with additional high dose folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and placebo consists of a multivitamin devoid of these vitamins. This application specifically aims to: (1) determine the cognitive effect of homocysteine lowering under this treatment regime; and (2), characterize cognitive function in relation to homocysteine and other risk factors for vascular disease in this high-risk, non-demented population. To do so we will measure cognitive outcomes in 1000 participants in the FAVORIT trial, at randomization and after a 3-4 year follow up. The outcome of this application may be highly significant in improving health care for RTRs and other groups with chronic renal insufficiency. Our long-term goal is to identify risk factors for cognitive impairment that can be modified through nutritional intervention or dietary supplementation in order to reduce the incidence of cognitive decline and dementia in

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elderly and other vulnerable populations. Demonstrating the cognitive benefits of lowering homocysteine may pave the way to nutritional modification of cognitive decline in RTRs and other high-risk groups and even in the general population. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: RISK FACTORS FOR CV DISEASE IN A DIALYSIS COHORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Coresh, Josef; Associate Professor; Epidemiology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading contributor to the high morbidity and mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, accounting for 36 percent of ESRD deaths (total annual mortality of 23 percent). This application tests the hypothesis that higher levels of several novel risk factors (Lp(a) levels and apo(a) isoforms; homocysteine and related vitamins; Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus; and C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) and traditional risk factors predict higher risk of ASCVD in a prospective study of 925 incident dialysis patients recruited within three months of starting dialysis. Although these factors have been implicated in the etiology of ASCVD in ESRD patients, little prospective data exist. Cross-sectional studies are susceptible to large survival bias because of the high mortality of patients with renal disease. This cohort has already been recruited through a collaboration between Johns Hopkins and 80 Dialysis Clinics Incorporated (DCI) clinics; many of the important predictors and possible confounders have been measured. This application proposes to obtain long term followup (extending mean followup of 2.4 years by four more years) and conduct laboratory assays. The investigators will: 1) extend specimen collection, and follow-up, and institute standardized review of ASCVD events; 2) characterize baseline associations of novel and traditional factors with each other, dialysis modality and dose, nutritional status, and ASCVD prevalence in the full cohort using a cross-sectional design; 3) determine whether baseline levels of risk factors predict subsequent incidence of ASCVD events, and total mortality using a prospective cohort study design and test a priori hypothesized interactions between risk factors and the risk of ASCVD; 4) study the variability of risk factors over time using annual measurements in a random subset of 180 patients (subcohort) using a longitudinal design; and lastly, 5) use a case-cohort design, utilizing the subcohort, to test whether the most recent level before an ASCVD event, the baseline level, or the mean level of each risk factor is most predictive of ASCVD risk. Baseline data collection will include a patient health questionnaire and a standardized review of comorbidity using dialysis chart records. Serum, plasma and DNA will be stored at -80 degrees C. from patient visits at recruitment (month 0), and followup (months 1,2,3,6,12,8,24, etc.). ASCVD will be assessed by review of hospital charts, patients and care providers questionnaires, and HCFA death forms. The investigators state that this study will use state-of-the-art epidemiologic and laboratory methods to identify modifiable risk factors, answer the call of an NKF task force for prospective studies of risk factors for ASCVD in the dialysis population, and lay the essential groundwork for future preventive interventions to reduce the burden of ASCVD in persons with ESRD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SPIRIT LAKE SIOUX NATION DIABETES EDUCATION PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Peltier, Clayton; Science Education; Cankdeska Cikana Community College Box 269 Fort Totten, Nd 58335

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term outcome of this Diabetes-based science education curriculum developed on the Spirit Lake Sioux Nation reservation is to have a K-12 curriculum in place in all reservation schools. The Diabetes-focused curriculum will be based on the National and State Science and Social [sic]The curriculum includes activities that teach the value of exercise, and proper diet within the culture of the Spirit Lake Sioux traditions. The science will focus on nutrition, digestion, metabolism, anatomy, physiology, and genetics where appropriate and reservation health data. The chemistry of foods including natural foods, processed foods, vitamins, minerals, and the social customs of food use and distribution will be developed. The K12 curriculum will reach out to the community to involve students with parents and elders in a positive, culturally sensitive health program that integrates the goals of a Standards-based curriculum. The community will be involved at all phases of planning, development, writing, and implementation of the school and community components. The advisory council made up of representatives of the Tribal Council, Board of Regents, K-12 and College School Administration, Indian Health Service, Diabetes Fitness Center, enrolled tribal members, parents, project directors, and teachers will oversee the entire process and approve of each component before, during and after the units are developed. When the process is completed all the four reservations of North Dakota will have been invited to participate and share in the curriculum dissemination. The advisory council is composed primarily of Native Americans who will advocate for the health of the young people on the reservation. Advisory members work closely with the principal investigator and the science education curriculum consultant and the curriculum writing group. The teachers are responsible for selecting materials and methodology appropriate to the grade level, and with the assistance of the curriculum specialist will develop the content, teaching strategy, and evaluation procedures that will be used in the classroom. The process of developing the diabetes-based curriculum begins at the K-1 level and buil [description was truncated at this point in the application] Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: STRUCTURE-FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF COLIPASE AND LIPASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lowe, Mark E.; Professor of Pediatrics; Pediatrics; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The long-term goal of this project is to describe the biochemical mechanisms of the lipolytic enzymes responsible for dietary fat digestion. Dietary fats provide a major source of energy, essential fatty acids, a vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins, and components of cellular membranes. Fats eaten in excess adversely affect health increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity. Before fats can be absorbed, they must be digested. Lipases in the stomach and duodenum digest dietary fats. This proposal focuses on the lipase responsible for the majority of fat digestion, pancreatic triglyceride lipase, and another pancreatic protein, colipase, which is required, by pancreatic triglyceride lipase for activity. We propose that specific interactions among lipase, colipase, lipids, and bile salts, which are necessary for absorption of the fatty acids released by lipase, dictate the function of pancreatic triglyceride lipase. The first specific aim is to characterize the mechanisms that mediate specific interactions among lipase, colipase, bile salts, and lipids. We will substitute selected amino acids in lipase or colipase by site-specific mutagenesis to identify functionally important regions of both proteins. The second specific aim is to determine the mechanisms that trigger the

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conversion of lipase from an inactive to an active conformation. In aqueous solution lipase is inactive. When lipase encounters the lipid substrate its conformation changes and it becomes active. We will follow the conformational change by tryptophan fluorescence to determine the factors that influence this critical conformational change. The last specific aim is to develop an expression system for labeling recombinant colipase with stable isotopes. The ability to label colipase with stable isotopes will enable NMR studies of the conformation of colipase in aqueous solutions under different conditions. We will test various culture conditions to improve our current system for the production of 15N labeled colipase and we will develop a system for economically labeling colipase with 13C and 15N. These studies will determine the biochemical details of the interactions between lipase, colipase, lipids, and bile salts that impact lipase function. The results will ultimately permit us to manipulate these interactions for therapeutic purposes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SUPPLEMENT B-VITAMIN ATHEROSCLEROSIS INTERVENTION TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Hodis, Howard N.; Associate Professor; Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (adapted from the application): Although primary prevention strategies have focused on key modifiable risk factors for development and progression of atherosclerosis, such as hypercholesterolemia, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Many individuals who present with clinical sequelae of atherosclerosis do not have identifiable conventional risk factors for CHD. Epidemiological studies indicate a strong association of plasma tHcy levels with atherosclerosis from childhood to the elderly. A large number of studies have shown plasma tHcy levels to be an independent risk factor for CHD that is easily modifiable with the B-vitamins, folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Plasma tHcy levels rise 25 % after 50 years of age and may partially account for the age-related risk for CHD. The rise in plasma tHcy levels parallel the age-related decrease in serum levels of folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6. Elevated they levels result even with these vitamin levels in the normal to low-normal range. Elderly individuals seem to be most susceptible to development of subclinical vitamin deficiencies since dietary intake of these B-vitamins is approximately 50% the Daily Value after 50 years of age. Low serum folate and vitamin B6 levels are significantly associated with CHD risk. Therefore, low B-vitamin status and elevated plasma tHcy levels are important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Evidence, including data from the investigator's laboratory suggests that B-vitamin supplementation can reduce the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy individuals. Therefore, the investigators propose a multisite, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2.5-year, arterial imaging clinical trial with folic acid 5 mg, vitamin B12 2 0.4 mg, and vitamin B6 50 mg versus placebo in healthy men and women >40 years old with LDL-C >130 mg/dL and plasma tHcy >8.5/micromol/L. They will target a cohort of 50% elderly (2-60 years old), 50 % women and 50 % minority subjects. The impact of B-vitamins on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis will be noninvasively quantitated across several vascular beds with computer image processed B-mode ultrasonograms of carotid artery intima-media thickness and EBCT of the coronary arteries and abdominal aorta. B-vitamin supplementation may provide a promising approach for reducing the progression of atherosclerosis since it is natural, inexpensive, highly tolerable, and safe.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MOLECULAR ALTERATION: EPITHELIAL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Powell, Charles A.; Medicine; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 26-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: The objectives for this K23 Mentored Patient Oriented Research Award are to acquire conceptual and technical skills in cancer genetics, molecular epidemiology, and patient oriented research and subsequently to apply these skills to improve the survival of patients with lung cancer or at risk for developing lung cancer. These goals will be achieved through a comprehensive program that includes formal education, patient oriented research and clinical activities. The educational program will include courses on molecular genetics, clinical epidemiology and clinical research. Regular participation in national meetings and symposia related to cancer and molecular genetics will be an essential part of the educational program. The clinical activities will be focused on lung cancer. The long-term objective for the patient oriented research project is to identify the environmental and genetic factors that are responsible for the increased incidence of lung cancer in women. Recent statistical trends and case-control studies suggest that women are more susceptible to lung cancer than men with similar tobacco exposure. The goal for this research project is to determine if biomarkers of DNA exposure to carcinogens (DNA adducts) and biomarkers of effect (loss of heterozygosity and p53 mutations) in epithelial cells are involved in lung cancer susceptibility in women. The specific aims of the project are to determine if the extent of epithelial cell DNA adducts, LOH, and p53 mutations in women is different than in men with similar tobacco exposure and to determine the effect of gender, genetic polymorphisms, and diet on the relationships among these biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of effect. This study will evaluate 60 female and 60 male middle aged smokers. Biomarkers will be evaluated in epithelial cells from the lung, bladder and oropharynx from all individuals. Polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and GSTM1 and dietary intake of vitamins and carotenoids will be characterized. These experiments will provide important information on how genetic and environmental factors are involved in lung cancer susceptibility in women. The definition of these mechanisms may allow the prospective identification of individuals at increased risk for developing lung carcinoma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TRANSDERMAL NICOTINE TREATMENT OF MCI Principal Investigator & Institution: Newhouse, Paul A.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, Vt 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): A major thrust of clinical research in cognition and aging has been directed towards the identification and potential treatment of the preAlzheimer condition known as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Patients with amnestic MCI appeared to have a high risk of developing dementia, with 12- 15% per year progressing to the point where they meet criteria for Alzheimer's disease, and 5060% being diagnosed with dementia within five years. Developing effective treatments that will improve symptoms of memory loss and delay or retard the development of dementia in patients who are at high risk is an extremely important public health goal. A number of treatment approaches are being considered or tested including

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acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, high dose vitamins, hormones, etc. Alterations in brain systems that involve CNS nicotinic receptors appear to be critically important in the development of cognitive impairment resulting in dementia. Loss of nicotinic receptors is one of the most reliable receptor-based findings in Alzheimer's disease and this loss correlates with cognitive impairment. Blockade of nicotinic receptors in normals leads to reversible cognitive impairment in the same domains that are affected in MCI and Alzheimer's disease. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors with nicotine or and/or novel nicotinic agonists reliably improves certain aspects of attentional and memory functioning in both normal individuals, patients with ADHD, schizophrenia, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and in our preliminary studies, MCI patients. Nicotine is arguably the most well studied cognition-enhancing substance known, with hundreds of studies in both tobacco and non-tobacco forms. Furthermore, nicotinic stimulation appears to have significant neuroprotective effects and nicotinic stimulation may have positive influences on APP processing. We propose a pilot 6 month double-blind placebo-controlled trial of transdermal nicotine in 60 patients with amnestic MCI with a 6-month open label extension. Our primary goal is to demonstrate that transdermal nicotine is safe to administer to the non-smoking MCI patients over a one year period. Our secondary goal is to demonstrate cognitive symptom relief/improvement and to gain some preliminary data regarding prevention of progression. Transdermal nicotine has proved to be a extremely safe method of administering nicotine that eliminates the liabilities of tobacco associated nicotine. Patients will be recruited, screened, and treated at 3 major medical centers by investigators who have been leaders in clinical and basic science nicotinic research. Subjects will be tested utilizing sophisticated computerized and non-computerized methodology. Close clinical follow-up will insure patient safety. For reasons outlined above, transdermal nicotine may be an excellent way of improving cognitive performance and delaying progression of MCI. If nicotine proves successful in alleviating cognitive symptoms and in improving global outcomes along with reasonable safety, we will propose a large multicenter clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: TUNING-UP HUMAN METABOLISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Ames, Bruce N.; Professor; Children's Hospital & Res Ctr at Oakland Research Center at Oakland Oakland, Ca 94609 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-DEC-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): K05 Senior Scientist Grant (NCCAM). Ames has published more than 450 publications and consistently ranks among the top few hundred of the most-cited-scientists in all fields; honors include The National Medal of Science & The Japan Prize. Career as pioneer/leader in: gene-regulation; genetic toxicology; mutagenesis; cancer prevention; endogenous oxidants/antioxidants; nutrition and health; mitochondrial decay; and aging. Professor of the Graduate School at U.C. Berkeley. Senior Scientist, Children's Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, with large lab in a newly renovated building. Scientific focus: ramifications of a major review showing that about 50 different human genetic diseases due to a poorer binding affinity (Km) of the mutant enzyme for the coenzyme, can be remedied by feeding high dose B vitamins which raise levels of the corresponding coenzyme; many polymorphisms also have lowered affinity of enzyme for coenzyme. We propose to expand this Km concept by: 1) Testing the effectiveness of high dose B vitamins on phenotypes caused by polymorphisms that affect the Km of enzymes for coenzyme, e.g. homocysteine accumulation in MTHFR: riboflavin; alcohol intolerance in half of Asians: niacin. 2) Testing the effectiveness of other metabolites and micronutrients.3)

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Determining if mitochondrial oxidative decay with age causes enzymes to lose affinity for their coenzymes and if this can be ameliorated by feeding high doses of B vitamins. Previous results showed that high doses of key mitochondrial metabolites delay mitochondrial decay and involve Km. 4) Minimizing DNA damage and cancer by optimizing micronutrient levels, particularly in the elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen ·

Project Title: WOMEN'S ANGIOGRAPHIC VITAMINS AND ESTROOGENS TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Ouyang, Pamela C.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EXPRESSION

ZEBRAFISH

CARCINOGENESIS

AND

CYTOCHROME

P450

Principal Investigator & Institution: Buhler, Donald R.; Professor; Environ & Molecular Toxicology; Oregon State University Corvallis, or 973391086 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Cytochrome P450s (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of heme-containing enzyme that catalyze Phase I oxidative, reductive and peroxidative reactions of both endogenous (steroids, fatty acids, vitamins, prostaglandins, retinoids, etc.) and exogenous substrates (chemical pollutants, drugs and carcinogen). The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has become a widely used animal model for studying embryogenesis and developmental genetics and as an animal model to investigate mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Compared to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), however, zebrafish are relatively resistant to certain carcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and dibenzo[a,1]pyrene (DBP), thus reducing their utility as carcinogenesis models. Their is considerable interest, therefore, in finding zebrafish strains that are more sensitive to carcinogens. Because of their central roles in bioactivation and metabolism processes, it also has become important to establish the contribution of different CYP forms to carcinogenesis and tumor tissue selectivity in the zebrafish and to utilize bioactivating or detoxifying CYP expression as a tool to help select sensitive zebrafish strains. Therefore, the objectives of this project are to: 1) clone, sequence, heterologously express, enzymatically and kinetically characterize and map major zebrafish CYPs potentially involved in carcinogen activation and detoxification; 2) use zebrafish CYP isozyme specific oligonucleotide probes to determine their tissue and cell-specific expression patterns in zebrafish mutant lines used to assess the sensitivity of the fish to selected carcinogens; 3) select mutant zebrafish line on the basis of inactivating mutations of tumor suppressor genes and/or high carcinogen bioactivating CYP isoform expression; and 4) determine the sensitivity of wild-type and mutant zebrafish lines to AFB1 and DBP. This proposed work should add significantly to the foundation of CYP and carcinogenesis research in zebrafish. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for vitamins in the PubMed Central database: ·

1,25-Dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-Vitamin D3 Prolongs Survival Time of Leukemic Mice. by Zhou J, Norman AW, Chen D, Sun G, Uskokovic M, Koeffler HP.; 1990 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54017

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces Nitric Oxide Synthase and Suppresses Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Human Macrophage-Like Cell Line. by Rockett KA, Brookes R, Udalova I, Vidal V, Hill AV, Kwiatkowski D.; 1998 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108664

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. by Li YC, Kong J, Wei M, Chen ZF, Liu SQ, Cao LP.; 2002 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151055

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Reversibly Blocks the Progression of Relapsing Encephalomyelitis, a Model of Multiple Sclerosis. by Cantorna MT, Hayes CE, DeLuca HF.; 1996 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38839

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1[alpha],25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulates the Transcription of Carbonic Anhydrase II mRNA in Avian Myelomonocytes. by Lomri A, Baron R.; 1992 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49148

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A composite element binding the vitamin D receptor, retinoid X receptor alpha, and a member of the CTF/NF-1 family of transcription factors mediates the vitamin D responsiveness of the c-fos promoter. by Candeliere GA, Jurutka PW, Haussler MR, StArnaud R.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=231037

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A highly conserved sequence is a novel gene involved in de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis. by Ehrenshaft M, Bilski P, Li MY, Chignell CF, Daub ME.; 1999 Aug 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17790

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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·

A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. by Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J.; 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55540

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A Nuclear Protein Essential for Binding of Rat 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor to Its Response Elements. by Ross TK, Moss VE, Prahl JM, DeLuca HF.; 1992 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48215

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A Possible Role of Vitamin D Receptors in Regulating Vitamin D Activation in the Kidney. by Iida K, Shinki T, Yamaguchi A, DeLuca HF, Kurokawa K, Suda T.; 1995 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41652

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A potent analog of 1[alpha],25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively induces bone formation. by Shevde NK, Plum LA, Clagett-Dame M, Yamamoto H, Pike JW, DeLuca HF.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129700

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A role for Salmonella typhimurium cbiK in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and siroheme biosynthesis. by Raux E, Thermes C, Heathcote P, Rambach A, Warren MJ.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179098

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Allosteric interaction of the 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and the retinoid X receptor on DNA. by Kahlen JP, Carlberg C.; 1997 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=147055

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An unusual vitamin E constituent ([alpha]-tocomonoenol) provides enhanced antioxidant protection in marine organisms adapted to cold-water environments. by Yamamoto Y, Fujisawa A, Hara A, Dunlap WC.; 2001 Nov 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60838

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Anaerobic biosynthesis of enterobactin Escherichia coli: regulation of entC gene expression and evidence against its involvement in menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis. by Kwon O, Hudspeth ME, Meganathan R.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178078

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Astaxanthin-Rich Algal Meal and Vitamin C Inhibit Helicobacter pylori Infection in BALB/cA Mice. by Wang X, Willen R, Wadstrom T.; 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=90084

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Biosynthesis of vitamin B12: Concerning the identity of the two-carbon fragment eliminated during anaerobic formation of cobyrinic acid. by Wang J, Stolowich NJ, Santander PJ, Park JH, Scott AI.; 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26129

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Biosynthesis of Vitamin B12: Isolation of Precorrin-6x, a Metal-Free Precursor of the Corrin Macrocycle Retaining Five S-Adenosylmethionine- Derived Peripheral Methyl Groups. by Thibaut D, Debussche L, Blanche F.; 1990 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55046

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Conformational Change and Enhanced Stabilization of the Vitamin D Receptor by the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analog KH1060. by Bemd GC, Pols HA, Birkenhager JC, Leeuwen JP.; 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38215

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Crystal structures of the vitamin D receptor complexed to superagonist 20-epi ligands. by Tocchini-Valentini G, Rochel N, Wurtz JM, Mitschler A, Moras D.; 2001 May 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33240

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Cubilin dysfunction causes abnormal metabolism of the steroid hormone 25(OH) vitamin D3. by Nykjaer A, Fyfe JC, Kozyraki R, Leheste JR, Jacobsen C, Nielsen MS, Verroust PJ, Aminoff M, de la Chapelle A, Moestrup SK, Ray R, Gliemann J, Willnow TE, Christensen EI.; 2001 Nov 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=61138

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Dehydroascorbic acid, a blood --brain barrier transportable form of vitamin C, mediates potent cerebroprotection in experimental stroke. by Huang J, Agus DB, Winfree CJ, Kiss S, Mack WJ, McTaggart RA, Choudhri TF, Kim LJ, Mocco J, Pinsky DJ, Fox WD, Israel RJ, Boyd TA, Golde DW, Connolly ES Jr.; 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58796

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Dendritic cell modulation by 1[alpha],25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs: A vitamin D receptor-dependent pathway that promotes a persistent state of immaturity in vitro and in vivo. by Griffin MD, Lutz W, Phan VA, Bachman LA, McKean DJ, Kumar R.; 2001 Jun 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34433

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DNA Sequences in the Rat Osteocalcin Gene That Bind the 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor and Confer Responsiveness to 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3. by Demay MB, Gerardi JM, DeLuca HF, Kronenberg HM.; 1990 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53265

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Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. by Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT.; 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150177

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Effect of vitamin A supplementation on rhodopsin mutants threonine-17 [right arrow] methionine and proline-347 [right arrow] serine in transgenic mice and in cell cultures. by Li T, Sandberg MA, Pawlyk BS, Rosner B, Hayes KC, Dryja TP, Berson EL.; 1998 Sep 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21743

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Efficacy of vitamin B-6 in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review. by Wyatt KM, Dimmock PW, Jones PW, Shaughn O'Brien PM.; 1999 May 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27878

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Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C from pharmacokinetics: A comment and analysis. by Young VR.; 1996 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26134

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Evolutionary Importance for the Membrane Enhancement of the Production of Vitamin D3 in the Skin of Poikilothermic Animals. by Holick MF, Tian XQ, Allen M.; 1995 Apr 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42117

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Exploring the actions of vitamin C. by Das UN.; 2001 Jul 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=81230

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Folate and vitamin B-12 and risk of fatal cardiovascular disease: cohort study from Busselton, Western Australia. by Hung J, Beilby JP, Knuiman MW, Divitini M.; 2003 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140003

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Growth Factors and Vitamin E Modify Neuronal Glutamate Toxicity. by Schubert D, Kimura H, Maher P.; 1992 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49898

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Human Plasma Vitamin E Kinetics Demonstrate Rapid Recycling of Plasma RRR[alpha]-Tocopherol. by Traber MG, Ramakrishnan R, Kayden HJ.; 1994 Oct 11; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44946

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Id Gene Expression and Its Suppression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Rat Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma Cells. by Kawaguchi N, DeLuca HF, Noda M.; 1992 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49124

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Identification and sequence analysis of genes involved in late steps in cobalamin (vitamin B12) synthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus. by Pollich M, Klug G.; 1995 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177200

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Identification of a 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-Response Element in the 5' Flanking Region of the Rat Calbindin D-9k Gene. by Darwish HM, Deluca HF.; 1992 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48287

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Identification of a DNA Sequence Responsible for Binding of the 1,25Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Enhancement of Mouse Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 (Spp-1 or Osteopontin) Gene Expression. by Noda M, Vogel RL, Craig AM, Prahl J, DeLuca HF, Denhardt DT.; 1990 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55301

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Identification of a Vitamin D-Response Element in the Rat Calcidiol (25Hydroxyvitamin D3) 24-Hydroxylase Gene. by Zierold C, Darwish HM, DeLuca HF.; 1994 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43060

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Identification of Sequence Elements in Mouse Calbindin-D28k Gene that Confer 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3- and Butyrate-Inducible Responses. by Gill RK, Christakos S.; 1993 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46221

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Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India. by Rahmathullah L, Tielsch JM, Thulasiraj RD, Katz J, Coles C, Devi S, John R, Prakash K, Sadanand AV, Edwin N, Kamaraj C.; 2003 Aug 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=167159

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Inhibitory effect of erythromycin on interleukin 8 production by 1 alpha,25dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated THP-1 cells. by Fujii T, Kadota J, Morikawa T, Matsubara Y, Kawakami K, Iida K, Shirai R, Taniguchi H, Kaseda M, Kawamoto S, Kohno S.; 1996 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=163367

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Intron retention generates a novel isoform of the murine vitamin D receptor that acts in a dominant negative way on the vitamin D signaling pathway. by Ebihara K, Masuhiro Y, Kitamoto T, Suzawa M, Uematsu Y, Yoshizawa T, Ono T, Harada H, Matsuda K, Hasegawa T, Masushige S, Kato S.; 1996 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=231333

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Isolation of an Arabidopsis mutant lacking vitamin E and identification of a cyclase essential for all tocopherol biosynthesis. by Porfirova S, Bergmuller E, Tropf S, Lemke R, Dormann P.; 2002 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129473

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Megalin-Mediated Endocytosis of Transcobalamin-Vitamin-B12 Complexes Suggests a Role of the Receptor in Vitamin-B12 Homeostasis. by Moestrup SK, Birn H, Fischer PB, Petersen CM, Verroust PJ, Sim RB, Christensen EI, Nexo E.; 1996 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38721

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Menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis: overexpression, purification, and characterization of a new isochorismate synthase from Escherichia coli. by Daruwala R, Bhattacharyya DK, Kwon O, Meganathan R.; 1997 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179089

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Menaquinone (vitamin K2) biosynthesis: overexpression, purification, and properties of o-succinylbenzoyl-coenzyme A synthetase from Escherichia coli. by Kwon O, Bhattacharyya DK, Meganathan R.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178575

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Modulation of Mycobacterium bovis-Specific Responses of Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. by Waters WR, Nonnecke BJ, Rahner TE, Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Horst RL.; 2001 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96250

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Multiple Cbfa/AML Sites in the Rat Osteocalcin Promoter Are Required for Basal and Vitamin D-Responsive Transcription and Contribute to Chromatin Organization. by

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Javed A, Gutierrez S, Montecino M, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=84749 ·

Native Corrinoids from Clostridium cochlearium Are Adeninylcobamides: Spectroscopic Analysis and Identification of Pseudovitamin B12 and Factor A. by Hoffmann B, Oberhuber M, Stupperich E, Bothe H, Buckel W, Konrat R, Krautler B.; 2000 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111353

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Natural vitamin D3 response elements formed by inverted palindromes: polaritydirected ligand sensitivity of vitamin D3 receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimermediated transactivation. by Schrader M, Nayeri S, Kahlen JP, Muller KM, Carlberg C.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230337

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New insights into the physiology and pharmacology of vitamin C. by Padayatty SJ, Levine M.; 2001 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=80729

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Normal myelopoiesis but abnormal T lymphocyte responses in vitamin D receptor knockout mice. by O'Kelly J, Hisatake J, Hisatake Y, Bishop J, Norman A, Koeffler HP.; 2002 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150940

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On the Mechanism of the Anticlotting Action of Vitamin E Quinone. by Dowd P, Zheng ZB.; 1995 Aug 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41118

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Puzzling vitamin D results. by Marshall TG.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128392

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Regulation of renin expression and blood pressure by vitamin D3. by Sigmund CD.; 2002 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151071

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Removal of LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) results in increased vitamin A (retinol) metabolism to 4-oxoretinol in embryonic stem cells. by Lane MA, Chen AC, Roman SD, Derguini F, Gudas LJ.; 1999 Nov 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23981

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Retinoid X receptor:vitamin D3 receptor heterodimers promote stable preinitiation complex formation and direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent cell-free transcription. by Lemon BD, Fondell JD, Freedman LP.; 1997 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=232039

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Role for Vitamin B12 in Light Induction of Gene Expression in the Bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. by Cervantes M, Murillo FJ.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=134944

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Safety and pharmacokinetics of vitamin A therapy for infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections. by Neuzil KM, Gruber WC, Chytil F, Stahlman MT, Graham BS.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=162709

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Salmonella typhimurium cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthetic genes: functional studies in S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli. by Raux E, Lanois A, Levillayer F, Warren MJ, Brody E, Rambach A, Thermes C.; 1996 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=177722

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Selective Interaction of Vitamin D Receptor with Transcriptional Coactivators by a Vitamin D Analog. by Takeyama KI, Masuhiro Y, Fuse H, Endoh H, Murayama A, Kitanaka S, Suzawa M, Yanagisawa J, Kato S.; 1999 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=116035

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Sequential Induction of 5-Lipoxygenase Gene Expression and Activity in Mono Mac 6 Cells by Transforming Growth Factor [beta] and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3. by Brungs M, Radmark O, Samuelsson B, Steinhilber D.; 1995 Jan 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42826

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Serum Calcium and Vitamin D Regulate 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor Concentration in Rat Kidney in vivo. by Sandgren ME, DeLuca HF.; 1990 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54099

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Stat1-Vitamin D Receptor Interactions Antagonize 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Transcriptional Activity and Enhance Stat1-Mediated Transcription. by Vidal M, Ramana CV, Dusso AS.; 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=133712

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Targeted ablation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1[alpha]-hydroxylase enzyme: Evidence for skeletal, reproductive, and immune dysfunction. by Panda DK, Miao D, Tremblay ML, Sirois J, Farookhi R, Hendy GN, Goltzman D.; 2001 Jun 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34697

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The Arabidopsis salt overly sensitive 4 Mutants Uncover a Critical Role for Vitamin B6 in Plant Salt Tolerance. by Shi H, Xiong L, Stevenson B, Lu T, Zhu JK.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150580

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The bluF gene of Rhodobacter capsulatus is involved in conversion of cobinamide to cobalamin (vitamin B12). by Pollich M, Wersig C, Klug G.; 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178648

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The effects of 1[alpha],25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on matrix metalloproteinase and prostaglandin E2 production by cells of the rheumatoid lesion. by Tetlow LC, Woolley DE.; 1999; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17774

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The end of the cob operon: evidence that the last gene (cobT) catalyzes synthesis of the lower ligand of vitamin B12, dimethylbenzimidazole. by Chen P, Ailion M, Weyand N, Roth J.; 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176760

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Three-dimensional modeling of and ligand docking to vitamin D receptor ligand binding domain. by Yamamoto K, Masuno H, Choi M, Nakashima K, Taga T, Ooizumi H, Umesono K, Sicinska W, VanHooke J, DeLuca HF, Yamada S.; 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26457

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Too much of a good thing? Toxic effects of vitamin and mineral supplements. by Wooltorton E.; 2003 Jul 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=164945

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Transcriptional repression of the interleukin-2 gene by vitamin D3: direct inhibition of NFATp/AP-1 complex formation by a nuclear hormone receptor. by Alroy I, Towers TL, Freedman LP.; 1995 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=230831

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Transfected Human Liver Cytochrome P-450 Hydroxylates Vitamin D Analogs at Different Side-Chain Positions. by Guo Y, Strugnell S, Back DW, Jones G.; 1993 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47419

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Vitamin A deficiency predisposes to Staphylococcus aureus infection. by Wiedermann U, Tarkowski A, Bremell T, Hanson LA, Kahu H, Dahlgren UI.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=173747

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Vitamin A levels and human immunodeficiency virus load in injection drug users. by Semba RD, Farzadegan H, Vlahov D.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=170483

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Vitamin A Levels and Immunity in Humans. by Jason J, Archibald LK, Nwanyanwu OC, Sowell AL, Buchanan I, Larned J, Bell M, Kazembe PN, Dobbie H, Jarvis WR.; 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=119985

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Vitamin B12 and hepatitis C: Molecular biology and human pathology. by Lott WB, Takyar SS, Tuppen J, Crawford DH, Harrison M, Sloots TP, Gowans EJ.; 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33138

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Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers: Evidence for a Recommended Dietary Allowance. by Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, Welch RW, Washko PW, Dhariwal KR, Park JB, Lazarev A, Graumlich JF, King J, Cantilena LR.; 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39676

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Vitamin C Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Leukocyte Aggregation and Adhesion to Endothelium in vivo. by Lehr H, Frei B, Arfors K.; 1994 Aug 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=44467

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Vitamin D and Adaptation to Dietary Calcium and Phosphate Deficiencies Increase Intestinal Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump Gene Expression. by Cai Q, Chandler JS, Wasserman RH, Kumar R, Penniston JT.; 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45869

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Vitamin D concentrations in Asian children aged 2 years living in England: population survey. by Lawson M, Thomas M.; 1999 Jan 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27672

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Vitamin D interferes with transactivation of the growth hormone gene by thyroid hormone and retinoic acid. by Garcia-Villalba P, Jimenez-Lara AM, Aranda A.; 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=231006

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Vitamin E inhibits CD95 ligand expression and protects T cells from activationinduced cell death. by Li-Weber M, Weigand MA, Giaisi M, Suss D, Treiber MK, Baumann S, Ritsou E, Breitkreutz R, Krammer PH.; 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151103

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Vitamin E reduces chromosomal damage and inhibits hepatic tumor formation in a transgenic mouse model. by Factor VM, Laskowska D, Jensen MR, Woitach JT, Popescu NC, Thorgeirsson SS.; 2000 Feb 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15777

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Vitamin E succinate inhibits the function of androgen receptor and the expression of prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer cells. by Zhang Y, Ni J, Messing EM, Chang E, Yang CR, Yeh S.; 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124244

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Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: randomised controlled trial. by Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, McCarty CA, McNeil JJ.; 2002 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116664

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Vitamin K policies and midwifery practice: questionnaire survey. by Ansell P, Roman E, Fear NT, Renfrew MJ.; 2001 May 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31591

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Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: evidence for the presence of an essential histidine residue in o-succinylbenzoyl coenzyme A synthetase. by Bhattacharyya DK, Kwon O, Meganathan R.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179509

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater 6

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with vitamins, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for vitamins (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): ·

A case-control study of serum vitamins A, E, and C in lung cancer patients. Author(s): LeGardeur BY, Lopez A, Johnson WD. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1990; 14(2): 133-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216898&dopt=Abstract

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A mixed fruit and vegetable concentrate increases plasma antioxidant vitamins and folate and lowers plasma homocysteine in men. Author(s): Samman S, Sivarajah G, Man JC, Ahmad ZI, Petocz P, Caterson ID. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840177&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study of vitamins to lower plasma homocysteine levels in Alzheimer disease. Author(s): Aisen PS, Egelko S, Andrews H, Diaz-Arrastia R, Weiner M, DeCarli C, Jagust W, Miller JW, Green R, Bell K, Sano M. Source: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2003 March-April; 11(2): 246-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12611755&dopt=Abstract

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A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands). Author(s): Schuurman AG, Goldbohm RA, Brants HA, van den Brandt PA. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 August; 13(6): 573-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12195647&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 9. Author(s): Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 119(10): 1439-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594943&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Author(s): Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 2001 October; 119(10): 1417-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11594942&dopt=Abstract

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A spread enriched with plant sterol-esters lowers blood cholesterol and lipoproteins without affecting vitamins A and E in normal and hypercholesterolemic Japanese men and women. Author(s): Ntanios FY, Homma Y, Ushiro S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 132(12): 3650-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468602&dopt=Abstract

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Additive action of vitamins C and E against hydrocortisone-induced genotoxicity in human lymphocyte chromosomes. Author(s): Ahmad S, Hoda A, Afzal M. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002 July; 72(4): 204-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214557&dopt=Abstract

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Adjuvant treatment of patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with vitamins E and C reduces superoxide production by neutrophils. Author(s): Harper L, Nuttall SL, Martin U, Savage CO. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 March; 41(3): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11934963&dopt=Abstract

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ADMA and oxidative stress are responsible for endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: effects of L-arginine and B vitamins. Author(s): Sydow K, Schwedhelm E, Arakawa N, Bode-Boger SM, Tsikas D, Hornig B, Frolich JC, Boger RH. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2003 January; 57(1): 244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504835&dopt=Abstract

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Administration of antioxidant vitamins does not alter plasma fibrinolytic activity in subjects with central obesity. Author(s): Rifici VA, Schneider SH, Chen Y, Khachadurian AK. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1997 September; 78(3): 1111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9308762&dopt=Abstract

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Aging, B vitamins and cognitive decline. Author(s): Rosenberg IH. Source: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Clin Perform Programme. 2001; (5): 201-14; Discussion 214-7. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11510440&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of the impact of supplementation with antioxidant vitamins on oxidation stress parameters in children with chronic recurrent gastroduodenitis. Author(s): Bala G, Czerwionka-Szaflarska M, Drewa G, Mierzwa G. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 January; 8(1): Cr14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11782674&dopt=Abstract

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Antenatal supplementation of antioxidant vitamins to reduce the oxidative stress at delivery--a pilot study. Author(s): Bolisetty S, Naidoo D, Lui K, Koh TH, Watson D, Whitehall J. Source: Early Human Development. 2002 April; 67(1-2): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893435&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant defense: vitamins E and C and carotenoids. Author(s): Stahl W, Sies H. Source: Diabetes. 1997 September; 46 Suppl 2: S14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285493&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant status and levels of different vitamins determined by high performance liquid chromatography in diabetic subjects with multiple complications. Author(s): Merzouk S, Hichami A, Madani S, Merzouk H, Berrouiguet AY, Prost J, Moutairou K, Chabane-Sari N, Khan NA. Source: Gen Physiol Biophys. 2003 March; 22(1): 15-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12870698&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease: current perspectives and future directions. Author(s): Hennekens CH. Source: European Heart Journal. 1997 February; 18(2): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043828&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and coronary disease. Author(s): Biondi-Zoccai GG, Abbate A, Agostoni P. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 April 4; 346(14): 1092-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932481&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and degenerative pathologies. A review of vitamin C. Author(s): Birlouez-Aragon I, Tessier FJ. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2003; 7(2): 103-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679830&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and enzymatic and synthetic oxygen-derived free radical scavengers in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Nayak DU, Karmen C, Frishman WH, Vakili BA. Source: Heart Disease. 2001 January-February; 3(1): 28-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975768&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association with inflammatory markers. Author(s): Paredes S, Girona J, Hurt-Camejo E, Vallve JC, Olive S, Heras M, Benito P, Masana L. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2002 November; 29(11): 2271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415581&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and lipid therapy: end of a long romance? Author(s): Brown BG, Cheung MC, Lee AC, Zhao XQ, Chait A. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2002 October 1; 22(10): 153546. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377728&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and prevention of cardiovascular disease: epidemiological and clinical trial data. Author(s): Marchioli R, Schweiger C, Levantesi G, Tavazzi L, Valagussa F. Source: Lipids. 2001; 36 Suppl: S53-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837994&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and risk of cardiovascular disease. Review of large-scale randomised trials. Author(s): Clarke R, Armitage J. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 September; 16(5): 411-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652110&dopt=Abstract

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Anti-oxidant vitamins and steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome in Indian children. Author(s): Mathew JL, Kabi BC, Rath B. Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2002 October; 38(5): 450-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12354259&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and stomach cancer: the role of ecologic studies. Author(s): Kromhout D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 333-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103324&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis. The Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment study (CUDAS). Author(s): McQuillan BM, Hung J, Beilby JP, Nidorf M, Thompson PL. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 December; 38(7): 1788-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738275&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins and their influence in diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Hasanain B, Mooradian AD. Source: Curr Diab Rep. 2002 October; 2(5): 448-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643171&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins C and E improve endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: Endothelial Assessment of Risk from Lipids in Youth (EARLY) Trial. Author(s): Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy MJ, Chiu EY, Schloetter MC, Paul SM, Stuehlinger M, Lin KY, Cooke JP, Morrow JD, Ridker PM, Rifai N, Miller E, Witztum JL, Mietus-Snyder M. Source: Circulation. 2003 September 2; 108(9): 1059-63. Epub 2003 August 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12912807&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins C, E and beta-carotene reduce DNA damage before as well as after gamma-ray irradiation of human lymphocytes in vitro. Author(s): Konopacka M, Rzeszowska-Wolny J. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 April 5; 491(1-2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287291&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins E and C and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Martin A. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 February; 61(2): 69-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674439&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins improves hemoglobin level in children with group a beta hemolytic streptococcal infection. Author(s): Ahmed J, Zaman MM, Ali K. Source: Mymensingh Med J. 2003 July; 12(2): 120-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894046&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The epidemiological evidence. Author(s): Price JE, Fowkes FG. Source: European Heart Journal. 1997 May; 18(5): 719-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9152642&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidant vitamins in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Author(s): Asplund K. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 May; 251(5): 372-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11982737&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants and vitamins in cosmetics. Author(s): Lupo MP. Source: Clinics in Dermatology. 2001 July-August; 19(4): 467-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11535390&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative vitamins in prematurely and maturely born infants. Author(s): Bohles H. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(5): 321-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9350473&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidative vitamins in prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Author(s): Nagel E, Meyer zu Vilsendorf A, Bartels M, Pichlmayr R. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(5): 298-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9350470&dopt=Abstract

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Application of a non-invasive method to study the moisturizing effect of formulations containing vitamins A or E or ceramide on human skin. Author(s): Leonardi GR, Gaspar LR, Maia Campos PM. Source: J Cosmet Sci. 2002 September-October; 53(5): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384712&dopt=Abstract

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Association of the B-vitamins pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (B(6)), B(12), and folate with lung cancer risk in older men. Author(s): Hartman TJ, Woodson K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Virtamo J, Selhub J, Barrett MJ, Albanes D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2001 April 1; 153(7): 688-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282797&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins and homocysteine in cardiovascular disease and aging. Author(s): Wilcken DE, Wilcken B. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1998 November 20; 854: 361-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928444&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins and immunocompetence, with emphasis on the elderly population. Author(s): Ockhuizen T, Mulder J. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1994; (51): 126-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7695564&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins and nitrous oxide. Author(s): Enlund M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 September; 95(3): 787. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198085&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins and plasma homocysteine concentrations in an urban and rural area of Costa Rica. Author(s): Kim MK, Ordovas JM, Selhub J, Campos H. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 224-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805249&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins and restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Author(s): Bostom AG, Sharaf B. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 April 4; 346(14): 1093-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936123&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins and restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Author(s): Chirieac DV, Pearson TA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 April 4; 346(14): 1093-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11932482&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins in epileptics. Author(s): Krause KH, Bonjour JP, Berlit P, Kynast G, Schmidt-Gayk H, Arab L. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986; (38): 154-67. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3964218&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins status: effect of prolonged heroin addiction and methadone treatment. Author(s): Prayurahong B, Migasena P, Pongpaew P, Vudhivai N, Busapathumrong P. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1991 March; 74(3): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1861128&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins, cognition, and aging: a review. Author(s): Calvaresi E, Bryan J. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2001 November; 56(6): P327-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11682586&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderly. Author(s): Selhub J, Bagley LC, Miller J, Rosenberg IH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 614S-620S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10681269&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function. Author(s): Rosenberg IH. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2001 August; 59(8 Pt 2): S69-73; Discussion S73-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11519670&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins, vitamin C and hematological measurements in overweight and obese Thais in Bangkok. Author(s): Harnroongroj T, Jintaridhi P, Vudhivai N, Pongpaew P, Tungtrongchitr R, Phonrat B, Changbumrung S, Schelp FP. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 January; 85(1): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075716&dopt=Abstract

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B vitamins: proposed fortification levels for complementary foods for young children. Author(s): Allen LH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 3000S-7S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949400&dopt=Abstract

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Back to vitamins? Author(s): Montagna P. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 September; 22(7): 48990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230590&dopt=Abstract

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Background and rationale behind the SU.VI.MAX Study, a prevention trial using nutritional doses of a combination of antioxidant vitamins and minerals to reduce cardiovascular diseases and cancers. SUpplementation en VItamines et Mineraux AntioXydants Study. Author(s): Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Roussel AM, Arnaud J, Richard MJ, Malvy D, Paul-Dauphin A, Briancon S, Favier A. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68(1): 3-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9503043&dopt=Abstract

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Background level of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in lymphocyte DNA does not correlate with the concentration of antioxidant vitamins in blood plasma. Author(s): Gackowski D, Ciecierski M, Jawien A, Olinski R. Source: Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2001; 48(2): 535-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11732622&dopt=Abstract

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Bases and consequences of the newly recommended daily intakes of vitamins for the population of the German Democratic Republic. Author(s): Gassmann B, Ulbricht G. Source: Die Nahrung. 1979; 23(1): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=471027&dopt=Abstract

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B-complex vitamins in the prophylaxis and treatment of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Author(s): Cook CC, Thomson AD. Source: Br J Hosp Med. 1997 May 7-20; 57(9): 461-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9274684&dopt=Abstract

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Beta-carotene with vitamins E and C offers synergistic cell protection against NOx. Author(s): Bohm F, Edge R, McGarvey DJ, Truscott TG. Source: Febs Letters. 1998 October 9; 436(3): 387-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9801154&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond deficiency. New views on the function and health effects of vitamins. Introduction. Author(s): Machlin LJ. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1992 September 30; 669: 1-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1444017&dopt=Abstract

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Beyond deficiency: new views of vitamins in ruminant nutrition and health: an overview. Author(s): Roeder RA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1995 June; 125(6 Suppl): 1790S-1791S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7782947&dopt=Abstract

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B-group vitamins and pellagra. Author(s): Fawns HT. Source: Nurs Times. 1976 April 1; 72(13): 496-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1264763&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of oral vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in perspective. Author(s): Schumann K, Classen HG, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K, Biesalski HK. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1997 April; 47(4): 369-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9150856&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of vitamins. Author(s): Sauberlich HE. Source: Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1985; 9(1-2): 1-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3911266&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of vitamins--an overview. Author(s): Mino M, Murata A, Yasuda K, Itokawa Y. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1992; Spec No: 429-33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1297782&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical assessment of vitamins and trace metals. Author(s): Jacob RA, Milne DB. Source: Clin Lab Med. 1993 June; 13(2): 371-85. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8319425&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical individuality and the case for supplemental vitamins. Author(s): Kumler WD. Source: Am Pharm. 1979 August; 19(9): 34-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=506917&dopt=Abstract

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Blood and serum status of water- and fat-soluble vitamins in athletes and nonathletes. Author(s): Rokitzki L, Berg A, Keul J. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1989; 30: 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2507697&dopt=Abstract

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Blood concentrations of thirteen vitamins in cirrhotic patients. Author(s): Kanematsu T, Kawano T, Sugimachi K. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1989 May-June; 5(3): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2562452&dopt=Abstract

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Blood glucose rise following prenatal vitamins in gestational diabetes. Author(s): Sparks SP, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1993 October; 12(5): 543-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8263271&dopt=Abstract

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Blood levels of certain vitamins in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Effect of substitutive treatment with pancreatic extracts. Author(s): Dzieniszewski J, Wartanowicz M, Jarosz O, Ziemlanski S. Source: Mater Med Pol. 1984 April-December; 16(2-4): 71-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6535050&dopt=Abstract

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Blood levels of water-soluble vitamins in pediatric patients on total parenteral nutrition using a multiple vitamin preparation. Author(s): Marinier E, Gorski AM, de Courcy GP, Criqui C, Bunodiere M, Christides JP, Causse MB, Brion F, Ricour C, Navarro J. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1989 March-April; 13(2): 17684. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2496249&dopt=Abstract

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Blood values of some vitamins in long-stay psycho-geriatric patients. Author(s): Basu TK, Jordan SJ, Jenner M, Williams DC. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1976; 46(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1262137&dopt=Abstract

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Blood vitamins, mineral elements and inflammation markers as risk factors of vascular and non-vascular disease mortality in an elderly population. Author(s): Marniemi J, Jarvisalo J, Toikka T, Raiha I, Ahotupa M, Sourander L. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998 October; 27(5): 799-807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9839736&dopt=Abstract

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Brains and vitamins. Author(s): Schoenthaler S. Source: Lancet. 1991 March 23; 337(8743): 728-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1672187&dopt=Abstract

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Brains and vitamins. Author(s): Walker AR, Labadarios D. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1993 May; 83(5): 310-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8211419&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cancer and the western diet: role of fatty acids and antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Stoll BA. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1998 November; 34(12): 1852-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10023305&dopt=Abstract

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Breast cancer, serum antioxidant vitamins, and p53 protein overexpression. Author(s): Kim MK, Park YG, Gong G, Ahn SH. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(2): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588696&dopt=Abstract

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Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements. Author(s): Bates CJ, Prentice A. Source: Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 1994 April-May; 62(1-2): 193-220. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7991643&dopt=Abstract

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By the way doctor. I'm 72 and was recently told that I am losing a bit of my sight because of macular degeneration. My doctor assured me that it was progressing very slowly, but also said there wasn't really anything to do about it. But I read that zinc or vitamins might help. Should I be taking them? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2002 February; 27(4): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869993&dopt=Abstract

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Can antioxidant vitamins materially reduce oxidative damage in humans? Author(s): McCall MR, Frei B. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1999 April; 26(7-8): 1034-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232849&dopt=Abstract

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Can eustachian tube ventilatory function impairment after oxygen diving be influenced by application of free radical scavenger vitamins C and E? Author(s): Mutzbauer TS, Neubauer B, Mueller PH, Sigg O, Tetzlaff K. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2001 May; 111(5): 861-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11359167&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer and diet. Colon vitamins. Author(s): Fischman J. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2002 March 25; 132(9): 49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930777&dopt=Abstract

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Cancer prevention: role of vitamins and carotenoids. Author(s): Moser U, de Min C. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1996 December; 5 Suppl 2: 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061301&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiology Grand Rounds from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease: Part 1. Basic science background and clinical observational studies. Author(s): Riley SJ, Stouffer GA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2002 December; 324(6): 314-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495298&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiology Grand Rounds from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease: Part II. Randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Riley SJ, Stouffer GA. Source: The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 2003 January; 325(1): 15-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544080&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiovascular disease and vitamins. Concurrent correction of 'suboptimal' plasma antioxidant levels may, as important part of 'optimal' nutrition, help to prevent early stages of cardiovascular disease and cancer, respectively. Author(s): Gey KF. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1995; (52): 75-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8779654&dopt=Abstract

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Carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins in patients after burn injury. Author(s): Rock CL, Dechert RE, Khilnani R, Parker RS, Rodriguez JL. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 1997 May-June; 18(3): 269-78; Discussion 268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9169953&dopt=Abstract

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Carotenoids and liposoluble vitamins in liver cirrhosis. Author(s): Rocchi E, Borghi A, Paolillo F, Pradelli M, Casalgrandi G. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1991 August; 118(2): 176-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1856580&dopt=Abstract

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Carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and mortality in an elderly population. Author(s): Sahyoun NR, Jacques PF, Russell RM. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 September 1; 144(5): 501-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8781466&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular vitamins, DNA methylation and cancer risk. Author(s): Piyathilake CJ, Johanning GL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 August; 132(8 Suppl): 2340S-2344S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12163689&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the intake of vitamins and minerals by men and women with hyperlipidemia and overweight during dietetic treatment. Author(s): Grzybek A, Klosiewicz-Latoszek L, Targosz U. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 56(12): 1162-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12494300&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the vitamin status of elderly Europeans: plasma vitamins A, E, B-6, B-12, folic acid and carotenoids. SENECA Investigators. Author(s): Haller J, Weggemans RM, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Ferry M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 July; 50 Suppl 2: S32-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841783&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, beta-carotene, vitamins, C, A, D and E status of French Elderly Subjects during the first year of institutionalization. Author(s): Essama-Tjani JC, Guilland JC, Fuchs F, Lombard M, Richard D. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2000 March; 70(2): 54-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10804457&dopt=Abstract

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Characterization of irritant patch test reactions to topical D vitamins and all-trans retinoic acid in comparison with sodium lauryl sulphate. Evaluation by clinical scoring and multiparametric non-invasive measuring techniques. Author(s): Fullerton A, Serup J. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1997 August; 137(2): 234-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9292072&dopt=Abstract

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Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: role of antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Biasco G, Paganelli GM, Brandi G, Santucci R, Lalli AA, Roncucci L, Ponz de Leon M, Miglioli M, Barbara L. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1992 October; 1 Suppl 3: 87-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1467792&dopt=Abstract

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Choreic movements and MRI abnormalities in the subthalamic nuclei reversible after administration of coenzyme Q10 and multiple vitamins in a patient with bilateral optic neuropathy. Author(s): Chariot P, Brugieres P, Eliezer-Vanerot MC, Geny C, Binaghi M, Cesaro P. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1999 September; 14(5): 855-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10495052&dopt=Abstract

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Christiaan Eijkman. First bacteriologist at Utrecht University, Nobel laureate for his work on vitamins. Author(s): Verhoef J, Snippe H, Nottet HS. Source: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1999 April; 75(3): 165-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10427404&dopt=Abstract

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Cigarette smoking and antioxidant vitamins: the smoke screen continues to clear but has a way to go. Author(s): Cross CE, Traber MG. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 562-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022545&dopt=Abstract

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Circulating levels of vitamins K1 and K2 decreased in elderly women with hip fracture. Author(s): Hodges SJ, Akesson K, Vergnaud P, Obrant K, Delmas PD. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1993 October; 8(10): 1241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8256661&dopt=Abstract

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Citrus fruit supplementation reduces lipoprotein oxidation in young men ingesting a diet high in saturated fat: presumptive evidence for an interaction between vitamins C and E in vivo. Author(s): Harats D, Chevion S, Nahir M, Norman Y, Sagee O, Berry EM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 February; 67(2): 240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9459371&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical practice. What vitamins should I be taking, doctor? Author(s): Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002 Nov;4(6):486 Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 December 20; 345(25): 1819-24. /entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12379170

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Coenzyme Q10 with multiple vitamins is generally ineffective in treatment of mitochondrial disease. Author(s): Matthews PM, Ford B, Dandurand RJ, Eidelman DH, O'Connor D, Sherwin A, Karpati G, Andermann F, Arnold DL. Source: Neurology. 1993 May; 43(5): 884-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492942&dopt=Abstract

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Combined vitamins Bl2b and C induce the glutathione depletion and the death of epidermoid human larynx carcinoma cells HEp-2. Author(s): Akatov VS, Evtodienko YV, Leshchenko VV, Teplova VV, Potselueva MM, Kruglov AG, Lezhnev EI, Yakubovskaya RI. Source: Bioscience Reports. 2000 October; 20(5): 411-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11332602&dopt=Abstract

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Comments about vitamins, nutraceuticals, and dietary enzymes. Author(s): Scanlan N. Source: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1995 July 1; 207(1): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7601685&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of antitumor activity of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 on human tumor cells by two (MTT and SRB) cell viability assays. Author(s): Wu FY, Liao WC, Chang HM. Source: Life Sciences. 1993; 52(22): 1797-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8492642&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of Prenate Advance with other prescription prenatal vitamins: a folic acid dissolution study. Author(s): Giebe K, Counts C. Source: Adv Ther. 2000 July-August; 17(4): 179-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11185056&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, antioxidant vitamins, and sensory quality of different colored carrot varieties. Author(s): Alasalvar C, Grigor JM, Zhang D, Quantick PC, Shahidi F. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001 March; 49(3): 1410-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11312873&dopt=Abstract

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Concentrations of the water-soluble vitamins thiamin, ascorbic acid, and folic acid in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy individuals. Author(s): Tallaksen CM, Bohmer T, Bell H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 September; 56(3): 559-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1503069&dopt=Abstract

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Concentrations of vitamins A and E in amniotic fluid, extraembryonic coelomic fluid, and maternal serum in the first trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Campbell J, Wathen NC, Merryweather I, Abbott R, Muller D, Chard T. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 1994 July; 71(1): F49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8092872&dopt=Abstract

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Concentrations of vitamins A, C and E in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. Author(s): King D, Playfer JR, Roberts NB. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1992 August; 68(802): 634-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1448403&dopt=Abstract

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Considerations of the scientific substantiation for antioxidant vitamins and betacarotene in disease prevention. Author(s): Blumberg JB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 December; 62(6 Suppl): 1521S1526S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7495254&dopt=Abstract

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Contraceptives, fat, vitamins debated at prevention forum. Author(s): Reynolds T. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1992 October 21; 84(20): 1552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1357184&dopt=Abstract

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Contrasting effects of vitamins as modulators of apoptosis in cancer cells and normal cells: a review. Author(s): Cole WC, Prasad KN. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1997; 29(2): 97-103. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9427971&dopt=Abstract

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Coronary heart disease mortality, plasma homocysteine, and B-vitamins: a prospective study. Author(s): de Bree A, Verschuren WM, Blom HJ, Nadeau M, Trijbels FJ, Kromhout D. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 February; 166(2): 369-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535751&dopt=Abstract

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Coronary risk factors, diet and vitamins as possible explanatory factors of the Swedish north-south gradient in coronary disease: a comparison between two MONICA centres. Author(s): Rosengren A, Stegmayr B, Johansson I, Huhtasaari F, Wilhelmsen L. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999 December; 246(6): 577-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10620101&dopt=Abstract

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Critical reappraisal of vitamins and trace minerals in nutritional support of cancer patients. Author(s): Stahelin HB. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 1993 November; 1(6): 295-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8156246&dopt=Abstract

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Cutaneous vitamins A and E in the context of ultraviolet- or chemically-induced oxidative stress. Author(s): Sorg O, Tran C, Saurat JH. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2001 November-December; 14(6): 363-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598436&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxic activity of vitamins K1, K2 and K3 against human oral tumor cell lines. Author(s): Okayasu H, Ishihara M, Satoh K, Sakagami H. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 July-August; 21(4A): 2387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11724297&dopt=Abstract

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Cytotoxic effect of plant polyphenols and fat-soluble vitamins on malignant human cultured cells. Author(s): Ramanathan R, Tan CH, Das NP. Source: Cancer Letters. 1992 March 15; 62(3): 217-24. Erratum In: Cancer Lett 1992 August 14; 65(2): 181. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1596866&dopt=Abstract

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Deficiency of vitamins A, B, and C. Something to watch for. Author(s): Skelton WP 3rd, Skelton NK. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1990 March; 87(4): 293-6, 299-300, 305-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2315253&dopt=Abstract

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Deficiency of vitamins E and A in cystic fibrosis is independent of pancreatic function and current enzyme and vitamin supplementation. Author(s): Lancellotti L, D'Orazio C, Mastella G, Mazzi G, Lippi U. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 April; 155(4): 281-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8777920&dopt=Abstract

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Deficiency of water-soluble vitamins in Crohn's disease. Author(s): Lavy A, Lachter J, Enat R, Kufman Y, Eidelman S. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 1995 December; 40(12): 2549. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8536510&dopt=Abstract

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Delay of natural bone loss by higher intakes of specific minerals and vitamins. Author(s): Schaafsma A, de Vries PJ, Saris WH. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2001 May; 41(4): 225-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401244&dopt=Abstract

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Demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors differentially explain variability in serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins: baseline results from the sentinel site of the Olestra Post-Marketing Surveillance Study. Author(s): Rock CL, Thornquist MD, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Cooper DA, Neuhouser ML, Neumark-Sztainer D, Cheskin LJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1999 April; 129(4): 855-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10203561&dopt=Abstract

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Derivatives of vitamins D2 and D3 activate three MAPK pathways and upregulate pRb expression in differentiating HL60 cells. Author(s): Ji Y, Kutner A, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Studzinski GP. Source: Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.). 2002 November-December; 1(6): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548017&dopt=Abstract

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Design of Physicians' Health Study II--a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials. Author(s): Christen WG, Gaziano JM, Hennekens CH. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2000 February; 10(2): 125-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10691066&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of retinol, antioxidant vitamins and homocysteine in skin puncture blood. Author(s): Erhardt JG, Heinrich F, Biesalski HK. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 September; 69(5): 309-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10526774&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of vitamins A and E in infant milk formulae by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Albala-Hurtado S, Novella-Rodriguez S, Veciana-Nogues MT, Marine-Font A. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1997 August 22; 778(1-2): 243-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299738&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of vitamins A, E and K1 in milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with dual amperometric detection. Author(s): Delgado Zamarreno MM, Sanchez Perez A, Gomez Perez MC, Fernandez Moro MA, Hernandez Mendez J. Source: The Analyst. 1995 October; 120(10): 2489-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8540618&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of vitamins D2, D3, K1 and K3 and some hydroxy metabolites of vitamin D3 in plasma using a continuous clean-up-preconcentration procedure coupled on-line with liquid chromatography-UV detection. Author(s): Ortiz Boyer F, Fernandez Romero JM, Luque de Castro MD, Quesada JM. Source: The Analyst. 1999 March; 124(3): 401-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605895&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of water-soluble vitamins in infant milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Albala-Hurtado S, Veciana-Nogues MT, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Marine-Font A. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1997 August 22; 778(1-2): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9299739&dopt=Abstract

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Development of methods for the determination of vitamins A, E and beta-carotene in processed foods based on supercritical fluid extraction: a collaborative study. Author(s): Mathiasson L, Turner C, Berg H, Dahlberg L, Theobald A, Anklam E, Ginn R, Sharman M, Ulberth F, Gabernig R. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2002 July; 19(7): 632-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113658&dopt=Abstract

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Dexamethasone alone versus dexamethasone plus complex B vitamins in the therapy of low back pain. Author(s): Medina Santillan R, Reyes Garcia G, Sanchez Mejia JL, Mateos Garcia E. Source: Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 2000; 43: 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11056960&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary and circulating antioxidant vitamins in relation to carotid plaques in middleaged women. Author(s): Iannuzzi A, Celentano E, Panico S, Galasso R, Covetti G, Sacchetti L, Zarrilli F, De Michele M, Rubba P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 582-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198003&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996 May 2; 334(18): 1156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8602181&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary antioxidant vitamins and fiber in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and all-causes mortality: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study. Author(s): Todd S, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Bolton-Smith C. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999 November 15; 150(10): 1073-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10568622&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. Author(s): Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 February 15; 91(4): 563-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251982&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Willett WC. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1999 March 17; 91(6): 547-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10088626&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Author(s): Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, Hiller R, Blair N, Burton TC, Farber MD, Gragoudas ES, Haller J, Miller DT, et al. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 November 9; 272(18): 1413-20. Erratum In: Jama 1995 February 22; 273(8): 622. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7933422&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and macular degeneration. Author(s): Christen WG. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1995 June 21; 273(23): 1835. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7776496&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Author(s): Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996 March 25; 156(6): 637-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8629875&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake of antioxidant (pro)-vitamins, respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function: the MORGEN study. Author(s): Grievink L, Smit HA, Ocke MC, van 't Veer P, Kromhout D. Source: Thorax. 1998 March; 53(3): 166-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9659349&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake of specific carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E, and prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Author(s): Enger SM, Longnecker MP, Chen MJ, Harper JM, Lee ER, Frankl HD, Haile RW. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1996 March; 5(3): 147-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8833613&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber of persons ages 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. Author(s): Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Bischof AM, Caughman CR, Loria CM, Johnson CL. Source: Adv Data. 1994 November 14; (258): 1-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10138938&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake, plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, and oxidative stress in relation to coronary artery disease in elderly subjects. Author(s): Singh RB, Ghosh S, Niaz MA, Singh R, Beegum R, Chibo H, Shoumin Z, Postiglione A. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 December 15; 76(17): 1233-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7503002&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intakes of energy and water-soluble vitamins in different categories of aging. Author(s): van der Wielen RP, de Wild GM, de Groot LC, Hoefnagels WH, van Staveren WA. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 1996 January; 51(1): B100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8548493&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. Author(s): Feskanich D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 May 6; 88(9): 1381-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778065&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary modulations in the prevention of coronary artery disease: a special emphasis on vitamins and fish oil. Author(s): Saldeen TG, Mehta JL. Source: Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2002 September; 17(5): 559-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12357135&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary Reference Intakes: the new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. Author(s): Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 June; 98(6): 699-706. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627630&dopt=Abstract

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Differential lipoprotein transport pathways of K-vitamins in healthy subjects. Author(s): Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 February 15; 1570(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960685&dopt=Abstract

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DNA damage and tumor cell death caused by the combined effect of vitamins B12b and C. Author(s): Akatov VS, Evtodienko YuV, Medvedev AI, Leshchenko VV, Solov'eva ME, Kudryavtsev AA, Lezhnev EI, Yakubovskaya RI. Source: Doklady Biological Sciences : Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Ussr, Biological Sciences Sections / Translated from Russian. 2000 July-August; 373(1-6): 373-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11013835&dopt=Abstract

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Do antioxidant vitamins protect against atherosclerosis? The proof is still lacking*. Author(s): Lonn E. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001 December; 38(7): 1795-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11738276&dopt=Abstract

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Do antioxidants (vitamins C, E) improve outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease? Author(s): Bloom OJ, McDiarmid T, Scoville C. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 November; 51(11): 978. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485557&dopt=Abstract

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Do breastfed infants need supplemental vitamins? Author(s): Greer FR. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 2001 April; 48(2): 415-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339161&dopt=Abstract

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Do the B-vitamins exhibit antinociceptive efficacy in men? Results of a placebocontrolled repeated-measures double-blind study. Author(s): Bromm K, Herrmann WM, Schulz H. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 1995; 31(3): 156-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7609864&dopt=Abstract

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Do vitamins or minerals (apart from lithium) have mood-stabilizing effects? Author(s): Popper CW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2001 December; 62(12): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11780872&dopt=Abstract

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Does dietary intake of vitamins C and E influence lung function in older people? Author(s): Dow L, Tracey M, Villar A, Coggon D, Margetts BM, Campbell MJ, Holgate ST. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1996 November; 154(5): 1401-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8912755&dopt=Abstract

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Drugs, vitamins, and gender. Author(s): Berg MJ. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 1998 September; 1(1): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11279846&dopt=Abstract

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Drugs, vitamins, and gender. Author(s): Berg MJ. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 1999 January-February; 2(1): 18-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252866&dopt=Abstract

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Early high dose antioxidant vitamins do not prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature baboons exposed to prolonged hyperoxia: a pilot study. Author(s): Berger TM, Frei B, Rifai N, Avery ME, Suh J, Yoder BA, Coalson JJ. Source: Pediatric Research. 1998 June; 43(6): 719-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9621979&dopt=Abstract

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Early research into the vitamins: the work of Wilhelm Stepp. Author(s): Wolf G, Carpenter KJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 July; 127(7): 1255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9202076&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of a two-year supplementation with low doses of antioxidant vitamins and/or minerals in elderly subjects on levels of nutrients and antioxidant defense parameters. Author(s): Girodon F, Blache D, Monget AL, Lombart M, Brunet-Lecompte P, Arnaud J, Richard MJ, Galan P. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1997 August; 16(4): 357-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9263186&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of antioxidant vitamins on the transient impairment of endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasoactivity following a single high-fat meal. Author(s): Plotnick GD, Corretti MC, Vogel RA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997 November 26; 278(20): 1682-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9388088&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of antioxidative vitamins on immune function with clinical applications. Author(s): Grimble RF. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997; 67(5): 312-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9350472&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of B-group vitamins and antioxidant vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia: a double-blind, randomized, factorial-design, controlled trial. Author(s): Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, McMaster D, Young IS, Harmon DL, McCrum EE, Patterson CC, Gey KF, Whitehead AS, Evans A. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1998 May; 67(5): 858-66. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 1998 September; 68(3): 758. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583842&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Title LM, Cummings PM, Giddens K, Genest JJ Jr, Nassar BA. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 September; 36(3): 758-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10987596&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of short-term vitamin (folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12) administration on endothelial dysfunction induced by post-methionine load hyperhomocysteinemia. Author(s): Chao CL, Chien KL, Lee YT. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 December 1; 84(11): 1359-61, A8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10614808&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of smoking on serum concentrations of total homocysteine and B vitamins in mid-pregnancy. Author(s): Pagan K, Hou J, Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Tamura T. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 April; 306(1-2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282100&dopt=Abstract

110 Vitamins

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Effect of visible light on selected enzymes, vitamins and amino acids. Author(s): Edwards AM, Silva E. Source: Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology. 2001 October; 63(1-3): 126-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684459&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins A, C and E on normal and HPV-immortalized human oral epithelial cells in culture. Author(s): Mason B, Ghanee N, Haigh WG, Lee SP, Oda D. Source: Anticancer Res. 1999 November-December; 19(6B): 5469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697579&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins and aspirin on markers of platelet activation, oxidative stress and homocysteine in people at high risk of dementia. Author(s): Clarke R, Harrison G, Richards S; Vital Trial Collaborative Group. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2003 July; 254(1): 67-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823643&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins C and E on progression of transplant-associated arteriosclerosis: a randomised trial. Author(s): Fang JC, Kinlay S, Beltrame J, Hikiti H, Wainstein M, Behrendt D, Suh J, Frei B, Mudge GH, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 30; 359(9312): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943259&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins C and E on vascular reactivity. Author(s): Kaufman JL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1998 April 8; 279(14): 1069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9546563&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins E and C on transplant-associated atherosclerosis. Author(s): Zhelev Z, Bakalova R. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 10; 360(9331): 487; Discussion 487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241740&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins E and C on transplant-associated atherosclerosis. Author(s): de Lorgeril M, Salen P. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 10; 360(9331): 486-7, Author Reply 487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241739&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins E and C on transplant-associated atherosclerosis. Author(s): Violi F, Loffredo L, Maranghi M. Source: Lancet. 2002 August 10; 360(9331): 486; Author Reply 487. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12241738&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of vitamins on the lipid profile of patients on regular hemodialysis. Author(s): Khajehdehi P. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 2000 February; 34(1): 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757273&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of antioxidant vitamins on anti-IgE-induced mediator release from human basophils. Author(s): Strenzke N, Grabbe J, Plath KE, Wolff HH, Gibbs BF. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society. [et Al.]. 2001 April; 50 Suppl 2: S49-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11411599&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of antioxidant vitamins on renal and hepatic erythropoietin production. Author(s): Jelkmann W, Pagel H, Hellwig T, Fandrey J. Source: Kidney International. 1997 February; 51(2): 497-501. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9027729&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of fruits and vegetables on levels of vitamins E and C in the brain and their association with cognitive performance. Author(s): Martin A, Cherubini A, Andres-Lacueva C, Paniagua M, Joseph J. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2002; 6(6): 392-404. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459890&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Author(s): McDuffie JR, Calis KA, Booth SL, Uwaifo GI, Yanovski JA. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2002 July; 22(7): 814-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126214&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of reduced-fat diets consumed ad libitum on intake of nutrients, particularly antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Swinburn BA, Woollard GA, Chang EC, Wilson MR. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1999 November; 99(11): 1400-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10570677&dopt=Abstract

112 Vitamins

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Effects of serum B vitamins on elevated plasma homocysteine levels associated with the mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in Japanese. Author(s): Moriyama Y, Okamura T, Kajinami K, Iso H, Inazu A, Kawashiri M, Mizuno M, Takeda Y, Sakamoto Y, Kimura H, Suzuki H, Mabuchi H. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 October; 164(2): 321-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204804&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplementation with a combination of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements, at nutritional doses, on biochemical indicators and markers of the antioxidant system in adult subjects. Author(s): Preziosi P, Galan P, Herbeth B, Valeix P, Roussel AM, Malvy D, PaulDauphin A, Arnaud J, Richard MJ, Briancon S, Favier A, Hercberg S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998 June; 17(3): 244-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9627910&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of supplementation with folic acid and antioxidant vitamins on homocysteine levels and LDL oxidation in coronary patients. Author(s): Bunout D, Garrido A, Suazo M, Kauffman R, Venegas P, de la Maza P, Petermann M, Hirsch S. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 February; 16(2): 107-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696633&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of three-month oral supplementation of beta-carotene and vitamin C on serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins in middle-aged subjects: a pilot study for a randomized controlled trial to prevent gastric cancer in high-risk Japanese population. Author(s): Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, Okubo S, Hayashi M, Kakizoe T, Tsugane S. Source: Japanese Journal of Cancer Research : Gann. 2000 May; 91(5): 464-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10835489&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of vitamins C and E on cytotoxicity induced by N-nitroso compounds, Nnitrosomorpholine and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Caco-2 and V79 cell lines. Author(s): Robichova S, Slamenova D. Source: Cancer Letters. 2002 August 8; 182(1): 11-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12175518&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of vitamins E, C and catalase on bromobenzene- and hydrogen peroxideinduced intracellular oxidation and DNA single-strand breakage in Hep G2 cells. Author(s): Wu J, Karlsson K, Danielsson A. Source: Journal of Hepatology. 1997 March; 26(3): 669-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9075676&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of young barley leaf extract and antioxidative vitamins on LDL oxidation and free radical scavenging activities in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Yu YM, Chang WC, Chang CT, Hsieh CL, Tsai CE. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2002 April; 28(2): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976562&dopt=Abstract

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Emerging relationships of vitamins and cancer risks. Author(s): Combs GF Jr. Source: Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 1998 November; 1(6): 519-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565404&dopt=Abstract

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Emerging scientific evidence. Vitamin K and bone metabolism: effects of vitamins on behaviour and cognition. Author(s): Rambeck WA, Stahelin HB. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 2001; (55): 206-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125580&dopt=Abstract

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Endemic goitre and plasmatic levels of vitamins A and E in the school-children on the island of Krk, Croatia. Author(s): Mesaros-Kanjski E, Kontosic I, Kusic Z, Kaic-Rak A, Dakovic N, Kuser J, Antonic K. Source: Coll Antropol. 1999 December; 23(2): 729-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10646250&dopt=Abstract

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Endogenous antioxidant activities in relation to concurrent vitamins A, C, and E intake in dementia. Author(s): Tabet N, Mantle D, Walker Z, Orrell M. Source: Int Psychogeriatr. 2002 March; 14(1): 7-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12094909&dopt=Abstract

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Enteral feeding with a solution enriched with antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E enhances the resistance to oxidative stress. Author(s): Preiser JC, Van Gossum A, Berre J, Vincent JL, Carpentier Y. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2000 December; 28(12): 3828-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153621&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiologic evidence linking antioxidant vitamins to pulmonary function and airway obstruction. Author(s): Schunemann HJ, Freudenheim JL, Grant BJ. Source: Epidemiologic Reviews. 2001; 23(2): 248-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192736&dopt=Abstract

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Essential hypertension in adolescents: association with insulin resistance and with metabolism of homocysteine and vitamins. Author(s): Kahleova R, Palyzova D, Zvara K, Zvarova J, Hrach K, Novakova I, Hyanek J, Bendlova B, Kozich V. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 October; 15(10 Pt 1): 857-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372672&dopt=Abstract

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Exercise, free radical generation and vitamins. Author(s): Giuliani A, Cestaro B. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1997 March; 6 Suppl 1: S55-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167140&dopt=Abstract

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Experimental approaches to nutrition and cancer: fats, calories, vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Good RA, Lorenz E, Engelman R, Day NK. Source: Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1990; 7(2-3): 183-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2232935&dopt=Abstract

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Expressions of some molecular cancer risk factors and their modification by vitamins. Author(s): Prasad KN, Edwards-Prasad J. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1990 February; 9(1): 28-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2407765&dopt=Abstract

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Fat loading experiments with the vitamins A and E suggest that in postprandial lipemia transfer/diffusion of chylomicron lipids to VLDL contributes to beta-VLDL formation. Author(s): Demacker PN, Bredie SJ, Hectors MP, Stalenhoef AF. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1998 December; 141 Suppl 1: S109-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9888653&dopt=Abstract

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Fat soluble vitamins and cancer localization associated to an abnormal ketone derivative of D3 vitamin: carcinomedin. Author(s): Rougereau A, Person O, Rougereau G. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1987; 57(4): 367-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3440711&dopt=Abstract

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Fat soluble vitamins in liposomes: studies on incorporation efficiency and bile salt induced vesicle disintegration. Author(s): Kirilenko VN, Gregoriadis G. Source: Journal of Drug Targeting. 1993; 1(4): 361-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8069579&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins and their importance in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Author(s): Sokol RJ. Source: Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 1994 December; 23(4): 673-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7698827&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in cord blood and colostrum in the south of China. Author(s): Tamai H, Mingci Z, Kawamura N, Kuno T, Ogihara T, Mino M. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1996; 66(3): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899455&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Rayner RJ. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1992 August; 51(2): 245-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1438333&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in human milk. Author(s): Lammi-Keefe CJ, Jensen RG. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1984 November; 42(11): 365-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6396543&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in infants identified by cystic fibrosis newborn screening. Author(s): Sokol RJ, Reardon MC, Accurso FJ, Stall C, Narkewicz MR, Abman SH, Hammond KB. Source: Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1991; 7: 52-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1782131&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in patients with acute renal failure. Author(s): Druml W, Schwarzenhofer M, Apsner R, Horl WH. Source: Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism. 1998; 24(4): 220-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9554560&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in patients with chronic pancreatitis (pancreatic insufficiency). Author(s): Nakamura T, Takebe K, Imamura K, Tando Y, Yamada N, Arai Y, Terada A, Ishii M, Kikuchi H, Suda T. Source: Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1996 January-March; 59(1): 10-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8686411&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in the eighth revision of the recommended dietary allowances. Author(s): Bieri JG. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1974 February; 64(2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4812794&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins in the maternal diet, influence of cod liver oil supplementation and impact of the maternal diet on human milk composition. Author(s): Olafsdottir AS, Wagner KH, Thorsdottir I, Elmadfa I. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2001; 45(6): 265-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11786649&dopt=Abstract

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Fat-soluble vitamins. Author(s): James A. Source: Lancet. 1995 January 7; 345(8941): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7799735&dopt=Abstract

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Folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12: relation to homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Kok FJ. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 2001; (55): 189-91. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125576&dopt=Abstract

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Food (and vitamins) for thought. Author(s): Toole JF, Jack CR. Source: Neurology. 2002 May 28; 58(10): 1449-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12034777&dopt=Abstract

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Food, vitamins and IQ. Author(s): Nelson M. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1991 March; 50(1): 29-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1881927&dopt=Abstract

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Foods contributing to absolute intake and variance in intake of selected vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber in middle-aged Japanese. Author(s): Imaeda N, Tokudome Y, Ikeda M, Kitagawa I, Fujiwara N, Tokudome S. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1999 October; 45(5): 519-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10683805&dopt=Abstract

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Footnotes to food tables. 2. The underestimations of intakes of lesser B vitamins by pregnant and lactating women as calculated using the fourth edition of McCance and Widdowson's 'The composition of foods'. Author(s): Black AE, Paul AA, Hall C. Source: Hum Nutr Appl Nutr. 1985 February; 39(1): 19-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4019252&dopt=Abstract

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Fortification of foods with vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Mertz W. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1977 November 30; 300: 151-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=279267&dopt=Abstract

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Forum on ethics. Vitamins or virtue? Author(s): Pettigrove J. Source: Tex Med. 1998 October; 94(10): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9786012&dopt=Abstract

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Free radicals, the vitamins A, and cancer. Author(s): Caldwell JE. Source: Alaska Med. 1987 September-October; 29(4): 134-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3425854&dopt=Abstract

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Fruits and vegetables increase plasma carotenoids and vitamins and decrease homocysteine in humans. Author(s): Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars IA, Schuurman CR, Verhagen H, van den Berg H, Kok FJ, van Poppel G. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 June; 130(6): 1578-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10827213&dopt=Abstract

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Fully automated determination of vitamins A and E in milk-based products using a robotic station-HPLC arrangement. Author(s): Gamiz-Gracia L, Velasco-Arjona A, Luque de Castro MD. Source: The Analyst. 1999 May; 124(5): 801-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616742&dopt=Abstract

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Function of the fat-soluble vitamins. Author(s): DeLuca HF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1975 April; 28(4): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=164114&dopt=Abstract

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Functions of antioxidant vitamins beyond RDAs. Author(s): Diplock AT, van Poppel G. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 2001; (55): 196-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125578&dopt=Abstract

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Future trends in nutrition: vitamins and minerals major. Author(s): Cuthbertson DP. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1975; (21): 24-56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1230153&dopt=Abstract

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Gastric by-pass surgery in morbidly obese patients markedly decreases serum levels of vitamins A and C and iron in the peri-operative period. Author(s): Nanji AA, Freeman JB. Source: International Journal of Obesity. 1985; 9(3): 177-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4055225&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic defects in vitamin utilization. Part I: General aspects and fat-solumbe vitamins. Author(s): Elsas LJ, McCormick DB. Source: Vitam Horm. 1986; 43: 103-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3538647&dopt=Abstract

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Genotoxicity of idarubicin and its modulation by vitamins C and E and amifostine. Author(s): Blasiak J, Gloc E, Wozniak K, Mlynarski W, Stolarska M, Skorski T, Majsterek I. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2002 April 20; 140(1): 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044557&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines and available products for parenteral vitamins and trace elements. Author(s): Kelly DG. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5 Suppl): S34-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216718&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for the use of vitamins, trace elements, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in infants and children receiving total parenteral nutrition: report of the Subcommittee on Pediatric Parenteral Nutrient Requirements from the Committee on Clinical Practice Issues of the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Author(s): Greene HL, Hambidge KM, Schanler R, Tsang RC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 November; 48(5): 1324-42. Review. Erratum In: Am J Clin Nutr 1989 June; 49(6): 1332. Am J Clin Nutr 1989 September; 50(3): 560. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3142247&dopt=Abstract

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Herbal vitamins: lead toxicity and developmental delay. Author(s): Moore C, Adler R. Source: Pediatrics. 2000 September; 106(3): 600-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969109&dopt=Abstract

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High doses of multiple antioxidant vitamins: essential ingredients in improving the efficacy of standard cancer therapy. Author(s): Prasad KN, Kumar A, Kochupillai V, Cole WC. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1999 February; 18(1): 13-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10067654&dopt=Abstract

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High intake of selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamins A, C, and E reduces growth of Helicobacter pylori in the guinea pig. Author(s): Sjunnesson H, Sturegard E, Willen R, Wadstrom T. Source: Comp Med. 2001 October; 51(5): 418-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11924801&dopt=Abstract

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High-performance liquid chromatographic method for routine determination of vitamins A and E and beta-carotene in plasma. Author(s): Lee BL, Chua SC, Ong HY, Ong CN. Source: Journal of Chromatography. 1992 October 2; 581(1): 41-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1430006&dopt=Abstract

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History and classical functions of vitamins. Author(s): Pietrzik K, Dierkes J. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1995; (52): 7-19. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8779653&dopt=Abstract

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Homocyst(e)ine metabolism in hemodialysis patients treated with vitamins B6, B12 and folate. Author(s): Henning BF, Zidek W, Riezler R, Graefe U, Tepel M. Source: Research in Experimental Medicine. Zeitschrift Fur Die Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin Einschliesslich Experimenteller Chirurgie. 2001 March; 200(3): 155-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426667&dopt=Abstract

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Homocyst(e)ine, vitamins and genetic interactions in vascular disease. Author(s): Malinow MR. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1999 April; 15 Suppl B: 31B-34B. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10350683&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine and B vitamins in dementia. Author(s): Leblhuber F, Walli J, Widner B, Artner-Dworzak E, Fuchs D, Vrecko K. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 January; 73(1): 127-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11124762&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine and B-group vitamins in renal transplant patients. Author(s): Woodside JV, Fogarty DG, Lightbody JH, Loughrey CM, Yarnell JW, Maxwell AP, Young IS. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1999 April; 282(1-2): 157-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10340444&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine and coronary artery disease in French Canadian subjects: relation with vitamins B12, B6, pyridoxal phosphate, and folate. Author(s): Dalery K, Lussier-Cacan S, Selhub J, Davignon J, Latour Y, Genest J Jr. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1995 June 1; 75(16): 1107-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7762494&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine and vitamins in cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Jacobsen DW. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1998 August; 44(8 Pt 2): 1833-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9702993&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine metabolism and risk of myocardial infarction: relation with vitamins B6, B12, and folate. Author(s): Verhoef P, Stampfer MJ, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Allen RH, Stabler SP, Reynolds RD, Kok FJ, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996 May 1; 143(9): 845-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8610698&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, B vitamins, and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Cheng TO. Source: Circulation. 1999 January 26; 99(3): 459-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918639&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive deficit in the elderly. Author(s): Smith AD. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 75(5): 785-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976150&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, B vitamins, and coronary artery disease. Author(s): Seshadri N, Robinson K. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 2000 January; 84(1): 215-37, X. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10685136&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Robinson K. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2000 February; 83(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648479&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, B vitamins, and vascular-access thrombosis in patients treated with hemodialysis. Author(s): Tamura T, Bergman SM, Morgan SL. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 1998 September; 32(3): 475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9740165&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and habitual diet in the French Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals Study. Author(s): Mennen LI, de Courcy GP, Guilland JC, Ducros V, Bertrais S, Nicolas JP, Maurel M, Zarebska M, Favier A, Franchisseur C, Hercberg S, Galan P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 December; 76(6): 1279-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450894&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, cystathionine, methylmalonic acid and B-vitamins in patients with renal disease. Author(s): Herrmann W, Schorr H, Geisel J, Riegel W. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2001 August; 39(8): 739-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11592444&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, cysteine, and B vitamins as predictors of kidney disease progression. Author(s): Sarnak MJ, Wang SR, Beck GJ, Kusek JW, Selhub J, Greene T, Levey AS. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 November; 40(5): 932-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12407637&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, folic acid, B vitamins and cardiovascular risk. Author(s): Blacher J, Safar ME. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(3): 196-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458292&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, its metabolites, and B-group vitamins in renal transplant patients. Author(s): Stein G, Muller A, Busch M, Fleck C, Sperschneider H. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 2001 February; 78: S262-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11169023&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and the Bvitamins: a facet of nature-nurture interplay. Author(s): Herrmann W, Obeid R, Schorr H, Zarzour W, Geisel J. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2003 April; 41(4): 547-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12747601&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, vitamins and arterial occlusive disease: an overview. Author(s): Rosenberg IH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1996 April; 126(4 Suppl): 1235S-7S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642462&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, vitamins and gene mutations in peripheral arterial disease. Author(s): Stricker H, Soldati G, Balmelli T, Mombelli G. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2001 September; 12(6): 469-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11555700&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, vitamins and sex. Author(s): Hockly E, Brown MJ. Source: European Heart Journal. 1999 September; 20(17): 1222-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454973&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, vitamins B6, B12, folate, and risk of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. Author(s): Abdelmouttaleb I, Danchin N, Aimone-Gastin I, Namour F, Angioi M, Gelot MA, Bennani N, Lambert D, Jeandel C, Gueant JL. Source: Amino Acids. 2000; 18(2): 139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10817406&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, vitamins, and cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Kuller LH, Evans RW. Source: Circulation. 1998 July 21; 98(3): 196-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9697817&dopt=Abstract

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Homocysteine, vitamins, and coronary artery disease. Comprehensive review of the literature. Author(s): Taylor BV, Oudit GY, Evans M. Source: Can Fam Physician. 2000 November; 46: 2236-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143583&dopt=Abstract

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Hormones, vitamins, and growth factors in cancer treatment and prevention. A critical appraisal. Author(s): Lupulescu AP. Source: Cancer. 1996 December 1; 78(11): 2264-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8940995&dopt=Abstract

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How drugs act 7. Vitamins. Author(s): Smith SE. Source: Nurs Times. 1975 August 7; 71(32): 1256-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1153340&dopt=Abstract

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How drugs act. Seven. Vitamins. Author(s): Smith S. Source: Nurs Times. 1985 January 16-22; 81(3): 35-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3844203&dopt=Abstract

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How valuable are vitamins? Author(s): Marks J. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1989 February; 4(2): 34-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2770851&dopt=Abstract

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How valuable are vitamins? Author(s): Marks J. Source: Nurs Rsa. 1989 January; 4(1): 22-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2704392&dopt=Abstract

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How vitamins affect performance. Author(s): Brouns F, Saris W. Source: The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1989 December; 29(4): 4004. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2697787&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocyst(e)inemia, related vitamins and dementias. Author(s): Delport R. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2000; 4(4): 195-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115799&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: relations to folic acid and vitamins B(6) and B(12) status. Author(s): Cravo ML, Camilo ME. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2000 April; 16(4): 296-302. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10758367&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients: effects of 12-month supplementation with hydrosoluble vitamins. Author(s): Tremblay R, Bonnardeaux A, Geadah D, Busque L, Lebrun M, Ouimet D, Leblanc M. Source: Kidney International. 2000 August; 58(2): 851-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10916110&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocysteinemia in high-aged subjects: relation of B-vitamins, folic acid, renal function and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutation. Author(s): Herrmann W, Quast S, Ullrich M, Schultze H, Bodis M, Geisel J. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1999 May; 144(1): 91-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10381282&dopt=Abstract

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Hyperhomocysteinemia, vascular function and atherosclerosis: effects of vitamins. Author(s): Haynes WG. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 September; 16(5): 391-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652108&dopt=Abstract

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I'm a 65-year-old woman in good health. What vitamins should I be taking? Author(s): Blackburn GL. Source: Health News. 2002 February; 8(2): 12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862836&dopt=Abstract

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Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Author(s): de la Fuente M, Ferrandez MD, Burgos MS, Soler A, Prieto A, Miquel J. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1998 April; 76(4): 373-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9795745&dopt=Abstract

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Impairment of endothelial functions by acute hyperhomocysteinemia and reversal by antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Nappo F, De Rosa N, Marfella R, De Lucia D, Ingrosso D, Perna AF, Farzati B, Giugliano D. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1999 June 9; 281(22): 2113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10367822&dopt=Abstract

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Improved vascular endothelial function after oral B vitamins: An effect mediated through reduced concentrations of free plasma homocysteine. Author(s): Chambers JC, Ueland PM, Obeid OA, Wrigley J, Refsum H, Kooner JS. Source: Circulation. 2000 November 14; 102(20): 2479-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11076820&dopt=Abstract

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Inadequate reducing systems in pre-eclampsia: a complementary role for vitamins C and E with thioredoxin-related activities. Author(s): Stark JM. Source: Bjog : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2001 April; 108(4): 339-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11305538&dopt=Abstract

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Increased oxidation of LDL in patients with coronary artery disease is independent from dietary vitamins E and C. Author(s): Halevy D, Thiery J, Nagel D, Arnold S, Erdmann E, Hofling B, Cremer P, Seidel D. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997 July; 17(7): 1432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9261277&dopt=Abstract

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Induction of apoptosis by cooperative action of vitamins C and E. Author(s): Satoh K, Ida Y, Hosaka M, Arakawa H, Maeda M, Ishihara M, Kunii S, Kanda Y, Toguchi M, Sakagami H. Source: Anticancer Res. 1998 November-December; 18(6A): 4371-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9891494&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of a probiotic yoghurt on the status of vitamins B(1), B(2) and B(6) in the healthy adult human. Author(s): Elmadfa I, Heinzle C, Majchrzak D, Foissy H. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 2001; 45(1): 13-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11244182&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of caesarean delivery and maternal factors on fat-soluble vitamins in blood from cord and neonates. Author(s): Gonzalez-Corbella MJ, Lopez-Sabater MC, Castellote-Bargallo AI, CampoyFolgoso C, Rivero-Urgell M. Source: Early Human Development. 1998 December; 53 Suppl: S121-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102660&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of enrichment with vitamins and minerals on the bioavailability of iron in cows' milk. Author(s): Perez A, Lorenzo ML, Cabrera C, Lopez MC. Source: The Journal of Dairy Research. 2002 August; 69(3): 473-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369417&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Gesch CB, Hammond SM, Hampson SE, Eves A, Crowder MJ. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 July; 181: 22-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091259&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of vitamins C and E on cytotoxic activity of adriamycin in chosen cell cultures. Author(s): Wozniak G, Anuszewska EL. Source: Acta Pol Pharm. 2002 January-February; 59(1): 31-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12026110&dopt=Abstract

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Influence on bone metabolism of dietary trace elements, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Author(s): Sarazin M, Alexandre C, Thomas T. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2000; 67(5): 408-18. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11143907&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Yochum LA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 August; 72(2): 476-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10919944&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Author(s): Hirvonen T, Virtamo J, Korhonen P, Albanes D, Pietinen P. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 2000 October; 31(10): 2301-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11022054&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. Author(s): Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 1999 April; 10(4): 840-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10203369&dopt=Abstract

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Intake of vitamins E, C, and A and risk of lung cancer. The NHANES I epidemiologic followup study. First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Yong LC, Brown CC, Schatzkin A, Dresser CM, Slesinski MJ, Cox CS, Taylor PR. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 August 1; 146(3): 231-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247007&dopt=Abstract

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Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study. Author(s): Michaud DS, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtanen M, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 960-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434284&dopt=Abstract

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Intakes of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, vitamin supplements, and PD risk. Author(s): Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Chen H, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Source: Neurology. 2002 October 22; 59(8): 1161-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391343&dopt=Abstract

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Interaction of ethanol with drugs, hepatotoxic agents, carcinogens and vitamins. Author(s): Lieber CS. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1990; 25(2-3): 157-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2198032&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between drugs and vitamins at advanced age. Author(s): Schumann K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 May; 69(3): 173-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389024&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between vitamins and drugs. Author(s): Heins JR. Source: S D J Med. 2002 February; 55(2): 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11865708&dopt=Abstract

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Interactions between vitamins C and E in human subjects. Author(s): Hamilton IM, Gilmore WS, Benzie IF, Mulholland CW, Strain JJ. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2000 September; 84(3): 261-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10967604&dopt=Abstract

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Interventional studies concerning the role of antioxidant vitamins in cardiovascular diseases: a review. Author(s): Czernichow S, Hercberg S. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(3): 188-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11458291&dopt=Abstract

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Interventional therapy with megadose of antioxidant vitamins in patients with acute myocardial infarction: could we throw caution to the winds? Author(s): Anand U, Anand CV, Chandrika C, Agarwal R. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1997 September 15; 80(6): 823-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9315605&dopt=Abstract

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Intestinal absorption of water-soluble vitamins focus on “Molecular mechanism of the intestinal biotin transport process”. Author(s): Ramaswamy K. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1999 October; 277(4 Pt 1): C603-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10516088&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous vitamins for alcoholics in the emergency department: a review. Author(s): Krishel S, SaFranek D, Clark RF. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1998 May-June; 16(3): 419-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9610970&dopt=Abstract

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Iron absorption from prenatal vitamins. Author(s): Akrabawi SS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1998 October; 43(10): 924. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9800682&dopt=Abstract

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Iron, folate and vitamins B12 & C dietary intake of an elderly institutionalized population in Leon, Spain. Author(s): Garcia-Arias MT, Villarino Rodriguez A, Garcia-Linares MC, Rocandio AM, Garcia-Fernandez MC. Source: Nutr Hosp. 2003 July-August; 18(4): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884479&dopt=Abstract

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Is it really time to perform large intervention trials with antioxidant vitamins to prevent cardiovascular disease? Author(s): Bellomo G. Source: Pharmacological Research : the Official Journal of the Italian Pharmacological Society. 1999 September; 40(3): 207-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10479463&dopt=Abstract

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Johns Hopkins conjoint clinic on vitamins. Author(s): Graham GG. Source: J Chronic Dis. 1966 October; 19(10): 1067-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5966766&dopt=Abstract

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Jun-Fos and receptors for vitamins A and D recognize a common response element in the human osteocalcin gene. Author(s): Schule R, Umesono K, Mangelsdorf DJ, Bolado J, Pike JW, Evans RM. Source: Cell. 1990 May 4; 61(3): 497-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2159384&dopt=Abstract

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K vitamins, PTP antagonism, and cell growth arrest. Author(s): Carr BI, Wang Z, Kar S. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2002 December; 193(3): 263-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384979&dopt=Abstract

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Keratosis follicularis. (Darier's disease). Response to simultaneous administration of vitamins A and E. Author(s): Ayres S Jr, Mihan R. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1972 December; 106(6): 909-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4639259&dopt=Abstract

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Know how vitamins and minerals. Author(s): MacDonald A. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 May 21-27; 93(21): 72-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9197786&dopt=Abstract

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Know how vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Hoffman A. Source: Nurs Times. 1999 December 1-7; 95(48): 66-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096940&dopt=Abstract

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Know how vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Hegney T. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 December 3-9; 93(49): 60-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9429503&dopt=Abstract

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Know how. Vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Robbins L. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 February 19-25; 93(8): 66-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9095978&dopt=Abstract

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Know how. Vitamins and minerals. Part Six. Author(s): Miller A. Source: Nurs Times. 1997 September 24-30; 93(39): 34-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9355546&dopt=Abstract

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Know how: vitamins and minerals. Part One. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements fundamental to recovery. Author(s): Shalaby S. Source: Nurs Times. 1996 June 26-July 2; 92(26): 72-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8717706&dopt=Abstract

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Leaf-protein concentrate as a source of vitamins. Author(s): Bray W, Aylward F. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1976 May; 35(1): 6A-7A. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=940839&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins. Author(s): Schrogie JJ. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 April 7; 232(1): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1172961&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Ischaemic heart disease, vitamins D and A, and magnesium. Author(s): Seelig MS. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 September 13; 3(5984): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1164649&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Vitamins and oral contraceptive use. Author(s): Shojania AM. Source: Lancet. 1975 May 24; 1(7917): 1198. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=48823&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Vitamins and oral contraceptives. Author(s): Harris AB, Pillay M, Hussein S. Source: Lancet. 1975 July 12; 2(7924): 82-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=49685&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Vitamins and the elderly. Author(s): Berry WT, Darke SJ. Source: Lancet. 1974 July 6; 2(7871): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4134432&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Vitamins in the elderly. Author(s): Taylor G. Source: Lancet. 1974 July 27; 2(7874): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4135627&dopt=Abstract

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Letter:Vitamins C and B12. Author(s): Afroz M, Bhothinard B, Etzkorn JR, Horenstein S, McGarry JD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975 April 21; 232(3): 246. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1173112&dopt=Abstract

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Life-threatening eosinophilic pleuropericardial effusion related to vitamins B5 and H. Author(s): Debourdeau PM, Djezzar S, Estival JL, Zammit CM, Richard RC, Castot AC. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2001 April; 35(4): 424-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302404&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid altering or antioxidant vitamins for patients with coronary disease and very low HDL cholesterol? The HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study Design. Author(s): Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Frohlich J, Cheung M, Heise N, Dowdy A, DeAngelis D, Fisher LD, Albers J. Source: The Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 1998 April; 14 Suppl A: 6A-13A. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9594927&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant vitamins C and E in hypertensive patients. Author(s): Wen Y, Killalea S, McGettigan P, Feely J. Source: Ir J Med Sci. 1996 July-September; 165(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824028&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant vitamins prior to, during, and after correction of diabetic ketoacidosis. Author(s): Lee DM, Hoffman WH, Carl GF, Khichi M, Cornwell PE. Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 2002 July-August; 16(4): 294-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12126788&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme endurance stress. Author(s): Rokitzki L, Logemann E, Sagredos AN, Murphy M, Wetzel-Roth W, Keul J. Source: Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1994 June; 151(2): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942049&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid peroxidation and diabetic complications: effect of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Author(s): Vinson J, Hsu C, Possanza C, Drack A, Pane D, Davis R, Klock C, Graser K, Wang X. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1994; 366: 430-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7771282&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid peroxidation as pathway of aluminium cytotoxicity in human skin fibroblast cultures: prevention by superoxide dismutase+catalase and vitamins E and C. Author(s): Anane R, Creppy EE. Source: Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2001 September; 20(9): 477-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11776410&dopt=Abstract

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Lipid soluble vitamins in gene regulation. Author(s): Carlberg C. Source: Biofactors (Oxford, England). 1999; 10(2-3): 91-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10609868&dopt=Abstract

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Lipids in human milk: a review. 2: Composition and fat-soluble vitamins. Author(s): Lammi-Keefe CJ, Jensen RG. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1984 March; 3(2): 172-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6368788&dopt=Abstract

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Lipoperoxidation in plasma and red blood cells of patients undergoing haemodialysis: vitamins A, E, and iron status. Author(s): Peuchant E, Carbonneau MA, Dubourg L, Thomas MJ, Perromat A, Vallot C, Clerc M. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 1994 March; 16(3): 339-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8063197&dopt=Abstract

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Liposoluble vitamins and lipid parameters in breast cancer. A joint study in northern Italy and southern France. Author(s): Gerber M, Cavallo F, Marubini E, Richardson S, Barbieri A, Capitelli E, Costa A, Crastes de Paulet A, Crastes de Paulet P, Decarli A, et al. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1988 October 15; 42(4): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3170022&dopt=Abstract

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Liposoluble vitamins and naturally occurring carotenoids in porphyria cutanea tarda. Author(s): Rocchi E, Stella AM, Cassanelli M, Borghi A, Nardella N, Seium Y, Casalgrandi G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1995 July; 25(7): 510-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7556369&dopt=Abstract

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Liposoluble vitamins E and A in human renal cortex and renal cell carcinomas. Author(s): Nikiforova NV, Kirpatovsky VI, Darenkov AF, Chumakov AM, Sevrukov EA, Darenkov SP. Source: Nephron. 1995; 69(4): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7777111&dopt=Abstract

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Liposoluble vitamins in pediatrics. Author(s): Viegas D, Singal JL. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. 1983; 24: 147-54. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6414966&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal changes in the intake of vitamins and minerals of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators. Author(s): Amorim Cruz JA, Moreiras O, Brzozowska A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 July; 50 Suppl 2: S77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8841787&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Author(s): Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, Khu PM, Rogers G, Friend J, Tung W, Wolfe JK, Padhye N, Willett WC. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 March; 75(3): 540-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864861&dopt=Abstract

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Low levels of serum vitamins A and E in blood and subsequent risk for cervical cancer: interaction with HPV seropositivity. Author(s): Lehtinen M, Luostarinen T, Youngman LD, Anttila T, Dillner J, Hakulinen T, Koskela P, Lenner P, Hallmans G. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(2): 229-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10578492&dopt=Abstract

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Low levels of vitamins A, C and E in Nigerian children with spina bifida cystica. Author(s): Ette SI, Adeloye A. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1982 May; 28(5): 116-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7127454&dopt=Abstract

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Low plasma antioxidants and normal plasma B vitamins and homocysteine in patients with severe obesity. Author(s): Reitman A, Friedrich I, Ben-Amotz A, Levy Y. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 August; 4(8): 590-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183861&dopt=Abstract

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Low plasma vitamins E and C. Increased risk of angina in Scottish men. Author(s): Riemersma RA, Wood DA, Macintyre CC, Elton R, Gey KF, Oliver MF. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1989; 570: 291-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2629598&dopt=Abstract

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Low-density lipoprotein oxidation and vitamins E and C in sustained and white-coat hypertension. Author(s): Pierdomenico SD, Costantini F, Bucci A, De Cesare D, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A. Source: Hypertension. 1998 February; 31(2): 621-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9461231&dopt=Abstract

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Lung function in relation to intake of carotenoids and other antioxidant vitamins in a population-based study. Author(s): Schunemann HJ, McCann S, Grant BJ, Trevisan M, Muti P, Freudenheim JL. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 March 1; 155(5): 463-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867358&dopt=Abstract

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Malabsorption of liposoluble vitamins in a child with bile acid deficiency. Author(s): Vanderpas JB, Koopman BJ, Cadranel S, Vandenbergen C, Rickaert F, Quenon M, Wolthers BG, Brauherz G, Vertongen F, Tondeur M. Source: Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 1987 January-February; 6(1): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3794931&dopt=Abstract

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Male fertility: a possible role of vitamins. Author(s): Kodentsova VM, Vrzesinskaya OA, Spirichev VB. Source: Ukr Biokhim Zh. 1994 September-October; 66(5): 17-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7747339&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal consumption of cured meats and vitamins in relation to pediatric brain tumors. Author(s): Preston-Martin S, Pogoda JM, Mueller BA, Holly EA, Lijinsky W, Davis RL. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1996 August; 5(8): 599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824361&dopt=Abstract

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Maternal periconceptional vitamins: interactions with selected factors and congenital anomalies? Author(s): Shaw GM, Nelson V, Carmichael SL, Lammer EJ, Finnell RH, Rosenquist TH. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 November; 13(6): 625-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410002&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of K vitamins in human and animal feces by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Author(s): Sakano T, Nagaoka T, Morimoto A, Hirauchi K. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986 October; 34(10): 4322-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3829166&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of K vitamins in human and animal plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. Author(s): Hirauchi K, Sakano T, Morimoto A. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1986 February; 34(2): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3708734&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of lipid-soluble vitamins--further adjustment needed? Author(s): Traber MG, Jialal I. Source: Lancet. 2000 June 10; 355(9220): 2013-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885350&dopt=Abstract

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Measurements of the major isoforms of vitamins A and E and carotenoids in the blood of people with spinal-cord injuries. Author(s): Burri BJ, Dopler-Nelson M, Neidllinger TR. Source: J Chromatogr A. 2003 February 14; 987(1-2): 359-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12613829&dopt=Abstract

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Mega-dose vitamins and minerals in the treatment of non-metastatic breast cancer: an historical cohort study. Author(s): Lesperance ML, Olivotto IA, Forde N, Zhao Y, Speers C, Foster H, Tsao M, MacPherson N, Hoffer A. Source: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 2002 November; 76(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12452451&dopt=Abstract

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Megadose vitamins in bladder cancer: a double-blind clinical trial. Author(s): Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Shriver JS, vanGilder PF, Rach JF, DeHaven JI. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 January; 151(1): 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8254816&dopt=Abstract

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Megadose vitamins. Use and misuse. Author(s): Rudman D, Williams PJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 August 25; 309(8): 488-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6308448&dopt=Abstract

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Megalin- and cubilin-mediated endocytosis of protein-bound vitamins, lipids, and hormones in polarized epithelia. Author(s): Moestrup SK, Verroust PJ. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 2001; 21: 407-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11375443&dopt=Abstract

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Mental health and the use of alcohol, tobacco, analgesics and vitamins in a secondary school population. Author(s): Henderson S, Lewis IC, Howell RH, Rayner KJ. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1981 February; 63(2): 186-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7234476&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic characteristics of healthy adult males as affected by ingestion of a liquid nutritional formula containing fish oil, oligosaccharides, gum arabic and antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Campbell JM, Fahey GC Jr, Demichele SJ, Garleb KA. Source: Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1997 December; 35(12): 1165-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9449222&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic effects of ethanol and its interaction with other drugs, hepatotoxic agents, vitamins, and carcinogens: a 1988 update. Author(s): Lieber CS. Source: Seminars in Liver Disease. 1988 February; 8(1): 47-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3283942&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic role of vitamins A and D. Author(s): Wasserman RH, Corradino RA. Source: Annual Review of Biochemistry. 1971; 40: 501-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4330580&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of ethanol and associated interactions with other drugs, carcinogens, and vitamins. Author(s): Lieber CS. Source: N Y State J Med. 1986 June; 86(6): 297-302. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3461332&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolism of vitamins and trace minerals. Author(s): Kennedy-Caldwell C, Hanson ME. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1983 March; 18(1): 29-45. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6550866&dopt=Abstract

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Methods for determination of vitamins A and E our simple HPLC assay. Author(s): Janebova M, Zima T. Source: Sb Lek. 1997; 98(3): 195-208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9601812&dopt=Abstract

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Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) as cancer-preventive agents. Author(s): Omenn GS. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 1996; (139): 33-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8923018&dopt=Abstract

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Micronutrients, vitamins, and cancer risk. Author(s): Schorah CJ. Source: Vitam Horm. 1999; 57: 1-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10232044&dopt=Abstract

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Micronutrients. Part I: vitamins. Author(s): Tinnerello D. Source: Body Posit. 1999 May; 12(5): 24-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11366308&dopt=Abstract

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Milk as a source of lactose, vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Porter JW. Source: The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1978 December; 37(3): 225-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=569848&dopt=Abstract

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Miscarriage and use of multi-vitamins or folic acid. Author(s): Windham GC, Shaw GM, Todoroff K, Swan SH. Source: American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000 January 31; 90(3): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10678670&dopt=Abstract

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Modification by vitamins and nutrients of induction of terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Author(s): Hozumi M, Honma Y, Kasukabe T, Hayashi M, Okabe-Kado J. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1988; 259: 131-48. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3283741&dopt=Abstract

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Modification of the effect of tamoxifen, cis-platin, DTIC, and interferon-alpha 2b on human melanoma cells in culture by a mixture of vitamins. Author(s): Prasad KN, Hernandez C, Edwards-Prasad J, Nelson J, Borus T, Robinson WA. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1994; 22(3): 233-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7877893&dopt=Abstract

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More on reference intervals for some vitamins. Author(s): Garry PJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 March; 33(3): 441-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3815825&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple vitamins and vitamins with iron: accidental poisoning in children. Author(s): Dean BS, Krenzelok EP. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988 February; 30(1): 23-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3354178&dopt=Abstract

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Muramyl peptides: immunomodulators, sleep factors, and vitamins. Author(s): Adam A, Lederer E. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 1984 April-June; 4(2): 111-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6374337&dopt=Abstract

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Myoedema and vitamins. Author(s): Patel AN. Source: British Medical Journal. 1969 September 20; 3(672): 716-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5809251&dopt=Abstract

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Natural killer cells, vitamins, and other blood components of vegetarian and omnivorous men. Author(s): Malter M, Schriever G, Eilber U. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1989; 12(3): 271-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2771803&dopt=Abstract

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Necessity of monitoring HPLC by a X-R control chart on measurement of serum fatsoluble vitamins. Author(s): Sakata R, Shibata A, Fukuda K. Source: Kurume Med J. 2000; 47(4): 257-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11197145&dopt=Abstract

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Neural tube defects, vitamins and homocysteine. Author(s): Eskes TK. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 April; 157 Suppl 2: S139-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587043&dopt=Abstract

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Neurologic action of megadoses of vitamins. Author(s): Blom W, van den Berg GB, Huijmans JG, Przyrembel H, Fernandes J, Scholte HR, Sanders-Woudstra JA. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986; (38): 120-35. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2938572&dopt=Abstract

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New federal office will spend millions to regulate herbal remedies, vitamins. Author(s): Sibbald B. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1999 May 4; 160(9): 1355-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10333844&dopt=Abstract

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New perspectives on function of vitamins. Author(s): Rucker RB, Stites T. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1994 November-December; 10(6): 507-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7703596&dopt=Abstract

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New uses for old vitamins. The treatment of myelodysplastic disorders. Author(s): McCarley DL. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1993 July; 77(4): 919-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8321079&dopt=Abstract

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New views on the function and health effects of vitamins. Author(s): Machlin LJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1994 November-December; 10(6): 562. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7703605&dopt=Abstract

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Nitrosamines and vitamins. Author(s): Reed PI. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1995; (52): 30-42. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8779649&dopt=Abstract

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No evidence of deficiency of vitamins A, E, beta-carotene, B1, B2, B6, B12 and folate in neuropathic type II diabetic women. Author(s): Straub RH, Rokitzki L, Schumacher T, Hillmann C, Palitzsch KD, Scholmerich J. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1993; 63(3): 239-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8300337&dopt=Abstract

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Nutraceuticals: vitamins and other nutrients in coronary heart disease. Author(s): Colquhoun DM. Source: Current Opinion in Lipidology. 2001 December; 12(6): 639-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801864&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient content of milk and milk products: water soluble vitamins in baby milk formulae. Author(s): Scott KJ, Bishop DR. Source: The Journal of Dairy Research. 1985 November; 52(4): 521-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4078117&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient density estimates from an average of food frequency and food records correlate well with serum concentration of vitamins E and the carotenoids in freeliving adults. Author(s): Dixon ZR, Burri BJ, Neidlinger TR. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1996 November; 47(6): 47784. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8933201&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient interactions involving vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Erdman JW Jr, Poneros-Schneier AG. Source: Bol Asoc Med P R. 1988 August; 80(8): 291-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3196422&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrient-dense foods and exercise in frail elderly: effects on B vitamins, homocysteine, methylmalonic acid, and neuropsychological functioning. Author(s): de Jong N, Chin A Paw MJ, de Groot LC, Rutten RA, Swinkels DW, Kok FJ, van Staveren WA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2001 February; 73(2): 338-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11157333&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrients and HIV: part two--vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium. Author(s): Patrick L. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2000 February; 5(1): 39-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696118&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition and HIV: a new model for treatment. Vitamins, minerals and trace elements. Author(s): Romeyn M. Source: Beta. 1995 September; : 16-20, 22-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11362886&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition research from respiration and vitamins to cholesterol and atherosclerosis. Author(s): Stare FJ, Czarnecki-Maulden GL. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1991; 11: 1-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1892696&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition science from vitamins to molecular biology. Author(s): Jukes TH. Source: Annual Review of Nutrition. 1990; 10: 1-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2200458&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition studies in treated infants and children with phenylketonuria: vitamins, minerals, trace elements. Author(s): Acosta PB. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1996 July; 155 Suppl 1: S136-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8828630&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition. Know how: vitamins and minerals. Part two. Nicronutrient requirements throughout the seven stages of life. Author(s): Shalaby S. Source: Nurs Times. 1996 October 16-22; 92(42): 62-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8932178&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrition: vitamins and supplements. Author(s): Seymour J. Source: Nurs Times. 1995 April 26-May 2; 91(17): 48-50. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7753664&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional approach to cancer prevention with emphasis on vitamins, antioxidants, and carotenoids. Author(s): Weisburger JH. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 January; 53(1 Suppl): 226S237S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1985392&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status and the immune system: fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients. Author(s): Elmadfa I, Bartens C, Jakob E, Konig J. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1994; (51): 136-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7695565&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status in anorexia nervosa: clinical chemistry, vitamins, iron and zinc. Author(s): Van Binsbergen CJ, Odink J, Van den Berg H, Koppeschaar H, Coelingh Bennink HJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 November; 42(11): 929-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3074921&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status of antioxidant vitamins (A, E, and beta-carotene) in elderly Japanese. Author(s): Mino M, Tamai H, Tanabe T, Morinobu T, Ohsawa N, Takamatsu J, Miyata S, Hirahara F. Source: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1993; 39 Suppl: S67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8164069&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status of elderly female nursing home residents; the effect of supplementation with a physiological dose of water-soluble vitamins. Author(s): van der Wielen RP, van Heereveld HA, de Groot CP, van Staveren WA. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1995 September; 49(9): 665-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7498103&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status of the water-soluble vitamins in an active Chinese elderly population in Hong Kong. Author(s): Woo J, Ho SC, Mak YT, Tsao N, Lam LM, Donnan S, Swaminathan R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 May; 42(5): 415-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3396529&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional status: blood vitamins A, E, B6, B12, folic acid and carotene. Euronut SENECA investigators. Author(s): Haller J, Lowik MR, Ferry M, Ferro-Luzzi A. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1991 December; 45 Suppl 3: 63-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809571&dopt=Abstract

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Nutritional strategies in cardiovascular disease control: an update on vitamins and conditionally essential nutrients. Author(s): Kendler BS. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing. 1999 Autumn; 14(4): 124-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689723&dopt=Abstract

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Olestra consumption does not predict serum concentrations of carotenoids and fatsoluble vitamins in free-living humans: early results from the sentinel site of the olestra post-marketing surveillance study. Author(s): Thornquist MD, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Rock CL, Neumark-Sztainer D, Cheskin LJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 July; 130(7): 1711-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10867041&dopt=Abstract

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Olestra's effect on vitamins D and E in humans can be offset by increasing dietary levels of these vitamins. Author(s): Schlagheck TG, Kesler JM, Jones MB, Zorich NL, Dugan LD, Davidson MH, Peters JC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 August; 127(8 Suppl): 1666S-1685S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237962&dopt=Abstract

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On call. I'm a 62-year-old man in good health. I take Zocor for my cholesterol as well as a baby aspirin and several vitamins every day. My problem may seem silly, but it's really a nuisance: uncontrollable yawning. Do you have any idea why I yawn so much or what I can do about it? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 2002 April; 6(9): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959534&dopt=Abstract

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On call. I've been told that vitamins can prevent headaches. Is it true - and if so, what should I take? Author(s): Simon HB. Source: Harvard Men's Health Watch. 1999 December; 4(5): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10564906&dopt=Abstract

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On vitamins, calories, and help for the elderly. Author(s): Fulmer TT. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1977 October; 77(10): 1614-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=242906&dopt=Abstract

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Oral contraceptives and vitamins: a review. Author(s): Larsson-Cohn U. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 January 1; 121(1): 84-90. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1090167&dopt=Abstract

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Oral glucose loading acutely attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy adults without diabetes: an effect prevented by vitamins C and E. Author(s): Title LM, Cummings PM, Giddens K, Nassar BA. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000 December; 36(7): 2185-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127459&dopt=Abstract

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Oral manifestations of malnutrition I. The effect of vitamins. Author(s): Khadim MI. Source: J Pak Med Assoc. 1981 February; 31(2): 44-8. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6785487&dopt=Abstract

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Oral vitamins C and E as additional treatment in patients with acute anterior uveitis: a randomised double masked study in 145 patients. Author(s): van Rooij J, Schwartzenberg SG, Mulder PG, Baarsma SG. Source: The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1999 November; 83(11): 1277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10535857&dopt=Abstract

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Oral vitamins in alcohol intoxication. Author(s): Muir G, Pollitt N, Rooney J. Source: Q J Stud Alcohol. 1973 June; 34(2): 373-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4713830&dopt=Abstract

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OTC interactions. Vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Cerrato PL. Source: Rn. 1993 June; 56(6): 28-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8516642&dopt=Abstract

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O-t-c vitamins. Author(s): Pace HB, Barnes BA. Source: J Am Pharm Assoc. 1968 February; 8(2): 69-71 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5639312&dopt=Abstract

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Overview of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with an emphasis on vitamins and ginger. Author(s): Niebyl JR, Goodwin TM. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5 Suppl Understanding): S253-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011896&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative stress-related clastogenic factors in plasma from Chernobyl liquidators: protective effects of antioxidant plant phenols, vitamins and oligoelements. Author(s): Emerit I, Oganesian N, Arutyunian R, Pogossian A, Sarkisian T, Cernjavski L, Levy A, Feingold J. Source: Mutation Research. 1997 July 3; 377(2): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247620&dopt=Abstract

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Oxygen-induced retinopathy in the rat. Vitamins C and E as potential therapies. Author(s): Penn JS, Thum LA, Naash MI. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 1992 May; 33(6): 1836-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1582786&dopt=Abstract

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Patients with chronic leg ulcers show diminished levels of vitamins A and E, carotenes, and zinc. Author(s): Rojas AI, Phillips TJ. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1999 August; 25(8): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10491041&dopt=Abstract

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Paul Karrer--research on vitamins. Author(s): Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 April; 75(4): 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761480&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacologic prevention of colonic neoplasms. Effects of calcium, vitamins, omega fatty acids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Author(s): Eastwood GL. Source: Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 1996 March-April; 14(2): 119-28. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8653938&dopt=Abstract

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Photoprotection of UV-irradiated human skin: an antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins. Author(s): Greul AK, Grundmann JU, Heinrich F, Pfitzner I, Bernhardt J, Ambach A, Biesalski HK, Gollnick H. Source: Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology. 2002 September-October; 15(5): 307-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239424&dopt=Abstract

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Physical characteristics of total parenteral nutrition bags significantly affect the stability of vitamins C and B1: a controlled prospective study. Author(s): Dupertuis YM, Morch A, Fathi M, Sierro C, Genton L, Kyle UG, Pichard C. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 September-October; 26(5): 310-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12216712&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids and age-related cataract. Author(s): Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. Source: Ophthalmology. 2001 November; 108(11): 1992-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11713067&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in five Japanese populations with varied mortality from gastric cancer. Author(s): Tsubono Y, Tsugane S, Gey KF. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 1999; 34(1): 56-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453442&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma antioxidant vitamins, chronic hepatitis B virus infection and urinary aflatoxin B1-DNA adducts in healthy males. Author(s): Yu MW, Chiang YC, Lien JP, Chen CJ. Source: Carcinogenesis. 1997 June; 18(6): 1189-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9214602&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma antioxidants and coronary heart disease: vitamins C and E, and selenium. Author(s): Riemersma RA, Oliver M, Elton RA, Alfthan G, Vartiainen E, Salo M, Rubba P, Mancini M, Georgi H, Vuilleumier JP, et al. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1990 February; 44(2): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2132414&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins and cholesterol in a large population sample in central-northern Italy. Author(s): Palli D, Decarli A, Russo A, Cipriani F, Giacosa A, Amadori D, Salkeld R, Salvini S, Buiatti E. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 1999 April; 38(2): 90-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10352948&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins, selenium, total sulfhydryl groups and oxidative products in ischemic-stroke patients as compared to matched controls in Taiwan. Author(s): Chang CY, Lai YC, Cheng TJ, Lau MT, Hu ML. Source: Free Radical Research. 1998 January; 28(1): 15-24. Erratum In: Free Radic Res 1998 February; 28(2): Following 239. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9554829&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma total homocysteine, B vitamins, and risk of coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): Verhoef P, Kok FJ, Kruyssen DA, Schouten EG, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE, Ueland PM, Refsum H. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 1997 May; 17(5): 989-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9157965&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamins A and E and hydrogen peroxide-induced in vitro erythrocyte haemolysis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Author(s): Ghebremeskel K, Williams G, Harbige L, Spadetta M, Summers P. Source: The Veterinary Record. 1990 April 28; 126(17): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2111954&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamins A and E and red blood cell fatty acid profile in newborns and their mothers. Author(s): Chen HW, Lii CK, Ou CC, Wong YC, Kuo BJ, Liu CH. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1996 August; 50(8): 556-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8863017&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamins A and E in HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Constans J, Peuchant E, Sergeant C, Conri C. Source: Subcell Biochem. 1998; 30: 145-55. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9932513&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamins A, C and E in the general population of Singapore, 1993 to 1995. Author(s): Hughes K, New AL, Lee BL, Ong CN. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1998 March; 27(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9663300&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamins E and C concentrations of adult patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. Author(s): Tangney CC, Hankins JS, Murtaugh MA, Piccione W Jr. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998 April; 17(2): 162-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9550460&dopt=Abstract

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Postnatal changes in maternal and neonatal plasma antioxidant vitamins and the influence of smoking. Author(s): Bolisetty S, Naidoo D, Lui K, Koh TH, Watson D, Montgomery R, Whitehall J. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 2002 January; 86(1): F36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11815546&dopt=Abstract

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Prediction of male cancer mortality by plasma levels of interacting vitamins: 17-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study. Author(s): Eichholzer M, Stahelin HB, Gey KF, Ludin E, Bernasconi F. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1996 April 10; 66(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8603802&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative oral B vitamins prevent nitrous oxide-induced postoperative plasma homocysteine increases. Author(s): Badner NH, Freeman D, Spence JD. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 December; 93(6): 1507-10, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11726432&dopt=Abstract

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Preparation and value assignment of Standard Reference Material 968c Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Carotenoids, and Cholesterol in Human Serum. Author(s): Brown Thomas J, Kline MC, Gill LM, Yen JH, Duewer DL, Sniegoski LT, Sharpless KE. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 March; 305(1-2): 141-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11249933&dopt=Abstract

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Pretreatment of human amnion-chorion with vitamins C and E prevents hypochlorous acid-induced damage. Author(s): Plessinger MA, Woods JR Jr, Miller RK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 October; 183(4): 979-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11035350&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing coronary heart disease: B vitamins and homocysteine. Author(s): Omenn GS, Beresford SA, Motulsky AG. Source: Circulation. 1998 February 10; 97(5): 421-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9490234&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of neural tube defects: vitamins, enzymes and genes. Author(s): Copp AJ. Source: Current Opinion in Neurology. 1998 April; 11(2): 97-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9551287&dopt=Abstract

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Principles involved in formulating recommendations for vitamin C intake: a paradigm for water-soluble vitamins. Author(s): Levine M, Rumsey S, Wang Y. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1997; 279: 43-54. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9211256&dopt=Abstract

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Prooxidant and antioxidant reaction mechanisms of carotene and radical interactions with vitamins E and C. Author(s): Edge R, Truscott TG. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1997 November-December; 13(11-12): 992-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433720&dopt=Abstract

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Prooxidant effects of antioxidant vitamins. Introduction. Author(s): Herbert V. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1996 April; 126(4 Suppl): 1197S-200S. Erratum In: J Nutr 1996 July; 126(7): 1902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8642456&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Author(s): Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGovern PG, Tsai MY, Malinow MR, Eckfeldt JH, Hess DL, Davis CE. Source: Circulation. 1998 July 21; 98(3): 204-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9697819&dopt=Abstract

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Protective effects of vitamins C and E on the number of micronuclei in lymphocytes in smokers and their role in ascorbate free radical formation in plasma. Author(s): Schneider M, Diemer K, Engelhart K, Zankl H, Trommer WE, Biesalski HK. Source: Free Radical Research. 2001 March; 34(3): 209-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11264897&dopt=Abstract

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Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamins C and E and selenium on the levels of lipid peroxidation in the lens of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. Author(s): Naziroglu M, Dilsiz N, Cay M. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 1999 December; 70(3): 223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10610061&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative and qualitative measurements of K vitamins in human intestinal contents. Author(s): Conly JM, Stein K. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1992 March; 87(3): 311-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1539565&dopt=Abstract

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Racial group differences in plasma concentrations of antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Rock CL, Jahnke MG, Gorenflo DW, Swartz RD, Messana JM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 March; 65(3): 844-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9062538&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid determination of vitamins A and E in serum with surfactant as a diluent by column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Moriyama H, Yamasaki H, Masumoto S, Adachi K, Katsura N, Onimaru T. Source: J Chromatogr A. 1998 March 6; 798(1-2): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9542134&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid HPLC simultaneous determination of fat-soluble vitamins, including carotenoids, in human serum. Author(s): Yakushina L, Taranova A. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 1995 April; 13(4-5): 715-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9696595&dopt=Abstract

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Red wine, green tea and vitamins: do their antioxidants play a role in immunologic protection against cancer or even AIDS? Author(s): Mathe G. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 1999 May; 53(4): 165-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10392288&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of homocysteine levels in coronary artery disease by low-dose folic acid combined with vitamins B6 and B12. Author(s): Lobo A, Naso A, Arheart K, Kruger WD, Abou-Ghazala T, Alsous F, Nahlawi M, Gupta A, Moustapha A, van Lente F, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1999 March 15; 83(6): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10190392&dopt=Abstract

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Regulated expression of the bone-specific osteocalcin gene by vitamins and hormones. Author(s): Lian JB, Stein GS, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ. Source: Vitam Horm. 1999; 55: 443-509. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9949687&dopt=Abstract

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Regulation of gp330/megalin expression by vitamins A and D. Author(s): Liu W, Yu WR, Carling T, Juhlin C, Rastad J, Ridefelt P, Akerstrom G, Hellman P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 February; 28(2): 100-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541123&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of serum antioxidant vitamins to the risk of colorectal adenoma. Author(s): Breuer-Katschinski B, Nemes K, Marr A, Rump B, Leiendecker B, Breuer N, Goebell H; Colorectal Adenoma Study Group. Source: Digestion. 2001; 63(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11173899&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of carotenoid and vitamins A and E with the acute inflammatory response in acute pancreatitis. Author(s): Curran FJ, Sattar N, Talwar D, Baxter JN, Imrie CW. Source: The British Journal of Surgery. 2000 March; 87(3): 301-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10718798&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of serum antioxidant vitamins to serum creatinine in the US population. Author(s): Chen J, He J, Ogden LG, Batuman V, Whelton PK. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 March; 39(3): 460-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11877564&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between dietary intakes and fasting plasma concentrations of fatsoluble vitamins in humans. Author(s): Booth SL, Tucker KL, McKeown NM, Davidson KW, Dallal GE, Sadowski JA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 April; 127(4): 587-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109609&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships of vitamins A and E and beta-carotene serum levels to head and neck cancer patients with and without second primary tumors. Author(s): de Vries N, Snow GB. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1990; 247(6): 368-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2278703&dopt=Abstract

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Relevance of vitamins, homocysteine and other metabolites in neuropsychiatric disorders. Author(s): Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1998 April; 157 Suppl 2: S122-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587039&dopt=Abstract

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Repeated measurements of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, and vitamins C and E in relation to lung cancer. The Zutphen Study. Author(s): Ocke MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Feskens EJ, van Staveren WA, Kromhout D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 February 15; 145(4): 358-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9054240&dopt=Abstract

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Retrospective analysis of ingestions of iron containing products in the united states: are there differences between chewable vitamins and adult preparations? Author(s): Anderson BD, Turchen SG, Manoguerra AS, Clark RF. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2000 October; 19(3): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033271&dopt=Abstract

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Reversal of the multidrug resistance phenotype with cremophor EL, a common vehicle for water-insoluble vitamins and drugs. Author(s): Woodcock DM, Jefferson S, Linsenmeyer ME, Crowther PJ, Chojnowski GM, Williams B, Bertoncello I. Source: Cancer Research. 1990 July 15; 50(14): 4199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2364376&dopt=Abstract

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Richard Kuhn--Nobel Prize for work on carotenoids and vitamins. Author(s): Shampo MA, Kyle RA. Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2000 October; 75(10): 990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11040844&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for coronary artery disease and levels of lipoprotein(a) and fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins in Asian Indians of USA. Author(s): Chuang CZ, Subramaniam PN, LeGardeur BY, Lopez A. Source: Indian Heart J. 1998 May-June; 50(3): 285-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9753849&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of inadequate intakes of vitamins A, B1, B6, C, E, folate, iron and calcium in the Spanish population aged 4 to 18. Author(s): Serra-Majem L, Ribas L, Ngo J, Aranceta J, Garaulet M, Carazo E, Mataix J, Perez-Rodrigo C, Quemada M, Tojo R, Vazquez C. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001 November; 71(6): 325-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840835&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis. Author(s): Fairfield KM, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Source: Cancer. 2001 November 1; 92(9): 2318-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745286&dopt=Abstract

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Role of antioxidant vitamins in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Meta-analysis seems to exclude benefit of vitamin C supplementation. Author(s): Ness A, Egger M, Smith GD. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 August 28; 319(7209): 577. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463913&dopt=Abstract

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Role of K vitamins in the regulation of tissue calcification. Author(s): Vermeer C, Braam L. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2001; 19(4): 201-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11448011&dopt=Abstract

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Role of lipids, lipoproteins and vitamins in women with breast cancer. Author(s): Ray G, Husain SA. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 February; 34(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11239519&dopt=Abstract

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Role of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals in the aetiology of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Author(s): Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Negri E, Zambon P, Talamini R, Ruol A, Parpinel M, Levi F, Simonato L, La Vecchia C. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 June 1; 86(5): 626-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10797282&dopt=Abstract

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Role of vitamins in healthy eating. Author(s): Doyle W. Source: Community Nurse. 2000 April; 6(3): 21-4. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12778502&dopt=Abstract

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Role of vitamins in skin care. Author(s): Shapiro SS, Saliou C. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2001 October; 17(10): 839-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684391&dopt=Abstract

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Roles of vitamins E and C on neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive performance. Author(s): Martin A, Youdim K, Szprengiel A, Shukitt-Hale B, Joseph J. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 October; 60(10 Pt 1): 308-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392148&dopt=Abstract

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Rosacea fulminans triggered by high-dose vitamins B6 and B12. Author(s): Jansen T, Romiti R, Kreuter A, Altmeyer P. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2001 September; 15(5): 484-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763399&dopt=Abstract

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Selected vitamins in HIV infection: a review. Author(s): Tang AM, Smit E. Source: Aids Patient Care and Stds. 1998 April; 12(4): 263-73. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11361953&dopt=Abstract

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Serum antioxidant vitamins and blood pressure in the United States population. Author(s): Chen J, He J, Hamm L, Batuman V, Whelton PK. Source: Hypertension. 2002 December; 40(6): 810-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12468562&dopt=Abstract

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Serum carotenoids and vitamins and risk of cervical dysplasia from a case-control study in Japan. Author(s): Nagata C, Shimizu H, Yoshikawa H, Noda K, Nozawa S, Yajima A, Sekiya S, Sugimori H, Hirai Y, Kanazawa K, Sugase M, Kawana T. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(7): 1234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10584887&dopt=Abstract

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Serum cholesterol and vitamins A and E in juvenile chronic arthritis. Author(s): Honkanen VE, Pelkonen P, Konttinen YT, Mussalo-Rauhamaa H, Lehto J, Westermarck T. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1990 March-April; 8(2): 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2338013&dopt=Abstract

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Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. Author(s): Olmedilla B, Granado F, Southon S, Wright AJ, Blanco I, Gil-Martinez E, Berg H, Corridan B, Roussel AM, Chopra M, Thurnham DI. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2001 February; 85(2): 227-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11242491&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (alpha tocopherol, beta carotene, and ascorbic acid) in children with bronchial asthma. Author(s): Kalayci O, Besler T, Kilinc K, Sekerel BE, Saraclar Y. Source: Turk J Pediatr. 2000 January-March; 42(1): 17-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10731863&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Besler HT, Comoglu S, Okcu Z. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2002 June; 5(3): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12041878&dopt=Abstract

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Serum levels of vitamins A, C, and E in persons with chronic spinal cord injury living in the community. Author(s): Moussavi RM, Garza HM, Eisele SG, Rodriguez G, Rintala DH. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2003 July; 84(7): 1061-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881835&dopt=Abstract

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Serum trace elements and fat-soluble vitamins A and E in healthy pre-school children from a Venezuelan rural community. Author(s): Brunetto MR, Alarcon OM, Davila E, Contreras Y, Gallignani M, Rondon C, Burguera JL, Burguera M, Angarita C. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 1999 July; 13(1-2): 40-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10445217&dopt=Abstract

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Serum vitamins E, A and lipid peroxidation levels in Kurichias, an Indian tribal population. Author(s): Reddy KK, Rao AP, Reddy TP. Source: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 February; 36(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10549160&dopt=Abstract

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Serum vitamins, carotenoids, and angina pectoris: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Author(s): Ford ES, Giles WH. Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2000 February; 10(2): 106-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10691064&dopt=Abstract

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Should I take vitamins?.Yes. Author(s): Smigelski C. Source: Posit Dir News. 1998 Summer; 10(2): 28-32. English, Spanish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11365550&dopt=Abstract

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Simplified method for the determination of 25-hydroxy and 1alpha,25-dihydroxy metabolites of vitamins D2 and D3 in human plasma. Application to nutritional studies. Author(s): Takeuchi A, Ishida Y, Sekimoto H, Masuda S, Okano T, Nishiyama S, Matsuda I, Kobayashi T. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 April 11; 691(2): 313-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9174267&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous determination of fat-soluble vitamins and provitamins in dairy products by liquid chromatography with a narrow-bore column. Author(s): Blanco D, Fernandez MP, Gutierrez MD. Source: The Analyst. 2000 March; 125(3): 427-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10829342&dopt=Abstract

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Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Author(s): Hollenberg NK. Source: Current Hypertension Reports. 2002 August; 4(4): 270-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12168612&dopt=Abstract

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Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Author(s): Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Fisher LD, Cheung MC, Morse JS, Dowdy AA, Marino EK, Bolson EL, Alaupovic P, Frohlich J, Albers JJ. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 November 29; 345(22): 1583-92. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11757504&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking characteristics, antioxidant vitamins, and carotid artery wall thickness among life-long smokers. Author(s): de Waart FG, Smilde TJ, Wollersheim H, Stalenhoef AF, Kok FJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2000 July; 53(7): 707-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941948&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking, antioxidant vitamins, and the risk of hip fracture. Author(s): Melhus H, Michaelsson K, Holmberg L, Wolk A, Ljunghall S. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1999 January; 14(1): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9893075&dopt=Abstract

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Smoking, plasma vitamins C, E, retinol, and carotene, and fatal prostate cancer: seventeen-year follow-up of the prospective basel study. Author(s): Eichholzer M, Stahelin HB, Ludin E, Bernasconi F. Source: The Prostate. 1999 February 15; 38(3): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10068343&dopt=Abstract

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Socioeconomic differences among Australian adults in consumption of fruit and vegetables and intakes of vitamins A, C and folate. Author(s): Giskes K, Turrell G, Patterson C, Newman B. Source: Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics : the Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2002 October; 15(5): 375-85; Discussion 387-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12270018&dopt=Abstract

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Some vitamin sources relating to plasma homocysteine provide not only folate but also vitamins B-12 and B-6. Author(s): Koehler KM, Pareo-Tubbeh SL, Liang HC, Romero LJ, Baumgartner RN, Garry PJ. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1997 August; 127(8): 1534-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9237950&dopt=Abstract

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Sources of selected vitamins in a sample of the Italian population. Author(s): Parpinel M, Bidoli E, Talamini R, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S. Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 371-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484209&dopt=Abstract

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Stability of vitamins during the storage of liquid infant milks. Author(s): Albala-Hurtado S, Veciana-Nogues MT, Riera-Valls E, Marine-Font A, VidalCarou MC. Source: The Journal of Dairy Research. 2000 May; 67(2): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10840676&dopt=Abstract

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Stroke risk in older men and women: aspirin, estrogen, exercise, vitamins, and other factors. Author(s): Paganini-Hill A, Perez Barreto M. Source: J Gend Specif Med. 2001; 4(2): 18-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11480094&dopt=Abstract

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Study of N-nitrosomorpholine-induced DNA strand breaks in Caco-2 cells by the classical and modified comet assay: influence of vitamins E and C. Author(s): Robichova S, Slamenova D. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2001; 39(2): 267-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11759291&dopt=Abstract

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Successful and sustained treatment of chronic radiation proctitis with antioxidant vitamins E and C. Author(s): Kennedy M, Bruninga K, Mutlu EA, Losurdo J, Choudhary S, Keshavarzian A. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 April; 96(4): 1080-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316150&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with antioxidant vitamins prevents oxidative modification of DNA in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients. Author(s): Jaruga P, Jaruga B, Gackowski D, Olczak A, Halota W, Pawlowska M, Olinski R. Source: Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2002 March 1; 32(5): 414-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864781&dopt=Abstract

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Suspended judgment. Does taking extra vitamins prevent spina bifida? Author(s): Wald N. Source: Controlled Clinical Trials. 1990 October; 11(5): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1963126&dopt=Abstract

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Synergism between vitamins E and C: biological implications for future research. Author(s): Berry EM, Dal Maso L, Franceschi S. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1999 October 8; 83(2): 288. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10471541&dopt=Abstract

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Synergistic effects of antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Truscott TG. Source: Bibl Nutr Dieta. 2001; (55): 68-79. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11125586&dopt=Abstract

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T lymphocytes and vitamins. Author(s): Cakmak FN, Erol M, Ergul P, Yalcyner A. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 October; 135(4): 531. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10518094&dopt=Abstract

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Taurine as a universal carrier of lipid soluble vitamins: a hypothesis. Author(s): Petrosian AM, Haroutounian JE. Source: Amino Acids. 2000; 19(2): 409-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11128549&dopt=Abstract

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The association of vitamins C and K3 kills cancer cells mainly by autoschizis, a novel form of cell death. Basis for their potential use as coadjuvants in anticancer therapy. Author(s): Verrax J, Cadrobbi J, Delvaux M, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Summers JL, Taper HS, Buc Calderon P. Source: European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2003 May; 38(5): 451-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767595&dopt=Abstract

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The cooperative action of vitamins E and C in the protection against peroxidation of parinaric acid in human erythrocyte membranes. Author(s): van den Berg JJ, Kuypers FA, Roelofsen B, Op den Kamp JA. Source: Chemistry and Physics of Lipids. 1990 March; 53(4): 309-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2340603&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of B-vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in patients on antiepileptic drugs. Author(s): Apeland T, Mansoor MA, Pentieva K, McNulty H, Seljeflot I, Strandjord RE. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 October; 51(3): 237-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12399074&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of labor on maternal and fetal vitamins C and E. Author(s): Woods JR Jr, Cavanaugh JL, Norkus EP, Plessinger MA, Miller RK. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 187(5): 117983. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439499&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of long-term intravenous high dose B-complex vitamins with or without folic acid on serum homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Sombolos K, Fragia T, Natse T, Bartholomatos G, Karagianni A, Katsaris G, Christidou F, Bamichas G, Stangou M, Papagalanis N. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2002 November-December; 15(6): 671-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495282&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of a multi-modal intervention trial of light, exercise, and vitamins on women's mood. Author(s): Brown MA, Goldstein-Shirley J, Robinson J, Casey S. Source: Women & Health. 2001; 34(3): 93-112. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708689&dopt=Abstract

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The in vitro antitumor activity of vitamins C and K3 against ovarian carcinoma. Author(s): von Gruenigen VE, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Lorimer HE, Summers M, Pollard RR, Gwin CA, Summers JL. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 July-August; 23(4): 3279-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12926064&dopt=Abstract

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The new US Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins C and E. Author(s): Frei B, Trabe MG. Source: Redox Report : Communications in Free Radical Research. 2001; 6(1): 5-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11333117&dopt=Abstract

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The possible role of gradual accumulation of copper, cadmium, lead and iron and gradual depletion of zinc, magnesium, selenium, vitamins B2, B6, D, and E and essential fatty acids in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Johnson S. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985916&dopt=Abstract

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The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration. Author(s): Jacques PF. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 May; 69(3): 198-205. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389028&dopt=Abstract

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The relation of serum levels of antioxidant vitamins C and E, retinol and carotenoids with pulmonary function in the general population. Author(s): Schunemann HJ, Grant BJ, Freudenheim JL, Muti P, Browne RW, Drake JA, Klocke RA, Trevisan M. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2001 April; 163(5): 1246-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316666&dopt=Abstract

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The responses of the human epidermal melanocyte system to chronic erythemal doses of UVR in skin protected by topical applications of a combination of vitamins C and E. Author(s): Quevedo WC Jr, Holstein TJ, Dyckman J, McDonald CJ. Source: Pigment Cell Research / Sponsored by the European Society for Pigment Cell Research and the International Pigment Cell Society. 2000 June; 13(3): 190-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10885679&dopt=Abstract

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The role of folate, antioxidant vitamins and other constituents in fruit and vegetables in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the epidemiological evidence. Author(s): Eichholzer M, Luthy J, Gutzwiller F, Stahelin HB. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2001 January; 71(1): 5-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11276922&dopt=Abstract

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The role of vitamins in cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Carr SB, McBratney J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2000; 93 Suppl 38: 14-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10911814&dopt=Abstract

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The role of vitamins in the pathogenesis and treatment of hyperhomocyst(e)inaemia. Author(s): Ubbink JB. Source: Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 1997 June; 20(2): 316-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9211204&dopt=Abstract

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The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Author(s): Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2000 June; 3(2): 125-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10948381&dopt=Abstract

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The role of vitamins in the prevention of osteoporosis--a brief status report. Author(s): Weber P. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1999 May; 69(3): 194-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389027&dopt=Abstract

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The salutary effects of antioxidant vitamins on the plasma lipids of healthy middle aged-to-elderly individuals: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Rezaian GR, Taheri M, Mozaffari BE, Mosleh AA, Ghalambor MA. Source: J Med Liban. 2002 January-April; 50(1-2): 10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12841306&dopt=Abstract

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The VITATOPS (Vitamins to Prevent Stroke) Trial: rationale and design of an international, large, simple, randomised trial of homocysteine-lowering multivitamin therapy in patients with recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke. Author(s): VITATOPS Trial Study Group. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2002; 13(2): 120-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11867886&dopt=Abstract

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Three vitamins are involved in regulation of the circadian rhythm. Author(s): Wolf G. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2002 August; 60(8): 257-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199301&dopt=Abstract

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Topical melatonin in combination with vitamins E and C protects skin from ultraviolet-induced erythema: a human study in vivo. Author(s): Dreher F, Gabard B, Schwindt DA, Maibach HI. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1998 August; 139(2): 332-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9767255&dopt=Abstract

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Towards ensuring the safety of vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Walter P. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2001 March 31; 120(1-3): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323165&dopt=Abstract

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Trace elements and vitamins in immunomodulation in infancy and childhood. Author(s): Zuin G, Principi N. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1997 March; 6 Suppl 1: S69-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167141&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia with folic acid and vitamins B12 and B6 attenuates thrombin generation. Author(s): Undas A, Domagala TB, Jankowski M, Szczeklik A. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1999 September 15; 95(6): 281-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10527405&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with a combination of cytochrome C and vitamins B1 and B2. Author(s): Tanaka J, Nagai T, Arai H, Inui K, Yamanouchi H, Goto Y, Nonaka I, Okada S. Source: Brain & Development. 1997 June; 19(4): 262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9187476&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of mood lability and explosive rage with minerals and vitamins: two case studies in children. Author(s): Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Gardner B, Farrelly G. Source: Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2002 Fall; 12(3): 205-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427294&dopt=Abstract

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True deficiency of antioxidant vitamins E and A in dialysis patients. Relationship with clinical patterns of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Aguilera A, Bajo MA, del Peso G, Diez JJ, Codoceo R, Rebollo F, Mariano M, Selgas R. Source: Adv Perit Dial. 2002; 18: 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402620&dopt=Abstract

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Tumor cell growth inhibition and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation by novel K vitamins. Author(s): Osada S, Osada K, Carr BI. Source: Journal of Molecular Biology. 2001 December 7; 314(4): 765-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11733995&dopt=Abstract

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Unconventional therapies for cancer: 5. Vitamins A, C and E. The Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Author(s): Kaegi E. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 June 2; 158(11): 1483-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9629113&dopt=Abstract

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Update on vitamins, minerals, and the carotenoids. Author(s): Coodley G. Source: J Physicians Assoc Aids Care. 1995 January; 2(1): 24-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11362198&dopt=Abstract

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Use and misuse of vitamins in the elderly. Author(s): Nelson RA. Source: Geriatrics. 1982 February; 37(2): 138-40, 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7056468&dopt=Abstract

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Use of a dehydrated meat protein hydrolysate in the microbiological assay of some bcomplex vitamins. Author(s): Murthy PS, Sastri BV. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1968 November; 56(11): 1740-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5715975&dopt=Abstract

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Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: metaanalysis of randomised trials. Author(s): Vivekananthan DP, Penn MS, Sapp SK, Hsu A, Topol EJ. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 14; 361(9374): 2017-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814711&dopt=Abstract

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Use of antioxidants in the analysis of vitamins A and E in mammalian plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. Author(s): Chow FI, Omaye ST. Source: Lipids. 1983 November; 18(11): 837-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6656538&dopt=Abstract

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Use of megadoses of vitamins with minerals in Down syndrome. Author(s): Smith GF, Spiker D, Peterson CP, Cicchetti D, Justine P. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1984 August; 105(2): 228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6235336&dopt=Abstract

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Use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes--effects on plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): Stegmayr B, Johansson I, Huhtasaari F, Moser U, Asplund K. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1993; 63(3): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8300330&dopt=Abstract

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Use of vitamin D(4) analogs to investigate differences in hepatic and target cell metabolism of vitamins D(2) and D(3). Author(s): Byford V, Strugnell S, Coldwell R, Schroeder N, Makin HL, Knutson JC, Bishop CW, Jones G. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 July 11; 1583(2): 151-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117559&dopt=Abstract

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Use of vitamins, minerals and herbs: a survey of patients attending family practice clinics. Author(s): Durante KM, Whitmore B, Jones CA, Campbell NR. Source: Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale. 2001 October; 24(5): 242-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11603508&dopt=Abstract

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Use of vitamins, minerals, and nutritional supplements by participants in a chemoprevention trial. Author(s): Sandler RS, Halabi S, Kaplan EB, Baron JA, Paskett E, Petrelli NJ. Source: Cancer. 2001 March 1; 91(5): 1040-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251957&dopt=Abstract

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Usefulness of antioxidant vitamins in suspected acute myocardial infarction (the Indian experiment of infarct survival-3) Author(s): Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Rastogi S. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1996 February 1; 77(4): 232-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8607399&dopt=Abstract

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Uses of vitamins A, C, and E and related compounds in dermatology: a review. Author(s): Keller KL, Fenske NA. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 1998 October; 39(4 Pt 1): 61125. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777769&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization of wheat by adult man: excretion of vitamins and minerals. Author(s): Edwards CH, Booker LK, Rumph CH, Craven R, Ganapathy SN. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1971 May; 24(5): 547-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4252858&dopt=Abstract

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Vasodilator and vitamins in therapy of sensorineural hearing loss following warrelated blast injury: retrospective study. Author(s): Sprem N, Branica S, Dawidowsky K. Source: Croatian Medical Journal. 2001 December; 42(6): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11740848&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins A and E in serum in relation to weight and lung function in patients with advanced pulmonary disease. Author(s): Forli L, Pedersen JI, Bjortuft O, Blomhoff R, Kofstad J, Boe J. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2002 December; 72(6): 360-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596500&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and cancer chemoprevention. Author(s): Giacosa A, Filiberti R, Hill MJ, Faivre J. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1997 March; 6 Suppl 1: S47-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9167139&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and cancer. Author(s): van Poppel G, van den Berg H. Source: Cancer Letters. 1997 March 19; 114(1-2): 195-202. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9103291&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States). Author(s): Fung TT, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 April; 13(3): 221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020103&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and donor hearts. Author(s): SoRelle R. Source: Circulation. 2002 April 9; 105(14): E9094-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942341&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and hormone therapy for coronary atherosclerosis. Author(s): Hathcock JN. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 February 26; 289(8): 982; Author Reply 982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597741&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and mineral intake in elderly people from Extremadura. Author(s): Campillo JE, Perez G, Rodriguez A, Torres MD. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2002; 6(1): 55-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11813083&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and minerals: efficacy and safety. Author(s): Hathcock JN. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 August; 66(2): 427-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9250127&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and the risk for Parkinson's disease. Author(s): Ghani H, Stevens D, Weiss J, Rosenbaum R. Source: Neurology. 2002 October 22; 59(8): E8-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12391381&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins and trace elements in TPN. Author(s): Craig RM, Mikalunas V, Rubin H. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2002 July-August; 26(4): 256; Author Reply 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090693&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins as antimutagens: advantages and some possible mechanisms of antimutagenic action. Author(s): Odin AP. Source: Mutation Research. 1997 March; 386(1): 39-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9100855&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins B6 and B12 and folate status in an adult Mediterranean population. Author(s): Planells E, Sanchez C, Montellano MA, Mataix J, Llopis J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 57(6): 777-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792662&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins D and K in the treatment of osteoporosis secondary to graft-versus-host disease following bone-marrow transplantation. Author(s): Hattori M, Morita N, Tsujino Y, Yamamoto M, Tanizawa T. Source: J Int Med Res. 2001 July-August; 29(4): 381-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675913&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins during pregnancy linked to lower risk of childhood brain tumors. Author(s): McNeil C. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1997 October 15; 89(20): 1481-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9337342&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: clinical applications. Author(s): Fletcher RH, Fairfield KM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 June 19; 287(23): 3127-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069676&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins for chronic disease prevention in adults: scientific review. Author(s): Fairfield KM, Fletcher RH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 June 19; 287(23): 3116-26. Review. Erratum In: Jama 2002 October 9; 288(14): 1720. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12069675&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins in Spanish food patterns: the eVe Study. Author(s): Aranceta J, Serra-Majem L, Perez-Rodrigo C, Llopis J, Mataix J, Ribas L, Tojo R, Tur JA. Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2001 December; 4(6A): 1317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918471&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins may have different effects at different intakes. Author(s): Kahn HS, Heath CW Jr. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997 February; 65(2): 577-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9022551&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins Q and E, extracorporal circulation and hemolysis. Author(s): Karlsson J, Ronneberg R, Semb B. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 1997 August; 173(1-2): 33-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9278252&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins reduce risk of vision loss from macular degeneration. Author(s): Larkin M. Source: Lancet. 2001 October 20; 358(9290): 1347. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11684226&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, antioxidants and endothelial function in coronary artery disease. Author(s): Hornig B. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 September; 16(5): 401-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652109&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, diet, and cancer prevention. Author(s): Lee KW, Lee CY. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 June; 75(6): 1122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036824&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, fever and birth defects- consistent interaction or persistent bias? Author(s): Christensen K. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2002 November; 13(6): 620-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410000&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Author(s): Graham IM, O'Callaghan P. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 September; 16(5): 383-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652107&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, homocysteine, and cognition. Author(s): Stabler SP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3): 359-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936915&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, nutrition and aging. Author(s): Wahlqvist ML. Source: Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990; 326: 175-202. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2405417&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins, trace elements, and antioxidant status in dementia disorders. Author(s): Tabet N, Mantle D, Walker Z, Orrell M. Source: Int Psychogeriatr. 2001 September; 13(3): 265-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11768374&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins. Author(s): Clark A. Source: Prof Nurse. 2003 February; 18(6): 355. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12630250&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamins--dietary intake and intake from dietary supplements in Germany. Author(s): Beitz R, Mensink GB, Fischer B, Thamm M. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 June; 56(6): 539-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032654&dopt=Abstract

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Water soluble vitamins in chronic hemodialysis patients and need for supplementation. Author(s): Descombes E, Hanck AB, Fellay G. Source: Kidney International. 1993 June; 43(6): 1319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8315945&dopt=Abstract

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Water soluble vitamins in granulocytes, erythrocytes, and plasma obtained from chronic hemodialysis patients. Author(s): DeBari VA, Frank O, Baker H, Needle MA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1984 March; 39(3): 410-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6695840&dopt=Abstract

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Water soluble vitamins in patients with chronic renal failure and effect of B6 administration of immunological activity. Author(s): Kamata K, Okubo M, Marumo F. Source: Proc Clin Dial Transplant Forum. 1979; 9: 194-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=552042&dopt=Abstract

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Water, electrolytes, vitamins and carbohydrates in parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Thoren L. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1974; 55: 123-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4217081&dopt=Abstract

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Water-soluble vitamins in cancer patients on parenteral nutrition: a prospective study. Author(s): Inculet RI, Norton JA, Nichoalds GE, Maher MM, White DE, Brennan MF. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 1987 May-June; 11(3): 243-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3110440&dopt=Abstract

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Water-soluble vitamins in severe liver disease. Author(s): Rossouw JE, Labadarios D, Davis M, Williams R. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 July 29; 54(5): 183-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=705553&dopt=Abstract

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Water-soluble vitamins: bases for suggested upper limits for infant formulas. Author(s): McCormick DB. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 1989 December; 119(12 Suppl): 1818-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2693641&dopt=Abstract

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What do parents know about vitamins? Author(s): Ko ML, Ramsell N, Wilson JA. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 1992 September; 67(9): 1080-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1417049&dopt=Abstract

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What kinds of data should be available to probe the effects of nutrients, food supplements or vitamins on serum lipoprotein levels and/or atherosclerosis? Author(s): Davidson M, Kanter M, Catapano A, Saidman C. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1998 April 23; 81(8A): 80F-83F. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604920&dopt=Abstract

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What vitamins should I be taking? Author(s): Tulchinsky TH, Nizan-Kaluski D. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 13; 346(24): 1914-6; Author Reply 1914-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066813&dopt=Abstract

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What vitamins should I be taking? Author(s): Opie LH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 13; 346(24): 1914-6; Author Reply 1914-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066812&dopt=Abstract

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What vitamins should I be taking? Author(s): Blackman BT. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 June 13; 346(24): 1914-6; Author Reply 1914-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063381&dopt=Abstract

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What your doctor is reading. Vitamins. Author(s): Karpf J. Source: Diabetes Self Manag. 2002 September-October; 19(5): 42-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561755&dopt=Abstract

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Which children need vitamins? Author(s): Taitz LS. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 June 25; 296(6639): 1753-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136822&dopt=Abstract

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Workshop on Folate, B12, and Choline. Sponsored by the Panel on Folate and other B vitamins of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C., March 34, 1997. Author(s): Glade MJ. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 1999 January; 15(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9918081&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc, vitamins A and E, and retinol-binding protein in sera of patients with cancer of the larynx. Author(s): Drozdz M, Gierek T, Jendryczko A, Piekarska J, Pilch J, Polanska D. Source: Neoplasma. 1989; 36(3): 357-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2739815&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and vitamins.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Vitamins The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

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Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on vitamins: ·

A 9-point guide to choosing the right supplement. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (September 1993). volume 11(7) page 3-6. supplements consumer education costs standards vitamins diet minerals calcium iron retinol carotenoids ingredients packaging trade marks 0747-4105 Summary: complement alimentaire education du consommateur cout norme vitamine regime alimentaire mineraux calcium fer retinol carotenoide ingredient conditionnement marque commerciale

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Antioxidants for the uninitiated. Source: Smart, J.M. Vegetarian-times (USA). (April 1994). (no. 200) page 26, 28. antioxidants nutrients human nutrition health services health carotenoids vitamin e 0164-8497 Summary: antioxydant substance nutritive nutrition humaine service de sante publique sante carotenoide vitamine e

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Are you eating right? Source: Consumer-reports-Consumers-Union-of-United-States (USA). (October 1992). volume 57(10) page 644-651. fish oils diet health services health disease control nutrient uptake nutritional requirements fats carbohydrates proteins vitamins minerals iron calcium fruit vegetables common salt coffee alcoholic beverages weight 0010-7174 Summary: huile de poisson regime alimentaire service de sante publique sante controle de maladies absorption de substances nutritives besoin nutritionnel corps gras glucide proteine vitamine mineraux fer calcium fruit legume sel de cuisine cafe boisson alcoolisee poids

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Changing nutrient requirements in older adults. Author(s): Tufts University, Boston, MA Source: Blumberg, J.B. Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1992). volume 27(5) page 15-20. diet elderly aging nutritional requirements pyridoxine vitamin d vitamin e retinol vitamin b12 disease control 0029-666X Summary: regime alimentaire personne agee vieillissement besoin nutritionnel pyridoxine vitamine d vitamine e retinol vitamine b12 controle de maladies

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Counterviewpoint vitamin C and mortality. Source: Enstrom, J.E. Nutrition-today (USA). (June 1993). volume 28(3) page 39-42. ascorbic acid mortality nutrient uptake vitamins diet surveys epidemiology women men 0029-666X Summary: acide ascorbique mortalite absorption de substances nutritives vitamine regime alimentaire enquete epidemiologie femme homme

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Do antioxidant supplements harm rather than help? A hard look at the Finnish study. Source: Smith, S.M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (June 1994). (no. suppl.) page 9-10. fats finland diet antioxidants disease control medical sciences research supplements carotenoids vitamin e nutrients 0893-4452 Summary: corps gras finlande regime alimentaire antioxydant controle de maladies sciences medicales recherche complement alimentaire carotenoide vitamine e substance nutritive

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Five less-celebrated minerals your body can't do without. Source: Wein, D. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (November 1994). volume 17(11) page 1, 6. diet mineral nutrients nutritive value vitamins nutrient intake 0893-4452 Summary: regime alimentaire substance nutritive minerale valeur nutritive vitamine ingestion de substances nutritives

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Folic acid for fighting birth defects? Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (November 1992). volume 10(9) page 1-2. folic acid genetic disorders nervous system mothers human nutrition vitamins disease control 0747-4105 Summary: acide folique trouble genetique systeme nerveux mere nutrition humaine vitamine controle de maladies

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For avoiding broken bones, more vitamin D. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (July 1995). volume 13(5) page 1-2. diet vitamin d bones strength fractures nutritional requirements nutrient intake nutrients 0747-4105 Summary: regime alimentaire vitamine d os resistance mecanique fracture besoin nutritionnel ingestion de substances nutritives substance nutritive

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Is nickel nutritionally important? Author(s): USDA, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND Source: Nielsen, F.H. Nutrition-today (USA). (February 1993). volume 28(1) page 14-19. nickel plant nutrition bacteria animal nutrition diet minerals mineral deficiencies nutrients nutrition physiology mineral metabolism nutritional requirements vitamin b12 0029-666X Summary: nickel nutrition des plantes bacteria nutrition animale regime alimentaire mineraux carence minerale substance nutritive physiologie de la nutrition metabolisme des mineraux besoin nutritionnel vitamine b12

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Just the calcium facts. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (June 1994). volume 21(5) page 8-9. foods calcium supplements diet nutritive value nutrients vitamin d 0885-7792 Summary: produit alimentaire calcium complement alimentaire regime alimentaire valeur nutritive substance nutritive vitamine d

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New RDAs call for more calcium, less sodium. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (January 1990). volume 7(11) page 1-2. diet iron calcium ascorbic acid sodium vitamin k selenium vitamins b nutrient uptake health services health 0747-4105 Summary: regime alimentaire fer calcium acide ascorbique sodium vitamine k selenium complexe vitaminique b absorption de substances nutritives service de sante publique sante

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New views on the function and health effects of vitamins. Author(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ. Source: Machlin, L.J. Sauberlich, H.E. Nutrition-today (USA). (February 1994). volume 29(1) page 25-29. vitamin d vitamin k pyridoxine ascorbic acid vitamin e carotenoids nutrition physiology physiological functions health services health disease control folic acid nutrient deficiencies risk cardiovascular diseases carcinomas health protection healing immune response pathogenesis nutrient drug interactions air pollution physical activity respiratory diseases nervous system diseases 0029-666X Summary: vitamine d vitamine k pyridoxine acide ascorbique vitamine e carotenoide physiologie de la nutrition fonction physiologique service de sante publique sante controle de maladies acide folique carence en substance nutritive risque maladie cardiovasculaire carcinome protection de la sante guerison reponse immunitaire pathogenese interaction medicament nutriment pollution atmospherique activite physique maladie respiratoire trouble du systeme nerveux

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Non-trivial pursuits. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (October 1994). volume 21(8) page 1, 7. foods research diet health services health vitamin e disease control 0885-7792 Summary: produit alimentaire recherche regime alimentaire service de sante publique sante vitamine e controle de maladies

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Olestra approval stirs up fat-free controversy. Source: Smith, S.M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (March 1996). volume 19(3) page 2. fat substitutes risk side effects potato products diet fats calorific value feeding preferences vitamins bioavailability 0893-4452 Summary: succedane de corps gras risque effet secondaire produit a base de pomme de terre regime alimentaire corps gras valeur calorique preference alimentaire vitamine biodisponibilite

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Potatoes: a reliable source of vitamin C. Author(s): University of Rochester, Rochester, NY Source: Forbes, G.B. Nutrition-today (USA). (February 1993). volume 28(1) page 33-35. potatoes ascorbic acid history deficiency diseases disease control vitamins nutritive value 0029-666X Summary: pomme de terre acide ascorbique histoire maladie de carence controle de maladies vitamine valeur nutritive

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Strictly supplemental. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (February 1990). volume 7(12) page 1-2. fish oils tryptophan vitamins food additives eosinophilia unsaturated fatty acids heart diseases pregnancy health risk 0747-4105 Summary: huile de poisson tryptophane vitamine additif alimentaire eosinophilie acide gras insature cardiopathie gestation sante risque

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The good and harm of vitamin C. Author(s): University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Source: Hemila, H. Nutrition-today (USA). (April 1994). volume 29(2) page 49-50. ascorbic acid vitamins supplements health hazards side effects toxicity viroses cholesterol hyperlipidaemia health services health genotype environment interaction blood serum iron oxidation nutrient nutrient interactions nutrition physiology 0029666X Summary: acide ascorbique vitamine complement alimentaire danger pour la sante effet secondaire toxicite virose cholesterol hyperlipidemie service de sante publique sante interaction genotype environnement serum sanguin fer oxydation interaction nutriment nutriment physiologie de la nutrition

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The role of animals in nutrition research. Source: Hulsey, M.G. Martin, R.J. Nutrition-today (USA). (August 1993). volume 28(4) page 19-23. laboratory animals experimentation human nutrition research history vitamins minerals overweight 0029-666X Summary: animal de laboratoire experimentation nutrition humaine recherche histoire vitamine mineraux surpoids

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Totally misleading. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (March 1995). volume 13(1) page 1. breakfast cereals food additives vitamins supplements absorption nutritive value 0747-4105 Summary: cereale pour petit dejeuner additif alimentaire vitamine complement alimentaire absorption valeur nutritive

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Viewpoint: Does mega-C do more good than harm, or more harm than good? Author(s): City University, New York Source: Herbert, V. Nutrition-today (USA). (February 1993). volume 28(1) page 28-32. ascorbic acid vitamins health risk side effects toxicity genotype environment interaction blood serum metalloproteins iron oxidation nutrition physiology 0029-666X Summary: acide ascorbique vitamine sante risque effet secondaire toxicite interaction genotype environnement serum sanguin metalloproteine fer oxydation physiologie de la nutrition

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Vitamin A and protective immunity. Author(s): Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Source: Ross, A.C. Nutrition-today (USA). (August 1992). volume 27(4) page 18-26. retinol immune response vitamin deficiencies cell mediated immunity vitamins nonspecific immunostimulation human diseases morbillivirus pathogenesis cytokinins 0029-666X Summary: retinol reponse immunitaire carence en vitamine immunite cellulaire vitamine immunostimulation non specifique maladie de l' homme morbillivirus pathogenese cytokinine

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Vitamin C promises to fight cancer as well as runny noses. Source: Kolor, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (May 1992). volume 15(5) page 1, 6. ascorbic acid disease control neoplasms circulatory disorders blood pressure diet cataract rhinitis 0893-4452 Summary: acide ascorbique controle de maladies neoplasme trouble circulatoire pression sanguine regime alimentaire cataracte rhinite

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Whole grains and health: separating the wheat from the chaff. Author(s): University of Minnesota. Source: Slavin, J.L. Nutrition-today (USA). (August 1994). volume 29(4) page 6-11. bran grain health services health dietary fibres cereals fruits vegetables nutritive value disease control food consumption diet surveys epidemiology recommended dietary allowances cardiovascular diseases carcinomas diabetes human nutrition health protection starch oestrogens trace elements vitamins 0029-666X Summary: son grain service de sante publique sante fibre alimentaire cereale fruits legume valeur nutritive controle de maladies consommation alimentaire regime alimentaire enquete epidemiologie apport alimentaire recommande maladie cardiovasculaire carcinome diabete nutrition humaine protection de la sante amidon oestrogene oligoelement vitamine

Additional consumer oriented references include: ·

A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands). Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: Schuurman, A G Goldbohm, R A Brants, H A van den Brandt, P A CancerCauses-Control. 2002 August; 13(6): 573-82 0957-5243

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Another reason for pregnant women to take vitamins? Source: Anonymous Child-Health-Alert. 2002 October; 20: 2-3 1064-4849

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Antioxidant vitamins did not reduce death, vascular events, or cancer in high-risk patients. Author(s): University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.

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Source: Kumana, C R Cheung, B M Lauder, I J ACP-J-Club. 2003 Jan-February; 138(1): 3 1056-8751 ·

Application of a non-invasive method to study the moisturizing effect of formulations containing vitamins A or E or ceramide on human skin. Author(s): Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Leonardi, G R Gaspar, L R Maia Campos, P M J-Cosmet-Sci. 2002 Sep-October; 53(5): 263-8 1525-7886

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Behavior of alginate gel beads containing chitosan salt prepared with water-soluble vitamins. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan. [email protected] Source: Murata, Y Kontani, Y Ohmae, H Kawashima, S Eur-J-Pharm-Biopharm. 2002 March; 53(2): 249-51 0939-6411

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Correlates of vitamin supplement use in the United States: data from the California Teachers Study cohort. Author(s): Northern California Cancer Center, Union City 94587, USA. [email protected] Source: Hoggatt, K J Bernstein, L Reynolds, P Anton Culver, H Deapen, D Peel, D Pinder, R Ross, R K West, D W Wright, W Ziogas, A Horn Ross, P L Cancer-CausesControl. 2002 October; 13(8): 735-40 0957-5243

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Effect of freezing and canning on the content of selected vitamins and pigments in seeds of two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivars at the not fully mature stage. Author(s): Department of Raw Material and Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, Agricultural University of Krakow, 30-239 Krakow, 3 Podluzna Street, Poland. Source: Korus, A Lisiewska, Z Kmiecik, W Nahrung. 2002 August; 46(4): 233-7 0027769X

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Effect of high intensity pulsed electric fields and heat treatments on vitamins of milk. Author(s): CeRTA-UTPV, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidad de Lleida, Spain. Source: Bendicho, S Espachs, A Arantegui, J Martin, O J-Dairy-Res. 2002 February; 69(1): 113-23 0022-0299

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Effects of a vitamin pool (vitamins A, E, and C) on the tissue necrosis process: experimental study on rats. Author(s): Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Porto da Rocha, R Lucio, D P Souza, Tde L Pereira, S T Fernandes, G J AestheticPlast-Surg. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 197-202 0364-216X

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Effects of season on vitamins A and E contents and colour of Turkish butter. Author(s): Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Province Control Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Gokturuk, S Sezgin, E Yildirim, Z Atamer, M Nahrung. 2002 February; 46(1): 545 0027-769X

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Endogenous antioxidant activities in relation to concurrent vitamins A, C, and E intake in dementia. Author(s): Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK. [email protected] Source: Tabet, N Mantle, D Walker, Z Orrell, M Int-Psychogeriatr. 2002 March; 14(1): 715 1041-6102

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Epidemiologic evidence linking antioxidant vitamins to pulmonary function and airway obstruction. Author(s): Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA. [email protected] Source: Schunemann, H J Freudenheim, J L Grant, B J Epidemiol-Revolume 2001; 23(2): 248-67 0193-936X

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Fat soluble vitamins in blood and tissues of free-ranging and captive rhinoceros. Source: Clauss, M. Jessup, D.A. Norkus, E.B. Chen, T.C. Holick, M.F. Streich, W.J. Dierenfeld, E.S. J-wildl-dis. Lawrence, Kan. : Wildlife Disease Association Inc. April 2002. volume 38 (2) page 402-413. 0090-3558

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Functional analysis of yeast gene families involved in metabolism of vitamins B1 and B6. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, C/Dr Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain. Source: Rodriguez Navarro, S Llorente, B Rodriguez Manzaneque, M T Ramne, A Uber, G Marchesan, D Dujon, B Herrero, E Sunnerhagen, P Perez Ortin, J E Yeast. 2002 October; 19(14): 1261-76 0749-503X

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High intake of selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamins A, C, and E reduces growth of Helicobacter pylori in the guinea pig. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Sweden. Source: Sjunnesson, H Sturegard, E Willen, R Wadstrom, T Comp-Med. 2001 October; 51(5): 418-23

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Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study. Author(s): Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. [email protected] Source: Michaud, D S Pietinen, P Taylor, P R Virtanen, M Virtamo, J Albanes, D Br-JCancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 960-5 0007-0920

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Low plasma antioxidants and normal plasma B vitamins and homocysteine in patients with severe obesity. Author(s): Department of Medicine A, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. Source: Reitman, Alla Friedrich, Ilana Ben Amotz, Ami Levy, Yishai Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2002 August; 4(8): 590-3 1565-1088

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Maternal fever, multivitamin use, and selected birth defects: evidence of interaction? Author(s): National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. [email protected] Source: Botto, Lorenzo D Erickson, J David Mulinare, Joseph Lynberg, Michele C Liu, Yecai Epidemiology. 2002 July; 13(4): 485-8 1044-3983

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Maternal periconceptional vitamins: interactions with selected factors and congenital anomalies? Author(s): March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Oakland, California 94606, USA. [email protected] Source: Shaw, G M Nelson, V Carmichael, S L Lammer, E J Finnell, R H Rosenquist, T H Epidemiology. 2002 November; 13(6): 625-30 1044-3983

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Maternal vitamin use and reduced risk of neuroblastoma. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [email protected] Source: Olshan, A F Smith, J C Bondy, M L Neglia, J P Pollock, B H Epidemiology. 2002 September; 13(5): 575-80 1044-3983

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Oxidative stress and cardiac microvascular structure in ischemia and reperfusion: the protective effect of antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London 0E1 4NS, United Kingdom. Source: Molyneux, C A Glyn, M C Ward, B J Microvasc-Res. 2002 September; 64(2): 26577 0026-2862

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Renal vitamin supplements. Author(s): The Kingston Hospital Dialysis Center, Kingston, NY, USA. Source: Nelsen, J M Wagner, B J-Ren-Nutr. 2002 October; 12(4): E1-E3 1051-2276

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Role of vitamins in determining apoptosis and extent of suppression by bcl-2 during hybridoma cell culture. Author(s): Animal Cell Technology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. Source: Ishaque, A Al Rubeai, M Apoptosis. 2002 June; 7(3): 231-9 1360-8185

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Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Technology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Besler, H T Comoglu, S Okcu, Z Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 June; 5(3): 215-20 1028415X

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Take your vitamins with a pinch of RNA. Author(s): Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Source: Weisberg, R A Storz, G Mol-Cell. 2002 December; 10(6): 1266-8 1097-2765

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The effect of long-term intravenous high dose B-complex vitamins with or without folic acid on serum homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Renal Unit, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. [email protected] Source: Sombolos, K Fragia, T Natse, T Bartholomatos, G Karagianni, A Katsaris, G Christidou, F Bamichas, G Stangou, M Papagalanis, N J-Nephrol. 2002 Nov-December; 15(6): 671-5 1120-3625

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The use of vitamin supplements in self-medication. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Maastricht University, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Haenen, G R Bast, A Therapie. 2002 Mar-April; 57(2): 119-22 0040-5957

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Treatment of mood lability and explosive rage with minerals and vitamins: two case studies in children. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Source: Kaplan, B J Crawford, S G Gardner, B Farrelly, G J-Child-AdolescPsychopharmacol. 2002 Fall; 12(3): 205-19 1044-5463

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Trends in neural tube defect prevalence, folic acid fortification, and vitamin supplement use. Author(s): National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA. [email protected] Source: Olney, R S Mulinare, J Semin-Perinatol. 2002 August; 26(4): 277-85 0146-0005

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True deficiency of antioxidant vitamins E and A in dialysis patients. Relationship with clinical patterns of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospitales Universitarios La Paz, Spain. Source: Aguilera, A Bajo, M A del Peso, G Diez, J J Codoceo, R Rebollo, F Mariano, M Selgas, R Adv-Perit-Dial. 2002; 18: 206-11 1197-8554

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Vitamin and antioxidant supplementation: critical evaluation of clinical outcomes. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA. Source: Bistrian, B R Nestle-Nutr-Workshop-Ser-Clin-Perform-Programme. 2002; 7: 11930; discussions 130-2 1422-7584

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Vitamin and mineral supplements. Recommendations and considerations. Source: Webb, D Adv-Nurse-Pract. 2001 June; 9(6): 77-80, 82 1096-6293

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Vitamin nutrition in older adults. Author(s): Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma, College of Medicine, 921 North East 13th Street (11G), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. [email protected] Source: Johnson, K A Bernard, M A Funderburg, K Clin-Geriatr-Med. 2002 November; 18(4): 773-99 0749-0690

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Vitamin-C test for ovulation. Source: Pillay, A P Hum-Fertil. 1946 December; 2(4): 109-10 0099-4642

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Vitamins & minerals: how much is too much. Source: Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. June 2001. volume 28 (5) page 8-11. 0885-7792

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Vitamins ameliorate secondary mitochondrial failure in neonatal rat brain. Author(s): Tama Nagayama Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama-City, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan. Source: Nakai, A Shibazaki, Y Taniuchi, Y Oya, A Asakura, H Koshino, T Araki, T Pediatr-Neurol. 2002 July; 27(1): 30-5 0887-8994

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Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States). Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected] Source: Fung, T T Hunter, D J Spiegelman, D Colditz, G A Speizer, F E Willett, W C Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 April; 13(3): 221-30 0957-5243

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Vitamins, fever and birth defects- consistent interaction or persistent bias? Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. [email protected] Source: Christensen, K Epidemiology. 2002 November; 13(6): 620-1 1044-3983

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What your doctor is reading. Vitamins. Source: Karpf, J Diabetes-Self-Manag. 2002 Sep-October; 19(5): 42-3 0741-6253

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “vitamins” (or a synonym): ·

Effect of dietary oats or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on the quality of raw and cooked broiler meat. Author(s): Perugia Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Castellini, C. Bernardini, M. Dal Bosco, A. Zootecnica-e-Nutrizione-Animale (Italy). (October 2001). volume 27(5) page 193-202. broiler chickens chicken meat diet feed intake weight gain oats acetates supplements vitamin e cholesterol meat cuts proximate composition fatty acids 0390-0487 Summary: poulet de chair viande de poulet regime alimentaire prise alimentaire animaux gain de poids avoine acetate complement alimentaire vitamine e cholesterol piece de viande composition globale acide gras

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Effect of dietary vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation on meat quality of hybrids heavy pigs. Author(s): Bologna Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare Source: Fiego, D.P. lo Santoro, P. Macchioni, P. Mazzoni, D. Tassone, F. Proceedings-ofthe-ASPA-Congress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 350-352. swine pork diet supplements meat inspection ascorbic acid tocopherols quality antioxidants slaughtering ph colour muscles weight losses refrigeration Summary: porcin viande porcine regime alimentaire complement alimentaire inspection des viandes acide ascorbique tocopherol qualite antioxydant abattage d' animaux ph couleur muscle perte de poids refrigeration

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Effect of vitamin E and selenium administration on sheep milk quality. Author(s): Perugia Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Pauselli, M. Bolla, A. Casoli, C. Duranti, E. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-CongressRecent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 505-507. ewes ewe milk supplements selenium tocopherols somatic cell count milk yield mammary glands ph casein nitrogen ashes calcium phosphorus milk fat lactose rheological properties cheesemaking Summary: brebis lait de brebis complement alimentaire selenium tocopherol numeration cellulaire somatique rendement laitier glande mammaire ph caseine azote cendre calcium phosphore matiere grasse du lait lactose propriete rheologique fabrication fromagere

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Effects of dietary vitamin E supplementation on alpha-tocopherol content and antioxidative status of beef muscle. Author(s): Vyskumny Ustav Zivocisnej Vyroby, Nitra (Slovak Republic) Source: Lahucky, R. Novotna, K. Zaujec, K. Mojto, J. Pavlic, M. Blanco Roa, N.E. CzechJournal-of-Animal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (September 2002). volume 47(9) page 381-386. bulls muscles beef tocopherols antioxidants animal feeding quality moisture content protein content lipid content aldehydes pigments ph 1212-1819 Summary: taureau muscle viande bovine tocopherol antioxydant alimentation des animaux qualite teneur en eau teneur en proteines teneur en lipides aldehyde pigment ph

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Effects of vitamin E in lambs fed olive cake. Chemical composition of meat and lipid oxidation. Author(s): Messina Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali Catania Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche,

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Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali Messina Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biologica Source: Zumbo, A. Chiofalo, V. Lanza, M. Dugo, P. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-CongressRecent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 556-558. lambs oil mill byproducts olives vitamin e lamb meat proximate composition lipids oxidation energy value Summary: agneau sous produit d' huilerie olive vitamine e viande d' agneau composition globale lipide oxydation valeur energetique ·

Influence of heat stress on the metabolic response in broiler chickens. Author(s): Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague-Suchdol (Czech Republic) Source: Haertlova, H. Blaha, J. Koubkova, M. Draslarova, J. Fucikova, A. ScientiaAgriculturae-Bohemica (Czech Republic). (December 2002). volume 33(4) page 145-149. broiler chickens heat stress acid base equilibrium ascorbic acid vitamins b metabolism biochemical reactions blood 0582-2343 Summary: poulet de chair stress thermique equilibre acidobasique acide ascorbique complexe vitaminique b metabolisme reaction biochimique sang

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Influence of vitamin E dietary supplementation on some bone characteristics in broiler chicks. Author(s): Cairo Univ. (Egypt). Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Source: Mohamed, F.F. Abou El Soud, S.B.: Osman, M. Veterinary-Medical-Journal,Cairo-Univ. (Egypt). (April 2001). volume 49(2) page 331-344. Issued 2002. broiler chickens bones vitamin e nutritive value supplementary feeding feed conversion efficiency weight gain calcitonin 1110-1423 Summary: poulet de chair os vitamine e valeur nutritive alimentation complementaire efficacite conversion alimentaire gain de poids calcitonine

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Oils and vitamins addition to the diet. The effect on cock semen quality. Author(s): Milan Univ. (Italy). Istituto di Zootecnia Generale Source: Castrovilli, C. Bava, L. Toschi, I. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-Congress-RecentProgress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 478-480. cocks semen supplements diet soybean oil linseed oil vitamin e ascorbic acid polyunsaturated fatty acids spermatozoa quality Summary: coq sperme complement alimentaire regime alimentaire huile de soja huile de lin vitamine e acide ascorbique acide gras polyinsature spermatozoide qualite

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Oxidative stress in saddle horse. Author(s): Teramo Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Agroalimentari Source: Gramenzi, A. Vignola, G. Martino, G. Peli, A. Proceedings-of-the-ASPACongress-Recent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 644-646. saddle horses physical activity oxidation free radicals superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase supplements vitamin e diet antioxidants Summary: cheval de selle activite physique oxydation radical libre superoxyde dismutase glutathion peroxydase complement alimentaire vitamine e regime alimentaire antioxydant

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Study on pathomorphology of vitamin E and selenium deficiency in growing piglets. Author(s): Regional Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Plovdiv (Bulgaria) Source: Belchev, L. Angelov, A. Hristev, H. Bulgarian-Journal-of-Agricultural-Science. (2002). volume 8(2-3) page 323-329. piglets vitamin e selenium deficiency diseases muscular dystrophy lungs liver muscles heart brain kidneys histocytological analysis histopathology 1310-0351 Summary: porcelet vitamine e selenium maladie de carence dystrophie musculaire poumon foie muscle coeur encephale rein analyse histocytologique histopathologie

182 Vitamins

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Use of vitamin E in lambs fed olive cake. Effects on intramuscular fat fatty acids. Author(s): Messina Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali Catania Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche, Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali Source: Lotta, L. Chiofalo, B. Chiofalo, L. Bella, M. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-CongressRecent-Progress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 559-561. lambs oil mill byproducts olives vitamin e lamb meat saturated fatty acids polyunsaturated fatty acids sicily Summary: agneau sous produit d' huilerie olive vitamine e viande d' agneau acide gras sature acide gras polyinsature sicile

Additional physician-oriented references include: ·

A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands). Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Source: Schuurman, A G Goldbohm, R A Brants, H A van den Brandt, P A CancerCauses-Control. 2002 August; 13(6): 573-82 0957-5243

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Another reason for pregnant women to take vitamins? Source: Anonymous Child-Health-Alert. 2002 October; 20: 2-3 1064-4849

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Antioxidant vitamins did not reduce death, vascular events, or cancer in high-risk patients. Author(s): University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Source: Kumana, C R Cheung, B M Lauder, I J ACP-J-Club. 2003 Jan-February; 138(1): 3 1056-8751

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Application of a non-invasive method to study the moisturizing effect of formulations containing vitamins A or E or ceramide on human skin. Author(s): Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Leonardi, G R Gaspar, L R Maia Campos, P M J-Cosmet-Sci. 2002 Sep-October; 53(5): 263-8 1525-7886

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Behavior of alginate gel beads containing chitosan salt prepared with water-soluble vitamins. Author(s): Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan. [email protected] Source: Murata, Y Kontani, Y Ohmae, H Kawashima, S Eur-J-Pharm-Biopharm. 2002 March; 53(2): 249-51 0939-6411

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Correlates of vitamin supplement use in the United States: data from the California Teachers Study cohort. Author(s): Northern California Cancer Center, Union City 94587, USA. [email protected] Source: Hoggatt, K J Bernstein, L Reynolds, P Anton Culver, H Deapen, D Peel, D Pinder, R Ross, R K West, D W Wright, W Ziogas, A Horn Ross, P L Cancer-CausesControl. 2002 October; 13(8): 735-40 0957-5243

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Effect of freezing and canning on the content of selected vitamins and pigments in seeds of two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) cultivars at the not fully mature stage. Author(s): Department of Raw Material and Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, Agricultural University of Krakow, 30-239 Krakow, 3 Podluzna Street, Poland.

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Source: Korus, A Lisiewska, Z Kmiecik, W Nahrung. 2002 August; 46(4): 233-7 0027769X ·

Effect of high intensity pulsed electric fields and heat treatments on vitamins of milk. Author(s): CeRTA-UTPV, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidad de Lleida, Spain. Source: Bendicho, S Espachs, A Arantegui, J Martin, O J-Dairy-Res. 2002 February; 69(1): 113-23 0022-0299

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Effects of a vitamin pool (vitamins A, E, and C) on the tissue necrosis process: experimental study on rats. Author(s): Sao Paulo, Brazil. Source: Porto da Rocha, R Lucio, D P Souza, Tde L Pereira, S T Fernandes, G J AestheticPlast-Surg. 2002 May-June; 26(3): 197-202 0364-216X

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Effects of season on vitamins A and E contents and colour of Turkish butter. Author(s): Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Province Control Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey. Source: Gokturuk, S Sezgin, E Yildirim, Z Atamer, M Nahrung. 2002 February; 46(1): 545 0027-769X

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Endogenous antioxidant activities in relation to concurrent vitamins A, C, and E intake in dementia. Author(s): Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK. [email protected] Source: Tabet, N Mantle, D Walker, Z Orrell, M Int-Psychogeriatr. 2002 March; 14(1): 715 1041-6102

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Epidemiologic evidence linking antioxidant vitamins to pulmonary function and airway obstruction. Author(s): Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA. [email protected] Source: Schunemann, H J Freudenheim, J L Grant, B J Epidemiol-Revolume 2001; 23(2): 248-67 0193-936X

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Fat soluble vitamins in blood and tissues of free-ranging and captive rhinoceros. Source: Clauss, M. Jessup, D.A. Norkus, E.B. Chen, T.C. Holick, M.F. Streich, W.J. Dierenfeld, E.S. J-wildl-dis. Lawrence, Kan. : Wildlife Disease Association Inc. April 2002. volume 38 (2) page 402-413. 0090-3558

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Functional analysis of yeast gene families involved in metabolism of vitamins B1 and B6. Author(s): Departamento de Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Valencia, C/Dr Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain. Source: Rodriguez Navarro, S Llorente, B Rodriguez Manzaneque, M T Ramne, A Uber, G Marchesan, D Dujon, B Herrero, E Sunnerhagen, P Perez Ortin, J E Yeast. 2002 October; 19(14): 1261-76 0749-503X

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High intake of selenium, beta-carotene, and vitamins A, C, and E reduces growth of Helicobacter pylori in the guinea pig. Author(s): Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Sweden. Source: Sjunnesson, H Sturegard, E Willen, R Wadstrom, T Comp-Med. 2001 October; 51(5): 418-23

184 Vitamins

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Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study. Author(s): Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. [email protected] Source: Michaud, D S Pietinen, P Taylor, P R Virtanen, M Virtamo, J Albanes, D Br-JCancer. 2002 October 21; 87(9): 960-5 0007-0920

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Low plasma antioxidants and normal plasma B vitamins and homocysteine in patients with severe obesity. Author(s): Department of Medicine A, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel. Source: Reitman, Alla Friedrich, Ilana Ben Amotz, Ami Levy, Yishai Isr-Med-Assoc-J. 2002 August; 4(8): 590-3 1565-1088

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Maternal fever, multivitamin use, and selected birth defects: evidence of interaction? Author(s): National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. [email protected] Source: Botto, Lorenzo D Erickson, J David Mulinare, Joseph Lynberg, Michele C Liu, Yecai Epidemiology. 2002 July; 13(4): 485-8 1044-3983

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Maternal periconceptional vitamins: interactions with selected factors and congenital anomalies? Author(s): March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, California Birth Defects Monitoring Program, Oakland, California 94606, USA. [email protected] Source: Shaw, G M Nelson, V Carmichael, S L Lammer, E J Finnell, R H Rosenquist, T H Epidemiology. 2002 November; 13(6): 625-30 1044-3983

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Maternal vitamin use and reduced risk of neuroblastoma. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. [email protected] Source: Olshan, A F Smith, J C Bondy, M L Neglia, J P Pollock, B H Epidemiology. 2002 September; 13(5): 575-80 1044-3983

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Oxidative stress and cardiac microvascular structure in ischemia and reperfusion: the protective effect of antioxidant vitamins. Author(s): William Harvey Research Institute, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London 0E1 4NS, United Kingdom. Source: Molyneux, C A Glyn, M C Ward, B J Microvasc-Res. 2002 September; 64(2): 26577 0026-2862

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Renal vitamin supplements. Author(s): The Kingston Hospital Dialysis Center, Kingston, NY, USA. Source: Nelsen, J M Wagner, B J-Ren-Nutr. 2002 October; 12(4): E1-E3 1051-2276

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Role of vitamins in determining apoptosis and extent of suppression by bcl-2 during hybridoma cell culture. Author(s): Animal Cell Technology Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. Source: Ishaque, A Al Rubeai, M Apoptosis. 2002 June; 7(3): 231-9 1360-8185

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Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and lipid peroxidation in multiple sclerosis. Author(s): Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Technology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey. [email protected] Source: Besler, H T Comoglu, S Okcu, Z Nutr-Neurosci. 2002 June; 5(3): 215-20 1028415X

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Take your vitamins with a pinch of RNA. Author(s): Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Source: Weisberg, R A Storz, G Mol-Cell. 2002 December; 10(6): 1266-8 1097-2765

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The effect of long-term intravenous high dose B-complex vitamins with or without folic acid on serum homocysteine in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Renal Unit, G. Papanikolaou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece. [email protected] Source: Sombolos, K Fragia, T Natse, T Bartholomatos, G Karagianni, A Katsaris, G Christidou, F Bamichas, G Stangou, M Papagalanis, N J-Nephrol. 2002 Nov-December; 15(6): 671-5 1120-3625

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The use of vitamin supplements in self-medication. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Maastricht University, POB 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: Haenen, G R Bast, A Therapie. 2002 Mar-April; 57(2): 119-22 0040-5957

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Treatment of mood lability and explosive rage with minerals and vitamins: two case studies in children. Author(s): Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. [email protected] Source: Kaplan, B J Crawford, S G Gardner, B Farrelly, G J-Child-AdolescPsychopharmacol. 2002 Fall; 12(3): 205-19 1044-5463

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Trends in neural tube defect prevalence, folic acid fortification, and vitamin supplement use. Author(s): National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA. [email protected] Source: Olney, R S Mulinare, J Semin-Perinatol. 2002 August; 26(4): 277-85 0146-0005

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True deficiency of antioxidant vitamins E and A in dialysis patients. Relationship with clinical patterns of atherosclerosis. Author(s): Servicio de Nefrologia, Hospitales Universitarios La Paz, Spain. Source: Aguilera, A Bajo, M A del Peso, G Diez, J J Codoceo, R Rebollo, F Mariano, M Selgas, R Adv-Perit-Dial. 2002; 18: 206-11 1197-8554

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Vitamin and antioxidant supplementation: critical evaluation of clinical outcomes. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass., USA. Source: Bistrian, B R Nestle-Nutr-Workshop-Ser-Clin-Perform-Programme. 2002; 7: 11930; discussions 130-2 1422-7584

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Vitamin and mineral supplements. Recommendations and considerations. Source: Webb, D Adv-Nurse-Pract. 2001 June; 9(6): 77-80, 82 1096-6293

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Vitamin nutrition in older adults. Author(s): Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma, College of Medicine, 921 North East 13th Street (11G), Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. [email protected] Source: Johnson, K A Bernard, M A Funderburg, K Clin-Geriatr-Med. 2002 November; 18(4): 773-99 0749-0690

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Vitamin-C test for ovulation. Source: Pillay, A P Hum-Fertil. 1946 December; 2(4): 109-10 0099-4642

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Vitamins & minerals: how much is too much. Source: Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. June 2001. volume 28 (5) page 8-11. 0885-7792

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Vitamins ameliorate secondary mitochondrial failure in neonatal rat brain. Author(s): Tama Nagayama Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Nagayama, Tama-City, Tokyo, 206-8512, Japan. Source: Nakai, A Shibazaki, Y Taniuchi, Y Oya, A Asakura, H Koshino, T Araki, T Pediatr-Neurol. 2002 July; 27(1): 30-5 0887-8994

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Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States). Author(s): Department of Nutrition, Simmons College, Boston, MA 02115, USA. [email protected] Source: Fung, T T Hunter, D J Spiegelman, D Colditz, G A Speizer, F E Willett, W C Cancer-Causes-Control. 2002 April; 13(3): 221-30 0957-5243

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Vitamins, fever and birth defects- consistent interaction or persistent bias? Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense. [email protected] Source: Christensen, K Epidemiology. 2002 November; 13(6): 620-1 1044-3983

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What your doctor is reading. Vitamins. Source: Karpf, J Diabetes-Self-Manag. 2002 Sep-October; 19(5): 42-3 0741-6253

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: ·

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

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Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to vitamins; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

Vitamins Ascorbic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,887,00.html Folic Acid/vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,936,00.html Multiple Vitamin-mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Niacin Alternative names: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Niacin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,892,00.html Pantothenic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pantothenic Acid Alternative names: Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Provitamin A Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Alternative names: Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Riboflavin Alternative names: Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiamine Alternative names: Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin a Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin a Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin a Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin B Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10067,00.html

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Vitamin B Complex Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,962,00.html Vitamin B1 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B1 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Alternative names: Thiamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B12 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Alternative names: Cobalamin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B2 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B2 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Alternative names: Riboflavin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B3 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B3 (niacin) Alternative names: Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B5 (pantothenic Acid) Alternative names: Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Alternative names: Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B9 (folic Acid) Alternative names: Folate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B-complex Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C (ascorbic Acid) Alternative names: Ascorbic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin E Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin E Alternative names: Alpha-Tocopherol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com ·

Minerals Alpha-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biotin Alternative names: Vitamin H (Biotin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Biotin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Biotin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10008,00.html Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html

192 Vitamins

Calcium Channel–blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium/magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carnitine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cerivastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Copper Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Copper Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,886,00.html D-alpha-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Delta-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fluoxetine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 193

Fluvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folate Alternative names: Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gamma-tocopherol Alternative names: Vitamin E Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hmg-coa Reductase Inhibitors (statins) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iodine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,888,00.html Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Isotretinoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isotretinoin Alternative names: Accutane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com L-carnitine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lecithin and Choline Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10040,00.html Lecithin/phosphatidylcholine/choline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

194 Vitamins

Lovastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Magnesium Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium-sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quercetin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Nutrition 195

Retinol Alternative names: Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Selenium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Selenium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Selenium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10055,00.html Simvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sodium Bicarbonate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sodium Fluoride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Statin Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sulfur Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfur Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tretinoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vinpocetine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin a (retinol) Alternative names: Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin H (biotin) Alternative names: Biotin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

196 Vitamins

Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com ·

Food and Diet Abalone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acorn Squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,190,00.html Almonds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Apples Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,44,00.html Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Artichokes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,28,00.html Arugula Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 197

Asparagus Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,7,00.html Atkins Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Bagels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bamboo Shoots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,233,00.html Bananas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,47,00.html Beef Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,85,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bibb Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blackberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,142,00.html Bluefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

198 Vitamins

Bluefish Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,164,00.html Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bok Choy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,148,00.html Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Breadfruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,234,00.html Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,11,00.html Broccoli Rabe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,185,00.html Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,12,00.html Buffalo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bulgur Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition 199

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,305,00.html Butterfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butternut Squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,189,00.html Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cantaloupe Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,125,00.html Carbo-loading Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Catfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cauliflower Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,15,00.html Celeriac (celery Root) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,241,00.html Cherimoya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

200 Vitamins

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,242,00.html Cherries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,49,00.html Chestnuts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chicken Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,86,00.html Chickpeas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,106,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chili Peppers Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,132,00.html Chives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cod Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 201

Collard Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,152,00.html Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cottage Cheese Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crabs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,50,00.html Dex-a-diet Plus Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diet Drinks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diet Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Duck Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Egg Noodles Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eggplants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,19,00.html Eggs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,98,00.html Endive Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Energy Bars Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

202 Vitamins

Fat Alternatives and Fat Replacers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Feingold Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flounder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fresh Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gluten-free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goose Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Grapes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,53,00.html Guava Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,139,00.html Guinea Fowl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Halibut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition 203

High-fiber Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Iceberg Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,249,00.html Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kamut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kefir Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kiwi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kiwi Fruit Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,54,00.html Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kohlrabi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

204 Vitamins

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,319,00.html Kombu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kumquat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,250,00.html Lamb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,90,00.html Lamb and Mutton Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,24,00.html Lemons Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,55,00.html Lettuce & Other Salad Greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Limes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,210,00.html Lobster Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Longan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition 205

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,251,00.html Low-fat Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low-salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lychee (litchee) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,254,00.html Mackerel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mackerel Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,310,00.html Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mahi Mahi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mangoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,56,00.html Meal Substitutes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melons Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,57,00.html Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Millet Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

206 Vitamins

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,72,00.html Miso Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Monounsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mullet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,25,00.html Mussels Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Napa Cabbage Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,187,00.html Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nectarines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nectarines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,58,00.html Nopales (cactus Pads) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,236,00.html Nori Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition 207

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Oats Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,73,00.html Octopus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Okra Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,26,00.html Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Orange Roughy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html Oyster Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oysters Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Papaya Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Papaya Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,60,00.html

208 Vitamins

Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,29,00.html Peaches Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,61,00.html Peanut Butter Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peanuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,110,00.html Pearl Rice Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Persimmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,63,00.html Pike Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pineapple Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,64,00.html Plums Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,65,00.html Polyunsaturated Fats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html

Nutrition 209

Pomelo Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,259,00.html Porcini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pork Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Portobello Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,270,00.html Power Shake Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pretzel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Protein Powders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prunes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,66,00.html Quail Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Rabbit Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Radishes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

210 Vitamins

Radishes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,33,00.html Raisins & Currants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,67,00.html Raspberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,109,00.html Red Leaf Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rice Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rockfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,202,00.html Sablefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salmon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,102,00.html Salsify Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,260,00.html

Nutrition 211

Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html Scallions Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,34,00.html Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seaweed Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,217,00.html Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,288,00.html Shark Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shiitake Mushrooms Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,308,00.html Shrimp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Smelt Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Snacks and Desserts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soy Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,200,00.html Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Spinach Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spinach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,35,00.html Sprouts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,36,00.html Squid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Star Fruit (carambola) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,238,00.html Strawberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,108,00.html Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sunflower Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,158,00.html Surimi Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Sweet Potatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,40,00.html Swordfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tamarillo Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,262,00.html The Pritikin Diet Program Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com The Zone Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tilefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tomatoes Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,41,00.html Triticale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Triticale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,77,00.html Trout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tuna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html

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Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turnips Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,42,00.html Variety Meats Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Veal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetables Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Venison Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Loss and Obesity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Weight Management Index Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html White Bread Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whitefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html

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Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to vitamins. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is a bibliographic database produced by health-related agencies of the U.S. federal government (mostly from the National Institutes of Health) that can offer concise information for a targeted search. The CHID database is updated four times a year at the end of January, April, July, and October. Check the titles, summaries, and availability of CAM-related information by using the “Simple Search” option at the following Web site: http://chid.nih.gov/simple/simple.html. In the drop box at the top, select “Complementary and Alternative Medicine.” Then type “vitamins” (or synonyms) in the second search box. We recommend that you select 100 “documents per page” and to check the “whole records” options. The following was extracted using this technique: ·

Facts About Dietary Supplements for the Warfighter: Herbs and Botanicals, Amino Acids, Steroids, Vitamins and Minerals Source: Abderdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. 2003. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. 5158 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403. (800) 2229698. PRICE: Free. Summary: This brochure, produced for the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Medicine, provides information about dietary supplements, specifically herbs and botanicals, amino acids, steroids, and vitamins and minerals. It discusses what these dietary supplements are, how supplements are regulated, and the possible side effects of certain dietary supplements. The brochure offers guidelines for using

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dietary supplements, as well as several sources for reliable information on dietary supplements.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to vitamins and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to vitamins: ·

A review of vitamins A, C, and E and their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Brown DJ, Goodman J. Source: Clin Excell Nurse Pract. 1998 January; 2(1): 10-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675072&dopt=Abstract

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A role for multivitamins in infection? Author(s): Fawzi W, Stampfer MJ. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 March 4; 138(5): 430-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614097&dopt=Abstract

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Antioxidants in tears and plasma: Inter-relationships and effect of vitamin C supplementation. Author(s): Choy C, Benzie I, Cho P. Source: Current Eye Research. 2003 July; 27(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868009&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of thiamin (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) status in an adult Mediterranean population. Author(s): Mataix J, Aranda P, Sanchez C, Montellano MA, Planells E, Llopis J. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 90(3): 661-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13129473&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effect of combined administration of some naturally occurring antioxidants (vitamins) and thiol chelators in the treatment of chronic lead intoxication. Author(s): Flora SJ, Pande M, Mehta A. Source: Chemico-Biological Interactions. 2003 June 15; 145(3): 267-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732454&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in serum retinol, alpha-tocopherol, vitamin C, carotenoids, xinc and selenium after micronutrient supplementation during alcohol rehabilitation.

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Author(s): Gueguen S, Pirollet P, Leroy P, Guilland JC, Arnaud J, Paille F, Siest G, Visvikis S, Hercberg S, Herbeth B. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 August; 22(4): 303-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897045&dopt=Abstract ·

Contribution of raloxifene and calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation to the increase of the degree of mineralization of bone in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Boivin G, Lips P, Ott SM, Harper KD, Sarkar S, Pinette KV, Meunier PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970287&dopt=Abstract

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Coronary vasoregulation in patients with various risk factors in response to cold pressor testing: contrasting myocardial blood flow responses to short- and long-term vitamin C administration. Author(s): Schindler TH, Nitzsche EU, Munzel T, Olschewski M, Brink I, Jeserich M, Mix M, Buser PT, Pfisterer M, Solzbach U, Just H. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 September 3; 42(5): 814-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957426&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and vitamin E on the immune response of healthy geriatric dogs. Author(s): Hall JA, Tooley KA, Gradin JL, Jewell DE, Wander RC. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2003 June; 64(6): 762-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828263&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review. Author(s): Latham NK, Anderson CS, Reid IR. Source: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2003 September; 51(9): 1219-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919233&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of vitamin supplementation on microcirculatory disturbance in hemodialysis patients without peripheral arterial disease. Author(s): Sato M, Matsumoto Y, Morita H, Takemura H, Shimoi K, Amano I. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2003 July; 60(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872855&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of an oral, 10-day course of high-dose calciferol in correcting vitamin D deficiency. Author(s): Wu F, Staykova T, Horne A, Clearwater J, Ames R, Mason B, Orr-Walker B, Gamble G, Scott M, Reid I.

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Source: N Z Med J. 2003 August 8; 116(1179): U536. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14513083&dopt=Abstract ·

Factors affecting intestinal absorption of highly lipophilic food microconstituents (fat-soluble vitamins, carotenoids and phytosterols). Author(s): Borel P. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2003 August; 41(8): 979-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964802&dopt=Abstract

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Genotoxicity, recombinogenicity and cellular preneoplasic transformation induced by vitamin A supplementation. Author(s): Klamt F, Dal-Pizzol F, Roehrs R, de Oliveira RB, Dalmolin R, Henriques JA, de Andrades HH, de Paula Ramos AL, Saffi J, Moreira JC. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 August 5; 539(1-2): 117-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948820&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of supplementing newborn infants with vitamin A on early infant mortality: community based randomised trial in southern India. Author(s): Rahmathullah L, Tielsch JM, Thulasiraj RD, Katz J, Coles C, Devi S, John R, Prakash K, Sadanand AV, Edwin N, Kamaraj C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 2; 327(7409): 254. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12896935&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro study on the genotoxicity of dichloromethane extracts of valerian (DEV) in human endothelial ECV304 cells and the effect of vitamins E and C in attenuating the DEV-induced DNA damages. Author(s): Hui-lian W, Dong-fang Z, Zhao-feng L, Yang L, Qian-rong L, Yu-zhen W. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2003 April 1; 188(1): 36-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668120&dopt=Abstract

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In vivo antioxidant properties of vitamin E and chromium in cold-stressed Japanese quails. Author(s): Sahin N, Sahin K, Onderci M, Ozcelik M, Smith MO. Source: Archiv Fur Tierernahrung. 2003 June; 57(3): 207-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12903865&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of flavonoids and vitamins on the MMP- and TIMP-expression of human dermal fibroblasts after UVA irradiation. Author(s): Hantke B, Lahmann C, Venzke K, Fischer T, Kocourek A, Windsor LJ, Bergemann J, Stab F, Tschesche H.

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Source: Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences : Official Journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology. 2002 October; 1(10): 826-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656486&dopt=Abstract ·

Investigation of the growth and metastasis of malignant melanoma in a murine model: the role of supplemental vitamin A. Author(s): Weinzweig J, Tattini C, Lynch S, Zienowicz R, Weinzweig N, Spangenberger A, Edstrom L. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2003 July; 112(1): 152-8; Discussion 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832888&dopt=Abstract

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Iron overload related to excessive vitamin C intake. Author(s): Mallory MA, Sthapanachai C, Kowdley KV. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 September 16; 139(6): 532-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13679342&dopt=Abstract

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Multivitamin use and colorectal cancer incidence in a US cohort: does timing matter? Author(s): Jacobs EJ, Connell CJ, Chao A, McCullough ML, Rodriguez C, Thun MJ, Calle EE. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 October 1; 158(7): 621-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14507597&dopt=Abstract

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Oxidative haemolysis secondary to high-dose vitamins in a woman with glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Author(s): Burton C, Kaczmarski R. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 2003 April; 121(2): 201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694240&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma interleukin-6 is associated with psychological coronary risk factors: moderation by use of multivitamin supplements. Author(s): Suarez EC. Source: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2003 August; 17(4): 296-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831832&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma ubiquinone status and response to six-month supplementation combined with multivitamins in healthy elderly women--results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Wolters M, Hahn A. Source: Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003 May; 73(3): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847998&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in an elderly latino population are predicted by serum gastrin concentrations and crystalline vitamin B-12 intake. Author(s): Campbell AK, Miller JW, Green R, Haan MN, Allen LH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2770-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949363&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic vitamin D supplementation. Author(s): Calikoglu AS, Davenport ML. Source: Endocr Dev. 2003; 6: 233-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964435&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective study of serum vitamin E levels and esophageal and gastric cancers. Author(s): Taylor PR, Qiao YL, Abnet CC, Dawsey SM, Yang CS, Gunter EW, Wang W, Blot WJ, Dong ZW, Mark SD. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003 September 17; 95(18): 1414-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130117&dopt=Abstract

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Relation between homocysteine concentrations and the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverages: the French Supplementation with Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals Study. Author(s): Mennen LI, de Courcy GP, Guilland JC, Ducros V, Zarebska M, Bertrais S, Favier A, Hercberg S, Galan P. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 August; 78(2): 334-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12885718&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between vitamin use, smoking, and nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Author(s): Kallen B, Lundberg G, Aberg A. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2003 October; 82(10): 916-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956841&dopt=Abstract

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Reliability and validity of self-report of vitamin and mineral supplement use in the vitamins and lifestyle study. Author(s): Satia-Abouta J, Patterson RE, King IB, Stratton KL, Shattuck AL, Kristal AR, Potter JD, Thornquist MD, White E. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 May 15; 157(10): 944-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746248&dopt=Abstract

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Retinoic acid receptor alpha gene variants, multivitamin use, and liver intake as risk factors for oral clefts: a population-based case-control study in Denmark, 1991-1994. Author(s): Mitchell LE, Murray JC, O'Brien S, Christensen K. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 July 1; 158(1): 69-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835288&dopt=Abstract

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Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale. Author(s): U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 July 1; 139(1): 51-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834319&dopt=Abstract

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Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Author(s): Morris CD, Carson S. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 July 1; 139(1): 56-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834320&dopt=Abstract

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Severe Serratia liquefaciens sepsis following vitamin C infusion treatment by a naturopathic practitioner. Author(s): Engelhart S, Saborowski F, Krakau M, Scherholz-Schlosser G, Heyer I, Exner M. Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003 August; 41(8): 3986-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12904436&dopt=Abstract

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Silymarin and vitamin E reduce amiodarone-induced lysosomal phospholipidosis in rats. Author(s): Agoston M, Orsi F, Feher E, Hagymasi K, Orosz Z, Blazovics A, Feher J, Vereckei A. Source: Toxicology. 2003 August 28; 190(3): 231-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927377&dopt=Abstract

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Single megadose vitamin A supplementation of Indian mothers and morbidity in breastfed young infants. Author(s): Basu S, Sengupta B, Paladhi PK. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003 July; 79(933): 397-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897218&dopt=Abstract

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Supplementation with a combination of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia. Author(s): Arvindakshan M, Ghate M, Ranjekar PK, Evans DR, Mahadik SP. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2003 August 1; 62(3): 195-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837515&dopt=Abstract

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The anticancer effects of vitamin K. Author(s): Lamson DW, Plaza SM.

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Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2003 August; 8(3): 303-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946240&dopt=Abstract ·

The association between vitamin C and vitamin E supplement use before hematopoietic stem cell transplant and outcomes to two years. Author(s): Bruemmer B, Patterson RE, Cheney C, Aker SN, Witherspoon RP. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 August; 103(8): 982-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891146&dopt=Abstract

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The use of B vitamin supplements and peripheral arterial disease risk in men are inversely related. Author(s): Merchant AT, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Ascherio A. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2863-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949378&dopt=Abstract

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Use of vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplements by 17- and 18-year-old students in Korea. Author(s): Kim SH, Han JH, Zhu QY, Keen CL. Source: Journal of Medicinal Food. 2003 Spring; 6(1): 27-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804018&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin A and infancy. Biochemical, functional, and clinical aspects. Author(s): Perrotta S, Nobili B, Rossi F, Di Pinto D, Cucciolla V, Borriello A, Oliva A, Della Ragione F. Source: Vitam Horm. 2003; 66: 457-591. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12852263&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin A, beta-carotene, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Author(s): Stephensen CB. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2003 August; 61(8): 280-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13677590&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Author(s): Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, Spiegelman D, Hu FB, Manson JE, Willett WC. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 July 16; 42(2): 246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875759&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin C supplementation in normal subjects reduces constitutive ICAM-1 expression. Author(s): Rayment SJ, Shaw J, Woollard KJ, Lunec J, Griffiths HR.

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Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 August 22; 308(2): 339-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901874&dopt=Abstract ·

Vitamin C: effects of exercise and requirements with training. Author(s): Peake JM. Source: International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2003 June; 13(2): 125-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12945825&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: a historical perspective. Author(s): Rajakumar K. Source: Pediatrics. 2003 August; 112(2): E132-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12897318&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Author(s): Brion LP, Bell EF, Raghuveer TS. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (3): Cd003665. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12917978&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin E supplementation increases circulating vitamin E metabolites tenfold in end-stage renal disease patients. Author(s): Smith KS, Lee CL, Ridlington JW, Leonard SW, Devaraj S, Traber MG. Source: Lipids. 2003 August; 38(8): 813-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14577659&dopt=Abstract

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Vitamin-mineral supplement use among US women, 2000. Author(s): Yu SM, Kogan MD, Huang ZJ. Source: J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2003 Summer; 58(3): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948107&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: ·

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.comÒ: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to vitamins; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: ·

General Overview Abdominal Wall Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Abnormal Pap Smear Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acne Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Acne Rosacea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acne Vulgaris Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Age-related Cognitive Decline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aging Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Aids and Hiv Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Rhinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergies Alternative names: Hay Fever Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alzheimer's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anaphylaxis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Anxiety and Panic Attacks Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ascariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Autoimmune Conditions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bell's Palsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Beri Beri Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Birth Defects Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Birth Defects Prevention Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bleeding Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Body Odor Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bodybuilding Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Marrow Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brain Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brittle Nails Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bruising Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bruising Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bulimia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Burns Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Burns Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bursitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bursitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Canker Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Canker Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Capillary Fragility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiomyopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Cardiomyopathy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cardiovascular Disease Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cataracts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cataracts (prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cellulitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cervical Dysplasia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Chronic Venous Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cirrhosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cold Sores Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cold Sores Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Conjunctivitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Conjunctivitis and Blepharitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Connective Tissue Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Crohn's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cyclic Mastalgia Alternative names: Cyclic Mastitis, Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cystic Fibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression (mild to Moderate) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dermatitis Herpetiformis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diarrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Dupuytren's Contracture Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Alternative names: Painful Menstruation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ear Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eczema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epstein-barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eye Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Fatigue Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fecal Odor Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Female Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Female Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fever of Unknown Origin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibrocystic Breast Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Allergy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Frostbite Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallbladder Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gallstones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gastritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gout Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gout Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Guinea Worm Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gum Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hay Fever Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hay Fever Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemophilia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hemorrhoids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Hepatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Herpes Alternative names: Genital Herpes, Cold Sores Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Herpes Simplex Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Homocysteine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Homocystinuria Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hookworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Immune Function Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Immune System Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insect Bites and Stings Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Alternative names: Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Intestinal Parasites Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Iron-deficiency Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Joint Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Laryngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Leukoplakia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Liver Cirrhosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Liver Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lung Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lung Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lupus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphatic Filariasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lymphoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macular Degeneration Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Macular Degeneration Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Memory Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Meningitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopausal Symptoms (other Than Osteoporosis) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Menopause Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menorrhagia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menstrual Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Morning Sickness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

242 Vitamins

Motion Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Msg Sensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mumps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscle Cramps Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myelofibrosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myeloproliferative Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nail Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nausea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Night Blindness Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Night Vision (impaired) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Night-blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Osgood-schlatter Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Osteomalacia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteomyelitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Otitis Media Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pancreatic Insufficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

244 Vitamins

Peptic Ulcer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peptic Ulcer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pericarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Peritonitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pertussis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenylketonuria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Photodermatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Photosensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pink Eye Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pinworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Polycythemia Vera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Psychological Conditions and Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PTSD Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

246 Vitamins

Pyloric Stenosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Radiation Damage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Recurrent Ear Infections Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Reiter's Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Restless Legs Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Rickets Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rickets/osteomalacia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com River Blindness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roseola Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Roundworms Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Rubella Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schizophrenia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seborrheic Dermatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Serum Sickness Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexually Transmitted Diseases Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Postherpetic Neuralgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Shock Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

248 Vitamins

Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Conditions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Skin Thickening Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprains and Strains Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com STDs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stomach Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Sunburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tardive Dyskinesia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Threadworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thrombocytosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tinnitus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trichinosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tuberculosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Urethral Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

250 Vitamins

Urethritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Odor Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Urinary Tract Infection in Women Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com UTI Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uveitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vaginitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vaginitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicose Veins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vertigo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Viral Hepatitis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Visceral Larva Migrans Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitiligo Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 251

Vomiting Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warts Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Weight Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whipworm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Whooping Cough Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Wilson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wounds Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yellow Nail Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com ·

Alternative Therapy Acupressure Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,662,00.html Acupuncture Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,663,00.html Alexander Technique Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,665,00.html Amma Therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html

252 Vitamins

Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Applied Kinesiology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,711,00.html Aqua Acupuncture Alternative names: aqua acupuncture therapy aquapuncture the injection therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/a.html Aromatherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,664,00.html Art Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,671,00.html Aston-patterning Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10118,00.html Ayurveda Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,672,00.html Bach Flower Remedies Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,673,00.html Biofeedback Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,675,00.html Chelation Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,679,00.html

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Chiropractic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,681,00.html Colon Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,682,00.html Color Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,683,00.html Craniosacral Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,685,00.html Crystal and Gem Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,686,00.html Dance Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,687,00.html Detoxification Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Detoxification Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10119,00.html Dr. Lynch's Holistic Self-health Program Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/d.html Fasting Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,694,00.html Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html

254 Vitamins

Guided Imagery Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,699,00.html Hellerwork Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,700,00.html Holistic Gynecology Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Holistic Medicine Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/h.html Homeopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,703,00.html Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html Iridology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,709,00.html Light Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,713,00.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html

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Magnet Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,715,00.html Massage Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,716,00.html Meditation Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,717,00.html Music Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,719,00.html Myotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,931,00.html Native American Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,721,00.html Naturopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Naturopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,722,00.html Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Orthomolecular Medicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Orthomolecular Medicine Alternative names: orthomolecular nutritional medicine orthomolecular therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/o.html Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

256 Vitamins

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Polarity Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,727,00.html Prayer Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,728,00.html Qigong Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,729,00.html Reflexology Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,730,00.html Reiki Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,731,00.html Rolfing Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,732,00.html Shiatsu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,733,00.html Tai Chi Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,737,00.html Testing for Stomach Acidity Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Therapeutic Touch Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,739,00.html

Alternative Medicine 257

Traditional Chinese Medicine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10085,00.html Trager Approach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,741,00.html Urine Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html Writing Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,745,00.html Yoga Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,746,00.html ·

Herbs and Supplements 5-aminosalicylic Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-htp Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Acetaminophen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acetaminophen Alternative names: Acephen, Aceta, Amaphen, Anoquan, Apacet, Arthritis Foundation Aspirin Free, Arthritis Foundation Nighttime, Aspirin Free Anacin, Aspirin Free Excedrin, Bayer Select, Dapacin, Dynafed, Endolor, Esgic, Excedrin P.M., Fem-Etts, Femcet, Feverall, Fioricet, Fiorpap, Genapap, Genebs, Halenol, Isocet, Liquiprin, Mapap, Maranox, Meda, Medigesic, Midol, Multi-Symptom Pamprin, Neopap, Nighttime Pamprin, Oraphen-PD, Panadol, Phrenilin, Repan, Ridenol, Sedapap, Silapap, Sominex Pain Relief, Tapanol, Tempra, Tylenol, Uni-Ace, Unisom with Pain Relief Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

258 Vitamins

Adapalene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Adrenal Complex Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,994,00.html Adrenal Extract Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Agrimony Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,833,00.html Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Allopurinol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera, Aloe barbadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha Lipoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alpha2-adrenergic Agonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-lipoic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alpha-lipoic Acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10002,00.html Aluminum Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 259

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amiodarone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amiodarone Alternative names: Cordarone, Pacerone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Amoxicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ampicillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anthralin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antibiotic Combination: Sulfa Drugs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Antibiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antibiotics (general) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antioxidants Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10004,00.html Antioxidants and Free Radicals Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apium Graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Appedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

260 Vitamins

Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Asian Ginseng Alternative names: Panax ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aspirin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Mem Alternative names: Huang-Qi; Astragalus membranaceus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com AZT Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com B-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bee Products Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,756,00.html Benazepril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benzamycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Benztropine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Beta-blockers Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 261

Beta-carotene Alternative names: b-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beta-carotene Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Beta-carotene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10103,00.html Betacarotenum Alternative names: b-carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine Alternative names: Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betaine (trimethylglycine) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Biguanides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Alternative names: Vaccinium myrtillus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bilberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Bile Acid Sequestrant Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Blood-building Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10101,00.html

262 Vitamins

Blue-green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone-building Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,838,00.html Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Brewer’s Yeast Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bromelain Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,760,00.html Butcher’s Broom Alternative names: Ruscus aculeatus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Butcher's Broom Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10010,00.html Calciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Camellia Sinensis Alternative names: Green Tea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Captopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 263

Carbamazepine Alternative names: Atretol, Carbatrol, Epitol, Tegretol, Tegretol XR Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Carbidopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carbidopa/levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardec Dm Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Carnosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Carotenoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,763,00.html Catechins Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1023,00.html Caulophyllum Alternative names: Blue Cohosh; Caulophyllum thalictroides (MICH.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Centella Alternative names: Gotu Kola; Centella asiatica (Linn.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cephalosporins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cephalosporins Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cephalosporins Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

264 Vitamins

Chasteberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chasteberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,767,00.html Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chickweed Alternative names: Stellaria media Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chickweed Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Chitosan Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chitosan Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10016,00.html Chlorhexidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cimetidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clarithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Oral Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clindamycin Topical Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Clofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Clozapine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cobalamin Alternative names: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coenzyme Q Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,768,00.html Coenzyme Q10 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coenzyme Q10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colchicine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colchicine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Colloidal Silver Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Conjugated Linoleic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Coq10 Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Corticosteroids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cranberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cranberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10019,00.html Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

266 Vitamins

Curcuma Alternative names: Turmeric; Curcuma longa L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cyclophosphamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cycloserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dandelion Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10021,00.html Dapsone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dha Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dhea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10022,00.html Dicloxacillin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Didanosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docetaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Docosahexaenoic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 267

Docosahexaenoic Acid (dha) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dong Quai (angelica) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,774,00.html Doxorubicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Edta Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Electrolytes Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Siberian Ginseng, Eleuthero; Acanthopanax/Eleutherococcus senticosus Rupr. & Maxim. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org EPA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Erocalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estradiol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

268 Vitamins

Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Estrogens (combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Famotidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fennel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenofibrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibric Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flavonoids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Fluorouracil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garcinia Cambogia Alternative names: Citrin, Gambooge Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Gemfibrozil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 269

Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Ginkgo Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ginkgo Biloba Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ginseng (panax) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10029,00.html Gla (gamma-linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glimepiride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,790,00.html Glutamine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Glutathione Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glutathione Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,854,00.html Glyburide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gotu Kola Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10031,00.html

270 Vitamins

Grape Seed Alternative names: Vitis vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Grape Seed Extract Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,793,00.html Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Green Tea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10032,00.html Griseofulvin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gymnema Alternative names: Gurmar; Gymnema sylvestre Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org H2 Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Haloperidol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Herbal Digestive Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10104,00.html Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

Alternative Medicine 271

Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Horsetail Alternative names: Equisetum arvense Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Horsetail Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Humulus Alternative names: Hops; Humulus lupulus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydralazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydralazine Alternative names: Apresoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydroxychloroquine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Insulin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

272 Vitamins

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10039,00.html Isoflavones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isoniazid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Alternative names: Laniazid, Nydrazid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Isosorbide Mononitrate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org L. Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactobacillus Acidophilus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lansoprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lavandula Alternative names: Lavender; Lavandula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Levodopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Levodopa/carbidopa Alternative names: Sinemet Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Levofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lindane Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lipoic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lipotropic Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Alternative Medicine 273

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,861,00.html Lisinopril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Loracarbef Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com L-tyrosine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lutein Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lutein Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lycopene Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,803,00.html Lysine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Macrolides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Maidenhair Tree Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mao Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Marshmallow Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

274 Vitamins

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10042,00.html Medium-chain Triglycerides Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Melaleuca Alternative names: Tea Tree Oil; Melaleuca alternifolia Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Menadione Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10096,00.html Metformin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methionine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methionine Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10084,00.html Methotrexate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyldopa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Methyltestosterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 275

Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscellaneous Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nadh Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nadh Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Nitrofurantoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitroglycerin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitroglycerin Alternative names: Deponit, Minitran, Nitrek, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Derm, Nitro-Dur, Nitro-Time, Nitrocine, Nitrodisc, Nitrogard, Nitroglyn, Nitrol, Nitrolingual, Nitrong, NitroQuick, Nitrostat, Transderm-Nitro Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nitrous Oxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrous Oxide Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nizatidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

276 Vitamins

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (nsaids) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Omeprazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Opcs (oligomeric Proanthocyanidins) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oregano/wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Orlistat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paba Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Paba Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10049,00.html Paba (para-aminobenzoic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Paclitaxel Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

Alternative Medicine 277

Penicillamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillamine Alternative names: Cuprimine, Depen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Penicillin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Penicillin V Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Penicillins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pentoxifylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pentoxifylline Alternative names: Trental Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Perphenazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenelzine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Alternative names: Bellatal, Solfoton Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phenothiazines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenylpropanolamine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Phenytoin Alternative names: Dilantin Infatab, Dilantin-125 Oral Suspension Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphatidylserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

278 Vitamins

Phosphatidylserine (ps) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,813,00.html Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Alternative names: Vitamin K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Piroxicam Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Pms Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,947,00.html Pollen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Primidone Alternative names: Mysoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proanthocyanidins Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Probiotics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Proton Pump Inhibitors Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Proton Pump Inhibitors (gastric Acid Secretion Inhibitors) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 279

Pumpkin Alternative names: Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita maxima Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinapril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinolones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ramipril Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ranitidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Repaglinide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Rifampin Alternative names: Rifadin, Rimactane Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Risedronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Risperidone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Royal Jelly Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com S-adenosylmethionine (same) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Salicylates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

280 Vitamins

Salsalate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Same Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Same Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Same (s-adenosylmethionine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Shiitake Alternative names: Lentinus edodes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spirulina Alternative names: Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stavudine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Strontium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfasalazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonamides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfonylureas Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulindac Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tacrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 281

Tamoxifen Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Taurine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Taurine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Theophylline Alternative names: Accurbron, Aerolate, Aquaphyllin, Asmalix, Elixomin, Elixophyllin, Lanophyllin, Quibron-T, Quibron-T-SR, Slo-bid, Slo-Phyllin, T-Phyl, Theo-24, Theo-Dur, Theo-Sav, Theo-X, Theobid, Theochron, Theoclear L.A., Theoclear-80, Theolair, Theolair-SR, Theospan-SR, Theostat 80, Theovent, Uni-Dur, Uniphyl Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Theophylline Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Theophylline/aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thioridazine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thioxanthene Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

282 Vitamins

Thymus Alternative names: Thyme; Thymus vulgaris Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tmg (trimethylglycine) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tocotrienols Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trans-beta-carotene Alternative names: Beta-Carotene Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Tricyclic Antidepressants Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tricyclic Antidepressants (tcas) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole Alternative names: Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, Sulfatrim Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Trimethylglycine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tyrosine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 283

Uncaria Catclaw Alternative names: Cat's Claw, Uno de Gato; Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Uricosuric Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vacciniumb Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Valproic Acid Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Verapamil Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Verbascum Alternative names: Mullein; Verbascum thapsus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Chaste; Vitex agnus-castus Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Vitex Alternative names: Vitex agnus-castus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitis Vinifera Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Warfarin Alternative names: Coumadin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

284 Vitamins

Withania Ashwagandha Alternative names: Ashwagandha; Withania somnifera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Yucca Alternative names: Yucca schidigera , Yucca spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to vitamins. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “vitamins” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on vitamins, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Vitamins ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to vitamins. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: ·

Children's Ability to Discriminate between Verifiable and Unverifiable Claims of Television Advertisements Related to Vitamins, Medicine, and Food. by Thornton, Frances Lee, Phd from Northwestern University, 1973, 153 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7407832

·

Effect of Fluorescent Light Irradiation on Quality Deterioration of Edible Oils, Fats and Vitamins by Sattar, Abdus; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28132

·

Investigations into Interactions between Vitamin a and Vitamin D by Rohde, Cynthia Marie; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 192 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049355

·

Relationship between Maternal Prenatal Vitamin Use and Infant Iron Status by Wilkins, Jennie Pringle; Ms from West Virginia University, 2002, 43 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1409763

286 Vitamins

·

Studies on the Utilization of Some B-vitamins in Chick Diets Supplemented with Fermentation Residues by Karunajeewa, Hector; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00825

·

The Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on Muscle Damage during a 50-mile Endurance Ride in Horses by Marrone, Danielle Irene; Ms from University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2002, 42 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413612

·

The Psychological and Behavioral Effects of Group Counseling and Megavitamin Treatment in a School Setting with Handicapped Children by Slosar, John Richard, Phd from University of Southern California, 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f460262

·

The Relationship of Vitamins C and E to Diabetic Retinopathy in Population Studies by Millen, Amy Elizabeth; Phd from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 207 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049477

·

The Role of Language in the Discovery and Acceptance of Vitamins by Maltz, Alesia, Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 1990, 430 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9021725

·

The Vitamins a and C Status of the Rat and Guinea Pig As Influenced by the Level of Vitamins a and C Intake, Diet Composition, Calorie Intake and Exposure to Cold by Lachance, Paul A; Advdeg from University of Ottawa (canada), 1960 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK04378

·

Vascular Vegf and Vegfr-2 Expression in Experimental Hypercholesterolemia. Modulation by Vitamins C and E by Nespereira Rodriguez, Beatriz; Dr from Universidad De Navarra (spain), 2002, 164 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f409697

·

Visual Pigments and Vitamins a in Fishes and Amphibians by Tsin, Andrew Tsangcheung; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43574

·

Vitamin Status and Cognitive Function in a Long-term Care Population by Paulionis, Lina; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 112 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ65964

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning vitamins.

Recent Trials on Vitamins The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to vitamins.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. ·

Anticoagulation, Vitamins, and Endothelial Function Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service Purpose - Excerpt: Determine whether low or high dose B vitamin therapy will lower homocysteine and thrombomodulin in patients anticoagulated with warfarin. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018460

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Arsenic Trioxide Plus Vitamin C in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Multiple Myeloma Condition(s): refractory plasma cell neoplasm Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Sylvester Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy use different ways to stop cancer cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Vitamin C may increase the effectiveness of arsenic trioxide by making cancer cells more sensitive to the drug.

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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PURPOSE: Phase I/II trial to determine the effectiveness of arsenic trioxide plus vitamin C in treating patients who have recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006021 ·

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin E as add-on therapy for children with epilepsy Condition(s): Epilepsy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study to see if vitamin E helps children with epilepsy have fewer seizures. About 20-30% of children with epilepsy do not have adequate seizure control with established antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Other options for patients with uncontrolled epilepsy are newer antiepileptic medications, ketogenic diet and surgery. However, a small percentage of patients are candidates for these options. Therefore, additional treatments are needed to improve seizure control in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy. Animal studies have shown an association between vitamin E supplementation and seizure reduction. A study in children also showed that vitamin E helped reduce seizures. However, a similar study in adults did not show a reduction in seizures with vitamin E supplementation. Therefore, this research study is being done to help define vitamin E's usefulness and safety as a treatment for epilepsy. Fifty patients will be recruited from the Children's Epilepsy Program at The Children's Hospital in Denver, Colorado. Qualifying patients will have a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy that is currently uncontrolled with standard AEDs. The study period is 6 months and includes the following: Baseline period (1 month), Arm I (2 months), Washout period (1 month), and Arm II (2 months). Patients must have been on the same AEDs for 2 months before enrollment. All medications and complementary therapies must remain constant throughout the study. If at any point the physician feels it is not best for the patient to continue the study they will be discontinued. Before the study starts, study participants will be asked about seizure activity, what they eat and about any complementary and/or alternative medicine they may use. The study is two phases. Study participants will be given either vitamin E or placebo (fake pill/liquid) in each phase of the study. They will receive both vitamin E and placebo during the study. Which phase they receive vitamin E and placebo will be decided by chance (similar to rolling dice). Study participants will take liquid vitamin E or placebo two times per day. The study participants and study doctors will not know who is taking vitamin E and who is taking placebo. Study participants will come to the hospital for 3 outpatient and 2 inpatient visits. Health-related quality of life questionnaires will be filled out and blood will be drawn at three of the visits. Seizure diaries will be maintained throughout the study. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004637

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Effect of High Dose Vitamin E on Carotid Atherosclerosis Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The primary aim of the present study is to test the effect of alphatocopherol supplementation on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00010699

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Investigating the Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on Retinitis Pigmentosa Condition(s): Retinitis Pigmentosa Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: Vitamin A is an essential nutrient that cannot be made in the body, and it is difficult to get significant amounts of vitamin A from food sources. The purpose of this study is to determine whether taking an oral vitamin A supplement will improve the retinal function of patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Patients with RP progressively lose the ability to read fine print and perceive color. Fifteen participants age 18 and older who have various types of RP will participate in this study. They will take vitamin A capsules (doses of 15,000 IU to 50,000 UI) daily for 4 weeks; then they will switch to a lower dose for an additional 2 weeks. At an initial visit to the Clinical Center, participants will undergo a medical history, physical exam, blood work, and an eye exam that includes an electroretinogram. During each of five follow-up visits, doctors will measure the amount of vitamin A in participants' blood to see if it increases over time. The follow-up visits will take place approximately every 2 weeks for approximately 2.5 months. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065455

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Isotretinoin With or Without Vitamin E for Prevention of Lung Cancer Condition(s): Non-small cell lung cancer; Small Cell Lung Cancer; Drug Toxicity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): University of Colorado Cancer Center Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Isotretinoin may prevent the development of cancer cells. PURPOSE: Randomized double-blinded phase II trial to study the effectiveness of isotretinoin with or without vitamin E for chemoprevention of cancer in persons at high risk of developing lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase II

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002586 ·

Isotretinoin, Interferon alfa, and Vitamin E in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Head and Neck Cancer Condition(s): Hypopharyngeal Cancer; Laryngeal Cancer; lip and oral cavity cancer; Oropharyngeal Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy such as isotretinoin use different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Interferon alfa may interfere with the growth of tumor cells. Vitamin E may be able to decrease side effects caused by isotretinoin. It is not yet known whether combining isotretinoin and interferon alfa with vitamin E is more effective than observation in preventing recurrence of head and neck cancer after surgery and/or radiation therapy. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of isotretinoin and interferon alfa combined with vitamin E with that of observation in treating patients who have undergone surgery and/or radiation therapy for stage III or stage IV head and neck cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00054561

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Oxidative Stress and Vitamin E Requirements Condition(s): Smoking Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine if oxidative stress derived from cigarette smoking increases vitamin E requirements. The study will also assess the role of vitamin C in modulating vitamin E requirements. Vitamin E requirements will be assessed by measuring vitamin E in plasma as well as by measuring the excreted metabolite in the urine. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067899

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Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE) Condition(s): Alzheimer Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Cancer Institute (NCI)

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Purpose - Excerpt: The Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium (PREADVISE) prevention trial is an important addition to the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). As a prevention trial, PREADVISE is trying to find out if taking selenium and/or Vitamin E supplements can help to prevent memory loss and dementia such as Alzheimer's disease. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00040378 ·

Resistance to Vitamin D or Parathyroid Hormone Condition(s): Hypocalcemia; Osteomalacia; Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism; Rickets

Pseudohypoparathyroidism;

Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Patients with confirmed or suspected conditions with a resistance to vitamin D or parathyroid hormone (PTH) will be admitted for diagnosis and treatment, and inclusion in other studies pertaining to similar conditions. This study will provide information about problems relating to calcium in the blood, urine, and bones. Patients in this study will undergo a general evaluation / check-up to give researchers an idea of each person's condition or disease. Patients will receive treatment based on their diagnosis and asked to provide specimen samples for further research studies. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001242 ·

Role of Fat Tissue in Vitamin D Metabolism Condition(s): Vitamin D; Adipose Tissue; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that has important effects on calcium (including absorption of calcium from the diet) and bone metabolism. Vitamin D is known to be stored in fat tissue, and it is also present in the circulation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between levels of vitamin D in fat tissue and in blood. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00033826

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Selenium and Vitamin E in Preventing Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.

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Sponsor(s): Southwest Oncology Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute of Canada Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain drugs to try to prevent the development of cancer. It is not yet known which regimen of selenium and/or vitamin E may be more effective in preventing prostate cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of selenium and vitamin E, either alone or together, in preventing prostate cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006392 ·

Studies with Vitamin D Condition(s): Hypocalcemia; Rickets Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Vitamin D in the diet undergoes changes in the liver and kidneys to several forms. Patients suffering from disorders with Vitamin D resistance are unable to absorb calcium from food. Patients diagnosed with these disorders will be evaluated and treated with high doses of another form of Vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3). Patients will be monitored and observed throughout the study to avoid experiencing side effects from the medication. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001151

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Study of the Effects of Vitamin C on Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: Diabetes is a disease characterized by decreased sensitivity to the action on insulin to promote sugar (glucose) use and blood vessel relaxation (vasodilation) in muscle. Insulin's ability to cause blood vessel relaxation is controlled, in part, by nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is a substance produced by the cells lining blood vessel walls (endothelium). Increased blood flow to the muscle accounts for increased sugar (glucose) to areas of the body. Therefore, if the cells of blood vessel walls (endothelium) are not functioning properly it may contribute to insulin resistance. Injections of Vitamin C directly into the arteries have been shown to improve blood vessel reaction to nitric oxide in diabetic patients. Researchers believe this may be due to Vitamin C's ability to increase the levels of nitric oxide in blood vessels. The goal of this study is to determine the effects of vitamin C on both insulin sensitivity and endothelium function of patients with type 2 diabetes. An additional goal of the study is to determine the effects of vitamin C on patients with vitamin C deficiency. Patients participating in this study will undergo a series of testes to determine insulin sensitivity

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and blood vessel reactivity. Patients will be divided into two groups. One group will receive doses of oral vitamin C. The other group will receive doses of a placebo (inactive pill not containing vitamin C). Patients will receive the medications for four weeks and then be tested again for insulin sensitivity and blood vessel reactivity. Researchers believe that doses of vitamin C in diabetics or patients with vitamin C deficiency will improve insulin sensitivity and function of endothelium. Results gathered form this study may provide information about vitamin C levels in diabetics and may lead to the development of new therapies to treat insulin resistance and endothelium dysfunction. Phase(s): Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001870 ·

The Body's Affect on Vitamin C Condition(s): Healthy; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Pharmacokinetics is the term used for how the body affects a drug once it is taken. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential water soluble vitamin. Meaning, the body does not make Vitamin C it must be taken in through the diet. In this study researchers will attempt to determine how the amount of water consumed affects the level of vitamin C in the blood (specifically the plasma component of the blood). In this study researchers will take 13 subjects and place them on a Vitamin C restricted diet. Vitamin C levels will be measured twice a week on an outpatient basis until all subjects reach a desired low level of Vitamin C (12-15 micromolar plasma ascorbic acid concentration). Subjects will then be admitted and undergo 24 hour blood and urine collection. Following the collection of samples, subjects will then begin to receive Vitamin C orally (by mouth) and intravenously (injected into the vein). The dosage of Vitamin C will gradually increase from 30 mg-2500 mg divided into two daily doses. Blood and urine samples will be collected each time the dose is increased. The study will take approximately 18 weeks after which the subjects will be discharged in healthy condition. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001309

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The relationship between Vitamin D, fingernail thickness and bone density Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: Vitamin D deficiency is common in the elderly and contributes to the increased incidence of falls, hip fracture and depression in this population. An unknown number of elderly have vitamin D resistance resulting in a functional vitamin D deficiency state. Because there are no simple procedures or blood tests that identify vitamin D resistance, its prevalence and contribution to disability in the elderly is unknown. Our inability to screen for this condition precludes our ability to initiate and

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monitor treatment. Previous studies indicate that fingernail thickness correlates with vitamin D status and may therefore provide a simple cost effective procedure to not only identify patients with vitamin D deficiency but also, those with vitamin D resistance. This procedure may also provide a way to monitor an individual's response to treatment. This study is designed to demonstrate the association between fingernail thickness and vitamin D status. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006196 ·

Urinary Vitamin C Loss in Diabetics Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Purpose - Excerpt: Several studies have reported that diabetic subjects have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations than non-diabetic subjects. Although urinary vitamin C loss in diabetic subjects was reported to be increased in two studies, these are difficult to interpret due to lack of controlled vitamin C intake, inadequate sampling, lack of control subjects, or methodology uncertainties in vitamin C assay and sample processing. Consequently, it is unclear whether diabetic subjects truly have both low plasma and high urine vitamin C concentrations. We propose that low plasma vitamin C concentrations in diabetic subjects are due in part to inappropriate renal loss of vitamin C in these subjects but not in healthy controls. We will study vitamin C concentrations in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and in matched healthy research subjects. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma, neutrophils (as a proxy for tissue concentrations) and in urine will be measured in outpatients. In those willing to be admitted to the Clinical Center, we will measure 24-hour urinary excretion of vitamin C while on a vitamin C free diet, and creatinine clearance, a measure of glomerular filtration rate. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) will be determined in genomic DNA responsible for the two proteins mediating sodium-dependent vitamin C transport, SVCT1 and SVCT2. If low plasma and high urine vitamin C concentrations are found in diabetic subjects, further studies will be needed to explore mechanisms and to determine recommended dietary allowances for this patient population. MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00071526

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VITAL - VITamins to slow ALzheimer's disease (Homocysteine study) Condition(s): Alzheimer's Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Aging (NIA) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine whether reduction of homocysteine levels with high-dose folate (folic acid), B6, and B12 supplementation will slow the rate of cognitive decline in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Phase(s): Phase III

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056225 ·

Vitamin A Supplementation in Preterm Infants Condition(s): Infant, Premature Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Extremely low birth weight infants have decreased blood levels of Vitamin A. This Vitamin A deficiency may increase the risk of infections and chronic lung disease in these infants. This study will examine the effects of Vitamin A supplementation in premature babies born weighing less than 1500 grams (3.3 lbs). Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063596

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Vitamin A Therapy for Tuberculosis Condition(s): Pulmonary Tuberculosis; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The study will determine whether a daily vitamin and mineral supplement (a multivitamin including Vitamin A) will improve health when added to standard chemotherapy for tuberculosis. This study will compare the effectiveness of the multivitamin in HIV infected and HIV uninfected patients. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00057434

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Vitamin E in Aging Persons With Down Syndrome Condition(s): Down Syndrome; Alzheimer Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute on Aging (NIA); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The goal of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of the administration of vitamin E, which has been shown to delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease, in slowing the rate of cognitive/functional decline in older persons with Down syndrome. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00056329 ·

Vitamin E to Treat Uveitis-Associated Macular Edema Condition(s): Cystoid Macular Edema; Uveitis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will evaluate whether vitamin E can help treat swelling of the macular area of the retina (the back part of the eye) associated with uveitis (inflammatory eye disease). The macula is responsible for sharp vision; swelling in this area is one cause of vision loss in uveitis patients. Macular swelling is also associated with eye problems related to diabetes. In these patients, the swelling is thought to be caused by a substance called vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF. High doses of vitamin E have been used to treat these eye problems in diabetics. This study is a first step to find out if vitamin E will help reduce the retinal swelling in uveitis, which may also be caused by VEGF. Patients 9 years of age and older with macular edema associated with uveitis may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with the following tests and procedures: - Medical history and physical examination. This includes measurement of vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, temperature and breathing rate) and examination of the head and neck, heart, lungs, abdomen, arms and legs. - Eye examination. This includes measurement of visual acuity using a vision chart, measurement of eye pressure and examination of the pupils and eye movements. The pupils will be dilated with drops to permit examination of the back of the eye. Fluorescein angiography. This test uses a yellow dye (fluorescein) to take photos of the retina. The fluorescein is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eye. The camera flashes a blue light into the eye and takes pictures of the retina. The pictures show if the dye has leaked from the blood vessels into the retina. - Stereoscopic color fundus photography. These are photographs of the back of the eye, taken after the pupils have been dilated with drops. - Optical coherence tomography. This test measures the macular swelling. It is used to determine if the swelling is getting worse, better or staying the same. - Blood tests. About a tablespoon of blood is drawn to measure inflammation and cell counts and side effects of treatment. - Pregnancy test. All women of child-bearing potential are tested for pregnancy. Participants will be randomly assigned to daily treatment with oral high-dose vitamin E (1600 units) or placebo (a pill with no active ingredient) for 4 months. They will be examined at 2 months and 4 months with the same tests performed for screening and will return for a final clinic visit 1 month after treatment has ended. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00021645

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Vitamin E, Selenium, and Soy Protein in Preventing Cancer in Patients With HighGrade Prostate Neoplasia Condition(s): Prostate Cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute of Canada

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Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Chemoprevention therapy is the use of certain substances to try to prevent the development or recurrence of cancer. Vitamin E, selenium, and soy protein may be effective in preventing the development of prostate cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase II trial to study the effectiveness of combining vitamin E, selenium, and soy protein in preventing prostate cancer in patients who have high-grade prostate neoplasia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00064194 ·

Vitamin K and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); Eisai Co. Ltd. Purpose - Excerpt: This one year study of the K vitamers phylloquinone (K1) and menatetranone (MK4) will study supplementation effects on bone turnover and bone density. Women at least 5 years postmenopause with normal bone density who do not use estrogen therapy or the following medications may be eligible: alendronate (Fosamax) risedronate (Actonel) pamidronate (Aredia) etidronate (Didronel) zoledronate (Zometa) teriparatide (Forteo) raloxifene (Evista) tamoxifene warfarin (Coumadin) anti-seizure medications prednisone oral steroids Eligible subjects will take calcuim and vitamin D (Citracal) twice a day for the first two months and through-out the study. After the first two months, subjects are randomized to the K1, MK4 or placebo groups. Return visits occur at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Fasting blood and urine is collected at each visit and bone density is performed at 3 study visits. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00062595

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Zoledronate, Calcium, and Vitamin D in Preventing Bone Loss in Women Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Condition(s): Osteoporosis; stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; stage IV breast cancer; stage IIIA breast cancer; stage IIIB breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Zoledronate plus calcium and vitamin D may prevent bone loss in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. It is not yet known which regimen is most effective for treating breast cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of zoledronate plus calcium and vitamin D in preventing bone loss in women who are receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase III

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022087 ·

Altered Calcium and Vitamin D in PMDD or Severe PMS Condition(s): Premenstrual Syndrome Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Osteoporosis has become one of the most widely recognized disorders of our times affecting an estimated 25 million women in this country. Recent evidence has suggested that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is associated with a calcium deficiency state and bone loss. This may place premenopausal women at greater risk for osteoporosis. An entity such as PMS may be an important physiological marker of a calcium disturbance. The purpose of this investigation is to understand more completely the extent to which calcium balance is disturbed in severe PMS or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) by utilizing new tools to assess calcium and bone turnover. The long term objective is to elucidate the pathophysiology of PMDD or severe PMS as it relates to calcium hormones and bone markers. The experimental design involves the comparison between women witn severe PMS and asymptomatic controls. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005119

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Donepezil and Vitamin E to Prevent Side Effects Caused By Radiation Therapy to the Head in Patients Receiving Treatment for Small Cell Lung Cancer Condition(s): extensive stage small cell lung cancer; limited stage small cell lung cancer; Depression; Delirium; Recurrent Small Cell Lung Cancer; radiation toxicity; psychosocial effects/treatment; Quality of Life Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI); North Central Cancer Treatment Group Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Donepezil and vitamin E may be able to decrease side effects caused by radiation therapy given to prevent brain metastases in patients with small cell lung cancer. It is not yet known if donepezil and vitamin E are effective in preventing side effects caused by radiation therapy to the head. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of donepezil and vitamin E in preventing side effects caused by radiation therapy given to prevent brain metastases in patients who have small cell lung cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00006349

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Randomized Trials of Vitamin Supplements and Eye Disease Condition(s): Macular Degeneration; Cataract Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether vitamin E supplementation reduces the risk of cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in women. To determine whether vitamin C supplementation reduces the risk of cataract and AMD in women. To determine whether beta-carotene supplementation reduces the risk of cataract and AMD in women. To determine whether alternate day, low-dose aspirin reduces the risk of cataract and AMD in women. To identify potential risk factors for cataract and AMD including cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, blood pressure, blood cholesterol, cardiovascular disease, height, body mass index, and diabetes. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000161

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Supplemental Selenium and Vitamin E and Pulmonary Function Condition(s): Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Obstructive Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To test whether anti-oxidant supplementation with selenium and/or vitamin E affects pulmonary function. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063453

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Vitamin therapy for prevention of stroke Condition(s): Stroke; Cerebral Infarction; Myocardial Infarction Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: A stroke occurs when part of the brain is damaged from lack of normal blood supply. This may result in difficulty with feeling, speech, muscle strength or coordination, movement, thinking, or other brain functions. Having a stroke increases the risk of another stroke occurring in the future. Higher blood levels of a natural chemical known as homocysteine may contribute to hardening of the arteries in the brain or heart and increase the risk of stroke or heart attack. Folic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) may lower blood levels of homocysteine and reduce the risk of having another stroke or a heart attack. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below

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Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004734 ·

A Study to See if Certain Antioxidants and Vitamins Will Keep Lactate Levels Down in Patients Taking Anti-HIV Drugs Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is terminated. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if certain vitamins (C, E, B1, and B2) can keep lactate levels from becoming too high in patients who are taking nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) anti-HIV drugs. Some patients taking anti-HIV drugs develop hyperlactatemia. Hyperlactatemia is a condition in which lactate (a natural substance normally present in the body) levels are too high. Too much lactate in the body can lead to serious health problems. When patients suffer from hyperlactatemia while taking anti-HIV drugs, most doctors temporarily stop the drugs. Patients then restart the anti-HIV drugs when their lactate levels return to normal. If patients restart the same drugs they were taking when they developed hyperlactatemia, there is a risk that they may develop high lactate levels again. This study wants to find out if taking antioxidants (substances that reduce tissue damage due to oxygen radicals) and certain B vitamins may help prevent patients from developing hyperlactatemia when they restart the same anti-HIV drugs. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00037063

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Homocyst(e)ine, Vitamin Status, and CVD Risk Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebrovascular Accident; Coronary Disease; Myocardial Infarction; Heart Diseases; Hyperhomocysteinemia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To test the hypotheses that the risk of myocardial infarction and/or stroke is associated with elevated plasma levels of homocysteine, and low plasma levels of folate, vitamins B12 and B6. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005482

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Randomized Trial of Vitamin A and Vitamin E Supplementation for Retinitis Pigmentosa Condition(s): Retinitis Pigmentosa Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Eye Institute (NEI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether supplements of vitamin A or vitamin E alone or in combination affect the course of retinitis pigmentosa. Phase(s): Phase III

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Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000114 ·

The Effect of Alendronate, Calcium, and Vitamin D on Bone Mineral Density in HIV Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine if alendronate, in combination with calcium and vitamin D, is safe and effective for treating bone loss in people infected with HIV. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061256

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The Safety and Effectiveness of Different Doses of Vitamin C in HIV-Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is terminated. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a study to evaluate the tolerance and antiviral effect of oral vitamin C in HIV-infected. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001070

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Trial of Aspirin and Vitamin E in Women (Women's Health Study - WHS) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Ischemia; Vascular Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the effects of vitamin E and low-dose aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in apparently healthy women. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000479

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Vitamin A to Reduce HIV in Vaginal Secretions and Prevent Viral Transmission Condition(s): HIV Infections; Vitamin A Deficiency; HIV Seronegativity Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: HIV infected individuals with vitamin A deficiency may be more likely to transmit the virus to others than HIV infected individuals who have normal levels of vitamin A. The presence of HIV DNA in vaginal secretions may indicate a greater risk for transmission of HIV to others. The purpose of this study is to determine if taking vitamin A decreases the level of HIV DNA in vaginal secretions. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00053612

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Vitamin B Therapy for Hyperlactatemia Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to see if vitamin B can treat mild hyperlactatemia (a higher than normal level of lactate in the blood) in patients who take nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Hyperlactatemia is a potentially lifethreatening condition that can be associated with NRTI therapy. A lack of vitamin B may be related to the development of hyperlactatemia. However, no studies have been done to evaluate this. This study proposes that high doses of vitamin B may bring elevated lactate levels back to normal among patients taking NRTIs. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00031057

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Vitamin D Metabolism and the Williams Syndrome Condition(s): Williams Syndrome Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) Purpose - Excerpt: The Williams syndrome is a disease in which supravalvular aortic stenosis, an elfin facies, mental retardation and other congenital defects are sometimes associated with abnormal vitamin D and calcium metabolism. Whereas some patients have been reported to show increased sensitivity to vitamin D or an exaggerated response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D {25(OH)D} to administration of vitamin D and to have hypercalcemia caused by increased circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D{1,25(OH)2D} in infancy and early childhood, most patients have normal calcium metabolism and normal values for circulating 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. We propose to carry out further studies of vitamin D metabolism to elucidate the mechanism(s) for abnormal vitamin D metabolism. We will determine the response of serum 1,25(OH)2D

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to administration of 1,25(OH)2D3. Measurement of the 1,25(OH)2D in the patients compared to normal subjects will be the primary outcome. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00013962 ·

Vitamin Replacement in Abetalipoproteinemia Condition(s): Abetalipoproteinemia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine whether short term intravenous infusion of vitamins A and E in patients with abetalipoproteinemia can reverse disease symptoms in these patients. Abetalioproteinemia is an inherited metabolic defect that prevents fatsoluble vitamins, such as A and E, from being absorbed from the intestines into the bloodstream and from being secreted by the liver. The deficiencies of vitamins A and E can result in severe vision impairment and a gait disorder. Treatment with megadoses of these vitamins, taken by mouth, may delay or arrest symptoms, but many continue to progress. For this study, a single patient with moderately severe eye and neurological defects will be given essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins directly through a vein (intravenously) using FDA-approved replacements with a fat emulsion and multivitamins containing fat-soluble vitamins. This route of administration will bypass the digestive tract, where the absorption problem occurs. The infusions will be given twice a week for one month and then weekly for another month. Blood tests will be done weekly to measure blood lipids (fatty acids and other substances), cell counts, and vitamin levels. Eye and neurological examinations will be done once a month. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004574

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Women's Angiographic Vitamin and Estrogen Trial (WAVE) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Arteriosclerosis; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases; Myocardial Ischemia; Postmenopause Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To assess whether hormonal replacement therapy and/or antioxidant treatment would stabilize or inhibit progression, and induce regression of coronary plaques. The mechanisms by which these treatments modified atherosclerosis in women were also explored. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000555

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Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “vitamins” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: ·

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON VITAMINS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “vitamins” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on vitamins, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Vitamins By performing a patent search focusing on vitamins, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on vitamins: ·

Apparatus for adding additives during the conditioning of animal feed Inventor(s): Harz; Hans-Peter (Dudenhofen, DE), Betz; Roland (Niederkirchen, DE), Heindl; Ulrich (Hong Kong, HK), Cousins; Barton (Bohl-Iggelheim, DE), Braun; Jorg (Offenbach, DE), Heinzl; Wolfgang (Wachenheim, DE) Assignee(s): BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) Patent Number: 6,494,164 Date filed: September 28, 2001 Abstract: A process and an apparatus are described for adding additives during the conditioning of animal feed. The feed is transferred from a container (1) into a conditioner (3) via a feed screw (2) at an inlet point (M). In the conditioner (3), the feed is transported by a mixing screw (12) from an inlet point (M) along a path (A) to an exit point (N), and is exposed to vapor in the course of this. One or more additives (5) which are introduced into the conditioner (3) through one or more ports (10) are added to the feed which, has passed through x% of the path (A) in the conditioner (3). The feed and the additives (5) added through one or more ports (10) are mixed on the remaining (100x)% of the path (A) to form a mixture (6). The mixture (6) leaving the conditioner (3) at the exit point (N) is transferred to a pelleting press (7), where the mixture (6) is formed into pellets (8). The pellets (8) are finally transferred to a cooling device (9).The additives, in particular enzymes, vitamins, carotenoids and antibiotics, are not added to the main feed components until toward the end of the conditioning step. In this manner, these relatively heat-labile substances are exposed to elevated temperatures only for a relatively short time and experience much less stress than would be the case for complete passage through the conditioning unit. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for adding additives during the conditioning of animal feed. Animals receive their feed predominantly either in pulverulent form (meal) or as pressed pellets. In addition to the main feed components, animal feed generally also comprises additives, such as enzymes, vitamins or antibiotics. Such additives can be added to the feed in different ways. U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,822 describes a general process for any desired types of animal feed, in which feed additives, for example enzymes, are applied in dissolved form to cooled feed pellets in what is termed the "PPA (Post Pelleting Application) process", that is to say after the pelletizing process. The advantage of this method is that the substances applied do not suffer any loss in activity due to the action of heat owing to the conditioning step which precedes the feed pelletizing. A disadvantage is that the additives cannot be applied to the pellets in powder form and, in addition, technically complex equipment is required in order to enable the metering, dissolution and spraying of enzyme solutions. In addition to the extensive equipment requirements and the associated costs, there is a further disadvantage of the PPA process, namely the fact that the additives to be applied are not always distributed homogeneously on the feed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06494164__

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Chewable tablets containing mannitol and Aspartame Inventor(s): Valentine; William (Lawrenceville, GA), Valentine; William K. (Lawrenceville, GA) Assignee(s): Advanced Technology Pharmaceuticals Corporation (Dacula, GA) Patent Number: 6,579,535 Date filed: March 19, 2001 Abstract: Chewable tablets and particulate food and pharmaceutical products are disclosed which are made from agglomerates comprising an alcohol sugar such as mannitol and a high intensity sweetener such as Aspartame from which agglomerate tablets may be directly compressed, and processes for making the agglomerates and tablets. The tablets or particulate product containing the agglomerate may contain active ingredients blended with the agglomerate or as part of the agglomerate structure. Tablets and particulate products according to the invention can contain active ingredients such as pharmaceuticals (e.g., antacids, analgesics, cough medicine, drugs, etc.) breath sweeteners, vitamins and dietary supplements, to name a few. The high intensity sweetener containing agglomerates can also be used to make solid food mix type products such as sugar free ice tea mixes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to alcohol sugar high intensity sweetener agglomerate compositions which are useful in food and pharmaceutical products because of their flowability, compressibility, mixability, stability and dissolution characteristics, among others and, in particular, to agglomerates of an alcohol sugar preferably mannitol and a high intensity sweetener preferably Aspartame which agglomerates are made using a fluid bed process and are used to make chewable tablets and particulate products requiring a high intensity sweetener, and to processes for making the co-agglomerates, tablets and particulate products. A need has long existed in the food and pharmaceutical industry for high intensity sweetener containing products in a solid form which store well, are convenient and pleasant to take, efficacious, fast acting and storage stable. For example, a particulate product such as a sugar free ice tea mix requires that the product be free flowing and the high intensity sweetener stable to ingredients in the mix such as acidulents like citric acid. A high intensity sweetener is also used for a masking purpose to mask the bad taste of active ingredients in a product such as a chewable tablet containing acetaminophen. Additionally, solid swallowable antacid tablets are not particularly good tasting and do not sweeten the breath, which would be extremely desirable characteristics of a chewable tablet product for those who suffer from esophagal reflux or sour breath. High intensity sweeteners such as Aspartame unfortunately are not easily formulated in food and pharmaceutical products and this presents a formidable problem in the food and drug industries. Aspartame, for example, contains groups such as dipeptide linkages which are unstable when mixed with acidulents such as citric acid or an alkaline antacid material such as magnesium hydroxide. The breaking of the dipeptide link results in a loss of sweetness. Aspartame also enters into Maillard type "browning" reactions when mixed with a reducing sugar such as dextrose. Dissolution of the high intensity sweetener is also a problem because they generally evidence slow and undesirable dissolution in water, e.g., the sweetener floats on the surface of the water and slowly dissolves or the sweetener sinks to the bottom of the water and slowly dissolves. High intensity sweeteners typically are commercially available as fine powders which have a high degree of discernible static charge which makes homogenous mixing of the formulation difficult. Poor compressibility of high intensity sweeteners is an additional problem for formulators.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579535__ ·

Color stable iron and zinc fortified compositions Inventor(s): Mellican; Renee Irvine (Fairfield, OH), Mehansho; Haile (Fairfield, OH), Henry; William John (Taylor Mill, KY), Xi; Xiaobing (West Chester, OH), Lannelongue Favre; Michel Lucien Hubert (Cincinnati, OH), Li; Jianjun (West Chester, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,509,045 Date filed: November 28, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to color and flavor improvements in iron and zinc supplemented dry beverage powders having fruit and/or botanical flavor. Vitamins such as the B vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E can be added to the dry beverage mix. The supplemented dry beverage mix can also contain iodine, niacin and folic acid. In particular, methods for fortifying dry beverage mixes with certain bioavailable zinc and iron compounds without producing reconstituted beverages having undesirable color or flavor are disclosed. Also disclosed are beverages and foods fortified preferably with amino acid chelated iron that do not impart objectionable color due to the inclusion of a ferric ion reducing agent such as ascorbic acid and/or an agent such as citric acid that is capable of preferentially complexing ferric ion in the presence of polyphenols or flavonoids that are typically present in these beverages or foods. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to dry beverage mixes, ready-to-drink beverages and foods other than beverages supplemented with iron and optionally zinc compounds that have excellent bioavailability. The iron and zinc compounds herein do not cause an off-flavor/aftertaste, are stable, and overcome the problem of discoloration often caused by the addition of these minerals to foods and beverages. The compositions may also include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, the B vitamins, folic acid and iodine. The present invention further relates to beverages and foods fortified with iron, especially amino acid chelated iron, without imparting objectionable color. In many countries, the average diet does not contain sufficient levels of iron, zinc, iodine, vitamin A or the B vitamins. Iron deficiency is well documented. Although iron deficiency is one of the few nutritional deficiencies in the U.S., it is common in most developing countries. Recent evidence suggests that nutritional zinc deficiency may be common among the people of many developing countries where they subsist on diets of plant origin (e.g. cereal and legume). Marginal zinc deficiency may be widespread even in the U.S. because of self-imposed dietary restrictions, use of alcohol and cereal proteins, and the increasing use of refined foods which decrease the intake of trace minerals. Iron and zinc deficiencies can be overcome by taking supplements. Other methods of addressing these deficiencies include increasing the intake of foods naturally containing these minerals or fortifying food and beverage products. Usually, in countries where the people suffer from these deficiencies, the economy is such that providing minerals and vitamins as a supplement is expensive and presents significant distribution logistics problems. In addition, compliance, i.e., having the people take the vitamin and mineral supplements on a daily basis, is a serious problem. Accordingly, the delivery of iron and zinc along with other vitamins and minerals in a form that has high bioavailability and at the same time a non-objectionable taste and appearance, and in a form that would be consumed by a high proportion of the population at risk is desirable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06509045__

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Combinations of sunscreens Inventor(s): Zanchi; Giorgio (Bergamo, IT), Malpede; Alverio (Bergamo, IT) Assignee(s): 3V Sigma S.p.A. (Milan, IT) Patent Number: 6,514,485 Date filed: December 30, 1999 Abstract: Combinations of sunscreens comprising at least one specific anti uv-B filter with triazinoaniline structure and at least one specific anti UV-A filter selected from filters with benzoxazol substituted triazinoaniline structure and a long chain alkyl ester of a benzoxazolyl-aminophenyl-cyanoacrylic acid. Cosmetic and dermatological compositions containing them, optionally in combination with vitamins and/or other anti UV-A and anti UV-B filters. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to combinations of sunscreens comprising at least one anti UV-B filter with triazine structure and at least one anti UV-A filter as defined in the following, and the compositions containing them. It is well known that sun radiations ranging from 280 to 400 nm are noxious for human skin. Those with a wavelength from 280 to 380 nm, the so-called UV-B radiations, cause erythema and cutaneous sun-burns, whose severity depends on the kind of the skin and on the duration of the exposition to sunlight. Also radiations ranging from 320 to 400 nm, the so called UV-A radiations, which were considered innocuous and only responsible for skin tanning, are, as a matter of fact, harmful, in that they can cause damages to elastine and collagene, with consequent ageing of the skin as well as a number of phototoxic and photoallergic reactions. The damages to DNA structure induced by said radiations are known, as well. Different combinations of anti UV-A and anti UV-B filters are described in the patent and non-patent literature. Thus, for instance, GB 2 198 944, WO 91/11989 and WO 94/04131 disclose combinations of benzylidenecamphor derivatives or cyanoacrylates (anti UV-B filters) and dibenzoylmethane derivatives (anti UV-A filters), for the purpose of preventing photodegradation of the latter which are known to be poorly stable to light (Int. J. Cosm. Science, 10, 53, 1988). Combinations of anti UV-B filters with triazine structure and dibenzoylmethane derivatives are also described in EP 0 800 813 and EP 0 845 260. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06514485__

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Composition and method for correcting a dietary phytochemical deficiency Inventor(s): Davies; Audra (Long Beach, CA), Siddiqui; Idrees (Richmond, VA), Dykhouse; Robin (Newport Beach, CA), Rehnborg; Carl S. (Laguna Beach, CA), Stonebrook; Kerry (Pomona, CA), Groh; David (Temecula, CA) Assignee(s): Access Business Group International, LLC (Ada, MI) Patent Number: 6,511,675 Date filed: June 12, 2001 Abstract: The invention is directed to a composition and method for correcting a dietary phytochemical deficiency, wherein the phytochemicals include sulphoraphane, naringen, hesperidin, narirutin, quercetin,.beta.-carotene, lutein, lycopene, and isoflavones. The composition may also comprise additional vitamins and minerals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for correcting a dietary inadequacy, including a diet-induced inadequacy, of phytochemicals, vitamins,

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and minerals. Dietary supplements are often used for the treatment and prevention of various disorders. Such supplements are often targeted for specific diseases. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,568 is directed to a modular system of dietary supplement compositions for the treatment and prevention of, among other things, coronary heart disease. The modular system comprises several different modules, or formulas, each of which is a different combination of vitamins and minerals such as antioxidants and folic acid. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,887 relates to compositions enriched with natural phytoestrogens selected from genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A. The compositions are disclosed to be useful for promoting health in cases of cancer, premenstrual syndrome, menopause, or hypercholesterolemia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06511675__ ·

Composition and method for improved carbohydrate management in mammals Inventor(s): Katke; Jeffrey J. (San Clemente, CA), Krumhar; Kim Carleton (Carlsbad, CA) Assignee(s): Metagenics, Inc. (San Clemente, CA) Patent Number: 6,528,502 Date filed: August 8, 2000 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for use in managing carbohydrates and enhancing anabolism in mammals is described. The nutritional supplement contains regulated amounts of niacin, chromium, and vanadium, and optionally thiamin, riboflavin, magnesium, and zinc. These vitamins and minerals mimic and/or enhance the physiological effects of insulin in the body. A method of using the composition is also described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dietary supplement. More particularly, the invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of use thereof for improved carbohydrate management in mammals. As is well known in the medical community, insulin is one of the most powerful anabolic hormones in the body and is the primary driver of amino acid and glucose into muscle cells. In muscle tissue, insulin initiates the transport of glucose, mineral ions, and amino acids, and also regulates the synthesis and degradation of macromolecules. Additionally, insulin decreases muscle catabolism during exercise, which allows greater gains from intense exercise. It has been found that increased insulin activity affects tissues, and in particular muscle tissue, in a manner such that increased protein synthesis and muscle growth can occur. Although insulin is primarily known for its ability to promote tissue uptake of blood sugar, i.e., glucose, it exerts a number of other important physiological effects. These effects include increased synthesis and retention of protein in skeletal muscle and other tissues; stimulation of activated immune cells; enhanced brain uptake of tyrosine and tryptophan (precursors for important brain neurotransmitters); reduced output of free fatty acids from adipose stores; accelerated potassium uptake by cells; and increased metabolic rate. Additionally, insulin mediates the thermogenic effects of carbohydrates, which typically cause increases in metabolic rate following absorption of dietary carbohydrates. Such mediation occurs through the activation by the insulin of fat burning in "brown fat." Insulin is also required for proper thyroid function, and stimulates activity of the "sodium pump," an enzyme that regulates ion movements and accounts for a significant fraction of the metabolic energy burned everyday. Studies have indicated a tendency for mature adults to lose sensitivity to insulin. A sedentary lifestyle, obesity, and a diet low in fiber and chromium and high in sugars, all contribute to decreased insulin sensitivity.

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Studies have also found that individuals with impaired insulin sensitivity are at risk for high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528502__ ·

Composition for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular diseases Inventor(s): Lang; Philip C. (Toms River, NJ), Sosnowski; Robert E. (Manasquan, NJ) Assignee(s): DexGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Manasquan, NJ) Patent Number: 6,583,152 Date filed: April 30, 2001 Abstract: Elevated levels of homocysteine have been implicated as an important risk factor for cardiovascular and other diseases. A composition for decreasing levels of plasma homocysteine and a method for administering the composition are provided the composition containing dextromethorphan (DM), folic acid and vitamins B.sub.6 and B.sub.12. The composition provides a synergistic therapeutic effect so that lower amounts of the above ingredients may be employed to minimize any undesirable side effects caused by the use of high levels of a component such as DM. Preferred compositions for cardiovascular diseases further include lecithin, vitamin E, betacarotene, procyanidins/flavonoids, trimethylglycine, garlic oil and minerals. Other compositions for treating glaucoma include bilberry, bioflavonoids and beta-carotene and for treating tardive dyskinesia include an antioxidant such as grape seed extract and pine bark extract, lecithin and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. The compositions may be administered using any suitable means such as orally or intravenous. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for reducing the risk or progression of cardiovascular, glaucoma and tardive dyskinesia diseases and, more particularly, to a composition containing a number of ingredients which are present in amounts lower than amounts considered harmful to the body but which act synergistically to provide enhanced disease inhibition. Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death in industrialized countries. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the principal cause of cardiovascular disease. AS is a disease of the intima of the arteries that leads to fatty lesions called artheromatous plaques on the inside surface of the arteries. This deposit of fat and cholesterol narrows the arteries, and often becomes calcified, providing sites for abnormal blood clots to form, leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have repeatedly been associated with increased vascular risk. Hcy causes cells to decrease their production of clot preventing and clot dissolving substances and increases production of clot promoting substances. Hcy is an intermediate sulfhydryl alpha-amino acid formed during conversion of methionine to cysteine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06583152__

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Compositions and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects Inventor(s): Tao; Yuanjin (Fremont, CA) Assignee(s): Theralife, Inc. (Los Altos, CA) Patent Number: 6,521,269 Date filed: June 1, 2001

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Abstract: Compositions and methods for enhancing the effects of therapeutic compositions are provided. The compositions comprise singly or in combination herbals, natural nutritional supplements, minerals and vitamins. Methods of making these compositions are also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects. More specifically, it relates to nutraceutical compositions for enhancing the therapeutic effects of another composition, and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects. The need for enhancement of therapeutic effects of therapeutic substances or compositions is particularly apparent where conventional herbal and natural nutritional supplements are used to achieve these effects. These substances act slowly, and are considered primarily to provide individuals with long term benefits rather than short term or immediate improvement in the medical condition in question. Although pharmaceutical drugs have generally been considered to be more effective in treating acute conditions, this treatment often has significant side effects. Nonpharmaceutical alternatives, such as nutraceuticals, are often preferred because of their safer or more long-lasting effects. This usually means, however, that in choosing these alternative approaches, the treated individual has to forego more immediate alleviation of symptoms that might otherwise have been achievable through the use of pharmaceuticals. It would, therefore, clearly be advantageous to have herbal and natural nutritional supplements that can provide therapeutic effects similar in intensity and immediacy to pharmaceutical drugs, while continuing to provide long term health benefits and with the avoidance of significant side effects. The invention described and claimed in this specification provides this advantage by presenting compositions and methods for enhancing the therapeutic effects of conventional herbal and natural nutritional supplements. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06521269__ ·

Compositions and methods for treating eye discomfort Inventor(s): Tao; Yuanjin (Fremont, CA) Assignee(s): Theralife, Inc. (Los Altos, CA) Patent Number: 6,537,581 Date filed: June 1, 2001 Abstract: Compositions and methods for treating eye discomfort are provided. The compositions comprise singly or in combination herbals, natural nutritional supplements, minerals and vitamins. Methods of making these compositions are also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to compositions and methods for treating eye disorders. More specifically, it relates to nutraceutical compositions for treating eye discomfort symptoms, and methods for treating these symptoms with said compositions. One in five Americans suffers from discomfort of the eyes. One of the most common eye discomforts is due to dry eye condition. Dry eye conditions are characterized by ocular surface epithelium undergoing squamous metaplasia, loss of goblet cells, mucin deficiency and keratinization, leading to the clinical symptoms of dry eye syndrome. The advent of computer technology has accelerated the prevalence of vision disorders such as the dry eye syndromes. This is primarily due to the necessary use of video display terminals such as computer monitors. The prevalence of dry eye discomfort in visual display terminal users and contact lens wearers is significantly

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higher than in non-visual display terminal users and non-contact lens wearers. It is suggested that dry eye is one of the most common ocular disorders encountered by physicians. Hijichi, T. et al., Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. (1995), 233(9):555-8. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537581__ ·

Compressed bean composite and method therefore Inventor(s): Wilson; Jerome Carter (58 C Bell Rapids Rd., Hagerman, ID 83332), Mutchler; Timothy I. (890 37th NE., Northwood, ND 58267) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,491,963 Date filed: April 28, 2000 Abstract: A method of compressing cracked and split beans into useable cakes is provided. This process makes use of beans which have been broken into smaller pieces and are a natural result of the harvest and production methods and are considered undesirable and are separated out and either discarded or used in animal feed. The present invention takes these bean byproducts and combines them with rice, supplemental vitamins and minerals, and a binding agent and forms them into a uniformly shaped bean cake. These cakes can easily be packaged and stored for later shipping to an area where a highly nutritious and readily accessible food source is needed such as famine or disaster stricken locations. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an improvement in a compressed food product which may be easily broken down for consumption and more specifically, to a compressed bean based composite which is economical to store and transport and which may easily be re-hydrated for consumption. The edible bean industry has been rapidly expanding in many areas. This expansion of the industry has created a surplus of bean byproducts such as splits and chips which are basically broken whole dried beans. These bean byproducts have an equal food value to whole beans but a very limited market and subsequently, a very low monetary value. Often times these bean byproducts are used as animal feed rather than for human consumption merely because visually, due to their broken nature, they are unsatisfactory for human consumption or sale. Further, even though these products have been deemed unsatisfactory, they have a certain cooking advantage over whole beans. It is well known that cracked and split beans cook at a faster speed as they have more surface area than a whole bean for the same amount of product, thus reducing cooking times. It is well known that beans can provide a great deal of protein at a very low cost. It is also known that the quality and digestibility of beans can be improved by consuming them with cereal grains. Beans are a rich source of lysine, which is low in cereal grains. Cereal grains are high in methionine and other sulphur amino acids, which are low in beans. When beans and grains are served together in dishes like beans and rice, they provide a complimentary protein mixture. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06491963__

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Cosmetics Inventor(s): Oonuma; Toshio (Tokyo, JP), Takahashi; Tomoya (Tsuchiura, JP), Takekoshi; Yoichiro (Rye, NY) Assignee(s): Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,497,889 Date filed: June 6, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides cosmetics comprising (1) hydroxyproline, an N-acylated hydroxyproline derivative or a salt thereof and (2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of water-soluble vitamins, oil-soluble vitamins, high molecular peptides, high molecular polysaccharides, sphingolipids and seaweed extracts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to cosmetics having the activities to inhibit the skin aging and to improve the skin, in addition to the moisturizing function. So far, aging-preventing materials have been widely employed in cosmetics for the purpose of obtaining cosmetic effects such as prevention of the skin aging and the skin deterioration which cause skin troubles such as wrinkles, sags and dry skin. The agingpreventing materials employed in cosmetics are broadly classified into peroxide lipid inhibitors and cell activators. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06497889__

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Delivery system for enhanced bioavailability of nutrients and supplements Inventor(s): Huang; Sean (475 Las Pulgas Dr., Woodside, CA 94062), Zimmerman; Marcia (700 Serrano Ct., Chico, CA 95928), Papadimitriou; Dimitri (504 Sophia La., Shreveport, LA 71115) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,485,738 Date filed: July 26, 2001 Abstract: A gel delivery system for promoting bioavailability and uptake of vitamins, minerals and other nutritional supplements comprises a gel base, preferably including agar, water and a bioavailablity enhancing composition that promotes absorption of the carried substance in the digestive tract. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a gel composition for use as a delivery system for nutrients, medicaments, vitamins, minerals, herbal and nutritional supplements. Various systems are known for use as carriers for delivering drugs, medicaments and nutritional supplements. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,950,689 a pectin delivery system is described. This system seeks to deliver fiber with good taste by utilizing a pectin gel delivery system to form a confectionery unit combined with an edible insoluble solid to strengthen the chewable pectin gel network. The delivery system can be used to deliver a drug such as a laxative. U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,331 describes a similar system, which is sugarless, including an algin gel component with a pectin component. U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,058 describes a high viscosity liquid composition for the delivery of substances, using a non-polymeric, non-water soluble high viscosity liquid carrier material that does not crystallize neat under ambient or physiological conditions. Sucrose acetate isobutyrate is described as such a substance.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06485738__ ·

Dermatic cosmetic material Inventor(s): Sakuta; Koji (Gunma-Ken, JP) Assignee(s): Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,503,519 Date filed: June 23, 2000 Abstract: A dermatic cosmetic material containing as a substrate a silicone composition paste comprising (i) a cross-linked silicone polymer having hydrophilic polyoxyalkylene groups wherein polyoxyethylene moieties are comprised, which functions as a thickener component, and (ii) a silicone oil, thereby enabling stable incorporation of an antiperspirant or water-soluble vitamins and further ensuring improvements in usability. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a dermatic cosmetic material in which is mixed a paste composition comprising a three-dimensionally cross-linked silicone polymer and a silicone oil. In particular, the invention is concerned with an antiperspirant composition having characteristics that, when applied to the skin, it has neither tacky feel nor oily feel, spreads smoothly and provides a refreshing feeling to the skin, wherein are comprised an aluminum compound having an antiperspirant activity and the aforementioned paste composition. Further, the invention relates to a skin-care cosmetic material in which vitamin C is dispersed homogeneously in a stable condition owing to the incorporation of the aforementioned paste composition. Many antiperspirant cosmetics containing aluminum compounds as an active component in perspiration control are available. The antiperspirant compositions are used in any form of nonaqueous or aqueous liquid, solid and spray compositions. In a case of nonaqueous liquid compositions, the foregoing active component is dispersed in oily ingredients; therefore such compositions have an oily feel. In addition, it is required to give them a good shake before their use because they cause sedimentation of the active component upon storage. Further, they have a drawback of tending to trickle down from the part to which they are applied. Then silicone oils are used as a dispersion medium for the active component with the intention of decreasing an oily feel. However, this measure cannot by itself get rid of the tendencies of the resultant compositions to deposit the active component upon storage and trickle down from the applied parts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503519__

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Dialysis solutions containing water soluble vitamins and nutrients Inventor(s): Gupta; Ajay (39151 Horton, Farmington Hills, MI 48331) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,537,976 Date filed: October 18, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to methods and compositions for the prevention and treatment of vitamin and other nutrient deficiencies in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Patients are dialyzed with a dialysate solution comprising at least one vitamin.

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Excerpt(s): This invention generally relates to methods and compositions for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In particular, the invention relates to the use of a dialysate solution comprising at least one vitamin to improve the nutritional status of a dialysis patient. Dialysis provides a method for supplementing or replacing renal function in patients with renal failure. Therefore, dialysis helps maintain homeostasis in patients with end stage kidney failure. Dialysis is defined as the movement of solute and water through a semipermeable membrane which separates the patient's blood from the dialysate solution. The semipermeable membrane can either be the peritoneal membrane in peritoneal dialysis patients or an artificial dialyzer membrane in hemodialysis patients. Molecules transfer across this semipermeable membrane by the processes of diffusion and convection. In hemodialysis, the patient's blood is passed through an artificial kidney dialysis machine. A membrane in the machine acts as an artificial kidney for cleansing the blood. Because it is an extracorporeal system that requires special machinery, there are certain inherent disadvantages with hemodialysis. To overcome the disadvantages associated with hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis was developed. Peritoneal dialysis utilizes the patient's own peritoneum as a semipermeable membrane. The peritoneum is the membranous lining of the body cavity that due to the large number of blood vessels and capillaries, is capable of acting as a natural semi-permeable membrane. In peritoneal dialysis, a dialysis solution is introduced into the peritoneal cavity utilizing a catheter. After a sufficient period of time, an exchange of solutes between the dialysate and the blood is achieved. Fluid removal is achieved by providing a suitable osmotic gradient from the blood to the dialysate to permit water outflow from the blood. The dialysis solution is then simply drained from the body cavity through the catheter. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537976__ ·

Dual composition cosmetic product with a concentration sensitive and an incompatible active respectively placed within first and second compositions Inventor(s): Chandar; Prem (Closter, NJ), Hague; Jonathan David (Jakarta, ID), Weinkauf; Ronni Lynn (River Edge, NJ), Sulistyowati; Endah (Jakarta, ID), Scott; Ian Richard (Allendale, NJ), Suryo; Dwiwahyu Haryo (Jakarta, ID) Assignee(s): Unilever Home & Personal Care USA, division of Conopco, Inc. (Greenwich, CT) Patent Number: 6,585,984 Date filed: November 16, 2000 Abstract: A cosmetic product is provided packaged in a dispenser with separate first and second storage areas. The first of the areas contains a first cosmetic composition containing a first dermal active agent, preferably selected from keratolytic skin agents. Particularly preferred are alpha- and beta-hydroxy carboxylic acids as first dermal active placed in a composition having a pH from about 1 to about 5.5. The second area contains a second cosmetic composition with a second dermal agent incompatible with the first composition. Particularly preferred second dermal agents are retinoids, vitamins, enzymes and anti-oxidants. Most preferred is retinol. The dispenser allows transfer of the first and second compositions through an exit nozzle in a respective dispensing weight ratio of from about 30:1 to about 2:1. Excerpt(s): The invention concerns a cosmetic product with dual compositions, preferably stored in separate compartments, each composition containing a skin active with at least one of the actives being incompatible in a composition containing the other.

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A soft, supple and flexible skin has a marked cosmetic appeal. As human skin ages with advancing years, the epidermis can become folded, ridged or furrowed to form wrinkles. These signal loss of youthful appearance and herald the transition to old age. Exposure to excessive doses of sunlight accelerates the transition process. Moreover, the outer layer of the epidermis known as the stratum corneum can become dry and flaky following exposure to cold weather or excessive contact with detergents or solvents. Science has discovered a few active substances which can counter the aging process. Among these are the retinoids and the alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids. Unfortunately these active substances can be incompatible under certain conditions. Retinol rapidly degrades in a acidic environment that may be most conducive to the alpha-hydroxys. Combinations of these actives have been reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,589 (Mukhedjee et al.) which places the actives in separate emulsions within a single composition. Retinol is stabilized at a neutral pH in an oil-in-water emulsion. An alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid such as glycolic acid is dispersed within a water-in-oil emulsion. Both of these emulsions are then carefully combined to form a single cosmetic composition. A problem for such compositions is that over time there will be leakage between the separate emulsions resulting in retinol degradation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06585984__ ·

Fertility kit Inventor(s): Sweazy; Jill A. (1747 Village Park Dr., Orangeburg, SC 29118), Sweazy; Scott M. (1747 Village Park Dr., Orangeburg, SC 29118) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,610,331 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: A method and kit for enhancing the natural fertility process. The kit includes a vaginal douche that is used prior to intercourse to enhance the sperm transportation and sustaining properties of the cervical mucous. The douche contains a balanced electrolyte solution, polysaccharides, and pH buffers. The kit also includes nutriceuticals specifically formulated for both the male and female which include amino acids, minerals, vitamins, herbs, phytoestrogens, and antioxidants along with a specified dosing regimen. A basal body temperature thermometer and chart is provided with instructions to confirm when and if ovulation will/did occur. Commercially available urinary chemical reagent strips are provided with instructions so as to predict/confirm if and when ovulation will occur. A lubricating medium will also be provided and utilized at the time of intercourse which is nonspermicidal and which contains polysaccharides which influence natural sperm motility. A detailed instruction book regarding the method and practice is provided along with dietary and lifestyle recommendations which have been shown to affect natural fertility. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to a fertility kit used to enhance the natural fertility potential of both the male and female partner. It utilizes naturally occurring vitamins, minerals, herbs, and saccharides to assist with the normal ovulatory cycle in the female, improve the physicochemical properties of the cervical mucus, and improve the production of sperm in men along with improving the quality of the ejaculatory fluid derived from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Approximately 15 % of all married couples experience some form of infertility. Primary infertility occurs in a couple in which a child has not been successfully conceived for a period of greater than one year while performing intercourse during an appropriate schedule. Secondary

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infertility occurs in a couple which has previously successfully conceived and who has failed to subsequently conceive. Approximately 40 % of all infertility problems are associated with a male factor, 40 % are associated with a female factor, and the remaining 20 % occur in couples when either both partners have an identifiable infertility cause or there is no identifiable reason in either partner that explains their infertility. Male factor infertility may be the result of complete lack of sperm production, azoospermia, which may be the result of primary testicular failure or secondary testicular failure resulting from a previous disease such as the mumps or secondary to chemotherapy administration. Other causes include obstruction of the vas deferen or ejaculatory ducts. Greatly diminished sperm production, oligospermia, may be the result of similar problems or secondary to spermatogenic problems at the level of the testicles. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610331__ ·

Food additive composition Inventor(s): Koumarianos; Teddy A. (7306 Laurel Creek Ct., Springfield, VA 22150) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,558,691 Date filed: May 3, 2002 Abstract: A food additive composition in a ground particulate composition containing multiple vitamins, calcium citrate, sugar, minerals, herbs, at least 70% to 80% by volume of different types of grains, 10%-20% by volume of beans, berries, and cloves. Two different compositions containing dried (1) vegetables and (2) fruits are formulated, and the nutritious and flavorful additive compositions can be added to food being cooked or while eating out. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to food supplements. The invention is a food additive, an all-in-one powder composition containing multiple vitamins, calcium citrate, minerals, herbs, beans, peas, grains, flakes, berries, sugar, and spices to add a delightful flavor to any food consumed and curbing one's appetite. More specifically, the invention includes two powdered food additives, namely, (1) Garden Sperbz composition and (2) Fruit Sperbz composition containing all the grains, beans, spices, herbs, vitamins, and calcium mentioned above with the addition of vegetables and fruit, respectively. The related art of interest describes various food supplements, but none discloses the present invention. There is a need for a powdered food additive which supplies a variety of nutrients and flavors for enriching and flavoring one's food, but also curbing one's appetite to prevent overeating. The related art will be discussed in the order of perceived relevance to the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,710,387 issued on Dec. 1, 1987, to Dirk J. D. Uiterwaal et al. describes a nutritional supplement preparation for pregnant and breast-feeding women based on milk constituents and the process of preparation. The composition contains by weight 10-20% protein, 16-28% fat, 43-65% carbohydrates, at most 3.5% moisture, minerals, trace elements, and vitamins such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, iodine, iron, vitamins A, B1, B6, C, D3, E, niacin, folic acid, and optionally flavoring and/or colorant. The composition is distinguishable for being tailored to supply nutrients to a pregnant or breast-feeding woman and requires large amounts of fat (linoleic acid) and carbohydrates (lactose, dextrins and sucrose). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06558691__

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Food bars containing nutritional supplements and anti-constipation and regularity maintaining-agents Inventor(s): Manning; Paul B. (Keswick, VA), McGrath, Jr.; James W. (Keswick, VA), Schramm; Jack H. (Gordonsville, VA) Assignee(s): PBM Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Gordonsville, VA) Patent Number: 6,569,445 Date filed: December 5, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides food bars for consumption by pregnant women, lactating women or women of childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant containing one or more vitamins and/or minerals, and one or more anti-constipation and regularity-maintaining agents, methods for preparing these food bars, and methods for supplementing the dietary requirements of pregnant women, lactating women or women of childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant. The food bars of the invention generally comprise one or more vitamins and minerals recommended for consumption by pregnant women, lactating women or women of childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant in an amount that is effective for enhancing the nutrition of pregnant women, lactating women or women of childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant, and that is not harmful to developing fetuses or breast-feeding babies, one or more anti-constipation and regularity-maintaining agents in an amount that is effective for reducing or eliminating constipation, and that is not harmful to developing fetuses or breast-feeding babies, from about 0 to about 99 weight percent of carbohydrates, from about 0 to about 80 weight percent of proteins, and from about 0 to about 60 weight percent of fats. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food bars for consumption by pregnant women, lactating women, or women having childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant containing one or more vitamins and/or minerals, and one or more anti-constipation and regularity-maintaining agents, to methods for preparing these food bars, and to methods for enhancing the nutrition of pregnant women and their developing fetuses, of lactating women and their babies, and of women having childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant. In particular, the present invention relates to food bars comprising one or more vitamins and/or minerals recommended for consumption by pregnant women, lactating women, or women having childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant in an amount that is effective for enhancing the nutrition of pregnant women, lactating women, or women having childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant, or of their developing fetuses or babies, and one or more anti-constipation and regularitymaintaining agents in an amount that is effective for reducing or eliminating constipation, and/or for maintaining regularity of bowel movements, in pregnant women, lactating women, or women having childbearing potential that are attempting to become pregnant. The daily Recommended Dietary Allowances of water-soluble vitamins for non-pregnant and pregnant women, and the rationale for increased allowances during pregnancy, is set forth in Nutrition During Pregnancy (Nat'l Academy Press, 1990), and below. Morning sickness generally causes a loss of appetite and a feeling of nausea, and is experienced by a significant number of pregnant women. Because they experience morning sickness, and because the pills that contain the full dose of recommended prenatal vitamins and minerals generally are very large in size, many pregnant women are often reluctant to take their prenatal vitamin and mineral pills. Further, when they do take these pills, these pregnant women often experience

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difficulty swallowing and retaining these pills, and take the pills without food. Vitamins and minerals that are taken without food are not absorbed as well as those taken with some food. Problems, thus, arise concerning patient compliance (the daily consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements), maintaining or enhancing the health of pregnant woman, and the absorption of the quantity of vitamins and minerals that are associated with proper fetal development. Moreover, regurgitation after consuming a vitamin and mineral pill causes loss of some or all of the nutrients that were originally present in the pill. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569445__ ·

Gel system for oral and topical administration of water insoluble and/or water intolerant drugs and supplements Inventor(s): Goodman; Louis P. (25 Sandalwood Dr., Parsippany, NJ 07054), Bizub; Dennis (126 Ridge Ave., Bloomfield, NJ 07003) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,617,356 Date filed: January 3, 2000 Abstract: Suspensions, emulsions or dispersions of therapeutically active agents which are water insoluble or water intolerant such as nutritional supplements, herbal products, drugs, bacteria, yeast, vitamins and minerals are prepared as suspensions in edible vegetable oils such as orange, lemon, soybean, cotton seed, peanut, canola corn oil, sunflower, safflower, palm kernel, palm and coconut. The active therapeutic agent may be in crystalline or amorphous form, it may be a liquid as for example an oil such as vitamin B or beta carotene, or a preparation of a comminuted plant structure such as flower, parts, leaf; stern, root or tree bark, or an extract of a dried plant structure or a freeze dried preparation of a vital bacteria or yeast. The suspension is formed by active mixing of the active agent and oil. To the suspension of the active agent in vegetable oil is added tile silicon dioxide while actively mixing at 2000-4000 rpm to provide a stable gel, the active agent being uniformly distributed throughout the gel. Two to 60 minutes of stirring is more than adequate for all systems. The compositions can be administered orally, sublingually, buccally and topically. For topical administration the preparation of the invention may be formulated as a cream or ointment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new drug delivery system, a method for suspending both water insoluble and water intolerant materials in edible oils and products based thereon which are stable over prolonged periods of time and are well suited as for oral and topical administration. The method of the invention has particular advantage when the material involved undergoes changes disadvantageous to its intended application on direct exposure to water. Such materials include creatine, various Lactobacillus species, herbal products, vitamins, etc. It is therefore desirable to have a product which can be delivered in its active state without the use of water in its preparation, which is stable, readily taken up by the body and provided in practical concentrations. The drug delivery system of the invention comprises an edible oil to which a gelling agent, such as silicon dioxide is added. This system allows for uniform suspensions of the active agent, facilitating drug delivery as well as in some instances regulating the rate of drug delivery. The active agent is incorporated into the oil-gelling agent preparation providing formulations for therapeutic use. The method of the invention comprises a series of steps whose sequence can be varied. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the active material is introduced into the vegetable oil

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under conditions for forming a uniform dispersion, emulsion or suspension and then a silica product, namely silicon dioxide is introduced to form a pourable gel again under conditions whereby a stable uniform thickened suspension of the active material in the gel will result. Alternatively the silica dioxide can be added to the oil, and the active material then introduced into the thickened mixture to form the suspension of the active material in the carrier gel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06617356__ ·

Ginseng berry topical products Inventor(s): Chen; Jau-Fei (Orem, UT) Assignee(s): E Excel International, Inc. (Springville, UT) Patent Number: 6,524,626 Date filed: April 23, 1999 Abstract: The present invention comprises novel combinations of ginseng berry juice and extracts combined with other skin nutrients and moisturizers which may be used to soften and moisturize the skin while providing essential vitamins and nutrients to the skin in a natural way. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the field of skin care products and more particularly to products and methods which deliver fresh vitamins and other nutrients to the skin by topical application of a novel, vitamin-rich fruit composition. The present invention comprises ginseng berry extract and other skin nutrients and, preferably, other skin nutrients and moisturizers which are beneficial to the skin. Human skin is extremely susceptible to the temperature and humidity extremes of our environment. However, when skin care products are properly used to counteract adverse environmental conditions, skin can remain healthy and beautiful under a variety of extreme environmental conditions. The environmental factors that most often affect the skin adversely are ultraviolet radiation and humidity. Ultraviolet radiation varies with time of day, from day to night, with seasons of the year and weather conditions. The geographic region where one lives and the climate will also affect the amount of radiation to which one's skin is exposed. The sun's rays can dry skin through direct moisture loss or through the effects of radiation on the skin which may cause tanning and burning as well as moisture loss. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524626__

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Health chew toy Inventor(s): Gajria; Ajay (Jackson, NJ), Axelrod; Glen (Colts Neck, NJ) Assignee(s): T.F.H. Publications, Inc. (Neptune City, NJ) Patent Number: 6,586,027 Date filed: February 23, 2001 Abstract: A vitamin and/or mineral and/or herbal enriched molded animal chew toy. The vitamins, minerals and/or herbal additives are incorporated into the molded chew toy under conditions that minimize thermal degradation of such additives. Suitable resins include starch, casein, denatured and partially hydrolyzed casein, thermoplastic polymers and mixtures thereof. In related embodiment, animal chews comprising

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primarily denatured and partially hydrolyzed collagen are disclosed, as well as such denatured and partially hydrolyzed collagen in mixture with vegetable matter, rawhide, animal meal, peanut bits/flour, casein, starch and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to animal chews for dogs, cats and other related animals, and more particularly, to a molded, completely digestible, nutritious animal chew, which is uniquely enriched with vitamins, minerals and/or herb additives to facilitate the delivery of such ingredients to the animal through the chewing process. Such additives may be incorporated within starch, casein, protein/colloids and various other polymer resins. A variety of disclosures exist pertaining to the development of edible dog chews that are digestible, nutritious along with a texture that can be individually adjusted to suit a wide variety of a dog's preferences or needs. Attention is therefore directed to the following exemplary disclosures: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,180,161 "Heat Modifiable Edible Dog Chew; 6,159,516 "Method of Molding Edible Starch; 6,126,978 "Edible Dog Chew"; 6,110,521 "Wheat and Casein Dog Chew with Modifiable Texture"; 6,093,441 "Heat Modifiable Peanut Dog Chew"; 6,093,427 "Vegetable Based Dog Chew"; 6,086,940 "High Starch Content Dog Chew"; 6,067,941 "Animal Chew"; 6,056,991 "Turkey and Rice Dog Chew With Modifiable Texture"; 5,941,197 "Carrot Based Dog Chew"; 5,827,565 "Process for Making an Edible Dog Chew"; 5,339,771 "Animal Chew Toy Containing Animal Meal; 5,240,720 "Dog Chew with Modifiable Texture"; 5,200,212 "Dog Chew with Modifiable Texture". Attention is also directed to U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,474 entitled "Application for Patent for Nutriceutical Toy" and U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,283 entitled "Animal Chew Toy of Starch Material and Degradable Ethylene Copolymer". While the above certainly contribute to the body of chew products available to an animal, there is nonetheless a need to improve on the above, particularly with respect to the delivery of vitamins and/or minerals and/or herbs to the animal to ensure complete and balanced nutrition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06586027__ ·

Infant formula and methods of improving infant stool patterns Inventor(s): Katz; Gary E. (Columbus, OH), Benson; John D. (Powell, OH), Ponder; Debra L. (Atlanta, GA), Masor; Marc L. (Worthington, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,596,767 Date filed: February 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention is directed to an improved infant formula containing a lipid blend that softens the firmer stools associated with typical infant formula. A specific formula in accordance with the invention comprises carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals and a lipid mixture of high oleic safflower oil, soy oil and coconut oil at specific levels and ratios. The invention also discloses novel mixtures of fatty acids that provides infant stool patterns more closely resembling the breast-fed infant. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an improved enteral nutritional formula and more particularly to infant formulas which contain a lipid fraction possessing a fatty acid profile resulting in more desirable infant stool patterns compared to stool patterns associated with conventional infant formula. More specifically, this invention relates to a blend of high oleic safflower oil, and/or high oleic sunflower oil, soy oil and coconut oil (or a blend of fats that have a similar fatty acid profile to the inventive blend) that has been found effective in producing stool patterns in infants that are similar to those of the

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breast-fed infant. The composition of human milk serves as a valuable reference for improving infant formula. However, human milk contains living cells, hormones, active enzymes, immunoglobulins and components with unique molecular structures that cannot be replicated in infant formula. Unlike human milk, infant formula must remain stable on the shelf for up to thirty-six (36) months. These fundamental differences between human milk and infant formula often mandate differences in the composition to achieve similar clinical outcome. The study of human milk components has stimulated many investigations into what constituents may be added to an improved infant formula. Greater knowledge of the composition of human milk affords the opportunity to design infant formulas that are closer in composition to human milk. However, it becomes increasingly apparent that infant formula can never exactly duplicate human milk. Many constituents in human milk are bioactive and because of synergies among these components, there is little reason to believe that the same compound would have the same bioactivity in infant formula. The likelihood of this possibility is further diminished when the impact of heat treatment for sterilization and long-term storage of the formula is considered. The present invention is based, in part, on the concept of providing a formula which matches the performance of breast milk in stool consistency parameters without attempting to duplicate exactly the delicate balance of human milk components. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596767__ ·

Lip or care stick which contains vitamins Inventor(s): Zastrow; Leonhard (Monaco, DE), Joly; Benoit (Saint Laurent du Var, FR), Golz-Berner; Karin (Monaco, DE) Assignee(s): Coty B.V. (NL) Patent Number: 6,517,818 Date filed: February 22, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a lip or care stick which contains vitamins and which is used for cosmetic applications. The stick contains an outer complex comprised of a cellulose derivative having a particle size ranging from 0.5 to 100.mu.m, and is comprised of a phospholipid and of an.alpha.-tocopheral ester. The proportion of the complex is equal to 0.5 and 40 wt. %, with regard to the total mass. The stick also contains cosmetically conventional fats, waxes and additive which have a proportion ranging from 99.5 to 60 wt. %.alpha.-tocopheral is stabilized with regard to UV-filters, can also be dissolved in the form of the complex by moisture and can be absorbed and processed as a vitamin by the body. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a lip or care stick which contains vitamins and which is used for cosmetic applications. The term lipstick will used herein to refer to both a colored lipstick and a lip care stick such as a chap stick. It is known from DE 38 206 93 A1 that in topic preparations free tocopherols can be stabilised in the presence of sunblockers by adding ascorbic acids of C.sub.11 -C.sub.18 fatty acids and citric acid esters of partial glycerides of C.sub.12 -C.sub.20 fatty acids. Further, it is known from US-A4954332 that tocopherols and vitamin C decompose in the presence of UV filters, and steroid and non-steroid anti-inflammation agents are added to prevent decomposition. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06517818__

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Method and composition for improving fertility health in female and male animals and humans Inventor(s): Trant; Aileen Sontag (Mountain View, CA) Assignee(s): The Daily Wellness Company (Sunnyvale, CA) Patent Number: 6,497,885 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: In a new supplemental combination, the herb, Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry), enhances hormone balance by increasing luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone release and, therefore, ovulation frequency. The antioxidants, green tea, vitamin E, and selenium, improve overall reproductive health. L-arginine, an amino acid, stimulates the reproductive organs by improving circulation. Folic acid, vitamins B6 and B12, iron, zinc and magnesium help promote women's fertility. Excerpt(s): Because of delayed child bearing, unhealthy diets and use of tobacco, caffeine, alcohol, drugs and environmental contaminants, difficulties in conceiving have been experienced. Needs exist for pharmaceutical compounds that improve fertility in both women and men. This invention provides combinations of bioeffecting compounds for promoting fertility in men and women. The combinations include nutritional components that benefit fertility health. All the components have been studied separately, to determine their individual efficacy. The invention provides the first products to put these components together synergistically in women's and men's formulations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06497885__

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Method and synergistic composition for treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Inventor(s): Lang; Philip C. (Toms River, NJ) Assignee(s): DexGen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Manasquan, NJ) Patent Number: 6,541,043 Date filed: August 28, 2001 Abstract: A composition and method for treating Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is provided which can be used both with and without ethical drugs now used to treat ADHD. The composition contains dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), omega 3-fatty acids, betaine, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC), folic acid, vitamins C, E, B.sub.12, B.sub.6, B.sub.5 and beta-carotene and minerals (calcium, magnesium, zinc and selenium). Ethical drugs such as amphetamines, methylphenidate HCl and pemoline are known to control ADHD, but each has significant side effects when used in their therapeutic dose. When combining the composition with such ethical drugs, the amount of the ethical drug can be lowered below a level which causes undesirable side effects which is an important feature. Preferred compositions contain one or more of lecithin, choline, 5-hydroxytryptophan, tyrosine, Reishi Extract, Kava Extract, Gingko, Ginseng and St. John's Wort. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition and method for treating Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the fastest growing childhood disorder in the United States. About four million children and thirteen million adults suffer from attention deficit in the U.S.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) categorization of ADHD includes terms such as "inattention, impulsiveness and hyperactivity". Three subtypes are recognized ADHD: Combined type; ADHD, Predominately Inattentive Type; and ADHD, Predominately Hyperactive/Impulsive Type. The Predominately Inattentive Type makes careless mistakes, cannot keep focused on a task, and loses attention and interest quickly. Often the person appears not to listen as if their mind is "someplace else". The predominately Hyperactive/Impulsive Type is characterized by fidgetiness, excessive unproductive movement, impulsiveness, inappropriate behavior, making noise, impatience, touching things or being disruptive. Depending on age and development stage, ADHD sufferers may exhibit low frustration tolerance, temper outbursts, stubbornness, making demands, mood lability, rejection by peers and poor self-esteem. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541043__ ·

Method for improving the cell protection Inventor(s): Soldati; Fabio (Savosa, CH) Assignee(s): Pharmaton S.A. (Bioggio, CH) Patent Number: 6,627,231 Date filed: May 24, 2001 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for improving the cell protection which comprises the administration of a combination of the extracts of the plants Vitis vinifera and Lycopersicon esculentum with the vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and optionally selenium. The combination can be used in the treatment prevention of pathological conditions related in part to an overproduction of free radicals like aging, arteriosclerosis and cancer. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a novel method of improving the cell protection, which utilises the administration of the combination of the extracts of the plants Vitis vinifera and Lycopersicon esculentum with the vitamins C, E, beta-carotene and selenium, as well as the use of such combination for treating or preventing pathologies related to an overproduction of free radicals like aging, arteriosclerosis and cancer. Antioxidants act to protect components of the body against free radical damage (Harman D.; Holliday R. and M. Meydany--Editor, "Towards Prolongation of healthy life span", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 854, 1998, New York; Stahlin H. B., "The Impact of Antioxidants on Chronic Disease in Aging and Old Age", Int. J. Vitamin. Nutr. Res. 69, 146-149, 1999). Several epidemiological studies support the observation that an increase in antioxidant intake limits the clinical expression of coronary artery diseases and some tumours (Comstock G W; Alberg A J; Huang H Y, Wu K.; Burke A E; Hoffman S C; Norkus E P; Gross M.; Cutler R G; Morris J S; Spate V L; Helzlsouer K J, "The risk of developing lung cancer associated with antioxidants in the blood: ascorbic acid, carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and total peroxyl radical absorbing capacity", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 6, 907-916, 1997). Individuals with high dietary intakes of antioxidants may have a greater life expectancy. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06627231__

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Method for supplementing the diet Inventor(s): Rosenberg; Thomas D. (Salt Lake City, UT), Deffner; Kathleen (Taylorsville, UT) Assignee(s): Nutriex, L.L.C. (Salt Lake City, UT) Patent Number: 6,579,544 Date filed: May 31, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement blend composition is disclosed, the basic formulation of the composition containing vitamins, minerals, and carotenoids. The composition can also contain bioflavonoids, cartilage protectors such as glucosamine or chondroitin,.alpha.-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, and a source of omega-3 fatty acids such as flax seed oil. The composition is beneficial for improving health and preventing disease, particularly for degenerative conditions. A method for supplementing the diet is also disclosed, wherein the quantity of daily rations of the dietary supplement blend composition is determined based on the person's age, body weight, and quality of diet. Excerpt(s): Not Applicable. Not Applicable. This invention relates to dietary supplements. More particularly, the invention relates to compositions and methods for supplementing the diet for improving health and preventing disease. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06579544__

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Method of preparing a tissue sealant-treated biomedical material Inventor(s): MacPhee; Martin J. (Gaithersburg, MD), Maciag; Thomas (Rockville, MD), Drohan; William N. (Springfield, VA), Burgess; Willson H. (Gaithersburg, MD), Greisler; Howard P. (Chicago, IL) Assignee(s): The American National Red Cross (), Loyola University of Chicago () Patent Number: 6,559,119 Date filed: June 7, 1995 Abstract: This invention provides methods for the preparation of a tissue sealant-treated biomaterial, wherein the tissue sealant used in the method comprises at least one composition which is selected from one or more antibodies, analgesics, anticoagulants, anti-inflammatory compounds, antimicrobial compositions, antiproliferatives, cytokines, cytotoxins, drugs, growth factors, interferons, hormones, lipids, demineralized bone or bone morphogenetic proteins, cartilage inducing factors, oligonucleotides polymers, polysaccharides, polypeptides, protease inhibitors, vasoconstrictors or vasodilators, vitamins, minerals, stabilizers and the like. Further provided are the biomaterial prepared therefrom, including vascular grafts. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to unsupplemented and supplemented Tissue Sealants (TS), such as fibrin glue (FG), as well as to methods of their production and use. In one embodiment, this invention is directed to TSs which do not inhibit full-thickness skin wound healing. In another embodiment, this invention is directed to TSs which have been supplemented with a growth factor(s) and/or a drug(s), as well as to methods of their production and use. The particular growth factor(s) or drug(s) that is selected is a function of its use. Wound healing, the repair of lesions, begins almost instantly after injury. It requires the successive coordinated function of a variety of cells and the close regulation of degradative and regenerative steps. The proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells are important biological processes which underlie wound healing,

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which also involves fibrin clot formation, resorption of the clot, tissue remodeling, such as fibrosis, endothelialization and epithelialization. Wound healing involves the formation of highly vascularized tissue that contains numerous capillaries, many active fibroblasts, and abundant collagen fibrils, but not the formation of specialized skin structures. The process of wound healing can be initiated by thromboplastin which flows out of injured cells. Thromboplastin contacts plasma factor VII to form factor X activator, which then, with factor V and in a complex with phospholipids and calcium, converts prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin catalyzes the release of fibrinopeptides A and B from fibrinogen to produce fibrin monomers, which aggregate to form fibrin filaments. Thrombin also activates the transglutaminase, factor XIIIa, which catalyzes the formation of isopeptide bonds to covalently cross-link the fibrin filaments. Alpha.sub.2 -antiplasmin is then bound by factor XIII onto the fibrin filaments to thereby protect the filaments from degradation by plasmin (see, for example, Doolittle et al., Ann. Rev. Biochem. 53:195-229 (1984)). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06559119__ ·

Multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for women Inventor(s): Vanek; Patrick Paul (Middletown, MO), Cuca; Robert C. (Edwardsville, IL), Levinson; R. Saul (Chesterfield, MO), Paradissis; George N. (St. Louis, MO) Assignee(s): Drugtech Corporation (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 6,488,956 Date filed: November 24, 1999 Abstract: Multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for administration to non-lactating women, which comprise specific regimens of vitamins and minerals tailored to meet the physiological needs of said women. Methods for optimizing the health of women by providing multi-vitamin and mineral supplements which are specifically tailored to achieve optimal regulation of growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue during specific stages of life with minimal side effects. Methods for formulating a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement that optimize the health of a woman and which comprise identifying life stages which correlate to specific nutritional requirements as a result of varying physiological conditions during a lifetime and selecting specific types and optimal amounts of vitamins and minerals for said life stages. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to multi-vitamin and mineral supplements, and particularly to multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for administration to women. The go supplements are specifically tailored to meet nutritional requirements and maintain a woman s health during specific stages of life. The present invention also relates to methods of optimizing the health of women by providing multi-vitamin and mineral supplements which are specifically tailored to achieve optimal regulation of growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue during specific stages of life with minimal side effects. Methods of formulating multi-vitamin and mineral supplements for life stages are also encompassed by the present invention. Vitamin and mineral preparations are commonly administered to treat specific medical conditions or as general nutritional supplements. Recent studies have elucidated the important physiological roles played by vitamins and minerals, and established a correlation between deficiencies or excesses of these nutrients and the etiologies of certain disease states in humans. See, e.g., Diplock, "Antioxidant Nutrients and Disease Prevention: An Overview," Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 53:189-193 (1991); Document Geigy Scientific Tables, 457497 (Diem and Cemtuer eds., 7th ed., 1975). It has further become recognized that

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various life-stage groups of the human population require different quantities; and types of vitamins and minerals to prevent or alleviate diseases, as well as to maintain general good health. For example, it is known that pregnant women commonly require iron therapy to prevent or treat iron-deficiency anemia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488956__ ·

Nutrient clusters for food products and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Evenson; Keith A. (Elk River, MN), Borek; James R. (Burnsville, MN), Froseth; Barrie R. (Plymouth, MN), Green; Daniel L. (Minnetonka, MN), Van Lengerich; Bernhard (Plymouth, MN), Lakkis; Jamileh (Minneapolis, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,558,718 Date filed: June 19, 2000 Abstract: Nutrient clusters for food products such as for addition to Ready-To-Eat cereals by providing, in a preferred form of the present invention, nutrient products such in the form of aggregates or clusters comprising a first particulate component; a nutrient powder blend, and sufficient binder to adhere the powder to the particulates. The nutrient clusters are in the form of pieces each weighing from about 0.3 to 5 g. and having a moisture content of about 2% to 10%. Disclosed are methods of preparing such nutrient clusters involving applying a liquid binder to the particulates to form sticky particulates, adding a powdered nutrient blend and curing the mixtures to form hardened dried nutrient clusters. The nutrient cluster can contain 100% US recommended daily allowance ("USRDA") of essential vitamins and minerals and can contain added macronutrients such as soy proteins, soluble fiber, and/or calcium in nutritionally dense form in as little as 5 to 15 g of nutrient clusters. The clusters find particular suitability for use in providing to-order customized cereal products in response to particular customer requirements for nutrition. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to food products and to their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to nutrient clusters comprising vitamin and mineral fortifiers and macronutrients that are especially useful for blending with Ready-To-Eat Cereals and to their methods of preparation. The present invention provides an improvement in nutritionally fortified Ready-To-Eat cereals ("R-T-E"), to nutritionally fortified clusters useful as additives for adding to R-TE cereals, and to methods of preparing such additives and to methods of preparing fortified R-T-E cereals. Of course, R-T-E cereals provide a baseline of nutrition provided by the native level of vitamins, minerals, fiber, etc. provided by conventional grain materials from which such R-T-E cereals are typically prepared. To increase the nutrition level of cereals above the base line provided by cereal ingredients, R-T-E cereals have long been nutritionally fortified with added micronutrients such as vitamins and certain trace elements and macronutrients such as minerals (e.g., calcium), soluble fiber, insoluble fiber, or soy protein. By micronutrients are meant materials added at levels of less than 1% (including any carriers or encapsulants). In contrast, macronutrients are materials added at levels of 1% or greater. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06558718__

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Nutritional formula for phenylketonuria patients Inventor(s): Masson; Gerard (Cully, CH), Monti; Julio Cesar (Jongny, CH), Ballevre; Olivier (Lausanne, CH) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,506,422 Date filed: February 22, 1999 Abstract: A nutritional formula for PKU patients. The nutritional formula has, as a protein source, a mixture of caseino-glyco-macropeptide and complementary essential amino acids other than Phe to provide a balanced amino acid profile. Vitamins and minerals sufficient to meet daily requirements are also included. When used as a complete diet, the nutritional formula includes a carbohydrate source and a fat source. However the nutrutional formula may also be used as a protein supplement in which case the carbohydrate source and the fat source may be omitted. The nutritional formula has a pleasant taste. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a nutritional formula having a balanced amino acid profile which is suitable for patients suffering from phenylketonuria. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited defect of amino acid metabolism which results in an excess of phenylalanine (Phe) in the brain and plasma. If it is not detected and treated early in the life of an infant, the condition leads to irreversible damage of the nervous system, severe mental retardation and poor brain development. Once detected, the condition is treated by providing the infant, and later the child, with a low or Phe-free diet. Also, pregnant women who suffer from the condition are recommended a diet which is free from or low in Phe to avoid the risk of impairment of the development of the foetus and congenital malformation. However a diet which is composed of natural foods and which is free from or low in Phe, eliminates many source of essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Consequently, without supplementation, such a diet would provide inadequate protein, energy, vitamins and minerals to support normal growth and development. Therefore it is common to use nutritional formulas to supplement the diets of PKU patients. Also, for babies, it is common to use infant formulas which have a low Phe content as the sole or primary food source. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06506422__

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One step method for micro-production of tea leaves Inventor(s): Sandal; Indra (Palampur, IN), Ahuja; Paramvir Singh (Palampur, IN), Sharma; Madhu (Palampur, IN), Bhattacharya; Amita (Palampur, IN) Assignee(s): Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (New Delhi, IN) Patent Number: 6,548,300 Date filed: March 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a one step method for micropropagation of tea plants from leaf explants via callus phase, wherein the explants are maintained in basal Murashige and Skoog medium (Murashige T. and Skoog F. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15: 473-497; 1962) supplemented with vitamins like thiamine-HCl (0.05 to 2.0 mg/l), pyridoxine-HCl (0.25 to 1.5 mg/l) and nicotinic acid (0.25 to 1.5 mg/l) together with glycine (1.0 to 3.0 mg/l)

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and either 2.5, 5.0 or 7.5 mg/l 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid for a period of 14-16 weeks, from the stage of induction of callus to rhizogenesis and shoot formation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel one step method for micro-shoot production from tea leaves. Tea is a popular caffeine containing beverage with anticancerous properties (Jankun, J., Selman, S. H., Swiercz, R. Why drinking green tea could prevent cancer. Nature 5:561; 1997). Although the genus Camellia has many species only C. sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze or tea and its different cultivars like the Chinary, Assamica and Cambod are commercially important (Barua, D. N. The tea plant of commerce In: Barua, D. N., ed. Science and practice in tea culture, Tea Research Association Calcutta; 53-68; 1989). Tea cultivation is not only an important employment generator but is also a major foreign exchange earner in all the tea growing areas of the world (Wilson, K. C. Botany and Plant Improvement In: Wilson R. C., ed. Coffea, Cocoa and Tea. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 167-173; 1999). However, the total production of tea is not sufficient enough to meet the demands of the domestic and the world markets (Kabra, G. D. Tea statistics for 1999 In: Tea time, Vol VIII, No. 3 Sep-Nov 99, 30-31; 1999). The yield and quality of tea is further reduced by different biotic (fungi, pests and viruses) and abiotic (frost, hail, chilling, drought, nutritional deficiencies etc.) stresses (Wilson, K. C. Botany and Plant Improvement In: Wilson R. C., ed. Coffea, Cocoa and Tea. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK: 167-173; 1999). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06548300__ ·

Oral and topical compositions and methods related thereto in the treatment of acne Inventor(s): Mann; Morris (21669 N. 57th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,558,656 Date filed: March 26, 2002 Abstract: Described are compositions and methods for the treatment of acne. The method and compositions comprise an orally ingested composition containing thymic peptides, vitamins, and minerals. Zinc, pantothenic acid, magnesium, pyridoxine, vitamins A and D, riboflavin, and folic acid are found to be essential to the composition. Also described is a topical composition comprising pantothenic acid that, when used in conjunction with the oral composition, resulted in a better response than either the oral or topical composition alone. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to oral and topical compositions and methods for the treatment of acne. More specifically, the present invention generally relates to compositions and methods for the treatment of acne by oral treatment with a composition comprising containing thymosin fraction 5 preparation plus other beneficial ingredients, such as vitamins and the like, and concomitant use of novel topical compositions. Acne is considered by those afflicted to be a serious problem. At some point 80% of all individuals, both male and female, experience acne. Although the vast majority of individuals afflicted with acne have spontaneous resolution of the problem over time, the effects of this skin disorder can be emotionally scarring. Some people, however, have active acne, until their mid-fifties. Likewise, in the last 20 years, for reason that are currently unknown, there has been a dramatic increase in acne affecting women over the age of 30. Many causes have been proposed for acne. However, for a cause to have true validity, the treatment resolving the hypothesized cause must prove to be effective in the vast majority of cases. Causes that have been

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proposed include, but are not limited to: diet, hormonal disregulation, stress, bacterial overgrowth, heredity and environmental exposure; all of which may cause a deficiency of Coenzyme A. In no case has a treatment designed for any of the aforementioned causes proven to be uniformly effective. The only treatment that is proven effective in the vast majority of cases is the oral administration of isotretinoin (Accutane.TM.). This medication, however, has numerous side effects; the most disturbing of which being its potential to induce sever birth defects. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06558656__ ·

Orally dissolvable nutritional supplement Inventor(s): deVries; Tina (Long Valley, NJ), Valentine; William (Lawrenceville, GA), Valentine; William K. (Lawrenceville, GA) Assignee(s): Warner Chilcott Laboratories Ireland Limited (Dublin, IE) Patent Number: 6,495,177 Date filed: March 31, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides an orally administrable nutritional supplement which is highly palatable, such as a chewable prenatal vitamin/mineral supplement. The supplement is preferably made in the form of a tablet that, upon chewing, dissolves rapidly in the mouth. The tablet is particularly suitable for administration of vitamins and minerals to women during pregnancy. The invention also includes methods of making and using such supplements. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to chewable prenatal vitamin and mineral supplements that dissolve rapidly in the mouth. Vitamin, multi-vitamin and/or mineral preparations are commonly administered to inhibit, to prevent, or to reduce the frequency or severity of (i.e. "to alleviate") specific medical disorders. Such preparations are also used as nutritional supplements. Pregnant women, in particular, are known to require significant dietary supplementation with iron, vitamins (e.g. folic acid), and nonferrous minerals in order to minimize the risk of birth deformities in the fetus, to improve the chances of a successful delivery, and to improve birth weight of the fetus. Pregnant and lactating women commonly require iron- and vitamin-therapy to alleviate iron-deficiency anemia, and prenatal vitamin/mineral supplements are routinely prescribed for this purpose. Indeed, various patents are directed to improving the efficacy of iron supplementation for use during pregnancy. Chewable multi-vitamin supplements are well known in the nutritional products industry. These vitamincontaining products typically provide a nutritious and bioavailable product and possess generally good palatability, or organoleptic effect. Developers of chewable nutritional supplements continually strive to develop chewable products having improved mouth feel and enhanced taste. This has been attempted in prior art products by adding taste masking agents or flavor enhancing agents (e.g. ethylmaltol) to the chewable tablet. Generally, however, the more vitamins and minerals a product contains, the less palatable it is, and substantially all of the prior art chewable multi-vitamin products have an unacceptable taste or mouth feel for one or more reasons. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06495177__

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Organic particulate-filled adhesive Inventor(s): Govek; Michael (Minneapolis, MN), Engel; Michael R. (Maplewood, MN), Stumpf; Michael R. (St. Paul, MN), Young; Chung I. (Roseville, MN), Delmore; Michael D. (Grant, MN), Tseng; Chi-Ming (Woodbury, MN), Ruegsegger; Michael L. (Mahtomedi, MN) Assignee(s): 3M Innovative Properties Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 6,635,704 Date filed: November 29, 2001 Abstract: An organic particulate-filled adhesive is provided comprising ionomeric particulate dispersed in a polymer matrix containing water-soluble polymer or waterdispersible polymer. The adhesive preferably contains a plasticizer. If desired, in some formulations, the adhesive can contain additives, such as opacifying agents, skin cleansers, skin moisturizers, vitamins, and herbal extracts. The adhesive can have pressure sensitive adhesive properties, although such properties are not necessary. The adhesive can be formulated so as to be useful as a repulpable adhesive and as a cosmetic adhesive. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to organic particulate-filled adhesives containing ionomeric particulate and a polymer matrix. The ionomeric particulates are made from a suspension polymerization process. Depending on the particular ionomeric particulate composition and the particular polymer matrix, a wide variety of adhesives can be formulated. Particularly useful adhesives include repulpable adhesive and cosmetic adhesive. Adhesives have been made using beads made from suspension polymerization. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,420 (Senkus et al.) discloses permeable, self-supporting shaped structures that can be used in applications such as filters, masks, or respirators. The structure comprises a mass of active particulate (e.g., sorbents such as activated carbon, silica gel, or alumina granules) bonded together with pressure sensitive adhesive polymer particulates (also referred to as "PSA suspension beads"). Adhesives have been formulated for application to skin for consumer cosmetic needs, such as skin cleansing or moisturizing. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,723,138 (Bae et al.) discloses a cosmetic composition having adhesive properties useful for alleviating wrinkles or furrows on skin. The composition is prepared by coating active ingredients comprising vitamin A, vitamin E, and aloe extract together with an adhesive on a nontoxic carrier. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635704__

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Pediatric formula and methods for providing nutrition and improving tolerance Inventor(s): Black; Cynthia J. (Westerville, OH), Borschel; Marlene W. (Worthington, OH), Costigan; Timothy (Upper Arlington, OH), Luebbers; Steven T. (Columbus, OH), McKamy; Daniel L. (Simpsonville, SC) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,589,576 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides an improved pediatric formula and methods for providing nutrition to and enhancing tolerance in pediatric patients. The formula may be provided in powder, concentrate or ready-to-feed forms. The pediatric formula

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comprises, based on a 100 kcal basis, about 8 to about 16 grams carbohydrate (preferably about 9.4 to about 12.3 grams), about 3 to about 6 grams lipid (preferably about 4.7 to about 5.6 grams), about 1.8 to about 3.3 grams protein (preferably about 2.4 to about 3.3 grams), and a tolerance improver comprising a sufficient quantity for xanthum gum to produce a viscosity of no greater than about 200 centipoise at a pH of 4.0, or less. The formula may also be provided in a powder. The formula preferably further comprises vitamins and minerals and may further comprise a stabilizer. The methods comprise administering to a pediatric patient an effective amount of a pediatric formula according to the invention, as described above. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a pediatric formula, and particularly relates to enhancing the tolerance of pediatric patients fed the formula. Pediatric patients include both infants (children 12 months of age or less) and children (children more than 12 months of age but less than 13 yrs of age). (Therefore, all infants are children, but not all children will be infants.) More specifically, the invention is a pediatric formula comprising xanthan gum that has been found effective in increasing tolerance in patients fed such a formula. The invention is also a method of providing nutrition and a method of improving tolerance comprising administering an effective amount of a pediatric formula comprising xanthan gum. Pediatric formulas may be classified into three general types based on the type of protein: intact protein-based, hydrolyzed protein-based, and free amino acid-based. (Pediatric formulas encompass infant formulas and formulas intended for children one year and older.) Commercial pediatric formulas may also contain, in addition to a protein source, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals. Free amino acids are currently utilized as the pediatric source in pediatric formulas (EleCare.TM., Ross Products Division of Abbott Laboratories) intended for children one year and older who have one or more of the following: problems digesting and absorbing regular foods, severe food allergies, gastrointestinal tract problems, or other conditions in which an elemental diet is needed. Many pediatric patients experience intolerance to certain formulas (formula intolerance). The terms intolerance and formula intolerance are used interchangeably herein. Intolerance is a non-immune system associated reaction and may be evidenced by behavior or stool or feeding pattern changes such as increased spit-up or vomiting, an increased number of stools, more watery stools, and increased fussiness as compared to normal infants who tolerate formula well. Intolerance is most often indicated by gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. emesis, stool patterns and gas) as well as behavioral characteristics (e.g. acceptance of formula, fussing and crying). In clinical study settings such behavior may be cause for parents to remove their infants from a particular study. Infants removed from a study because of such behaviors are referred to as exits for intolerance. In a non-clinical setting such behavior often causes parents to switch formulas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589576__ ·

Pet food supplement Inventor(s): Hora; Roland (Kaufbeuren, DE) Assignee(s): DOGURT Nauheltenvertrieb GmbH (Kaufbeuren, DE) Patent Number: 6,488,970 Date filed: May 26, 2000 Abstract: An animal food product useful as food supplement for pets such as dogs or cats, comprising a carrier and at least one food additive selected from vitamins,

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provitamins, minerals and trace elements, whereby the carrier comprises a cultured milk product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an animal food product useful as food supplement for pets such as dogs or cats. In particular, the present invention relates to a pet food supplement comprising a specific carrier and one or more food additives selected from vitamins, provitamins, minerals and trace elements. Moreover, the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of the food product and to specific uses of the food product. Pets such as dogs and cats are most often fed with processed pet food products. The use of processed pet food products is problematic. In case mainly processed pet food products are fed it is likely that the diet of the pet will give rise to health problems. Such health problems may be due to the presence of ingredients having a negative effect on the digestion of the animal or due to the lack of certain vitamins, provitamins, amino acids, minerals or trace elements essential for restoring, preserving or improving the health of the animal. Health problems which may be associated with the consumption of processed pet food products are diarrhea, congestion, flatulence, lack of appetite, vomiting, loss of hair, unspecific itching of the skin, or skin diseases. Therefore, it is desirable to supplement the diet of a pet in order to prevent or retract health problems or to improve the health and well-being of the pet. A food supplement is even more desirable in the light of the fact that pets such as cats and dogs are frequently kept inside the home of the respective pet owner. In the domestic environment, pets may become a burden in case of health problems due to the difficulties of keeping the domestic environment clean when the pets are ill. Specifically, in case of diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of hair the pet will likely cause damage in the domestic environment by polluting carpeting and upholstery. In case of flatulence and skin disease, the smell of the pet may become a burden in the domestic environment. Moreover, any health problems experienced by the pet will be likely to lead to undesireable behavioral changes of the pet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06488970__ ·

Process for making a reduced-calorie fruit and/or vegetable spread Inventor(s): Toves; Frances Ann (Reno, NV) Assignee(s): BocaBear Foods, Inc. (Reno, NV) Patent Number: 6,599,555 Date filed: March 8, 2001 Abstract: A process for making, or preparing, a reduced-calorie fruit and/or vegetable spread product including whole, natural fruit(s) and/or vegetable(s), or combinations thereof, having improved flavor, texture (e.g., mouth feel), color, and nutritional value as compared to fruit and/or vegetable spread products made with conventional processes. More particularly, the process of the present invention includes a pasteurization step, using a swept-surface heat exchanger, for making fruit and/or vegetable spread products having reduced caloric and sugar content and having increased soluble dietary fiber content. The minimal processing of the present process enables the produced fruit and/or vegetable spread products to retain flavor, texture, color, vitamins and other nutrients which are, typically, lost in traditionally-processed fruit and/or vegetable spread products. The process' preferable use of squeeze tube packaging eliminates the need for cutlery in order to use or consume the fruit and/or vegetable spread products and serves to make the products more portable.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates, generally, to the field of reduced-calorie fruit and vegetable spread products and, in its preferred embodiments, to a process for making, or preparing, a reduced-calorie, natural, whole-fruit and/or vegetable spread product fortified with dietary fiber. Many individuals apply fruit or vegetable spreads, such as jams, jellies, purees and preserves, to other food products in order to enhance the flavor and nutritional value of the other food products with the taste and nutritional content of the fruit or vegetable spreads. Such fruit or vegetable spreads, generally, include a fruit or vegetable ingredient and a saccharide ingredient, but may also contain nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, spice, acidifying agents, pectin (i.e., in an amount sufficient to compensate for natural deficiency in fruit or vegetable), buffering and antifoaming agents, preservatives, and other ingredients or agents for improving or preserving their taste, nutritional value, and quality. The saccharide ingredient in jams, jellies and preserves is typically sugar, which provides sweetening, bulk, texture, and mouth feel. The sugar also reduces the water activity level, thereby reducing pathogen growth. Typically, the preparation of jams, jellies, purees and preserves comprises a number of steps. Initially, fruit ingredients, sweeteners and water are blended together. A stabilizing solution, such as pectin, is then prepared and added to the fruit, sweetener, and water blend to produce a mixture. During subsequent cooking of the mixture, unwanted water is evaporated to create a cooked mixture having a desired soluble solids content. Finally, the cooked mixture is placed in suitable receptacles, such as jars, through a hot-filling process. Unfortunately, the steps of cooking and evaporation cause the fruit spread to lose flavor intensity (i.e., through boiling-off), texture (i.e., through breakdown of the fruit fibers into mush), natural color (i.e., through darkening or oxidation), and nutrients (i.e., through boiling-off). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599555__ ·

Process for preparing chewing gum containing a nutritional supplement Inventor(s): Gubler; Scott A. (St. George, UT) Assignee(s): Deseret Laboratories, Inc. (St. George, UT) Patent Number: 6,582,738 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: A process for preparing a chewing gum tablet includes cooling a chewing gum composition to a temperature at which the gum composition is brittle, and grinding the cooled, brittle gum composition to form a chewing gum powder. The gum composition can be cooled by mixing it with a coolant, such as solid carbon dioxide, prior to grinding. The chewing gum powder is mixed with an active composition comprising a nutritional supplement, such as one or more vitamins, minerals, or herbs, to form a nutritional supplement-containing powder. The mixture of gum powder and the nutritional supplement, along with other optional additives, is then granulated to form nutritional supplement-containing granules. These granules are then compressed to form chewing gum tablets. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes for producing chewing gums containing active ingredients. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for preparing a chewing gum tablet containing one or more nutritional supplements. Conventional chewing gum processing technology involves melting a gum base in, for example, a sigma blender, and adding components such as sweeteners and flavorants to the melt. The melted mass is then extruded, rolled into sheets, and cut to the desired shape on the rollers. This conventional technology, however, suffers from several

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disadvantages when applied to the preparation of chewing gums containing active ingredients. For example, the elevated temperatures used in forming the melt can adversely affect the chemical stability of any active ingredients contained therein. In addition, the melting and mixing process for the highly viscous gum mass makes controlling the accuracy and uniformity of the amount of active ingredient difficult, and this difficulty is further exacerbated by the lack of a precise form, shape or weight of the gum product. In addition, conventional gum processing technology is generally poorly suited for high-speed, low cost production of gum products having active ingredients. Several patents are directed to methods of processing chewing gums which attempt to overcome some of the disadvantages described above. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,000,321 to Mochizuki et al. is directed to a process for preparing chewing gum, in which a chewing gum composition is cooled to -15.degree. C. to facilitate fragmentation, and the cooled composition is pulverized with a crusher, hammer mill, pelletizer or turbomill. The pulverized product is then melted to cause the pulverized pieces to coadhere, forming a chewing gum reportedly having low specific gravity and a soft chewing texture. The process, however, suffers from all of the disadvantages associated with heating, process speed, poorly defined forms and weights described above, and is not well-suited for making a chewing gum dosage form containing an active ingredient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582738__ ·

Process for the fermentative preparation of metabolic products and for the nucleotide sequences encoding for the sod gene Inventor(s): Merkamm; Muriel (Les Ulis, FR), Guyonvarch; Armel (Orsay, FR), Marx; Achim (Bielefeld, DE) Assignee(s): Degussa AG (Dusseldorf, DE) Patent Number: 6,569,650 Date filed: August 13, 1999 Abstract: The present invention is directed to nucleotide sequences coding for the superoxide dismutase (sod) gene from Corynebacterium melassecola. It includes processes for the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids using coryneform bacteria in which the sod gene is amplified. Excerpt(s): The invention provides nucleotide sequences encoding for the superoxide dismatase (sod) gene and a process for the fermentative preparation of nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular L-lysine using coryneform bacteria in which the sod gene is amplified. Nucleotides, vitamins and L-amino acids, in particular Llysine, are used in the foodstuffs industry, in animal nutrition, in human medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry. It is known that these substances can be prepared by fermentation of strains of coryneform bacteria, in particular Corynebacterium glutamicum. Constant efforts are made to improve the method of preparation due to the high degree of importance of these substances. Process improvements may relate to fermentation engineering factors such as e.g. stirring and supplying with oxygen, or the composition of the nutrient medium, such as e.g. the sugar concentration during fermentation, or the working up process aimed at obtaining the product itself by e.g. ion exchange chromatography or the intrinsic power of the microorganism itself. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06569650__

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Process to modulate disease risk with doses of a nutraceutical Inventor(s): Block; Jerome Bernard (Rancho Palos Verdes, CA), Evans; Steven (Omaha, NE) Assignee(s): Genetic Services Management, Inc. (Omaha, NE) Patent Number: 6,630,160 Date filed: September 5, 2000 Abstract: A dietary supplement is created, comprised of material from the following nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives: lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea, coenzyme Q10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. The composition is administered orally for individuals who wish to reduce their risk of disease, particularly cancer-risk. Excerpt(s): Cancer care is reported to have cost Americans more than $110 billion in 1992, more than 11% of all expenditures spent on diseases in America. Researchers have indicated that from 50-90% of all cancers could be prevented through proper nutrition. There has evolved a new professional descriptive term "nutraceuticals" which combines the term "nutrient" and the term "pharmaceuticals" to describe this genre of medicinal agents that may be comprised of one or more complex combinations of ingredients made from nutrients, vitamins, minerals, herbs, and food and plant derivatives. We shall employ this term "nutraceutical" to refer to such a composition of one or more ingredients. This invention addresses the need for a dietary supplement that can reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, that will be efficacious for a significant segment of the population. There have been tests and clinical trials on numerous individual agents for their role as cancer preventatives, such as coenzyme Q10 or selenium, but the daunting task of intelligently combining complex compositions has precluded exploration of complex compositions of nutraceuticals for cancer risk reduction. Thus in the past, one single ingredient would be selected and tested for its role as a cancer preventative for some specific cancer, usually in individuals who already had cancer. For example, selenium was tested for cancer prevention in patients who had had carcinoma of the skin [Clark, L. C., Combs; G. F., Jr., Turnbull, B. W., Slate, E. H., Chalker, D. K., Chow, J., Davis, L. S., Glover, R. A., Graham, G. F., Gross, E. G., Krongrad, A., Lesher, J. L., Park, H. K., Sanders, B. B., Jr., Smith, C. L., Taylor, J. R. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 276 (24): 1957-1963, Dec. 1996]. Similarly the effects of coenzyme Q10 suggested possible efficacious results in limited case studies with individuals with breast cancer [Lockwood, K., Moesgaard, S., Folkers, K. Partial and complete regression of breast cancer in patients in relation to dosage of coenzyme Q10. Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 199: 1504-1508, 1994]. However researchers as noted have been preoccupied with traditional experimental design methodology whereby these investigators wish to determine whether one specific ingredient is effective or not, usually for one specific cancer, and even then, as a treatment rather than a preventative. Another reason single individual ingredients were selected is because researchers have focused on just one of the following biologic, cancer-fighting, etiologically-oriented domains of interest: (1) anti-tumor activity, or (2) immune stimulating activity, or (3) anti-viral activity, or (4) anti-inflammatory activity, or (5) antimutagenic activity, or (6) antiproliferative activity, or (7) anti-free-radical development. This micro-focus has precluded the realization that by combining all those ingredients which work for one subset or another of the population, for one type of cancer or another, for one etiological

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reason or another, a powerful net effect can be achieved, along with the synergy of the ingredients working together. The present invention provides a complex composition (a "nutraceutical") comprising material from known nutrients, vitamins, herbs, minerals, and food and plant substances and food and plant derivatives which are useful to reduce risk of disease, particularly cancer risk, for one or more of all the known etiological factors that affect cancer development and hence yields cancer prevention for the consumer of this nutraceutical. This nutraceutical profoundly reduces risk of cancers through the multiple actions of all the etiological factors addressing cancer-causing conditions, such as providing (1) anti-tumor activity, and (2) immune stimulating activity, and (3) anti-viral activity, and (4) anti-inflammatory activity, and (5) antimutagenic activity, and (6) antiproliferative activity, and (7) anti-free-radical development. The nutraceutical is comprised of lycopene, vitamin E, selenium, green tea polyphenols, Coenzyme Q-10, garlic, folic acid, vitamin C, curcumin, seaweed, Cordyceps sinsensis mushroom, Lentinus edodes (shiitake) mushroom, and Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) mushroom. Preferably the material from each of such entries is in dried powder form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06630160__ ·

Solid phytase composition stabilized with lactic acid provided by corn steep liquor Inventor(s): Henriksen; Lotte Rugholm (Vanlose, DK), Marcussen; Erik (Ballerup, DK) Assignee(s): Novozymes A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Patent Number: 6,610,519 Date filed: October 1, 1999 Abstract: A solid phytase composition having a phytase activity of above 20 FYT/g is prepared containing a lactic acid source such as corn steep liquor to stabilize the phytase. A starch source, disaccharide, filler, carrier, vitamins and/or minerals may be present in the composition. The composition can be prepared by spray drying or granulation. Granulates are preferred for using the composition to animal feed where the phytase eliminates the anti-nutritional effects of phytic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to solid phytase compositions which have been stabilized with a lactic acid source such as Corn Steep Liquor (CSL), and methods of producing the same. The addition of phytase to animal feed to eliminate the antinutritional effects of phytic acid is well-described, see e.g. WO 98/28408 and WO 98/28409. The stabilization of liquid phytase formulations with urea, glycerol or sorbitol is disclosed in WO 93/16175. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610519__

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Sprayable beautifying composition Inventor(s): Halston; Yolanda (Malibu, CA), Berg; Richard (Perris, CA) Assignee(s): Classified Cosmetics, Inc. (Malibu, CA) Patent Number: 6,589,541 Date filed: May 18, 2001 Abstract: The present invention is a method and apparatus for spraying makeup that masks imperfections in the skin including, but not limited to, freckles, tattoos,

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birthmarks, scars and post-laser surgery discoloration. The apparatus of the present invention is a hand-held sprayable cosmetic container containing a cosmetic composition that may be a foundation, a shimmer, a bronzer, a glitter, a self-tanning composition, a moisturizer, a toner, a lip color, an eyebrow color, a cheek color and/or an eye color. The apparatus may also be designed to deliver drugs (both prescription and over the counter medicines), deliver vitamins or other skin care compositions, to protect the skin from the sun, treat the skin after exposure to the sun, and/or provide an aromatherapy treatment. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the application of beautifying products, and more particularly to the spray application of specific products to a person's skin to conceal imperfections and accentuate natural features. Millions of people apply makeup to their skin and face daily. This makeup may be applied to cover defects in the skin, to conceal variations in color, to hide scars or blemishes, or to accent certain of the wearer's features. This process of concealing imperfections and accentuating wearers' features serves to increase wearers' self-confidence, thereby facilitating social interactions and increasing their quality of life. Application of makeup is typically a multi-step process. The wearer may first apply a foundation primer to smooth out irregularities in the skin to provide a more even or poreless look. The wearer then applies foundation to provide an even skin color. This may then be followed by lighter "concealers" that are typically used to cover darker blemishes, pimples, freckles, scars and the dark circles that appear around the eyes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06589541__ ·

Stable emulsions and dry powders of mixtures of fat-soluble vitamins, their preparations and use Inventor(s): Olesen; Jes Elenius (Copenhagen, DK), Hahnlein; Wolfgang (Freinsheim, DE), Tobiasen; Anne Grethe (Snekkersten, DK), Hansen; Morten Mohr (Copenhagen, DK) Assignee(s): BASF Aktiengesellschaft (Ludwigshafen, DE) Patent Number: 6,531,157 Date filed: March 21, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to stable emulsions and dry powders of mixtures of fat-soluble vitamins, and to processes for their preparation and to their use. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel stable emulsions and dry powders of mixtures of fat-soluble vitamins, and to a process for their preparation and to their use. Fat-soluble vitamins play an important part in human and animal nutrition. It is common to these fat-soluble agents that, in their pure form, they can be handled only with difficulty or not at all because they are oxidation-sensitive substances. Furthermore, a fine dispersion of the agent is advantageous for optimal absorbability and thus bioavailability. These substances are therefore often supplied in the form of emulsions or, preferably, in the form of dry powders, where the agents, either in pure form or as solution in a physiologically tolerated oil, are embedded in a fine dispersion in a protective colloid. Dry powders of fat-soluble vitamins can be prepared on the basis of formulation processes disclosed in the literature, described comprehensively inter alia in R. A. Morton, Fat Soluble Vitamins, Intern. Encyclopedia of Food and Nutrition, Volume 9, Pergamon Press 1970, pages 134-139. These entail the fat-soluble vitamin

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being emulsified into an aqueous protective colloid solution, homogenized and subsequently dried, where appropriate in the presence of a coating material. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06531157__ ·

Treating arthritis in animals with dietary supplements Inventor(s): Myers; Andrew (Boise, ID) Assignee(s): Nutri-Vet, LLC (Phoenix, AZ) Patent Number: 6,524,609 Date filed: August 18, 2000 Abstract: The invention is a dietary supplement for animals, especially dogs, for treating arthritis and joint discomfort. A biscuit form of the supplement may be in the form of a conventional carrier composition of, for example, typical dog biscuit materials including cereal grains, vegetables or animal meat, fat and by-products. Typically, the biscuit contains about 89-97 weight percent (wt. %) of the conventional carrier composition. Optional vitamins and minerals may also be added to the carrier material, typically in about the 1-5 wt. % range. Importantly, the biscuit of the present invention contains about 3-7 wt. % of an arthritis-treating combination, namely, glucosamine sulfate, vitamin C and an array of intracellular ions namely potassium, sodium and iodine. The glucosamine component is present by weight at approximately the same level as the vitamin C, and at approximately 10 (ten) times the level of the sum of the above-named intracellular ions. The biscuit is formulated so that its composition is approximately:Glucosamine component, 5 mg to 5,000 mg;Vitamin C component, 5 mg to 3,000 mg;Potassium component, 50 mcg to 150 mg;Sodium component, 50 mcg to 150 mg; andIodine component, 25 mcg to 100 mg.The biscuit is dosed at approximately 10 mg glucosamine component per pound of body weight of the animal per day. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to animals and animal nutrition. More specifically, this invention relates to treating arthritis and joint discomfort in dogs by use of dietary supplements. Degenerative joint diseases or arthroses are conditions where degenerative changes in cartilage lead to a breakdown in the integrity of the structural matrix of cartilage or tendinous tissues. Conventionally referred to as arthritis, the complaints associated with the degenerative changes occur most frequently in aged individuals. Arthritis is much more common in dogs than other domesticated pets. Arthritis is a terrible disease, as it causes pain and restricts mobility. Any dog can be afflicted with arthritis, although older dogs and larger breeds can be more susceptible. Active dogs, like work or hunting dogs, may also be at greater risk because of their increased activity levels. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06524609__

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Water-soluble compositions of bioactive lipophilic compounds Inventor(s): Walker; P. Roy (Navan, CA), Sikorska-Walker; Marianna (Navan, CA), Borowy-Borowski; Henryk (Ottawa, CA) Assignee(s): National Research Council of Canada (Ottawa, CA) Patent Number: 6,632,443 Date filed: February 2, 2001

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Abstract: Water-soluble compositions comprising a lipophilic compound and a solubilizing agent of the general formula:{X--OOC--[(CH.sub.2).sub.n --COO].sub.m }.sub.p --Y (I)wherein:X is a residue of a hydrophobic moiety,Y is a residue of a hydrophilic moiety,p is 1 or 2,m is 0 or 1, andn is an integer greater than or equal to 0are disclosed. The lipophilic compound is preferably selected from the group consisting of water-insoluble ubiquinones, ubiquinols, vitamins, provitamins, polyene macrolide antibiotics, and mixtures thereof. The hydrophobic moiety is preferably a sterol or a tocopherol and the hydrophilic moiety is preferably a polyalkylene glycol. In some embodiments, the sterol is cholesterol or sitosterol, the tocopherol is.alpha.-(+)tocopherol, the polyalkylene glycol is a polyethylene glycol or its methyl monoether having an average molecular weight between 400 and 1000, p is equal to 1 or 2, m is equal to 0 or 1 and n is an integer between 2 and 18. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to water-soluble compositions of bioactive lipophilic compounds, to compounds useful for the preparation of such compositions, to methods of preparing such compounds and compositions, and to the use of such compositions as therapeutics and cosmetics. Many bioactive compounds are highly lipophilic (hydrophobic), meaning that they are soluble in lipids (oils) and some organic solvents, while being substantially insoluble or only sparsely soluble in water. The lack of solubility of a bioactive compound in aqueous media is an important factor limiting its therapeutic applications, making difficult an efficient administration of the compound to a patient. When administered in the form of an oil solution or some kind of water and/or oil suspension or emulsion, lipophilic compounds usually show a poor bioavailability, meaning a low concentration and a long build-up time of the compound in the systemic circulation. This lack of bioavailability is usually independent of the administration route (topical, oral, or parenteral). Various approaches to overcoming this limitation are known in the prior art. One known approach consists of dissolving a lipophilic compound in a water-miscible organic solvent, such as ethanol or propylene glycol. When such a solution is admixed with blood or gastrointestinal fluids, however, the lipophilic compound usually precipitates as a solid or liquid emulsion, with a resulting low bioavailability. Furthermore, for many lipophilic compounds no organic, water-miscible solvents exist. Another approach consists of incorporating lipophilic compounds into various compositions, frequently inhomogeneous, multiphase emulsions, containing oils and solvents in combination with surfactants. These compositions may improve the bioavailability of the compound without significantly increasing its solubility in aqueous media, but are normally suitable only for a particular administration form, usually for topical applications. Such compositions, which may also induce a protective immune response in mammals, are of little value for therapeutic uses where administration of the compound by ingestion or injection is necessary and where an aqueous solution or a water-soluble solid composition is frequently the only acceptable administration form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632443__

Patent Applications on Vitamins As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to vitamins: ·

(20S) 1alpha-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl and 2beta-methyl-19-nor-vitamin D3 and their uses Inventor(s): DeLuca, Hector F.; (Deerfield, WI), Sicinski, Rafal R.; (Warsaw, PL), Grzywacz, Pawel K.; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: KINNEY & LANGE, P.A.; THE KINNEY & LANGE BUILDING; 312 SOUTH THIRD STREET; MINNEAPOLIS; MN; 55415-1002; US Patent Application Number: 20030203882 Date filed: April 22, 2002 Abstract: This invention discloses (20S)-1.alpha.-hydroxy-2.alpha.-methyl-19-nor-vitamin D.sub.3 and (20S)-1.alpha.-hydroxy-2.beta.-methyl-19-nor-vitamin D.sub.3 and pharmaceutical uses therefor. These compounds exhibit pronounced activity in arresting the proliferation of undifferentiated cells and inducing their differentiation to the monocyte thus evidencing use as an anti-cancer agent and for the treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis as well as skin conditions such as wrinkles, slack skin, dry skin and insufficient sebum secretion. These compounds also have very significant calcemic activity and therefore may be used to treat immune disorders in humans as well as metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to the pro-drugs (20S)-1.alpha.-hydroxy-2.alpha.-methyl and 2.beta.-methyl-19-nor-vitamin D.sub.3 and their pharmaceutical uses. The natural hormone, 1.alpha.,25dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 and its analog in ergosterol series, i.e. 1.alpha.,25dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.2 are known to be highly potent regulators of calcium homeostasis in animals and humans, and their activity in cellular differentiation has also been established, Ostrem et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2610 (1987). Many structural analogs of these metabolites have been prepared and tested, including 1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, 1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D.sub.2, various side chain homologated vitamins and fluorinated analogs. Some of these compounds exhibit an interesting separation of activities in cell differentiation and calcium regulation. This difference in activity may be useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases as renal osteodystrophy, vitamin D-resistant rickets, osteoporosis, psoriasis, and certain malignancies. Recently, a new class of vitamin D analogs has been discovered, i.e. the so called 19-nor-vitamin D compounds, which are characterized by the replacement of the A-ring exocyclic methylene group (carbon 19), typical of the vitamin D system, by two hydrogen atoms. Biological testing of such 19-nor-analogs (e.g., 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy19-nor-vitami- n D.sub.3) revealed a selective activity profile with high potency in inducing cellular differentiation, and very low calcium mobilizing activity. Thus, these compounds are potentially useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of malignancies, or the treatment of various skin disorders. Two different methods of synthesis of such 19-nor-vitamin D analogs have been described (Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 31, 1823 (1990); Perlman et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 32, 7663 (1991), and DeLuca et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,191). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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24-sulfur-substituted analogs of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 Inventor(s): White, Jay A.; (Newmarket, CA), Posner, Gary H.; (Baltimore, MD), Yang, Hong Woon; (Baltimore, MD), Jones, Glenville; (Kingston, CA), Suh, Byung-Chul; (Cockeysville, MD), Jeon, HeungBae; (Baltimore, MD), Hatcher, Mark; (Baltimore, MD), Crawford, Kenneth R.; (Decatur, GA) Correspondence: ARENT FOX KINTNER PLOTKIN & KAHN; 1050 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W.; SUITE 400; WASHINGTON; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030149005 Date filed: August 22, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides novel C24-aryl sulfone analogs of 1.alpha.,25dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3, compositions comprising these compounds and methods of using these compounds as selective inhibitors of CYP24. In particular, the compounds of the invention are useful for treating diseases which benefit from a modulation of the levels of 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3, for example, cell-proliferative disorders. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit under 35 USC.sctn.119(e) from U.S. provisional patent application S. No. 60/313,769, filed Aug. 22, 2001; U.S. provisional patent application S. No. 60/328,429, filed Oct. 12, 2001; and U.S. provisional patent application entitled "24-Aryl Sulfone Analogs of 1.alpha.,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3" filed Jun. 13, 2002, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates to novel analogs of the hormone 1.alpha.,25dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3 that show selective inhibition of the enzyme CYP24 and which are low-calcemic, to pharmaceutical and diagnostic compositions containing them and to their medical use, particularly in the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, dermatological disorders, bone disorders, thyroid disorders, wound healing and osteoporosis. 1.alpha.,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3 is converted to 1.alpha.,24,25trihydroxy-D.sub.3 by a mitochondrial P450 known as CYP 24 (Bell, N. H., (1998) J. Bone Miner. Res. 13, 350-35211). CYP 24 is induced by 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy-D.sub.3 and is found in the kidney as well as other vitamin D target tissues such as the parathyroid cells, keratinocytes, osteoblasts, and enteroctyes (Jones, G., Strugnell, S., and DeLuca, H. (1998) Physiol. Rev. 78, 1193-1231). 1.alpha.,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3 (1.alpha.,25D3) has an important role in the antiproliferative and growth regulatory effects on normal and neoplastic cells (for e.g. prostate cancer cells). Clinical use of 1.alpha.,25-D3 analogs as effective drugs requires separating desirable antiproliferative and prodifferentiating activities from undesirable calcemic activity. There is a continuing need for synthetic analogs of 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3 that selectively exhibit desirable pharmacological activities but do not exhibit hypercalcemic and other undesirable activity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 compositions Inventor(s): Tritsch, Jean-Claude; (Montville, NJ), Mazzaro, Stephen Thomas; (Staten Island, NY), Yu, Li-Qun; (Naperville, IL) Correspondence: Stephen M. Haracz, Esq.; BRYAN CAVE LLP; 245 Park Avenue; New York; NY; 10167-0034; US Patent Application Number: 20030170324 Date filed: January 13, 2003

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Abstract: An oil composition containing 25-hydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3 and an oil is provided. In addition an emulsion, a microencapsulated oil composition, and a feed premix composition each containing 25-hydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3 are provided. Methods of making an oil composition, a microencapsulated oil composition, and a feed premix containing 25-hydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3 are also provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/350,301, filed Jan. 15, 2002. The present invention relates to compositions containing 25-hydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3, including oils, emulsions, microencapsulated oils, and feed premixes. The invention also relates to methods of making and using such compositions. Vitamins are useful as nutritional supplements in the diet of various animals. Vitamins act as catalysts in nearly every biochemical pathway. For that reason vitamin deficiency leads to numerous diseases and physical ailments. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

3-Epi compounds of vitamin D3 and uses thereof Inventor(s): Reddy, Satyanarayana G.; (Barrington, RI), Uskokovic, Milan; (Upper Montclair, NJ) Correspondence: LAHIVE & COCKFIELD; 28 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030171605 Date filed: September 9, 2002 Abstract: Novel 3-epi vitamin D.sub.3 compounds having the orientation of the substituent attached to the carbon at position 3 of the A-ring of vitamin D.sub.3 inverted from a beta (.beta.) to an alpha (.alpha.) configuration are described. These 3-epi vitamin D.sub.3 compounds were first identified as metabolites produced via a novel tissuespecific metabolic pathway which catalyzes the 3-.beta.-hydroxy epimerization of vitamin D.sub.3 compounds. Isolated 3-epimer forms of vitamin D.sub.3 compounds have been characterized and shown to have improved biological properties compared to their isomeric counterparts, such as reduced hypercalcemic activity and enhanced stability in vivo. The vitamin D.sub.3 compounds of the present invention can be used as substitutes for natural and synthetic vitamin D.sub.3 compounds. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Application No. 60/046,643 filed on May 16, 1997, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The importance of the vitamin D in the biological systems of higher animals has been recognized since its discovery by Mellanby in 1920 (Mellanby, E. (1921) Spec. Rep. Ser. Med. Res. Council (GB) SRS 61:4). It was in the interval of 1920-1930 that vitamin D officially became classified as a "vitamin" that was essential for the normal development of the skeleton and maintenance of calcium and phosphorous homeostasis. Studies involving the metabolism of vitamin D.sub.3 (cholecalciferol) were initiated with the discovery and chemical characterization of the plasma metabolite, 25hydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 [25(OH)D.sub.3] (Blunt, J. W. et al. (1968) Biochemistry 6:33173322) and the hormonally active form, 1.alpha.,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 (Myrtle, J. F. et al. (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245:1190-1196; Norman, A. W. et al. (1971) Science 173:51-54; Lawson, D. E. M. et al (1971) Nature 230:228-230; Holick, M. F. (1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68:803-804). The formulation of the concept of a vitamin D endocrine system was dependent both upon appreciation of the key role of the kidney in producing

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1.alpha., 25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 in a carefully regulated fashion (Fraser, D. R. and Kodicek, E (1970) Nature 288:764-766; Wong, R. G. et al. (1972) J. Clin. Invest. 51:12871291), and the discovery of a nuclear receptor for 1.alpha.,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 (VD.sub.3R) in the intestine (Haussler, M. R. et al. (1969) Exp. Cell Res. 58:234-242; Tsai, H. C. and Norman, A. W. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 248:5967-5975). The operation of the vitamin D endocrine system depends on the following: first, on the presence of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver (Bergman, T. and Postlind, H. (1991) Biochem. J. 276:427-432; Ohyama, Y and Okuda, K. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:8690-8695) and kidney (Henry, H. L. and Norman, A. W. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249:7529-7535; Gray, R. W. and Ghazarian, J. G. (1989) Biochem. J. 259:561-568), and in a variety of other tissues to effect the conversion of vitamin D.sub.3 into biologically active metabolites such as 1.alpha.,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 and 24R,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3; second, on the existence of the plasma vitamin D binding protein (DBP) to effect the selective transport and delivery of these hydrophobic molecules to the various tissue components of the vitamin D endocrine system (Van Baelen, H. et al. (1988) Ann NY Acad. Sci. 538:60-68; Cooke, N. E. and Haddad, J. G. (1989) Endocr. Rev. 10:294-307; Bikle, D. D. et al. (1986) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 63:954-959); and third, upon the existence of stereoselective receptors in a wide variety of target tissues that interact with the agonist 1.alpha.,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 to generate the requisite specific biological responses for this secosteroid hormone (Pike, J. W. (1991) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 11:189-216). To date, there is evidence that nuclear receptors for 1.alpha.,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 (VD.sub.3R) exist in more than 30 tissues and cancer cell lines (Reichel, H. and Norman, A. W. (1989) Annu. Rev. Med. 40:71-78). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Animal feed or feed additive as performance enhancer or appetite enhancer for live stock Inventor(s): Roth, Hermann; (Eltville, DE) Correspondence: THE FIRM OF KARL F ROSS; 5676 RIVERDALE AVENUE; PO BOX 900; RIVERDALE (BRONX); NY; 10471-0900; US Patent Application Number: 20030190344 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to an animal feed which contains conventional animal feed substances like grain or grain products, maize, protein and aromatic amino acids, vitamins, mineral additives like salts, phosphates, lime, enzymes and the like, or an animal feed additive, whereby to reduce the enzymatic decomposition of the essential aromatic amino acids it contains one or more benzophenanthridine alkaloids or their derivatives or synthetic analogs in an effective amount. Furthermore the invention relates to the use of benzophenanthridine alkaloids, their derivatives or synthetic analogs and a medicament. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to an animal feed which contains conventional animal feed substances, like grains or grain products, maize, protein and aromatic amino acids, vitamins, mineral additives like salt, phosphates or lime, enzymes and the like. The invention further relates to animal feed additives, the use of benzophenanthridine alkaloids and to a medicament. Aromatic amino acids, like for example tryptophane and alanine, are essential nutrients which the body itself cannot produce, except for ruminants. They are a substantial component of the recipes for nutrients and animal feeds. In animal feeds they serve to ensure, as is also the case for other amino acids, the

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requisite balance between the individual essential and nonessential amino acids in a predetermined proportion to the content of other essential amino acids. Their use contributes to the cost. In mammalian waste there is a wide range of microorganisms which with the aid of their enzymes, serve to decompose these amino acids, for example the aromatic aminoacid-decarboxylase. As a result, the starting balance which is intended in the preparation of the feed between the individual amino acids is disrupted. The quality of the meat of the animals is thereby reduced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Beverage system Inventor(s): Zeng, Xiaoqing Suzy; (Northfield, IL) Correspondence: FITCH EVEN TABIN AND FLANNERY; 120 SOUTH LA SALLE STREET; SUITE 1600; CHICAGO; IL; 60603-3406; US Patent Application Number: 20030161912 Date filed: February 22, 2002 Abstract: A portable beverage system is provided for allowing consumers to combine one or more portions of beverage or other concentrates with a liquid to form a drink. The system includes an inner storage container for the portions and an outer container for mixing the portions with a liquid. The portions may contain beverage concentrates, soup flavorings and spices, or nutritional additives, such as herbs, vitamins, and minerals. Different portions may be provided with system, allowing consumers to make drinks customizable according to personal preferences. The portions may be provided in capsules, gelatin compositions, or other forms. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to a beverage system, and particularly to a beverage system that includes a beverage concentrate in combination with a container for a beverage made from the concentrate. There are a wide variety of pre-made beverages available for purchase by consumers. Consumers can walk into almost any convenience store, grocery store, or gas station and select from a variety of different premade beverages. The available beverages often include carbonated sodas, mineral or other waters, and sport drinks. Natural juice beverages are also typically available and often have fruit juice content, such as orange juice, apple juice, and grapefruit juice. More recently, so-called specialty drinks are becoming commonly available. One example of a specialty drink lists as its ingredients taurine, glucuronolactone, caffeine, B-complex vitamins, and carbohydrates. Other specialty drinks include various antioxidants and natural herbs. The variety of different specialty beverages offered is indicative of a desirability to provide drinks tailored specifically to the needs of individual consumers. The available types of readily consumable beverages, although numerous compared to the types of carbonated sodas available, are not numerous enough to address the need for a beverage that can be tailored and customized according to each individual's personal preferences. Thus, there is a need to provide consumers with beverages having ingredients such as flavorings, nutrients, vitamins, and herbs that are customizable according to individual consumer tastes, nutritional needs, and other preferences. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 349

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Combination therapies using vitamin B12 and therapeutic agents for treatment of viral, proliferative and inflammatory diseases Inventor(s): Cruz, Tony; (Toronto, CA), Pastrak, Aleksandra; (Toronto, CA) Correspondence: BURNS DOANE SWECKER & MATHIS L L P; POST OFFICE BOX 1404; ALEXANDRIA; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030152552 Date filed: June 11, 2002 Abstract: Pharmaceutical compositions for treating viral, proliferative and inflammatory diseases are disclosed comprising an amount of pharmaceutically acceptable vitamin B12 compounds in combination with anti-viral, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory compounds. Vitamin B12 compounds are administered separately, simultaneously or in combination with anti-viral, anti-proliferative and/or anti-inflammatory compounds to provide an enhanced therapeutic effect for treating viral, proliferative and inflammatory diseases. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Serial Nos. 60/297,514 (filed Jun. 11, 2001); 60/327,700 (filed Oct. 5, 2001); 60/334,535 (filed Dec. 3, 2001); and 60/366,539 (filed Mar. 25, 2002). It is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/908,298 (filed Jul. 17, 2001) and 09/971,068 (filed Oct. 3, 2001). The disclosure of each of the above applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use for the treatment of viral, inflammatory and/or proliferative diseases with a vitamin B12 compound in combination with an anti-viral, antiinflammatory and/or inflammatory compounds. Diseases and disorders that have significant inflammatory, viral and/or proliferative components are widespread and affect millions of people worldwide. Selected examples of inflammatory, viral and/or proliferative diseases include multiple sclerosis, diabetes, restenosis, cancer, hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS and genital warts. These types of diseases share common disease processes and as a result often share or possess related/common therapies. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Compositions and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects Inventor(s): Tao, Yuanjin; (Fremont, CA) Correspondence: Karen R. Zachow; Morrison & Foerster LLP; Suite 500; 3811 Valley Centre Drive; San Diego; CA; 92130-2332; US Patent Application Number: 20030165583 Date filed: February 14, 2003 Abstract: Compositions and methods for enhancing the effects of therapeutic compositions are provided. The compositions comprise singly or in combination herbals, natural nutritional supplements, minerals and vitamins. Methods of making these compositions are also provided. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/208,990, filed Jun. 1, 2000, hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. This invention relates to compositions and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects. More specifically, it relates to nutraceutical compositions for enhancing the therapeutic effects of another composition, and methods for enhancing therapeutic effects. The need for

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enhancement of therapeutic effects of therapeutic substances or compositions is particularly apparent where conventional herbal and natural nutritional supplements are used to achieve these effects. These substances act slowly, and are considered primarily to provide individuals with long term benefits rather than short term or immediate improvement in the medical condition in question. Although pharmaceutical drugs have generally been considered to be more effective in treating acute conditions, this treatment often has significant side effects. Non-pharmaceutical alternatives, such as nutraceuticals, are often preferred because of their safer or more long-lasting effects. This usually means, however, that in choosing these alternative approaches, the treated individual has to forego more immediate alleviation of symptoms that might otherwise have been achievable through the use of pharmaceuticals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Compositions and methods for treatment of vitamin D deficiency Inventor(s): Kumagai, Yoshinari; (Alameda, CA), Okano, Toshio; (Kobe, JP), Blacher, Russell W.; (Castro Valley, CA), Nakagawa, Kimie; (Kobe, JP), Tsugawa, Naoko; (Kobe, JP) Correspondence: BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP; 200 MIDDLEFIELD RD; SUITE 200; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030186891 Date filed: February 7, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides peptides which are characterized by having a biological activity that increases 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1.alpha.-hydroxylase activity in a cell, thereby increasing calcitriol (active vitamin D) levels. The peptides have a sequence related to the contiguous sequence defined by residues 242 to 264 in the naturally occurring matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (PHEX). Methods of modulating 25-hydroxyvitamin 1.alpha.-hydroxylase gene expression and calcitriol levels using the subject peptides are also provided. Also provided are kits for practicing the subject methods. The subject compositions and methods find use in a variety of application, including the treatment of vitamin D-related disorders, such as Paget's Disease, rickets, osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, and psoriasis. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/355,548 filed Feb. 8, 2002; the disclosures of which application is herein incorporated by reference. The present invention relates to peptides that may be used to manipulate vitamin D metabolism. More specifically, the present invention relates to dentonin peptides that stimulate increase 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1.alpha.-hydroxylase activity to produce calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. Vitamin D is a hormone that plays an active role in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate balance and bone mineralization. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia in both adults and children. Both conditions are characterized by failure of calcification of osteoid, which is the matrix of bone, leading to weak and malformed bones. The active form of vitamin D, 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (otherwise known as calcitriol), is made from inactive 25-monohydroxyvitamin D3 through a hydroxylation reaction performed by a 1.alpha.hydroxylase (1.alpha.-OHase), which places a hydroxyl group on the 1.alpha. position of the carbon chain of the molecule. Hydroxylation of the precursor 25monohydroxyvitamin D3 by a 24-hydroxylase (24-OHase) causes the pathway to "bypass" the active form of the compound. Hydroxylation of calcitriol by the 24hydroxylase inactivates calcitriol, and initiates its further metabolism.

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Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Cosmetic and perfume products with amber Inventor(s): Jadwiga, Wiejacka; (Lodz, PL), Krzysztof, Pawlak; (Lodz, PL), Ewa, Macierzynska; (Lodz, PL), Grazyna, Kaszczyk; (Galkow Duzy, PL), Henryka, Kilian; (Lodz, PL), Danuta, Kwiecinska; (Lodz, PL), Hanna, Kaczmarska; (Lodz, PL) Correspondence: JASPAN SCHLESINGER HOFFMAN LLP; 300 Garden City Plaza; Garden City; NY; 11530; US Patent Application Number: 20030191046 Date filed: April 9, 2002 Abstract: Cosmetic and perfume products with amber contain modified amber in the quantity 0.001%-100% by weight.In order to be used for cosmetics production, amber is primarily exposed to the action of physical or chemical agents or mechanical energy.An additional cosmetic effect is achieved by adding energizing or active substances as sea alga, yeast extracts, enzymes, liposomes, vitamins and others to modified amber. Excerpt(s): The subject of the invention are cosmetic and perfume products with amber in the form of creams, pastes, lotions, cleansers, balms, tonics, fluids, gels, shampoos, hair sprays, conditioners, masks, powders, enamels, enamel removers, lipsticks, foams, cosmetic liquids, cosmetics oils, soaps, peelings, serum, containing modified amber. Amber is a conifer resin found in nature in the form of lumps or dripstones and it has features of organic origin resins and minerals; it is amorphous, transparent or slightly dull of yellow or brown colour. In its original form in normal conditions of pressure and temperature, amber is insoluble in water, it is soluble to small degree only in organic solvents as ethyl alcohol, petroleum benzine and benzene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Cosmetic lip product with sour flavor Inventor(s): Higgs, Ruth E.; (North Olmsted, OH), Breha, Paul J. III; (Seven Hills, OH) Correspondence: Richard J. Minnich, Esq.; Fay, Sharpe, Fagan, Minnich & McKee, LLP; 7th Floor; 1100 Superior Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114-2518; US Patent Application Number: 20030161851 Date filed: January 6, 2003 Abstract: Methods for making a sour tasting cosmetic lip product containing one or more acids dissolved in a base composition, and the products formed thereby, are disclosed. The products possess a pleasing sour taste while not producing irritation or burning on the lips or mouth. Ingredients such as sunblocks, moisturizers and vitamins may be added to the compositions depending on the properties desired in the final product. The compositions according to the present invention comprise from about 2% to about 25% by weight acid and are preferably anhydrous. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/075,219 filed Feb. 14, 2002. The present invention relates to cosmetic and therapeutic compositions for the lips containing one or more acids. More particularly, the present invention relates to lip compositions comprising an acid that exhibit a sour taste. Unprotected skin is very susceptible to drying out and becoming irritated from

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exposure to the elements. This is especially true with regard to the lips, which have been found to be even more vulnerable to water loss than typical skin. This is due, in part, to the fact that the lips have a thinner stratum corneum, the outermost of three layers comprising skin, and contain a lesser amount of lipids than skin on other parts of the body. When the lipid barrier is depleted or inadequate, lips dry out, becoming irritated and prone to cracking. Lips are susceptible to other harms as well. For example, due to the fact that lips contain less melanin than other areas of skin, they are at risk of sunburn and UV damage. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Ginseng berry topical applications Inventor(s): Chen, Jau-Fei; (Orem, UT) Correspondence: Brent T. Winder; JONES, WALDO, HOLBROOK & MCDONOUGH, PC; 1500 Wells Fargo Plaza; 170 South Main Street; Salt Lake City; UT; 84101-1644; US Patent Application Number: 20030152544 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: The present invention comprises novel combinations of ginseng berry juice and extracts combined with other skin nutrients and moisturizers which may be used to soften and moisturize the skin while providing essential vitamins and nutrients to the skin in a natural way. Excerpt(s): Title Atty Docket No. Express Mailing Label Nos. The present invention relates generally to the field of skin care products and more particularly to products and methods which deliver fresh vitamins and other nutrients to the skin by topical application of a novel, vitamin-rich fruit composition. The present invention comprises ginseng berry extract and other skin nutrients and, preferably, other skin nutrients and moisturizers which are beneficial to the skin. Human skin is extremely susceptible to the temperature and humidity extremes of our environment. However, when skin care products are properly used to counteract adverse environmental conditions, skin can remain healthy and beautiful under a variety of extreme environmental conditions. The environmental factors that most often affect the skin adversely are ultraviolet radiation and humidity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Improved method for the biosynthesis of vitamin e Inventor(s): Kunze, Irene; (Gatersleben, DE), Geiger, Michael; (Quedlinburg, DE), Ebneth, Marcus; (Berlin, DE) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE, PC; 1100 N GLEBE ROAD; 8TH FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030182679 Date filed: March 11, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to improved processes for the biosynthesis of vitamin E. These processes comprise inhibiting the breakdown of homogentisate via maleyl acetoacetate and fumaryl acetoacetate to give fumarate and acetoacetate. Also in accordance with the invention is the combination of this inhibition with processes which

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increase the supply of homogentisate, or which promote the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E.According to the invention are nucleic acid constructs and vectors with which the processes according to the invention can be carried out, and transgenic plant organisms generated on the basis of this. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to improved processes for the biosynthesis of vitamine E. These processes are characterized by inhibiting homogentisate (HG) breakdown via maleyl acetoacetate (MAA), fumaryl acetoacetate (FAA) to give fumarate and acetoacetate. Also in accordance with the invention is the combination of this inhibition with processes which further increase the supply of homogentisate, or which promote the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E. Homogentisate is an important metabolite. It is a degradation product of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. In humans and animals, homogentisate is broken down further to maleyl acetoacetate, subsequently to fumaryl acetoacetate and then into fumarate and acetoacetate. Plants and other photosynthesizing microorganism furthermore utilize homogentisate as starting material for the synthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols. For the purposes of the present invention, vitamin E is to be understood as meaning all of the eight abovementioned tocopherols and tocotrienols with vitamin E activity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Infant formula and methods of improving infant stool patterns Inventor(s): Kuchan, Matthew A.; (Gahanna, OH), Benson, John D.; (Powell, OH), Halter, Robin J.; (Columbus, OH), Masor, Marc L.; (Worthington, OH), Ponder, Debra L.; (Atlanta, GA) Correspondence: ROSS PRODUCTS DIVISION OF ABBOTT LABORATORIES; DEPARTMENT 108140-DS/1; 625 CLEVELAND AVENUE; COLUMBUS; OH; 432151724; US Patent Application Number: 20030171433 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: The invention is directed to an improved infant formula containing a lipid blend that softens the firmer stools associated with typical infant formula. A specific formula in accordance with the invention comprises carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals and a lipid mixture of high oleic safflower oil, soy oil and coconut oil at specific levels and ratios. The invention also discloses novel mixtures of fatty acids that provides infant stool patterns more closely resembling the breast-fed infant. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/585,221 filed Jan. 11, 1996; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/178,687 filed Jan. 10, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,899 issued Feb. 20, 1996. The complete teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,899 are incorporated herein by reference. The invention relates to an improved enteral nutritional formula and more particularly to infant formulas which contain a lipid fraction possessing a fatty acid profile resulting in more desirable infant stool patterns compared to stool patterns associated with conventional infant formula. More specifically, this invention relates to a blend of high oleic safflower oil, and/or high oleic sunflower oil, soy oil and coconut oil (or a blend of fats that have a similar fatty acid profile to the inventive blend) that has been found effective in producing stool patterns in infants that are similar to those of the breast-fed infant. The composition of human milk serves as a valuable reference for improving infant formula However, human milk contains living cells, hormones, active enzymes,

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immunoglobulins and components with unique molecular structures that cannot be replicated in infant formula Unlike human milk infant formula must remain stable on the shelf for up to thirty-six (36) months. These fundamental differences between human milk and infant formula often mandate differences in the composition to achieve similar clinical outcome. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Intermediates for use in the preparation of vitamin e Inventor(s): Ancel, Jean-Erick; (Saint Genis Laval, FR), Meilland, Pierre; (Chaponost, FR) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge; PO Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030166950 Date filed: March 18, 2003 Abstract: Novel intermediate compounds which can be used in the preparation of phytone and Vitamin E and a process for the preparation thereof. A process for the preparation of phytone and Vitamin E from these compounds is also claimed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of phytone and/or Vitamin E. Vitamin E has been prepared chemically for a long time using many various processes. In general, this vitamin is prepared from an intermediate compound. European Patent 0544588 discloses a process for the production of Vitamin E through the condensation of a polyunsaturated allyl alcohol derivative. U.S. Pat. No. 3,867,408 discloses the preparation of novel ketal compounds which may be used in the preparation of phytone which in turn is an intermediate in the production of Vitamin E. We have now found a new process for the preparation of certain beta olefinic compounds which can be used to synthesise phytone and in some cases which can be used to synthesise vitamin E directly from this intermediate. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for inhibiting bone resorption with an alendronate and vitamin D formulation Inventor(s): Mazel, Sidney; (Basking Ridge, NJ), Daifotis, Anastasia G.; (Westfield, NJ), Yates, John; (Lansdale, PA) Correspondence: MERCK AND CO INC; P O BOX 2000; RAHWAY; NJ; 070650907 Patent Application Number: 20030195171 Date filed: April 1, 2003 Abstract: Composition and method for preventing or treating abnormal bone resorption in mammals, the composition characterized as containing, a supplementary effective amount of a non-activated metabolite of vitamin D.sub.2 and/or D.sub.3 and a pharmaceutically effective amount of bisphosphonate to provide vitamin D nutrition during treatment to facilitate normal bone formation and mineralization, while minimizing the occurrence of or potential for the complications associated with vitamin D insufficiency, such as hypocalcemia and osteomalacia. The method of preventing or treating may be further characterized by concomitantly administering the components

Patents 355

simultaneously or alternately at dosing intervals selected from once-weekly, twiceweekly, bi-weekly, monthly, and bi-monthly. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for inhibiting bone resorption in a mammal in need thereof by providing supplemental vitamin D nutrition to facilitate normal bone mineralization and formation while minimizing the occurrence of or potential for the complications associated with vitamin D insufficiency and the administration of bisphosphonate resulting from bone resorption. The method of the invention provides adequate vitamin D nutrition, while minimizing the occurrence of or potential for complications of hypocalcemia and osteomalacia associated with excessive amounts of activated vitamin D. The method may be characterized by orally administering, to a mammal, a pharmaceutical composition containing, in combination, a supplementary amount of a non-activated metabolite of vitamin D.sub.2 and/or D.sub.3, and a pharmaceutically effective amount of a bisphosphonate, as a unit dosage, according to a continuous schedule having a dosing interval of once-weekly, twiceweekly, biweekly, monthly, and bimonthly. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing various amounts of the combination of supplemental vitamin D nutrition and bisphosphonates, medicaments and kits useful for carrying out these methods. A variety of disorders in humans and other mammals are associated with abnormal bone resorption. Such disorders include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, Paget's disease, periprosthetic bone loss or osteolysis, metastatic bone disease, hypercalcemia of malignancy, and arthritides (including but not limited to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis). One of the most common of these disorders is osteoporosis, which in its most frequent manifestation occurs in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by a low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Because osteoporosis, as well as other disorders associated with bone loss, are chronic conditions, it is believed that appropriate therapy will generally require chronic treatment. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Method of producing oily suspensions of water-soluble vitamins Inventor(s): Betz, Roland; (Niederkirchen, DE), Schneider, Joachim U; (Weisenheim, DE), Kasler, Bruno; (Ludwigshafen, DE), Stang, Michael; (Ludwigshafen, DE), Pfieffer, Angelika-Maria; (Birkenheide, DE), Runge, Frank; (Friedelsheim, DE), Ernst, Andreas; (Worms, DE), Bewert, Wolfgang; (Frankenthal, DE) Correspondence: KEIL & WEINKAUF; 1350 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030185877 Date filed: November 18, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing oily suspensions of watersoluble vitamins which comprisesa) grinding at least one water-soluble vitamin in an oil until the average particle size of from 0.1 to 100.mu.m, orb) grinding at least one watersoluble vitamin without using a continuous phase until the average particle size of from 0.1 to 100.mu.m and subsequently suspending the ground particles in an oil. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to oily suspensions of at least one water-soluble vitamin, and to a process for producing these suspensions, and to the use thereof as addition to human foods, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic preparations. The

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use of vitamins as feed additives in livestock nutrition takes place more and more in the form of liquid preparations. This has the advantage inter alia that simpler and more accurate dosage is possible. It is moreover possible in the so-called post-pelleting application for example to load a liquid preparation of feed additives onto feed pellets only after they have been produced. The consequence of this is that even oxidation- and temperature-sensitive additives such as vitamins or carotenoids can be employed without major losses. Examples of post-pelleting application (PPA) are to be found inter alia in GB-A-2 232 573 and in EP-A-0 556 883 and the literature cited therein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Methods and formulations for enhancing the dissolution of a solid material in liquid Inventor(s): Jarnagin, Alisha; (San Mateo, CA), Lippay, Eric; (San Carlos, CA), MarinCarillo, Edgar Manuel; (West Chester, OH), Poulose, Ayrookaran J.; (Belmont, CA), Showell, Michael Stanford; (Cincinnati, OH), Steele, Landon; (Brisbane, CA), Victoria, Doreen C.; (San Francisco, CA), Kipte, Genevieve Cagalawan; (Fort Mitchell, KY), Janssen, Giselle; (San Carlos, CA), Becker, Nathaniel T.; (Hillsborough, CA), Capeci, Scott William; (North Bend, OH), Concar, Edward M.; (San Francisco, CA), Stoner, Suzanne; (Belmont, CA) Correspondence: T. Gene Dillahunty; BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATTIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030191043 Date filed: May 31, 2002 Abstract: Methods and formulations for enhancing the dissolution of a solid material in an aqueous solution incorporate an effervescent system into the material. Effervescent systems include (i) the combination of one or more enzymes and one or more substrates for said enzymes and (ii) a metal ion catalyst and a substrate for that metal ion catalyst. The combination of either (i) the enzyme and the substrate or (i) metal ion catalyst and substrate is capable of producing a gas when the material is in an aqueous solution. The effervescent system is particularly suited for incorporation into laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, antacids, vitamins, contact lens cleaners, denture cleaners and other household products. It is believed that the gas produced by the interaction of the enzyme or metal ion catalyst and the appropriate substrate enhances and facilitates dissolution of the material by increasing the surface area of the material that is in contact with the aqueous medium. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Applications S/N 60,295,248 filed Jun. 1, 2001 and 60/343,665 filed Dec. 26, 2001, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. This invention is directed to techniques for enhancing the dissolution of an active-containing material in a liquid and in particular to effervescent systems that are incorporated into the material, and/or techniques for generating a consumer recognizable signal from an effervescent system. The effervescent system may produce a gas. The gas may facilitate dissolution of a material when it is placed in a liquid environment and/or may generate a consumer recognizable signal, such as by communicating a signal to a consumer using the effervescent system that the effervescent system is working for its intended purpose. Many consumer products are manufactured and sold in solid form for use in a liquid environment. These products include, for example, laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, antacids, vitamins, contact lens cleaners, and denture cleaners. Often, these products exhibit sub-optimal dissolution rates when they are placed in the liquid

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environment. As a result, the active ingredients do not become rapidly available as desired and/or the consumer is required to agitate the liquid to dissolve the product. Sub-optimal dissolution is often characterized by the presence of residue in the liquid. The art is in search of techniques for enhancing the dissolution rates of solid products in liquids and for providing a consumer signal to indicate that such dissolution has occurred. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Methods for regulating the condition of mammalian keratinous tissue via topical application of vitamin B6 compositions Inventor(s): Bissett, Donald Lynn; (Hamilton, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030190337 Date filed: March 28, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for regulating the condition of mammalian keratinous tissue wherein the methods each comprise the step of topically applying to the keratinous tissue of a mammal needing such treatment, a safe and effective amount of a skin care composition comprising:a) a safe and effective amount of a vitamin B.sub.6 compound selected from the group consisting of pyridoxine, esters of pyridoxine, amines of pyridoxine, salts of pyridoxine and derivatives thereof, including pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, and pyridoxic acid;b) a safe and effective amount of a skin care active selected from the group consisting of peptides, phytosterol, sugar amines, their derivatives, and combinations thereof; andc) a dermatologically acceptable carrier for the pyridoxine and the skin care active. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of regulating the condition of mammalian keratinous tissue using defined vitamin B.sub.6 compositions wherein the methods include: a) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of dark under-eye circles and puffy eyes; b) preventing, retarding, and/or treating sallowness of mammalian skin; c) preventing and/or retarding tanning of mammalian skin; d) desquamating, exfoliating, and/or increasing turnover of mammalian skin; e) regulating and/or reducing the size of pores in mammalian skin; f) regulating the oily and/or shiny appearance of mammalian skin; g) preventing, retarding, and/or treating postinflammatory hyperpigmentation; h) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of cellulite in mammalian skin; i) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of spider vessels and/or red blotchiness on mammalian skin; j) softening and/or smoothing lips, hair and nails of a mammal; k) preventing, retarding, and/or treating itch of mammalian skin; l) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of fine lines and/or wrinkles of mammalian skin; m) preventing, retarding, and/or treating the appearance of sagging of mammalian skin; n) preventing, retarding, and/or treating skin atrophy of mammalian skin; and o) preventing, retarding, and/or treating skin dryness. These methods are accomplished via the topical application of compositions containing specific vitamin B.sub.6 compositions to the skin of a mammal needing such treatments. Currently, there are a number of personal care products that are available to consumers, which are directed toward improving the health and physical appearance of keratinous tissues such as the skin, hair, and nails. The majority of these products are directed to delaying, minimizing or even eliminating skin

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wrinkling and other histological changes typically associated with the aging of skin or environmental damage to human skin. There are no products, however, that have proven effects in prevention or treatment of sagging or sallowness of the skin (which occur with chronological skin aging and which occur on face and other body sites). Mammalian keratinous tissue, particularly human skin, is subjected to a variety of insults by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Such extrinsic factors include ultraviolet radiation, environmental pollution, wind, heat, infrared radiation, low humidity, harsh surfactants, abrasives, etc. Intrinsic factors, on the other hand, include chronological aging and other biochemical changes from within the skin. Whether extrinsic or intrinsic, these factors result in visible signs of skin damage. Typical skin damage includes thinning of the skin, which occurs naturally as one ages. With such thinning, there is a reduction in the cells and blood vessels that supply the skin as well as a flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction that results in weaker mechanical resistance of this junction. See, for example, Oikarinen, "The Aging of Skin: Chronoaging Versus Photoaging," Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., vol. 7, pp. 3-4, 1990. Other damage or changes seen in aging or damaged skin includes sallowness, sagging, dark under-eye circles, puffy eyes, enlarged pores, diminished rate of turnover, and abnormal desquamation or exfoliation. Additional damage incurred as a result of both external and internal factors includes visible dead skin (i.e., flaking, scaling, dryness, roughness). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

New vitamin D derivatives with cyclic substructures in the side chains, process and intermediate products for their production, and the use for the production of pharmaceutical agents Inventor(s): Schwarz, Katica; (Berlin, DE), Steinmeyer, Andreas; (Berlin, DE), Haberey, Martin; (Berlin, DE), Giesen, Claudia; (Berlin, DE), Fahnrich, Marianne; (Berlin, DE) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C.; 2200 CLARENDON BLVD.; SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030149006 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to vitamin D derivatives of general formula I, 1process for their production, intermediate products of the process as well as the use for the production of pharmaceutical agents. Excerpt(s): process for their production, intermediate products of the process as well as the use for the production of pharmaceutical agents. In addition to their pronounced effect on the calcium-and phosphate metabolism, the active metabolites of vitamin D.sub.2 and vitamin D.sub.3 and their synthetic derivatives have a proliferationinhibiting and differentiation-stimulating action on tumor cells and normal cells, such as, for example, skin cells. In addition, a pronounced effect on cells of the immune system (inhibiting of proliferation-and interleukin-2-synthesis of lymphocytes, increase of cytotoxicity and phagocytosis in vitro of monocytes) has been found, which manifests itself in an immunomodulatory action. Finally, because of a stimulating action on boneforming cells, an increased formation of bone in normal and osteoporotic rats is found [R. Bouillon et al. "Short Term Course of 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 Stimulates Osteoblasts But Not Osteoclasts," Calc. Tissue Int. 49, 168 (1991)]. All actions are mediated by binding to the vitamin D receptor. Because of the binding, the activity of specific genes is regulated. When using biologically active metabolites of vitamins D.sub.2 and D.sub.3, a toxic effect on the calcium metabolism is produced (hypercalcemia).

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Nutrient clusters for food products and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Evenson, Keith A.; (Elk River, MN), Green, Daniel R.; (Minnetonka, MN), van Lengerich, Bernhard; (Plymouth, MN), Lakkis, Jamileh; (Morris Plains, NJ), Borek, James R.; (Burnsville, MN), Froseth, Barrie R.; (Plymouth, MN) Correspondence: John A. O'Toole, Esq.; P.O. Box 1113; Minneapolis; MN; 55440; US Patent Application Number: 20030170370 Date filed: March 4, 2003 Abstract: Nutrient clusters for food products, such as for addition to Ready-To-Eat cereals, are made in the form of aggregates or clusters comprising a first particulate component; a nutrient powder blend, and sufficient binder to adhere the powder to the particulates. The nutrient clusters are in the form of pieces each weighing from about 0.3 to 5 g. and having a moisture content of about 2% to 10%. Such nutrient clusters are prepared by applying a liquid binder to the particulates to form sticky particulates, adding a powdered nutrient blend, and curing the mixtures to form hardened dried nutrient clusters. The nutrient cluster can contain 100% US recommended daily allowance of essential vitamins and minerals and can contain added macronutrients such as soy proteins, soluble fiber, and/or calcium in nutritionally dense form in as little as 5 to 15 g of nutrient clusters. The clusters find particular suitability for use in providing to-order customized cereal products in response to particular customer requirements for nutrition. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/596,543, filed Jun. 19, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The present invention relates to food products and to their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to nutrient clusters comprising vitamin and mineral fortifiers and macronutrients that are especially useful for blending with Ready-To-Eat Cereals and to their methods of preparation. The present invention provides an improvement in nutritionally fortified Ready-To-Eat cereals ("R-T-E"), to nutritionally fortified clusters useful as additives for adding to R-T-E cereals, and to methods of preparing such additives and to methods of preparing fortified R-T-E cereals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Nutritional composition for dietary supplements Inventor(s): Laudrup, Michael; (Vedb?aelig;k, DK), Knudsen, Leif; (Grena, DK), Kreutzfeldt, Morgens; (Snekkersten, DK), Lystrup, Kern; (US) Correspondence: CANTOR COLBURN, LLP; 55 GRIFFIN ROAD SOUTH; BLOOMFIELD; CT; 06002 Patent Application Number: 20030165596 Date filed: April 21, 2003 Abstract: By the present invention, a nutritional composition is provided for use as a nutritional supplement to a diet on a regular basis, e.g. on a daily basis. The composition comprises vitamin compounds comprising a selection of vitamins, mineral compounds

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comprising a selection of minerals, and fish oil granulate in dry pulverised form comprising eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and do-cosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Hereby, a comprehensive nutritional supplement is provided by which the diet may be supplemented not only by minerals and vitamins but also by the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA of the fish oil granulate. Side effects such as bad taste and smell are removed by using the fish oil granulate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional composition for use as a dietary supplement. It is widely acknowledged to enrich the daily diet with a nutritional supplement such as one or more tablets containing a selection of vitamins and minerals. The daily amount of tablets is chosen so that the vitamin and mineral contents of the tablets correspond to recommended daily amounts. In addition to the vitamin and mineral supplements, nutrition experts often recommend to supplement the diet with fish oil, in particular if seafood is vacant from the diet. It is recognised that people, such as Eskimos, who consume large quantities of fish and other seafood products rich in these oils have a far lower risk than most other populations of suffering from various heart and circulatory disorders, which are among the major killers of our time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Olive leaf extraction method and formulations containing olive leaf extract Inventor(s): Pinnell, Sheldon R.; (Durham, NC), Omar, Mostafa M.; (Franklin Lakes, NJ) Correspondence: Lynn E. Barber; Post Office Box 16528; Fort Worth; TX; 76162; US Patent Application Number: 20030152656 Date filed: February 13, 2002 Abstract: A non-aqueous method of extracting olive leaves, and products formed containing the olive-leaf extract. The resulting extract is used, preferably together with vitamins C, E and A or components thereof to form a skin treatment product that has efficacy as a photoprotectant and antioxidant. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to products that reduce damage that is caused to skin by the sun, and in particular, to products containing olive-leaf extract together with vitamin components. Ultraviolet radiation causes oxidative damage to the skin, including immunosuppression, which can cause skin cancer, alter the behavior of skin cancer, typically by making the cancer more aggressive, or cause photoaging. Much of this damage is preventable if clothing covers the skin, or where this is not practical, by topical products. UVA (340-400 nm) is linked to accelerated skin aging, causing DNA strand breakage and oxidation of nucleic acids, and UVB (290-320 nm) is a carcinogen. Standard sunscreens, however, while providing protection against UVB, do not fully protect against long-wave UV light (UVA) that is present at higher levels in sunlight and is not filtered by glass. Because of the growing incidence of skin cancer, there is an increased need for topical products that are more protective than standard sunscreens. Both systemic antioxidants (e.g., oral vitamin C and vitamin E) and topical antioxidants (topical vitamin E and vitamin C) have been proposed as photoprotectants. A stable topical ascorbic acid solution has been developed (U.S. Pat. No. 5,140,043; Pinnell et al., Dermatol. Surg. 27:137-142, 2001) that is capable of traversing the stratum comeum of the skin, and thus resists being washed off of the skin, and provides both photoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Related commercial products exist that provide a) 20% L-ascorbic acid, or b) 15% L-ascorbic acid, 2% zinc sulfate and 1%.alpha.tocopherol (vitamin E) (SkinCeuticals, Inc., Dallas, Tex.). Concentrations of about 5-25%

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L-ascorbic acid resulted in maximum levels of L-ascorbic acid in the skin, where a reservoir of L-ascorbic acid remained even without daily application to the skin. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Oral rehydration composition Inventor(s): Sack, David A.; (Fallston, MD), Riikonene, Charlene B.; (Columbia, MD), Mitchell, Cheryl R.; (Stockton, CA) Correspondence: The Halvorson Law Firm; Ste 1; 405 W. Southern Ave; Tempe; AZ; 85282; US Patent Application Number: 20030194448 Date filed: April 16, 2002 Abstract: A rehydration composition and oral delivery system is provided that allows for enhanced functional ingredient delivery when ingested orally as a water based solution. The rehydration composition comprises a low fiber colloidal hydrolyzed rice carbohydrate ingredient having, on a dry weight basis, less than 0.1% fiber and between 0.5% and 1.0% protein and between 0-0.5% and 1.0% fat, and having a dextrose equivalency (DE) value within the approximate range of 20-30 (commonly DE 25), and electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, citrate, and/or bicarbonate. The rehydration composition, which is concentrated or dried, becomes an oral rehydration solution (ORS) when mixed with water for oral consumption. The rehydration composition, when mixed with active ingredients such as vaccines, drugs, amino acids, mineral salts, vitamins, nutraceuticals, probiotics, prebiotics, flavors, or nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners, is referred to as an oral delivery system. This oral delivery system may then be further diluted in a water base to produce an oral delivery solution that is suitable for oral ingestion by a user. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of rehydration compositions. More specifically, the present invention relates to dried, or dehydrated, rehydration compositions comprising, at the least, a low fiber, colloidal, hydrolyzed ,rice based carbohydrate ingredient. Historically, in cases of dehydration caused by excessive sweating or illness resulting in body fluid loss, replenishment of lost body fluids by water is essential. While water is an essential component in fluid replacement, it is also recognized that certain salts containing ions (electrolytes) such as sodium, potassium, and citrate must be replaced along with the water. In general, aqueous solutions containing just these salts are not well absorbed by the body and are not organoleptically acceptable. That is, most people find aqueous salt solutions very difficult to consume. More recently, it was discovered that carbohydrates, more specifically glucose, promote the absorption of these ions as well as providing sufficient sweetness to promote organoleptic acceptability of the product. During the last forty years, the World Health Organization has promoted an oral rehydration composition that utilizes glucose in combination with electrolytes. This composition, when dissolved in water, produces an oral rehydration solution "ORS", which has had a significant impact on the survival rate of cholera victims. It is known that different carbohydrate sources have been utilized in an effort to improve the absorption of the electrolytes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Pharmaceutical compositions comprising active vitamin D compounds Inventor(s): Chen, Andrew X.; (San Diego, CA), Fan, Jun; (San Diego, CA), Whitehouse, Martha J.; (San Francisco, CA), Yu, Xi-Yun; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: STERNE, KESSLER, GOLDSTEIN & FOX PLLC; 1100 NEW YORK AVENUE, N.W.; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030191093 Date filed: December 3, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active vitamin D compound in emulsion pre-concentrate formulations, as well as emulsions and submicron droplet emulsions produced therefrom. The compositions comprise a lipophilic phase component, one or more surfactants, and an active vitamin D compound. The compositions may optionally further comprise a hydrophilic phase component. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel pharmaceutical compositions comprising an active vitamin D compound, wherein the pharmaceutical compositions are emulsion pre-concentrates. The invention also relates to emulsions and sub-micron droplet emulsions produced upon dilution of the emulsion pre-concentrates with an aqueous solution. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin which is essential as a positive regulator of calcium homeostasis. (See Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine: Part Eleven, "Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism," Chapter 335, pp. 1860-1865, E. Braunwald et al., (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York (1987)). The active form of vitamin D is 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitami- n D.sub.3, also known as calcitriol. Specific nuclear receptors for active vitamin D compounds have been discovered in cells from diverse organs not involved in calcium homeostasis. (Miller et al., Cancer Res. 52:515-520 (1992)). In addition to influencing calcium homeostasis, active vitamin D compounds have been implicated in osteogenesis, modulation of immune response, modulation of the process of insulin secretion by the pancreatic B cell, muscle cell function, and the differentiation and growth of epidermal and hematopoictic tissues. Moreover, there have been many reports demonstrating the utility of active vitamin D compounds in the treatment of cancer. For example, it has been shown that certain vitamin D compounds and analogues possess potent antileukemic activity by virtue of inducing the differentiation of malignant cells (specifically, leukemic cells) to non-malignant macrophages (monocytes) and are useful in the treatment of leukemia. (Suda et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,391,802; Partridge et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,340). Antiproliferative and differentiating actions of calcitriol and other vitamin D.sub.3 analogues have also been reported with respect to the treatment of prostate cancer. (Bishop et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,795,882). Active vitamin D compounds have also been implicated in the treatment of skin cancer (Chida et al., Cancer Research 45:5426-5430 (1985)), colon cancer(Disman et al., Cancer Research 47:21-25 (1987)), and lung cancer (Sato et al., Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 138:445-446 (1982)). Other reports suggesting important therapeutic uses of active vitamin D compounds are summarized in Rodriguez et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,079. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Polymer compositions and moulded bodies made therefrom Inventor(s): Zikeli, Stefan; (Regau, AT), Endl, Thomas; (Voecklabruck, AT), Martl, Michael Gert; (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Correspondence: MICHAEL BEST & FRIEDRICH, LLP; 100 E WISCONSIN AVENUE; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202; US Patent Application Number: 20030186611 Date filed: November 26, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer composition comprising a biologically degradable polymer and a material from sea plants and/or shells of sea animals or at least two components selected from the group consisting of saccharides and the derivatives thereof, proteins, amino acids, vitamins and metal ions. The invention additionally relates to a molded article comprising said polymer composition. Said molded article may be used packaging material or fibrous material, in the form of fibrous material as mixing component for the production of yarns, and in the form of fibrous material for the production of nonwoven fabrics or woven fabrics. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a polymer composition comprising a biologically degradable polymer, as well as to the use thereof of the production of a molded article, the molded article produced from said polymer composition, a method for the production thereof and the use thereof, and to an article of clothing comprising the molded article in form of fibers. Polymer compositions with different additives for the production of molded articles are known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,746 describes a nonwoven fabric made of cellulose fibers, which comprise a flame-resistant phosphoric component. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for the preparation of vitamin E Inventor(s): Dhainaut, Jildaz; (Lyon, FR), Durand, Thierry; (Ecully, FR) Correspondence: CONNOLLY BOVE LODGE & HUTZ LLP; 1220 Market Street; P.O. Box 2207; Wilmington; DE; 19899; US Patent Application Number: 20030153772 Date filed: December 19, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a novel method for preparing vitamin E. More particularly, it concerns a novel method for the condensation of Arimethylhydroquinone and isophytol. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of vitamin E. It relates more particularly to a novel process for the condensation of trimethylhydroquinone and isophytol. It is known, for example according to Japanese Patents No. 60064977, No. 53144574 and No. 53015381, to condense isophytol with trimethylhydroquinone in the presence of a Lewis acid, restricted to zinc chloride, in the presence of an inorganic acid chosen from halogenated acids and polyphosphoric acid in a solvent composed of methylene chloride and acetic acid. It is also known, from Japanese Patents No. 59190987 and No. 48072168, to condense trimethylhydroquinone with isophytol in the presence of a catalyst based on zinc chloride and of an acid chosen from hydrochloric acid or trichloroacetic acid; the reaction being carried out in a solvent composed of an acetyl ester and in particular of isopropyl acetate.

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Product and process of making a protein, vitamin, mineral and antioxidant fortified sport beer Inventor(s): Donhowe, Erik Thurman; (Castle Rock, CO) Correspondence: Erik T. Donhowe; Suite 243; 200 South Wilcox Street; Castle Rock; CO; 80104; US Patent Application Number: 20030157218 Date filed: February 20, 2002 Abstract: A process is provided for the preparation of a sport beer or malt beverage that has enhanced nutrition in comparison to existing beer or malt beverages. The beverage comprises a beer or malt beverage that contains supplemental protein, peptide, amino acid, antioxidant, mineral and/or vitamin supplements. Such a beverage provides a healthier alternative to conventional beer or malt beverages, especially when consumed in post recreational sport social contexts. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new beer formulation and to a method of producing the same. Intensive energy-consuming sport activities such as golf, skiing, tennis, fitness workouts, baseball, football and general athletics are increasingly becoming popular as adult recreational activities. The context in which these activities occur commonly includes post-recreational social gatherings, during which alcoholic beverages such as beer are often consumed. Hitherto, beer and malt beverages consumed at these events have been limited in nutritional needs associated with recreational activities; beer and malt beverages are typically low in contents of protein, minerals, antioxidants and vitamins. Beer typically contains 13 g of carbohydrates, 1 g of protein, and no vitamin A or vitamin C per 12 fluid ounce servings. Protein supplementation aids anabolic metabolism, as protein is a key nutritional component required for building muscles. Intensive recreational activities stimulate the need to rebuild and strengthen muscle fibers; hence protein supplementation is helpful to supply protein and amino acid needs following the recreational activities. Vitamin supplementation to beverages aids energy metabolism, as vitamins are primary cofactors used in electron transfer steps in anabolic and catabolic metabolism. Vitamins such as vitamin C and vitamin E also function as antioxidants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Recovery drink formula and method Inventor(s): Gillota, William; (Tequesta, FL) Correspondence: REED SMITH CROSBY HEAFEY LLP; 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS, SUITE 700; LOS ANGELES; CA; 90067; US Patent Application Number: 20030143311 Date filed: October 23, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is a recovery drink formula and method which safely provides individuals with enhanced, faster, and more complete athletic recovery. The present invention is made from natural ingredients, mostly vitamins and minerals. The present invention may be made in the form of a powder, which is later added to water,

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or can be made directly as a liquid drink. The drink provides nutrients to ensure recovery following strenuous physical activity. Excerpt(s): The present application is based on and claims priority from U.S. Application No. 60/339,407, filed Oct. 26, 2001, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. The present invention is a nutritional drink formula and method. More particularly, the present invention is a sports drink designed to improve personal athletic performance. This unique recovery drink is specifically designed and engineered to improve athletic performance during physical activity, to minimize the debilitating effects of dehydration and to maximize post-performance recovery. In recent times, more and more people are partaking in athletic activities of all types and at all levels. This trend is true of all facets of the population including children, adults, blue collar workers, professionals, men, women, and so on. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Rice protein concentrate based organic nutritional formula Inventor(s): Highman, Jay C.; (Westerville, OH), Liebrecht, Jeffrey Wayne; (Columbus, OH) Correspondence: Donald O. Nickey; 8765 Colvin Road; Plain City; OH; 43064; US Patent Application Number: 20030185941 Date filed: March 27, 2002 Abstract: This invention relates to a nutritional beverage substantially free of chemical pesticides, antibiotics, hormones, herbicides, non-genetically modified plants and chemical solvents that utilizes organic brown rice syrup and organic rice protein concentrate as major components and a source of calcium selected from various calcium salts, including mono-, di- or tricalcium phosphate, calcium lactate gluconate and mixtures thereof. The beverage preferably also contains water soluble vitamins, oil soluble vitamins and flavors. The use of rice protein concentrate stabilized with a blend of guar and CMC gums, and brown rice syrup provides a beverage with a smooth texture, a pleasant taste and a light, refreshing mouthfeel. The beverage also has excellent physical stability over shelf life. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved nutritional formula which is "organic" and possesses highly acceptable taste and mouth feel. The nutritional formula uses organic brown rice syrup as the major source of carbohydrates, non-solvent extracted edible oils as the source of lipids, and organic rice protein concentrate as the source of protein. A number of certification boards and some states, such as California, have procedures and regulations that must be followed for a food ingredient or food product to be labeled as "organic". One such board is the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB). The NOSB prohibits organic growers from using chemical pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers on their land for at least three years. NOSB standards currently allow up to 5 percent of the ingredients in nutritional products labeled "organic" to be non-organic, provided those ingredients are not widely available in organic form or on the USDA list of prohibited materials. The growing popularity of organic foods has reached a national level as well. For example, the United Stated Department of Agriculture's final national organic rule became effective on Apr. 21, 2001. There must be compliance with this law by Oct. 21, 2002. The consuming public is aware that organic foods reduce the health risks associated with consuming foods that are tainted with chemical solvents, pesticides, herbicides, and the like. While adults can carefully

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choose their source of nutrition, infants, toddlers and children are forced to consume liquid formulas that are not organic. One aspect of the present invention is directed to an infant formula and a nutritional beverage for toddlers and children that is greater than 95% organic. The invention is also directed to a "non-dairy" formulation based on organic rice protein concentrate as the sole source of protein. The invention is also directed to a method to prepare such nutritional beverages. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Selective enzymatic esterification and solvolysis of epimeric vitamin D analog and separation of the epimers Inventor(s): Schwartz, Anchel; (Rehovot, IL), Fishman, Ayelet; (Haifa, IL), Maymon, Asher; (Petach Tikva, IL), Effenberger, Reinhard; (Haifa, IL), Shapiro, Evgeny; (Haifa, IL) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20030166226 Date filed: January 9, 2003 Abstract: Provided is a method of selectively enzymatically esterifying or selectively enzymatically solvolyzing epimers of analogs of vitamin D having a stereogenic center at C-24 that has a free or esterified OH group. The metod can be used, for example, for separating mixed epimers of the vitamin D analog. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. 60/348,082, filed Jan. 10, 2002, and No. 60/349,977, filed Jan. 18, 2002. The present invention relates to methods of selectively enzymatically esterifying and selectively enzymatically solvolyzing epimers at C-24 of analogs of vitamin D and esters thereof. The present invention further relates to methods of separating mixed epimers of analogs of vitamin D including a selective enzymatic esterification step or a selective enzymatic solvolysis step. Since the discovery of 1.alpha., 25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 (1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3), the hormonally active metabolite form of vitamin D.sub.3, many analogs have been prepared in order to obtain active compounds with low calcemic affect. Much effort has been expended on modification of the vitamin D side chain. While the 1.alpha. hydroxyl group is essential for the hormonal activity, the C-25 hydroxyl group can be replaced with the C-24 hydroxyl group: see, for example, MC 903, (Structure 1) or 1, 24--(OH).sub.2 D.sub.3 (Structure II). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Skin treatments containing nano-sized vitamin K Inventor(s): Marchal, Alfred; (Waterloo, BE) Correspondence: Hillary W. Hawkins; Williams Mullen; 1021 East Cary Street; Richmond; VA; 23219; US Patent Application Number: 20030170187 Date filed: March 3, 2003

Patents 367

Abstract: This invention relates to skin treatments containing nano-sized vitamin K. Specifically, the invention relates to a skin treatment containing nano-sized vitamin K for the use in improving the aesthetic aspects of the skin. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/361,234 filed in the United States Patent Office on Mar. 1, 2002. The use of vitamin K for various skin care treatments is known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,391 describes a method for treating blood vessel disorders of the skin using non-nano-sized ("conventional") vitamin K. Such disorders include actinic and iatrogenic purpura, lentigines, telangiectasias of the face, spider angiomas and spider veins of the face. The present invention describes a more effective and efficient way to use vitamin K in treating the skin. The use of nano-sized vitamin K provides for enhanced penetration through the skin, and therefore, the current treatment has a much quicker response time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Stabilized pure vitamin C in powder-to-liquid form using multi-encapsulation method Inventor(s): Lee, Chang Eon; (Walnut, CA), Yang, In Sung; (Burbank, CA) Correspondence: IN SUNG YANG; 628 SOUTH PALM AVENUE; ALHAMBRA; CA; 91803; US Patent Application Number: 20030199576 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to cosmetic powder that contains stabilized Pure Vitamin C using multi-encapsulation method. Specifically speaking, cosmetic ingredients and concentrated active ingredient like vitamin C are well blended into powder using advanced multi-encapsulation method to achieve maximum level of stabilization. The powder will convert to liquid when applied to skin so that penetration of stabilized Pure Vitamin C to the skin is easily performed and maximize its effect. Excerpt(s): This invention was developed to solve the problem of the instability of the previously utilized functional or active ingredients, thus to make improved functional cosmetic products. Recent world-wide trend of cosmetic development strongly suggests that our customers not only want the cosmetic products with general functions, like protecting the skin from UV light and beauty culture, but the ones with various other special functions. The vast amount of research is conducted on the incorporating those special functions into the cosmetic product. However, those active ingredients which would perform the special functions are physically, and chemically unstable towards the atmosphere, so they tend to decompose due to oxidation, and other chemical processes. This decomposition leads to discoloring and undesired odor. Because of this, previous methods could only incorporate low dosage of the active ingredients into the cosmetic products. To overcome this disadvantage, we have developed the technique called multi-encapsulation to stabilize one of the active ingredients, pure Vitamin C by protecting it from deactivating environment. This enables to maximize the functions of pure Vitamin C as a cosmetic active ingredient. With this disclosure, we report a method called multi-encapsulation to stabilize rather unstable pure Vitamin C, which is highly desired ingredient in cosmetic industry. The brief description of the process is as followed. Firstly, the active ingredient like vitamin C is stabilized with cosmetic base ingredients as a liposome. The second step is to encapsulate the above active ingredient liposome with micro-powder, and lastly the micro-powder is coated with porous

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powder which is encapsulated with emollient. The final product is dried by freeze-dry technique to remove all the moist, and this is the end of multi-encapsulation method to stabilize the active ingredient, which in this case is pure not derivate vitamin C. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Sustained release vitamin composition Inventor(s): Westerheide, Ralf; (Biefield, DE), Block, Juergen; (Werther, DE), Heim, Stefan; (Herrenberg, DE) Correspondence: SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATION; CORPORATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-US, UW2220; P. O. BOX 1539; KING OF PRUSSIA; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20030148992 Date filed: January 16, 2003 Abstract: A therapeutic formulation in the form of a beadlet, suitable for oral administration and adapted to provide immediate and sustained release of therapeutic material. Each beadlet comprises an extruded-spheronized inner core containing at least one medicament e.g. a slow release vitamin, an outer layer containing at least one medicament e.g. a fast release vitamin and a controlled release coating between the inner core and the outer layer which coating controls the release of the inner core medicament. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to therapeutic formulations adapted to provide timed-release of therapeutic material. In particular the invention relates to a beadlet or pellet designed to release therapeutic material at different rate(s) after ingestion. Beadlets and the like have been used in the manufacture of controlled release medicaments for some time. For example, Spansule.RTM. technology developed in the 1950's, and still used today, utilizes neutral particles which are coated and adapted to release material over a prolonged period of time. Such particles contain a sugar-based core in which therapeutic material may be incorporated directly or may be dusted or otherwise distributed over the particle surface. The particles are then coated with a suitable coating material such as a wax or laquer. Release of therapeutic material by disintegration of the coating is controlled by controlling the thickness of the coating or by varying the coating composition. Examples of therapeutic preparations consisting of particles coated with a disintegreatable coating are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,259 (Pescetti). The preparations are formed by placing a portion of uncoated particles containing a therapeutically active material in a revolving pan and contacting the particles with sufficient coating solution, namely a zein-shellac solution, to cover the pellets. The coating operation is repeated until the zein-shellac coat is of suitable thickness so as to resist disintegration for a selected period of time after ingestion. Groups of particles, having different coatings designed to disintegrate at different times, are combined in capsules or tablets so as to produce modified-release therapeutic preparations. Similarly U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,413 (Squibb) discloses immediate and modified release formulations in the form of beadlets. The beadlets are formed by an extrusion process and are disclosed as containing a medicament, an organic carboxylic acid, a non-lipophilic non-fat binder and when the formulations are modified release formulations, sustained release properties are conferred by a coating layer. It is suggested that different beadlet types i.e. immediate release beadlets and modified release beadlets, may be physically mixed together and either filled into capsule shells or compressed into tablets.

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Synthesis intermediate products for producing vitamin d derivatives Inventor(s): Boidol, Werner; (Berlin, DE), Zorn, Ludwig; (Berlin, DE), Steinmeyer, Andreas; (Berlin, DE) Correspondence: MILLEN, WHITE, ZELANO & BRANIGAN, P.C.; 2200 CLARENDON BLVD.; SUITE 1400; ARLINGTON; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20030187287 Date filed: May 27, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a new synthesis intermediate product of formula I 1its microbiological production and use for synthesis of vitamin D derivatives. Excerpt(s): Vitamin D derivatives have recently gained considerable importance since in addition to the known therapeutic uses (e.g., vitamin D-deficiency diseases, rickets), new types of indications are distinguished. The discovery of the "non-classic" vitamin D activities, e.g., influence of the cell growth of cancer cells, cells of the skin or cells of the immune system, points to the therapeutic potential of vitamin D derivatives in the treatment of tumor diseases, skin diseases as well as disorders of the immune system. In nature, vitamin D derivatives occur only in extremely small amounts, so that for each pharmaceutical preparation, synthetic material must be obtained. In addition, structural variations of the active metabolite of vitamin D.sub.3, 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxy vitamin D.sub.3, allow the production of derivatives with altered profiles of action. The most prominent synthesis of vitamin D derivatives with modifications in the side chain is the Barton-Hesse synthesis [D. R. Andrews, D. H. R. Barton, R. H. Hesse, M. M. Pechet, Synthesis of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3 and 1.alpha.,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D.sub.3 from Vitamin D.sub.2 (Calciferol). J. Org. Chem. 51: 4819-4828 (1986), EP 0010992, EP 078704, EP 078705]. The drawback of this synthesis is the use of the expensive starting material vitamin D.sub.2, which, moreover, greatly limits the flexibility of the structural variations. Thus, for example, it is not possible to establish structural manipulations on the vitamin D skeleton in this way. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Thermoplastic containers exhibiting excellent protection to various ultraviolet susceptible compounds Inventor(s): Bernhardt, Sean M.; (Greenville, SC), Connor, Daniel M.; (Inman, SC) Correspondence: Milliken & Company; P. O. Box 1927; Spartanburg; SC; 29304; US Patent Application Number: 20030155559 Date filed: October 23, 2002 Abstract: Novel thermoplastic articles that contain novel ultraviolet absorbing compounds that are liquid in nature, are extremely low in color (and thus permit use without the concomitant necessity of adding large amounts of other coloring agents to combat any discoloring within clear, colorless applications), are substantially nonmigratory from target resins, and are highly effective in providing protection in wavelength ranges for which previous attempts at low-color ultraviolet absorbers have failed are provided. In effect, the inventive thermoplastic articles, provide excellent

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protection for certain vitamins, flavorings, and colorants, for example, from ultraviolet degradation, particularly above the 370 nm wavelength that is typically the high end of protection for clear thermoplastics having low migratory, colorless UV absorbers therein. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/934,377, filed on Aug. 21, 2001. This parent application is herein entirely incorporated by reference. This invention relates to novel thermoplastic articles that contain novel ultraviolet absorbing compounds that are liquid in nature, are extremely low in color (and thus permit use without the concomitant necessity of adding large amounts of other coloring agents to combat any discoloring within clear, colorless applications), are substantially non-migratory from target resins, and are highly effective in providing protection in wavelength ranges for which previous attempts at low-color ultraviolet absorbers have failed. In effect, the inventive thermoplastic articles provide excellent protection for certain vitamins, flavorings, and colorants, for example, from ultraviolet degradation, particularly above the 370 nm wavelength that is typically the high end of protection for clear thermoplastics having low migratory, colorless UV absorbers therein. All of the U.S. patents cited throughout this specification are hereby entirely incorporated herein. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Tolerance nutritional product to supplement human milk Inventor(s): Euber, John Russell; (Evansville, IN), Hansen, James Wayne; (Evansville, IN) Correspondence: Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough; Third Floor; Keenan Building; 1330 Lady Street; Columbia; SC; 29201-3332; US Patent Application Number: 20030175358 Date filed: February 4, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to a nutritional supplement for human milk to feed premature infants comprising protein, fat and carbohydrates wherein the carbohydrate content is limited to no more than about 10% dry weight of the nutritional supplement, and the fat content is at least about 35% dry weight, to reduce the increase in osmolality occurring when the supplement is added to human milk and, thus, produce a supplemented human milk that is better tolerated by the infants. Vitamins and minerals can be added. The present invention relates also to methods to support the rapid growth of premature infants by administering nutritionally supplemented human milk to those infants. Excerpt(s): The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/354,240 filed Feb. 4, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference thereto. The present invention relates to low osmolality nutrient supplements for premature infants and methods to support the rapid growth of premature infants by administering nutritionally supplemented human milk to those infants. Pre-term or premature infants are typically infants born before the 37th week of gestation and/or weighing at birth less than 2500 grams. Many of these infants, because of their developmental immaturity and low weight, present special nutritional needs that normally cannot by met by their mothers' milk or banked human milk. Donor milk, in addition, raises health concerns of potential adulteration with bacteria, viruses or other contaminants.

Patents 371

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Treating arthritis in animals with dietary supplements Inventor(s): Myers, Andrew; (Boise, ID) Correspondence: PEDERSEN & COMPANY, PLLC; P.O. BOX 2666; BOISE; ID; 83701; US Patent Application Number: 20030147971 Date filed: November 18, 2002 Abstract: The invention is a dietary supplement for animals, especially dogs, for treating arthritis and joint discomfort. A biscuit form of the supplement may be in the form of a conventional carrier composition of, for example, typical dog biscuit materials including cereal grains, vegetables or animal meat, fat and by-products. Typically, the biscuit contains about 89-97 weight percent (wt. %) of the conventional carrier composition. Optional vitamins and minerals may also be added to the carrier material, typically in about the 1-5 wt. % range. Importantly, the biscuit of the present invention contains about 3-7 wt. % of an arthritis-treating combination, namely, glucosamine sulfate, vitamin C and an array of intracellular ions namely potassium, sodium and iodine. The glucosamine component is present by weight at approximately the same level as the vitamin C, and at approximately 10 (ten) times the level of the sum of the above-named intracellular ions. The biscuit is formulated so that its composition is approximately:Glucosamine component, 5 mg to 5,000 mg;Vitamin C component, 5 mg to 3,000 mg;Potassium component, 50 mcg to 150 mg;Sodium component, 50 mcg to 150 mg; andIodine component, 25 mcg to 100 mg.The biscuit is dosed at approximately 10 mg glucosamine component per pound of body weight of the animal per day. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation application of, and claims priority from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/642,112, filed on Aug. 18, 2000, entitled "Treating Arthritis in Animals with Dietary Supplements", which application claims priority from Provisional Patent Application No. 60/149,779, filed Aug. 18, 1999, and which applications are hereby, incorporated by reference. This invention relates generally to animals and animal nutrition. More specifically, this invention relates to treating arthritis and joint discomfort in dogs by use of dietary supplements. Degenerative joint diseases or arthroses are conditions where degenerative changes in cartilage lead to a breakdown in the integrity of the structural matrix of cartilage or tendinous tissues. Conventionally referred to as arthritis, the complaints associated with the degenerative changes occur most frequently in aged individuals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with vitamin d compounds Inventor(s): Cantorna, Margherita T; (State College, PA) Correspondence: Andrus Sceales Starke & Sawall; Suite 1100; 100 East Wisconsin Avenue; Milwaukee; WI; 53202-4178; US Patent Application Number: 20030188756 Date filed: August 19, 2002

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Abstract: A method of treating inflammatory bowel disease, particularly ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is disclosed. The method involves administering a vitamin D compound in an amount effective to treat the disease. The administration of a vitamin D compound also prevents the development of or delays the onset of inflammatory bowel disease in susceptible individuals. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to the use of vitamin D compounds to treat inflammatory bowel disease. The natural hormone, 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 and its analog 1.alpha.,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.2 are known to be highly potent regulators of calcium homeostasis in animals and humans, and their activity in cellular differentiation has also been established, Ostrem et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84, 2610 (1987). Many structural analogs of these metabolites have been prepared and tested, including 1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D.sub.3, 1.alpha.-hydroxyvitamin D.sub.2, various side chain homologated vitamins and fluorinated analogs. Some of these compounds exhibit an interesting separation of activities in cell differentiation and calcium regulation. This difference in activity may be useful in the treatment of a variety of diseases such as renal osteodystrophy, vitamin Dresistant rickets, osteoporosis, psoriasis, and certain malignancies. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are immune mediated diseases of unknown etiology affecting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. There are at least two distinct forms of IBD, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. IBD are chronic recurring illnesses most commonly involving inflammation of the terminal ileum and colon, although these diseases can also affect many sites throughout the alimentary tract. Clearly, genetic factors predispose individuals to development of IBD (Podolosky 1991). In addition, the environment contributes to IBD development, and there is reason to believe that vitamin D may be an environmental factor which affects IBD. Vitamin D from sunlight exposure is less in areas where IBD occurs most often, as IBD is most prevalent in northern climates such as North America and Northern Europe (Podolosky 1991, Sonnenberg et al. 1991). A major source of vitamin D results from its manufacture via a photolysis reaction in the skin, and vitamin D available from sunlight exposure is significantly less in northern climates, and especially low during the winter (Clemens et al. 1982, DeLuca 1993). Dietary intake of vitamin D is problematic since there are few foods which are naturally rich in vitamin D. Weight loss occurs in 65-75% of patients diagnosed with Crohn's disease and 1862% of patients with ulcerative colitis (Fleming 1995, Geerling et al. 1998). Vitamin deficiencies in general and vitamin D deficiency in particular have been shown to occur in IBD patients (Andreassen et al. 1998, Kuroki et al. 1993). To date the possible association between vitamin D status and the incidence and severity of IBD in humans or animals has not been studied. The anecdotal information suggests that vitamin D status could be an environmental factor affecting the prevalence rate for IBD and that the correlation warrants investigation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Triaromatic vitamin D analogues Inventor(s): Biadatti, Thibaud; (Opio, FR), Bernardon, Jean-Michel; (Nice, FR) Correspondence: BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P.; P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20030195259 Date filed: December 10, 2002

Patents 373

Abstract: The invention relates, as novel and useful industrial products, to triaromatic compounds, which are vitamin D analogues, of general formula (I): 1and also to a method for preparing them and to their use in pharmaceutical compositions intended for use in human or veterinary medicine, or alternatively in cosmetic compositions. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.sctn.119 of FR-01/15924, filed Dec. 10, 2001, and of provisional application Ser. No. 60/351,433, filed Jan. 28, 2002, both hereby expressly incorporated by reference. This application is also a continuation of said '433 provisional. The invention relates, as novel and useful industrial products, to triaromatic compounds which are vitamin D analogues. The invention also relates to a process for preparing them and to their use in pharmaceutical compositions intended for use in human or veterinary medicine, or alternatively in cosmetic compositions. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Use of a vitamin combination for the treatment of primary headaches Inventor(s): Valletta, Giampiero; (Ceprano, IT) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030181459 Date filed: February 5, 2003 Abstract: Use of a combination of two vitamin compounds, i.e. riboflavin (also known as vitamin B.sub.2) and nicotinic acid (also referred to as niacin) or, as an alternative thereto, the corresponding amide, i.e. niacinamide or nicotinamide (also known as vitamin PP) for the treatment of various forms of primary headache, such as classical migraine or migraine with an aura, common migraine or migraine without an aura, complicated migraine and cluster headache or histamine headache. The invention also concerns compositions for the treatment of primary headaches which are based on the two aforesaid active ingredients. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns the use of a vitamin combination for the treatment of primary headaches. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of a combination of two vitamin compounds, i.e. riboflavin (also known as vitamin B.sub.2) and nicotinic acid (also referred to as niacin) or, as an alternative thereto, the corresponding amide,. i.e. niacinamide or nicotinamide (also known as vitamin PP) for the treatment of various forms of primary, headaches, among which common migraine, classical migraine or migraine with aura, duster headache and complicated migraine. Once having excluded that the symptoms are linked to a different basic disorder, then it is likely that the disorder is one of the possible arms of primary headaches, often referred to as a "migraine", which affect about 20-30% of the population (prevalently women). According to one of the current classifications, this may be of one of the following four forms: 1) classical migraine, i.e. with an aura; 2) common migraine, i.e. without an aura; complicated migraine; 4) cluster headache. Apart from the cluster headache, the aforesaid other forms of migraine generally consist of a pulsating periodic headache affecting one half of the cranium, and often associated with nausea and/or vomiting. The disorder generally starts in childhood, during adolescence and early adulthood and decreases in intensity and frequency over the years. In particular, a classical migraine starts with the so-called aura, consisting of protracted neurological symptoms for 30 minutes and includes photophobia, flashing scotoma (ie. bright flashing sensations before the eyes, with jagged edging similar to a wall), vertigo and

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tinnitus. With common migraines the headache arise with-out a prior aura, but often involves nausea or vomiting. Complicated migraines are instead characterised by headaches associated with particular neurological symptoms that may precede or accompany them. In particular, there may be paresthesia and hypoesthesia of the lips, face, hand and leg of al hemi-soma, sometimes associated with aphasic disorders, or one end of an arm or leg may become hyposthenic or plegic simulating an ictus. The sensitive disorders or feelings of weakness extend slowly from one side of the body to the other for a period a few minutes. Usually, after an attack, there in a complete return to normality, but there may also be permanent deficiencies among which hemianopsia, hemiplegia and hemianestesia. Cluster headache, also referred to as paroxysmal nocturnal headache, hemicranial neuralgia, histamine headache and Horton's syndrome, is four times more common in men than in women, and is characterised by a constant unilateral orbital pain generally beginning two or three hours after sleep onset. The pain is intense and steady but not pulsating, and involves lachrymation, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea and then myosis, reddening and oadema of the cheek that lasts for about 30 an hour. This form of headache tends to occur cyclically during the right for several weeks or months (hence the name "cluster") and is then followed by a complete recovery for months or even years. Episodes of cluster headache of 2-3 week duration may arise several times in a lifetime. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Use of carbon-2-modified-vitamin D analogs to induce the formation of new bone Inventor(s): DeLuca, Hector F.; (Deerfield, WI), Pike, J. Wesley; (Madison, WI), Shevde, Nirupama K.; (Madison, WI) Correspondence: ANDRUS, SCEALES, STARKE & SAWALL, LLP; 100 EAST WISCONSIN AVENUE, SUITE 1100; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202; US Patent Application Number: 20030195175 Date filed: March 25, 2002 Abstract: It has been discovered that the 2-carbon-modified derivatives of 1.alpha.,25dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 specifically stimulate osteoblasts to form new bone. The ability of the 2-carbon-modified vitamin D analogs to stimulate new bone formation suggest that these compounds can be used where synthesis of new bone is required. Thus, these compounds can be used either systemically or locally to stimulate the growth of bone transplants, to increase the rate of fracture healing and thereby reduce the time required for the healing of fractures, the stimulation of bone growth when required for replacement surgery, and also for the growth of bone to implants or other devices required to maintain the skeleton or teeth in the proper positions. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to vitamin D compounds, and more particularly to 19-nor vitamin D compounds substituted at the carbon 2 position which are useful for stimulating growth of new bone. The ability of vitamin D to bring about normal bone formation is well recognized and has been for well over 75 years. Thus, vitamin D will heal rickets and osteomalacia. In the case of these two diseases, it is envisioned that the osteoblasts of bone are able to synthesize the organic matrix of the skeleton even in the absence of vitamin D but that vitamin D is required for the deposit of mineral in the newly-layed down matrix. In this capacity, it is generally believed that vitamin D heals rickets and osteomalacia by the elevation of plasma calcium and phosphorus to levels required for the mineralization process to proceed (DeLuca.sup.1, 1981). Thus, early work (Shipley, Kramer, and Howland,.sup.2,3 1925; 1926) suggested

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that serum taken from normal rats could heal rachitic lesions in culture, whereas serum taken from rachitic rats was unable to bring about the same healing process. Later, it was discovered that this was because vitamin D by virtue of its ability to elevate the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine, is able to raise the plasma calcium and phosphorus to supersaturation levels required for the mineralization of the skeleton. Furthermore, it was envisioned that vitamin D also could cause the mobilization of calcium from bone to elevate plasma calcium concentration (DeLuca.sup.1, 1981) or could stimulate the kidney to reabsorb calcium from the formed urine (Yamamoto et al.sup.4, 1984) raising the plasma calcium and phosphorus product needed for the mineralization process. Final proof that this is the case was provided when calcium and phosphorus infusion into the blood stream of vitamin D-deficient rats brought about normal mineralization of organic matrix of bone and that vitamin D contributed little beyond that if any (Underwood and DeLuca.sup.5, 1984). In the intervening time between the work of Shipley, Kramer, and Howland,.sup.2,3 (1925; 1925) and the work carried out by Underwood and DeLuca.sup.5 (1984), a great deal of information was derived regarding how vitamin D carries out its functions. It is now abundantly clear that vitamin D must first be 25-hydroxylated in the liver and subsequently 1.alpha.-hydroxylated in the kidney before it can function (DeLuca.sup.6, 1974). These two reactions produce the final active form of vitamin D, namely 1,25(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 (DeLuca & Schnoes.sup.7, 1983). This compound then stimulates the intestine to absorb calcium, the kidney to reabsorb calcium, the intestine to absorb phosphate, and it stimulates bone to mobilize calcium when signaled by high parathyroid hormone levels. These actions result in a rise in plasma calcium and phosphorus levels that bring about the healing of bone lesions such as rickets and osteomalacia and prevent the neurological disorder of hypocalcemic tetany. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Vitamin and zinc monomethionine compositions Inventor(s): Dahl, Eva Marie; (Sausalito, CA) Correspondence: Gavin J. Milczarek-Desai; Durando Birdwell & Janke PLC; 2929 E. Broadway Blvd.; Tucson; AZ; 85716; US Patent Application Number: 20030170327 Date filed: March 5, 2002 Abstract: A dietary supplement composition that contains zinc monomethionine in combination with vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and a bioflavonoid that is formulated to be optimally absorbed and to help maintain normal human system functions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates in general to the field of dietary supplements and more particularly to compositions containing a combination of zinc monomethionine, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and a bioflavonoid. The fast pace and resultant stress of modern society increasingly raises dietary health and wellness issues. Chief among these issues is that this lifestyle tends to compromise several normal functions of the healthy human immune system. One aspect of these health issues relates to vitamin and mineral intake. As processed, instant, and fast food become more the mainstay of our national diet, so too have the health concerns stemming from vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Hence, a number of vitamin and mineral supplements have been developed to address deficiencies in persons who do not receive sufficient amounts of these nutrients through their "normal" diet. It has only recently come to be recognized

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that vitamin and mineral intake can have a pronounced effect on the body's general ability to protect itself against certain conditions. For instance, such "immune-system enhancing" effects for vitamin C have been well documented in clinical studies (Hemill H. Does Vitamin C Alleviate the Symptoms of the Common Cold, A Review of Current Evidence. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:1-6). Thus, vitamin and mineral preparations are commonly administered not only as general nutritional supplements but also to help maintain normal healthy functioning of the Body's defense systems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html ·

Vitamin B6 derivatives as protective components in the oxidative treatment of hair Inventor(s): Kleen, Astrid; (Erkrath, DE) Correspondence: HENKEL CORPORATION; 2500 RENAISSANCE BLVD; STE 200; GULPH MILLS; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030143167 Date filed: December 13, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to the use of vitamin B6 derivatives, preferably pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and pyridoxamine for prevention of damage to keratin fibres. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the use of vitamin B6 derivatives for reducing the damage to keratinous fibers, especially human hair, by oxidative processes. The invention also relates to preparations for the oxidative treatment of hair, more particularly for the blonding of hair, which contain vitamin B6 derivatives as structurestabilizing component and to a process for the oxidative treatment of keratin fibers. Keratin fibers in the context of the present invention are understood to include pelts, wool, feathers and, in particular, human hair. Nowadays, human hair is treated in many different ways with hair-care preparations. Such treatments include, for example, the cleaning of hair with shampoos, the care and regeneration of hair with rinses and conditioners and the bleaching, coloring and shaping of hair with coloring and tinting formulations, wave formulations and styling preparations. The oxidative treatment of hair is an essential step in the permanent coloring of hair with oxidation colorants, in the blonding of hair and in the permanent shaping of hair. The blonding or decoloring of hair is achieved by oxidation of the natural hair pigments or by oxidation of the artificial hair dye. The basic principles of blonding processes are known to the expert and are comprehensively described in relevant monographs, for example by K. Schrader in "Grundlagen und Rezepturen der Kosmetika", 2nd Edition, 1989, Dr. Alfred Huthig Verlag, Heidelberg, and by W. Umbach (Ed.) in "Kosmetik", 2nd Edition, 1995, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart/New York. Besides their desired decoloring effect, blonding preparations can damage the structure of hair keratin, particularly if they are used frequently. The hair is in danger of more serious damage when it is exposed to the effect of so-called booster components, such as ammonium peroxodisulfate for example, which can be dissolved in relatively high concentrations in the final preparations. Such damage is reflected in increasing fragility, poor combability and a deterioration in the hold and body of the hair. In addition, structurally damaged hair is often dull and lackluster in appearance. These problems should be tackled with structure-improving additives, for example in the blonding process in which the additives are advantageously a constituent of the blonding preparation itself. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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·

Vitamin d derivatives Inventor(s): Kinoshita, Kazutomo; (Shizuoka, JP), Kawase, Akira; (Shizuoka, JP), Shimizu, Kazuki; (Shizuoka, JP), Emura, Takashi; (Shizuoka, JP), Shimizu, Hitoshi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: BROWDY AND NEIMARK, P.L.L.C.; 624 NINTH STREET, NW; SUITE 300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001-5303; US Patent Application Number: 20030195176 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a vitamin D derivative exhibiting excellent physiological activity as medicines, in particular as therapeutic agents for skin disease including psoriasis, and having decreased hypercalcemic activity.The present invention provides vitamin D derivatives represented by the general Formula (1): 1whereinin Formula (1), X is oxygen or sulfur;R.sub.1 is hydrogen or Formula (2) 2R.sub.2 is hydrogen or alkyl;R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are hydrogen or alkyl or R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 together form a double bond between the 16- and 17positions;R.sub.5 is hydrogen or -OR.sub.13 in which R.sub.13 is hydrogen or a protecting group; andR.sub.6 is hydrogen or a protecting group. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to novel vitamin D derivatives, and more particularly, relates to vitamin D derivatives useful as medicines (such as therapeutic agents for skin diseases including psoriasis). In vivo, vitamin D.sub.3 is led to 25hydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 in liver by the hydroxylation of the 25-position and then led to 1.alpha., 25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 or 24R, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 by the hydroxylation of the 1.alpha.- or 24-position, respectively. Among those metabolites, for example, 1.alpha., 25-dihydroxyvitamin D.sub.3 and its synthetic analogues are known to have various physiological activities such as calcium metabolism regulatory activities, growth inhibitory and differentiation inducing activities for tumor cells, and immunoregulatory activities. Long-term and continuous administration of vitamin D.sub.3 has tended to have a disadvantageous effect of causing hypercalcemia. To solve this problem, synthesis of various vitamin D derivatives is discussed and vitamin D derivatives having a reduced hypercalcemic effect have been proposed (e.g., JP No. 7330714 A and JP No. 10-231284 A). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Vitamin formulation for enhancing bone strength Inventor(s): Lovett, William E.; (Naples, FL) Correspondence: DYKEMA GOSSETT PLLC; FRANKLIN SQUARE, THIRD FLOOR WEST; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030190369 Date filed: April 9, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a method and composition for dietary vitamin supplementation utilizing a form and dosage of vitamins and minerals for enhanced calcium absorption. The method includes the steps of providing a pharmaceutically acceptable composition including calcium citrate, and supplementing the daily dietary regimen of a subject with calcium citrate within the range of approximately 100 mg

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calcium to approximately 2000 mg calcium, and preferably 1000 mg calcium. The chewable form of the supplement provided herein facilitates absorption of calcium in the teeth and bones of a subject, for enhanced physiological and psychological benefits. The supplement is especially beneficial for subjects experiencing osteoporosis, arthritis, demineralization of teeth and bones, bodily pain and lack of energy, as well as for the prevention of these ailments. Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of priority of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/370,733, filed Apr. 9, 2002. The invention relates generally to dietary supplementation, and, more particularly to a novel method and composition for dietary vitamin supplementation utilizing a form and dosage of vitamins and minerals for enhanced calcium absorption. Vitamins and minerals are essential to life and vital for many functions such as the breaking down of digested food and for providing energy for each cell in the body. Many vitamins cannot be stored and therefore must be replenished on a daily basis. Minerals, which are primarily stored in bone and muscle tissue, likewise must be replenished daily. Replenishing vitamins and minerals appropriately can be a complex task and research has shown that there must be a balance of vitamins and minerals taken daily for optimal absorption. One key factor in determining a vitamin composition relates to the interaction of different vitamins and minerals. For example, a large dose of one "B" vitamin may cause a deficiency in another "B" vitamin. The same is true for minerals, which must also be taken in correct amounts and combinations to produce the synergistic effect of increasing the positive effect of each one alone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with vitamins, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on vitamins. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning vitamins. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON VITAMINS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to vitamins. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on vitamins include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on vitamins: ·

The Real Vitamin and Mineral Book: Using Supplements for Optimum Health. 2nd. ed Source: Garden City Park, NY: Avery, 342 p., 1997. Contact: Avery Publishing Group, 120 Old Broadway, Garden City Park, NY 11040. (516) 741-2155. Summary: This book defines and explains the uses of more than 40 vitamins and minerals. Each chapter focuses on one particular substance and offers suggestions for healthy doses of the nutrient. Several tables list conditions which may benefit from specific vitamins or minerals.

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Food Finder Vitamin and Mineral Source Guide Source: Salem, OR: Esha Research. 1995. 475 p.

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Contact: Available from Esha Research. P.O. Box 13028, Salem, OR 97309. (800) 659-3742. Fax (503) 585-5543. PRICE: $29.95 plus $5 shipping (as of 1995). Summary: This book presents nutrient data compiled from over 1000 scientific sources, including the most recent USDA data. Estimates of nutrient amounts in foods include adjustments in the interest of accuracy. Nutrient information is provided for thirteen vitamins, including A, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), B6, biotin, folacin, B12, pantothenic acid, C (ascorbic acid), D, E, and K; and for twelve minerals, including calcium, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, sodium, and zinc. Additional sections cover caffeine, cholesterol, and dietary fiber. Introductory material is provided that can help readers understand and interpret the nutrient data, as well as information about recommended dietary allowances, safe and adequate daily intakes, and dietary guidelines and goals. ·

Vitamins, Minerals and Food Supplements: Up-to-Date Tips from the World's Foremost Nutrition Experts Source: Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing. 1996. 167 p. Contact: Available from Chronimed Publishing. P.O. Box 59032, Minneapolis, MN 55459. (800) 848-2793 or (612) 541-0239. Fax (800) 395-3344 or (612) 541-0210. PRICE: $5.95; bulk orders available. ISBN: 156561092x. Summary: This pocket book from the American Dietetic Association helps readers understand vitamins, minerals, and food supplements and make healthy choices for their own nutrition. The guide helps readers determine which nutrients they need most depending on the reader's age, habits, and health. The guide also helps readers get those nutrients from the foods eaten every day. The guide reviews supplement labels and how to evaluate nutrition claims. The author stresses that, in general, a balanced and varied diet supplies all the necessary vitamins and minerals. However, there are circumstances where supplements are both effective and safe. Two appendices review specific information for each vitamin and mineral, including recommended or safe amounts. A subject index concludes the book.

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Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998. 564 pp. Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $24.95; $19.96 (paperback) when ordered through the publisher's Web bookstore, plus $3.17 shipping and handling. Summary: This report is the second in a series that presents a comprehensive set of reference values for nutrient intakes for healthy populations. It establishes a set of reference values for the B vitamins and choline to replace the previously published recommended dietary allowances.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and

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commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in PrintÒ). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “vitamins” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “vitamins” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “vitamins” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): ·

A Beginner's Introduction to Vitamins by Richard A. Passwater, Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0879833386; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879833386/icongroupinterna

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A Guide to Healthy Touch: Vitamin T by Bob Czimbal, et al (1991); ISBN: 1878793004; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878793004/icongroupinterna

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A Quick Reference Guide of Vitamins and Minerals by Deborah Williams (2000); ISBN: 0805948767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805948767/icongroupinterna

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A Woman's Guide to Vitamins, Minerals & Alternative Healing by Sherry Wilson Sultenfuss, et al (2001); ISBN: 1567314074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1567314074/icongroupinterna

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A Woman's Guide to Vitamins, Minerals, and Alternative Healing by Sherry Wilson Sultenfuss, Thomas J. Sultenfuss; ISBN: 0809226529; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809226529/icongroupinterna

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Advanced Dairy Chemistry: Lactose, Water, Salts and Vitamins by P. F. Fox (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0412630206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412630206/icongroupinterna

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All About Vitamin C (Faqs All About Health Series) by Shari Lieberman; ISBN: 0895299763; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299763/icongroupinterna

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All About Vitamins (Freqently Asked Questions) by Jack Challem (Editor); ISBN: 0895298759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895298759/icongroupinterna

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All You Ever Needed to Know About Vitamins by Leonard Mervyn (1999); ISBN: 1899308229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1899308229/icongroupinterna

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Amazing Natural Medicines: A Modern and Scientific Guide to the Use of Diet, Vitamins, and Botanical Medicines by Douglas Lobay; ISBN: 0969568134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969568134/icongroupinterna

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American Medical Association Guide to Prescription and Over-The-Counter Drugs: Brand-Name Drugs, Generic Drugs, Vitamins, Minerals, Food Additives by American Medical Assoc, et al (1988); ISBN: 0394569490; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0394569490/icongroupinterna

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An Evidence-Based Approach to Vitamins and Minerals: Health Implications and Intake Recommendations by Jane, Phd Higdon (2003); ISBN: 1588901246; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1588901246/icongroupinterna

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Antioxidants: Vitamins C and E for Health by Lester Packer (Editor), Kim Fahner (2003); ISBN: 1893997294; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893997294/icongroupinterna

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Antioxidants: Vitamins C and E for Health by Robert Youngston, et al (1999); ISBN: 0859698084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0859698084/icongroupinterna

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Arthritis: Your Natural Guide to Healing with Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods by Michael T. Murray; ISBN: 1559584912; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584912/icongroupinterna

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B-15, the 'Miracle Vitamin' by Brenda-Lu Forman; ISBN: 0448151723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448151723/icongroupinterna

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Bad Medicine : Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Distance Healing to Vitamin O by Christopher Wanjek (Author) (2002); ISBN: 047143499X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047143499X/icongroupinterna

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Basic Health Publications User's Guide to Vitamin E: Don't Be a Dummy: Become an Expert on What Vitamin E Can Do for Your Health by Jack Challem, et al; ISBN: 1591200032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200032/icongroupinterna

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Beriberi, White Rice, and Vitamin B: A Disease, a Cause, and a Cure by Kenneth J. Carpenter; ISBN: 0520220536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0520220536/icongroupinterna

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Beyond Deficiency: New Views on the Function and Health Effects of Vitamins by Howerde E. Sauberlich (1992); ISBN: 0897667492; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897667492/icongroupinterna

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Big Vitamin Dictionary by Michael Levesque (2001); ISBN: 0970660812; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0970660812/icongroupinterna

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Bioavailability and Analysis of Vitamins in Foods by G. Ball (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0412780909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412780909/icongroupinterna

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Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals: Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins by Clarence B. Ammerman (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0120562502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120562502/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry of Vitamin A by Jagannath Ganguly, et al; ISBN: 0849368901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849368901/icongroupinterna

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Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 and Pqq by G. Marino (Editor), et al (1994); ISBN: 0817650679; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817650679/icongroupinterna

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Biosynthesis: Polyketides and Vitamins (Springer Desktop Editions in Chemistry) by F. J. Leeper (Editor), J. C. Vederas (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 3540669698; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540669698/icongroupinterna

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Body, Mind and the B Vitamins by Ruth Adams (Author), Frank Murray (Author); ISBN: 0523407335; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0523407335/icongroupinterna

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Brain Candy: Boost Your Brain Power with Vitamins, Supplements, Drugs, and Other Substances: A Comprehensive Guide by Theodore I., Phd Lidsky, et al; ISBN: 0684870800; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684870800/icongroupinterna

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Brief Guide to Current Methods of Assessing Vitamin a Status by Barbara A. Underwood (1993); ISBN: 0944398103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944398103/icongroupinterna

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Building Blocks of Life: Proteins, Vitamins, and Hormones Seen Through the Microscope. by Roman Vishniac; ISBN: 0684123819; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0684123819/icongroupinterna

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Calcium, Vitamin D, and Prevention of Colon Cancer by Martin S. Newmark, et al; ISBN: 0849342643; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849342643/icongroupinterna

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Cancer and Vitamin C: A Discussion of the Nature, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of Cancer With Special Reference to the Value of Vitamin C by Ewan Cameron, Linus Pauling (Contributor) (1993); ISBN: 094015921X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094015921X/icongroupinterna

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Carnitine the Vitamin Bt Phenomenon by Brian Leibovitz; ISBN: 0440110610; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440110610/icongroupinterna

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Carotenoids As Colorants and Vitamin a Precursors: Technological and Nutritional Applications (Food Science and Technology) by J. Christopher Bauernfeind (Editor), et al (1981); ISBN: 0120828502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120828502/icongroupinterna

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Chinese Markets for Vitamins and Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Asia Market Information & Development Company (Author); ISBN: B0000647C0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000647C0/icongroupinterna

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Chronic Candidiasis: Your Natural Guide to Healing with Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods by Michael T. Murray; ISBN: 076150821X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/076150821X/icongroupinterna

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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Your Natural Guide to Healing with Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods by Michael T. Murray; ISBN: 1559584904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584904/icongroupinterna

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Classical Vitamins by Children's Book Store Distribution (2000); ISBN: 1928610226; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1928610226/icongroupinterna

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Common Questions on Vitamin E and Their Answers by Shute Institute for Clinical and Laboratory Medicine; ISBN: 087983191X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087983191X/icongroupinterna

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Complete Book of Vitamin Cures (Prevention Health Library) (1998); ISBN: 1579540910; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579540910/icongroupinterna

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Complete Book of Vitamins & Minerals by Susan Male Smith (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0451190300; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451190300/icongroupinterna

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Complete Book of Vitamins and Minerals by Consumer Guide; ISBN: 0451182138; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451182138/icongroupinterna

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Complete Book of Vitamins and Minerals by Arline Ph.D., R.D. McDonald, et al (1993); ISBN: 0785305114; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0785305114/icongroupinterna

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Conducting a Qualitative Assessment of Vitamin a Deficiency: A Field Guide for Program Managers by David S. Rosen (1993); ISBN: 0915173220; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915173220/icongroupinterna

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Control Hyperactivity A.D.D. Naturally: Breakthrough Information about Amino Acid and Vitamin Therapy That Can Change Your Child's Life! by Billie Jay Sahley (1998); ISBN: 1889391123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889391123/icongroupinterna

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Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Bile Acids and Active Forms of Vitamin D3 (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of pharmaCy, 200) by Zufan Araya (1999); ISBN: 9155444032; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155444032/icongroupinterna

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Czech Republic Vitamin Report 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B000083FJ3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000083FJ3/icongroupinterna

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Deadly Drug Interactions: The People's Pharmacy Guide: How to Protect Yourself from Harmful Drug/Drug, Drug/Food, Drug/Vitamin Combinations by Joe Graedon, Teresa Graedon (Contributor) (1997); ISBN: 0312155107; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312155107/icongroupinterna

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Design Your Own Vitamin and Mineral Program by Shari Lieberman, et al (1987); ISBN: 0385239718; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385239718/icongroupinterna

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Diabetes & Hypoglycemia: Your Natural Guide to Healing with Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods by Michael T., N.D. Murray; ISBN: 1559584262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584262/icongroupinterna

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Dictionary of Vitamins: Dictionnaire Des Vitamines by Daniel Nani (1990); ISBN: 0828818207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0828818207/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride: For Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride by Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference I, et al (1999); ISBN: 0309063507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309063507/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline by Institute of Medicine (2000); ISBN: 0309064112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309064112/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids: A Report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation Anduses (Dietary Reference Intakes) by Institute Of Medicine; ISBN: 0309069351; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309069351/icongroupinterna

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DK Natural Care: Vitamins & Minerals Handbook: Nature-inspired Supplements for Optimal Health and Vitality (Natural Care) by Amanda Ursell; ISBN: 0751321524; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751321524/icongroupinterna

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DK Pocket Healers: Vitamin B: Vitamins Balancing Body and Mind: Safe and Effective Self-care for Improvign Metabolism and Immunity (DK Pocket Healers

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Healers) by Stephanie Pederson; ISBN: 0751331864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751331864/icongroupinterna ·

DK Pocket Healers: Vitamin C: Building Flexibility and Fighting Infection - Safe and Effective Self-care for Preventing Colds, Cancer and Stress (DK Pocket Healers Healers) by Stephanie Pederson; ISBN: 0751331910; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751331910/icongroupinterna

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DK Pocket Healers: Vitamin E: Anti-ageing Antioxidant - Safe and Effective Self-care for Younger Skin and Healthier Hair (DK Pocket Healers Healers) by Stephanie Pederson; ISBN: 0751331023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0751331023/icongroupinterna

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Doctor Wilfrid E. Shute's Complete Updated Vitamin E Book by Wilfrid E. Shute; ISBN: 0879830883; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879830883/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Art Ulene's Complete Guide to Vitamins, Minerals and Herbs by Art Ulene, Art, Md. Ulene (2000); ISBN: 1583330046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330046/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Earl Mindell's Complete Guide to Natural Cures: How to Heal Yourself and Prevent Disease With the Proven Power of Nature's Medicines, Vitamins, Antioxidants, Trace Minerals, Herbs, Fiber, and by Earl Mindell, Virginia Hopkins (2001); ISBN: 0130327034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0130327034/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Earl Mindell's What You Should Know About Creating Your Personal Vitamin Plan by Virginia L. Hopkins, et al; ISBN: 0879837462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879837462/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Janson's New Vitamin Revolution: Seizing the Power of Nutritional Therapy for a Healthier and Longer Life by Michael Janson, et al; ISBN: 0895299933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895299933/icongroupinterna

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Dr. Wilfrid E. Shute's Complete.Updates Vitamin E Book by Willard Shute, Wilfrid E. Shute; ISBN: 0879831510; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879831510/icongroupinterna

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Dri Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, vanadi: Um, and Zinc (Dietary Reference Intakes) by National Academy Press (2002); ISBN: 0309072794; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309072794/icongroupinterna

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Drugs, Vitamins, Minerals in Pregnancy by Ann Karen Henry (Contributor), et al; ISBN: 155561017X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155561017X/icongroupinterna

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Earl Mindells New and Revised Vitamin Bible by Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0446327654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446327654/icongroupinterna

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Earl Mindell's Secret Remedies: The Essential Guide to Treating Common Ailments with Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, and Other Cutting-Edge Supplements by Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0743226607; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743226607/icongroupinterna

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Earl Mindell's Shaping Up with Vitamins by Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0446300020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446300020/icongroupinterna

386 Vitamins

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Earl Mindell's Shaping Up With Vitamins: How the Right Foods and Nutrients Can Help Shape Up Your Body, Your Mind, and Your Sex Life by Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0446513245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446513245/icongroupinterna

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Earl Mindell's Vitamin Bible for the 21st Century by Ph.D. Earl R.Ph. Mindell (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0446607029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446607029/icongroupinterna

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Earl Mindell's Vitamin Bible for Your Kids by Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0553226606; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553226606/icongroupinterna

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Earl Mindell's Vitamin Bible Revised and Updated by Ph.D. Earl R.Ph. Mindell (Author) (1991); ISBN: 0446361844; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446361844/icongroupinterna

·

Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals and Supplements by Tova Navarra (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0816032416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0816032416/icongroupinterna

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Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries (Development in Practice) by World Bank (1994); ISBN: 0821329871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0821329871/icongroupinterna

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Essential Supplements for Women: What Every Woman Should Know About Vitamins, Minerals, Enzymes, and Amino Acids by Carolyn Reuben, et al; ISBN: 0399514376; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399514376/icongroupinterna

·

Fat-Soluble Vitamins by A. Diplock (Editor); ISBN: 0877624240; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0877624240/icongroupinterna

·

Fight Cancer with Vitamins and Supplements: A Guide to Prevention and Treatment by Kedar N. Prasad Ph.D., et al; ISBN: 0892819499; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892819499/icongroupinterna

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Fighting Radiation and Chemical Pollutants With Foods, Herbs and Vitamins: Documented Natural Remedies That Boost Your Immunity and Detoxify by Steven R. Schechter, et al (1992); ISBN: 1878412051; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1878412051/icongroupinterna

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Folic Acid and the Amazing B Vitamins: A Question-And-Answer Guide for Women and Men by Glenn S. Rothfeld, Suzanne Levert (2000); ISBN: 0425173690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425173690/icongroupinterna

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Folic Acid: The Essential B Vitamin That Prevents Birth Defects and Promotes Optimal Health by Allan, M.D. Spreen, Allan N. Spreen (2000); ISBN: 1580540848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540848/icongroupinterna

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Food As Medicine: How to Use Diet, Vitamins, Juices, and Herbs for a Healthier, Happier, and Longer Life by Dharma Singh Khalsa (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0743442261; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743442261/icongroupinterna

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Foods That Fight Cancer: A Diet and Vitamin Program That Protects the Entire Family by Patricia Hausman; ISBN: 0446327255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446327255/icongroupinterna

·

Formula for Life: The Definitive Book on Correct Nutrition, Anti-Oxidants and Vitamins, Disease Prevention, and Longevity by Eberhard Kronhausen, et al; ISBN:

Books

387

0688094260; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688094260/icongroupinterna ·

Francine Prince's Vitamin Diet for Quick and Easy Vitamin Diet by Francine Prince (1982); ISBN: 0346125219; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0346125219/icongroupinterna

·

Freedonia Focus on Vitamins & Minerals [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by The Freedonia Group (Author) (2002); ISBN: B00007M722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00007M722/icongroupinterna

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Functions of Vitamins Beyond Recommended Dietary Allowances: Proceedings of the European Academy of Nutritional Sciences Workshop, Nice, October 1997 (Bibliotheca Nutritio Et Dieta, No 55) by Paul Walter (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 3805570732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805570732/icongroupinterna

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God's Chewable Vitamin "C" for the Spirit of Dads by D. Larry Miller (Compiler), Larry Miller (1996); ISBN: 0914984829; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914984829/icongroupinterna

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God's Chewable Vitamin "C" for the Spirit of Moms (God's Vitamin "C" Series) by Kathy Collard Miller (1997); ISBN: 0914984942; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914984942/icongroupinterna

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God's Vitamin "C" for the Hurting Spirit: Tug at the Heart Stories to Comfort and Strengthen Your Spirit by Kathy C. Miller (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0914984691; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914984691/icongroupinterna

·

God's Vitamin "C" for the Spirit by Kathy C. Miller (Editor), D. Larry Miller (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0914984837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914984837/icongroupinterna

·

God's Vitamin "C" for the Spirit of Men: "Tug-At-The-Heart" Stories to Encourage and Strengthen Your Spirit by D. Larry Miller (Compiler) (1996); ISBN: 0914984810; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914984810/icongroupinterna

·

God's Vitamin "C" for the Spirit of Women (God's Vitamin "C" Series) by Kathy Collard Miller (Compiler) (1997); ISBN: 0914984934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0914984934/icongroupinterna

·

Guide to over the Counter Drugs, Vitamins, and Natural Medicines by Time-Life Books (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0737011033; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0737011033/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Dietary Supplements: Vitamins and Other Health Supplements by Pamela M. Mason (1995); ISBN: 063203923X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/063203923X/icongroupinterna

·

Handbook of Vitamins (Cnh Clinical Nutrition in Health and Disease) by Robert B. Rucker (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0824704282; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824704282/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Vitamins and Hormones by Roman J. Kutsky (Author); ISBN: 0442245505; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442245505/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Vitamins: Nutritional, Biochemical, and Clinical Aspects by Lawrence MacHlin (Editor); ISBN: 082477051X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082477051X/icongroupinterna

388 Vitamins

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Healthy Living: Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs & Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Hartman Group (Author); ISBN: B00005RBG5; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005RBG5/icongroupinterna

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Heart and Vitamin "E" by Evan Shute; ISBN: 0911238506; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911238506/icongroupinterna

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Heart Disease and High Blood Pressure: How You Can Benefit from Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods (Getting Well Naturally) by Michael T. Murray (1997); ISBN: 0761506586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761506586/icongroupinterna

·

Heinerman's Encyclopedia of Nature's Vitamins and Minerals by John, Ph.D. Heinerman; ISBN: 0735200726; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0735200726/icongroupinterna

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Hormones and Vitamins in Cancer Treatment by Aurel Lupulescu, et al; ISBN: 0849359732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849359732/icongroupinterna

·

How Did We Find Out About Vitamins?; ISBN: 0802761836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802761836/icongroupinterna

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Iarc Handbooks of Cancer Prevention: Vitamin A by Iarc Working Group on the Evaluation of (Editor), IARC (1999); ISBN: 9283230035; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9283230035/icongroupinterna

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Illustrated Elements of Vitamins and Minerals by Karen Sullivan (2002); ISBN: 0007138512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0007138512/icongroupinterna

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Improving Your Health With Vitamin E by Ruth Adams (1978); ISBN: 0915962225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915962225/icongroupinterna

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Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vitamins to Zone Refining by Jacqueline I. Kroschwitz, et al (1997); ISBN: 0471526940; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471526940/icongroupinterna

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Letter Vitamins - US [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Global Industry Analysts (Author); ISBN: B00005V84U; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005V84U/icongroupinterna

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Love My Vitamins (Why Should I) by Cindy Devine Dalton; ISBN: 1559163062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559163062/icongroupinterna

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Making the Vitamin Connection: The Food Supplement Story by James Scala; ISBN: 0060151072; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060151072/icongroupinterna

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Male Sexual Vitality: How You Can Benefit from Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods (Getting Well Naturally) by Michael T. Murray; ISBN: 1559584289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584289/icongroupinterna

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Man Cannot Live on Vitamins Alone: How vitamin supplements &corporate by Vic, Ph.D. Shayne, PH. D. Vic Shayne (2002); ISBN: 0595236545; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595236545/icongroupinterna

Books

389

·

MarketLooks: The U.S. Market for Vitamins [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by MarketLooks Packaged Facts (Author); ISBN: B00006G40G; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006G40G/icongroupinterna

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Mathematical Modeling in Experimental Nutrition: Vitamins, Proteins, Methods (Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Vol 40) by John E. Kinsella, et al (1996); ISBN: 012016440X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012016440X/icongroupinterna

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Maximum Food Power for Women: Harness the Natural Power of Food, Vitamins, and Herbs for Total Health and Well-Being by Julia Vantine, et al; ISBN: 1579544118; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1579544118/icongroupinterna

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Megadoses: Vitamins As Drugs: A Complete Guide to the Risks and Benefits of Vitamin Supplements by Joann Heslin, Annette B. Natow; ISBN: 0671542516; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671542516/icongroupinterna

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Menopause: How You Can Benefit from Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods (Getting Well Naturally) by Michael T., N.D. Murray (1994); ISBN: 1559584270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584270/icongroupinterna

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Mental Vitamins: A Guide to Personal Leadership - Prescription for the Power of One by Rick E. Ridnour; ISBN: 0971350809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971350809/icongroupinterna

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Methods in Enzymology, Volume 282: Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part L by McCormick. Donald B. (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0121821838; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121821838/icongroupinterna

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Methods in Enzymology: Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part G by Sidney P. Colowick (Editor), et al (1986); ISBN: 012182022X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012182022X/icongroupinterna

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Methods in Enzymology: Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part H by Sidney P. Colowick, et al (1986); ISBN: 0121820238; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820238/icongroupinterna

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Mind Food & Smart Pills: A Sourcebook for the Vitamins, Herbs, and Drugs That Can Increase Intelligence, Improve Memory, and Prevent Brain Aging by Ross Pelton, et al; ISBN: 0385261381; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385261381/icongroupinterna

·

Minerals, Supplements & Vitamins: The Essential Guide by H. Winter Griffith, et al; ISBN: 1555612296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555612296/icongroupinterna

·

Miracle Cures : Dramatic New Scientific Discoveries Revealing the Healing Powers of Herbs, Vitamins, and Other Natural Remedies by Jean Carper (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0060984368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060984368/icongroupinterna

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Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins by Won O. Song (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0471179426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471179426/icongroupinterna

·

Naked at Noon: Understanding Sunlight and Vitamin D by Krispin Sullivan (2004); ISBN: 159120027X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/159120027X/icongroupinterna

390 Vitamins

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Natural Cold and Flu Defense: Using Echinacea, Zinc, Vitamin C and Other Supplements by C. W. Hawken, Remi Cooper (1998); ISBN: 1885670907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1885670907/icongroupinterna

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Natural Health Bible for Dogs & Cats : Your A-Z Guide to Over 200 Conditions, Herbs, Vitamins, and Supplements by Shawn Messonnier (2001); ISBN: 0761526730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761526730/icongroupinterna

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Natural Health Bible: From the Most Trusted Source in Health Information, Here is Your A-Z Guide to Over 200 Herbs, Vitamins, and Supplements by Steven Bratman (Editor), David Kroll (Editor); ISBN: 0761520821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761520821/icongroupinterna

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Natural Prescription: Dr. Giller's Natural Treatments & Vitamin Therapies for over 100 Common Ailments by Robert M., M.D. Giller, Kathy Matthews (Contributor); ISBN: 0517586894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517586894/icongroupinterna

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Natural Prescriptions: Dr. Giller's Natural Treatments and Vitamin Therapies for More Than 100 Common Ailments by Kathy Matthews (Contributor), Robert M. Giller; ISBN: 0345374088; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345374088/icongroupinterna

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Nature's Prescription: Foods, Vitamins, and Supplements That Prevent Disease by FC&A, FC&A Publishing (1999); ISBN: 1890957003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890957003/icongroupinterna

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New Choices in Natural Healing for Women: From Aromatherapy and Herbs to Massage and Vitamin Therapy--Drug-Free Remedies from the World of Alternative Medicine by Barbara Loecher, et al; ISBN: 0875963870; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875963870/icongroupinterna

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Nutraceuticals: The Complete Encyclopedia of Supplements, Herbs, Vitamins, and Healing Foods by Arthur J. Roberts (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0399526323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399526323/icongroupinterna

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Nutrients A-Z: A User's Guide to Foods, Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals & Supplements by Michael, Dr Sharon (2004); ISBN: 1853755265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853755265/icongroupinterna

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Nutrients Catalog: Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Macronutrients-Beneficials Use, Helpers, Inhibitors, Food Sources, Intake Recommendations, and S by Harvey Newstrom (1993); ISBN: 0899507840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0899507840/icongroupinterna

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Nutrition and Vitamin Therapy by Michael Lesser; ISBN: 0553252054; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553252054/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins by David A. Bender (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0521381444; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521381444/icongroupinterna

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Nutritional Imbalances in Infant and Adult Disease: Mineral, Vitamin D, and Cholesterol: Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the American C by American College Of Nutrition (1977); ISBN: 0893350079; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893350079/icongroupinterna

·

Nutri-Tips/a Quick Access Food Guide to Fats, Cholesterol, Calories, Sodium, Vitamins, Minerals, and Important Facts About the Foods We Eat Everyday by

Books

391

Roberta Morgan, Brian L. G. Morgan; ISBN: 0681411848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0681411848/icongroupinterna ·

Prescription for Nutritional Healing: A Practical A-Z Reference to Drug-Free Remedies Using Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, and Food Supplements (Prescription for Nutritional Healing, 3rd Ed) by Phyllis Balch, James Balch; ISBN: 1583330771; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330771/icongroupinterna

·

Prevention Magazine's Complete Book of Vitamins and Minerals: The Latest Facts About Using Nutrition As a Powerful Force for Health and Healing by Prevention Magazine; ISBN: 0517081326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517081326/icongroupinterna

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Prevention's Best Vitamin Cures: The Ultimate Compendium of Vitamin and Mineral Cures With More Than 500 Remedies for Whatever Ails You! by Editors of Prevention Magazine (Editor), Editors of Prevention Health Books (Editor); ISBN: 0312974760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312974760/icongroupinterna

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Prevention's Food and Nutrition: The Most Complete Book Ever Written on Using Food and Vitamins to Feel Healthy and Cure Disease by Editors of Prevention Magazine Health Books, et al; ISBN: 0875961665; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875961665/icongroupinterna

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Prevention's Healing With Vitamins: The Most Effective Vitamin and Mineral Treatments for Everyday Health Problems and Serious Disease by Alice Feinstein (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 157954018X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157954018X/icongroupinterna

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Quick Guide to Vitamins, Minerals and Supplements by Helen Pensanti (2002); ISBN: 0884198871; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884198871/icongroupinterna

·

Real Vitamin and Mineral Book: A Definitive Guide to Designing Your Personal Supplement Program by Shari Lieberman, et al (2003); ISBN: 1583331522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331522/icongroupinterna

·

Recent Vitamin Research by Michael H. Briggs (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 0849356180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849356180/icongroupinterna

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Requirements of Vitamin A, Iron, Folate, and Vitamin B12: Report of a Joint Fao/Who Expert Consultation by World Health Organization (1988); ISBN: 9251026254; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9251026254/icongroupinterna

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Role of Vitamin B-Six in Neurobiology by E. Costa (Editor), M. Ebadi (Editor) (1972); ISBN: 0911216189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0911216189/icongroupinterna

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Simply Healthy: Over 250 Lowfat Recipes Rich in the Antioxidant Vitamins That Keep You Healthy by University of California at Berkeley, Lisa Koenig (Photographer) (1995); ISBN: 0929661281; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0929661281/icongroupinterna

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Smart Guide to Vitamins & Healing Supplements: Quick & Easy Strategies for a Healthy Lifestyle [ABRIDGED] by Ruth A. Ricker, Suzanne Ford (Reader) (2000); ISBN: 156511356X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156511356X/icongroupinterna

392 Vitamins

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Spain Vitamins & Dietary Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Datamonitor (Author); ISBN: B00008R52R; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008R52R/icongroupinterna

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Spiritual Vitamins by Lee Michaels (2003); ISBN: 0972303103; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0972303103/icongroupinterna

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Sports Nutrition Guide: Minerals, Vitamins & Antioxidants for Athletes by Michael Colgan (2002); ISBN: 0969527284; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0969527284/icongroupinterna

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Spray Vitamin Revolution by Arthur Evry; ISBN: 1893560007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1893560007/icongroupinterna

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Stress, Anxiety, and Insomnia: How You Can Benefit from Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, Herbs, Exercise, and Other Natural Methods (Getting Well Naturally) by Michael T. Murray; ISBN: 1559584890; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559584890/icongroupinterna

·

Super Fitness Beyond Vitamins: The Bible of Super Supplements by Michael E. Rosenbaum, Dominick Bosco; ISBN: 0453005454; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0453005454/icongroupinterna

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Supernutrition for Healthy Hearts: The Total Protection Plan for the Prevention and Cure of Heart Disease Through Vitamins, Diet, and Exercise by Richard A. Passwater; ISBN: 0803780354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803780354/icongroupinterna

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The "Daily Telegraph" Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals and Herbal Supplements by Sarah Brewer; ISBN: 1841191841; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841191841/icongroupinterna

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The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Single Vitamins [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KFEQ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KFEQ/icongroupinterna

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The 2003-2008 World Outlook for Vitamins and Dietary Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B00009KG36; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00009KG36/icongroupinterna

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The ABCs of Vitamins, Minerals, and Natural Foods. by John Paul. Latour; ISBN: 0668026553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668026553/icongroupinterna

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The All in One Guide to Herbs, Vitamins & Minerals by Victoria Hogan, Alive Books (1999); ISBN: 0920470998; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0920470998/icongroupinterna

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The Antioxidant Miracle: Put Lipoic Acid, Pycogenol, and Vitamins E and C to Work for You by Lester Packer (Author), Carol Colman (Author); ISBN: 0471353116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471353116/icongroupinterna

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The A-Z Guide to Drug-Herb and Vitamin Interactions by Schuyler W. Lininger Jr. (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0761515992; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761515992/icongroupinterna

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The Big Family Guide to All the Vitamins by Ruth Complete Home Guide to All the Vitamins Adams; ISBN: 0879835834; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879835834/icongroupinterna

Books

393

·

The Biochemistry of B vitamins by Roger John Williams (Author); ISBN: B00005X9A4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005X9A4/icongroupinterna

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The Book of Vitamins by Edmond Bordeaux Szekely (1981); ISBN: 0895640457; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895640457/icongroupinterna

·

The Complete Book of Vitamin and Mineral Counts by Corinne T. Netzer; ISBN: 0440223350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440223350/icongroupinterna

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The Complete book of vitamins; ISBN: 0878571760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878571760/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Book of Vitamins by Prevention Magazine Editors; ISBN: 0878574956; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878574956/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Book of Vitamins and Minerals for Health/by the Editors of Prevention Magazine (All New Edition) by Prevention (Editor), Prevention Magazine; ISBN: 0517080222; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517080222/icongroupinterna

·

The Complete Idiot's Guide to Vitamins and Minerals (2nd Edition) by Alan H., D.C., Ph.D., C.C.N. Pressman, et al; ISBN: 0028639642; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0028639642/icongroupinterna

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The complete idiot's guide to vitamins and minerals [DOWNLOAD: MICROSOFT READER] by DC PH. D. Pressman (2003); ISBN: B00008WG05; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008WG05/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Illustrated Guide to Nutritional Healing: The Use of Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs for Optimum Health (Complete Illustrated Guide Series) by Denise Mortimore; ISBN: 1862041768; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862041768/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Vitamin Book by Carl Lowe; ISBN: 0425143651; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425143651/icongroupinterna

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The Danger of Relying on Vitamin Supplements: How to Improve Your Health Without Them by Ben Y. Hecht (1999); ISBN: 0967139503; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967139503/icongroupinterna

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The Doctor's Book of Vitamin Therapy: Megavitamins for Health by Harold, Rosenberg; ISBN: 0399113509; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399113509/icongroupinterna

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The Doctor's Complete Guide to Vitamins and Minerals by Mary Dan, Md. Eades; ISBN: 0440236452; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440236452/icongroupinterna

·

The doctor's guide to vitamin B6 by Alan Gaby; ISBN: 0878575189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878575189/icongroupinterna

·

The Doctor's Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia by Sheldon Saul Hendler (1991); ISBN: 067174092X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/067174092X/icongroupinterna

·

The Essential Guide to Vitamins and Minerals : Second Edition, Revised and Updated by Elizabeth Somer (Author), Health Media Of America (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0062733451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0062733451/icongroupinterna

394 Vitamins

·

The Everything Vitamins Mini Book: All You Need to Know, from A to ZInc (Everything (Mini)) by Maureen, M.S., R.D. Ternus, Kitty Broihier (2001); ISBN: 1580626092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580626092/icongroupinterna

·

The Everything Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutritional Supplements Book: All the Information You Need to Make the Right Choices for Your Health (Everything Series) by Maureen Ternus, Kitty Broihier (2001); ISBN: 1580624960; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580624960/icongroupinterna

·

The Expectant Mother's Guide to Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs, Vitamins, Home Remedies, and Herbal Products by Donald L., Ph.D. Sullivan (2001); ISBN: 0312251904; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312251904/icongroupinterna

·

The G-Jo Institute Manual of Vitamins and Minerals (1983); ISBN: 091687818X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091687818X/icongroupinterna

·

The GNC gourmet vitamin cookbook : with directions for conventional and microwave cooking by Myra Cameron; ISBN: 0879831596; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879831596/icongroupinterna

·

The Healing Factor: "Vitamin C" Against Disease by Irwin Stone; ISBN: 0448116936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448116936/icongroupinterna

·

The Healing Power of Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs by Reader's Digest (Editor), Readers Digest (1999); ISBN: 0762101326; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762101326/icongroupinterna

·

The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C by Kenneth Carpenter (Author); ISBN: 0521320291; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521320291/icongroupinterna

·

The Little Cyanide Cookbook; Delicious Recipes Rich in Vitamin B17 by June De Spain; ISBN: 0912986379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912986379/icongroupinterna

·

The Natural Health Guide to Antioxidant: Using Vitamins and Other Supplements to Fight Disease, Boost Immunity, and Maintain Optimal Health by Nancy Pauline Bruning, Natural Health Magazine (Contributor) (1994); ISBN: 0553565796; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553565796/icongroupinterna

·

The Natural Pharmacist : Drug-Herb-Vitamin Interactions Bible by Steven Bratman, Richard Harkness; ISBN: 0761530134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761530134/icongroupinterna

·

The Natural Pharmacist : Natural Health Bible from the Most Trusted Alternative Health Site in the World : Your A-Z Guide to Over 300 Conditions, Herbs, Vitamins, and Supplements by Steven Bratman M.D., David Kroll Ph.D. (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0761524487; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761524487/icongroupinterna

·

The Natural Pharmacist: Your Complete Guide to Vitamins and Supplements by Angelo DePalma, Angelo Depalma (1999); ISBN: 0761516727; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761516727/icongroupinterna

·

The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements, & Herbs by Nicola Reavley (1999); ISBN: 0871318970; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871318970/icongroupinterna

Books

395

·

The New Superantioxidant-Plus : The Amazing Story of Pycnogenol, Free-Radical Antagonist and Vitamin C Potentiator (Good Health Guide Series) by Richard A. Passwater (1993); ISBN: 0879835893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879835893/icongroupinterna

·

The Pediatric Guide to Drugs and Vitamins by Edward R. Brace; ISBN: 0440572460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0440572460/icongroupinterna

·

The People's Guide to Deadly Drug Interactions: How to Protect Yourself from LifeThreatening Drug/Drug, Drug/Food, Drug/Vitamin Combinations by Joe Graedon, Teresa Graedon (1995); ISBN: 0312132433; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312132433/icongroupinterna

·

The People's Guide to Vitamins and Minerals by Dominick Bosco (1989); ISBN: 0809271397; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809271397/icongroupinterna

·

The Pill Book Guide to Natural Medicines: Vitamins, Minerals, Nutritional Supplements, Herbs, and Other Natural Products by Michael Murray N.D.; ISBN: 0553581945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553581945/icongroupinterna

·

The Reverse Effect: How Vitamins and Minerals Promote Health and Cause Disease by Walter A. Heiby (1988); ISBN: 0938869019; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0938869019/icongroupinterna

·

The Right Dose: How to Take Vitamins and Minerals Safely by Patricia Hausman, Debbie Tkac (Editor); ISBN: 0878576789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878576789/icongroupinterna

·

The Role of 1a,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the Vitamin D Receptor in the Control of Proliferation and Differentiation of the Epidermal Keratinocyte (Acta Biomedica Lovaniensia 196) by Siegfried Segaert (1999); ISBN: 9061869609; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061869609/icongroupinterna

·

The Superfoods Diet Guide: The Best Foods and Key Vitamins for Better Health by Prevention Magazine; ISBN: 0878577084; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878577084/icongroupinterna

·

The Technology of Vitamins in Food by P. Berry Ottaway (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0834216817; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0834216817/icongroupinterna

·

The Ultimate Nutrition Guide for Women: How to Stay Healthy with Diet, Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs by Leslie Beck (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0471274267; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471274267/icongroupinterna

·

The Very Healthy Cat Book: A Vitamin and Mineral Program for Optimal Feline Cat by Wendell O. Belfield, M. Zucker; ISBN: 007004354X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/007004354X/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Alphabet: Your Guide to Vitamins, Minerals and Food Supplements by Christina, Dr Scott-Moncrieff; ISBN: 1855856816; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1855856816/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin and Mineral Counter by Dell Stanford (2002); ISBN: 1903992036; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1903992036/icongroupinterna

396 Vitamins

·

The Vitamin and Mineral Food Counter by Annette B. Natow (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0743463773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743463773/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Bible by Earl Mindell; ISBN: 0851406726; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851406726/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Book by Rich Wentzler; ISBN: 0517334097; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517334097/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Book by Joseph A. Romano (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0553579576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553579576/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Book: A No-Nonsense Consumer Guide by Harold Silverman, et al; ISBN: 0553250604; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553250604/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin C Connection by Emanuel, Dr. Cheraskin, Marshall Ringsdorf; ISBN: 0553244345; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0553244345/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin C Controversy: Questions and Answers by Emanuel Cheraskin (1988); ISBN: 0942333012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0942333012/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin E Factor : The Miraculous Antioxidant for the Prevention and Treatment of Heart Disease, Cancer, and Aging by Andreas Papas (1999); ISBN: 0060984430; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060984430/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Herb Guide: Natural Treatments for the World's 220 Most Common Ailments by Global Health Ltd; ISBN: 0921202008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921202008/icongroupinterna

·

The vitamin pioneers by Herbert Bailey (Author); ISBN: B00005X3S3; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005X3S3/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Robbers by Earl Mindell, Richard A. Passwater (Editor) (1983); ISBN: 0879832754; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832754/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Sourcebook by Tonia Reinhard (1998); ISBN: 1565658787; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1565658787/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin Strategy by Art, Md Ulene, et al; ISBN: 0915233940; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915233940/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamin, Mineral and Herb Guide: A Quick Overview of the Benefits and Uses of Vitamins, Minerals and Herbs by Russell G. Merrill, et al (1997); ISBN: 0966163303; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966163303/icongroupinterna

·

The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health by Gerald F., Jr Combs; ISBN: 0121834921; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121834921/icongroupinterna

·

The Way Up from Down: A Safe New Program That Relieves Low Moods and Depression With Amino Acids and Vitamin Supplements by Priscilla Slagle; ISBN: 039455194X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/039455194X/icongroupinterna

·

Third Conference on Vitamin C; ISBN: 0897663926; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897663926/icongroupinterna

Books

397

·

Third Conference on Vitamin C (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 498) by John J. Burns, et al (1987); ISBN: 0897663918; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897663918/icongroupinterna

·

Thorium and Thorium Compounds to Vitamins, Volume A27, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edition by Hans-Jürgen Arpe (Editor); ISBN: 3527201270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527201270/icongroupinterna

·

Thorsons' Complete Guide to Vitamins and Minerals by Leonard Mervyn; ISBN: 0722539770; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722539770/icongroupinterna

·

Three by Szekely: Edmond Bordeaux Szekely's Book of Vitamins-Book of MineralsBook of Herbs by Edmond Bordeaux Szekely; ISBN: 0879833424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879833424/icongroupinterna

·

U.S. Market for Vitamins, Supplements, and Minerals [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Packaged Facts (Author); ISBN: B00005R8VO; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R8VO/icongroupinterna

·

UK Vitamins and Minerals 2001 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006CSPZ; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006CSPZ/icongroupinterna

·

Understanding Vitamins & Minerals by Prevention Magazine; ISBN: 0517095742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517095742/icongroupinterna

·

Understanding Vitamins and Minerals by Prevention Magazine Editors, et al; ISBN: 0878574638; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878574638/icongroupinterna

·

US MULTIVITAMINS REPORT 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006SLEK; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006SLEK/icongroupinterna

·

US SINGLE VITAMINS REPORT 2002 [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Snapshots International Ltd (Author); ISBN: B00006SLEN; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00006SLEN/icongroupinterna

·

Users Guide to Echinacea and Other Cold & Flu Fighters: How Vitamins and Herbs Can Get You Back on Your Feet Safely and Quickly by Laurel Vukovic (2004); ISBN: 1591200849; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200849/icongroupinterna

·

User's Guide to Vitamin C: Learn What You Need to Know About How Vitamin C Can Improve Your Total Health by Hyla Cass, et al; ISBN: 1591200210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200210/icongroupinterna

·

User's Guide to Vitamins & Minerals: Basic Health Publications by Jack Challem, Liz Brown; ISBN: 1591200040; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200040/icongroupinterna

·

Vademecum for Vitamin Formulations by Volker Buhler (2001); ISBN: 0849313937; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849313937/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamania: Vitamins in American Culture (Health and Medicine in American Society) by Rima D. Apple (1996); ISBN: 0813522781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813522781/icongroupinterna

398 Vitamins

·

Vitamin & Herbal Digest: Vitamins, Herbs & Supplements by Kumar Pati, et al (2002); ISBN: 0962478075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962478075/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin & Mineral Kitchen Chart by CedarLily Publishing; ISBN: 0974547204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974547204/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin & Mineral Market - US Report [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00005R9SB; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R9SB/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin A and the Immune Function: A Symposium (Monograph Published Simultaneously As the Journal of Nutritional immunology , Vol 4, No 1/2) by Chris Kjolhede (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 1560247576; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560247576/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin a Deficiency: Health, Survival, and Vision by Alfred Sommer, et al (1996); ISBN: 0195088247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195088247/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin a in Health and Disease (Antioxidants in Health and Disease, Vol 1) by Rune Blomhoff (Editor); ISBN: 0824791207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824791207/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin A: Everyone's Basic Bodyguard. by Pa., Rodale Press [1973 Emmaus; ISBN: 0878570497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878570497/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin A: Everything You Need to Know (Everything You Need to Know Series) by Janet Benton (1998); ISBN: 1882606442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882606442/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Analysis for the Health and Food Sciences by Ronald R. Eitenmiller (Editor), W. O., Jr. Landen (Editor); ISBN: 0849326680; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849326680/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin and Health Encyclopedia by Jack Ritchason (1995); ISBN: 0913923923; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0913923923/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin and Mineral Enrichment [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00005TXI1; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005TXI1/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Preterm Infants (Clinical Disorders in Pediatric Nutrition Series, Vol 3) by Reginald Tsang (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0824773179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824773179/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin B-6 Metabolism in Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infancy by Daniel J., Ph.D. Raiten (Editor); ISBN: 0849345944; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849345944/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin B6 Therapy by John Marion Ellis, Jean Pamplin; ISBN: 089529866X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089529866X/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin B6: The Doctor's Report by John M. Ellis; ISBN: 0060111712; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060111712/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Book by Consumer Guide Editors, et al; ISBN: 0671248197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671248197/icongroupinterna

Books

399

·

Vitamin B-Six Book by Ruth Adams, Frank Murray (1980); ISBN: 0915962306; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915962306/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C Against Cancer by H.L. Newbold; ISBN: 0812860985; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0812860985/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C for a Healthy Workplace by Luke De Sadeleer, Joseph Sherren; ISBN: 0921165730; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921165730/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C for Couples: Seven "C"s for a Healthy Relationship by Luke Desadeleer, Luke De Sadeleer; ISBN: 0921165684; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0921165684/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C in Health and Disease by Lester Packer (Editor), Jurgen Fuchs (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0824793137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824793137/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C in Health and Disease by Tapan Kumar Basu, C. J. Schorah; ISBN: 0870554069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870554069/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C Testing by Jacqueline Barber (1999); ISBN: 0924886315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0924886315/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C Updated by Jack J. Challem, et al; ISBN: 0879832851; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832851/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C, Infectious Diseases, and Toxins by Thomas Levy (2002); ISBN: 1401069630; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1401069630/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C: Everything You Need to Know by Jennifer Hay (1998); ISBN: 1882606361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1882606361/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C: How Best To Use It (Second Edition) by Stephen Sheffrey; ISBN: 0962937231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962937231/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C: Its Function and Biochemistry in Animals and Plants by Han Asard (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 1859962939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1859962939/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C: The Future Is Now by Jeffrey Bland, Don R. Bensen (Editor); ISBN: 0879836857; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836857/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin C: Who Needs It? by E. Chetaskin, Emanuel Cheraskin (1993); ISBN: 0944353045; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0944353045/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin D by David Feldman (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0122526856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122526856/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin d Analogs in Cancer Prevention and Therapy (Recent Results in Cancer Research, 164) by W. Tilgen (Editor), Jorg Reichrath (2003); ISBN: 3540002901; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540002901/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin d in Dermatology by Knud Kragballe (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0824777042; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824777042/icongroupinterna

400 Vitamins

·

Vitamin d Slide Set by David Feldman (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0122526864; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122526864/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Deficiencies: Index of Modern Information With by Micheal J Lichtenstein (2003); ISBN: 0788329448; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788329448/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Diet: Get Fit Naturally with Tasty, Vitamin-Packed Recipes (Powerfood Series) by Angelika Ilies, et al (2000); ISBN: 1930603150; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930603150/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E by Remi Cooper (1998); ISBN: 1580540015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540015/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E : The Rejuvenation Vitamin by Carlson Wade (Author); ISBN: 0441712312; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0441712312/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E for Ailing and Healthy Hearts by Wilfrid E. Shute, Harald J. Taub; ISBN: 0515075124; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0515075124/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E in Health and Disease by Lester Packer (Editor), Jurgen Fuchs (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0824786920; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824786920/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E Updated by Len Mervyn, et al; ISBN: 0879832746; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832746/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E, Key to Youthful Longevity by Raymond F. Bock; ISBN: 0668040785; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0668040785/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E: Biochemistry and Health Implications (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 570) by Anthony T. Diplock, et al (1989); ISBN: 0897665368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897665368/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E: Food Chemistry, Composition, and Analysis (Food Science and Technology) by R. Lee, Jr Eitenmiller, Junsoo Lee (2003); ISBN: 0824706889; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824706889/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E: Is It Safe by H. J. Roberts (1994); ISBN: 0963326082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963326082/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin E-Bounded Membrane: A Further Step in Dialysis Optimization (Contributions to Nephrology) by C. Ronco (Editor), G. LA Greca (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 3805569068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805569068/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Enriched: A Mega Prescription for Wealth & Health from the Founder of Rexall Sundown, Inc. Carl DeSantis by Carl DeSantis, Donald Michael Platt (Contributor) (1998); ISBN: 1890819034; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890819034/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Intake and Health: A Scientific Review by Suzanne K. Gaby, et al; ISBN: 0824783824; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824783824/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin K and Vitamin K-Dependent Proteins: Analytical, Physiological, and Clinical Aspects by Martin J. Shearer, M.J. Seghatchian (Editor); ISBN: 084936423X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084936423X/icongroupinterna

Books

401

·

Vitamin P by Barry Schwabsky (Author) (2002); ISBN: 071484246X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/071484246X/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Politics by John J. Fried, Stephen J. Barrett (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 087975222X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087975222X/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Receptors : Vitamins as Ligands in Cell Communication - Metabolic Indicators by Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0521392802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521392802/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Remedies That Really Work!: Safe Easy Directions for Healing and Preventing over 50 Common Conditions by Lynn Capehart, Jaqui Parker (Foreword) (2000); ISBN: 0967255201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0967255201/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Rich Cooking : Step by Step by Patricia Payne (1996); ISBN: 1569874476; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1569874476/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Vitality: Use Nature's Power to Attain Optimal Health (Men's Health Life Improvement Guides) by Donna Raskin, et al (1997); ISBN: 0875964087; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875964087/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamin Wow by James Frayne (2002); ISBN: 0595223605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595223605/icongroupinterna

·

Vitaminas Para El Alma by Traci Mullins, et al (2000); ISBN: 9681904354; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9681904354/icongroupinterna

·

Vitaminas y minerales by Atenedor, Dr Rojas (2001); ISBN: 093919354X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093919354X/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamins by Edythe. Cudlipp; ISBN: 0448148242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0448148242/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamins by Alan Edward Nourse; ISBN: 0531000966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531000966/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamins & Minerals from A to Z With Ethno-Consciousness by Jewel Pookrum; ISBN: 1886433100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1886433100/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamins & Minerals: A Step-By-Step Guide ("In a Nutshell" Series) by Karen Sullivan, et al; ISBN: 1862040117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862040117/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamins & Minerals: An Illustrated Guide by Karen Sullivan; ISBN: 1862042950; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1862042950/icongroupinterna

·

Vitamins & Minerals: How to Get the Nutrients Your Body Needs by Sara Rose (2003); ISBN: 0600607577; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0600607577/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins (Food Facts) by Rhoda Nottridge; ISBN: 0876147953; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876147953/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins (Pocket Healing Books, 4) by Jon Tillman (2000); ISBN: 9654940981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9654940981/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins ABC and Other Food Facts for Children by Eileen Palmer (1992); ISBN: 0951772325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0951772325/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Cancer Prevention Contemporary Issues in Clinical Nutrition by William Laidlaw (Author) (1991); ISBN: 0471560669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471560669/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Coenzyme, Part F (Methods in Enzymology, Vo67) by Sidney P. Colowick (Editor), et al (1980); ISBN: 0121819671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121819671/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Coenzymes (Methods in Enzymology) by Donald B. McCormick (Editor), et al (1970); ISBN: 0121818799; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121818799/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Coenzymes, Part E (Methods in Enzymology, V066) by Sidney P. Colowick (Editor), Nathan O. Kaplan (Editor) (1980); ISBN: 0121819663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121819663/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Hormones (Vitamins and Hormones, 66) by Gerald Litwack (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0127098666; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127098666/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Hormones, Volume 53: Cell Death Proteins by Gerald Litwack (Editor); ISBN: 0127098534; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127098534/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Hormones, Volume 61 by Gerald Litwack (Editor), Tadhg Begley (Editor); ISBN: 0127098615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0127098615/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Hormones, Volume 64 by Gerald Litwack (Editor); ISBN: 012709864X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012709864X/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Mineral Supplements - UK [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B0000A2WB8; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0000A2WB8/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Mineral Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00005RB50; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005RB50/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals by Graham. Yost; ISBN: 0874340209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874340209/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals (1985); ISBN: 0893130729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893130729/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals (Food Power!) by Alvin, Dr. Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 1562942069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1562942069/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals (True Books, Food & Nutrition) by Joan Kalbacken, Sarah E. De Capua (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0516263870; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0516263870/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals for a Healthy Body by Angela Royston; ISBN: 1403407584; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403407584/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals: Ask Dr. Weil (Ask Dr. Weil) by Andrew Weil M.D., Steven Petrow (1997); ISBN: 0804116725; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0804116725/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Minerals: Questions You Have. Answers You Need by Ellen Moyer; ISBN: 0517119323; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517119323/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and Supplements (Gods Path to Healing, 3) by Reginald, Dr Cherry, Reginald B. Cherry (2003); ISBN: 0764228137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764228137/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins and You by Robert J. Benowicz; ISBN: 0399509410; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0399509410/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins Are Vital by Kristin Petrie; ISBN: 1591974062; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591974062/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins for a Healthy Life by Consumer Guide Editors (1987); ISBN: 9997012380; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9997012380/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins for Better Health by Sharon Faelten; ISBN: 087857381X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087857381X/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins For Dummies® by Christopher Hobbs (Author), Elson Haas (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0764551795; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0764551795/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins in Animal Nutrition: Comparative Aspects to Human Nutrition (Animal Feeding and Nutrition) by Lee Russell McDowell, Tony J. Cunha (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 0124833721; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0124833721/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins in Cancer Prevention and Treatment: A Practical Guide by Kedar N. Prasad (1993); ISBN: 0892814837; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892814837/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins in Your Life and the Micronutrients (Trace Elements), You Can't Live Without Them! by Erwin Di Cyan (1974); ISBN: 0671217119; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671217119/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins Minerals and Dietary Supplements [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by Mintel International Group Ltd. (Author); ISBN: B00005R9ZC; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00005R9ZC/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins Minerals and Nutrition by Hma, et al (1986); ISBN: 0937325023; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937325023/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins, Herbs, Minerals, & Supplements: The Complete Guide by H. Winter, Md. Griffith (2000); ISBN: 1555612636; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555612636/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins, Minerals, and Dietary Supplements by The American Dietetic Association (Author), Marsha Hudnall (Author); ISBN: 0471347493; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471347493/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Supplements (The American Dietetic Association Nutrition Now Series) by Marsha Hundall, et al; ISBN: 156561092X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156561092X/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbs by Readers Digest Association (2002); ISBN: 0762103671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0762103671/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins: Their Role in the Human Body by George Ball (2003); ISBN: 0632064781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632064781/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins: Their Use and Abuse by Joseph Victor Levy, Paul Bach-Y-Rita (Contributor) (1976); ISBN: 0871406160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871406160/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins: What They Are, What They Do (Read Alone) by Judith Seixas, et al; ISBN: 068806065X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068806065X/icongroupinterna

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Vitamins: What They Do and What They Don't Do (Health and Nutrition) by Rosemary Stanton; ISBN: 1864483199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1864483199/icongroupinterna

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Which Vitamin - Which Herb Do You Need? by John Barton; ISBN: 093721616X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/093721616X/icongroupinterna

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Whole Food Nutrition, the Missing Link in Vitamin Therapy: The Difference Between Nutrients Within Foods Vs Isolated Vitamins & How They Affect Your Health by Vic, Ph.D. Shayne (2000); ISBN: 0595144764; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0595144764/icongroupinterna

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Your Child and Vitamin E by Wilfrid E. Shute; ISBN: 0879832029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879832029/icongroupinterna

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Your Guide to Vitamin & Mineral Supplements (Compact Guide to Fitness & Health) by Mason Crest Publishers; ISBN: 1590842626; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590842626/icongroupinterna

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Your Personal Vitamin Profile by Michael, Dr. Colgan (1982); ISBN: 0688015069; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0688015069/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 ·

[Catalogs of vitamins and pharmaceuticals]. Author: U. S. Vitamin and Pharmaceutical Corporation.; Year: 1989

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A complete guide to vitamins, by J. I. Rodale and the editorial staff of Prevention magazine. Author: Rodale, J. I. (Jerome Irving),; Year: 1964; Berkhamsted, Eng., Emmaus, Pa., Rodale Press [c1968]; ISBN: 950050407

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In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

Books

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Clinical vitaminology; methods and interpretation [by] Herman Baker and Oscar Frank. Author: Baker, Herman.; Year: 1946; New York, London, Interscience Publishers [c1968]

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Experiments on vitamin A deficiency in rats and the quantitative determination of vitamin A, by Skúli V. Gudjónsson. Author: Gudjónsson, Skúli Vilhjálmur,; Year: 1964; Copenhagen, Levin; Munksgaard, 1930

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Fat-soluble vitamins. Author: Morton, Richard Alan.; Year: 1966; Oxford, New York, Pergamon Press [1970]; ISBN: 080127088

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Have lipid-soluble vitamins multiple functions? An inaugural lecture delivered at University College, Cardiff, 30th May, 1968. Author: Dorp, D. A. vam.; Year: 1964; Cardiff, Univ. of Wales Press, 1968

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Hemeralopia as an early criterion of A-avitaminosis and clinical symptoms and treatment of this disease. Author: Frandsen, Helga (Sørenson),; Year: 1962; Copenhagen, Spuhrs bogtrykkeri, 1935

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Methods of vitamin assay. Prepared by the Association of Vitamin Chemists, inc.; Myer Freed, chairman, Methods Committee. Author: Association of Vitamin Chemists.; Year: 1959; New York, Interscience Publishers, 1966

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Proceedings.held in the Kyoto International Conference Hall, Kyoto, on August 17 to 18, 1967. Organized by the Vitamin B Organization of Japan. Edited by Akiji Fujita. Author: Fujita, Akiji.; Year: 1944; Kyoto, Vitamin Society of Japan, 1968

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Studies on the healing of fractures, with special reference to the significance of the vitamin content of the diet, by John Hertz. Author: Hertz, John,; Year: 1964; Copenhagen, Levin; Munksgaard; London, H. Milford, Oxford university press, 1936

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Studies on the intestinal absorption of labelled fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) via the thoracic-duct lymph in the absence of bile in man. Author: Forsgren, L. (Lennart); Year: 1935; Stockholm, 1969

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The chemistry of the vitamins. Author: Dyke, Stanley Frederick.; Year: 1964; London, Interscience Publishers, 1965

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The complete book of vitamins, by J. I. Rodale and staff. Author: Rodale, J. I. (Jerome Irving),; Year: 1962; Emmaus, Pa., Rodale [c1966]

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The great vitamin hoax. Author: Tatkon, M. Daniel.; Year: 1930; New York, London, Macmillan [c1968]

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The great vitamin mystery. Author: Martin, Marvin.; Year: 1965; Chicago, National Dairy Council, c1968

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The mechanism of action of water-soluble vitamins. Editors for the Ciba Foundation: A. V. S. de Reuck and Maeve O'Connor. Author: Ciba Foundation.; Year: 1954; Boston, Little, Brown [1961]

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The vitamin pioneers. Author: Bailey, Herbert.; Year: 1966; Emmaus, Pa., Rodale [1968]

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The vitamins in health and disease; a modern reappraisal. Author: Marks, John,; Year: 1966; London, Churchill [1968]

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The vitamins; chemistry, physiology, pathology, methods. Edited by W. H. Sebrell, Jr. [and] Robert S. Harris. Author: Sebrell, William H. (William Henry),; Year: 1936; New York, London, Academic Press, 1967-

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Vitamin assay; tested methods [by] Rolf Strohecker [and] Heinz M. Henning. Author: Strohecker, Rolf.; Year: 1960; Weinheim/Bergstr., Verlag Chemie, 1965

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Vitamin manual: a scope monograph. Author: Upjohn Company.; Year: 1965; Kalamazoo, Mich., c1965]

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Vitamin requirements of bacteria and yeasts. Author: Koser, Stewart A.; Year: 1965; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1968]

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Vitamin reviews. Author: Merck and Company, Inc.; Year: 1965

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Vitamins in endocrine metabolism. Author: Jennings, Isobel W.; Year: 1966; London, Heinemann [1970]; ISBN: 433173203

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Vitamins in feed for livestock, by F. C. Aitken and R. G. Hankin. Author: Aitken, F. C.; Year: 1964; Farnham Royal, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux [1970]

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Vitamins in the elderly; report of the proceedings. Edited by A. N. Exton-Smith and D. L. Scott. Author: Exton-Smith, A. N. (Arthur Norman); Year: 1938; Bristol, Wright, 1968; ISBN: 723602204

Chapters on Vitamins In order to find chapters that specifically relate to vitamins, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and vitamins using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on vitamins: ·

Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D Metabolism in Renal Disease and Chronic Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 341-369. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The authors discuss calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism in renal disease and chronic renal failure (CRF). The authors begin with a brief review of normal physiologic control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and normal vitamin D and parathyroid hormone metabolism. Next, they discuss the effects of the failing kidney on mineral metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, therapeutic interventions in predialysis patients, and control of phosphate retention and secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. The authors conclude that dietary restriction of phosphorus intake and adequate dialysis therapy form the basis for management, but are usually insufficient to bring about adequate control. Calcium-based phosphate binders and hormonal vitamin D replacement are powerful adjuncts in regulating mineral pathophysiology. Despite these maneuvers, parathyroidectomy is still occasionally required. The authors provide an algorithm for the management of hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Additional sections discuss the implications for bone disease (renal osteodystrophy), one of the more serious complications of disordered mineral metabolism in renal failure; implications for other complications; disturbances of mineral metabolism following renal transplantation; and disturbances of mineral and vitamin D metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. 5 figures. 124 references. (AA-M).

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Vitamin and Mineral Absorption Source: in Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. [2-volume set]. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003. p. 449-471. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. P.O. Box 1600, Hagerstown, MD 21741. (800) 638-6423. Fax: (301) 223-2400. Website: www.lww.com. PRICE: $289.00. ISBN: 781728614. Summary: This chapter on vitamin and mineral absorption is from a lengthy, twovolume textbook that integrates the various demands of science, technology, expanding information, good judgment, and common sense into the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal patients. Topics include water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, and minerals. In the first section, the authors note that folate and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) have complex and different mechanisms of absorption, and each has a broad range of clinical effects. Because these vitamins are interactive metabolically, many of the clinical signs of deficiency are similar, even though their structures, food sources, and modes of absorption are dissimilar. The authors also discuss several other water soluble vitamins that are relevant to the practice of gastroenterology and hepatology. Vitamins A, D, E, and K (fat-soluble vitamins) are unlike the water-soluble vitamins by virtue of their diverse nonenzymatic functions, prolonged storage and greater risk for toxicity, and absorption processes similar to those of dietary lipids (fats) in general. The section on minerals discusses the absorption of the macrominerals (calcium and magnesium), iron, zinc, and copper. 3 figures. 4 tables. 236 references.

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Vitamin Metabolism and Requirements in Renal Disease and Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 415-477. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter on vitamin metabolism and requirements is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The authors discuss several factors that may enhance the risk of abnormal vitamin levels in renal disease: decreased vitamin intake caused by anorexia, unpalatability of prescribed diets, or a dietary prescription that contains insufficient vitamins; increased degradation or endogenous clearance of vitamins from blood; elevated levels of vitamin binding proteins; losses of vitamins into dialysate; excretion of protein-bound vitamins by nephrotic patients; and interference of medicines with the absorption, excretion, and metabolism of vitamins. The authors review each of the common vitamins for its normal biochemistry and metabolism, the effect of renal disease and renal failure on these processes, and the clinical spectrum of vitamin disorders in these conditions. The authors propose guidelines concerning the needs for supplementation. Vitamins discussed are A, E, K, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, folates, niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid. The authors conclude by calling for additional research to address vitamin supplementation in renal failure patients, particularly those on dialysis. 2 figures. 7 tables. 249 references. (AA-M).

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Trace Elements and Vitamins in Renal Disease Source: in Mitch, W.E., and Klahr, S., eds. Nutrition and the Kidney. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company. 1993. p. 114-131.

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Contact: Available from Lippincott-Raven Publishers. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 777-2295. Fax (301) 824-7390. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.lrpub.com. PRICE: $94.95. ISBN: 0316575003. Summary: This chapter, from a medical textbook on nutrition and the kidney, reviews the metabolism, concentrations, and requirements of trace elements and vitamins in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) prior to the onset of dialysis and during treatment with either hemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Topics include the alteration of trace element metabolism in kidney failure, including aluminum, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and ultra trace elements; and vitamins, including thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), cobalamin (B12), folic acid, biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), retinol (vitamin A), and tocopherol (vitamin E). The authors briefly discuss recommendations for supplementation. 4 tables. 101 references.

Directories In addition to the references and resources discussed earlier in this chapter, a number of directories relating to vitamins have been published that consolidate information across various sources. The Combined Health Information Database lists the following, which you may wish to consult in your local medical library:12 ·

Dietary Supplements Resource List Source: Beltsville, MD: Food and Nutrition Information Center. 2000. 10 p. Contact: Available from Food and Nutrition Information Center. National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Room 304, Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. INTERNATIONAL: (301) 504-5719; TTY: (301) 504-6856; FAX: (301) 5046409; E-MAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Summary: This resource list, compiled by the National Agriculture Library, contains sources of information on the uses and risks of dietary supplements. The resources selected cover nutrition information on phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, and other plant-derived substances; melatonin; amino acids; fatty acids; concentrates; and metabolites. Resources are listed in alphabetical order under the following headings: books, magazines/newsletters, and resources including web sites on the Internet. Contact information is provided for web sites and organizations.

12

You will need to limit your search to “Directory” and “vitamins” using the "Detailed Search" option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find directories, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Directory.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on vitamins. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on vitamins is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “vitamins” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on vitamins: ·

All About Vitamins Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, 16 min., n.d. Contact: National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. 1-800-543-6803. Summary: This video explains why vitamins are important, the difference between soluble and insoluble vitamins, best food sources, antioxidant issues, role of supplements, and myths and unfounded claims. The video is accompanied by an instruction resource package that includes learning objectives and activities, a beforeafter knowledge quiz, and handout masters.

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Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on vitamins: ·

Vitamins and Minerals: Advanced Immune Discoveries Symposium Contact: Human Energy Press, 493 Beach Park Blvd Ste 210, Foster City, CA, 94404, (415) 349-0718. Summary: This sound recording deals with nutritional abnormalities in persons with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The speaker tested the blood of healthy persons, HIV-positive persons, and Persons with AIDS (PWA's) and compared the levels of 21 vitamins and minerals to detect changes which were related to the disease. He described what classification methods were used to distinguish the patients and also what risk factors patients had.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Vitamins The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in vitamins (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on vitamins: ·

All about vitamins [videorecording] Source: NHV, National Health Video Inc; Year: 1996; Format: Videorecording; Los Angeles, CA: NHV, c1996

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Alphabet soup [videorecording]: the truth about vitamins. Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; [New York?: CBS], 1992

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An Introduction to nutrition; Vitamins in the living body [sound recording] Source: produced and copyright by Audio Learning, Ltd; Year: 1976; Format: Sound recording; New Rochelle, N.Y.: EME, c1976

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Draft report of the Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals [electronic resource]. Source: Food Standards Agency (Great Britain). Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals; Year: 2002; Format: Electronic resource; [United Kingdom]: Food Standards Agency, [2002]

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Genusys [electronic resource]: database of herbal remedies, aromatherapy, essential oils, vitamins, amino acids, and more! Year: 1996; Format: Electronic resource; Solebury, PA: Genusys Laboratories, c1996

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The ABCs of vitamins [videorecording] Source: a production of Cambridge Educational, Radish Creative Group; Year: 2003; Format: Videorecording; Monmouth Jct., NJ: Cambridge Educational, c2003

Multimedia 411

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Vademecum for vitamin formulations Source: by Volker Bühler; Year: 2001; Stuttgart: WVG, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 2001

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Vitamin Source: mineral supplements / a co-production of Multimedia Communications and Physician Education and Development; Year: 2001; Format: Videorecording; Oakland, CA: Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, c2001

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Vitamin deficiency and toxicity [slide] Source: Thomas W. Sheehy; Year: 1985; Format: Slide; Garden Grove, Calif.: Medcom, c1985

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Vitamin E [slide] Source: A. L. Tappel; Year: 1973; Format: Slide; Annapolis, Md.: Nutrition Today, c1973

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Vitamin interactions [videorecording] Source: a Hahnemann University and Videotech Associates Inc. production; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [S.l.]: The Associates, c1983

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Vitamins [videorecording] Source: produced for the Division of Biological Health, the College of Human Development; developed and produced at the University, Division of Instructional Services, Pennsylvania State University; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; [University Park, Pa.]: The University, c1977

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Vitamins from food [motion picture] Source: Wexler Films; [presented by] Dairy Council of California; Year: 1968; Format: Motion picture; United States: Dairy Council of California, c1968

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON VITAMINS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover vitamins.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on vitamins is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing.

PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance.

Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to vitamins. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “vitamins” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for vitamins: ·

Vitamins don't curb bladder cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 10, 2003

·

Smoking link may explain anti-bladder cancer effects of vitamins Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 10, 2003

414 Vitamins

·

Over time, vitamins may lower colon cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 07, 2003

·

U.S. study shows vitamins save health care costs Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 02, 2003

·

High vitamin E levels reduce gut cancer risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 25, 2003

·

Vitamin D mimic may improve prostate cancer therapy Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 27, 2003

·

Vitamin D analog enhances radiation's ability to kill prostate cancer cells Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 2003

·

Carotene, vitamin E don't prevent heart attacks Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 22, 2003

·

Vitamins may have down side for HIV patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 21, 2003

·

Endothelial function in hyperlipidemic children improves with vitamins C, E Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 12, 2003

·

Vitamins reduce inherited high cholesterol effects Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 11, 2003

·

Vitamin C may cut second-hand smoke damage: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 06, 2003

·

Dialysis patients live longer with newer vitamin D Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 30, 2003

·

Vitamin D receptor polymorphism linked to acute-onset type 1 diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 28, 2003

·

Exercise and vitamin E may protect against HIV-associated metabolic syndrome Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 18, 2003

·

Vitamin C use may lower heart disease risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 2003

·

Vitamin C pills may protect the heart Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 2003

Periodicals and News

·

Study asks: can vitamins prevent pre-eclampsia? Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 15, 2003

·

B-vitamin problems may cause depression in some Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: July 04, 2003

·

USPS sees little evidence vitamins help prevent heart disease, cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 30, 2003

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Task force gives vitamins less than glowing review Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 30, 2003

·

Vitamin D2 analog active against leukemia, myeloma, and colon cancer Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 23, 2003

·

Both high and low serum vitamin A concentrations predispose to hip fracture Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 20, 2003

·

Vitamin C improves baroreflex sensitivity in patients with chronic heart failure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 11, 2003

·

Vitamin D analog enhances radiation's effects on experimental breast tumors Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 10, 2003

·

Agency sees big health gain from vitamins for poor Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 10, 2003

·

Vitamins may cut risk of birth defects in diabetics Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 26, 2003

·

Multivitamins for HIV-infected lactating mothers improves children's health Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 23, 2003

·

Too many vitamin pills can be bad for you: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2003

·

Redox-cofactor required for lysine degradation appears to be a B vitamin Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 24, 2003

·

Japanese discover first new vitamin in 55 years Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 24, 2003

·

Plasma vitamin B6 levels correlate inversely with rheumatoid arthritis severity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 23, 2003

415

416 Vitamins

·

Vitamin D supplements recommended for infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 07, 2003

·

Experts: Babies should get vitamin D supplement Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 07, 2003

·

Vitamin E may protect against cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 03, 2003

·

B vitamins tied to artery re-narrowing after surgery Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 02, 2003

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Vitamin C helps stem cells morph into heart cells Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 31, 2003

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B vitamins increase restenosis after coronary artery stenting Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 31, 2003

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Vitamin D receptor polymorphism influences alendronate's effect on osteoporosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 2003

·

Resistance training, vitamin D supplementation no help in rehab of frail elderly Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 14, 2003

·

aaiPharma submits US application for reformulated multivitamin Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: March 12, 2003

·

Vitamins may help prevent infections in diabetics Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 03, 2003

·

Multivitamins may reduce infection rates in patients with type 2 diabetes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 03, 2003

·

High-dose vitamin D prevents bone breaks in elderly Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 28, 2003

·

Low-cost vitamin D supplementation reduces fractures in elderly Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 27, 2003

·

Vitamin C may guard against labor complication Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 17, 2003

·

B vitamin derivative may fight diabetic eye damage Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 17, 2003

Periodicals and News

·

Roche sees no need for more vitamin provisions Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 11, 2003

·

Vitamin A cousin may help treat lung cancer -study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 05, 2003

·

Vitamin D status may contribute to pathogenesis of heart failure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 29, 2003

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine.

Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “vitamins” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to vitamins, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “vitamins” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Vitamins Find newsletters on vitamins using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “vitamins.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: ·

Alagille Syndrome and Nutrition Source: Liver Link. 1(2): 3. Spring 1994. Contact: Available from Alagille Syndrome Alliance. 10630 S.W. Garden Park Place, Tigard, OR 97223. (503) 639-6217. Summary: This newsletter article examines Alagille syndrome and nutrition. The author notes that one of the most serious features of Alagille syndrome is impaired liver function resulting from a scarcity of bile ducts in the liver and, consequently, reduced bile production. Topics include bile flow; blood cholesterol levels; the digestion of dietary fat; and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. The author focuses primarily on the effects of Alagille syndrome in children and dietary recommendations to offset potential problems. One sidebar summarizes the functions of the liver.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on vitamins: ·

ABC's of Vitamins Source: PKD Progress. 17(4): 14. Winter 2002. Contact: Available from PKD Foundation. 4901 Main Street, Suite 200, Kansas City, MO 64112-2634. (800) 753-2873. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This brief newsletter article helps readers with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) understand the role of vitamins and vitamin supplements. The article stresses that vitamins are an important source of energy, and 13 have been established as

Periodicals and News

419

essential compounds in the diet (because the human body cannot manufacture them). The article focuses on vitamin C and the problems with excess intake, and vitamin A, also problematic in too-high doses. The article concludes by discussing water soluble vitamins (including folic acid and the B vitamins) that are lost during the process of both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis and should be replaced. ·

Vitamins, Mineral Supplements and the Lupus Patient Source: Minnesota Lupus News. 115:3-4,7-8; 1996. Contact: Minnesota Chapter of the Lupus Foundation of America, Inc., International Market Square C-19, 275 Market Street, Minneapolis, MN 55405. Summary: This newsletter article for individuals with lupus discusses the use of vitamins and mineral supplements. The rationale for the use of mega vitamin therapy is presented. Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins are described. Fat soluble vitamins, which are stored in the body, include A, D, K, and E. Water soluble vitamins are not stored in the body and include vitamins B and C. The importance of adequate calcium intake and exercise in preventing osteoporosis in individuals with lupus is discussed. The issue of protein intake is addressed, and the beneficial effects of omega three fatty acid are identified. Components of a healthy diet are presented.

Academic Periodicals covering Vitamins Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to vitamins. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering vitamins that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for vitamins. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DIÒ Advice for the PatientÒ can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with vitamins. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

422 Vitamins

following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to vitamins: Alendronate ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fosamax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202794.html

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ascorbicap; Cecon; Cee-500; Cemill; Cenolate; Cetane; Cevi-Bid; Flavorcee; Ortho/CS; Sunkist http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202071.html

Atropine, Hyoscyamine, Methenamine, Methylene Blue, Phenyl Salicylate, and Benzoic Acid (Systemic) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Atrosept; Dolsed; Hexalol; Prosed/DS; UAA; Urimed; Urised; Uriseptic; Uritab; Uritin; Uro-Ves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202075.html

Beta-Carotene ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lumitene; Max-Caro http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202623.html

Betaine ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cystadane http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203077.html

Calcitonin ·

Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203482.html

Calcium Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600; Liquid-Ca http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html

Copper Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202164.html

Etidronate ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Didronel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202233.html

Folic Acid (Vitamin B 9 ) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Folvite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202250.html

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Iron Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: DexFerrum; Femiron; Feosol; Feostat; Feostat Drops; Feratab; Fer-gen-sol; Fergon; Fer-In-Sol Capsules; Fer-In-Sol Drops; Fer-In-Sol Syrup; Fer-Iron Drops; Fero-Gradumet; Ferospace; Ferralet; Ferralet Slow Release; Ferralyn Lanacaps; Ferra-TD; Ferretts; http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202305.html

Isoniazid ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Laniazid; Nydrazid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202307.html

Laxatives ·

Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html

Levocarnitine ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Carnitor http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202325.html

Magnesium Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Almora; Chloromag; Citroma; Concentrated Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Mag-200; Mag-L-100; Magonate; Mag-Ox 400; Mag-Tab SR; Magtrate; Maox; MGP; Phillips' Chewable Tablets; Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Slow-Mag; Uro-Mag http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202644.html

Methenamine ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Hiprex; Mandelamine; Urex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202354.html

Molybdenum Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Molypen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202619.html

Niacin (Vitamin B 3 ) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicobid Tempules; Nicolar; Nicotinex Elixir; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202405.html

Niacin for High Cholesterol ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Endur-Acin; Nia-Bid; Niac; Niacels; Niacor; Nico-400; Nicolar; Slo-Niacin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202404.html

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Orlistat ·

Oral--Local - U.S. Brands: Xenical http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500006.html

Phosphates ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: K-Phos M. F.; K-Phos Neutral; K-Phos No. 2; K-Phos Original; Neutra-Phos; Neutra-Phos-K; Uro-KP-Neutral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202463.html

Potassium Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Cena-K; Effer-K; Gen-K; Glu-K; K+ 10; K+ Care; K+ Care ET; K-8; Kaochlor 10%; Kaochlor S-F 10%; Kaon; Kaon-Cl; Kaon-Cl 20% Liquid; Kaon-Cl-10; Kato; Kay Ciel; Kaylixir; K-Dur; K-Electrolyte; K-G Elixir; K-Ide; KLease; K-Lor; Klor-Con 10; Klor-Con 8; Kl http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202473.html

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Beesix; Doxine; Nestrex; Pyri; Rodex http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202493.html

Rifampin and Isoniazid ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rifamate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202512.html

Rifampin, Isoniazid, and Pyrazinamide ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Rifater http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202775.html

Risedronate ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actonel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203554.html

Selenium Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202633.html

Sodium Fluoride ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fluoritab; Fluorodex; Flura; Flura-Drops; Flura-Loz; Karidium; Luride; Pediaflor; Pharmaflur; Phos-Flur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202527.html

Sodium Iodide ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Iodopen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202621.html

Thiamine (Vitamin B 1 ) ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Biamine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202560.html

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Tiludronate ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Skelid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203480.html

Vitamin B 12 ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alphamin; Cobex; Cobolin-M; Crystamine; Crysti-12; Cyanoject; Cyomin; Hydrobexan; Hydro-Cobex; Hydro-Crysti-12; HydroxyCobal; LA-12; Nascobal; Neuroforte-R; Primabalt; Rubramin PC; Shovite; Vibal; Vibal LA; Vitabee 12 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202596.html

Vitamin D and Related Compounds ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciferol; Calciferol Drops; Calcijex; Calderol; DHT; DHT Intensol; Drisdol; Drisdol Drops; Hectorol; Hytakerol; Rocaltrol; Zemplar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202597.html

Vitamin E ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Amino-Opti-E; E-Complex-600; Liqui-E; Pheryl-E http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202598.html

Vitamin K ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202599.html

Vitamins and Fluoride ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adeflor; Cari-Tab; Mulvidren-F; Poly-Vi-Flor; Tri-ViFlor; Vi-Daylin/F http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202600.html

Zinc Supplements ·

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Orazinc; Verazinc; Zinc 15; Zinc-220; Zinca-Pak; Zincate http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202622.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ Mosby’s Drug ConsultÔ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

426 Vitamins

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html.

Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

429

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute13: ·

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

·

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

·

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

·

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

·

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

·

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

·

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

·

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

13

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

430 Vitamins

·

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

·

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

·

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

·

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

·

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

·

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

·

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

·

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

·

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

·

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

·

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

·

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

·

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

·

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

·

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

·

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

·

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.14 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:15 ·

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

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HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

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NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

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Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

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MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

14

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 15 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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·

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

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Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “vitamins” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: ·

Anti - Oxidants (General Information) Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: A compilation of information about antioxidants, this report describes the functions, characteristics, and possible therapeutic and preventative uses of these compounds. Free radicals, byproducts of cellular metabolism, are especially dangerous to HIV-infected people and antioxidants can absorb and neutralize these byproducts. A list of factors which deplete antioxidants including cigarette smoke, oxidants like acetaminophen, and halocarbons like bromobenzene is given. The essential characteristics of the well-known, non-enzyme antioxidants like vitamins E and C, and beta-carotene are discussed, especially their immunity-boosting effects. Additionally, enzyme antioxidants are examined with their mineral cofactors like zinc, copper, and iron. The nutrient, Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is needed to produce energy in every cell, is detailed because like other antioxidants it boosts antibody levels. However, CoQ levels seem to correlate to severity of AIDS symptoms. Other antioxidants looked at include N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione, which inhibit HIV replication in vitro.

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Nutrition and Weight Control for Longevity Source: Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 82p. 2000. Contact: Johns Hopkins White Papers, PO Box 420083, Palm Coast FL 32142-9264. Summary: The authors have reviewed the nutrition and weight control literature from 1999 and present a summary of highlights and useful information. They explain the basics of nutrition, including the role of fiber, fat, vitamins, and food composition. The roles of metabolism, heredity, dietary intake, physical activity, psychological issues, and hormones in weight are discussed. They examine various approaches to weight control including behavior modification, diet, exercise and surgical and medical treatments. Weight maintenance is described. An extensive list of resources is included.

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Mangiare Positivamente: Guida Dietetica per le Persone con l'HIV. [Eating Positively: Diet Guide for HIV Positive Individuals.] Contact: Swiss AIDS Foundation, AIDS - Hilfe Schweiz, PO Box 9869, Zurich. Summary: This guide provides specific information and suggestions by experts in nutrition and AIDS for a positive and healthy diet, which at the same time is complete and equilibrated. Topics include balanced vs. universal diets, eating as a cultural event, food groups, negative effects of a poor diet on the immune system, and the recommended use of vitamins and minerals. Readers are encouraged to take a multiplechoice test to determine the extent of their knowledge about basic nutrition facts. The brochure also describes different types of diets; their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages; and suggested hygiene guidelines to be followed when handling food or cooking. Finally, it provides suggestions for eating at home or in a restaurant, sample menus and recipes, diet centers, cookbook references, and other readings.

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Food for Life: A Guide for People With HIV Contact: Impact AIDS, 1069 Dutton Ave, Santa Rosa, CA, 95407, (707) 542-6297, http://www.journeyhome.com/impactaids. Summary: This manual contains information on diet, nutrition, and food consumption for people with HIV. Eating a balanced and nutritious diet that included a variety of foods will help an HIV-positive person strengthen his or her immune system and maintain body weight at an optimal level. The manual is designed to help patients build nutritious meals and select and prepare food safely and easily. The basics of balanced nutrition are discussed, and the benefits of eating a diet high in protein and calories are underscored. Foods high in complete proteins, which are essential for forming antibodies, are listed. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of vitamins and minerals, and breads/grains are good sources of carbohydrates, fiber, B vitamins, and certain minerals. Dairy foods provide calcium, protein, vitamins, and fat. Fats and sugars add calories, which can be important for people with HIV. The potential problems associated with vegetarian diets for HIV patients are examined. The manual stresses the importance of planning meals in advance. An entire section is devoted to modifying the diet should the HIV patient experience symptoms that interfere with the desire or ability to eat.

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Targeted Nutra - Ceuticals: Nutritional Support for the Immune System Contact: American Preferred Plan, PO Box 9019, Farmingdale, NY, 11735-9019, (631) 845-5300. Summary: This manual describes a line of nutritional supplements targeted to the needs of people with HIV and AIDS. Provided by a prescription membership organization, the manual details 14 products, including vitamins and minerals, amino acids, a weight gain formula, anti-oxidants, an acidophilus and bifido complex, and an herb extract. The manual also includes CD4 charts, a drug nutrient interaction guide, a nutritional assessment, a medication/nutritional planner, and a glossary of terms.

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Positive Eating, Staying Well Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing &, Community Services, AIDS Education Group, GPO Box 9848, Canberra. Summary: This manual emphasizes positive eating and staying well. It addresses the nutritional consequences of HIV infection, mentions body weight, and considers

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vitamins and minerals. It lists principles of a healthy lifestyle and good nutrition. The manual discusses the importance of food and nutrition, explains the complex composition of food, and describes a variety of food processing techniques. It suggests eating a healthy diet; avoiding food poisoning; caring for your mouth and teeth; and exercising regularly. It offers contacts for help and a reading list. ·

Eating Wisely, Eating Well: A Guide to Healthy Eating for the HIV - Positive Person Contact: Louisiana State University Medical Center, Delta Region AIDS Education and Training Center, 136 S Roman St 3rd Fl, New Orleans, LA, 70112, (504) 903-0788, http://www.deltaetc.org. Summary: This manual gives advice to persons newly diagnosed with HIV infection, and to health professionals providing patient education to this group. It covers nutritional basics for HIV-positive persons, including getting the right vitamins and eating to help the immune system. Specific suggestions are provided on dealing with oral and esophageal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, and other problems.

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AIDS Index Contact: AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power, 332 Bleeker St Ste G5, New York, NY, 10014, (212) 966-4873, http://www.actupny.org/. Summary: This manual provides indices of treatments for HIV/AIDS and related conditions. The first index includes approaches to treat HIV, either by attacking the virus directly or by helping improve immune function. Sections cover the following topics: nutrition, micronutrients, and vitamins; immune modulation and anti-HIV treatments; cytokines, antibodies, and cellular factors; nucleoside analogs; and vaccines. Index 2 deals with opportunistic infections and other problems that may arise in cases of HIV. Included are treatments for the following types of infections: bacteria-gram negative and positive; miscellaneous bacteria; fungi; neoplasms; neurological; parasites; protozoa; and viruses. Also covered are clinical/iatrogenic conditions, such as appetite problems, diarrhea, dry mouth, skin problems, and wasting syndrome.

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Guide For Nutrition and HIV/AIDS. [Guide For Nutrition and HIV / AIDS.] Contact: CVS ProCare Pharmacy, 600 Penn Center Blvd, Pittsburgh, PA, 15235-5810, (800) 238-7828, http://www.stadtlander.com. Summary: This manual provides practical information and recommendations for HIVpositive individuals. The first recommendation involves the various aspects of good nutrition and discusses food groups, balanced diets, foods to eat and to avoid, nutrition and the immune system, key nutrients (vitamins/minerals), weight gain/loss, supplement drinks, and food handling and storage. Secondly, routine exercise is encouraged and guidelines are provided. The manual asserts that regular exercise provides more flexibility and endurance, greater lung capacity, more muscle and less fat, more energy, better sleep patterns, stress reduction, more hunger, quicker cure of injuries, and normal intestinal activity. The third recommendation is control of stress factors and includes tips on maintaining a positive attitude, rest, and mental relaxation exercises. Finally, the manual lists the names and addresses of various support agencies, dietitians, and references.

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Positive Eating for Health & Growth: A Guide to Nutrition for Parents and Carers of HIV Positive Children Contact: Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing and, Community Services, AIDS Policy and Programs Branch, GPO Box 9848, Canberra. Summary: This monograph provides information on nutrition for the parents or caregivers of children with HIV infection. It discusses the nutritional effects and needs of HIV infection, focusing on growth, energy and protein needs, and vitamins and minerals. A section on positive eating includes guidelines for age- appropriate diets, vitamin and mineral supplements, avoiding food poisoning, food processing, seeking advice if a child is unwell, and preparing infant formula safely. Advice is given for symptom control for fever, weight loss and poor appetite, chewing difficulties, nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea. A resource listing, bibliography, and glossary are included.

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Nutrient Supplementation Needs in HIV Infection Contact: Carl Vogel Center, 1012 14th St NW Ste 707, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 6380750. Summary: This paper examines nutrient supplement needs in HIV infection and agrees that replenishment of the missing nutrients may be critical for restoration of immune function and to prevent disease progression. Some of the nutrients considered appropriate for all those diagnosed with HIV infection are: Multiple vitamins and/or minerals, antioxidant formula, ascorbic acid/ascorbate, beta carotene, B12, coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, essential fatty acids, glutathione, and zinc. The paper reviews research pointing to the benefit of nutrient replenishment in HIV-infected patients and to nutrient replenishment's advantage in increasing tolerance for and/or help to counter the negative effects of some drugs commonly used with HIV infection.

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HIV Treatment Strategy, Part I: Dietary Guidelines for People Living With HIV Contact: Carl Vogel Center, 1012 14th St NW Ste 707, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 6380750. Summary: This paper presents detailed dietary suggestions for persons with HIV infection or AIDS. The emphasis is on eating a balanced, whole-foods diet that eliminates processed, fried, and fatty foods. It points out the importance of vitamins and minerals in maintaining a healthy immune system.

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Treatment Strategy, Part II - A: Core List of Nutrients for People Living With HIV Contact: Carl Vogel Center, 1012 14th St NW Ste 707, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 6380750. Summary: This paper recommends a core list of nutrient supplements to be taken by HIV-positive people. Nutritional deficiencies begin in the early stages of HIV infection, and persons with AIDS (PWAs) often require massive amounts of these vitamins and minerals. The paper lists nutrient deficiencies that may be responsible for particular symptoms.

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Nutrition: An evaluation and assessment of the state of the science Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1991. 185 pp.

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Contact: Available from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Building 31, 2A32, MSC 2425, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892. Telephone: (301) 496-5133 / fax: (301) 496-7101 / Web site: http://www.nih.gov/nichd/. Summary: This report provides a multidisciplinary look at the state of the science of maternal, infant, and child nutrition and identifies promising research questions for the future. It is divided into 13 different topics which include: 1) maternal-fetal nutrition, 2) epidemiology, 3) human milk studies, 4) nervous system function, 5) vitamins, 6) childhood obesity, and 7) gastrointestinal development. The report is heavily clinical and technically detailed in nature, although a more general executive summary is also provided. ·

What a Woman Should Know About Protease Inhibitors Contact: Center for Women Policy Studies, National Resource Center on Women and AIDS Policy, 1211 Connecticut Ave NW Ste 312, Washington, DC, 20036, (202) 872-1770, http://www.centerwomenpolicy.org. Summary: Using a question-and-answer format, this report provides information about the therapeutic drug class, protease inhibitors (PIs), for women with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Topics include highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), combination therapy, nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), the beginning of therapy with PIs, side effects, dosage regimens, and drug interactions. The report also answers questions about birth control, pregnancy, gynecological issues, and PIs; the intake of herbal remedies, vitamins, and certain foods with PIs; and financial issues. Information is presented about how long PIs remain effective in the body after their intake, whether or not individuals with undetectable viral loads can stop taking PIs, and new PIs that may soon be available to patients.

The NLM Gateway16 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.17 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

16 17

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 159944 1546 919 115 1 162525

HSTAT18 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.19 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.20 Simply search by “vitamins” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists21 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.22 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.23 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

18

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

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Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 22

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story.

23

After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: ·

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

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Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on vitamins can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to vitamins. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly.

The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below.

Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to vitamins. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “vitamins”:

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Guides on vitamins Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html

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Other guides Antioxidants http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/antioxidants.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to vitamins, the following was listed: ·

General/Overview Using Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Wisely Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=NU00198 Vitamins Source: Harvard School of Public Health http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins.html

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Specific Conditions/Aspects Arthritis Today's 2003 Vitamin and Mineral Guide Source: Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/resources/arthritistoday/2003_archives/Vitamin_Miner al_Guide/default.asp Beta Carotene Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00018 Chromium Supplements: Can They Increase Metabolism? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00614 Colloidal Minerals Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00447 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplements: Any Health Benefits? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00602 Copper: Reducing It in Your Diet Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01544

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Iron Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/iron.html JAMA Patient Page: Vitamins A to K Source: American Medical Association http://www.ama-assn.org/public/journals/patient/archive/jpg061902.htm Magnesium Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/magn.html NCCAM Consumer Advisory on Coral Calcium Source: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine http://nccam.nih.gov/health/alerts/coral/coral.htm Potassium Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00100 Should You Take Supplements? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00025 Supplements for Heart Health Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HB00018 Vitamin A and Bone Health Source: Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases-National Resource Center http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=r617i&doctitle=Vitamin%2BA%2Band%2B Bone%2BHealth&doctype=HTML%2BFact%2BSheet Vitamin A and Carotenoids Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vita.html Vitamin B12 Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vitb12.html Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00017 Vitamin B6 Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vitb6.html Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00016 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00013

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Vitamin D Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vitd.html Vitamin E Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/vite.html Vitamins and Minerals: How Much Do You Need? Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00026 Zinc Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/supplements/zinc.html ·

Children All About What Vitamins and Minerals Do Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/vitamin.html Does Your Child Need Vitamin Supplements? Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ03BR8W7C &sub_cat=110 Promotions for Kids' Dietary Supplements Leave Sour Taste Source: Federal Trade Commission http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/features/kidsupp.htm

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From the National Institutes of Health What Are Dietary Supplements? Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://ods.od.nih.gov/showpage.aspx?pageid=46

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Latest News Magnesium in Diet May Alter Heart Disease Risk Source: 10/10/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14257 .html Multivitamins Good but Who Pays? Source: 10/02/2003, Arthritis Foundation http://www.arthritis.org/Resources/DisplayScreamingNews.asp?id=377 Over Time, Vitamins May Lower Colon Cancer Risk Source: 10/07/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14214 .html Vitamins Don't Curb Bladder Cancer Risk Source: 10/10/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_14251

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.html ·

Men NIH Study Suggests Women May Need More Vitamin C Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2001/niddk-13.htm

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Organizations Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Source: Food and Drug Administration http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.html Food and Nutrition Information Center Source: National Agricultural Library http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ Office of Dietary Supplements Source: National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/

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Prevention/Screening Taking Vitamin Supplements to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Recommendations from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/139/1/I-76

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Research Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Trial Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/newscenter/pressreleases/ATBCfollowup Effect of a Vitamin and Mineral Supplement on Infection and Self-Reported Health Source: American College of Physicians http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/5/I-40

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Statistics FASTATS: Vitamin Intake Source: National Center for Health Statistics http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/vitamins.htm

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Teenagers Mineral Chart Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/misc/mineral_chart.html Vitamin Chart Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/misc/vitamin_chart.html

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Vitamins and Minerals Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/vitamins_minerals.html ·

Women NIH Study Suggests Women May Need More Vitamin C Source: National Institutes of Health http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/aug2001/niddk-13.htm

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on vitamins. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: ·

Vitamins (General Information) Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: These materials include a reprint of an article that reviews the basic information on vitamins and minerals, as well as examining several individual vitamins frequently discussed in the context of HIV. These include vitamin A, beta-Carotene, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin C. A second article focuses on the role and treatment of malnutrition in people with HIV. Subsequent articles include recommendations for vitamin supplements for people with HIV, the effects of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection, a table that organizes the major nutrients that affect the immune system, and therapeutic basics for people living with HIV infection.

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Diet, Vitamin D and Me Source: Abbott Park, IL: Abbott Laboratories. 1991. 2 p. Contact: Available from Abbott Laboratories. Renal Care, Abbott Park, IL 60064. (800) 323-9100 or (708) 937-3933. PRICE: Single copy free; contact local Abbott representative for copies. Order Number 90-1641/R1-40-Sep.,91. Summary: This booklet was written to help kidney patients understand the importance of vitamin D in kidney disease. Using a question and answer format, the authors discuss how vitamin D affects the way calcium and phosphorus are used by the body; what

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happens when calcium and phosphorus levels are out of balance in the blood; renal bone disease; calcitriol supplements; dietary limitations of phosphorus and calcium; and the role of phosphorus binders. ·

A Brief Look at Vitamins and Minerals Contact: Carl Vogel Center, 1012 14th St NW Ste 707, Washington, DC, 20005, (202) 6380750. Summary: This brochure presents information about the importance of vitamins and minerals required to prevent deficiencies in persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has been shown that low serum levels of micronutrients occur in HIV-positive persons even when eating a balanced diet. Documented low levels include vitamins A, B12, B6, E, and C, and selenium and zinc. HIV-positive persons should attempt to obtain these micronutrients from fruits and vegetables rather than from pills. Antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables prevent free radicals from harming cell membranes, thereby, helping to prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS. A table provided in the brochure acts as a guide for the readers concerning micronutrients such as vitamin A, beta-carotene, B6, B12, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin E, zinc, magnesium, and selenium. For each of these vitamins and minerals, information is supplied about its functions, safe dosages, toxicity symptoms, food sources, a review of associated literature, and specific concerns. The brochure advises the readers to get tested for vitamin deficiency if they believe themselves to be malnourished. Suggestions include supplementation with multivitamins/mineral pills and guidance from a registered dietician. Tips for evaluating findings from scientific research about vitamins and minerals in HIV disease are given.

·

Vitamins and Minerals in Kidney Disease Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation. 1998. 7 p. Contact: Available from National Kidney Foundation. 30 East 33rd Street, New York, NY 10016. (800) 622-9010. Website: www.kidney.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure summarizes the role of vitamins and minerals in kidney disease. Written in a question and answer format, the brochure helps patients on dialysis determine how to use vitamin and mineral supplements. Vitamins and minerals are defined as substances needed by the body to help carry out special functions. Healthy people who can eat foods from all the food groups eat a variety of meats, grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. However, people on a renal diet are limited in some food groups and therefore may not be getting all of the vitamins and minerals needed each day. Kidney disease changes the need for some nutrients; the brochure lists the reasons for these changes. The brochure then briefly discusses the supplements commonly prescribed, including vitamin C, B complex vitamins, iron, and calcium (used as a phosphorus binder). One of the important functions of vitamin B6, B12, and folic acid (the B complex vitamins) is to work together with erythropoietin (EPO) and iron to prevent anemia. The brochure also details the problems that can arise from taking too many vitamins or minerals. The brochure concludes by encouraging readers to talk about nutrition with their health care providers and to contact the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) for more information. The brochure is one in a series of materials from an educational program of the National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative.

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·

Vitamin Deficiencies and HIV Contact: SpectraCell Laboratories Incorporated, 515 Post Oak Blvd Ste 830, Houston, TX, 77027-9409, (713) 621-3101, http://www.spectracell.com. Summary: This brochure, for individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses the relationship between vitamin deficiencies and HIV/AIDS. It lists secondary conditions affecting an individual with HIV, and it discusses epidemiological data; HIV/AIDS; the affects of HIV/AIDS on an individual including compromising nutritional status, wasting syndrome, and creating additional metabolic demands; vitamins that affect the immune system; antioxidants; and testing for vitamin deficiencies.

·

What About Vitamins? Contact: AIDS Committee of Toronto, 399 Church St 4th Fl, Toronto, (416) 340-2437, http://www.actoronto.org. Summary: This brochure, in a question-and-answer format, advises HIV-positive people about vitamin supplements.

·

Facts About Dietary Supplements for the Warfighter: Herbs and Botanicals, Amino Acids, Steroids, Vitamins and Minerals Source: Abderdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. 2003. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. 5158 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5403. (800) 2229698. PRICE: Free. Summary: This brochure, produced for the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Medicine, provides information about dietary supplements, specifically herbs and botanicals, amino acids, steroids, and vitamins and minerals. It discusses what these dietary supplements are, how supplements are regulated, and the possible side effects of certain dietary supplements. The brochure offers guidelines for using dietary supplements, as well as several sources for reliable information on dietary supplements.

·

Questions and Answers: SELECT (Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial) Source: Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. 2001. 6 p. Contact: Available from National Cancer Institute. Publications Ordering Service, P.O. Box 24128, Baltimore, MD 21227. (800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237; TTY: (800) 3328615; FAX: (301) 330-7968. PRICE: Free. Summary: This fact sheet from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) discusses SELECT (the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial), an NCI-funded clinical trial to see if selenium, vitamin E, or both dietary supplements prevent prostate cancer in men. In a question and answer format, it provides information on a man's chances of developing prostate cancer, selenium and vitamin E, and why the supplements are being studied for prostate cancer prevention. It also explains what SELECT is; what researchers hope to learn from the trial; participant eligibility and other requirements; who pays for the tests involved in the trial; the doses of selenium and vitamin E being used; possible risks of participation in the trial; and why men should participate in SELECT. In addition, the fact sheet gives information on how potential participants and

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physicians can get more information about SELECT, and other clinical trials under way for prostate cancer prevention. It lists Web sites for additional information and SELECT audio-visual materials. ·

How to Choose a Vitamin-Mineral Supplement Source: Patient Care. 30(14): 109. September 15, 1996. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This fact sheet helps readers choose a multivitamin-mineral supplement. The fact sheet provides a list of tips for reading a vitamin label. After a list of general reminders, the fact sheet features a sample vitamin label, with each section explained. Sections include the ingredients list, the amount of each vitamin or mineral contained in the supplement, and for each ingredient, the percentage of the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) the supplement contains. The fact sheet encourages readers to select a potency close to the RDA. Amounts that are 50 to 150 percent of the RDA are usually appropriate. The fact sheet is designed to be photocopied by physicians and distributed to their patients.

·

Should I Take a Multivitamin-Mineral Supplement? Source: Patient Care. 30(14): 103-104. September 15, 1996. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Fax (201) 573-4956. Summary: This fact sheet helps readers determine whether or not a multivitaminmineral supplement is appropriate for their nutritional needs. The fact sheet provides a list of questions for readers to ask themselves in the following categories: determining if one's diet is 'good enough'; age factors; maintaining an adequate diet overall; avoiding entire food groups; weight loss diets; vegetarianism; maintaining an adequate intake of vitamin-rich fruits and vegetables; systemic health concerns; and the use of alcohol and smoking. One sidebar outlines the special nutritional concerns that women may face. The fact sheet is designed to be photocopied by physicians and distributed to their patients.

·

Vitamins and Minerals in HIV Infection Contact: Seattle Treatment Education Project, 1123 E John St, Seattle, WA, 98102, (206) 329-4857, http://www.thebody.com/step/steppage.html. Summary: This fact sheet states that vitamins and minerals play an essential role in maintaining proper functioning of the immune system and in helping the person who is Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive maintain a healthy lifestyle. The fact sheet presents information for nine common vitamins including Recommended daily allowance (RDA), Anecdotal dosage range (ADR), a description of the effects of each vitamin or mineral, and why each vitamin or mineral is important to a person with HIV infection. The vitamins and minerals described are A, B6, B12, C, D, E, folate, selenium, and zinc.

·

Vitamins and Supplements Contact: Asian Community AIDS Services, 33 Isabella St Ste 107, Toronto, (416) 9634300, http://www.acas.org.

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Summary: This information sheet explains the importance of vitamins and supplements to persons with the human immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The information sheet discusses the importance of taking vitamins and supplements for individuals with HIV/AIDS. It provides general recommendations regarding vitamins and supplements and how to get enough vitamins and minerals in a daily diet. ·

Vitamin D and Bone Protection. [La Vitamina D y la Proteccion de los huesos] Source: Bridgewater, NJ: Ortho Biotech Products, L.P. 2002. 1 p. Contact: Available from Ortho Biotech Products, L.P.: Be Active. P.O. Box 6914, 430 Route, 22 East, Bridgewater, NJ 08807-0914. Website: www.BEACTIVE.info. PRICE: Full-text available online at no charge. Summary: This patient education fact sheet describes vitamin D and bone protection for people with kidney disease. The fact sheet discusses the symptoms and complications of bone disease, and prevention strategies, including a low-phosphorus diet, medication to control phosphorus, calcium supplements, and vitamin D supplements. The fact sheet is from a comprehensive web site that offers an outreach program for the education of health care professionals who are caring for patients with kidney diseases. The web site includes overviews of the prevalence and implications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the eight elements of care, charts and counseling cards (for professional and patient education), the CKD Practice Management Tool, a reference of guidelines for best care practices, CKD presentation slides, and clinical updates in a newsletter format. The end of the fact sheet includes the contact information for the National Kidney Foundation (www.kidney.org), and the National Institutes of Health, Osteoporosis and Related Bone Disorders (www.osteo.org).

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “vitamins” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: ·

Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale Source: United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel; 2003 July 1; 11 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3698&nbr=2924&a mp;string=vitamins

Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

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Growth Failure in Children with Kidney Disease Summary: Describes the interactions among kidney disease, vitamins and minerals, and children's growth. Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6509 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to vitamins. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources

A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: ·

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDÒHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to vitamins. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with vitamins.

The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about vitamins. For more information, see the

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NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797.

Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “vitamins” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information.

The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “vitamins”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “vitamins” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “vitamins” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: ·

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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·

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

·

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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·

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

·

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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·

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

·

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

·

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

·

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

·

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

·

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

·

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

·

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

·

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

·

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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·

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

·

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

·

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

·

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: ·

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

·

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

·

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

·

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

·

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

·

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

·

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on vitamins: ·

Basic Guidelines for Vitamins Vitamin A Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002400.htm Vitamin A test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003570.htm Vitamin B12 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htm Vitamin B-12 level Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003705.htm Vitamin B6 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002402.htm Vitamin C Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002404.htm

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Vitamin D Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002405.htm Vitamin E Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002406.htm Vitamin K Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002407.htm Vitamins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002399.htm Vitamins and colds Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002145.htm ·

Signs & Symptoms for Vitamins Anemias Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Dry or inflamed eyes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003031.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Hair loss Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003246.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Loss of appetite Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Night blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003039.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Skin rashes Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003220.htm Vision problems Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003029.htm

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·

Diagnostics and Tests for Vitamins Beta carotene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003571.htm Beta-carotene Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003571.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Blood smear Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003665.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Lack of intrinsic factor Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001155.htm RBC indices Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003648.htm Reticulocyte count Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003637.htm Schilling test Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003572.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm

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Nutrition for Vitamins Ascorbic acid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002404.htm Balanced diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002449.htm Carbohydrates Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002469.htm Cholesterol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002472.htm Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Fats Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm

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Folate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002408.htm Niacin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002409.htm Pantothenic acid and biotin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002410.htm Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Pyridoxine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002402.htm Riboflavin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002411.htm Saturated fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Scurvy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000355.htm Thiamine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002401.htm Tocopherol Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002406.htm Vitamin A Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002400.htm Vitamin B1 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002401.htm Vitamin B12 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htm Vitamin B-12 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002403.htm Vitamin B6 Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002402.htm Vitamin C Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002404.htm

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Vitamin D Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002405.htm Vitamin E Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002406.htm Vitamin K Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002407.htm Vitamins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002399.htm ·

Background Topics for Vitamins Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Antibodies Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Central nervous system Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002311.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Food guide pyramid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002093.htm Hemolysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002372.htm Hepatic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002378.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Kidney disease Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000457.htm Metabolism Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002257.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Retina Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002291.htm

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Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Shellfish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002851.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm Wound Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000043.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: ·

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

·

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

·

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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VITAMINS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: Precursor of serotonin used as antiepileptic and antidepressant. [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylcholinesterase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to choline and acetate. In the CNS, this enzyme plays a role in the function of peripheral neuromuscular junctions. EC 3.1.1.7. [NIH] Acidity: The quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). [EU] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acne: A disorder of the skin marked by inflammation of oil glands and hair glands. [NIH] Acne Vulgaris: A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Acupuncture Therapy: Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. Heat or moxibustion and acupressure may be used in conjunction. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases,

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kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenocarcinomas: A malignant tumor of the epithelial cells of a gland which typically metastasizes by way of the lymphatics. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adjunctive Therapy: Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, or cell respiration. [NIH]

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Aerobic Respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as oxidative metabolism, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]

Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age Factors: Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from aging, a physiological process, and time factors which refers only to the passage of time. [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Pressure: The force per unit area that the air exerts on any surface in contact with it. Primarily used for articles pertaining to air pressure within a closed environment. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and the central nervous system. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH]

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Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alkylating Agents: Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. They have also been used as components in poison gases. [NIH]

Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Aloe: A genus of the family Liliaceae containing anthraquinone glycosides such as aloinemodin or aloe-emodin (emodin). [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain aluminum as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Amber: A yellowish fossil resin, the gum of several species of coniferous trees, found in the alluvial deposits of northeastern Germany. It is used in molecular biology in the analysis of organic matter fossilized in amber. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH]

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Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Amiodarone: An antianginal and antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting Na,K-activated myocardial adenosine triphosphatase. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anabolic: Relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. [EU] Anaemia: A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the

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quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. [EU] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable. [NIH] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anchorage: In dentistry, points of retention of fillings and artificial restorations and appliances. [NIH] Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiography: Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are

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procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anhydrous: Deprived or destitute of water. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anterior chamber: The space in front of the iris and behind the cornea. [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antianginal: Counteracting angina or anginal conditions. [EU] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity: The phenomenon of antibody-mediated target cell destruction by non-sensitized effector cells. The identity of the target cell varies, but it must possess surface IgG whose Fc portion is intact. The effector cell is a "killer" cell possessing Fc receptors. It may be a lymphocyte lacking conventional B- or T-cell markers, or a monocyte, macrophage, or polynuclear leukocyte, depending on the identity of the target cell. The reaction is complement-independent. [NIH] Anticarcinogenic: Pertaining to something that prevents or delays the development of cancer. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood

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thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antiepileptic: An agent that combats epilepsy. [EU] Antifoaming Agents: Agents used to prevent the formation of foam or to treat flatulence or bloat. [NIH] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiplasmin: A member of the serpin superfamily found in human plasma that inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots which are induced by plasminogen activator. It is a glycoprotein, molecular weight approximately 70,000 that migrates in the alpha 2 region in immunoelectrophoresis. It is the principal plasmin inactivator in blood, rapidly forming a very stable complex with plasmin. [NIH] Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting.

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Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antitussive: An agent that relieves or prevents cough. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Aphasia: A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatase: An enzyme which converts androgens to estrogens by desaturating ring A of the steroid. This enzyme complex is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of estrogenproducing cells including ovaries, placenta, testicular Sertoli and Leydig cells, adipose, and

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brain tissues. The enzyme complex has two components, one of which is the CYP19 gene product, the aromatase cytochrome P-450. The other component is NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase which transfers reducing equivalents to P-450(arom). EC 1.14.13.-. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arsenic trioxide: An anticancer drug that induces programmed cell death (apoptosis) in certain cancer cells. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions)

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is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophic Gastritis: Chronic irritation of the stomach lining. Causes the stomach lining and glands to wither away. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by autoimmune diseases. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH] Axillary: Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there. [NIH]

Axillary Artery: The continuation of the subclavian artery; it distributes over the upper limb, axilla, chest and shoulder. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Azoospermia: Absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. [EU]

Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH]

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Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriologist: An expert in bacteriology. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Baroreflex: A negative feedback system which buffers short-term changes in blood pressure. Increased pressure stretches blood vessels which activates pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) in the vessel walls. The net response of the central nervous system is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and by lowering cardiac output. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure. [NIH]

Basal cell carcinoma: A type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, small round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Composition: The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid. [NIH]

Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Beer: An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoates: Salts and esters of benzoic acid that possess antibacterial and antifungal properties. They are used as preservatives in pharmaceutical formulations including oral preparations, cosmetics, and food. [NIH]

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Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta carotene: A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioassays: Determination of the relative effective strength of a substance (as a vitamin, hormone, or drug) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast,

476 Vitamins

pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotic: Pertaining to living organisms in their ecological rather than their physiological relations. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH]

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Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bony Callus: The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of a fractured bone during normal healing. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Artery: The continuation of the axillary artery; it branches into the radial and ulnar arteries. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain. [NIH]

Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breast Self-Examination: The inspection of one's breasts, usually for signs of disease, especially neoplastic disease. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchopulmonary: Pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. [EU] Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A chronic lung disease appearing in certain newborn infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with mechanical ventilation and elevated

478 Vitamins

concentration of inspired oxygen. [NIH] Brown Fat: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species, including humans, and in hibernating mammals. The tissue is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buccal mucosa: The inner lining of the cheeks and lips. [NIH] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone

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increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Fragility: The lack of resistance, or susceptibility, of capillaries to damage or disruption under conditions of increased stress. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH]

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Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carnitine: Constituent of striated muscle and liver. It is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Castration: Surgical removal or artificial destruction of gonads. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catechin: Extracted from Uncaria gambier, Acacia catechu and other plants; it stabilizes collagen and is therefore used in tanning and dyeing; it prevents capillary fragility and abnormal permeability, but was formerly used as an antidiarrheal. [NIH] Catechol: A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH]

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Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Causality: The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors. [NIH] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Extracts: Preparations of cell constituents or subcellular materials, isolates, or substances. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange

482 Vitamins

materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Centromere: The clear constricted portion of the chromosome at which the chromatids are joined and by which the chromosome is attached to the spindle during cell division. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Check-up: A general physical examination. [NIH] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemokines, C: Group of chemokines without adjacent cysteines that are chemoattractants for lymphocytes only. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH]

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Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Nutrition: Nutrition of children aged 2-12 years. [NIH] Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholecalciferol: An antirachitic oil-soluble vitamin. [NIH] Cholera: An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is vibrio cholerae. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Drugs that inhibit cholinesterases. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is rapidly hydrolyzed, and thereby inactivated, by cholinesterases. When cholinesterases are inhibited, the action of endogenously released acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses is potentiated. Cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used clinically for their potentiation of cholinergic inputs to the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder, the eye, and skeletal muscles; they are also used for their effects on the heart and the central nervous system. [NIH] Chorion: The outermost extraembryonic membrane. [NIH] Chorioretinitis: Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromaffin System: The cells of the body which stain with chromium salts. They occur along the sympathetic nerves, in the adrenal gland, and in various other organs. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic

484 Vitamins

symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cirrhosis: A type of chronic, progressive liver disease. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

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Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clot Retraction: Retraction of a clot resulting from contraction of platelet pseudopods attached to fibrin strands that is dependent on the contractile protein thrombosthenin. Used as a measure of platelet function. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all

486 Vitamins

consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colloids: Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Colonic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Combinatorial: A cut-and-paste process that churns out thousands of potentially valuable compounds at once. [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and

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C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of cancer. Also called a complete response. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of

488 Vitamins

separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consensus Sequence: A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known conserved sequence set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (amino acid motifs) are often formed by conserved sequences. [NIH] Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a consensus sequence. Amino acid motifs are often composed of conserved sequences. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a

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single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Corn Oil: Oil from corn or corn plant. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Corneum: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]

Coronary Disease: Disorder of cardiac function due to an imbalance between myocardial function and the capacity of the coronary vessels to supply sufficient flow for normal function. It is a form of myocardial ischemia (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Coronary Vessels: The veins and arteries of the heart. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH]

490 Vitamins

Cotinine: 1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone antidepressant. Synonym: Scotine. [NIH]

fumarate.

Stimulant

proposed

as

Coumarin: A fluorescent dye. [NIH] Coxsackievirus Infections: A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including herpangina, aseptic meningitis, a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia, and a serious myocarditis. [NIH] Coxsackieviruses: A heterogeneous group of the genus enterovirus found in association with various diseases in man and other animals. Two groups (A and B) have been identified with a number of serotypes in each. The name is derived from a village in New York State where the virus was first identified. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Creatinine clearance: A test that measures how efficiently the kidneys remove creatinine and other wastes from the blood. Low creatinine clearance indicates impaired kidney function. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curcumin: A dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of Curcuma longa Linn. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes. [NIH] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH]

Dictionary 491

Cyanoacrylates: A group of compounds having the general formula CH2=C(CN)-COOR; it polymerizes on contact with moisture; used as tissue adhesive; higher homologs have hemostatic and antibacterial properties. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cystathionine beta-Synthase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the second stage of cysteine biosynthesis it catalyzes the reaction of homocysteine with serine to form cystathionine with the elimination of water. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to hyperhomocysteinemia and homocystinuria. EC 4.2.1.22. [NIH] Cysteinyl: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytokinins: Plant hormones that promote the separation of daughter cells after mitotic division of a parent cell. Frequently they are purine derivatives. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Cytotoxins: Substances elaborated by microorganisms, plants or animals that are specifically toxic to individual cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. [NIH]

Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Data Collection: Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources,

492 Vitamins

including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data. [NIH] De novo: In cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Defectiveness: A condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury. [NIH] Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Deoxyguanosine: A nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose. [NIH]

Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH]

Dictionary 493

Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatology: A medical specialty concerned with the skin, its structure, functions, diseases, and treatment. [NIH] Dermis: A layer of vascular connective tissue underneath the epidermis. The surface of the dermis contains sensitive papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desquamation: The shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. [EU] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Developing Countries: Countries in the process of change directed toward economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures. [NIH] Dexamethasone: (11 beta,16 alpha)-9-Fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4diene-3,20-dione. An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used either in the free alcohol or esterified form in treatment of conditions that respond generally to cortisone. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Dextromethorphan: The d-isomer of the codeine analog of levorphanol. Dextromethorphan shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is a NMDA receptor antagonist (receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is used widely as an antitussive agent, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the

494 Vitamins

background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diet Surveys: Systematic collections of factual data pertaining to the diet of a human population within a given geographic area. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]

Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]

Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH]

Dictionary 495

Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dispenser: Glass, metal or plastic shell fitted with valve from which a pressurized formulation is dispensed; an instrument for atomizing. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diving: An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of single-stranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Donepezil: A drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It is being studied as a treatment for side effects caused by radiation therapy to the brain. [NIH] Dopa: The racemic or DL form of DOPA, an amino acid found in various legumes. The dextro form has little physiologic activity but the levo form (levodopa) is a very important physiologic mediator and precursor and pharmacological agent. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU]

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Dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a drug. If the effects change when the dose of the drug is changed, the effects are said to be dose dependent. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Dry Eye Syndrome: A common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears to keep the eye moist and comfortable. Common symptoms of dry eye include pain, stinging, burning, scratchiness, and intermittent blurring of vision. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH]

Dictionary 497

Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]

Electroplating: Coating with a metal or alloy by electrolysis. [NIH] Electroretinogram: The electrical effect recorded from the surface of the eyeball and originated by a pulse of light. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolism: Blocking of a blood vessel by a blood clot or foreign matter that has been transported from a distant site by the blood stream. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Embryonic Induction: Embryonic cell differentiation in which one group of cells evokes and controls the differentiation of other groups of cells. [NIH] Emesis: Vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. [EU]

Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially Rhamnus frangula. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as tool in toxicity studies. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empiric: Empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH]

498 Vitamins

Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Encephalocele: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull. The majority of congenital encephaloceles occur in the occipital or frontal regions. Clinical features include a protuberant mass that may be pulsatile. The quantity and location of protruding neural tissue determines the type and degree of neurologic deficit. Visual defects, psychomotor developmental delay, and persistent motor deficits frequently occur. [NIH]

Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endoderm: The inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH]

Dictionary 499

Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energy Intake: Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Enteral Nutrition: Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. [NIH] Enteric bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that lack chlorophyll. Some bacteria are capable of causing human, animal, or plant diseases; others are essential in pollution control because they break down organic matter in the air and in the water. [NIH] Enteric-coated: A term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. [EU] Enterobactin: An iron-binding cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine. It is produced by E. coli and other enteric bacteria. [NIH] Enteropeptidase: A specialized proteolytic enzyme secreted by intestinal cells. It converts trypsinogen into its active form trypsin by removing the N-terminal peptide. EC 3.4.21.9. [NIH]

Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Environmental tobacco smoke: ETS. Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers (second-hand smoke). Inhaling ETS is called involuntary or passive smoking. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophilic: A condition found primarily in grinding workers caused by a reaction of the pulmonary tissue, in particular the eosinophilic cells, to dust that has entered the lung. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort

500 Vitamins

studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocyte Membrane: The semipermeable outer portion of the red corpuscle. It is known as a 'ghost' after hemolysis. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Erythropoiesis: The production of erythrocytes. [EU] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Esterification: The process of converting an acid into an alkyl or aryl derivative. Most frequently the process consists of the reaction of an acid with an alcohol in the presence of a trace of mineral acid as catalyst or the reaction of an acyl chloride with an alcohol. Esterification can also be accomplished by enzymatic processes. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen receptor: ER. Protein found on some cancer cells to which estrogen will attach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical

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disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Etidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Eustachian tube: The middle ear cavity is in communication with the back of the nose through the Eustachian tube, which is normally closed, but opens on swallowing, in order to maintain equal air pressure. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expiration: The act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU]

502 Vitamins

Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Color: Color of the iris. [NIH] Eye Movements: Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye. [NIH] Factor V: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of factor V leads to Owren's disease. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Substitutes: Compounds used in food or in food preparation to replace dietary fats. They may be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based. Fat substitutes are usually lower in calories but provide the same texture as fats. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Development: Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or fetus. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH]

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Fibrinolytic: Pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action [EU] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fish Products: Food products manufactured from fish (e.g., fish flour, fish meal). [NIH] Flatulence: Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Fluid Therapy: Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. [NIH] Fluorescein Angiography: Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]

Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food. [NIH]

504 Vitamins

Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forced Expiratory Volume: Measure of the maximum amount of air during a forced vital capacity determination that can be expelled in a given number of seconds. It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fracture Healing: The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes bony callus formation and normal replacement of bone tissue. [NIH] Frail Elderly: Older adults or aged individuals who are lacking in general strength and are unusually susceptible to disease or to other infirmity. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Free Radical Scavengers: Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening. The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Gait: Manner or style of walking. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body

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through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrostomy: Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Dosage: The number of copies of a given gene present in a cell or nucleus. An increase in gene dosage can result in the formation of higher levels of gene product, provided that the gene is not subject to autogenous regulation. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called

506 Vitamins

codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gifted: As used in child psychiatry, this term is meant to refer to a child whose intelligence is in the upper 2 per cent of the total population of his age. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]

Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally

Dictionary 507

occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonads: The gamete-producing glands, ovary or testis. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are

508 Vitamins

different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanine: One of the four DNA bases. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Gum Arabic: Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematemesis: The vomiting of blood. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemolysis: Disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. [EU] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hammer: The largest of the three ossicles of the ear. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH]

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Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with morphology, physiology, and pathology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemianopsia: Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemiplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of

510 Vitamins

glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan: A substance released by astrocytes, which is critical in stopping nervous fibers in their tracks. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatology: The field of medicine concerned with the functions and disorders of the liver. [NIH]

Hepatoma: A liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Herbicides: Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses, and woody plants. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hesperidin: Predominant flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges. [NIH] Heterochromatin: The portion of chromosome material that remains condensed and is transcriptionally inactive during interphase. [NIH] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance.

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[NIH]

Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hibernation: The dormant state in which some animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs. It is a natural physiological process in many warm-blooded animals. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histone Deacetylase: Hydrolyzes N-acetyl groups on histones. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homodimer: Protein-binding "activation domains" always combine with identical proteins. [NIH]

Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone therapy: Treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones. Also called endocrine therapy. [NIH] Horny layer: The superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratinized cells. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Household Products: Substances or materials used in the course of housekeeping or personal routine. [NIH] Housekeeping: The care and management of property. [NIH] Human papillomavirus: HPV. A virus that causes abnormal tissue growth (warts) and is often associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridoma: A hybrid cell resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody-producing spleen cell with a myeloma cell. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent.

512 Vitamins

It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperhomocysteinemia: An inborn error of methionone metabolism which produces an excess of homocysteine in the blood. It is often caused by a deficiency of cystathionine betasynthase and is a risk factor for coronary vascular disease. [NIH] Hyperlipidaemia: A general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. [EU] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperoxia: An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs. [NIH] Hyperpigmentation: Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased melanization of the epidermis rather than as a result of an increased number of melanocytes. Etiology is varied and the condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH]

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Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypochlorous Acid: HClO. An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent. [NIH] Hypoglycemia: Abnormally low blood sugar [NIH] Hypovitaminosis: A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antibiotic. The compound has shown activity against breast cancer, lymphomas and leukemias, together with potential for reduced cardiac toxicity. [NIH] Idiot: A person in whose case there exists mental defectiveness of such a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common danger. [NIH] Ileostomy: Surgical creation of an external opening into the ileum for fecal diversion or drainage. Loop or tube procedures are most often employed. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Immaturity: The state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. [EU] Immortal: Stage when the mother cell and its descendants will multiply indefinitely. [NIH] Immune function: Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

514 Vitamins

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Individuality: Those psychological characteristics which differentiate individuals from one another. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant Mortality: Perinatal, neonatal, and infant deaths in a given population. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while

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sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insecticides: Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH]

516 Vitamins

Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interphase: The interval between two successive cell divisions during which the chromosomes are not individually distinguishable and DNA replication occurs. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]

Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iris: The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium. [NIH] Iron Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain iron as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoflavones: 3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of flavones in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position. [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of acne vulgaris and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects. [NIH] Jejunostomy: Surgical formation of an opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum, usually for enteral hyperalimentation. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH]

518 Vitamins

Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Cortex: The outer zone of the kidney, beneath the capsule, consisting of kidney glomerulus; kidney tubules, distal; and kidney tubules, proximal. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to

Dictionary 519

another. [NIH] Killer Cells: Lymphocyte-like effector cells which mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. They kill antibody-coated target cells which they bind with their Fc receptors. [NIH]

Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laser Surgery: The use of a laser either to vaporize surface lesions or to make bloodless cuts in tissue. It does not include the coagulation of tissue by laser. [NIH] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Leg Ulcer: Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (varicose ulcer), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including

520 Vitamins

the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of dopa and the immediate precursor of dopamine. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to dopamine. It is used for the treatment of parkinsonism and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. [NIH] Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Life Expectancy: A figure representing the number of years, based on known statistics, to which any person of a given age may reasonably expect to live. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lip: Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipid Peroxides: Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU]

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Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Lipoprotein(a): A family of lipoprotein particles varying in density and size depending on the protein-lipid ratio and the protein composition. These particles consist of apolipoprotein B-100 covalently linked to apolipoprotein-a by one or two disulfide bonds. There is a correlation between high plasma levels of this lipoprotein and increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. [NIH] Liposome: A spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. [EU] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Cirrhosis: Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules. [NIH] Liver Extracts: Extracts of liver tissue containing uncharacterized specific factors with specific activities; a soluble thermostable fraction of mammalian liver is used in the treatment of pernicious anemia. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH]

522 Vitamins

Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lytic: 1. Pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. Producing lysis. [EU] Macronutrients: Nutrients in the diet that are the key sources of energy, namely protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Macula: A stain, spot, or thickening. Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. [EU] Macula Lutea: An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the superior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. [NIH] Macular Degeneration: Degenerative changes in the macula lutea of the retina. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU]

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Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Meat Products: Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple). [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH]

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Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Menarche: The establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. [EU] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

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Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastasize: To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] Methionine Adenosyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of Sadenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. EC 2.5.1.6. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology. [NIH] Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] Methyltransferase: A drug-metabolizing enzyme. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU]

526 Vitamins

Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microsomal: Of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. [EU] Midwifery: The practice of assisting women in childbirth. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH]

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Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocyte: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morbillivirus: A genus of the family Paramyxoviridae (subfamily Paramyxovirinae) where all the virions have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species. [NIH]

Morphogenesis: The development of the form of an organ, part of the body, or organism. [NIH]

Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH]

528 Vitamins

Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myeloma: Cancer that arises in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH]

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Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nasogastric: The process of passing a small, flexible plastic tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach or small intestine. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A condition in which part of the tissue in the intestines is destroyed. Occurs mainly in under-weight newborn babies. A temporary ileostomy may be necessary. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neural tube defects: These defects include problems stemming from fetal development of the spinal cord, spine, brain, and skull, and include birth defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects occur early in pregnancy at about 4 to 6 weeks, usually before a woman knows she is pregnant. Many babies with neural tube defects have difficulty walking and with bladder and bowel control. [NIH] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH]

530 Vitamins

Neuraminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.2.1.18. [NIH] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuroretinitis: Inflammation of the optic nerve head and adjacent retina. [NIH] Neurosecretory Systems: A system of neurons that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an endocrine organ or system. [NIH] Neurotic: 1. Pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. A person affected with a neurosis. [EU]

Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV infection and AIDS. [NIH]

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Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Niacinamide: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and pellagra. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nicotinic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate nicotinic cholinergic receptors (receptors, nicotinic). Nicotinic agonists act at postganglionic nicotinic receptors, at neuroeffector junctions in the peripheral nervous system, and at nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system. Agents that function as neuromuscular depolarizing blocking agents are included here because they activate nicotinic receptors, although they are used clinically to block nicotinic transmission. [NIH] Night Blindness: Anomaly of vision in which there is a pronounced inadequacy or complete absence of dark-adaptation. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream. [NIH]

Non-nucleoside: A member of a class of compounds, including delavirdine, loviride and nevirapine, that acts to directly combine with and block the action of HIV's reverse transcriptase. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A group of drugs that decrease fever, swelling, pain, and redness. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through

532 Vitamins

the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nurseries: Facilities which provide care for infants. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritional Support: The administration of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient by means other than normal eating. It does not include fluid therapy which normalizes body fluids to restore water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligoelement: A chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms. [EU] Oligonucleotide Probes: Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH]

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Omega-3 fatty acid: A type of fat obtained in the diet and involved in immunity. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Opportunistic Infections: An infection caused by an organism which becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, e.g., during immunosuppression. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Disk: The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve. [NIH]

Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Optic Nerve Diseases: Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organoleptic: Of, relating to, or involving the employment of the sense organs; used especially of subjective testing (as of flavor, odor, appearance) of food and drug products. [NIH]

Orlistat: A lipase inhibitor used for weight loss. Lipase is an enzyme found in the bowel that assists in lipid absorption by the body. Orlistat blocks this enzyme, reducing the amount of fat the body absorbs by about 30 percent. It is known colloquially as a "fat blocker." Because more oily fat is left in the bowel to be excreted, Orlistat can cause an oily anal leakage and fecal incontinence. Orlistat may not be suitable for people with bowel conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome or Crohn's disease. [NIH]

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Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Orthomolecular Therapy: The use of very large doses of vitamins or other naturally occurring substances normally present in the body, frequently for the treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Osmolality: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. [EU] Osmoles: The standard unit of osmotic pressure. [NIH] Osmosis: Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteolysis: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium. [NIH]

Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]

Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH]

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Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ownership: The legal relation between an entity (individual, group, corporation, or-profit, secular, government) and an object. The object may be corporeal, such as equipment, or completely a creature of law, such as a patent; it may be movable, such as an animal, or immovable, such as a building. [NIH] Oxidants: Oxidizing agents or electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (oxidation-reduction). In vivo, it appears that phagocyte-generated oxidants function as tumor promoters or cocarcinogens rather than as complete carcinogens perhaps because of the high levels of endogenous antioxidant defenses. It is also thought that oxidative damage in joints may trigger the autoimmune response that characterizes the persistence of the rheumatoid disease process. [NIH]

Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative metabolism: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also known as aerobic respiration, cell respiration, or aerobic metabolism. [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pamidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Pamidronate is used as treatment for abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior

536 Vitamins

abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic enzymes: A group of proteins secreted by the pancreas which aid in the digestion of food. [NIH] Pancreatic Extracts: Extracts prepared from pancreatic tissue that may contain the pancreatic enzymes or other specific uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities. Pancreatin is a specific extract containing digestive enzymes and used to treat pancreatic insufficiency. [NIH] Pancreatic Insufficiency: Absence of or reduced pancreatic exocrine secretion into the duodenum and resultant poor digestion of lipids, vitamins, nitrogen, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Pancrelipase: A preparation of hog pancreatic enzymes standardized for lipase content. [NIH]

Papillomavirus: A genus of Papovaviridae causing proliferation of the epithelium, which may lead to malignancy. A wide range of animals are infected including humans, chimpanzees, cattle, rabbits, dogs, and horses. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parathyroidectomy: Excision of one or both of the parathyroid glands. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH]

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Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Parkinsonism: A group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Care Team: Care of patients by a multidisciplinary team usually organized under the leadership of a physician; each member of the team has specific responsibilities and the whole team contributes to the care of the patient. [NIH] Patient Compliance: Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed regimen. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH]

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Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System Diseases: Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves. [NIH] Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage, usually affecting the feet and legs; causing pain, numbness, or a tingling feeling. Also called "somatic neuropathy" or "distal sensory polyneuropathy." [NIH] Peripheral stem cells: Immature cells found circulating in the bloodstream. New blood cells develop from peripheral stem cells. [NIH] Peripheral Vascular Disease: Disease in the large blood vessels of the arms, legs, and feet. People who have had diabetes for a long time may get this because major blood vessels in their arms, legs, and feet are blocked and these limbs do not receive enough blood. The signs of PVD are aching pains in the arms, legs, and feet (especially when walking) and foot sores that heal slowly. Although people with diabetes cannot always avoid PVD, doctors say they have a better chance of avoiding it if they take good care of their feet, do not smoke, and keep both their blood pressure and diabetes under good control. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pernicious: Tending to a fatal issue. [EU] Pernicious anemia: A type of anemia (low red blood cell count) caused by the body's inability to absorb vitamin B12. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Pesticides: Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (industrial fungicides), insecticides, rodenticides, etc. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative

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logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocyte: An immune system cell that can surround and kill microorganisms and remove dead cells. Phagocytes include macrophages. [NIH] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photophobia: Abnormal sensitivity to light. This may occur as a manifestation of eye diseases; migraine; subarachnoid hemorrhage; meningitis; and other disorders. Photophobia

540 Vitamins

may also occur in association with depression and other mental disorders. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Photosensitivity: An abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physicochemical: Pertaining to physics and chemistry. [EU] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Pigmentation: Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment. [NIH] Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasmin: A product of the lysis of plasminogen (profibrinolysin) by plasminogen activators. It is composed of two polypeptide chains, light (B) and heavy (A), with a molecular weight of 75,000. It is the major proteolytic enzyme involved in blood clot retraction or the lysis of fibrin and quickly inactivated by antiplasmins. EC 3.4.21.7. [NIH]

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Plasminogen: Precursor of fibrinolysin (plasmin). It is a single-chain beta-globulin of molecular weight 80-90,000 found mostly in association with fibrinogen in plasma; plasminogen activators change it to fibrinolysin. It is used in wound debriding and has been investigated as a thrombolytic agent. [NIH] Plasminogen Activators: A heterogeneous group of proteolytic enzymes that convert plasminogen to plasmin. They are concentrated in the lysosomes of most cells and in the vascular endothelium, particularly in the vessels of the microcirculation. EC 3.4.21.-. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Poliomyelitis: An acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines. [EU] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH]

542 Vitamins

Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polyphosphates: Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Porphyria: A group of disorders characterized by the excessive production of porphyrins or their precursors that arises from abnormalities in the regulation of the porphyrin-heme pathway. The porphyrias are usually divided into three broad groups, erythropoietic, hepatic, and erythrohepatic, according to the major sites of abnormal porphyrin synthesis. [NIH]

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A form of hepatic porphyria (porphyria, hepatic) characterized by photosensitivity resulting in bullae that rupture easily to form shallow ulcers. This condition occurs in two forms: a sporadic, nonfamilial form that begins in middle age and has normal amounts of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase with diminished activity in the liver; and a familial form in which there is an autosomal dominant inherited deficiency of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in the liver and red blood cells. [NIH] Porphyria, Hepatic: Porphyria in which the liver is the site where excess formation of porphyrin or its precursors is found. Acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda are types of hepatic porphyria. [NIH] Porphyrins: A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postmenopause: The physiological period following the menopause, the permanent cessation of the menstrual life. Since in the United States the age of the menopause ranges between 48 and 55 years, generally conceived as middle age, the postmenopause often refers to women considerably older. [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postprandial: Occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K,

Dictionary 543

atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitating Factors: Factors associated with the definitive onset of a disease, illness, accident, behavioral response, or course of action. Usually one factor is more important or more obviously recognizable than others, if several are involved, and one may often be regarded as "necessary". Examples include exposure to specific disease; amount or level of an infectious organism, drug, or noxious agent, etc. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Prenatal: Existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. [EU] Pressoreceptors: Receptors in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which are sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls. [NIH] Presumptive: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH]

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Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary endpoint: The main result that is measured at the end of a study to see if a given treatment worked (e.g., the number of deaths or the difference in survival between the treatment group and the control group). What the primary endpoint will be is decided before the study begins. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Proctitis: Inflammation of the rectum. [EU] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progeny: The offspring produced in any generation. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective Studies: Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a

Dictionary 545

sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostate-Specific Antigen: Kallikrein-like serine proteinase produced by epithelial cells of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. It is an important marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. EC 3.4.21.77. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va

546 Vitamins

and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Proxy: A person authorized to decide or act for another person, for example, a person having durable power of attorney. [NIH] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as

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evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary Embolism: Embolism in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purgative: 1. Cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. A cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. [EU] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyridoxal: 3-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4- pyridinecarboxaldehyde. [NIH] Pyridoxal Phosphate: 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-((phosphonooxy)methyl)-4pyridinecarboxaldehyde. An enzyme co-factor vitamin. [NIH] Pyridoxic Acid: Chief metabolic product of pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine in urine. [NIH] Pyrimidines: A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH]

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Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Rage: Fury; violent, intense anger. [NIH] Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH]

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Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is

550 Vitamins

incompetent. [EU] Rehydration: The restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. [EU] Reishi: A mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, of the aphyllophorales order of basidomycetous fungi. It has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine in various forms. Contains sterols, coumarin, mannitol, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal cell carcinoma: A type of kidney cancer. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Reproductive system: In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus (womb), the cervix, and the vagina (birth canal). The reproductive system in men includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH]

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Resolving: The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respirators: These enable the wearer to breathe in atmospheres polluted by dust, poisonous vapors, smoke, etc., and are therefore used in certain industries or in warfare; they consist essentially of a mask, a metal frame with outlet and inlet valves, and a socket. [NIH] Respiratory distress syndrome: A lung disease that occurs primarily in premature infants; the newborn must struggle for each breath and blueing of its skin reflects the baby's inability to get enough oxygen. [NIH] Respiratory syncytial virus: RSV. A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. [NIH] Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections: Pneumovirus infections caused by the respiratory syncytial viruses. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported. [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]

Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinae: A congenital notch or cleft of the retina, usually located inferiorly. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Detachment: Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12). [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent

552 Vitamins

on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinitis Pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the neuroepithelium of the retina characterized by night blindness and progressive contraction of the visual field. [NIH] Retinoid: Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Retreatment: The therapy of the same disease in a patient, with the same agent or procedure repeated after initial treatment, or with an additional or alternate measure or follow-up. It does not include therapy which requires more than one administration of a therapeutic agent or regimen. Retreatment is often used with reference to a different modality when the original one was inadequate, harmful, or unsuccessful. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-directed DNA polymerase), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. [NIH] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rhinorrhea: The free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. [EU] Rhodopsin: A photoreceptor protein found in retinal rods. It is a complex formed by the binding of retinal, the oxidized form of retinol, to the protein opsin and undergoes a series of complex reactions in response to visible light resulting in the transmission of nerve impulses to the brain. [NIH] Riboflavin: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FMN and FAD. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided

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that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rickettsiae: One of a group of obligate intracellular parasitic microorganisms, once regarded as intermediate in their properties between bacteria and viruses but now classified as bacteria in the order Rickettsiales, which includes 17 genera and 3 families: Rickettsiace. [NIH]

Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Rodenticides: Substances used to destroy or inhibit the action of rats, mice, or other rodents. [NIH]

Ruminants: A suborder of the order Artiodactyla whose members have the distinguishing feature of a four-chambered stomach. Horns or antlers are usually present, at least in males. [NIH]

Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salmonellosis: Infection by salmonellae. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Scotoma: A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This

554 Vitamins

occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma), optic nerve diseases, and other conditions. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Seafood: Marine fish and shellfish used as food or suitable for food. (Webster, 3d ed) shellfish and fish products are more specific types of seafood. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebaceous gland: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Sedentary: 1. Sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. Pertaining to a sitting posture. [EU] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH]

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Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Shedding: Release of infectious particles (e. g., bacteria, viruses) into the environment, for example by sneezing, by fecal excretion, or from an open lesion. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled

556 Vitamins

to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silicone Oils: Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. [NIH] Siloxanes: Silicon polymers that contain alternate silicon and oxygen atoms in linear or cyclic molecular structures. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skin Aging: The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small cell lung cancer: A type of lung cancer in which the cells appear small and round when viewed under the microscope. Also called oat cell lung cancer. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland,

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27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Soy Proteins: Proteins which are present in or isolated from soybeans. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Sperm Transport: Passive transport or active migration of spermatozoa from the testes through the male genital system as well as within the female genital system. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spina bifida: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH] Spina Bifida Cystica: A defect in development of the vertebral column in which there is a central deficiency of the vertebral lamina. [NIH]

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Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature spinal cord damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Steatorrhea: A condition in which the body cannot absorb fat. Causes a buildup of fat in the stool and loose, greasy, and foul bowel movements. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Stenosis: Narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. [EU] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH]

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Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stricture: The abnormal narrowing of a body opening. Also called stenosis. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stroma: The middle, thickest layer of tissue in the cornea. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subcapsular: Situated below a capsule. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Sudden death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. The term "death" is somewhat misleading, because some patients survive. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH]

560 Vitamins

Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Synapse: The region where the processes of two neurons come into close contiguity, and the nervous impulse passes from one to the other; the fibers of the two are intermeshed, but, according to the general view, there is no direct contiguity. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during

Dictionary 561

mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Teratogens: An agent that causes the production of physical defects in the developing embryo. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine: 3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH]

hydroxyethyl)-4-

Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active

562 Vitamins

form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymosin: A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH]

Dictionary 563

Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxin: A poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. [EU] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transgenes: Genes that are introduced into an organism using gene transfer techniques. [NIH]

564 Vitamins

Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trypsin: A serine endopeptidase that is formed from trypsinogen in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by enteropeptidase in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in electron transport in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This

Dictionary 565

condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Ultraviolet radiation: Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. UV radiation can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of UV radiation. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uracil: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urease: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase: One of the enzymes active in heme biosynthesis. It catalyzes the decarboxylation of uroporphyrinogen III to coproporphyrinogen III by the conversion of four acetic acid groups to four methyl groups. EC 4.1.1.37. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvea: The middle coat of the eyeball, consisting of the choroid in the back of the eye and the

566 Vitamins

ciliary body and iris in the front of the eye. [NIH] Uveitis: An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). [EU] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Valerian: Valeriana officinale, an ancient, sedative herb of the large family Valerianaceae. The roots were formerly used to treat hysterias and other neurotic states and are presently used to treat sleep disorders. [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vam: A form of endomycorrhizae that occurs on many crop plants and temperate trees. The fungi are present in most soils and are not host-specific. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH] Vanadium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain vanadium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Varicose: The common ulcer in the lower third of the leg or near the ankle. [NIH] Varicose Ulcer: Ulcer due to varicose veins. Chronic venous insufficiency in the deep veins of the legs leads to shunting the venous return into the superficial veins, in which pressure and flow rate, as well as oxygen content, are increased. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetarianism: Dietary practice of consuming only vegetables, grains, and nuts. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venoms: Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes,

Dictionary 567

toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a thrombus within a vein. [NIH] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vesicular: 1. Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. [EU] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vibrio: A genus of Vibrionaceae, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle. [NIH] Vibrio cholerae: The etiologic agent of cholera. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a virus. Five different viruses (A, B, C, D, and E) most commonly cause this form of hepatitis. Other rare viruses may also cause hepatitis. [NIH] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured

568 Vitamins

in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virulent: A virus or bacteriophage capable only of lytic growth, as opposed to temperate phages establishing the lysogenic response. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Visual Acuity: Acuteness or clearness of vision, especially of form vision, which is dependent mainly on the sharpness of the retinal focus. [NIH] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vital Capacity: The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration. [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitamin K: A substance that promotes the clotting of blood. [NIH] Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract. [NIH] Vitelline Membrane: The plasma membrane of the egg. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitreous Hemorrhage: Hemorrhage into the vitreous body. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] War: Hostile conflict between organized groups of people. [NIH] Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization.

Dictionary 569

It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide. [NIH] Warts: Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenobiotics: Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. They include naturally occurring compounds, drugs, environmental agents, carcinogens, insecticides, etc. [NIH]

Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yawning: An involuntary deep inspiration with the mouth open, often accompanied by the act of stretching. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yolk Sac: An embryonic membrane formed from endoderm and mesoderm. In reptiles and birds it incorporates the yolk into the digestive tract for nourishing the embryo. In placental mammals its nutritional function is vestigial; however, it is the source of most of the intestinal mucosa and the site of formation of the germ cells. It is sometimes called the vitelline sac, which should not be confused with the vitelline membrane of the egg. [NIH] Zebrafish: A species of North American fishes of the family Cyprinidae. They are used in embryological studies and to study the effects of certain chemicals on development. [NIH] Zinc Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Zoledronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. It is used to prevent bone fractures and reduce bone pain in people who have cancer that has spread to the bone. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

571

INDEX 5 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 257, 326, 463 A Abdomen, 296, 463, 476, 477, 516, 521, 537, 538, 558, 561 Abdominal, 72, 226, 463, 464, 517, 523, 525, 536, 538, 543, 565 Abdominal Pain, 463, 523, 565 Ablation, 82, 463 Acatalasia, 463, 480 Acceptor, 463, 520, 535 Acetaminophen, 11, 257, 309, 432, 463 Acetylcholine, 34, 463, 483, 530, 531 Acetylcholinesterase, 21, 74, 463 Acidity, 256, 463, 539 Acidosis, 463, 493 Acne, 226, 332, 463, 517 Acne Vulgaris, 226, 463, 517 Activities of Daily Living, 11, 463 Acupuncture Therapy, 252, 463 Acute renal, 115, 463, 510 Acyl, 464, 500 Adaptability, 464, 481 Adaptation, 84, 464, 515, 527, 531 Adduct, 50, 464 Adenocarcinomas, 40, 464 Adenoma, 29, 37, 150, 464 Adenosine, 464, 467, 473, 478, 539, 561 Adhesives, 334, 464 Adipocytes, 35, 65, 464 Adipose Tissue, 291, 464, 478, 521 Adjunctive Therapy, 16, 464 Adjustment, 135, 464 Adjuvant, 61, 86, 297, 464, 505 Adolescence, 373, 464, 537 Adrenal Cortex, 464, 500, 512, 544, 550 Adrenergic, 258, 464, 471, 495, 500, 560 Adverse Effect, 464, 517, 555 Aerobic, 464, 465, 526, 535, 564 Aerobic Metabolism, 464, 465, 535 Aerobic Respiration, 464, 465, 535 Aerosol, 465, 531, 560 Aetiology, 153, 465 Affinity, 30, 44, 48, 74, 465, 472, 493, 520, 525, 556 Agar, 316, 465, 490, 513, 540 Age Factors, 447, 465 Age of Onset, 465, 564

Ageing, 311, 385, 465 Agonist, 347, 465, 495, 531, 548, 560 Air Pressure, 465, 501 Airway, 113, 177, 183, 465 Alanine, 37, 347, 465 Aldehydes, 180, 465 Alendronate, 297, 301, 354, 416, 422, 465 Alertness, 465, 478 Algorithms, 466, 476 Alimentary, 6, 372, 466, 494, 499, 536, 537 Alkaline, 9, 309, 463, 466, 467, 479, 486, 539, 561 Alkaline Phosphatase, 9, 466 Alkaloid, 466, 531, 561 Alkalosis, 466, 561 Alkylating Agents, 466, 565 Alleles, 466, 521 Allergen, 29, 466 Allograft, 19, 466 Aloe, 258, 334, 466 Alpha Particles, 466, 548 Alpha-helix, 466, 518 Alternative medicine, 288, 417, 466 Aluminum, 5, 258, 317, 408, 466 Aluminum Compounds, 317, 466 Alveolar Process, 466, 551 Amber, 351, 466 Ameliorated, 75, 466 Ameliorating, 69, 466 Amenorrhea, 227, 466, 469 Amifostine, 118, 467 Amine, 467, 511 Amino Acid Sequence, 467, 469, 488, 505 Aminophylline, 281, 467 Amiodarone, 223, 259, 467 Ammonia, 467, 560, 565 Amnestic, 73, 467 Amnion, 58, 148, 467 Amniotic Fluid, 100, 467, 506 Amphetamine, 467, 493 Amplification, 67, 467 Amyloid, 21, 467 Anabolic, 312, 364, 467, 494 Anaemia, 160, 467, 524 Anaerobic, 77, 468 Anaesthesia, 468, 514 Anal, 468, 499, 521, 533 Analgesic, 463, 468, 485, 513, 520, 531

572 Vitamins

Analog, 77, 78, 82, 344, 366, 372, 414, 415, 436, 468, 493 Analogous, 50, 468, 541, 563 Analysis of Variance, 20, 468 Anaphylatoxins, 468, 487 Anatomical, 468, 473, 483, 494, 497, 514, 521, 553 Anchorage, 63, 468 Androgens, 464, 468, 471 Anemia, 9, 16, 227, 239, 247, 330, 333, 445, 468, 478, 503, 527, 538 Anesthesia, 91, 147, 465, 468, 498 Aneurysm, 468, 566 Angina, 13, 134, 155, 227, 468, 469 Angina Pectoris, 13, 155, 468 Angiogenesis, 468, 523 Angiography, 296, 468 Angioplasty, 91, 468, 528 Angiotensinogen, 469, 550 Anhydrous, 351, 469 Animal model, 42, 75, 469 Anions, 469, 517, 559 Anomalies, 37, 134, 177, 184, 469, 561 Anorexia, 141, 227, 407, 469, 534, 565 Anorexia Nervosa, 141, 227, 469 Antagonism, 129, 469, 478, 561 Anterior chamber, 469, 517 Anthracycline, 469, 513 Antianginal, 467, 469 Antiarrhythmic, 467, 469 Antibacterial, 469, 474, 491, 557 Antibiotic, 259, 469, 500, 513, 537, 557 Antibodies, 46, 328, 433, 434, 461, 469, 473, 508, 510, 514, 522, 527, 540 Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, 469, 519 Anticarcinogenic, 24, 469 Anticoagulant, 469, 545, 568 Anticonvulsants, 61, 259, 470 Antidepressant, 463, 470, 490 Antidote, 470, 519 Antiepileptic, 159, 288, 463, 470 Antifoaming Agents, 337, 470 Antifungal, 470, 474 Antigen, 24, 465, 469, 470, 487, 511, 512, 513, 514, 523 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 470, 487 Anti-infective, 470, 503, 512, 517, 556 Anti-Infective Agents, 470, 503 Anti-inflammatory, 145, 275, 276, 328, 339, 349, 360, 463, 470, 472, 493, 506, 513, 531, 543

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 470, 472 Antimetabolite, 470, 525 Antimicrobial, 328, 470, 493 Antineoplastic, 466, 470, 506, 525 Antiplasmin, 329, 470 Antiproliferative, 339, 345, 362, 470 Antipsychotic, 470, 530 Antipyretic, 463, 471 Antiseptic, 471, 480 Antitussive, 471, 493 Antiviral, 301, 471, 516 Anuria, 471, 518 Anus, 468, 471, 477, 486, 503, 549 Aorta, 72, 471, 479, 543, 567 Apathy, 471, 530 Aphasia, 467, 471 Apolipoproteins, 46, 55, 471, 520 Apoptosis, 24, 38, 63, 101, 125, 178, 184, 471, 472, 491 Applicability, 30, 471 Approximate, 361, 471 Aqueous, 72, 317, 342, 343, 356, 360, 361, 362, 471, 474, 491, 497, 512, 519, 521 Arachidonic Acid, 58, 471, 519, 545 Arginine, 68, 86, 326, 468, 471, 531, 564 Aromatase, 40, 471 Aromatic, 347, 472, 479, 525, 539, 557 Arsenic trioxide, 287, 472 Arterial, 72, 122, 219, 224, 472, 483, 488, 513, 519, 546, 560 Arteries, 72, 292, 299, 313, 471, 472, 476, 477, 489, 517, 522, 525, 528, 562 Arteriolar, 472, 477, 550 Arterioles, 472, 476, 479, 526, 528, 566 Arteriolosclerosis, 472 Arteriosclerosis, 51, 88, 110, 125, 146, 228, 303, 327, 472, 513, 528 Articular, 472, 534 Ascorbic Acid, 6, 12, 22, 100, 154, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180, 181, 187, 190, 293, 310, 325, 327, 360, 380, 408, 422, 435, 441, 472, 512 Aseptic, 472, 490, 533, 558 Aspartate, 472, 493 Asphyxia, 472, 531 Aspirin, 53, 110, 143, 157, 257, 260, 299, 301, 472 Assay, 9, 30, 56, 137, 163, 294, 405, 472, 486, 564 Astringent, 472, 480 Astrocytes, 472, 510 Asymptomatic, 298, 463, 473, 536

Index 573

ATP, 473, 495, 506, 525, 539, 546, 563 Atrial, 467, 473, 488, 568 Atrial Fibrillation, 473, 568 Atrium, 473, 479, 489, 567 Atrophic Gastritis, 16, 473 Atrophy, 357, 473, 530, 541 Aura, 373, 473 Autoantibodies, 54, 473 Autoantigens, 473 Autodigestion, 473, 536 Autoimmune disease, 473, 528 Autoimmunity, 53, 473 Autonomic, 463, 467, 471, 473, 490, 529, 531, 538 Autonomic Nervous System, 473, 529, 538 Axillary, 473, 477 Axillary Artery, 473, 477 Axons, 61, 473, 533 Azoospermia, 320, 473 B Bacteria, 16, 173, 322, 338, 370, 406, 434, 464, 469, 470, 473, 474, 475, 487, 497, 499, 502, 510, 525, 526, 540, 549, 553, 555, 557, 559, 563, 564, 566 Bactericidal, 474, 500 Bacteriologist, 99, 474 Bacteriophage, 474, 540, 563, 568 Bacteriostatic, 474, 500 Bacterium, 81, 474, 487, 510 Baroreflex, 415, 474 Basal cell carcinoma, 165, 179, 186, 474 Basal cells, 56, 474 Basal Ganglia, 56, 471, 474 Base Composition, 351, 474 Basement Membrane, 56, 474, 501, 519 Basophils, 111, 474, 508, 519 Beer, 364, 474 Benign, 32, 228, 464, 472, 474, 508, 529, 545, 548, 569 Benzene, 351, 474, 517 Benzoates, 26, 474 Benzoic Acid, 474, 475 Beta carotene, 6, 10, 11, 85, 86, 154, 322, 435, 459, 475 Beta-pleated, 467, 475 Bifida, 475 Bilateral, 98, 475, 509, 536, 552 Bile, 71, 114, 134, 261, 384, 405, 418, 475, 504, 511, 521, 554, 558, 561 Bile Acids, 384, 475, 558, 561 Bile Acids and Salts, 475 Bile duct, 418, 475

Biliary, 475, 536 Biliary Tract, 475, 536 Binding agent, 315, 475 Binding Sites, 30, 46, 475 Bioassays, 331, 475 Bioavailability, 27, 94, 126, 174, 310, 316, 341, 343, 382, 475 Bioavailable, 310, 333, 475 Biochemical reactions, 181, 475, 561 Biological response modifier, 475, 515 Biological therapy, 475, 508 Biomarkers, 20, 38, 43, 56, 59, 63, 73, 106, 134, 327, 475 Biopsy, 6, 476 Biotechnology, 76, 84, 404, 417, 431, 476 Biotic, 332, 476 Biotin, 42, 128, 191, 195, 380, 384, 407, 408, 460, 476, 532 Bivalent, 476, 525 Blastocyst, 476, 487, 540 Bloating, 476, 523 Blood Coagulation, 21, 122, 476, 479, 502, 562 Blood Coagulation Factors, 476 Blood Glucose, 6, 11, 17, 21, 476, 509, 515 Blood pressure, 81, 153, 175, 296, 299, 313, 459, 474, 476, 480, 513, 527, 538, 557 Blood-Brain Barrier, 476, 520 Blot, 222, 476, 532 Body Composition, 55, 476 Body Fluids, 361, 466, 475, 476, 478, 496, 503, 532, 556, 564 Body Mass Index, 299, 476, 535 Bone Density, 293, 297, 476 Bone Marrow, 33, 44, 229, 474, 477, 491, 500, 508, 513, 522, 527 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, 328, 477 Bone Resorption, 354, 355, 477, 479 Bony Callus, 477, 504 Boron, 191, 385, 477, 490 Bowel, 238, 321, 372, 468, 477, 494, 515, 516, 519, 529, 533, 538, 558, 559, 565 Bowel Movement, 321, 477, 494, 558, 559 Brachial, 109, 477 Brachial Artery, 109, 477 Brachytherapy, 477, 516, 517, 548, 569 Bradykinin, 477, 531, 540 Brain metastases, 298, 477 Branch, 177, 184, 435, 455, 477, 522, 537, 547, 557, 561 Breakdown, 46, 58, 337, 342, 352, 353, 371, 477, 481, 493, 494, 504, 533

574 Vitamins

Breast Self-Examination, 32, 477 Bronchi, 477, 500, 561, 563 Bronchial, 43, 154, 467, 477, 511, 561 Bronchitis, 229, 230, 477, 484 Bronchopulmonary, 108, 477 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 108, 477 Brown Fat, 312, 478 Buccal, 43, 478, 522 Buccal mucosa, 43, 478 Buffers, 319, 474, 478 Burns, 230, 311, 397, 478, 512 Burns, Electric, 478 Bypass, 303, 350, 478, 528 C Cadmium, 159, 478 Cadmium Poisoning, 478 Caffeine, 326, 332, 348, 380, 478, 547 Calcifediol, 478 Calcification, 152, 350, 472, 478 Calcitonin, 181, 422, 478 Calcitriol, 5, 350, 362, 445, 478 Callus, 331, 479, 497 Capillary, 230, 477, 479, 480, 506, 521, 553, 567 Capillary Fragility, 230, 479, 480, 553 Capsules, 289, 348, 368, 423, 479, 499, 503, 505, 506 Carbohydrate, 312, 331, 335, 337, 361, 370, 479, 502, 506, 507, 532, 542, 555 Carbon Dioxide, 337, 479, 492, 540, 551, 565 Carbon Disulfide, 61, 479 Carboxy, 479 Carboxylic Acids, 318, 319, 479 Carcinogen, 32, 75, 360, 464, 479 Carcinogenesis, 37, 42, 44, 47, 75, 146, 479, 482 Carcinogenic, 466, 474, 479, 515, 544, 558 Carcinoma, 73, 99, 152, 153, 159, 339, 479 Cardiac Output, 474, 479 Cardiology, 52, 89, 97, 106, 107, 109, 119, 120, 128, 131, 143, 150, 164, 169, 219, 224, 479 Cardiopulmonary, 69, 147, 479 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 147, 479 Carnitine, 192, 193, 383, 480 Case report, 480, 485 Case series, 480, 485 Case-Control Studies, 36, 73, 480, 499 Castration, 40, 480 Catabolism, 45, 312, 480 Catalase, 57, 60, 112, 132, 463, 480

Cataract, 28, 85, 145, 160, 175, 299, 480, 551 Catechin, 41, 480 Catechol, 60, 480 Catecholamine, 480, 495 Catheter, 318, 480, 498 Catheterization, 469, 480, 528 Cations, 481, 517 Caudal, 481, 542 Causal, 37, 49, 59, 481, 499, 510 Causality, 54, 481 Cause of Death, 33, 72, 313, 481 Caustic, 481, 556, 564 Celiac Disease, 6, 12, 231, 481 Cell Count, 180, 296, 303, 481, 538 Cell Death, 84, 107, 158, 402, 471, 472, 481 Cell Differentiation, 344, 372, 481, 497, 555 Cell Division, 38, 473, 481, 482, 508, 516, 524, 526, 540, 554, 561 Cell Extracts, 30, 481 Cell membrane, 22, 445, 481, 492, 508, 539 Cell proliferation, 24, 32, 41, 42, 62, 63, 472, 481, 533, 555 Cell Respiration, 464, 465, 481, 526, 535, 551 Cell Survival, 481, 508 Cellobiose, 481 Cellular metabolism, 62, 432, 481 Cellulose, 325, 363, 481, 540 Central Nervous System Infections, 482, 508 Centrifugation, 482, 526 Centromere, 38, 482 Ceramide, 90, 176, 182, 482 Cerebral, 13, 126, 299, 474, 476, 482, 498, 500, 509, 546, 561 Cerebrospinal, 52, 100, 482 Cerebrospinal fluid, 52, 100, 482 Cerebrovascular, 19, 69, 161, 300, 301, 480, 482 Cerebrum, 482, 561 Cervical, 58, 133, 154, 231, 319, 482, 509 Cervix, 482, 496, 550 Character, 61, 468, 482, 492, 507 Check-up, 291, 482 Chemokines, 41, 482 Chemokines, C, 41, 482 Chemoprevention, 32, 45, 98, 164, 165, 289, 292, 297, 482 Chemopreventive, 24, 31, 44, 63, 482 Chemotactic Factors, 482, 487

Index 575

Chemotherapy, 264, 287, 290, 295, 297, 320, 483 Child Nutrition, 436, 483 Child Psychiatry, 483, 506 Chin, 140, 483, 524 Chlorine, 483, 513 Cholecalciferol, 78, 264, 346, 483 Cholera, 361, 483, 567 Cholesterol Esters, 483, 520 Choline, 45, 107, 170, 193, 326, 380, 384, 463, 483 Cholinergic, 471, 483, 531 Cholinesterase Inhibitors, 483, 495 Chorion, 148, 483 Chorioretinitis, 483, 551 Choroid, 483, 551, 565 Chromaffin System, 483, 498 Chromatin, 30, 38, 51, 80, 471, 483, 499, 561 Chromium, 6, 8, 10, 11, 192, 220, 312, 380, 385, 440, 483 Chromosomal, 28, 67, 84, 467, 483, 484, 526, 540 Chromosome, 28, 38, 482, 484, 487, 505, 508, 510, 520, 521, 526, 554 Chronic Disease, 41, 45, 62, 166, 327, 484, 486 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 54, 231, 299, 484 Chronic renal, 5, 7, 8, 19, 26, 69, 168, 406, 408, 484, 541, 565 Chylomicrons, 33, 484, 520, 521 Ciliary, 484, 555, 566 Ciliary Body, 484, 555, 566 Circadian, 161, 484 Circadian Rhythm, 161, 484 Circulatory system, 484, 498 Cirrhosis, 10, 232, 484 CIS, 62, 137, 484, 551 Cisplatin, 192, 416, 484 Citric Acid, 309, 310, 325, 484 Citrus, 99, 472, 484 Clear cell carcinoma, 484, 493 Clinical Medicine, 97, 484, 543 Clinical study, 335, 485, 488 Clone, 28, 42, 75, 485 Cloning, 28, 41, 476, 485 Clot Retraction, 485, 540 Coagulation, 21, 476, 485, 510, 519, 540, 562, 568 Coal, 474, 485 Cochlear, 485, 562, 567

Cochlear Diseases, 485, 562 Cod Liver Oil, 116, 485, 497 Codeine, 485, 493 Coenzyme, 74, 80, 84, 98, 99, 265, 328, 333, 339, 402, 432, 435, 472, 485, 531 Cofactor, 61, 415, 485, 531, 546, 562 Cognition, 73, 92, 113, 168, 485, 530 Cohort Studies, 48, 54, 485, 500 Colitis, 13, 249, 372, 485, 568 Collagen, 56, 58, 324, 329, 464, 467, 474, 480, 485, 486, 501, 503, 505, 512, 523, 541, 544 Collagen disease, 486, 512 Collapse, 477, 486 Colloidal, 265, 361, 440, 486, 497, 538, 560 Colloids, 324, 486, 505, 560 Colon, 53, 96, 232, 253, 362, 372, 383, 414, 415, 442, 485, 486, 515, 519, 564 Colonic Neoplasms, 145, 486 Colorectal, 29, 37, 47, 48, 53, 98, 106, 150, 221, 232, 486 Colorectal Cancer, 47, 48, 53, 98, 221, 232, 486 Colostrum, 115, 486 Combination Therapy, 436, 486 Combinatorial, 20, 486 Comet Assay, 157, 486 Comorbidity, 70, 486 Complement, 53, 63, 172, 173, 174, 180, 181, 468, 469, 486, 487, 506, 508, 540 Complementary and alternative medicine, 217, 218, 284, 487 Complementary medicine, 218, 487 Complete remission, 487, 550 Compliance, 21, 62, 310, 365, 487 Computational Biology, 45, 431, 487 Conception, 487, 502, 558 Concomitant, 332, 369, 370, 487 Cones, 487, 551 Congestion, 336, 374, 471, 487, 500 Conjugated, 57, 265, 440, 475, 487, 491 Conjugation, 51, 487, 507 Connective Tissue, 232, 472, 477, 485, 486, 488, 493, 503, 504, 505, 522, 552 Consciousness, 401, 468, 488, 492, 495 Consensus Sequence, 488 Conserved Sequence, 76, 488 Constipation, 232, 321, 471, 488 Constitutional, 488, 552 Constriction, 488, 517 Contamination, 488, 510 Contraindications, ii, 488

576 Vitamins

Contrast medium, 468, 488, 489 Control group, 12, 29, 39, 61, 488, 544, 548 Controlled clinical trial, 19, 26, 488 Controlled study, 161, 221, 488 Coordination, 299, 488, 528 Cor, 488 Corn Oil, 322, 489 Cornea, 469, 489, 553, 559, 566 Corneum, 20, 319, 352, 489, 500 Coronary Angiography, 122, 489 Coronary Circulation, 468, 489 Coronary Disease, 87, 101, 131, 156, 300, 301, 303, 489 Coronary heart disease, 19, 72, 97, 101, 104, 139, 146, 148, 149, 224, 312, 480, 489 Coronary Thrombosis, 489, 525, 528 Coronary Vessels, 489 Corpus, 489, 522, 544, 568 Corpus Luteum, 489, 522, 544 Corpuscle, 489, 500 Cortex, 133, 489 Cortical, 133, 489, 554 Corticosteroids, 3, 265, 276, 489, 506, 543 Cortisone, 489, 493, 543 Cotinine, 29, 490 Coumarin, 490, 550 Coxsackievirus Infections, 52, 490 Coxsackieviruses, 490 Cranial, 490, 508, 516, 529, 533, 538, 567 Cranial Nerves, 490, 529 Craniocerebral Trauma, 490, 508, 562 Creatine, 322, 490 Creatinine, 7, 8, 9, 19, 150, 294, 490, 518, 565 Creatinine clearance, 8, 19, 294, 490 Criterion, 405, 490 Crossing-over, 490, 549 Cross-Sectional Studies, 490, 500 Culture Media, 465, 490 Cultured cells, 63, 102, 490 Curative, 490, 531, 552, 561 Curcumin, 339, 340, 490 Cutaneous, 15, 102, 233, 311, 490, 522, 536, 540 Cyanoacrylates, 311, 491 Cyclic, 233, 358, 478, 491, 499, 508, 531, 542, 545, 556, 561 Cyclin, 24, 491 Cyclosporine, 4, 266, 491 Cystathionine beta-Synthase, 24, 39, 491, 512 Cysteinyl, 491, 525

Cytochrome, 28, 75, 83, 162, 347, 384, 472, 491 Cytokine, 35, 491 Cytokinins, 175, 491 Cytomegalovirus, 70, 491 Cytoplasm, 471, 474, 481, 491, 499, 508, 525, 552, 561 Cytotoxic, 102, 126, 491, 548, 556 Cytotoxicity, 112, 132, 358, 484, 491 Cytotoxins, 328, 491 D Dairy Products, 11, 17, 155, 445, 491, 553 Data Collection, 70, 491 De novo, 19, 27, 50, 76, 492 Deamination, 492, 565 Decarboxylation, 492, 511, 565 Decidua, 492, 540 Decompression, 492, 495 Defectiveness, 492, 513 Defense Mechanisms, 20, 492 Degenerative, 27, 41, 88, 328, 342, 371, 492, 510, 522, 534, 551, 552 Dehydration, 361, 365, 483, 492 Delavirdine, 492, 531 Deletion, 48, 67, 471, 492, 521 Delivery of Health Care, 492, 509 Delusions, 492, 547 Dementia, 9, 11, 14, 20, 56, 69, 73, 110, 113, 119, 168, 176, 183, 233, 247, 291, 470, 492 Dendrites, 492, 530 Density, 3, 13, 16, 27, 45, 65, 140, 297, 301, 476, 482, 492, 520, 521, 533, 541, 556 Deoxyguanosine, 93, 492 Depolarization, 492, 556 Depressive Disorder, 492, 521 Dermal, 220, 318, 358, 493 Dermatology, 90, 98, 129, 153, 161, 164, 177, 183, 399, 493 Dermis, 493, 563 DES, 173, 180, 468, 493 Desquamation, 358, 493 Detergents, 319, 356, 493, 503 Detoxification, 75, 253, 493 Deuterium, 493, 512 Developed Countries, 493, 503 Developing Countries, 310, 386, 493 Dexamethasone, 62, 104, 493 Dextroamphetamine, 467, 493, 525 Dextromethorphan, 313, 493 Diabetes Mellitus, 12, 45, 89, 233, 493, 507, 509 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 131, 493

Index 577

Diabetic Retinopathy, 9, 14, 286, 493, 539 Diagnostic procedure, 307, 417, 494 Dialysate, 317, 318, 407, 494 Dialyzer, 318, 494, 509 Diarrhea, 4, 46, 233, 336, 434, 435, 458, 494, 523 Diastolic, 494, 513 Diet Surveys, 172, 175, 494 Dietary Fats, 65, 71, 494, 502, 520 Dietary Fiber, 116, 336, 337, 380, 494 Dietitian, 4, 494 Digestion, 71, 150, 336, 418, 466, 475, 477, 494, 516, 520, 521, 536, 537, 558, 566 Digestive system, 304, 494, 505 Digestive tract, 303, 316, 494, 556, 569 Dihydrotestosterone, 494, 549 Dihydroxy, 76, 155, 344, 345, 369, 494, 499, 553 Dilatation, 468, 494, 544, 566 Dilatation, Pathologic, 494, 566 Dilation, 477, 494, 566 Dilution, 23, 362, 494 Dimerization, 35, 494 Diploid, 494, 540 Direct, iii, 12, 20, 23, 32, 68, 81, 83, 322, 323, 421, 484, 494, 495, 549, 560 Disease Progression, 55, 65, 121, 435, 494, 568 Disinfectant, 495, 501 Dispenser, 318, 495 Dissociation, 30, 465, 495 Dissociative Disorders, 495 Distal, 61, 495, 518, 538, 546 Diuresis, 478, 495, 561 Diving, 96, 495 Dizziness, 495, 567 DNA Topoisomerase, 495, 506 Domesticated, 342, 495, 508 Donepezil, 34, 298, 495 Dopa, 495, 520 Dopamine, 56, 467, 471, 493, 495, 520, 530, 539 Dorsal, 61, 495, 542 Dose-dependent, 24, 496 Double-blind, 19, 20, 26, 62, 69, 72, 74, 107, 109, 135, 161, 221, 288, 289, 496 Double-blinded, 289, 496 Douche, 319, 496 Drug Interactions, 173, 384, 395, 425, 426, 436, 496 Drug Tolerance, 496, 563 Dry Eye Syndrome, 314, 496

Duct, 405, 480, 496, 501, 553, 558 Duodenum, 71, 475, 496, 536, 554, 558 Dyes, 467, 474, 496, 539 Dyskinesia, 249, 313, 471, 496 Dysplasia, 40, 154, 231, 496 Dystrophy, 181, 242, 496 E Eating Disorders, 10, 234, 496 Edema, 234, 296, 494, 496, 516, 528, 529, 543, 565 Effector, 463, 469, 486, 496, 519, 530 Effector cell, 469, 496, 519, 530 Efficacy, 12, 14, 20, 28, 31, 34, 47, 65, 66, 78, 107, 119, 165, 219, 295, 326, 333, 360, 496 Effusion, 131, 496 Ejaculation, 496, 554 Elastic, 496, 507, 560 Elasticity, 472, 496, 556 Elastin, 486, 497, 501 Elective, 82, 497 Electrocoagulation, 485, 497 Electrolyte, 115, 319, 424, 497, 503, 518, 532, 543, 557, 565 Electrophoresis, 486, 497, 514 Electroplating, 480, 497 Electroretinogram, 289, 497 Emboli, 497, 568 Embolism, 497, 547, 569 Embolization, 497, 568 Embryo, 23, 25, 36, 46, 467, 476, 481, 497, 498, 502, 506, 514, 525, 534, 541, 561, 569 Embryogenesis, 75, 497 Embryonic Induction, 26, 497 Emesis, 335, 497 Emodin, 466, 497 Emollient, 368, 497, 507, 532 Emphysema, 234, 484, 497 Empiric, 47, 497 Emulsion, 303, 319, 323, 343, 346, 362, 497 Enamel, 351, 497, 518 Encapsulated, 368, 498 Encephalocele, 498, 529 Endarterectomy, 469, 498 Endemic, 113, 483, 498, 558 Endocrine Glands, 498, 536 Endocrine System, 346, 498 Endocytosis, 45, 80, 136, 498 Endoderm, 46, 498, 569 Endopeptidases, 498, 545 Endorphins, 498, 530

578 Vitamins

Endothelial cell, 35, 44, 60, 69, 476, 498, 562 Endothelium, 83, 109, 143, 292, 498, 531, 541 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 498 Endothelium, Vascular, 498 Endothelium-derived, 498, 531 Endotoxin, 499, 564 End-stage renal, 19, 70, 225, 484, 499, 541 Energy Intake, 45, 499 Enhancer, 347, 499, 551 Enkephalins, 499, 530 Enteral Nutrition, 95, 118, 145, 166, 169, 324, 353, 499 Enteric bacteria, 499 Enteric-coated, 46, 499 Enterobactin, 77, 499 Enteropeptidase, 499, 564 Environmental Exposure, 56, 60, 333, 499 Environmental Health, 29, 430, 432, 499 Environmental tobacco smoke, 29, 499 Enzymatic, 51, 61, 88, 347, 366, 467, 478, 479, 480, 487, 499, 500, 503, 511, 524, 525, 551, 568 Eosinophilia, 174, 499 Eosinophilic, 131, 499 Eosinophils, 499, 508, 519 Epidemic, 52, 490, 499, 558 Epidemiologic Studies, 33, 64, 499 Epidemiological, 27, 43, 59, 72, 88, 90, 160, 327, 446, 500 Epidermal, 160, 358, 362, 395, 500, 518, 524, 569 Epidermis, 319, 474, 489, 493, 500, 511, 512, 518, 544, 547 Epinephrine, 267, 464, 495, 500, 530, 531, 564 Epithelial, 31, 32, 42, 43, 58, 63, 73, 110, 464, 484, 492, 493, 500, 507, 510, 519, 545 Epithelial Cells, 31, 42, 63, 73, 110, 464, 500, 510, 519, 545 Epithelium, 32, 47, 56, 58, 314, 474, 498, 500, 505, 517, 536, 551 Erythema, 161, 234, 311, 500, 559 Erythrocyte Membrane, 54, 158, 500 Erythrocytes, 168, 467, 468, 477, 500, 510, 549 Erythromycin, 80, 267, 500 Erythropoiesis, 18, 500 Erythropoietin, 111, 445, 500 Esophageal, 222, 434, 500 Esophagus, 494, 500, 505, 539, 549, 558

Esterification, 366, 500 Estradiol, 40, 43, 267, 500 Estrogen, 40, 42, 63, 157, 268, 297, 303, 471, 500, 544, 548, 554, 560 Estrogen receptor, 40, 42, 500 Ethanol, 127, 136, 343, 500, 502 Etidronate, 297, 422, 501 Eukaryotic Cells, 501, 564 Eustachian tube, 96, 501 Evacuation, 488, 501, 519, 547 Excipient, 501, 508 Excitation, 501, 530 Excrete, 471, 501, 518 Exfoliation, 358, 493, 501 Exhaustion, 469, 501 Exocrine, 501, 535, 536 Exogenous, 39, 42, 46, 54, 60, 68, 75, 498, 501, 507, 545, 564 Expiration, 501, 551, 568 Extensor, 501, 546 External-beam radiation, 501, 517, 548, 569 Extracellular, 42, 56, 60, 162, 350, 467, 472, 488, 498, 501, 503, 523, 534, 556, 561 Extracellular Matrix, 56, 488, 501, 503, 523, 534 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 501, 523 Extracellular Space, 501 Extracorporeal, 318, 501 Extraction, 104, 360, 501, 551 Extrapyramidal, 471, 495, 501 Extremity, 501, 519, 536 Exudate, 483, 502, 508 Eye Color, 341, 502 Eye Movements, 296, 502 F Factor V, 84, 502, 547 Family Planning, 431, 502 Family Practice, 107, 164, 502 Fat Substitutes, 174, 502 Fatigue, 231, 235, 383, 502, 509, 537 Feces, 135, 488, 502, 559 Femoral, 4, 479, 502 Femoral Artery, 479, 502 Femur, 4, 502 Fermentation, 286, 338, 474, 502, 504 Fertilizers, 365, 502 Fetal Development, 23, 322, 502, 529 Fetus, 22, 333, 500, 502, 540, 543, 565 Fibrin, 328, 470, 476, 485, 502, 503, 540, 562 Fibrinogen, 50, 70, 329, 502, 540, 541, 562 Fibrinolytic, 86, 503

Index 579

Fibroblasts, 66, 220, 329, 503, 516 Fibrosis, 46, 102, 115, 160, 233, 329, 503, 553 Filler, 340, 503 Fish Oils, 172, 174, 503 Fish Products, 503, 554 Flatulence, 336, 470, 503 Flatus, 503, 505 Flavoring Agents, 503, 539 Fluid Therapy, 503, 532 Fluorescein Angiography, 8, 503 Fluorescence, 72, 503 Foam Cells, 33, 44, 503 Fold, 7, 27, 51, 60, 66, 503 Folic Acid, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18, 19, 23, 26, 36, 37, 39, 48, 66, 68, 69, 72, 98, 100, 109, 112, 121, 124, 137, 142, 150, 159, 162, 173, 178, 179, 185, 187, 193, 294, 310, 312, 313, 320, 326, 332, 333, 339, 340, 386, 408, 419, 422, 441, 445, 503, 519 Food Additives, 104, 174, 320, 336, 381, 503 Food Handling, 434, 503 Food Preservatives, 503, 504 Food Technology, 504, 525 Foramen, 483, 504, 538 Forced Expiratory Volume, 54, 504 Forearm, 476, 504 Fracture Healing, 374, 504 Frail Elderly, 140, 416, 504 Frameshift, 504, 564 Frameshift Mutation, 504, 564 Free Radical Scavengers, 88, 504 Free Radicals, 181, 259, 327, 445, 470, 495, 504, 528 Fundus, 296, 504, 533 Fungi, 332, 434, 470, 487, 504, 508, 525, 526, 550, 566, 569 G Gait, 303, 504 Gallbladder, 235, 463, 475, 494, 504, 505 Gamma Rays, 504, 548 Ganglia, 61, 463, 467, 504, 529, 538 Gas, 93, 335, 348, 356, 467, 479, 483, 503, 504, 512, 523, 531, 560, 566, 567 Gasoline, 474, 505 Gastric, 16, 112, 118, 145, 222, 278, 473, 480, 505, 511, 512, 516, 537 Gastric Mucosa, 16, 505, 537 Gastrin, 222, 505, 511 Gastritis, 16, 235, 505, 568

Gastroenterology, 115, 132, 134, 149, 157, 407, 505 Gastrointestinal, 16, 335, 343, 372, 407, 436, 477, 478, 483, 499, 500, 503, 505, 520, 555, 559, 564, 567 Gastrointestinal tract, 16, 335, 483, 500, 503, 505, 520, 555, 564 Gastrostomy, 499, 505 Gelatin, 348, 490, 505, 507, 560, 562 Gels, 351, 505 Gene Amplification, 67, 505 Gene Dosage, 33, 505 Gene Expression, 24, 41, 45, 49, 61, 63, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 350, 505 Generator, 332, 505 Genetic Code, 505, 532 Genetic Engineering, 476, 485, 506 Genetic Markers, 53, 506 Genetics, 48, 56, 71, 73, 75, 137, 177, 178, 184, 185, 487, 506, 527 Genistein, 312, 506 Genital, 237, 349, 484, 506, 557 Genotype, 28, 37, 174, 175, 506, 539 Germ Cells, 506, 524, 535, 557, 561, 569 Germ Layers, 498, 506 Gestation, 36, 174, 370, 506, 540, 543 Gestational, 58, 94, 235, 506 Gestational Age, 58, 506 Gifted, 52, 506 Ginger, 144, 284, 506 Ginseng, 260, 267, 269, 276, 323, 326, 352, 506 Gland, 9, 464, 483, 489, 506, 522, 535, 536, 545, 548, 554, 558, 562 Glomerular, 294, 506, 516, 518, 550 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 294, 506, 518 Glomerulus, 506, 518 Glucocorticoid, 493, 506, 512, 543 Gluconeogenesis, 506 Glucose Intolerance, 493, 507 Glucuronic Acid, 507, 510 Glucuronosyltransferase, 60, 507 Glutamate, 79, 493, 507 Glutamic Acid, 503, 507, 530, 544 Glutathione Peroxidase, 9, 22, 57, 60, 181, 507, 554 Gluten, 6, 202, 481, 507 Glycerol, 340, 507, 539 Glycerophospholipids, 507, 539 Glycine, 331, 467, 475, 507, 530, 555 Glycogen, 507

580 Vitamins

Glycoprotein, 470, 500, 502, 507, 516, 519, 562, 564 Glycosidic, 481, 507, 530, 532 Goats, 491, 507, 551 Goblet Cells, 314, 507 Gonadal, 507, 558 Gonads, 480, 507 Governing Board, 507, 543 Grade, 68, 71, 296, 297, 507 Graft, 69, 166, 508, 511, 528 Graft-versus-host disease, 166, 508, 528 Granulocytes, 168, 508, 556, 569 Grasses, 503, 508, 510 Growth factors, 63, 123, 328, 508, 533 Guanine, 492, 508, 547 Guanylate Cyclase, 508, 531 Guinea Pigs, 22, 508 Gum Arabic, 136, 508 H Habitual, 121, 482, 508 Haematemesis, 497, 508 Haemodialysis, 132, 508 Haemolysis, 146, 221, 508 Hair follicles, 493, 508, 568 Hammer, 338, 508, 534 Haploid, 508, 540 Haptens, 465, 508 Headache, 92, 236, 241, 247, 249, 373, 458, 478, 508, 509, 541, 543 Headache Disorders, 508, 509 Health Care Costs, 414, 509 Health Expenditures, 509 Health Services, 172, 173, 174, 175, 492, 509 Heart attack, 13, 299, 313, 414, 480, 509 Heart failure, 415, 417, 509 Heartbeat, 509, 559 Hematology, 48, 509 Heme, 39, 75, 491, 509, 542, 565 Hemianopsia, 374, 509 Hemiparesis, 509 Hemiplegia, 374, 509 Hemodynamics, 69, 509 Hemoglobin, 8, 13, 17, 89, 468, 500, 509, 542 Hemolysis, 167, 461, 500, 510 Hemolytic, 89, 510 Hemorrhage, 490, 497, 508, 510, 528, 539, 547, 559, 568 Hemostasis, 44, 510, 555 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan, 35, 510 Heparin, 44, 270, 510

Hepatic, 65, 84, 111, 163, 461, 510, 521, 542 Hepatitis, 11, 83, 146, 237, 349, 510, 567 Hepatitis A, 11, 510 Hepatocytes, 510 Hepatology, 112, 407, 510 Hepatoma, 22, 510 Hepatotoxic, 11, 127, 136, 510 Hepatovirus, 510 Herbicides, 365, 510 Heredity, 333, 432, 463, 505, 506, 510 Hesperidin, 311, 510 Heterochromatin, 38, 510 Heterodimer, 49, 81, 477, 510 Heterogeneity, 465, 510 Heterotrophic, 504, 511 Hibernation, 478, 511 Histamine, 111, 271, 373, 374, 468, 471, 511 Histidine, 84, 511 Histone Deacetylase, 30, 511 Homeostasis, 23, 39, 50, 56, 66, 80, 318, 344, 346, 362, 372, 406, 511 Homodimer, 30, 511 Homologous, 33, 466, 476, 490, 511, 546, 554, 560 Hormonal, 26, 40, 60, 67, 303, 333, 366, 406, 473, 511, 568 Hormone therapy, 165, 511 Horny layer, 500, 511 Host, 38, 52, 474, 511, 513, 519, 566, 568 Household Products, 356, 511 Housekeeping, 511 Human papillomavirus, 56, 511 Humoral, 35, 511, 513 Humour, 511 Hybrid, 28, 67, 485, 511, 532 Hybridization, 511, 527, 532 Hybridoma, 178, 184, 511 Hydrochloric Acid, 363, 511 Hydrocortisone, 86, 512 Hydrofluoric Acid, 512, 556 Hydrogen Peroxide, 112, 146, 480, 507, 512, 520, 559 Hydrolysis, 35, 463, 481, 484, 512, 530, 539, 546, 564 Hydrophilic, 317, 343, 362, 493, 512 Hydrophobic, 343, 347, 493, 507, 512, 520 Hydroxylation, 28, 350, 377, 478, 512 Hydroxylysine, 486, 512 Hydroxyproline, 316, 467, 486, 512 Hypercalcemia, 4, 302, 355, 358, 377, 501, 512

Index 581

Hypercholesterolemia, 41, 72, 237, 286, 312, 512 Hyperglycemia, 17, 21, 23, 65, 512 Hyperhomocysteinemia, 5, 19, 23, 69, 109, 124, 159, 162, 300, 491, 512 Hyperlipidaemia, 174, 512 Hyperlipidemia, 65, 89, 98, 512 Hyperoxia, 108, 512 Hyperpigmentation, 357, 512 Hyperreflexia, 512, 561 Hypersensitivity, 466, 512, 519, 552 Hypertension, 68, 114, 134, 153, 156, 235, 238, 245, 472, 480, 489, 513, 516, 543, 565 Hypertriglyceridemia, 65, 513 Hypochlorous Acid, 58, 148, 513 Hypoglycemia, 66, 238, 384, 513 Hypovitaminosis, 9, 513 I Ibuprofen, 11, 513 Id, 79, 187, 225, 440, 441, 442, 448, 449, 454, 456, 513 Idarubicin, 118, 513 Idiot, 393, 513 Ileostomy, 513, 529 Ileum, 16, 372, 513 Illusion, 513, 567 Imidazole, 476, 511, 513 Immaturity, 78, 370, 513 Immortal, 43, 513 Immune function, 34, 44, 109, 124, 434, 435, 513 Immune response, 52, 173, 175, 219, 343, 362, 444, 464, 470, 473, 489, 508, 513, 514, 559, 568 Immunity, 35, 83, 175, 221, 384, 386, 394, 432, 465, 491, 513, 533 Immunization, 513, 544 Immunocompetence, 46, 91, 513 Immunodeficiency, 15, 46, 83, 410, 436, 445, 446, 447, 448, 513, 562 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 410, 448, 513 Immunodiffusion, 465, 513, 514 Immunoelectrophoresis, 465, 470, 514 Immunoglobulin, 469, 514, 527 Immunohistochemistry, 41, 514 Immunologic, 150, 482, 506, 513, 514, 548 Immunology, 398, 464, 465, 514 Immunosuppressant, 466, 514, 525 Impairment, 14, 19, 20, 69, 73, 96, 109, 124, 303, 331, 496, 514, 524, 546 Implant radiation, 514, 516, 517, 548, 569

In vitro, 17, 22, 24, 33, 45, 47, 49, 62, 67, 78, 89, 146, 159, 220, 358, 432, 514, 563 In vivo, 21, 22, 25, 30, 33, 35, 44, 50, 56, 62, 67, 78, 82, 83, 99, 161, 220, 346, 377, 510, 514, 520, 535, 562 Incision, 514, 516 Incontinence, 250, 514, 533 Incubation, 24, 514 Indicative, 6, 348, 381, 514, 537, 566 Individuality, 94, 514 Induction, 40, 81, 82, 125, 137, 332, 468, 470, 514, 544 Infancy, 44, 161, 224, 302, 398, 514, 552 Infant Mortality, 80, 220, 514 Infarction, 242, 299, 300, 301, 514, 550 Infertility, 235, 241, 319, 514 Inflammatory bowel disease, 13, 371, 372, 515 Infusion, 223, 303, 375, 515, 528 Ingestion, 42, 124, 136, 172, 173, 343, 361, 368, 478, 515, 541, 561 Inhalation, 465, 515, 525, 541 Initiation, 51, 56, 515, 544, 563 Inlay, 515, 551 Inorganic, 363, 466, 484, 515, 517, 522, 527, 539, 566, 569 Inositol, 58, 271, 515 Inotropic, 495, 515 Insecticides, 515, 538, 569 Insight, 29, 38, 44, 61, 515 Insomnia, 239, 392, 515, 543 Institutionalization, 11, 98, 515 Insulator, 515, 528 Insulin, 6, 12, 23, 53, 65, 114, 239, 271, 292, 312, 362, 493, 515, 517, 518, 564 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 515 Insulin-like, 53, 515 Interferon, 137, 290, 515, 516 Interferon-alpha, 137, 515, 516 Interleukin-2, 83, 358, 516 Interleukin-6, 221, 516 Intermittent, 61, 239, 496, 503, 516, 538, 542 Internal Medicine, 13, 26, 90, 101, 105, 110, 218, 221, 223, 362, 505, 509, 516 Internal radiation, 516, 517, 548, 569 Interphase, 510, 516 Interstitial, 477, 501, 516, 517, 550, 569 Intervertebral, 516, 521 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 516, 521 Intestinal Mucosa, 481, 516, 569

582 Vitamins

Intestine, 46, 66, 347, 375, 475, 477, 486, 516, 519 Intoxication, 144, 218, 516, 566 Intracellular, 50, 53, 67, 112, 342, 371, 478, 514, 516, 524, 531, 543, 545, 553, 554, 555 Intracellular Membranes, 516, 524 Intracranial Hypertension, 508, 516, 562 Intramuscular, 182, 516, 536 Intravenous, 128, 159, 178, 185, 303, 313, 503, 515, 516, 536 Intrinsic, 66, 338, 358, 459, 465, 474, 516 Intrinsic Factor, 358, 459, 516 Inulin, 506, 516 Invasive, 68, 90, 98, 176, 182, 513, 516, 522 Involuntary, 499, 517, 528, 549, 557, 569 Iodine, 193, 310, 320, 342, 371, 380, 385, 517 Ion Exchange, 338, 481, 517 Ionizing, 466, 499, 517, 523, 548 Ions, 312, 342, 361, 363, 371, 463, 474, 478, 495, 497, 512, 517, 527, 540, 546 Iris, 27, 469, 489, 502, 517, 566 Iron Compounds, 310, 517 Irradiation, 89, 220, 285, 517, 569 Ischemia, 13, 90, 178, 184, 473, 517, 528, 550 Ischemic stroke, 13, 517 Islet, 23, 517 Isoflavones, 33, 51, 272, 311, 517 Isopropyl, 363, 517 Isotretinoin, 193, 289, 290, 333, 517 J Jejunostomy, 499, 517 Joint, 55, 126, 132, 239, 342, 371, 391, 472, 517, 534, 558, 560 K Kb, 33, 42, 430, 518 Keratin, 376, 518, 554 Keratinocytes, 345, 518 Keratolytic, 318, 518 Keto, 39, 518 Ketone Bodies, 493, 518 Ketosis, 493, 518 Kidney Cortex, 518, 525 Kidney Failure, 318, 408, 499, 518 Kidney Failure, Acute, 518 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 518 Kidney stone, 126, 518 Kidney Transplantation, 4, 518 Killer Cells, 138, 519 Kinetic, 45, 517, 519

L Labile, 308, 486, 502, 519 Lactation, 398, 486, 519, 544 Laminin, 474, 501, 519 Large Intestine, 486, 494, 516, 519, 549, 556 Larynx, 99, 170, 519, 559, 563 Laser Surgery, 341, 519 Latency, 53, 519 Latent, 56, 62, 519 Latent period, 62, 519 Laxative, 316, 465, 497, 519, 557 Leg Ulcer, 145, 519 Lens, 27, 133, 149, 314, 356, 480, 519, 551, 568 Lethal, 68, 474, 519 Leucovorin, 66, 519 Leukemia, 31, 67, 81, 137, 231, 239, 292, 297, 362, 415, 519 Leukocytes, 33, 474, 477, 482, 499, 508, 516, 519, 564 Leukotrienes, 471, 519 Levodopa, 263, 272, 495, 520 Levorphanol, 493, 520 Library Services, 454, 520 Life cycle, 504, 520 Life Expectancy, 327, 520 Ligament, 520, 545, 558 Ligands, 30, 78, 401, 520 Ligation, 35, 51, 520 Linkage, 7, 28, 481, 506, 520 Lip, 290, 325, 341, 351, 520 Lipase, 35, 46, 71, 520, 533, 536 Lipid A, 520, 533 Lipid Bilayers, 22, 520 Lipid Peroxidation, 22, 42, 50, 57, 59, 88, 149, 154, 155, 178, 184, 520, 535 Lipid Peroxides, 13, 520 Lipophilic, 220, 342, 343, 362, 368, 520 Lipoprotein, 13, 17, 33, 35, 44, 46, 65, 99, 107, 152, 169, 520, 521, 522 Lipoprotein Lipase, 44, 521 Lipoprotein(a), 152, 521 Liposome, 367, 521 Liquor, 340, 521 Lithium, 108, 470, 521 Liver, 7, 10, 15, 22, 28, 44, 83, 97, 115, 136, 169, 181, 222, 225, 239, 240, 292, 303, 347, 375, 377, 418, 463, 471, 475, 476, 478, 480, 484, 491, 494, 497, 500, 502, 503, 504, 505, 507, 510, 521, 525, 542, 543, 548, 550, 552, 554, 565, 568 Liver Cirrhosis, 97, 240, 521

Index 583

Liver Extracts, 28, 521 Localization, 26, 114, 514, 521 Localized, 498, 509, 514, 519, 521, 540, 553 Locomotion, 521, 540 Longitudinal study, 65, 521 Loss of Heterozygosity, 73, 521 Low Back Pain, 104, 240, 521 Low-density lipoprotein, 134, 520, 521, 522 Lubricants, 522, 538 Lumbar, 4, 516, 521, 522 Lumen, 60, 498, 522 Lupus, 240, 249, 419, 486, 522 Lutein Cells, 522, 544 Lymph, 33, 405, 473, 482, 484, 489, 498, 511, 522 Lymph node, 33, 473, 482, 522 Lymphatic, 240, 498, 514, 522, 558, 562 Lymphatic system, 522, 558, 562 Lymphocyte, 57, 81, 86, 93, 469, 470, 519, 522, 523 Lymphoid, 469, 489, 513, 522, 563 Lysine, 273, 315, 338, 415, 512, 522, 564 Lytic, 522, 568 M Macronutrients, 153, 330, 359, 390, 522 Macrophage, 33, 76, 469, 522 Macula, 27, 296, 522 Macula Lutea, 522 Macular Degeneration, 27, 84, 86, 96, 105, 160, 167, 240, 299, 522 Magnesium Hydroxide, 194, 309, 522 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 58, 522 Malabsorption, 15, 46, 66, 134, 240, 481, 522, 523 Malabsorption syndrome, 66, 523 Malformation, 22, 331, 523 Malignancy, 355, 523, 536 Malignant, 32, 56, 102, 221, 362, 464, 470, 472, 523, 527, 529, 545, 548 Malignant tumor, 464, 523, 527 Malnutrition, 143, 386, 444, 473, 523 Malondialdehyde, 21, 24, 57, 59, 523 Mammary, 31, 32, 42, 180, 486, 521, 523, 548, 560 Mammogram, 478, 523, 526 Mandible, 466, 483, 523, 551 Manic, 470, 521, 523, 547 Manic-depressive psychosis, 523, 547 Manifest, 66, 509, 523 Man-made, 480, 523 Matrix metalloproteinase, 56, 82, 523

Meat, 163, 180, 181, 182, 342, 348, 371, 494, 523, 553 Meat Products, 494, 523 Medial, 472, 523 Mediate, 25, 46, 49, 66, 71, 495, 519, 523 Mediator, 61, 111, 495, 516, 523, 555 Medical Records, 523, 552 Medical Staff, 496, 523 Medicament, 173, 347, 368, 524, 560 MEDLINE, 431, 524 Medullary, 493, 524 Megaloblastic, 9, 16, 503, 524 Meiosis, 476, 524, 526, 560 Melanin, 352, 517, 524, 539, 564 Melanocytes, 512, 524 Melanoma, 53, 106, 137, 221, 524, 565 Membrane Lipids, 57, 524, 539 Memory, 20, 73, 241, 291, 389, 469, 492, 524 Menarche, 31, 524 Meninges, 482, 490, 524, 558 Meningitis, 241, 490, 524, 539 Menopause, 241, 274, 312, 389, 524, 542, 543 Menstrual Cycle, 524, 543, 544 Menstruation, 234, 466, 492, 524, 543 Mental Disorders, 305, 327, 483, 524, 534, 540, 544, 547 Mental Health, iv, 12, 18, 298, 305, 430, 437, 524, 544, 547 Mental Processes, 495, 524, 546 Mental Retardation, 20, 302, 331, 524 Mesentery, 525, 538 Mesoderm, 525, 569 Meta-Analysis, 163, 525 Metabolite, 290, 346, 353, 354, 355, 366, 369, 478, 519, 525, 544, 548 Metallothionein, 23, 525 Metaplasia, 24, 43, 314, 525 Metastasis, 221, 523, 525 Metastasize, 40, 525, 554 Metastatic, 40, 135, 355, 525, 554 Methionine, 19, 24, 39, 48, 78, 109, 274, 313, 315, 525, 559 Methionine Adenosyltransferase, 24, 525 Methotrexate, 66, 274, 525 Methylene Chloride, 363, 525 Methylmalonic Acid, 16, 23, 121, 140, 525 Methylphenidate, 326, 525 Methyltransferase, 60, 525 MI, 13, 53, 143, 144, 311, 317, 350, 462, 525 Microbe, 525, 563

584 Vitamins

Microbiological, 163, 369, 525 Microbiology, 177, 183, 223, 464, 525, 526 Microcalcifications, 478, 526 Microcirculation, 521, 526, 541 Micronuclei, 149, 526 Micronutrients, 6, 8, 19, 20, 32, 39, 41, 43, 48, 57, 74, 137, 330, 403, 434, 445, 526 Microorganism, 338, 353, 485, 526, 537, 568 Micro-organism, 526, 540 Microscopy, 474, 526 Microsomal, 28, 526 Midwifery, 84, 526 Migration, 328, 526, 557 Milliliter, 476, 526 Mineralization, 219, 350, 354, 355, 374, 526, 534 Miscible, 343, 526 Mitochondria, 57, 526, 528 Mitosis, 471, 526 Mitotic, 491, 526 Mobility, 342, 526 Mobilization, 375, 526 Modeling, 45, 83, 389, 526 Modification, 6, 31, 49, 50, 64, 70, 114, 137, 157, 366, 432, 467, 506, 527, 547 Molecular Probes, 41, 527 Molecular Structure, 28, 325, 354, 527, 556, 564 Monitor, 11, 87, 294, 490, 527, 531 Monoclonal, 44, 46, 517, 527, 548, 569 Monoclonal antibodies, 44, 46, 527 Monocyte, 33, 44, 344, 469, 527 Mononuclear, 33, 80, 527, 564 Morbillivirus, 175, 527 Morphogenesis, 26, 527 Morphological, 465, 497, 524, 527 Morphology, 58, 480, 509, 527 Motion Sickness, 242, 527, 529 Mucins, 507, 527 Mucosa, 505, 522, 527, 544 Mucus, 319, 527, 552, 565 Multidrug resistance, 151, 527 Multiple Myeloma, 287, 288, 527 Multiple sclerosis, 34, 154, 159, 178, 184, 349, 528 Muscle Fibers, 364, 528 Muscle Relaxation, 528 Muscular Dystrophies, 496, 528 Mycophenolate mofetil, 4, 528 Myelin, 23, 528, 555 Myeloma, 415, 511, 528

Myocardial infarction, 13, 53, 60, 120, 128, 164, 300, 489, 525, 528, 569 Myocardial Ischemia, 301, 303, 468, 489, 528 Myocardial Reperfusion, 528, 550 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 528, 550 Myocarditis, 490, 528 Myocardium, 468, 525, 528 N Narcolepsy, 493, 525, 528 Narcotic, 520, 525, 529, 531 Nasogastric, 499, 529 Nausea, 144, 222, 242, 321, 373, 434, 435, 470, 518, 529, 543, 565 NCI, 1, 287, 290, 292, 297, 298, 304, 429, 446, 484, 529 Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 36, 529 Need, 3, 10, 11, 17, 58, 65, 107, 168, 170, 309, 314, 320, 324, 336, 339, 345, 348, 349, 355, 360, 364, 379, 380, 394, 397, 398, 399, 403, 404, 406, 408, 409, 417, 418, 432, 442, 443, 444, 445, 450, 464, 484, 507, 523, 529, 563 Neonatal, 36, 59, 100, 147, 179, 186, 514, 529 Neoplasia, 37, 63, 296, 297, 529 Neoplasm, 287, 529 Neoplastic, 47, 63, 345, 477, 512, 521, 529, 533 Nephropathy, 5, 9, 518, 529 Nephrosis, 529 Nephrotic, 88, 406, 407, 529 Nephrotic Syndrome, 88, 406, 529 Nerve, 61, 464, 468, 473, 483, 489, 492, 523, 528, 529, 530, 533, 538, 542, 552, 553, 558, 564, 567 Nervous System, 52, 56, 173, 331, 436, 461, 463, 465, 467, 473, 474, 478, 482, 483, 493, 504, 507, 520, 523, 525, 528, 529, 530, 531, 533, 537, 538, 541, 555, 560, 561 Nervous System Diseases, 173, 529 Neural, 51, 138, 148, 179, 185, 467, 498, 511, 529, 551 Neural tube defects, 138, 148, 529 Neuralgia, 247, 374, 529 Neuraminidase, 527, 530 Neuroblastoma, 178, 184, 530 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 153, 530 Neuroeffector Junction, 530, 531 Neuroleptic, 57, 470, 530 Neurologic, 16, 24, 56, 138, 498, 530 Neuromuscular, 463, 529, 530, 531, 565

Index 585

Neuromuscular Junction, 463, 529, 530 Neurons, 56, 66, 492, 504, 520, 530, 531, 560, 567 Neuropathy, 52, 61, 98, 530, 538 Neuroretinitis, 530, 551 Neurosecretory Systems, 498, 530 Neurotic, 530, 566 Neurotoxicity, 416, 493, 530 Neurotransmitter, 57, 463, 464, 467, 477, 483, 495, 507, 511, 530, 531, 555, 559, 560 Neutrons, 466, 517, 530, 548 Neutrophil, 50, 530 Nevirapine, 530, 531 Niacinamide, 373, 531 Nickel, 173, 385, 531 Nicotine, 50, 74, 531 Nicotinic Agonists, 74, 531 Night Blindness, 242, 531, 552 Nitric Oxide, 68, 76, 292, 531 Nitrogen, 40, 180, 466, 467, 468, 501, 518, 531, 536, 564 Nitrous Oxide, 91, 147, 275, 531 Non-nucleoside, 436, 492, 530, 531 Norepinephrine, 464, 495, 530, 531 NSAIDs, 11, 276, 531 Nuclear, 24, 26, 30, 41, 49, 50, 57, 67, 77, 83, 347, 362, 474, 487, 501, 504, 523, 531, 533 Nuclei, 98, 466, 488, 506, 522, 526, 530, 532, 533, 546, 561, 567 Nucleic acid, 353, 360, 474, 505, 511, 531, 532, 547 Nurseries, 36, 532 Nutritional Status, 51, 52, 55, 70, 318, 446, 532 Nutritional Support, 20, 101, 433, 505, 532 Nutritive Value, 172, 173, 174, 175, 181, 503, 532 O Observational study, 27, 55, 532 Ocular, 27, 314, 532 Odour, 472, 532, 565 Ointments, 532, 556 Oligoelement, 175, 532 Oligonucleotide Probes, 75, 532 Oligosaccharides, 136, 530, 532 Oliguria, 518, 532 Omega-3 fatty acid, 51, 223, 328, 360, 533 Oncogenes, 56, 533, 546 On-line, 104, 457, 533 Opacity, 480, 492, 533 Operon, 83, 533, 544, 550

Opportunistic Infections, 434, 533 Opsin, 533, 551, 552 Optic Disk, 494, 522, 533 Optic Nerve, 530, 533, 551, 553, 554 Optic Nerve Diseases, 533, 554 Orbit, 533 Orbital, 374, 533 Organ Culture, 533, 563 Organoleptic, 333, 361, 533 Orlistat, 111, 276, 424, 533 Orofacial, 36, 534 Oropharynx, 73, 534 Orthomolecular Therapy, 255, 534 Osmolality, 370, 534 Osmoles, 534 Osmosis, 534 Osmotic, 318, 534 Ossicles, 508, 534 Ossification, 534, 552 Osteoarthritis, 243, 355, 534 Osteoblasts, 345, 358, 374, 534 Osteocalcin, 78, 80, 129, 150, 534 Osteoclasts, 358, 478, 534 Osteogenesis, 362, 534 Osteolysis, 355, 534 Osteomalacia, 243, 246, 291, 350, 354, 355, 374, 478, 534 Outpatient, 288, 293, 534 Ovaries, 471, 535, 550, 555 Ovary, 489, 500, 507, 535, 541 Overweight, 92, 98, 174, 186, 535 Ovulation, 179, 185, 319, 326, 535 Ovum, 489, 492, 506, 520, 535, 544, 569 Ownership, 8, 535 Oxidants, 13, 54, 59, 61, 74, 318, 348, 386, 432, 433, 535 Oxidation-Reduction, 535 Oxidative metabolism, 27, 464, 465, 519, 535 Oxygen Consumption, 535, 551 Oxygenator, 479, 535 P Palate, 535, 563 Palliative, 535, 561 Pamidronate, 297, 535 Pancreas, 463, 476, 494, 505, 515, 517, 520, 535, 536, 554, 564 Pancreatic, 23, 46, 71, 95, 102, 115, 243, 362, 480, 504, 536 Pancreatic enzymes, 536 Pancreatic Extracts, 95, 536 Pancreatic Insufficiency, 115, 243, 536

586 Vitamins

Pancreatitis, 95, 115, 150, 243, 536 Pancrelipase, 46, 536 Papillomavirus, 56, 536 Parathyroid, 5, 9, 291, 345, 375, 406, 478, 536, 553, 561 Parathyroid Glands, 536, 553 Parathyroid hormone, 5, 9, 291, 375, 406, 478, 536 Parathyroidectomy, 406, 536 Parenteral, 95, 118, 145, 166, 169, 343, 499, 536 Parenteral Nutrition, 95, 118, 145, 169, 536 Paresis, 509, 536 Paresthesia, 374, 536 Parietal, 537, 538 Parkinsonism, 471, 520, 537 Paroxysmal, 374, 468, 473, 509, 537 Partial remission, 537, 550 Parturition, 537, 544 Patch, 98, 537, 563 Pathogen, 36, 52, 337, 514, 537 Pathogenesis, 8, 15, 40, 52, 160, 173, 175, 417, 537 Pathologic, 463, 471, 476, 489, 512, 537, 546, 551, 558 Pathologic Processes, 471, 537 Pathologies, 45, 88, 327, 537 Pathophysiology, 68, 298, 406, 537 Patient Care Team, 4, 537 Patient Compliance, 322, 537 Patient Education, 8, 18, 434, 444, 448, 452, 454, 462, 537 Pediatrics, 20, 52, 71, 102, 118, 133, 138, 141, 151, 158, 163, 225, 442, 537 Pelvic, 243, 537, 545 Pelvis, 463, 522, 535, 537, 565 Pemoline, 326, 537 Penicillin, 277, 469, 537, 566 Pepsin, 16, 537, 554 Peptic, 244, 537, 568 Peptic Ulcer, 244, 537, 568 Peptide, 56, 364, 467, 478, 498, 499, 518, 537, 545, 546 Perfusion, 504, 537 Peripheral blood, 516, 538 Peripheral Nervous System, 499, 509, 529, 530, 531, 538, 559 Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, 509, 538 Peripheral Neuropathy, 52, 538 Peripheral stem cells, 508, 538

Peripheral Vascular Disease, 13, 19, 239, 244, 538 Peritoneal, 317, 318, 408, 419, 494, 538 Peritoneal Cavity, 318, 538 Peritoneal Dialysis, 317, 318, 408, 419, 494, 538 Peritoneum, 318, 525, 538 Pernicious, 516, 521, 524, 538 Pernicious anemia, 516, 521, 538 Peroxide, 316, 538 Perspiration, 317, 538 Pesticides, 57, 365, 510, 515, 538 Petrolatum, 497, 538 Petroleum, 351, 505, 538 PH, 68, 84, 96, 180, 388, 393, 476, 538 Phagocyte, 535, 539 Phagocytosis, 358, 539 Pharmaceutic Aids, 503, 539 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 482, 501, 505, 539, 544 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 539 Pharmacologic, 16, 17, 28, 145, 467, 468, 539, 563 Pharynx, 534, 539, 563 Phenolphthalein, 497, 539 Phenotype, 28, 45, 63, 66, 151, 539 Phenylalanine, 331, 353, 539, 564 Phosphates, 347, 424, 539 Phospholipases, 539, 555 Phospholipids, 23, 46, 329, 502, 515, 520, 524, 539 Phosphorous, 346, 539 Phosphorus, 118, 180, 278, 320, 374, 380, 384, 406, 444, 445, 448, 478, 479, 536, 539 Phosphorylated, 485, 539 Phosphorylation, 162, 539, 546 Photocoagulation, 485, 539 Photophobia, 373, 539 Photoreceptor, 540, 552 Photosensitivity, 244, 540, 542 Physical Examination, 296, 482, 506, 540 Physicochemical, 319, 540 Physiologic, 7, 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 43, 58, 406, 465, 495, 502, 516, 524, 526, 540, 545, 549, 551 Physiology, 71, 81, 102, 124, 128, 129, 145, 173, 174, 175, 405, 464, 479, 505, 509, 540, 567 Phytic Acid, 340, 540 Pigmentation, 512, 540 Pigments, 176, 180, 182, 286, 376, 480, 540, 551

Index 587

Pilot study, 85, 87, 108, 112, 540 Placenta, 33, 471, 500, 540, 544 Plana, 540, 555 Plaque, 21, 468, 540 Plasma cells, 469, 527, 528, 540 Plasma protein, 498, 540, 546 Plasmid, 505, 540, 566 Plasmin, 329, 470, 540, 541 Plasminogen, 470, 540, 541 Plasminogen Activators, 540, 541 Platelet Activation, 110, 541, 556 Platelet Aggregation, 468, 531, 541, 562 Platelets, 531, 541, 555, 562 Platinum, 484, 541 Pleated, 518, 541 Pneumonia, 488, 541 Poisoning, 138, 235, 434, 435, 478, 516, 529, 541 Poliomyelitis, 490, 541 Pollen, 278, 541, 547 Polycystic, 418, 541 Polyethylene, 343, 541 Polymerase, 541, 544, 550, 552 Polymers, 36, 323, 328, 542, 546, 556 Polymorphism, 37, 47, 48, 57, 122, 414, 416, 542 Polyphosphates, 58, 542 Polyposis, 486, 542 Polysaccharide, 470, 481, 542, 546 Polyunsaturated fat, 54, 181, 182, 542, 562 Porphyria, 132, 542 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda, 132, 542 Porphyria, Hepatic, 542 Porphyrins, 542 Posterior, 133, 468, 483, 495, 517, 535, 542, 553, 563 Postmenopausal, 104, 126, 219, 297, 355, 465, 534, 542, 548 Postmenopause, 297, 303, 542 Postnatal, 147, 542, 558 Postoperative, 147, 542 Postprandial, 65, 114, 542 Postsynaptic, 530, 542, 555, 560 Potassium, 194, 312, 342, 361, 371, 380, 424, 441, 542, 556 Potentiation, 483, 543, 556 Practice Guidelines, 437, 448, 543 Precancerous, 482, 543 Precipitating Factors, 481, 509, 543 Precursor, 51, 77, 350, 463, 469, 471, 475, 477, 483, 495, 496, 498, 499, 520, 531, 539, 541, 543, 544, 546, 564, 566, 568

Prednisolone, 543 Prednisone, 4, 297, 543 Pre-Eclampsia, 125, 415, 543 Pregnancy Tests, 506, 543 Premenopausal, 298, 543 Premenstrual, 78, 244, 245, 298, 543 Premenstrual Syndrome, 78, 245, 298, 543 Prenatal, 58, 94, 100, 128, 285, 321, 333, 497, 543 Pressoreceptors, 474, 543 Presumptive, 99, 543 Presynaptic, 530, 543, 560 Prevalence, 9, 16, 19, 21, 65, 70, 106, 179, 185, 293, 314, 372, 448, 543 Prickle, 518, 544 Primary endpoint, 11, 61, 544 Primary Prevention, 62, 72, 301, 544 Primary tumor, 151, 544 Probe, 169, 532, 544 Proctitis, 157, 544 Prodrug, 544, 548 Progeny, 487, 544 Progesterone, 278, 326, 544, 558 Progression, 40, 41, 63, 65, 72, 74, 76, 110, 289, 295, 303, 313, 445, 469, 544 Progressive, 56, 61, 472, 481, 484, 492, 496, 508, 518, 528, 530, 534, 541, 544, 550, 552 Projection, 492, 531, 533, 544 Prolactin, 40, 544 Proline, 78, 486, 512, 544 Promoter, 62, 76, 80, 544 Promotor, 544, 551 Prone, 33, 352, 544 Prophylaxis, 93, 544, 568 Proportional, 67, 505, 534, 544 Propylene Glycol, 343, 544 Prospective Studies, 64, 70, 544 Prospective study, 39, 54, 59, 70, 101, 145, 149, 169, 222, 521, 545 Prostaglandin, 54, 82, 545, 562 Prostaglandins A, 545 Prostate gland, 319, 545 Prostate-Specific Antigen, 84, 545 Protease, 51, 55, 65, 328, 436, 486, 545 Protease Inhibitors, 65, 328, 436, 545 Protein Binding, 49, 545 Protein C, 130, 180, 365, 467, 471, 474, 518, 520, 521, 534, 545, 565 Protein Kinases, 60, 533, 546 Protein S, 31, 312, 331, 335, 364, 404, 476, 488, 500, 505, 534, 546, 552 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 506, 546

588 Vitamins

Proteinuria, 527, 529, 543, 546 Proteoglycans, 35, 474, 501, 546 Proteolytic, 30, 477, 487, 499, 502, 540, 541, 546 Prothrombin, 21, 329, 502, 546, 562 Protons, 466, 512, 517, 546, 548 Proto-Oncogenes, 533, 546 Protozoa, 434, 487, 525, 526, 546 Proximal, 4, 495, 518, 543, 546 Proxy, 294, 546 Psoriasis, 245, 344, 350, 372, 377, 546 Psychic, 524, 546, 554 Psychology, 58, 495, 546 Psychomotor, 498, 530, 546 Psychopathology, 39, 58, 546 Psychosis, 57, 470, 506, 546 Psyllium, 278, 547 Puberty, 63, 547 Public Health, 29, 37, 47, 48, 53, 56, 63, 64, 73, 160, 167, 178, 179, 184, 186, 437, 440, 547 Public Policy, 431, 547 Pulmonary Artery, 476, 547, 567 Pulmonary Edema, 245, 483, 518, 547 Pulmonary Embolism, 547, 568 Pulse, 296, 497, 527, 547 Purgative, 497, 519, 547 Purines, 474, 547, 555 Purpura, 367, 547 Pyridoxal, 30, 90, 120, 357, 376, 491, 547 Pyridoxal Phosphate, 120, 357, 491, 547 Pyridoxic Acid, 357, 547 Pyrimidines, 474, 547, 555 Q Quality of Life, 62, 288, 298, 341, 547 Quercetin, 41, 194, 311, 547 Quinones, 59, 548 R Race, 44, 57, 161, 495, 526, 548 Radiation therapy, 290, 298, 495, 501, 516, 517, 548, 569 Radioactive, 65, 512, 514, 516, 517, 523, 527, 531, 548, 569 Radiography, 468, 489, 506, 548 Radioisotope, 532, 548 Radiolabeled, 46, 517, 548, 569 Radiopharmaceutical, 505, 548 Radiotherapy, 477, 517, 548, 569 Rage, 162, 178, 185, 548 Raloxifene, 219, 297, 548, 554 Ramipril, 5, 279, 548 Random Allocation, 548

Randomization, 19, 53, 69, 548 Randomized clinical trial, 5, 27, 37, 97, 549 Reactive Oxygen Species, 38, 40, 58, 60, 549 Reagent, 319, 483, 511, 549 Reality Testing, 546, 549 Recombinant, 46, 67, 72, 549, 566 Recombination, 33, 487, 506, 549 Rectal, 37, 549 Rectum, 471, 477, 486, 494, 503, 505, 514, 515, 519, 544, 545, 549, 560 Recurrence, 57, 290, 297, 482, 484, 523, 549 Red blood cells, 57, 132, 500, 510, 542, 549, 553 Reductase, 22, 37, 39, 47, 112, 122, 124, 193, 472, 525, 549, 561 Refer, 1, 325, 339, 478, 486, 495, 498, 504, 506, 521, 522, 530, 547, 549, 563 Reference Values, 380, 549 Reflex, 256, 502, 549 Reflux, 309, 549 Refraction, 549, 557 Refractory, 287, 288, 497, 549 Regeneration, 376, 549 Regimen, 39, 292, 297, 319, 377, 496, 537, 549, 552 Regurgitation, 322, 549 Rehydration, 361, 550 Reishi, 326, 339, 340, 550 Relapse, 58, 550 Reliability, 20, 222, 550 Remission, 6, 54, 61, 523, 549, 550 Renal cell carcinoma, 133, 550 Renal failure, 18, 23, 318, 406, 407, 550 Renal Osteodystrophy, 344, 350, 372, 406, 550 Renal pelvis, 518, 550 Renin, 76, 81, 469, 550 Renin-Angiotensin System, 76, 550 Reperfusion, 90, 178, 184, 528, 550 Reperfusion Injury, 90, 550 Repressor, 30, 533, 550 Reproductive system, 545, 550 Research Design, 29, 37, 39, 550 Resolving, 332, 551 Resorption, 22, 329, 355, 534, 551 Respiration, 140, 479, 527, 551 Respirators, 334, 551 Respiratory distress syndrome, 477, 551 Respiratory syncytial virus, 82, 551 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, 82, 551

Index 589

Response Elements, 77, 81, 551 Restoration, 435, 504, 528, 550, 551, 562, 569 Retina, 27, 296, 461, 483, 484, 487, 494, 519, 522, 530, 533, 551, 552, 555, 566, 568 Retinae, 522, 551 Retinal, 8, 14, 27, 289, 296, 494, 503, 533, 551, 552, 554, 556, 568 Retinal Detachment, 494, 551, 556 Retinitis, 289, 300, 551, 552 Retinitis Pigmentosa, 289, 300, 552 Retinoid, 24, 49, 76, 77, 81, 552 Retinopathy, 144, 246, 493, 552 Retreatment, 148, 552 Retrospective, 151, 164, 552 Retrospective study, 164, 552 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, 302, 436, 552 Reversion, 552, 564 Rheumatism, 513, 552 Rheumatoid, 82, 88, 246, 355, 415, 486, 535, 552 Rheumatoid arthritis, 88, 355, 415, 486, 552 Rhinitis, 175, 227, 552 Rhinorrhea, 374, 552 Rhodopsin, 78, 533, 551, 552 Riboflavin, 12, 17, 41, 74, 98, 188, 189, 218, 312, 332, 373, 380, 384, 408, 460, 552 Ribosome, 552, 564 Rickets, 28, 225, 246, 291, 292, 344, 350, 369, 372, 374, 478, 552, 568 Rickettsiae, 553 Rigidity, 56, 537, 540, 553 Risk patient, 175, 182, 553 Rodenticides, 538, 553 Ruminants, 347, 507, 553 Rutin, 547, 553 S Salivary, 491, 494, 553 Salivary glands, 491, 494, 553 Salmonellosis, 35, 553 Saponins, 553, 558 Saturated fat, 51, 99, 182, 460, 553 Scatter, 553, 565 Schizophrenia, 74, 223, 247, 553 Sclera, 483, 553, 566 Scleroproteins, 518, 553 Sclerosis, 64, 76, 242, 472, 486, 528, 553 Scotoma, 373, 553 Screening, 10, 19, 37, 54, 56, 115, 296, 485, 554

Scrotum, 554, 561 Seafood, 360, 554 Sebaceous, 493, 554, 568 Sebaceous gland, 493, 554, 568 Sebum, 344, 463, 554 Secondary tumor, 525, 554 Secretin, 23, 554 Secretion, 16, 23, 278, 344, 362, 463, 484, 511, 515, 519, 527, 536, 538, 554, 566 Secretory, 35, 530, 554, 560, 568 Sedative, 485, 554, 566 Sedentary, 11, 312, 554 Sediment, 554 Sedimentation, 317, 482, 554 Segregation, 549, 554 Seizures, 288, 470, 537, 554 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 548, 554, 560 Self Care, 463, 554 Semen, 181, 473, 496, 545, 554 Seminal vesicles, 319, 554 Senile, 247, 534, 555 Sensory loss, 61, 555 Sepsis, 35, 36, 223, 555 Sequence Analysis, 52, 79, 555 Serine, 78, 491, 498, 499, 545, 555, 564 Serotonin, 463, 471, 530, 555, 564 Serous, 486, 498, 555 Serrata, 262, 484, 555 Serrated, 555 Sex Characteristics, 464, 468, 547, 555, 561 Sharpness, 555, 568 Shedding, 493, 555 Shock, 61, 247, 512, 555, 564 Signal Transduction, 57, 61, 66, 515, 555 Signs and Symptoms, 16, 550, 556, 565 Silicon, 322, 385, 556 Silicon Dioxide, 322, 556 Silicone Oils, 317, 556 Siloxanes, 556 Skeletal, 82, 312, 355, 468, 483, 527, 528, 556, 557 Skeleton, 346, 369, 374, 502, 517, 545, 556 Skin Aging, 316, 358, 360, 556 Skull, 490, 498, 529, 533, 556, 561 Small cell lung cancer, 289, 298, 556 Small intestine, 16, 66, 375, 484, 496, 511, 513, 516, 529, 556, 564 Smooth muscle, 41, 60, 468, 478, 503, 511, 550, 556, 557, 559 Soaps, 351, 503, 556 Social Environment, 547, 556

590 Vitamins

Social Support, 39, 556 Sodium, 42, 98, 173, 195, 294, 312, 342, 361, 371, 380, 390, 424, 556, 560 Soft tissue, 477, 556, 557 Solvent, 343, 363, 365, 474, 479, 501, 507, 525, 534, 544, 557 Soma, 374, 557 Somatic, 180, 464, 490, 497, 511, 524, 526, 538, 557 Sorbitol, 340, 557 Soy Proteins, 330, 359, 557 Soybean Oil, 181, 542, 557 Spasm, 557, 561 Specialist, 71, 450, 494, 557 Specificity, 465, 498, 557 Spectrum, 8, 9, 34, 41, 407, 490, 557 Sperm, 319, 468, 484, 541, 557, 561 Sperm Motility, 319, 557 Sperm Transport, 319, 557 Spermatozoon, 557 Sphincter, 519, 557 Spices, 320, 348, 557 Spina bifida, 133, 158, 529, 557 Spina Bifida Cystica, 133, 557 Spinal cord, 154, 472, 477, 482, 483, 509, 524, 529, 530, 538, 549, 558 Spinal Cord Diseases, 509, 558 Spinous, 500, 518, 558 Spleen, 33, 491, 511, 522, 558 Sporadic, 530, 542, 558 Sprains and Strains, 248, 521, 558 Squamous, 24, 153, 314, 558 Stabilization, 78, 340, 367, 558 Stabilizer, 335, 558 Steatorrhea, 46, 558 Steel, 558, 566 Stem Cells, 81, 416, 500, 538, 558 Stenosis, 246, 302, 558, 559 Sterile, 472, 536, 558 Sterility, 515, 558 Sterilization, 325, 558 Steroid, 31, 40, 59, 67, 78, 88, 325, 471, 475, 489, 553, 558 Stimulant, 467, 478, 490, 493, 511, 525, 537, 558, 566 Stimulus, 496, 501, 519, 549, 558, 562 Stool, 46, 324, 335, 353, 486, 514, 519, 558, 559 Strand, 57, 112, 157, 360, 486, 541, 559 Streptococcal, 89, 559 Streptococcus, 559 Stricture, 558, 559

Stridor, 559, 561 Stroke, 53, 69, 78, 105, 126, 146, 157, 161, 248, 299, 300, 305, 430, 479, 480, 517, 559 Stroma, 517, 559 Subacute, 514, 559 Subarachnoid, 508, 539, 559 Subcapsular, 133, 559 Subclinical, 72, 514, 554, 559 Subcutaneous, 464, 496, 536, 559 Subspecies, 557, 559 Substance P, 292, 500, 525, 554, 559 Substrate, 68, 72, 317, 356, 530, 559 Sudden death, 13, 559 Sulfur, 5, 195, 345, 377, 501, 525, 559 Sunburn, 249, 352, 559, 565 Superoxide, 9, 23, 57, 58, 60, 86, 132, 181, 338, 559 Superoxide Dismutase, 9, 23, 57, 60, 132, 181, 338, 559 Suppositories, 505, 560 Suppression, 50, 79, 178, 184, 560 Surfactant, 149, 560 Survival Rate, 361, 560 Suspensions, 322, 355, 560 Sweat, 493, 538, 560 Sympathomimetic, 467, 493, 495, 500, 531, 560 Symphysis, 483, 545, 560 Symptomatic, 536, 560 Synapse, 464, 530, 543, 560, 564 Synaptic, 530, 531, 556, 560 Synaptic Transmission, 531, 560 Synergistic, 56, 93, 158, 313, 326, 378, 544, 560 Systolic, 513, 560 T Tamoxifen, 137, 281, 554, 560 Tardive, 249, 313, 471, 560 Taurine, 158, 281, 348, 475, 560 Telencephalon, 474, 561 Telophase, 526, 561 Temporal, 26, 509, 522, 561 Teratogenic, 466, 517, 561 Teratogens, 26, 561 Testicles, 320, 554, 561 Testicular, 320, 471, 561 Testis, 500, 507, 561 Testosterone, 40, 549, 561 Tetany, 375, 536, 561 Theophylline, 281, 467, 547, 561 Therapeutics, 6, 96, 343, 426, 561 Thermal, 323, 495, 530, 561

Index 591

Thiamine, 6, 17, 48, 188, 189, 331, 408, 424, 460, 561 Thigh, 4, 502, 561 Thioredoxin, 22, 125, 561 Thoracic, 405, 561, 569 Thorax, 105, 463, 522, 561 Threonine, 78, 555, 561 Threshold, 513, 562 Thrombin, 21, 162, 329, 502, 541, 545, 546, 562 Thrombomodulin, 287, 545, 562 Thromboplastin, 329, 562 Thrombosis, 21, 86, 88, 121, 122, 125, 146, 162, 546, 559, 562 Thromboxanes, 471, 562 Thrombus, 489, 514, 517, 528, 541, 562, 567 Thymosin, 332, 562 Thymus, 282, 513, 522, 562 Thyroid, 49, 50, 84, 312, 345, 478, 517, 536, 562, 564 Thyroid Gland, 536, 562 Thyroid Hormones, 50, 562, 564 Thyroxine, 539, 562 Time Factors, 465, 562 Tin, 536, 538, 541, 562 Tinnitus, 249, 374, 562, 567 Tissue Culture, 66, 331, 563 Tolerance, 82, 301, 327, 334, 335, 370, 435, 464, 507, 563 Tome, 283, 563 Tomography, 296, 476, 563 Tonicity, 510, 563 Tonsil, 33, 563 Topical, 20, 98, 160, 161, 264, 322, 323, 332, 343, 352, 357, 360, 472, 500, 512, 517, 538, 556, 563 Toxic, iv, 15, 83, 334, 358, 466, 474, 479, 488, 491, 499, 508, 510, 513, 520, 530, 531, 554, 563 Toxicity, 5, 15, 27, 43, 79, 118, 174, 175, 289, 298, 407, 411, 445, 496, 497, 513, 563 Toxicology, 74, 75, 132, 136, 161, 178, 185, 220, 223, 432, 563 Toxin, 499, 563 Trachea, 477, 519, 539, 559, 562, 563 Transcriptase, 300, 436, 492, 530, 531, 552, 563 Transcription Factors, 41, 50, 76, 533, 551, 563 Transdermal, 74, 563 Transduction, 41, 61, 555, 563 Transfection, 67, 476, 563

Transgenes, 23, 563 Translation, 67, 467, 500, 564 Translocation, 500, 564 Transmitter, 463, 472, 495, 523, 531, 564 Transplantation, 3, 7, 26, 166, 406, 484, 513, 564 Trauma, 536, 564 Trees, 466, 564, 566 Trichloroacetic Acid, 363, 564 Tricyclic, 61, 282, 564 Triglyceride, 13, 35, 44, 65, 71, 513, 564 Trypsin, 44, 499, 564 Tryptophan, 72, 174, 312, 486, 555, 564 Tumor marker, 476, 564 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 60, 564 Tumor suppressor gene, 75, 521, 564 Type 2 diabetes, 22, 113, 292, 294, 416, 564 Typhimurium, 77, 82, 564 Tyrosine, 273, 282, 312, 326, 353, 495, 546, 564 U Ubiquinone, 221, 564 Ubiquitin, 51, 564 Ulcerative colitis, 13, 372, 515, 564 Ultrasonography, 506, 565 Ultraviolet radiation, 323, 352, 358, 360, 556, 559, 565 Unconscious, 492, 513, 565 Unsaturated Fats, 503, 565 Uracil, 29, 37, 547, 565 Uraemia, 536, 565 Urea, 340, 518, 560, 565 Urease, 531, 565 Uremia, 18, 518, 550, 565 Ureters, 518, 565 Urethra, 545, 565 Urinary, 50, 146, 229, 250, 294, 319, 483, 514, 532, 565 Urine, 8, 15, 23, 54, 257, 290, 291, 293, 294, 297, 375, 471, 476, 490, 495, 514, 518, 532, 546, 547, 550, 552, 565 Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase, 542, 565 Uterus, 482, 489, 492, 504, 524, 535, 544, 550, 565, 566 Uvea, 565, 566 Uveitis, 144, 250, 296, 566 V Vaccine, 464, 566 Vacuoles, 498, 566 Vagina, 482, 493, 496, 524, 550, 566 Vaginal, 58, 250, 302, 319, 566

592 Vitamins

Valerian, 220, 566 Valine, 37, 566 Valves, 551, 566 Vam, 405, 566 Vanadium, 6, 8, 10, 312, 566 Vanadium Compounds, 6, 566 Varicose, 250, 519, 566 Varicose Ulcer, 519, 566 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 296, 566 Vascular Resistance, 467, 474, 566 Vasculitis, 86, 536, 566 Vasodilation, 143, 292, 467, 566 Vasodilator, 164, 477, 495, 511, 528, 566 VE, 14, 77, 143, 154, 159, 566 Vector, 38, 563, 566 Vegetarianism, 447, 566 Vein, 293, 296, 303, 468, 516, 531, 566, 567 Venoms, 491, 566 Venous, 232, 519, 546, 566, 567, 568 Venous Thrombosis, 567, 568 Ventilation, 477, 567 Ventricle, 489, 547, 560, 567 Ventricular, 467, 488, 528, 567 Venules, 476, 479, 498, 526, 567 Vertebrae, 516, 558, 567 Vertebral, 475, 540, 557, 567 Vertigo, 250, 373, 567 Vesicular, 526, 567 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 562, 567 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 562, 567 Veterinary Medicine, 181, 373, 431, 567 Vibrio, 483, 567 Vibrio cholerae, 483, 567 Villous, 481, 567 Viral, 10, 52, 250, 302, 339, 349, 436, 533, 541, 546, 563, 567, 569 Viral Hepatitis, 10, 250, 567 Viral Load, 436, 567 Virulence, 563, 568

Virulent, 52, 568 Visceral, 250, 473, 490, 538, 568 Viscosity, 316, 335, 568 Visual Acuity, 296, 533, 568 Visual field, 509, 552, 553, 568 Vital Capacity, 504, 568 Vitamin K, 84, 113, 173, 190, 191, 274, 278, 297, 385, 400, 425, 458, 461, 534, 568 Vitamin U, 118, 178, 184, 222, 285, 568 Vitelline Membrane, 568, 569 Vitreous, 483, 494, 519, 551, 568 Vitreous Body, 483, 551, 568 Vitreous Hemorrhage, 494, 568 Vitro, 25, 33, 46, 58, 510, 568 Vulgaris, 282, 568 W War, 164, 568 Warfarin, 283, 287, 297, 568 Warts, 251, 349, 511, 564, 569 Weight Gain, 180, 181, 433, 434, 569 White blood cell, 469, 486, 519, 522, 527, 528, 530, 540, 569 Windpipe, 539, 562, 569 Wound Healing, 214, 328, 345, 523, 569 X Xenobiotics, 30, 38, 569 Xenograft, 469, 569 X-ray, 49, 476, 488, 503, 504, 517, 523, 531, 548, 558, 569 X-ray therapy, 517, 569 Y Yawning, 143, 569 Yeasts, 406, 504, 539, 569 Yolk Sac, 46, 569 Z Zebrafish, 75, 569 Zinc Compounds, 310, 569 Zoledronate, 297, 569 Zygote, 487, 488, 569 Zymogen, 47, 545, 569

Index 593

594 Vitamins

Index 595

596 Vitamins

Vitamins - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References