Tubal Ligation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

TUBAL LIGATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AM...

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TUBAL

LIGATION A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Tubal Ligation: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84105-5 1. Tubal Ligation-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on tubal ligation. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TUBAL LIGATION ...................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Tubal Ligation............................................................................... 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TUBAL LIGATION ............................................................................ 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Finding Nutrition Studies on Tubal Ligation ............................................................................. 41 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 43 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TUBAL LIGATION ...................................................... 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 45 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 49 General References ....................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TUBAL LIGATION ........................................................................ 51 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 51 Dissertations on Tubal Ligation .................................................................................................. 51 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TUBAL LIGATION................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Patents on Tubal Ligation............................................................................................................ 53 Patent Applications on Tubal Ligation........................................................................................ 59 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TUBAL LIGATION ...................................................................................... 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 61 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 62 Chapters on Tubal Ligation ......................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TUBAL LIGATION ........................................................................... 65 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 65 Bibliography: Multimedia on Tubal Ligation .............................................................................. 65 CHAPTER 8. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TUBAL LIGATION ........................................................ 67 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 67 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 67 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 69 Academic Periodicals covering Tubal Ligation ............................................................................ 70 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 73 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 75 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 77 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 79 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 83 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 83

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Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 83 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 89 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 90 TUBAL LIGATION DICTIONARY ............................................................................................. 91 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 117

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with tubal ligation is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about tubal ligation, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to tubal ligation, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on tubal ligation. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to tubal ligation, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on tubal ligation. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON TUBAL LIGATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on tubal ligation.

Federally Funded Research on Tubal Ligation The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to tubal ligation. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to tubal ligation. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore tubal ligation. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for tubal ligation: •

Project Title: INFLAMMATION AND OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Ness, Roberta B.; Professor and Chair; Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 12-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2008

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The cause of ovarian cancer is unclear. We have suggested that inflammation may be involved. Ovulation, endometriosis, and talc use all promote inflammation, and all increase the risk of ovarian cancer; tubal ligation and hysterectomy prevent the ovaries from being exposed to inflammants, and reduce risk. Furthermore, inflammation entails DNA damage and repair, oxidative stress, and elevations in prostaglandins and cytokines, all of which may be mutagenic. Building on our track record of success with conducting ovarian cancer case-control studies, we propose a population-based study to examine the role of inflammation in the risk for ovarian cancer. We will enroll 900 women with incident ovarian cancer (cases) from hospitals in Western Pennsylvania, Northern Ohio, and Western New York. One thousand eight hundred controls, ascertained via random digit dialing, will be frequency matched to cases on age, race, and residence. Using in-person standardized interviews and blood draws, we propose to: 1) evaluate whether non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) protect against ovarian cancer; 2) compare in cases and controls allelic variants in inflammatory and antinflammatory cytokines and growth factors including IL-1, TNF-a, IL-10, IGF-1 and TGF-b; 3) evaluate whether markers of past PID, i.e. higher antibody titers to chlamydia and its related heat shock protein (HSP)-60, relate to ovarian cancer; 4) in a secondary aim, explore whether allelic variants in the NSAID metabolizing enzymes CYP2C9 and UGT1A6 interact with NSAID use to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Exploring the relationships among inflammatory predisposition, inflammatory exposures, anti-inflammatory medications, and ovarian cancer represents a novel avenue of research. In particular, NSAID use may prove to be a potentially important chemopreventative for this often-fatal disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: OVARIAN HYPOGONADISM

CANCER

RISK

AND

HYPERGONADOTROPIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Cramer, Daniel W.; Professor; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-APR-1992; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from Investigator's Abstract) In 1992, the investigators began a population-based case-control study of ovarian cancer in eastern Massachusetts and New Hampshire to identify factors affecting risk through a pathway of oocyte-depletion and gonadotropin stimulation. Consumption and metabolism of milk sugar (galactose) was of interest based on evidence that this sugar is toxic to oocytes. Homozygosity for a mutation known as N314D of galactose transferase (GALT) or heterozygosity for mutations that more severely affect activity such as Q188R are found to increase risk for ovarian cancer, especially for endometrioid and clear cell (E/CC) types. Risk factors for these cancers also included earlier onset of, more regular, and shorter cycles--a pattern indicative of greater opportunity for retrograde menstruation and endometriosis, a possible precursor of E/CC cancers. Their search for other genetic factors revealed that 20% of ovarian cancers occurring in Jewish women at any age and 37.5% in Jewish women diagnosed
Studies

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pelvic contamination with talc or menses and these risk factors vary by histologic type of ovarian cancer. They now propose continuation of this study to eventually include more than 1200 ovarian cancer cases and 1200 controls. Cases will be uniformly classified by histologic type and both germline and somatic DNA will be collected. Besides studying the above topics, several new areas will be considered. All cases and controls will be anonymously screened for BRCA1 mutations. Because cases had lower activity of another enzyme known as galactose epimerase (GALE), they will screen for newly identified mutations of this recently cloned gene. A more detailed history of analgesic use will be obtained to pursue a preliminary finding that acetaminophen use is protective for ovarian cancer. This association may be mediated through the reduction of hepatic stores of glutathione--a substance both necessary for metabolism of acetaminophen and release of FSH. Ovarian cancer pathogenesis likely involves a complex interplay among germline and somatic mutations and environmental factors. The investigators point out that only large, comprehensive epidemiologic studies capable of examining these factors within histologic subtypes are likely to succeed in identifying preventive mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for tubal ligation in the PubMed Central database: •

A randomized, placebo controlled, trial of preoperative sustained release Betamethasone plus non-controlled intraoperative Ketorolac or Fentanyl on pain after diagnostic laparoscopy or laparoscopic tubal ligation [ISRCTN52633712]. by Bagley WP, Smith AA, Hebert JD, Snider CC, Sega GA, Piller MD, Carney PC, Carroll RC.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=194702

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with tubal ligation, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for tubal ligation (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparison of meperidine and lidocaine for spinal anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Norris MC, Honet JE, Leighton BL, Arkoosh VA. Source: Reg Anesth. 1996 March-April; 21(2): 84-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8829417&dopt=Abstract

•

A comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone-acetaminophen for analgesia after ambulatory surgery: arthroscopy versus laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): White PF, Joshi GP, Carpenter RL, Fragen RJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1997 July; 85(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9212119&dopt=Abstract

•

A disappearing incision for postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Mark PM, Webb GA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1968 August; 32(2): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4246232&dopt=Abstract

•

A follow-up study of one hundred cases of sterilization by tubal ligation. Author(s): Neill JG. Source: Ulster Med J. 1969 Summer; 38(2): 119-22. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5345239&dopt=Abstract

•

A long term follow-up study of 1,055 cases of postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Lu T, Chun D. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967 December; 74(6): 875-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6066464&dopt=Abstract

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A method of Pomeroy tubal ligation reanastomosis. Author(s): McCormick W, Torres J. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 May; 47(5): 623-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1264410&dopt=Abstract

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A method of tubal ligation in the puerperium. Author(s): Dick JS. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1973 December; 19(12): 265-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4591018&dopt=Abstract

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A method of tubal ligation. Author(s): Barr SJ. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 May 15; 107(2): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5441709&dopt=Abstract

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A microlaparoscopic technique for Pomeroy tubal ligation. Author(s): Hibbert ML, Buller JL, Seymour SD, Poore SE, Davis GD. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 August; 90(2): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9241303&dopt=Abstract

•

A new method of tubal ligation. Author(s): McBride B. Source: Can Nurse. 1973 April; 69(4): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4266316&dopt=Abstract

•

A prospective study of psychiatric and menstrual disturbances following tubal ligation. Author(s): Wig NN, Gupta AN, Khatri R, Verma SK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1977 October; 66(4): 581-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=608724&dopt=Abstract

•

A randomized comparison of low-dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration with ketamine-diazepam anaesthesia for post partum tubal ligation in Vanuatu. Author(s): Grace RF, Lesteour T, Sala T, Stewart J. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2001 February; 29(1): 30-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11261907&dopt=Abstract

•

A rare complication of tubal ligation. Author(s): Iyer R, Oumachigui A, Prabhavathi R. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1978 June; 28(3): 490-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=729902&dopt=Abstract

•

A study of bacteriology of the fallopian tubes with a view to establish the optimal time for puerperal tubal ligation. Author(s): Telang M, Dass A. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1974 October; 24(5): 442-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4459183&dopt=Abstract

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A study of tubal ligation: morbidity, histology and bacteriology. Author(s): Agarwal S, Agarwal BM, Lahiri VL. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1978 June; 28(3): 443-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=729901&dopt=Abstract

•

A technique for laparoscopic pomeroy tubal ligation with endoloop sutures. Author(s): Murray JE, Hibbert ML, Heth SR, Letterie GS. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 December; 80(6): 1053-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1448251&dopt=Abstract

•

Actinomycotic tubo-ovarian abscess mimicking advanced ovarian malignancy in a woman with tubal ligation. Author(s): Lee LC, Lai TJ, Huang SC. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2000 February; 68(2): 157-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10717824&dopt=Abstract

•

Acute salpingitis subsequent to tubal ligation. Author(s): Phillips AJ, d'Ablaing G 3rd. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1986 March; 67(3 Suppl): 55S-58S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3945465&dopt=Abstract

•

An assessment of the value of intraperitoneal meperidine for analgesia postlaparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Colbert ST, Moran K, O'Hanlon DM, Chambers F, Moriarty DC, Blunnie WP. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2000 September; 91(3): 667-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10960397&dopt=Abstract

•

An evaluation of late luteal phase endometrium in women requesting reversal of tubal ligation. Author(s): Hague WE, Maier DB, Schmidt CL, Randolph JF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1987 June; 69(6): 926-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3574822&dopt=Abstract

•

An evaluation of tubal ligation in Switzerland. Author(s): Barglow P, Eisner M. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1966 August 15; 95(8): 1083-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5913848&dopt=Abstract

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An exotic reaction to tubal ligation. Author(s): Lockwood S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1984 June; 13(6): 446-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6487165&dopt=Abstract

•

An investigation of the effectiveness of bupivacaine applied to the abdominal wall and fallopian tubes in reducing pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Cook PT, Lambert TF. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1986 May; 14(2): 148-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3740389&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of failure of microsurgical anastomosis after midsegment, non-coagulation tubal ligation. Author(s): DeCherney AH, Mezer HC, Naftolin F. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1983 May; 39(5): 618-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6840303&dopt=Abstract

•

Arterial to end tidal carbon dioxide tension difference during anaesthesia for tubal ligation. Author(s): Puri GD. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 December; 42(12): 1338-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3124667&dopt=Abstract

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Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide tension difference during anaesthesia for tubal ligation. Author(s): Shankar KB, Moseley H, Kumar Y, Vemula V, Krishnan A. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 May; 42(5): 482-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3109274&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing tubal patency with transvaginal salpingosonography after the reversal of tubal ligation for female sterilization. Author(s): Spalding H, Perala J, Martikainen H, Tekay A, Jouppila P. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1998 October; 13(1O): 2819-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9804238&dopt=Abstract

•

Association between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer. Author(s): Rosenblatt K, Thomas D. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1997 March 28; 71(1): 129-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9096677&dopt=Abstract

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Atrioventricular Mobitz I block during propofol anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Ganansia MF, Francois TP, Ormezzano X, Pinaud ML, Lepage JY. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1989 October; 69(4): 524-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2571316&dopt=Abstract

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Attitudes toward tubal ligation among acceptors, potential candidates, and husbands in Zaire. Author(s): Chibalonza K, Chirhamolekwa C, Bertrand JT. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1989 September-October; 20(5): 273-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2815201&dopt=Abstract

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Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Author(s): Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1996 February; 40(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8848911&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral ruptured tubo-ovarian abscesses following bilateral tubal ligation several years earlier. Author(s): Perkins JD, Carter C, Kimes DC. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 1998 November; 90(11): 689-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9828584&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral tubal pregnancy after puerperal tubal ligation. Author(s): Yamada T, Kasamatsu H. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 2000 February; 7(1): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648760&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical cytology screening after tubal ligation. Author(s): Cohen MM, Roos NP. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1986 July-August; 2(4): 220-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3453184&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in menstrual blood loss and libido after different methods of tubal ligation. Author(s): Neri A, Joel-Cohen SJ, Tadir Y. Source: Int Surg. 1982 October-December; 67(4 Suppl): 527-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7183638&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in the rate of tubal ligation done after cesarean section. Author(s): Moreno JM, Bartual E, Carmona M, Araico F, Miranda JA, Herruzo AJ. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 August; 97(2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11451539&dopt=Abstract

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Chlamydia trachomatis and febrile complications of postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Todd CS, Jones RB, Golichowski A, Arno JN. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1997 January; 176(1 Pt 1): 100-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9024097&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative morbidity following tubal ligation by abdominal and vaginal routes. Author(s): Gupta I, Rodrigues C, Jain S, Gupta AN, Devi PK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1980 August; 72: 231-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7228161&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of abdominal tubal ligation at minilaparotomy by standard Pomeroy and Yoon ring technique. Author(s): Dhaniram S, Tekumalla L, Kumar S, Hingorani V. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1979 February 16; 72(4): 75-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=512377&dopt=Abstract

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Comparative study of the efficacy of the Songkla uterine manipulator and the Hulka controlling tenaculum in laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Choksuchat C, Tintara H, Sriplung H. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85(6): 693-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12322842&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison between laparoscopic sterilization and tubal ligation. Author(s): Hughes G, Liston WA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 September 13; 3(5984): 637-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=126103&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of morbidity in cesarean section hysterectomy versus cesarean section tubal ligation. Author(s): Bey MA, Pastorek JG 2nd, Lu PY, Gabert H, Letellier RL, Miller JM Jr. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1993 October; 177(4): 357-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8211578&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of silastic rings and electrocoagulation for laparoscopic tubal ligation under local anesthesia. Author(s): Lipscomb GH, Stovall TG, Ramanathan JA, Ling FW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1992 October; 80(4): 645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1407888&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of sterilization by tubal ligation and hysterectomy. Author(s): Langer A, Pelosi M, Hung CT, Devanesan M, Caterini H, Harrigan JT, Sama J. Source: Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1975 February; 140(2): 235-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1124473&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of tubal ligation reversal procedures. Author(s): Van Voorhis BJ. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000 September; 43(3): 641-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10949765&dopt=Abstract

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Compliance with Papanicolaou smear screening following tubal ligation in women with cervical cancer. Author(s): Winkler HA, Anderson PS, Fields AL, Runowicz CD, DeVictoria C, Goldberg GL. Source: Journal of Women's Health / the Official Publication of the Society for the Advancement of Women's Health Research. 1999 January-February; 8(1): 103-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10094087&dopt=Abstract

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Complications following postpartum sterilization by bilateral tubal ligation. Author(s): Cook CL, Farmer JM. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1984 April; 82(4): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6538896&dopt=Abstract

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Computed tomography of hydrosalpinx following tubal ligation. Author(s): Togashi K, Nishimura K, Itoh K, Nakano Y, Torizuka K, Satoh S, Ohshima M. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1986 January-February; 10(1): 78-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3944323&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution to the technic of tubal ligation. Author(s): Diehl EW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 January; 41(1): 160-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4566236&dopt=Abstract

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Control of immediate postoperative pain with topical bupivacaine hydrochloride for laparoscopic Falope ring tubal ligation. Author(s): Kaplan P, Freund R, Squires J, Herz M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 November; 76(5 Pt 1): 798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2216227&dopt=Abstract

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Culdoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Gun KM, Poddar DL. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1974 April; 24(2): 172-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4448294&dopt=Abstract

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Culdoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Chowdhury NN. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1972 October 16; 59(8): 369-74. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4657407&dopt=Abstract

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Cystoscopic findings consistent with interstitial cystitis in normal women undergoing tubal ligation. Author(s): Waxman JA, Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1998 November; 160(5): 1663-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9783927&dopt=Abstract

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Cytohormonal assessment of ovarian function following tubal ligation. Author(s): Khanna S, Parthasaruthi L, Dube S, Gupta S. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1979 March-April; 16(5): 373-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=35405&dopt=Abstract

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Dysmenorrhea after bilateral tubal ligation: a case of retrograde menstruation. Author(s): Morrissey K, Idriss N, Nieman L, Winkel C, Stratton P. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 November; 100(5 Pt 2): 1065-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12423806&dopt=Abstract

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Early postpartum tubal ligation under epidural analgesia. Author(s): Ghosh AK, Tipton RH. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1976 September; 83(9): 731-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=974051&dopt=Abstract

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Ectopic pregnancy after tubal ligation. Author(s): Huang JH, Chen SC, Lin FY, Chang KJ, Ko TM. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 May; 17(3): 312. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10337900&dopt=Abstract

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Ectopic pregnancy and tubal ligation. Author(s): Wright NH, Stadel BV. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1981 March 1; 139(5): 611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7468729&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of epinephrine on intrathecal fentanyl analgesia in patients undergoing postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Malinow AM, Mokriski BL, Nomura MK, Kaufman MA, Snell JA, Sharp GD, Howard RA. Source: Anesthesiology. 1990 September; 73(3): 381-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2203282&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intravenously administered dexmedetomidine on pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Aho MS, Erkola OA, Scheinin H, Lehtinen AM, Korttila KT. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1991 August; 73(2): 112-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1854025&dopt=Abstract

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Effective analgesia after bilateral tubal ligation. Author(s): Wittels B, Faure EA, Chavez R, Moawad A, Ismail M, Hibbard J, Principe D, Karl L, Toledano AY. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998 September; 87(3): 619-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9728841&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of laparoscopic tubal ligation on arterial blood gases. Author(s): Drury WL, LaVallee DA, Vacanti CJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1971 May-June; 50(3): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5280870&dopt=Abstract

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Endometrial pathological changes after Fallopian ring tubal ligation. Author(s): de Cristofaro D, Zancanari C, Fiaccavento S, Pezzoli C. Source: Endoscopy. 1982 July; 14(4): 139-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7094900&dopt=Abstract

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Endometriosis after tubal ligation. Author(s): Fakih HN, Tamura R, Kesselman A, DeCherney AH. Source: J Reprod Med. 1985 December; 30(12): 939-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4078831&dopt=Abstract

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Endometriosis and the development of tuboperitoneal fistulas after tubal ligation. Author(s): Rock JA, Parmley TH, King TM, Laufe LE, Su BS. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 January; 35(1): 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7461150&dopt=Abstract

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Endometriosis and tuboperitoneal fistulas after tubal ligation. Author(s): Massey JB. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 September; 36(3): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7286264&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural anesthesia for cesarean section and tubal ligation in an achondroplastic dwarf. Author(s): Waugaman WR, Kryc JJ, Andrews MJ. Source: Aana Journal. 1986 October; 54(5): 436-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3642964&dopt=Abstract

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Epidural anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation using epidural catheters placed during labor. Author(s): Vincent RD Jr, Reid RW. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1993 July-August; 5(4): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8373605&dopt=Abstract

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Ethics committee decides tubal ligation. Author(s): Mothes CA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1993 July; 93(7): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8322855&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of pain following electrocautery tubal ligation and effect of intraoperative fentanyl. Author(s): Curry CS, Darby JR, Janssen BR. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1996 May; 8(3): 216-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8703457&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of sequelae of tubal ligation. Author(s): Stock RJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1978 February; 29(2): 169-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=146613&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of single-stitch tubal ligation in postpartum women. Author(s): Mehta PV, Bhatia DL, Pai DN. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 May; 51(5): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=652204&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of vaginal tubal ligation. Author(s): Brobbey YS. Source: Ghana Med J. 1975 September; 14(3): 238-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1234688&dopt=Abstract

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Factors affecting the pregnancy rate after microsurgical reversal of tubal ligation. Author(s): Hanafi MM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 August; 80(2): 434-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12909510&dopt=Abstract

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Factors influencing the outcome of microsurgical tubal ligation reversals. Author(s): Seiler JC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1983 June 1; 146(3): 292-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6859139&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of meperidine wound infiltration to reduce pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Forgach L, Ong BY. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1995 December; 42(12): 1085-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8595682&dopt=Abstract

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Falope Ring tubal ligation. Author(s): Lalonde AB. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 March 1; 130(5): 567-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=629314&dopt=Abstract

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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome after laparoscopic tubal ligation. A case report. Author(s): Gandhi SG, Komenaka IK, Naim JH. Source: J Reprod Med. 2003 April; 48(4): 302-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746999&dopt=Abstract

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Gonococcal peritonitis after tubal ligation. A case report. Author(s): Weeks AG, Entman SS. Source: J Reprod Med. 1991 September; 36(9): 683-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1774735&dopt=Abstract

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Grand multiparity: benefits of a referral program for hospital delivery and postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Barss P, Blackford C. Source: P N G Med J. 1985 March; 28(1): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3862314&dopt=Abstract

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Gross and histologic examination of tubal ligation failures in a residency training program. Author(s): Stovall TG, Ling FW, O'Kelley KR, Coleman SA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1990 September; 76(3 Pt 1): 461-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2381624&dopt=Abstract

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Hemorrhage and cardiac arrest during laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Chapin JW, Hurlbert BJ, Scheer K. Source: Anesthesiology. 1980 October; 53(4): 342-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6448554&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrosalpinx and tubal torsion: a late complication of tubal ligation. Author(s): Russin LD. Source: Radiology. 1986 April; 159(1): 115-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3952295&dopt=Abstract

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Hydrosalpinx following tubal ligation. Author(s): Shinde SD, Deshmukh MA, Joglekar SJ. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol India. 1976 October; 26(5): 784-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1021501&dopt=Abstract

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Hysterectomy and tubal ligation. Author(s): Ryan M, Dennerstein L. Source: Adv Psychosom Med. 1986; 15: 180-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3706034&dopt=Abstract

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Hysterectomy and tubal ligation: a comparison of the psychological aftermath. Author(s): Hampton PT, Tarnasky WG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 August 1; 119(7): 949-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4841152&dopt=Abstract

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Hysterectomy or tubal ligation for sterilization: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Author(s): Deane RT, Ulene A. Source: Inquiry. 1977 March; 14(1): 73-86. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=139373&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate postpartum tubal ligation. An intraumbilical approach. Author(s): Rozier JR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 September 15; 117(2): 22630. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4728872&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of hypotension induced by spinal anesthesia with xylocaine for cesarean section and postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Fung BK, Gislefoss AJ, Ho ES. Source: Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi. 1992 June; 30(2): 119-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1528096&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in public hospitals in south Australia, 1980-82. Author(s): Yusuf F, Briggs DK. Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 1988 October; 20(4): 453-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3192557&dopt=Abstract

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Incidental tubal ligation with Falope Ring Applicator at the time of cholecystectomy. Author(s): Richards BC. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1976 March 15; 124(6): 658. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1258918&dopt=Abstract

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Intermittent partial adnexal torsion after electrosurgical tubal ligation. Author(s): Sasso RA. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1996 May; 3(3): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9050668&dopt=Abstract

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Interval vaginal tubal ligation with the use of the culdospeculum. Author(s): Bueno M. Source: Contraception. 1977 February; 15(2): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=837694&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative ketorolac has an opioid-sparing effect in women after diagnostic laparoscopy but not after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Green CR, Pandit SK, Levy L, Kothary SP, Tait AR, Schork MA. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1996 April; 82(4): 732-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8615489&dopt=Abstract

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Intraoperative topical etidocaine for reducing postoperative pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Baram D, Smith C, Stinson S. Source: J Reprod Med. 1990 April; 35(4): 407-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2141082&dopt=Abstract

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Intraperitoneal lidocaine anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Cruikshank DP, Laube DW, De Backer LJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 July; 42(1): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4720193&dopt=Abstract

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Intraperitoneal lidocaine decreases intraoperative pain during postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Visalyaputra S, Lertakyamanee J, Pethpaisit N, Somprakit P, Parakkamodom S, Suwanapeum P. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 May; 88(5): 1077-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10320172&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine dose response in postpartum tubal ligation patients. Author(s): Huffnagle SL, Norris MC, Huffnagle HJ, Leighton BL, Arkoosh VA. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2002 May-June; 27(3): 284-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016602&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathecal morphine for postpartum tubal ligation postoperative analgesia. Author(s): Campbell DC, Riben CM, Rooney ME, Crone LA, Yip RW. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 October; 93(4): 1006-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11574374&dopt=Abstract

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Intraumbilical postpartum tubal ligation using an anoscope. Author(s): Lee GG. Source: J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1979 March; 78(7): 505-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=429225&dopt=Abstract

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Intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies after a tubal ligation with documented tubal occlusion. Author(s): Shapiro AG. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1985 August; 78(8): 1014-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4023773&dopt=Abstract

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Is tubal ligation a risk factor for low bone density and increased risk of fracture? Author(s): Fox KM, Cummings SR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1995 January; 172(1 Pt 1): 101-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7847513&dopt=Abstract

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Kroener tubal ligation in perspective. Author(s): Tappan JG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 April 15; 115(8): 1053-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4691465&dopt=Abstract

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Labor epidural catheter reactivation or spinal anesthesia for delayed postpartum tubal ligation: a cost comparison. Author(s): Viscomi CM, Rathmell JP. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1995 August; 7(5): 380-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7576672&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation as a teaching model for residents. Author(s): Fox MD, Long CA, Meeks GR, Jutras ML, Cowan BD. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 November; 39(11): 862-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7853274&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation in a residency training program. Author(s): Thomas AG, Dottino P, Brodman M, Friedman F Jr. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1994 August; 1(4 Pt 1): 321-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9138872&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic tubal ligation in a minimally invasive surgical unit under local anesthesia compared to a conventional operating room approach under general anesthesia. Author(s): Hatasaka HH, Sharp HT, Dowling DD, Teahon K, Peterson CM. Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 1997 October; 7(5): 295-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9453874&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic tubal ligation under local anesthesia. Author(s): Massouda D, Muram D. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1986 February; 79(2): 75-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2936930&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopic tubal ligation. A follow-up report on the Yoon falope ring methodology. Author(s): Yoon I, Poliakoff SR. Source: J Reprod Med. 1979 August; 23(2): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=158648&dopt=Abstract

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Laparoscopy for tubal ligation and diagnosis. Author(s): Watson TR, Blair R. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1973 February; 71(2): 77-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4265743&dopt=Abstract

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Late complications of sterilisation by laparoscopy and tubal ligation. A controlled study. Author(s): Neil JR, Hammond GT, Noble AD, Rushton L, Letchworth AT. Source: Lancet. 1975 October 11; 2(7937): 699-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=52064&dopt=Abstract

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Late termination of pregnancy. Comparative risk of hysterectomy and hysterotomy with tubal ligation. Author(s): Nielson MH, Delaney JJ. Source: Rocky Mt Med J. 1974 April; 71(4): 213-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4822239&dopt=Abstract

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Late tubal patency following tubal ligation. Author(s): Grunert GM. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 April; 35(4): 406-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7215564&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Comparison between laparoscopic sterilization and tubal ligation. Author(s): Hutchins CJ, Curpen NC. Source: British Medical Journal. 1975 September 27; 3(5986): 764. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=126104&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Loeffler FE. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 May 25; 2(916): 444. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4276034&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Greene KR, Wise DI, Melville HA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 April 6; 2(909): 54-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4274451&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Late complications of tubal ligation. Author(s): Darwish DH, Saafan ST. Source: Lancet. 1975 November 15; 2(7942): 975. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=53451&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Menstrual loss after tubal ligation. Author(s): Alderman B. Source: Lancet. 1975 November 22; 2(7943): 1039-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=53524&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Postpartum transumbilical tubal ligation. Author(s): Fick G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1974 March 2; 48(10): 382. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4817046&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Postpartum tubal ligation and local anaesthesia. Author(s): Dey A, Makay G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1974 July 27; 3(925): 252. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4846135&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Tubal ligation vs cesarean hysterectomy. Author(s): Tweedale PG, Sherline DM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 October; 42(4): 628-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4742674&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Tubal ligation. Author(s): Thiery M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1975 February; 45(2): 236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1118101&dopt=Abstract

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Local infiltration block supplemented by diazepam and pentazocine combination for tubal ligation. Author(s): Kajve PP, Sarate GS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1986 May; 84(5): 143-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3772135&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanism of single-stitch failure of tubal ligation: a morphologic appraisal. Author(s): Mehta PV, Chitale AR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 October; 54(4): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=386198&dopt=Abstract

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Microlaparoscopic tubal ligation under local anesthesia. Author(s): DeQuattro N, Hibbert M, Buller J, Larsen F, Russell S, Poore S, Davis G. Source: The Journal of the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists. 1998 February; 5(1): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9454878&dopt=Abstract

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Mini-laparotomy for bilateral tubal ligation in lithotomy position. Author(s): Byrd WE. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1979 December; 72(12): 1554-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=160078&dopt=Abstract

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Minor complications relevant to anaesthetic technique following bilateral tubal ligation. Author(s): Jayasuriya JP, Fernando C. Source: Ceylon Med J. 1981 June; 26(2): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7185501&dopt=Abstract

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Morbidity following vaginal tubal ligation. Author(s): Gupta I, Bajwa H, Singh P, Gupta AN, Devi PK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1979 May; 69: 770-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=511260&dopt=Abstract

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Muscle pain following administration of suxamethonium to pregnant and nonpregnant patients undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Datta S, Crocker JS, Alper MH. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1977 June; 49(6): 625-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=141299&dopt=Abstract

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Naproxen premedication reduces postoperative tubal ligation pain. Author(s): Comfort VK, Code WE, Rooney ME, Yip RW. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1992 April; 39(4): 349-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1348663&dopt=Abstract

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Necrotizing fasciitis following postpartum tubal ligation. A case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Piper JM, West P. Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 1995; 256(1): 35-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7726653&dopt=Abstract

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New technique for vasectomy and tubal ligation. Author(s): Krishnamurthy MS. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1967 July; 49(1): 30-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6074839&dopt=Abstract

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Oestrogen deficiency after tubal ligation. Author(s): Cattanach J. Source: Lancet. 1985 April 13; 1(8433): 847-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2858712&dopt=Abstract

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Oestrogen deficiency following tubal ligation. Author(s): Cattanach J. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1984 March 3; 140(5): 309-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6700478&dopt=Abstract

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Outpatient management of first trimester therapeutic abortions with and without tubal ligation. Author(s): Collins JA, Allen HH, Yuzpe AA. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1972 May 20; 106(10): 1077-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5032141&dopt=Abstract

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Pain after day-care tubal ligation. Author(s): Fraser RA. Source: Nurs Times. 1990 July 11-17; 86(28): 56-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2377553&dopt=Abstract

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Pain relief after laparoscopic tubal ligation with local anesthetic injection into fallopian tubes. Author(s): Kurien KM. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 May-June; 23(3): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613551&dopt=Abstract

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Pain relief following day case laparoscopic tubal ligation with intra-peritoneal ropivacaine: a randomised double blind control study. Author(s): Dreher JK, Nemeth D, Limb R. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2000 November; 40(4): 434-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11194431&dopt=Abstract

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Pathologic quiz case: an incidental finding in the fallopian tube. Fallopian tube, left, tubal ligation: metaplastic papillary tumor of fallopian tube. Author(s): Solomon AC, Chen PJ, LiVolsi VA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 August; 127(8): E363-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873209&dopt=Abstract

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Patient education. Tubal ligation. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1993 April; 22(4): 611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8481125&dopt=Abstract

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Pelvic inflammatory disease in patients with bilateral tubal ligation. Author(s): Abbuhl SB, Muskin EB, Shofer FS. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1997 May; 15(3): 271-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9148984&dopt=Abstract

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Peripherally administered sufentanil inhibits pain perception after postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Rorarius M, Suominen P, Baer G, Pajunen P, Tuimala R, Laippala P. Source: Pain. 1999 January; 79(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928780&dopt=Abstract

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Peruvian experience of the practice of tubal ligation. Author(s): Dalrymple JO, Crofts TJ. Source: Trop Doct. 1978 October; 8(4): 198-200. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=715879&dopt=Abstract

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pH-adjusted 2-chloroprocaine for epidural anesthesia in patients undergoing postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Glosten B, Dailey PA, Preston PG, Shnider SM, Ross BK, Rosen MA, Hughes SC. Source: Anesthesiology. 1988 June; 68(6): 948-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3288009&dopt=Abstract

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Pituitary-ovarian function after tubal ligation. Author(s): Alvarez-Sanchez F, Segal SJ, Brache V, Adejuwon CA, Leon P, Faundes A. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1981 November; 36(5): 606-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7308505&dopt=Abstract

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Pomeroy tubal ligation by laparoscopy and minilaparotomy. Author(s): Taner CE, Aban M, Yilmaz N, Senturk N, Toy E. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1994 June; 10(2): 151-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7942262&dopt=Abstract

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Population, public health and tubal ligation in Vanuatu. Author(s): Grace RF. Source: Pac Health Dialog. 2002 March; 9(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737412&dopt=Abstract

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Possible ovulatory deficiency after tubal ligation. Author(s): Berger GS, Radwanska E, Hammond JE. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 November 15; 132(6): 699700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=717480&dopt=Abstract

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Post- tubal ligation hysterectomy. Author(s): Gupta AS, Saha M, Pramanik A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1981 June 1; 76(11): 208-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7310144&dopt=Abstract

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Post tubal ligation menorrhagia and pelvic pain. Author(s): Ringrose CA. Source: Int J Fertil. 1974; 19(3): 168-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4375128&dopt=Abstract

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Post tubal ligation syndrome or iatrogenic hydrosalpinx. Author(s): Gregory MG. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1981 October; 74(10): 712-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7311512&dopt=Abstract

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Postcoital catamenial pneumothorax. Report of a case not associated with endometriosis and successfully treated with tubal ligation. Author(s): Muller NL, Nelems B. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 October; 134(4): 803-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2945503&dopt=Abstract

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Post-operative discomfort after ring or clip tubal ligation--is there any difference and do indomethacin suppositories help? Author(s): MacLennan AH, Rodrigues LV, Krutli DR, Klomp A. Source: Contraception. 1990 September; 42(3): 309-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2289390&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum tubal ligation after pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. Author(s): Vincent RD Jr, Martin RW. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 July; 88(1): 119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8684743&dopt=Abstract

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Post-partum tubal ligation by nurse-midwives and doctors in Thailand. Author(s): Dusitsin N, Chalapati S, Varakamin S, Boonsiri B, Ningsanon P, Gray RH. Source: Lancet. 1980 March 22; 1(8169): 638-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6102637&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum tubal ligation by nurse--midwives in Thailand: a field trial. Author(s): Satyapan S, Varakamin S, Suwannus P, Chalapati S, Onthuam Y, Dusitsin N. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1983 April; 14(4): 115-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193616&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum tubal ligation requires more bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia than does cesarean section. Author(s): Abouleish EI. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1986 August; 65(8): 897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3729024&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum tubal ligation under local anesthesia. Author(s): Munson AK, Scott JR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 May; 39(5): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5023259&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum tubal ligation: safety, timing, and other implications for anesthesia. Author(s): Bucklin BA, Smith CV. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 November; 89(5): 1269-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10553849&dopt=Abstract

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Postpartum tubal ligation: timing and other anesthetic considerations. Author(s): Bucklin BA. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 46(3): 657-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12972747&dopt=Abstract

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Potential acceptance of tubal ligation among clinical groups of women in SkopjeYugoslavia, 1973 (218 cases). Author(s): Antonovski A, Sukarov A. Source: God Zb Med Fak Skopje. 1974; 20: 501-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4465256&dopt=Abstract

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Povidone-iodine (Betadine) as prophylaxis against wound infection in abdominal tubal ligation. Author(s): Khanna A, Khanna AK, Dubey S. Source: Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 1984 January; 38(1): 1-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6715026&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative administration of controlled-release oxycodone for the management of pain after ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation surgery. Author(s): Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Maciolek H, Joshi W. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 May; 14(3): 223-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031758&dopt=Abstract

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Preoperative or postoperative diclofenac for laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Buggy DJ, Wall C, Carton EG. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1994 December; 73(6): 767-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7880661&dopt=Abstract

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Presentation of a mullerian anomaly with outflow obstruction after tubal ligation. Author(s): Robischon K, Baram DA, Phipps WR. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1996 April; 65(4): 866-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8654653&dopt=Abstract

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Previous tubal ligation is a risk factor for hysterectomy after rollerball endometrial ablation. Author(s): McCausland VM, McCausland AM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 April; 101(4): 818-9; Author Reply 819. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12681901&dopt=Abstract

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Previous tubal ligation is a risk factor for hysterectomy after rollerball endometrial ablation. Author(s): Mall A, Shirk G, Van Voorhis BJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 October; 100(4): 659-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12383530&dopt=Abstract

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Primary carcinoma of the Fallopian tube: a surprise finding in a postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Starr AJ, Ruffolo EH, Shenoy BV, Marston BR. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 October 1; 132(3): 344-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=568389&dopt=Abstract

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Primary ovarian pregnancy two years after bilateral tubal ligation. A case report. Author(s): Chilana GS, Lev-Gur M, Kim ES, Greston WM, Stern W, Kleiner GJ. Source: J Reprod Med. 1987 September; 32(9): 697-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3668969&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological implications of female sterilization. Procedures: tubal ligation and hysterectomy. Author(s): Swenson I. Source: Journal of Nurse-Midwifery. 1974 Winter; 19(4): 12-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4499290&dopt=Abstract

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Psychological sequelae of surgical reversal or of IVF after tubal ligation. Author(s): Langer M, Hick P, Nemeskeri N, Schneider B, Ringlerl M. Source: Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud. 1993 January-February; 38(1): 44-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8485611&dopt=Abstract

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Puerperal tubal ligation in Cape Town. Author(s): van Coeverden de Groot HA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1979 September 29; 56(14): 558-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=550400&dopt=Abstract

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Puerperal tubal ligation morbidity, histology and bacteriology. Author(s): Laros RK Jr, Zatuchni GI, Andros GJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 March; 41(3): 397-403. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4688257&dopt=Abstract

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Pyosalpinx subsequent to tubal ligation. Author(s): Menashe Y, Ben-Baruch G, Tamarkin M, Sarlin J. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1989; 68(5): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2520796&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Cystoscopic findings consistent with interstitial cystitis in normal women undergoing tubal ligation. Author(s): Zermann DH, Schubert J, Ishigooka M, Schmidt RA. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1999 September; 162(3 Pt 1): 807-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10458382&dopt=Abstract

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Reasons women give for refusing tubal ligation. Author(s): Modiba KR. Source: Curationis. 1996 September; 19(3): 56. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9257610&dopt=Abstract

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Recovery from outpatient laparoscopic tubal ligation is not improved by preoperative administration of ketorolac or ibuprofen. Author(s): Higgins MS, Givogre JL, Marco AP, Blumenthal PD, Furman WR. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1994 August; 79(2): 274-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7639363&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced risk of ovarian cancer in women with a tubal ligation or hysterectomy. The World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Author(s): Rosenblatt KA, Thomas DB. Source: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 1996 November; 5(11): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8922304&dopt=Abstract

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Restatement on tubal ligation confuses policy with normative ethics. Author(s): McCormick RA. Source: Hosp Prog. 1980 September; 61(9): 40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10248002&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for strong regret and subsequent IVF request after having tubal ligation. Author(s): Kariminia A, Saunders DM, Chamberlain M. Source: The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2002 November; 42(5): 526-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495101&dopt=Abstract

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Ruptured ectopic pregnancy after bilateral tubal ligation. Author(s): Thelin TJ, Van Nagell JR Jr. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 April; 39(4): 589-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5018902&dopt=Abstract

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Safe laparoscopic surgery: tubal ligation without prior pneumoperitoneum. Author(s): Biojo RG, Manzi GB. Source: Surgical Laparoscopy & Endoscopy. 1995 April; 5(2): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7773454&dopt=Abstract

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Sequelae of tubal ligation: an analysis of 75 consecutive hysterectomies. Author(s): Stock RJ. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1984 October; 77(10): 1255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6484647&dopt=Abstract

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Severe pelvic inflammatory disease and peritonitis following Falope Ring tubal ligation. Case report and review of the literature. Author(s): LoBue C. Source: J Reprod Med. 1981 November; 26(11): 581-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7338880&dopt=Abstract

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Sevoflurane requirement for laparoscopic tubal ligation: an electroencephalographic bispectral study. Author(s): Vakkuri A, Yli-Hankala A, Korttila K, Lindgren L. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1999 May; 16(5): 279-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10390661&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual activity after tubal ligation. Author(s): Musto JC. Source: Med Aspects Hum Sex. 1973 June; 7(6): 174, 178, 180-1 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4806959&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual adjustment to contraception: oral contraceptives versus tubal ligation. Author(s): Kutner SJ, Schwyhart WR. Source: Med Aspects Hum Sex. 1974 May; 8(5): 33, 35-6, 39 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4469344&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal anesthesia for postpartum tubal ligation after pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. Author(s): Suelto MD, Vincent RD Jr, Larmon JE, Norman PF, Werhan CF. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2000 March-April; 25(2): 170-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746530&dopt=Abstract

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Sterilization at the time of cesarean section: tubal ligation or hysterectomy? Author(s): Bukovsky I, Schneider D, Weinraub Z, Arieli S, Schreyer P, Caspi E. Source: Contraception. 1983 October; 28(4): 349-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6667624&dopt=Abstract

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Sterilization by tubal ligation--a follow-up study. Author(s): Black WP, Sclare AB. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1968 February; 75(2): 219-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5641018&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome as an unusual complication of laparoscopic tubal ligation. A case report. Author(s): Nyirjesy P, Jones RS, Chatwani A, Zinner ES, Axelrod P. Source: J Reprod Med. 1994 August; 39(8): 649-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7996532&dopt=Abstract

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Study on ovarian function following tubal ligation. Author(s): Sun XD, Ma TY. Source: Acta Acad Med Wuhan. 1985; 5(2): 119-20. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3927212&dopt=Abstract

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Successful sustained lactation following postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Amatayakul K, Wongsawasdi L, Munglapruks A, Imong SM, Jackson DA, Tansuhaj A, Suwannarach C, Chiowanich P, Woolridge MM, Drewett RF, et al. Source: Advances in Contraception : the Official Journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception. 1991 December; 7(4): 363-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1776561&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical sterilization in rural Zaire: requests for reversal of tubal ligation. Author(s): Longombe AO, Lassi M. Source: Trop Doct. 1992 January; 22(1): 33. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1542949&dopt=Abstract

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The decision to terminate childbearing: differences in preoperative ambivalence between tubal ligation women and vasectomy wives. Author(s): Shain RN, Miller WP, Holden AE. Source: Soc Biol. 1984 Spring-Summer; 31(1-2): 40-58. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6544002&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of tubal ligation on the incidence of epithelial cancer of the ovary. Author(s): Koch M, Starreveld AA, Hill GB, Jenkins H. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 1984; 7(4): 241-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6488215&dopt=Abstract

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The minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in patients undergoing bilateral tubal ligation in the postpartum period. Author(s): Zhou HH, Norman P, DeLima LG, Mehta M, Bass D. Source: Anesthesiology. 1995 June; 82(6): 1364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7793650&dopt=Abstract

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The morphine-sparing effect of metoclopramide on postoperative laparoscopic tubal ligation patients. Author(s): Gibbs RD, Movinsky BA, Pellegrini J, Vacchiano CA. Source: Aana Journal. 2002 February; 70(1): 27-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887541&dopt=Abstract

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The position of tubal ligation in family planning. Author(s): Simcock BW. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 December 11; 2(24): 1258. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5135973&dopt=Abstract

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The position of tubal ligation in family planning. Author(s): Gaal RJ. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1971 October 9; 2(15): 772-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5117275&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence and impact of pain after day-care tubal ligation surgery. Author(s): Fraser RA, Hotz SB, Hurtig JB, Hodges SN, Moher D. Source: Pain. 1989 November; 39(2): 189-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2594397&dopt=Abstract

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The rate of successful reactivation of labor epidural catheters for postpartum tubal ligation surgery. Author(s): Goodman EJ, Dumas SD. Source: Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 1998 May-June; 23(3): 258-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9613536&dopt=Abstract

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The use of ketamine for abdominal tubal ligation. Author(s): Azar I, Ozomek E. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1973 January-February; 52(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4734298&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic abortion and concurrent vaginal tubal ligation. Author(s): Morris JA. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1974 July; 44(1): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4834809&dopt=Abstract

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Torsion of a fallopian tube following Pomeroy tubal ligation: a rare case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Krissi H, Orvieto R, Dicker D, Dekel A, Ben Rafael Z. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 1997 March; 72(1): 107-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9076432&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and abortion in the State of Alabama. Author(s): Flowers CE Jr. Source: J Med Assoc State Ala. 1970 April; 39(10): 945-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5466484&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and fatal ovarian cancer in a large prospective cohort study. Author(s): Miracle-McMahill HL, Calle EE, Kosinski AS, Rodriguez C, Wingo PA, Thun MJ, Heath CW Jr. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1997 February 15; 145(4): 349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9054239&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and mini-laparotomy in an outpatient setting. Author(s): Hurlbutt FR, Spangler J. Source: Hawaii Med J. 1983 July; 42(7): 156-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6629755&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and ovarian cancer. Author(s): Kincaid GC. Source: J Reprod Med. 1999 July; 44(7): 656. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10442337&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and pregnancy: mechanism of recanalization after tubal ligation. Author(s): Hernandez FJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1975 May; 26(5): 392-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1126464&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and risk of breast cancer. Author(s): Brinton LA, Gammon MD, Coates RJ, Hoover RN. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 May; 82(9): 1600-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10789731&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and risk of cervical cancer. The World Health Organiztion Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Author(s): Li H, Thomas DB. Source: Contraception. 2000 May; 61(5): 323-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10906503&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations: a case-control study. Author(s): Narod SA, Sun P, Ghadirian P, Lynch H, Isaacs C, Garber J, Weber B, Karlan B, Fishman D, Rosen B, Tung N, Neuhausen SL. Source: Lancet. 2001 May 12; 357(9267): 1467-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377596&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Piek JM, van Diest PJ, Zweemer RP, Kenemans P, Verheijen RH. Source: Lancet. 2001 September 8; 358(9284): 844. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570411&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Gjorgov AN. Source: Lancet. 2001 September 8; 358(9284): 843-4; Author Reply 844. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11570410&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation and the risk of ovarian carcinoma. Author(s): Cornelison TL, Natarajan N, Piver MS, Mettlin CJ. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 1997; 21(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043756&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation as part of family planning in India. Author(s): Lippitt T, Ranganathan KV, Hulka JF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 October 1; 105(3): 434-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5810790&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation at cesarean delivery in five Asian centers: a comparison with tubal ligation soon after vaginal delivery. Author(s): Chi IC, Wilkens LR, Gates D, Lamptey P, Petrick T. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 1989 November; 30(3): 257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2575054&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation by colpotomy incision. Author(s): Whitaker CF Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1979 August 15; 134(8): 885-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=463993&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation candidates who did not get their operation. Author(s): Verkuyl DA. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1996 May; 42(5): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8771936&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation in Bangladesh. Author(s): Calder J. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1977 December 15; 145(24): 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=243844&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. Author(s): Barss P, McCallum K. Source: P N G Med J. 1983 September-December; 26(3-4): 174-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6595884&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Ylikorkala O. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 October; 80(10): 875-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11580729&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation through the posterior fornix with the aid of the culdoscope. Author(s): Wynter HH, Gutierrez Najar AJ. Source: Int Surg. 1971 October; 56(4): 235. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5098050&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation versus cesarean hysterectomy. Author(s): Hofmeister FJ. Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 September; 12(3): 676-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5347230&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation with local anaesthesia. Author(s): Barss P. Source: Trop Doct. 1985 October; 15(4): 175-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4049507&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy and D&C: evidence from the Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project. Author(s): Taffe J, Green A, Dudley E, Dennerstein L. Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2000; 50(2): 117-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10965196&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Myers ER. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 April 27; 271(16): 1235; Author Reply 1236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8204181&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Whitmore SE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 April 27; 271(16): 1236; Author Reply 1236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151894&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Wahlberg C. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 April 27; 271(16): 1236; Author Reply 1236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151893&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Lehrer S. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 April 27; 271(16): 1236. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151892&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. Author(s): Silver AL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1994 April 27; 271(16): 1235; Author Reply 1236-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8151891&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and risk of ovarian cancer. A prospective study. Author(s): Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 December 15; 270(23): 2813-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8133619&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation, menstrual changes, and menopausal symptoms. Author(s): Visvanathan N, Wyshak G. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 June; 9(5): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10883944&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation. Author(s): Rathbun LS. Source: N C Med J. 1967 March; 28(3): 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5232308&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation. A bacteriologic histologic and clinical study. Author(s): Rubin A, Czernobilsky B. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 August; 36(2): 199-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5428484&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal ligation: a misnomer. Author(s): Parente JT, Costello C. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1985 March 15; 151(6): 829. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3976799&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal patency following “uchida” tubal ligation. Author(s): Stock RJ. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 October; 56(4): 521-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7422201&dopt=Abstract

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Tubal sterilization: Comparison of outpatient laparoscopy and postpartum ligation. Author(s): Clark DH Jr, Schneider GT, McManus S. Source: J Reprod Med. 1974 August; 13(2): 69-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4276753&dopt=Abstract

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Tubo-ovarian abscess after tubal ligation. Author(s): Pickering KD, Smith DO. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 1998 September; 47(3): 113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9861865&dopt=Abstract

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Twice-failed tubal ligation: a case report. Author(s): Ruminjo JK, Chabari C. Source: East Afr Med J. 1993 August; 70(8): 528-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8261978&dopt=Abstract

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Two late complications of laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Georgitis JW. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1977 October; 68(10): 352-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=143504&dopt=Abstract

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Umbilical incision for post-partum tubal ligation. Author(s): Vierhout ME. Source: Trop Doct. 1986 April; 16(2): 80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3765086&dopt=Abstract

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Uterine choriocarcinoma fourteen years following bilateral tubal ligation. Author(s): Lathrop JC, Wachtel TJ, Meissner GF. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1978 April; 51(4): 477-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=662231&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal hysterectomy versus tubal ligation: considerations pertaining to the sterilization of multiparous patients with pelvic relaxation. Author(s): Nichols DH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1969 December; 34(6): 881-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5366032&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal tubal ligation at time of vacuum curettage for abortion. Author(s): Sogolow SR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 December; 38(6): 888-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5125439&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal tubal ligation concurrent with medical termination of pregnancy. Author(s): Gupta I, Gupta AN, Devi PK. Source: The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 1979 December; 70: 960-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=541020&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal tubal ligation. Author(s): Stephens DB. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1980 December; 73(12): 1578-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7444547&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal tubal ligation. Author(s): Brusilow M. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1972 November; 40(5): 766-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5083231&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal tubal ligation. Author(s): McMaster RH, Ansari AH. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1971 July; 38(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5561084&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal tubal ligation--is infection a significant risk? Author(s): Miesfeld RR, Giarratano RC, Moyers TG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1980 May 15; 137(2): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6445687&dopt=Abstract

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Vaginal versus abdominal tubal ligation. Study at Victoria General Hospital. Author(s): Akhter MS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1973 February 15; 115(4): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685500&dopt=Abstract

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Ventral bladder hernia following tubal ligation. Author(s): Pena AA, Bermejo CE, Thompson IM Jr. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 1): 1502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352435&dopt=Abstract

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Weekend program for tubal ligation. Author(s): Gardner J. Source: Can Nurse. 1973 April; 69(4): 37-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4692201&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND TUBAL LIGATION Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and tubal ligation.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Tubal Ligation The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “tubal ligation” (or a synonym): •

A comparison of oral ketorolac and hydrocodone-acetaminophen for analgesia after ambulatory surgery: arthroscopy versus laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75235-9068, USA. Source: White, P F Joshi, G P Carpenter, R L Fragen, R J Anesth-Analg. 1997 July; 85(1): 37-43 0003-2999

•

Atrioventricular Mobitz I block during propofol anesthesia for laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Departement d'Anesthesie, Centre Hospitalier de St Nazaire, France. Source: Ganansia, M F Francois, T P Ormezzano, X Pinaud, M L Lepage, J Y AnesthAnalg. 1989 October; 69(4): 524-5 0003-2999

•

Effect of intravenously administered dexmedetomidine on pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Author(s): Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland. Source: Aho, M S Erkola, O A Scheinin, H Lehtinen, A M Korttila, K T Anesth-Analg. 1991 August; 73(2): 112-8 0003-2999

•

Intrathecal morphine for postpartum tubal ligation postoperative analgesia. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [email protected] Source: Campbell, D C Riben, C M Rooney, M E Crone, L A Yip, R W Anesth-Analg. 2001 October; 93(4): 1006-11 0003-2999

•

Post-operative discomfort after ring or clip tubal ligation--is there any difference and do indomethacin suppositories help? Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen Victoria Hospital, University of Adelaide, South Australia. Source: MacLennan, A H Rodrigues, L V Krutli, D R Klomp, A Contraception. 1990 September; 42(3): 309-13 0010-7824

•

Preoperative administration of controlled-release oxycodone for the management of pain after ambulatory laparoscopic tubal ligation surgery. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA. [email protected] Source: Reuben, S S Steinberg, R B Maciolek, H Joshi, W J-Clin-Anesth. 2002 May; 14(3): 223-7 0952-8180

•

The morphine-sparing effect of metoclopramide on postoperative laparoscopic tubal ligation patients. Author(s): Naval Hospital, Keflavik, Iceland. Source: Gibbs, Robin D Movinsky, Beth Ann Pellegrini, Joseph Vacchiano, Charles A AANA-J. 2002 February; 70(1): 27-32 0094-6354

Nutrition

43

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. LIGATION

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND TUBAL

Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to tubal ligation. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to tubal ligation and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to tubal ligation: •

A long term follow-up study of 1,055 cases of postpartum tubal ligation. Author(s): Lu T, Chun D. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1967 December; 74(6): 875-80. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6066464&dopt=Abstract

•

A physician views the Directives. Author(s): Diamond EF. Source: Hosp Prog. 1973 February; 54(2): 70-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685365&dopt=Abstract

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•

A survey on the migrant population from twelve townships of Wuwei County in Anhui Province. Author(s): Xu Z. Source: Chin J Popul Sci. 1992; 4(4): 367-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12318216&dopt=Abstract

•

Bacteriology of postpartum oviducts and endometrium. Author(s): Spore WW, Moskal PA, Nakamura RM, Mishell DR Jr. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1970 June 15; 107(4): 572-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5463700&dopt=Abstract

•

Birth control techniques in China. Author(s): Xiao B, Wang M. Source: China Popul Newsl. 1983 December; 1(2): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12312957&dopt=Abstract

•

Challenges to individual and corporate rights. Author(s): Schulte EJ. Source: Hosp Prog. 1974 February; 55(2): 52-6 Passim. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4811516&dopt=Abstract

•

Childbearing beliefs among Cambodian refugee women. Author(s): Kulig JC. Source: Western Journal of Nursing Research. 1990 February; 12(1): 108-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2301165&dopt=Abstract

•

Comparative study on the acceptance and use of contraceptive methods in a rural population in Kelantan. Author(s): Kamalanathan JP. Source: Malays J Reprod Health. 1990 December; 8(2): 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12343150&dopt=Abstract

•

Conception and birth control use: Cambodian refugee women's beliefs and practices. Author(s): Kulig JC. Source: Journal of Community Health Nursing. 1988; 5(4): 235-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3204423&dopt=Abstract

•

Diode laser assisted transcervical tubal sterilization: an in vivo study in rabbits. Author(s): Sporri S, Bell B, Yandell R, Motamedi M. Source: Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 2001; 29(4): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11746117&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 47

•

Ethics committee decides tubal ligation. Author(s): Mothes CA. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1993 July; 93(7): 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8322855&dopt=Abstract

•

Family planning attitudes and practices in rural eastern Nigeria. Author(s): Ukaegbu AO. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1977 July; 8(7): 177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=877985&dopt=Abstract

•

Family planning in aboriginal communities. Author(s): Gray A. Source: Community Health Stud. 1987; 11(3): 165-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3691045&dopt=Abstract

•

Family planning in the People's Republic of China: report on first official IPPF visit. Author(s): Katagiri T, Terao T. Source: Ippf Med Bull. 1972 June; 6(3): 1-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12275847&dopt=Abstract

•

Infertility practice and Orthodox Jewish law. Author(s): Gordon JA, Amelar RD, Dubin L, Tendler MD. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1975 May; 26(5): 480-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1126468&dopt=Abstract

•

Karen's delivery--graceful and natural. Author(s): LaCivita S. Source: Ohio Nurses Rev. 1993 March-April; 68(2): 8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8469516&dopt=Abstract

•

Minilaparotomy under acupuncture analgesia. Author(s): Dias PL, Subramanium S. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1984 April; 77(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6716381&dopt=Abstract

•

Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis. Author(s): Fairfield KM, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Source: Cancer. 2001 November 1; 92(9): 2318-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11745286&dopt=Abstract

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•

Sex differentials among family planning physicians in the Philippines. Author(s): MacCorquodale DW. Source: Health Serv Rep. 1973 December; 88(10): 963-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4762107&dopt=Abstract

•

Sterilization by tubal ligation--a follow-up study. Author(s): Black WP, Sclare AB. Source: J Obstet Gynaecol Br Commonw. 1968 February; 75(2): 219-24. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5641018&dopt=Abstract

•

Supraventricular tachycardia associated with postpartum metoclopramide administration. Author(s): Bevacqua BK. Source: Anesthesiology. 1988 January; 68(1): 124-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3337365&dopt=Abstract

•

The attitudes of Philippine family planning physicians towards sterilization. Author(s): MacCorquodale DW. Source: Social Science & Medicine (1982). 1974 December; 8(11-12): 591-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4450127&dopt=Abstract

•

The effect of foot massage on patients' perception of care following laparoscopic sterilization as day case patients. Author(s): Hulme J, Waterman H, Hillier VF. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1999 August; 30(2): 460-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10457249&dopt=Abstract

•

The social psychology of family planning in a part-aboriginal rural community, 1970 to 1973. Author(s): Kamien M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1975 February 22; 1(3 Suppl): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1128379&dopt=Abstract

•

The use of traditional methods of contraception among Turkish couples. Author(s): Goldberg HI, Toros A. Source: Stud Fam Plann. 1994 March-April; 25(2): 122-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8059445&dopt=Abstract

•

Theologians view the directives. Author(s): Reich WT, McCormick RA.

Alternative Medicine 49

Source: Hosp Prog. 1973 February; 54(2): 73-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4685366&dopt=Abstract •

Tubal obstruction after ligation reversal surgery: results of catheter recanalization. Author(s): Thurmond AS, Brandt KR, Gorrill MJ. Source: Radiology. 1999 March; 210(3): 747-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10207477&dopt=Abstract

•

Uterine rupture in Nigeria. Author(s): Elkins T, Onwuka E, Stovall T, Hagood M, Osborn D. Source: J Reprod Med. 1985 March; 30(3): 195-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3999069&dopt=Abstract

•

Vaginal contraception with gossypol: a clinical study. Author(s): Ratsula K, Haukkamaa M, Wichmann K, Luukkainen T. Source: Contraception. 1983 June; 27(6): 571-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6684533&dopt=Abstract

•

When physicians perform abortions outside the Catholic hospital. Author(s): Leibold P, Gilham CS. Source: Health Progress (Saint Louis, Mo.). 1998 March-April; 79(2): 12-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10178081&dopt=Abstract

•

Women's reproductive health network. Author(s): Xu C. Source: China Popul Today. 1997 October; 14(5): 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12293430&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON TUBAL LIGATION Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to tubal ligation. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “tubal ligation” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tubal ligation, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Tubal Ligation ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to tubal ligation. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Perceptions of the Experience of Tubal Ligation: an Exploratory Study in Fertility Control among Twenty Low Income, Black Women by Butts, June Dobbs, EDD from Columbia University, 1969, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7004563

•

Sterilization among Puerto Rican Women: a Case Study in New York City (Fertility, Tubal Ligation, Reproductive Rights, Population Control) by Lopez, Iris Ofelia, PhD from Columbia University, 1985, 312 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8610789

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON TUBAL LIGATION Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “tubal ligation” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on tubal ligation, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Tubal Ligation By performing a patent search focusing on tubal ligation, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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Tubal Ligation

example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on tubal ligation: •

Apparatus and method of extracorporeally applying and locking laparoscopic suture and loop ligatures Inventor(s): Lehrer; Theodor (936 Intracoastal Dr., Apt 21C, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33304) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,536,273 Date filed: December 9, 1993 Abstract: A suture applier instrument for tying suture and loop ligatures in laparoscopic excisional procedures such as LAVH, tubal ligation, salpingectomy, cophorectomy and appendectomy; in the repair of the fallopian tubes, uterus and ovaries; and in retropubic colposuspension using locking slip knots; and an efficient extracorporeal method to effectively lock them. The slip knot is held at the tip of the suture applier instrument and is kept in position on the target tissues while its two suture strands are operated extracorporeally, tying the loop ligature with one of the strands and locking or tightening the knot itself with the other. Additional hitch knots may be introduced and tied after the slip knot has been applied, using the same instrument. New knots, spool for pretied knot sutures and knot tying techniques for use with the suture applier are presented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to surgical instruments. In particular, instruments used for the extracorporeal application of non-locking and locking slip knots to endoscopic suture and loop ligatures. A wide variety of endoscopic surgical techniques for securing tissue has been developed. In addition to the suture and loop ligature methods which are the subject matter of this invention, alternative techniques to the suture and/or ligature method include the use of mechanical devices such as staples, silastic rings and clips, automatic stapling devices, electrosurgery and lasers. A high proportion of endoscopic surgeons experience difficulty in acquiring and maintaining proficiency in their use. These alternate techniques are costlier and may be associated with technical problems, more extensive tissue damage and other surgical complications. While great advances have been made to improve them over time, improvements in endoscopic suture and loop ligatures are highly desirable because this is the preferred technique in open surgery, which is the standard for operative laparoscopy. Surgeons have mastered the suture method in open surgery and have trusted it over many years to be the most reliable and cost effective technique. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05536273__

•

Device for sterilizing the human female or male by ligation Inventor(s): Yoon; In Bae (9508 Falls Bridge Lane, Potomac, MD 20854) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,967,625 Date filed: December 23, 1974 Abstract: A method for sterilizing the human female by tubal ligation comprising the use of a ring applicator device having forceps means slidably mounted inside a cylindrical tube for grasping the Fallopian tube and pulling it within the device and

Patents 55

means for pushing or otherwise displacing an elastic or stretchable ring over the portion of the tube held within the device, thereby effecting a ligature thereof. The procedure is preferably used in conjunction with a viewing device such as a laparoscope or a culdoscope. The placement of the elastic ring on the tubes eliminates the need for timeconsuming procedures which are discomforting to the patient and the use of bulky and expensive equipment. Moreover, depending upon the size and elastic power of the rings, the sterilization can be made permanently or reversibly, as desired. The device and method are also applicable to the sterilization of the human male by the ligature of the vas. Excerpt(s): This invention relates primarily to an instrument and a method for sterilizing the human female. More particularly, it relates to a ring applicator device, combinations of said device with other instruments and a technique for carrying out tubal ligation on the human female in order to effect permanent or temporary sterilization. Moreover, the device can be used effectively to sterilize the human male. In many areas of the world, the question of population control has become a central issue. Since birth control devices or means are not always used faithfully or fail to work in some instances, various procedures have been proposed for effecting the sterilization of women as well as men. However, many of these techniques are unpopular because of the resulting complications, the high expense and because of the general unacceptability among the populace of effecting a sterilization which is permanent and cannot be reversed. Nevertheless, sterilization is obviously an effective means for solving various problems of population explosion and of voluntarily limiting the size of the family where desired on the part of the parents. Accordingly, research into finding various techniques and instruments has continued both under private and government support. Tubal ligation has commonly been used to effect sterilization in women. The common practice is to cut and tie the Fallopian tubes in order to prevent fertilization of the egg. More recently, the use of clips for closing the tubes has been suggested. Another recent procedure involves cauterization of the tubes by electrical means. Each of these procedures, however, involves much discomfort to the patient and highly skilled personnel to successfully complete the operation. Also, the clips have in some instances fallen off and cauterization by means of electricity involves certain dangers, such as accidental rupturing of the bowel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03967625__ •

Methods of endoscopic tubal ligation Inventor(s): Yoon; InBae (2101 Highland Ridge Dr., Phoenix, MD 21131) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,921,993 Date filed: May 1, 1997 Abstract: A method of endoscopic tubal ligation includes the steps of introducing a distal end of an instrument assembly at an internal operative site through a small size port, visualizing the internal operative site with an endoscope from externally of the internal operative site, grasping an anatomical tubular structure at the internal operative site with a grasping member of the instrument assembly and drawing the anatomical tubular structure into a loop formation and contracting a ligature loop of filamentous ligature material of the instrument assembly around the loop formation to form a ligature without withdrawing the instrument assembly from the internal operative site.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods of tubal ligation and, more particularly, to methods of endoscopic ligation of the Fallopian tubes. Various operative procedures previously performed as open surgery requiring relatively large longitudinal incisions have come to be performed endoscopically. In endoscopic procedures, instruments are introduced at internal operative sites through relatively small, artificially created or natural openings providing communication with the internal operative sites from externally thereof. The instruments are manipulated remotely, from externally of the internal operative sites, to perform various operative procedures under visualization provided by an endoscope. Endoscopic procedures have many advantages over open surgical procedures including minimal invasiveness and trauma, shorter hospital stays and recovery times, minimal scarring and patient discomfort, fewer post-operative complications, lower cost and reduced risk for the patient. Ligating anatomical tissue is a time consuming and tedious part of both endoscopic and open operative procedures due to the difficulty involved in applying an occluding ligature to anatomical tissue as is necessary and desirable in many various procedures. Ligating anatomical tissue is particularly difficult in endoscopic procedures due to the limited room for maneuverability at the internal operative site, the number of different instruments required and the complicated operative steps involved. In particular, separate instruments are required to grasp the anatomical tissue and to position and contract a ligature loop therearound to form a ligature. Furthermore, additional instruments are usually required to cut the ligated tissue as well as the material of the ligature loop. Accordingly, the advantages of endoscopic procedures are sometimes outweighed by the disadvantages caused by the length of time required to perform endoscopic procedures where such time is significantly extended due to the time required for tissue ligation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05921993__ •

Surgical forceps for applying clips to fallopian tubes Inventor(s): Boebel; Manfred (Oetisheim, DE) Assignee(s): Richard Wolf GmbH (Knittlingen, DE) Patent Number: 4,325,377 Date filed: April 25, 1980 Abstract: This invention relates to surgical forceps for applying clips to fallopian tubes in an operation known as tubal ligation. Such forceps are known which comprise a stem having an opening at its distal end for insertion of a clip formed by two branches held apart by an elastic connecting strap comprising a closing lever displaceable in said stem axially with respect to said clip by means of a proximal handle and situated in the area of said stem opening, which by actuation of said handle is pivoted into the closed position and brings the free extremities of said clip branches into coupled engagement gripping one behind the other in hooklike manner.In such forceps the improvement consists in that a cylindrical sleeve is provided which is arranged to be pushable axially over said forceps stem from the distal extremity, which brings or pivots the unclosed branch of the inserted clip projecting from the periphery of said forceps stem in the excised portion of said stem against the other clip branch held fast in said forceps without coupled engagement into a position in alignment with said forceps stem insertible through a trocar sleeve. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to surgical forceps for applying clips to Fallopian tubes, of the kind comprising a stem having a excision at its distal end for

Patents 57

insertion of a clip formed by two branches held apart by an elastic connecting strap and comprising a closing lever displaceable in said stem axially with respect to said clip by means of a proximal handle and situated in the area of said stem excision, which by actuation of said handle is pivoted into the closed position and brings the free extremities of said clip branches into coupled engagement gripping one behind the other in hooklike manner. Known forceps of the aforesaid kind e.g. those described in copending German patent application no. P2828564.5, are so constructed that the clip inserted into the forceps aperture has its branches spread open at the distal side by virtue of resilient construction. For application of clips on Fallopian tubes, such forceps must be inserted through a trocar sleeve transpiercing the abdominal wall. The unclosed clip should concomitantly and evidently be placed in a position in which it may be pushed through the trocar sleeve, i.e. the unclosed position should be reversed, but the clip branches may not as yet have their free extremities coupled in mutual engagement. To this end, the double-armed closing lever of the forceps aperture has the lever arm which acts against the unclosed clip branches formed in a particular manner. For insertion of the clips, the closing lever should first be opened and then closed after insertion of the clip, in order to place the unclosed clip branch into the position in alignment with the trocar sleeve. After the clip is passed through the trocar sleeve, the closing lever and thus the clip should be opened again by actuation of the forceps handle, so that said clip may be laid around the Fallopian tube, whereupon the forceps aperture is pushed forward by the forceps handle and the closing lever is finally pivoted into the closed position, in which the two free extremities of the clip branches are coupled in mutual engagement in hook-like manner. It is an object of the invention to render it possible to utilise a particular uncomplicated closing lever of the clip forceps, and to ensure that the closing lever need merely be actuated for closing the clip branches into the coupled position by means of the forceps handle, thus simplifying the operation of the forceps. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04325377__ •

Surgical ligating instrument and method Inventor(s): McGowan; Francis E. (Abington, PA), Polk; Todd J. (Croydon, PA) Assignee(s): KLI, Inc. (Newtown, PA) Patent Number: 4,226,239 Date filed: January 31, 1978 Abstract: A surgical ligating instrument is provided for tubal ligation within the human and/or animal body, by the application of two or more elastic rings to anatomical tubes such as Fallopian tubes. The instrument is constructed to grasp a Fallopian tube, to draw it into an elongated tubular member, and to discharge a stretched elastic ring on the Fallopian tube to perform the ligation procedure, followed by grasping the other Fallopian tube and discharging another similarly stretched elastic ring thereon, without removing the instrument from the patient's body. Excerpt(s): The structure of the instrument causes performance of all of these steps in a single operative procedure, which may be conducted continuously. A novel pistol grip and trigger are provided for actuating the release of the stretched elastic ring over and around the Fallopian tube. The instrument is composed of a plurality of elongated members, cylindrical or tubular, which may be disassembled easily for effective cleaning and sterilization.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04226239__ •

Tubal ligation instrument with anesthesia means Inventor(s): Watson; Trevor F. (Columbia, MO) Assignee(s): Kli, Inc. (Newtown, PA) Patent Number: 4,230,116 Date filed: October 2, 1978 Abstract: The tubal ligation instrument of the present invention includes structure for ligating anatomical tubes within the human or animal body, and structure for anesthetizing the anatomical tubes being ligated. An example of an anatomical tube is a Fallopian tube. The instrument further includes a structure for grasping the anatomical element. The grasping structure extends through a channel in the instrument housing. Usually the grasping structure is a rod having forceps tongs at one end with a flat surface formed on a side portion of the rod. Consequently, the rod does not occupy the entire housing leaving a channel between the rod and the housing. On an outside surface of the instrument housing is an anesthesia receiving means, typically a stopcock. A channel through the stopcock, through which anesthesia may flow, is capable of communicating with the channel between the rod and the housing. The application of anesthesia to an anatomical element is accomplished by introducing the anesthesia through the stopcock and into the unoccupied channel of the housing. Thus, a surgeon directing the end of the instrument to an anatomical element can apply an anesthetic agent to the anatomical element intraabdominally, by the method of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a tubal ligation instrument for ligating anatomical elements, and more specifically relates to such an instrument which further includes a means for intraabdominally anesthetizing an anatomical element. The present invention also relates to the method of using such a tubal ligation instrument. Although this instrument relates particularly to female sterilization procedures involving the Fallopian tubes, the instrument of this invention may be applied to the vas deferens in the human male and to any other suitable anatomical structure. Tubal ligation instruments have found worldwide acceptance for a wide variety of purposes, but in particular have been used for sterilization. In the U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,392, granted to Lampman et al. on Sept. 10, 1974, there is disclosed a laparoscope system for sterilization whereby a single unit contains the power source to provide illumination, oscillatory electrical power and CO.sub.2 gas for laparosocopy. The CO.sub.2 gas, under pressure is first passed into the body through a needle into the peritioneal cavity. A trocar and cannula are inserted into the gas-filled abdominal cavity. A telescope connected to a source of illumination is inserted into the body cavity through the cannula. The Fallopian tubes are then identified through the laparoscope. Flexible forceps are thereafter inserted through the laparoscope into the body cavity. The forceps is manipulated to successively close the passage through each Fallopian tube either by means of sending electrical oscillations through the forceps to simultaneously cut, seal and cauterize each tube in turn, or by means of a specific clamp which clamps the passage shut. U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,810 to Van Hoorn, granted Sept. 25, 1973 shows a surgical ligation instrument for ligating internal structures of a cavity in the human body, such as internal hermorrhoids, by means of at least one elastic cord. In the Van Hoorn device, two tubes are mounted for relative sliding movement, one inside the other, with the inner tube protruding at the front of the outer tube. An elastic cord or

Patents 59

band is stretched upon the outer surface of the protruding portion of the inner tube, and after the tube to be ligated has been drawn into the inner tube, relative movement of the outer tube to the inner tube, displaces the elastic band about the grasped tube. Thus, a stretchable or elastic cord or ring is used for tubal ligation of blood vessels in the treatment of rectosigmoidal lesions and in the treatment of internal structures of the human body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04230116__

Patent Applications on Tubal Ligation As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to tubal ligation: •

Device for laparoscopic tubal ligation Inventor(s): Berky, Craig B.; (Milford, OH), Christy, William J.; (Oviedo, FL), Keller, George; (Columbus, OH), Ward, Thomas J.; (Columbus, OH), Wells, Timothy N.; (Ridgefield, CT), Williamson, Warren P. IV; (Loveland, OH) Correspondence: Kevin G. Rooney; Wood, Herron & Evans, L.L.P.; 2700 Carew Tower; 441 Vine Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202-2917; US Patent Application Number: 20030216752 Date filed: May 12, 2003 Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a ligating instrument and end effector assemblies for use in laparoscopic tubal ligation procedures. The ligating instrument includes an integral grasping assembly and an integral end effector actuator and is configured to perform a ligating procedure by operation of a single hand of a user. The ligating instrument includes an integral grasper assembly for grasping a tubular tissue section and removable end effector or suture deployment mechanism for holding open a suture to be positioned about the tubular section. The grasper is configured to draw the tubular section into the open loop of suture material and cinch the suture material about the tubular tissue section. A rotator knob may be provided to orient grasper members associated with the grasper assembly relative to the tissue section. An alternative end effector is provided to removably mount on the distal end of the ligating instrument and to cut that part of the tubular tissue section which needs to be removed after the tubular tissue section has been ligated. A relatively soft over mold section may be provided to at least partially enclose the handle of the ligating instrument in order to provide comfort and facilitate a surer grip of the instrument. Excerpt(s): The present disclosure claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/248,436, filed Nov. 14, 2000, and entitled, "Device for Laparoscopic Tubal Ligation". The present invention relates to surgical devices and methods and, more particularly, to devices and methods for grasping a tissue segment and delivering a loop of suture material to the tissue segment with a single, one hand operable ligating instrument for the purpose of ligation. Modern surgical techniques often entail the use of endosurgery, wherein large incisions are avoided, and, instead, elongated

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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instruments are inserted into and manipulated through trocars. Typically the surgical site, such as the peritoneum, is viewed remotely, and the surgeon works while watching a monitor. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with tubal ligation, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on tubal ligation. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning tubal ligation. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON TUBAL LIGATION Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to tubal ligation. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on tubal ligation include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on tubal ligation: •

Family planning methods at a glance Source: Flagstaff, AZ: North Arizona Area Health Education Center. 1994. 20 pp. Contact: Available from American Indian Outreach Division, North Arizona Area Health Education Center, 2501 North Fourth Street, Suite 9, Flagstaff, AZ 86004. Telephone: (602) 774-6687 / fax: (602) 774-1652. $7.00 plus $3.00 shipping and handling; make checks payable to NAAHEC. Summary: This book contains information for the use of resource mothers working with Native Americans in Arizona. It is a collection of charts that summarize the rationale for using family planning, describes in general terms how the various methods work, covers the menstrual cycle, and reviews various contraceptive techniques. For each, the charts describe the technique, cite advantages and disadvantages, indicate how it is used, identifies persons who should not use that technique, and provides a sketch to indicate what the device looks like. The techniques included are: abstinence, birth

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control pills, condoms, depo-provera, diaphragm, intrauterine devices, natural family planning, norplant, the sponge, tubal ligation, vasectomies, vaginal contraceptives, and withdrawal. Materials describing the Center's Resource Mothers Project and other outreach services are also available. •

Maternal and child health program design and development: From the ground up; Collaboration and partnership: A casebook Source: [New York, NY]: Columbia University School of Social Work. 1997. 69 pp. Contact: Available from National Maternal and Child Health Clearinghouse, 2070 Chain Bridge Road, Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182-2536. Telephone: (703) 356-1964 or (888) 4344MCH / fax: (703) 821-2098 / e-mail: [email protected] / Web site: http://www.nmchc.org. Available at no charge. Summary: This third MCH casebook from the Columbia University School of Social Work discusses program planning and development for social programs, adolescent pregnancy and parenting, young men's clinics, pediatric nutrition parents' support groups, parent-child programs, and tubal ligation; and professional writing for social workers. [Funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau].

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

A randomized study of outpatient tubal sterilization by mini-laparotomy and laparoscopy Author: Meyer, J. H.,; Year: 1973; [1973]

•

Client decision-making for use of Norplant and tubal ligation in Dakar, Senegal Author: Diadhiou, F.; Year: 1994; 1994

•

Culdoscopic tubal ligation Author: Dawn, C. S.; Year: 1973; Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Voluntary Sterilization at Geneva, Switzerland, 1973

•

Endometriosis and the development of tubo-peritoneal fistulae after tubal ligation Author: Rock, J. A.; Year: 1980; 1980

•

Interval tubal ligation Author: Lwanga, C. D.; Year: 1984; 1984

•

Microsurgical restoration of fertility following tubal ligation Author: Winston, R.; Year: 1979; 1979

10

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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•

The decision to terminate childbearing: differences in preoperative ambivalence between tubal ligation women and vasectomy wives Author: Shain, R. N.; Year: 1984; [1984]

•

The effect of postpartum tubal ligation on breast-feeding Author: Dusitsin, N.; Year: 1978; Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, [1978]

•

Therapeutic abortion and concurrent vaginal tubal ligation Author: Morris, J. A.; Year: 1973; Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Miami, 1973

•

Tubal ligation: a follow up study Author: Zaman, Q.; Year: 1976; Lahore, Pakistan, Family Planning Association of Pakistan, 1976

•

Tubal ligation at cesarean delivery in five Asian centers. A comparison with tubal ligation soon after vaginal delivery Author: Chi, I. C.; Year: 1988; 1988

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Tubal ligation by culdoscopy. (Promotional material). Author: Weck and Company.; Year: 1977; [1977]

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Tubal ligation using Pomeroy and Irving methods Author: Lappas, C. A.; Year: 1982; 1982

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Tubal ligation with hemoclips by culdoscopy Author: Weck and Company.; Year: 1977; [1977]

•

Tubal sterilization: review of methods Author: Wortman, J.; Year: 1976; 1976

•

Women's perceptions of tubal ligation [microform] Author: DeRaps, P. K.; Year: 1992; Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International, 1992

Chapters on Tubal Ligation In order to find chapters that specifically relate to tubal ligation, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and tubal ligation using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box.

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CHAPTER 7. MULTIMEDIA ON TUBAL LIGATION Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on tubal ligation. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Tubal Ligation The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in tubal ligation (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on tubal ligation: •

Diagnostic laparoscopy and tubal sterilization procedures [videorecording] Source: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Walter Reed Army Medical Center; produced by WRAMC-TV; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; Washington: The Center: [for sale by WRAMC-TV], 1975

•

Laparoscopic tubal sterilization [videorecording]: an outpatient procedure Source: Division of Educational Communications, State University of New York Upstate Medical Center; Year: 1977; Format: Videorecording; Syracuse, N.Y.: S.U.N.Y., c1977

•

Microlaparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Madigan Army Medical Center; Year: 1997; Format: Videorecording; Washington, DC: ACOG, c1997

•

Options for tubal sterilization at caesarean delivery [videorecording] Source: author, Haywood L. Brown; produced by DG, Davis & Geck, Medical Device Division; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; [Wayne, N.J.]: American Cyanamid, c1988

•

Outpatient tubal ligation by mini-laparotomy [videorecording] Source: produced by the Division of Educational Media and Technology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Year: 1974; Format: Videorecording; Baltimore, Md.: The Division, [1974]

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•

Tubal ligation [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Informed Consent Incorporated; produced and distributed by Filmtec, Inc; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; Reston, VA: Filmtec, c1988

•

Tubal ligation reversal [videorecording] Source: produced by Advanced Medical Education, Inc. for the Learning Channel; Year: 1994; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities and Sciences, c1994

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CHAPTER 8. LIGATION

PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON TUBAL

Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover tubal ligation.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on tubal ligation is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to tubal ligation. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “tubal ligation” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for tubal ligation: •

Tubal ligation linked to reduced risk of ovarian cancer in high-risk women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 10, 2001

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•

Tubal sterilization does not cause menstrual problems Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 06, 2000

•

Number of postpartum tubal ligations on the decline; vasectomies steady Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 16, 1998

•

Tubal Ligation Immediately Postpartum May Be Too Risky Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 18, 1997

•

Vaginal Tubal Ligation Has Advantages Over Laparoscopic Approach Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 23, 1997

•

Tubal Ligation Reduces Ovarian Cancer Risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 17, 1997 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or

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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “tubal ligation” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to tubal ligation, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “tubal ligation” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on tubal ligation: •

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Women's Health Issues Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 49(8): 1-3. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in relation to issues specific to women's health, including pregnancy, contraception, fertility, sexuality, management of menopause, osteoporosis, coronary artery disease, and chronic fatigue. Pregnancy is high risk for both the woman with SLE and her fetus. Pregnant women with SLE are at higher risk for both preeclampsia and premature membrane rupture. Fetal problems associated with SLE include preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, placental insufficiency, pregnancy loss, and congenital heart block. Although barrier contraception is the safest method in SLE, other options include oral contraceptives, the intrauterine device, and tubal ligation. Fertility is usually not a problem in women with SLE, but some SLE treatment regimens, such as monthly pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide, put fertility at risk. Women with SLE may face sexuality issues because their body image is affected both by the disease and by its treatment. More women with SLE are reaching menopause, and studies have suggested that estrogen replacement therapy does not increase SLE flares. Both premenopausal and postmenopausal women with SLE are at risk for osteoporosis because of the use of prednisone. The major cause of death in women with SLE is cardiovascular disease, so they should be considered as candidates for screening for early atherosclerosis. Chronic fatigue is a major complaint of women with SLE. 4 tables and 18 references.

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Academic Periodicals covering Tubal Ligation Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to tubal ligation. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering tubal ligation that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute11: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

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National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

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National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

11

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

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National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.12 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:13 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

12 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 13 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway14 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.15 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3790 1246 472 22 1 5531

HSTAT16 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.17 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.18 Simply search by “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

14

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

15

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 17 18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists19 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.20 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.21 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

19 Adapted 20

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 21 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on tubal ligation can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to tubal ligation. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to tubal ligation. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “tubal ligation”:

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•

Other guides Breast Implants/Breast Reconstruction http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/breastimplantsbreastreconstruction.html Chlamydia Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/chlamydiainfections.html Infertility http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infertility.html Ovarian Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ovariancancer.html Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/plasticcosmeticsurgery.html Teen Sexual Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/teensexualhealth.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to tubal ligation. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

Patient Resources

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

81

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to tubal ligation. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with tubal ligation. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about tubal ligation. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “tubal ligation” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “tubal ligation”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “tubal ligation” (or synonyms) into the “For

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these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “tubal ligation” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

83

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.22

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

22

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)23: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosePhDenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

23

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

Finding Medical Libraries

85

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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87

•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

89

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on tubal ligation: •

Basic Guidelines for Tubal Ligation Tubal ligation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002913.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Tubal Ligation Problems breathing Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003075.htm

•

Background Topics for Tubal Ligation Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Exercise Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001941.htm Pain medications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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TUBAL LIGATION DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abscess: A localized, circumscribed collection of pus. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acupuncture Analgesia: Analgesia produced by the insertion of acupuncture needles at certain points in the body. These activate the small myelinated nerve fibers in the muscle which transmit impulses to the spinal cord and then activate three centers - the spinal cord, midbrain and pituitary hypothalamus - to produce analgesia. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alopecia: Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU]

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Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anastomosis: A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antiemetic: An agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. [EU]

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH]

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Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Aperture: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Appendectomy: An operation to remove the appendix. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autacoids: A chemically diverse group of substances produced by various tissues in the body that cause slow contraction of smooth muscle; they have other intense but varied pharmacologic activities. [NIH] Autosuggestion: Suggestion coming from the subject himself. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Image: Individuals' personal concept of their bodies as objects in and bound by space,

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independently and apart from all other objects. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Cannula: A tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Case-Control Studies: Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be

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analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cauterization: The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Cesarean Section: Extraction of the fetus by means of abdominal hysterotomy. [NIH] Chest wall: The ribs and muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. [NIH] Chlamydia: A genus of the family Chlamydiaceae whose species cause a variety of diseases in vertebrates including humans, mice, and swine. Chlamydia species are gram-negative and produce glycogen. The type species is Chlamydia trachomatis. [NIH] Cholecystectomy: Surgical removal of the gallbladder. [NIH] Choriocarcinoma: A malignant tumor of trophoblastic epithelium characterized by secretion of large amounts of chorionic gonadotropin. It usually originates from chorionic products of conception (i.e., hydatidiform mole, normal pregnancy, or following abortion), but can originate in a teratoma of the testis, mediastinum, or pineal gland. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot

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or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Codeine: An opioid analgesic related to morphine but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colpotomy: An incision in the vagina. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH]

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Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH]

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Culdoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the female pelvic viscera by means of an endoscope introduced into the pelvic cavity through the posterior vaginal fornix. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Curette: A spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH] Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Dexmedetomidine: A selective inhibitor of receptors, adrenergic alpha-2 that has analgesic and sedative properties. Medetomidine is the other racemic form. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt, diclofenac sodium. [NIH] Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of diclofenac. It is used for its analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH]

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Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Ectopic Pregnancy: The pregnancy occurring elsewhere than in the cavity of the uterus. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemiologic Studies: Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are case-control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies. [NIH]

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Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]

Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to bupivacaine. [NIH] Excisional: The surgical procedure of removing a tumor by cutting it out. The biopsy is then examined under a microscope. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Fallopian Tubes: Two long muscular tubes that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They extend from the horn of the uterus to the ovaries and consist of an ampulla, an infundibulum, an isthmus, two ostia, and a pars uterina. The walls of the tubes are composed of three layers: mucosal, muscular, and serosal. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH]

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Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fistulas: An abnormal passage from one hollow structure of the body to another, or from a hollow structure to the surface, formed by an abscess, disease process, incomplete closure of a wound, or by a congenital anomaly. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fornix: A bundle of nerves connected to the hippocampus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gossypol: Poisonous pigment found in cottonseed and potentially irritating to gastrointestinal tract. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological

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therapy. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hernia: Protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. [NIH]

Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydatidiform Mole: A trophoblastic disease characterized by hydrops of the mesenchymal portion of the villus. Its karyotype is paternal and usually homozygotic. The tumor is indistinguishable from chorioadenoma destruens or invasive mole ( = hydatidiform mole, invasive) except by karyotype. There is no apparent relation by karyotype to choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform refers to the presence of the hydropic state of some or all of the villi (Greek hydatis, a drop of water). [NIH] Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to codeine, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant. [NIH] Hyperbaric: Characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. [EU] Hyperbaric oxygen: Oxygen that is at an atmospheric pressure higher than the pressure at sea level. Breathing hyperbaric oxygen to enhance the effectiveness of radiation therapy is being studied. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hysterectomy: Excision of the uterus. [NIH] Hysterotomy: An incision in the uterus, performed through either the abdomen or the vagina. [NIH] Iatrogenic: Resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders

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induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. [EU] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase necessary for the formation of prostaglandins and other autacoids. It also inhibits the motility of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU]

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Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Ketorolac: A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Laparotomy: A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH]

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Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lithotomy: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Lithotomy position: A position in which the patient lies on his back with legs flexed and his thighs on his abdomen and abducted. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menorrhagia: Excessive menstrual flow. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH]

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Meperidine: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiparous: 1. Having had two or more pregnancies which resulted in viable fetuses. 2. Producing several ova or offspring at one time. [EU] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct

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nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxycodone: Semisynthetic derivative of codeine that acts as a narcotic analgesic more potent and addicting than codeine. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Papillary tumor: A tumor shaped like a small mushroom, with its stem attached to the epithelial layer (inner lining) of an organ. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease.

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[NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvic inflammatory disease: A bacteriological disease sometimes associated with intrauterine device (IUD) usage. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peritonitis: Inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. [EU] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pineal gland: A tiny organ located in the cerebrum that produces melatonin. Also called pineal body or pineal organ. [NIH]

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Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Placental Insufficiency: Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumothorax: Accumulation of air or gas in the space between the lung and chest wall, resulting in partial or complete collapse of the lung. [NIH] Population Control: Includes mechanisms or programs which control the numbers of individuals in a population of humans or animals. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Post partum: After childbirth, or after delivery. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and

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proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostaglandins D: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They show pressor activity, are mediators of inflammation, and have potential antithrombotic effects. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU]

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Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Puerperium: Period from delivery of the placenta until return of the reproductive organs to their normal nonpregnant morphologic state. In humans, the puerperium generally lasts for six to eight weeks. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Receptors, Adrenergic: Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU]

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Retropubic: A potential space between the urinary bladder and the symphisis and body of the pubis. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotator: A muscle by which a part can be turned circularly. [NIH] Rural Population: The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural. [NIH] Salpingectomy: Excision if a uterine tube. [NIH] Salpingitis: 1. Inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. Inflammation of the auditory tube. [EU] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scrotum: In males, the external sac that contains the testicles. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seminal vesicles: Glands that help produce semen. [NIH] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU]

Dictionary 113

Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with mental processes operating in social groups. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic mutations: Alterations in DNA that occur after conception. Somatic mutations can occur in any of the cells of the body except the germ cells (sperm and egg) and therefore are not passed on to children. These alterations can (but do not always) cause cancer or other diseases. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or

114 Tubal Ligation

tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Surgical Instruments: Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Teratoma: A type of germ cell tumor that may contain several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Teratomas occur most often in the ovaries in women, the testicles in men, and the tailbone in children. Not all teratomas are malignant. [NIH] Testicles: The two egg-shaped glands found inside the scrotum. They produce sperm and male hormones. Also called testes. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or

Dictionary 115

intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Torsion: A twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tubal ligation: An operation to tie the fallopian tubes closed. This procedure prevents pregnancy by blocking the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vacuum Curettage: Aspiration of the contents of the uterus with a vacuum curette. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH]

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Vas Deferens: The excretory duct of the testes that carries spermatozoa. It rises from the scrotum and joins the seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory duct. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasectomy: An operation to cut or tie off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles. [NIH]

Vasoconstriction: Narrowing of the blood vessels without anatomic change, for which constriction, pathologic is used. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Infection: Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

117

INDEX A Abdominal, 9, 11, 28, 33, 40, 57, 58, 91, 95, 98, 104, 106, 107, 108 Abdominal Pain, 91, 108 Ablate, 91, 99 Ablation, 28, 91 Abscess, 8, 38, 91, 101 Acetaminophen, 5, 6, 42, 91 Acupuncture Analgesia, 47, 91 Adjustment, 31, 91 Adrenal Medulla, 91, 100 Adrenergic, 91, 92, 98, 100, 111, 114 Adverse Effect, 91, 112 Algorithms, 91, 93 Alkaloid, 91, 106 Alopecia, 91, 98 Alternative medicine, 68, 91 Ampulla, 91, 99, 100 Anaesthesia, 7, 9, 16, 22, 23, 28, 36, 91, 103 Anaesthetic, 23, 91 Anal, 92, 99 Analgesic, 5, 91, 92, 96, 98, 102, 103, 106, 107, 114 Anastomosis, 9, 92 Anatomical, 55, 56, 57, 58, 92 Anesthesia, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 42, 58, 92, 104, 110, 114 Anesthetics, 92, 100 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 92, 110 Antibiotic, 92, 110 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 92, 110 Antibodies, 92 Antibody, 4, 92, 96, 98, 103 Antiemetic, 92, 106 Antigen, 92, 96, 103 Anti-infective, 92, 104 Anti-inflammatory, 4, 91, 92, 98, 101, 103, 104, 109 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 92, 104 Antineoplastic, 92, 98 Antioxidant, 92, 107 Antipyretic, 91, 93, 98 Aperture, 57, 93 Appendectomy, 54, 93 Arachidonic Acid, 93, 110 Arterial, 9, 14, 93, 102, 110, 114 Arteries, 93, 97, 106

Arterioles, 93 Arthroscopy, 6, 42, 93 Atmospheric Pressure, 93, 102 Auditory, 93, 112 Autacoids, 93, 103 Autosuggestion, 93, 103 B Base, 93, 104 Bilateral, 10, 12, 13, 14, 23, 25, 29, 30, 32, 39, 93 Biological therapy, 93, 102 Biopsy, 93, 100 Biotechnology, 5, 62, 68, 75, 93 Bladder, 40, 93, 98, 112, 115 Blood pressure, 93, 94, 102, 106, 113 Blood vessel, 59, 93, 94, 95, 102, 105, 106, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116 Body Image, 69, 93 Bone Density, 19, 94 Bowel, 55, 92, 94, 103, 108 Branch, 56, 57, 87, 94, 108, 111, 113, 114 Breakdown, 94, 98, 101 Bronchi, 94, 100, 105 Bupivacaine, 9, 13, 19, 27, 94, 100, 104 C Cannula, 58, 94 Carbon Dioxide, 9, 94, 109, 111 Carcinoma, 28, 35, 47, 94 Cardiac, 17, 94, 100, 104, 106 Cardiac arrest, 17, 94 Cardiovascular, 69, 94 Cardiovascular disease, 69, 94 Carotenoids, 47, 94 Case report, 16, 23, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 94, 95 Case series, 94, 95 Case-Control Studies, 4, 94, 99 Catheters, 15, 33, 94 Caudal, 94, 102, 109 Causal, 94, 99 Cause of Death, 69, 94 Caustic, 95 Cauterization, 55, 95 Cell, 4, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98, 101, 104, 106, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116 Cell Division, 95, 101, 109, 110 Cell Survival, 95, 101 Cerebral, 95, 97, 100 Cerebrovascular, 94, 95

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Cervical, 10, 12, 35, 95 Cervix, 95 Cesarean Section, 11, 15, 18, 27, 31, 95 Chest wall, 95, 109 Chlamydia, 4, 11, 80, 95 Cholecystectomy, 18, 95 Choriocarcinoma, 39, 95, 102 Chronic, 69, 95, 103, 112, 114 Clamp, 58, 95 Clinical Medicine, 95, 109 Clinical study, 38, 49, 95 Clinical trial, 3, 75, 95, 97, 111 Cloning, 93, 95 Coagulation, 9, 95 Codeine, 96, 102, 107 Cofactor, 96, 110 Cohort Studies, 96, 99 Collapse, 94, 96, 109 Colpotomy, 36, 96 Combination Therapy, 96, 100 Complement, 96 Complementary and alternative medicine, 45, 50, 96 Complementary medicine, 45, 96 Computational Biology, 75, 97 Conception, 46, 95, 97, 100, 113 Condoms, 62, 97 Cone, 97, 114 Connective Tissue, 97, 101, 105, 112, 114 Consciousness, 92, 97 Constipation, 97, 108 Consumption, 4, 47, 97, 111 Contamination, 5, 97 Contraception, 18, 25, 26, 31, 32, 35, 42, 48, 49, 69, 97 Contraceptive, 4, 46, 61, 97 Contraindications, ii, 97 Controlled study, 21, 97 Convulsions, 97, 99, 110 Coronary, 69, 94, 97, 106 Coronary heart disease, 94, 97 Coronary Thrombosis, 97, 106 Cortisone, 97, 109 Cross-Sectional Studies, 97, 99 Culdoscopy, 63, 98 Curative, 98, 114 Curette, 98, 115 Cyclophosphamide, 69, 98 Cystitis, 13, 29, 98 Cytokines, 4, 98 D Databases, Bibliographic, 75, 98

Dexmedetomidine, 14, 42, 98 Diagnostic procedure, 53, 68, 98 Diaphragm, 62, 98 Diastolic, 98, 102 Diclofenac, 28, 98 Diclofenac Sodium, 98 Diffusion, 98, 103 Digestion, 94, 98, 103, 105, 113 Direct, iii, 95, 98, 111 Distal, 55, 56, 59, 98, 110 Dopamine, 98, 106 Dorsal, 99, 109 Drive, ii, vi, 41, 99, 104 Drug Interactions, 99 Duct, 91, 94, 99, 116 Duodenum, 99, 113 Dyspareunia, 99, 100 E Eclampsia, 99, 110 Ectopic, 13, 14, 19, 30, 99 Ectopic Pregnancy, 30, 99 Edema, 99, 109 Effector, 59, 96, 99 Efficacy, 11, 99 Electrocoagulation, 12, 96, 99 Endocrine Glands, 99 Endometrial, 9, 14, 28, 99 Endometriosis, 4, 14, 15, 26, 62, 99 Endometrium, 8, 46, 99, 105 Endoscope, 55, 56, 98, 99 Endoscopic, 54, 55, 56, 93, 98, 99 Environmental Health, 74, 76, 99 Enzyme, 5, 99, 103 Eosinophilia, 99, 100 Epidemiologic Studies, 5, 99 Epidural, 13, 15, 20, 25, 33, 100 Epinephrine, 14, 91, 98, 100, 111 Epithelial, 32, 100, 107 Epithelium, 95, 100 Estrogen, 24, 69, 100 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 69, 100 Etidocaine, 18, 100 Excisional, 54, 100 Extracorporeal, 54, 100 Extremity, 56, 100 F Fallopian Tubes, 7, 9, 24, 54, 56, 100, 115 Family Planning, 33, 35, 48, 61, 63, 75, 100 Fasciitis, 23, 100 Fatigue, 69, 100 Fatty acids, 100, 110 Febrile, 11, 100

Index 119

Fentanyl, 5, 14, 15, 100 Fetus, 69, 95, 100, 109, 115 Fibrin, 100, 108 Fibroblasts, 100, 101 Fibrosarcoma, 100, 101 Fistulas, 15, 101 Flatus, 101 Forearm, 93, 100, 101 Fornix, 36, 98, 101 G Gallbladder, 91, 95, 101 Gas, 58, 94, 98, 101, 107, 109 Gastrointestinal, 100, 101 Gastrointestinal tract, 101 Gelatin, 101, 114 Gene, 5, 62, 93, 101 Genital, 4, 101 Germ Cells, 101, 107, 113, 114 Gestational, 27, 31, 101 Glucocorticoid, 101, 109 Glycogen, 95, 101 Gonadotropin, 4, 95, 101 Gossypol, 49, 101 Governing Board, 101, 109 Gram-negative, 95, 101 Growth, 4, 69, 95, 100, 101, 105, 109, 115 Growth factors, 4, 101 H Heart attack, 94, 102 Hemolytic, 100, 102 Hemorrhage, 17, 99, 102, 114 Hepatic, 5, 102 Heredity, 101, 102 Hernia, 40, 102 Hippocampus, 101, 102 Histology, 8, 29, 102 Hormonal, 100, 102 Hormone, 97, 100, 102, 104, 115 Hydatidiform Mole, 95, 102 Hydrocodone, 6, 42, 102 Hyperbaric, 19, 102 Hyperbaric oxygen, 102 Hypertension, 27, 31, 94, 102, 109 Hypotension, 18, 97, 102 Hypothalamus, 91, 102 Hysterectomy, 4, 11, 12, 17, 18, 21, 22, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 102 Hysterotomy, 21, 95, 102 I Iatrogenic, 26, 102 Ibuprofen, 30, 103 Id, 43, 49, 80, 86, 88, 103

Immunosuppressive, 98, 101, 103 In vitro, 103 In vivo, 46, 103 Incision, 6, 36, 39, 96, 102, 103, 104 Indicative, 4, 103, 108, 116 Indomethacin, 26, 42, 103 Induction, 103, 104 Infarction, 97, 103, 106 Infection, 40, 93, 100, 103, 105, 114, 116 Infertility, 47, 80, 103 Infiltration, 7, 16, 22, 103, 110 Inflammation, 4, 92, 98, 100, 103, 108, 110, 112, 114 Inhalation, 103, 104 Inlay, 103, 111 Interstitial, 13, 29, 103 Intestine, 94, 99, 102, 103, 111 Intoxication, 103, 116 Intracellular, 103, 104, 111 Intraperitoneal, 8, 19, 104 Intrathecal, 14, 19, 42, 104 Intravenous, 69, 104 Invasive, 20, 102, 104 Iodine, 28, 104 Isoflurane, 32, 104 J Joint, 93, 104, 114 K Kb, 74, 104 Ketamine, 7, 33, 104 Ketorolac, 5, 6, 18, 30, 42, 104 L Lactation, 32, 104 Laparoscopy, 5, 18, 21, 25, 30, 38, 54, 62, 65, 104 Laparotomy, 23, 34, 62, 65, 104 Latent, 104, 109 Leukocytes, 98, 103, 104 Libido, 10, 104 Library Services, 86, 104 Lidocaine, 6, 19, 104 Ligaments, 97, 104 Lipid, 104, 105, 107 Lipid Peroxidation, 105, 107 Lithotomy, 23, 105 Lithotomy position, 23, 105 Liver, 91, 93, 98, 101, 102, 105, 109 Localized, 91, 103, 105, 109, 112 Loop, 54, 55, 56, 59, 102, 105 Lumen, 94, 105 Lupus, 69, 105, 114 Luteal Phase, 8, 105

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Lymph, 95, 105 Lymph node, 95, 105 Lymphatic, 103, 105 M Malignancy, 8, 105 Malignant, 92, 95, 100, 105, 114 Malignant tumor, 95, 105 Mediastinum, 95, 105 Medicament, 105, 114 MEDLINE, 75, 105 Membrane, 69, 96, 99, 101, 105, 111 Menopause, 69, 105, 109, 110 Menorrhagia, 26, 105 Menstrual Cycle, 61, 105 Menstruation, 4, 13, 105 Mental Health, iv, 3, 74, 76, 105, 111 Mental Processes, 105, 111, 113 Meperidine, 6, 8, 16, 106 Mesentery, 106, 108 Metoclopramide, 33, 42, 48, 106 MI, 90, 106 Milliliter, 94, 106 Molecular, 75, 77, 93, 97, 106 Molecule, 92, 93, 96, 99, 106, 107 Monitor, 60, 106 Mononuclear, 100, 106 Morphine, 19, 33, 42, 96, 106, 107 Motility, 103, 106 Mucinous, 4, 106 Mucus, 106 Multiparous, 39, 106 Mutagenic, 4, 106 Myocardium, 106 N Narcotic, 100, 102, 106, 107 Necrosis, 100, 103, 106 Need, 55, 57, 61, 63, 69, 81, 101, 106 Nerve, 91, 92, 106, 107, 110, 111 Nerve Fibers, 91, 106 Nervous System, 106, 107, 114 Nitrogen, 91, 98, 107 O Oocytes, 4, 107 Opium, 106, 107 Osteoporosis, 69, 100, 107 Outpatient, 10, 24, 30, 34, 38, 62, 65, 107 Ovaries, 4, 54, 100, 107, 114, 115 Ovary, 32, 107 Ovulation, 4, 105, 107 Oxidation, 92, 105, 107 Oxidative Stress, 4, 107 Oxycodone, 28, 42, 107

P Palliative, 107, 114 Pancreas, 91, 107 Papilla, 107 Papillary, 24, 107 Papillary tumor, 24, 107 Parietal, 107, 108 Pathogenesis, 5, 107 Pathologic, 24, 93, 97, 108, 116 Pelvic, 5, 25, 26, 31, 39, 98, 99, 108 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 25, 31, 108 Penis, 97, 108 Perception, 25, 48, 97, 108, 112 Perforation, 93, 108 Pericardium, 108, 114 Peritoneal, 24, 62, 104, 108 Peritoneal Cavity, 104, 108 Peritoneum, 60, 106, 108 Peritonitis, 16, 31, 108 PH, 94, 108 Pharmacologic, 92, 93, 108, 115 Phenyl, 106, 108 Photocoagulation, 96, 108 Physiologic, 105, 108 Pigment, 101, 108 Pineal gland, 95, 108 Placenta, 109, 111 Placental Insufficiency, 69, 109 Plants, 91, 94, 109, 115 Platinum, 105, 109 Pneumothorax, 26, 109 Population Control, 51, 55, 109 Port, 55, 109 Port-a-cath, 109 Post partum, 7, 109 Posterior, 36, 92, 98, 99, 107, 109 Postmenopausal, 69, 100, 107, 109 Postoperative, 13, 18, 19, 23, 28, 33, 42, 106, 109 Practice Guidelines, 76, 109 Precursor, 4, 93, 98, 99, 109 Predisposition, 4, 109 Prednisolone, 109 Prednisone, 69, 109 Preeclampsia, 27, 31, 69, 109 Premedication, 23, 110 Premenopausal, 69, 110 Prevalence, 33, 110 Procaine, 104, 110 Progressive, 100, 101, 106, 110 Prophase, 107, 110 Prophylaxis, 28, 110

Index 121

Propofol, 10, 42, 110 Prospective study, 7, 37, 110 Prostaglandins, 4, 93, 103, 110 Prostaglandins A, 4, 103, 110 Prostaglandins D, 110 Protein S, 62, 93, 110 Proteins, 92, 96, 98, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115 Proteinuria, 110 Proximal, 56, 57, 98, 110 Psychiatric, 7, 110 Psychiatry, 110 Psychic, 104, 110 Psychology, 111, 113 Public Health, 26, 76, 111 Public Policy, 75, 111 Publishing, 5, 111 Puerperium, 7, 111 Pulse, 69, 106, 111 R Race, 4, 98, 111 Randomized, 5, 7, 62, 99, 111 Reactivation, 20, 33, 111 Receptors, Adrenergic, 98, 111 Rectum, 101, 111, 114 Refer, 1, 96, 111 Refractory, 99, 111 Regimen, 99, 111 Respiration, 94, 106, 111 Restoration, 62, 111 Retina, 111, 112 Retrograde, 4, 13, 111 Retropubic, 54, 112 Rheumatism, 103, 112 Risk factor, 4, 19, 28, 30, 99, 110, 112 Rod, 58, 95, 112 Rotator, 59, 112 Rural Population, 46, 112 S Salpingectomy, 54, 112 Salpingitis, 8, 112 Schizoid, 112, 116 Schizophrenia, 112, 116 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 112, 116 Scleroderma, 100, 112 Screening, 10, 12, 69, 95, 112 Scrotum, 112, 114, 116 Secretion, 95, 104, 106, 112 Sedative, 96, 98, 112 Seminal vesicles, 112, 116 Senile, 107, 112 Sensibility, 91, 112

Serous, 4, 112 Serum, 96, 101, 108, 112 Shock, 4, 32, 112, 115 Side effect, 91, 93, 98, 104, 112, 115 Skeletal, 95, 113 Smooth muscle, 93, 106, 113 Social psychology, 48, 113 Social Work, 62, 113 Sodium, 98, 113 Soft tissue, 100, 101, 113 Soma, 113 Somatic, 5, 113 Somatic mutations, 5, 113 Specialist, 81, 113 Species, 95, 100, 111, 113, 115 Sperm, 113, 114, 116 Spermatozoa, 113, 116 Spinal cord, 91, 100, 104, 107, 113 Steel, 95, 113 Sterility, 9, 15, 16, 21, 25, 28, 34, 47, 98, 103, 113 Sterilization, 6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 21, 29, 31, 32, 38, 39, 46, 48, 51, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, 113 Stomach, 91, 101, 102, 108, 113 Stress, 107, 109, 113 Stroke, 74, 94, 114 Stromal, 99, 114 Subacute, 103, 114 Subclinical, 103, 114 Sufentanil, 25, 114 Support group, 62, 114 Suppositories, 26, 42, 101, 114 Suppression, 4, 114 Surgical Instruments, 54, 114 Sympathomimetic, 98, 100, 114 Systemic, 69, 93, 100, 103, 109, 112, 114 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 69, 114 Systolic, 102, 114 T Tachycardia, 48, 114 Talc, 4, 114 Teratoma, 95, 114 Testicles, 112, 114, 116 Testis, 95, 114 Therapeutics, 114 Thoracic, 98, 114 Threshold, 102, 114 Thrombosis, 110, 114, 115 Thyroid, 104, 115 Tomography, 12, 94, 115 Topical, 13, 18, 115

122 Tubal Ligation

Torsion, 17, 18, 34, 103, 115 Toxaemia, 109, 115 Toxic, iv, 4, 32, 115 Toxicity, 99, 115 Toxicology, 76, 115 Toxins, 92, 103, 115 Traction, 95, 115 Transfection, 93, 115 Trauma, 56, 106, 115, 116 Tuberculosis, 97, 105, 115 U Unconscious, 92, 103, 115 Urinary, 98, 112, 115 Urine, 93, 110, 115 Uterus, 54, 95, 99, 100, 102, 105, 107, 115 V Vacuum Curettage, 39, 115 Vagina, 95, 96, 102, 105, 115 Vaginal, 11, 16, 18, 23, 33, 35, 39, 40, 49, 62, 63, 68, 98, 115

Vas Deferens, 58, 116 Vascular, 103, 109, 116 Vasectomy, 23, 32, 63, 116 Vasoconstriction, 100, 116 Vasomotor, 100, 116 Vein, 104, 116 Venous, 110, 116 Ventricle, 102, 111, 114, 116 Venules, 93, 116 Veterinary Medicine, 75, 116 Viscera, 98, 106, 113, 116 Visceral, 108, 116 Vivo, 116 W White blood cell, 92, 104, 106, 116 Withdrawal, 62, 106, 116 Womb, 115, 116 Wound Infection, 28, 116 X X-ray, 94, 116

Index 123

124 Tubal Ligation

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