Strategic Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography (African Special Bibliographic Series)

Strategic Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography

Michael J. Siler

PRAEGER

Strategic Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa

Recent Titles in African Special Bibliographic Series African Women: A General Bibliography, 1976–1985 Davis A. Bullwinkle, compiler Women of Northern, Western, and Central Africa: A Bibliography, 1976–1985 Davis A. Bullwinkle, compiler Women of Eastern and Southern Africa: A Bibliography, 1976–1985 Davis A. Bullwinkle, compiler The Press in Nigeria: An Annotated Bibliography Chris W. Ogbondah, compiler Health, Disease, Medicine and Famine in Ethiopia: A Bibliography Helmut Kloos and Zein Ahmed Zein, compilers African Music: A Bibliographical Guide to the Traditional, Popular, Art, and Liturgical Musics of Sub-Saharan Africa John Gray South Africa’s Road to Change, 1987–1990: A Select and Annotated Bibliography Jacqueline A. Kalley Idi Amin and Uganda: An Annotated Bibliography Martin Jamison, compiler Energy in the Development of West Africa: A Selected Annotated Bibliography Joseph A. Sarfoh, compiler Family Planning and Reproductive Health Services in Ghana: An Annotated Bibliography Yaw Oheneba-Sakyi, compiler Metalworking in Africa South of the Sahara: An Annotated Bibliography Ibironke O. Lawal Women in Nigeria: An Annotated Bibliography Uche Azikiwe, compiler

Strategic Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography

Michael J. Siler African Special Bibliographic Series, Number 21

Westport, Connecticut London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siler, Michael J., 1951– Strategic security issues in Sub-Saharan Africa : a comprehensive annotated bibliography / Michael J. Siler. p. cm.—(African special bibliographic series, ISSN 0749–2308 ; no. 21) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–313–32025–X (alk. paper) 1. Africa, Sub-Saharan—Defenses—Abstracts. 2. National security—Africa, Sub-Saharan—Abstracts. 3. Arms transfers—Africa, Sub-Saharan—Abstracts. 4. Warfare, Conventional—Abstracts. I. Title. II. Series. UA855.7.S54 2004 016.355´033067—dc22 2003068719 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2004 by Michael J. Siler All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003068719 ISBN: 0–313–32025–X ISSN: 0749–2308 First published in 2004 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9

8 7 6 5 4 3

2

1

To Zumbi Dos Palmares, Denmark Vessey, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, Toussaint L’Overture, W.E.B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey, J.A. Rogers, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, Cheikh Anta Diop, Ralph Bunche, Paul Robeson, Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Kwame Nkrumah, Patrice Lumumba, Agostinho Neto, Samora Machel, Julius Nyerere, Amilcar Cabral, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Gatjil Djerrkura, Graca Simbine Machel, and Nelson Mandela.

To the ordinary African man, woman, and child worldwide who suffer much in the 21st Century.

To the millions of Africans at the bottom of the cold Atlantic Ocean and the tens of millions of Africans who lived and who died for liberty and democratic freedom in the slavery and post-slavery periods.

Contents Preface and Introduction Acknowledgements Acronyms on African Strategic Security Issues Journals Cited

xi li liii lxi

CHAPTER 1 -- Security, Wealth, Guns and Sub-Saharan Africa General African Security Issues American National Security Interests Weapons Trafficking, Diamonds and Commodities Trading Private Security Firms and Mercenaries

1 135 170 189

CHAPTER 2 -- The Great Lakes/Central Africa Region (by General Themes/Countries) General Themes Burundi Central African Republic Chad Republic of Congo Rwanda The Democratic Republic of the Congo

195 197 201 202 207 215 245

CHAPTER 3 -- The Southern Africa Region (by General Themes/Countries) General Themes 265 277 Angola 324 Botswana 328 Lesotho 330 Madagascar

viii

Contents

Malawi Mozambique Namibia South Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe

336 339 352 357 423 429 437

CHAPTER 4 -- The West African Region (by General Themes/Countries) General Themes Benin Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde Equatorial Guinea Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Sierra Leone Togo

451 457 461 464 469 471 473 476 478 483 483 486 491 501 505 508 512 529 531 535 552

CHAPTER 5 -- The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa (by General Themes/Countries) General Themes Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Somalia Somalialand

Sudan

555 560 560 566 578 606 606

Contents

ix

CHAPTER 6 -- The Eastern Africa Region (by General Themes/Countries) 623 General Themes 624 Comoro Islands 625 Kenya 632 Mauritius 633 Seychelles 635 Tanzania 640 Uganda 650 Zanzibar CHAPTER 7 -- Sub-Saharan Africa Bibliographies, Dictionaries, Dissertations and Theses Bibliographies and Dictionaries 653 African Dissertations and Theses 664 Author’s Index

681

Preface and Introduction As a student of international relations, I have long since felt that global and national decision-makers, academic researchers, and the informed public could benefit from a wide-ranging review of the African strategic security debate in its international, continental, regional, national, and local dimensions. My hope is that this comprehensive annotated bibliography will contribute to that important end by presenting African strategic security issues in an accessible format.

AIM AND SCOPE In the first decade of the 21 st century, Sub-Saharan Africa faces very grave internal and external threats to its long-term stability and continental integrity. The recent founding of the African Union to replace the venerable Organization of African Unity represents an important recognition by African leaders of these inescapable strategic realities. While the African Diaspora was not accorded a prominent position in the African Union's charter, Sub-Saharan Africa cannot fulfill its great promise without the future policy participation of over 210 million African Diaspora members in Europe, the United States, Asia, Oceania, Australia, Brazil, Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean region. The debate on African strategic security issues has become increasingly important in understanding the continent's historical conditions and evolving political, economic, environmental, cultural, technological, and security trends. On the one hand, the heroic resistance of African peoples to tyranny, oppression, disease and economic underdevelopment represents real hope for the future of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is clear that there are African men and African women of character, initiative and genius working in the best strategic interests of their

xii

Preface and Introduction

country and of the continent. On the other hand, there are mean-spirited, callous and cold-blooded African men and African women who are purposely working against the strategic interests of their country and of the continent. In this context, there are domestic, regional and international problems that if not solved could threaten Sub-Saharan Africa's very existence in the fateful decades ahead. The domestic problems include: severe levels of corruption among African elites and other African stakeholders who have advanced their financial and economic interests over that of the African public good, the negative manipulation of ethnic and tribal distinctions by African political leaders, the problem of undereducated and uneducated African women and girls in the economic development process, poorly functioning national decisionmaking and bureaucratic systems in Africa, the massive societal dislocation and family destruction events generated by AIDS/HIV, malaria, polio, cholera, cancer, measles, river blindness, tuberculosis, Ebola, sleeping sickness and other disease pandemics (leading to the incapacitation and premature deaths of critical African personnel and the deaths of over thirty million African children in the last ten years because the United States and the Western European powers have refused to honor their aid commitments), the problem of under-funded university, secondary and vocational educational systems in Africa, chronic malnutrition and high starvation levels in black Africa, the sexual and physical abuse and exploitation of African women and African girls (and boys) in war zones by African and non-African combatants, the oppressive influence of African security forces on human and civil rights, the continuing deterioration of communication, housing, medical, transportation, sewage, computer, and industrial infrastructure in Africa, the outdated ideological and political support for the “friends and enemies” of black Africa by the African leadership, the proliferation of untried African war criminals who have committed crimes against humanity and acts of genocide against African peoples, the increasing numbers of urban and rural African orphans (whose fathers, mothers and family members have died) created by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, growing food insecurity and famine mismanagement in Africa, the problem of drugged and brainwashed child soldiers led by "crazy" African leaders who destroy industrial infrastructure, innocent lives, and political stability, the problem of landmines, anti-personnel mines and unexploded ordinance throughout black Africa, the declining access to clean water and growing water insecurity, and poor national health care and tropical and non-tropical disease mitigation systems in Africa. The regional problems include: inefficient peacekeeping and ineffective peacemaking operations in Africa, reoccurring Arab genocide practices and

Preface and Introduction

xiii

crimes against humanity against African Christians and African Muslims in the Sudan, the intensification of illegal conflict diamonds and high-valued commodity events that encourage small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons proliferation in black Africa, the problem of foreign bank deposits of at least $18 billion in capital assets by wealthy Africans, the problem of AlQaeda’s and affiliated global terrorist organizations’ penetration of and terrorist operations in black Africa, the problem of deepening regional economic and industrial underdevelopment in Africa, the rise of militant Islam in black Africa, the growth of strong regional and intra-country drug trading networks combined with an increase in total drug consumption by African populations (hashish, marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, exotic designer drugs, and other powerful drugs), the negative public and private externalities created by the African brain drain, the regional problem of African rebel leaders and rebel groups who commit war crimes, create instability, and destroy infrastructure in their own and nearby African states, environmental decline and ecological degradation in black Africa, the strategic threat of the AIDS/HIV pandemic in less than three decades depopulating entire regions and countries in Africa, the real decline in biodiversity and the accelerating disappearance of animal and plant species in black Africa, the imminent devastation of the West African and Central African rain forest systems to western and Asian logging multinational companies, and the problem of intermittent international non-governmental organizations' sexual and financial exploitation of African refugees in so-called protected camps. The international problems include: the broken promises of the United States and the Western European states to provide meaningful economic and financial assistance to black Africa, the preponderance of U.S. economic and energy security interests in black Africa, the high trade, administrative barriers and tariff structures against African agricultural and non-agricultural exports in the American and European Economic Community (EEC) markets, the massive African debt burden with the United States and the EEC, the international community's deficit of real economic and financial investment in Africa, the consistent unwillingness of U.S. and western pharmaceutical corporations to sell generic retroviral, triple cocktail, and other AIDS/HIV drugs to poor African populations at minimum cost, the rapid growth of U.S. and western intelligence operations in black Africa, the secret basing of specialized foreign military and security forces in black Africa, the illegal precious minerals extraction by rogue African states, African rebel groups and individuals, and western and eastern multinational corporations in war-wracked regions of Africa, the proliferation of African prostitution and child slavery rings in Western Europe, the Middle Eastern and West African regions, the administrative and financial inability of

xiv

Preface and Introduction

the United Nations in preventing high levels of health deterioration and malnutrition for African men, women and children war refugees in UN camps, the long-term problem of U.S. genetically modified crops’ consumption by vulnerable African populations, the lack of consistent global humanitarian economic assistance to black Africa, and the growing global private security and mercenary firms' military involvement in Sub-Saharan African conflicts. However, the aforementioned problems hide the positive reality that there have been outstanding African leaders who have ruled their countries with dedication, wisdom and commitment since the end of World War II. Moreover, the spiritual courage and the great sacrifice of the African peoples produced the successful African liberation movements in the 1960s, which ultimately led to limited political economic independence from the former colonial powers for the new African states. Since then, committed African leaders have prevented, through well-informed public and private policies, large areas of Sub-Saharan Africa from collapsing into the abyss, despite the determined and counter-instrumental efforts of a number of incompetent, corrupted, and unstable African leaders who have done everything in their power to destroy their own countries and peoples. In this context, the annotated citations in the bibliography reveal that SubSaharan Africa is a dynamic and energetic continent, extremely rich in natural resources and blessed with young and ethnically diverse populations. It is an ancient continent where high civilization and high culture was born, and it has provided Mankind over the aeons with the grand model for global achievement. Today, it possesses a gifted continent-wide leadership that is keenly aware of the range of extremely difficult public and private policy problems that must be faced and solved, if Sub-Saharan Africa is to survive the 21 st century upright and proud and not on its knees and under foreign domination. If Sub-Saharan Africa collapses and it is completely occupied by non-Africans, the long-suffering and highly stressed African Diaspora worldwide will not long survive the strategic foreign occupation and loss of its ancient spiritual and cultural Motherland.

ARRANGEMENT The citations in the comprehensive annotated bibliography are arranged in alphabetical order by author or title in accordance with standard cataloguing rules. The journal index provides a complete listing of journals. The authors index includes individual and corporate authors, and other relevant institutes, sponsoring bodies, and editors.

Preface and Introduction

xv

Chapter 1 provides a wide-ranging survey of literature on African strategic security issues in general and U.S. national security interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. It also includes a review of the literature on weaponry and commodity trading, mercenaries and multinational security firms and mercenaries in SubSaharan Africa. The next five chapters carefully organize the literature on strategic security issues by regions: Chapter 2, the Great Lakes/Central Africa; Chapter 3, Southern Africa; Chapter 4, West Africa; Chapter 5, Northeast Africa/Horn of Africa; and Chapter 6, East Africa. Chapter 7 reviews the literature on African bibliographies, dictionaries, dissertations, and theses.

ANNOTATIONS The annotated citations are in the Chicago-style format. At the end of some annotations are Internet web addresses where the reader can directly access the journal or newspaper article on the worldwide Internet. In writing the annotated citations, I have tried not to impose my own value judgments on the subject matter. My view is that the debate on African strategic security issues must be balanced, objective, and ethical.

SOURCES The sources in the annotated bibliography are based on peer-reviewed journals, international non-governmental studies, governmental reports, academic textbooks, and relevant newspaper articles. The bibliography is 60% peerreviewed articles, 20% academic textbooks, 15% international nongovernmental studies and governmental reports and 5% newspaper articles. Newspaper articles were included because they provide real time information of both current and emerging strategic security issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was not possible to include all of the peer-reviewed journal articles, international non-governmental studies, governmental reports, academic reports, and relevant newspaper articles in the annotated bibliography for obvious reasons. However, the sources are generally representative of both the strategic security literature and non-strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa.

xvi

Preface and Introduction

INTRODUCTION My central objective was to increase intellectual access to the African strategic security literature contributed to by tens of thousands of dedicated scholars from around the world, past and present. The comprehensive annotated bibliography is a first step in providing both scholars and non-scholars an extensive material review and integrative analysis of the growing African strategic security literature. Moreover, it provides primary and secondary information for international and national policymakers, foreign policy analysts, and students of area studies and international relations who are interested in cold war and postcold war international, continental, regional, state and domestic security issues and trends in Sub-Saharan Africa. As with the majority of integrative reference texts, a strong analytical framework is required to review the organizational, policy, empirical, and theoretical issues underlying the comprehensive annotated bibliography. To this end, the chapters are critically examined in terms of what they suggest about the strengths and the weaknesses of the strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa and individual African states, as well as the prevailing political economic and security issues and trends emerging from the general literature. The central purpose is to provide the policymaker, the scholar, and the public reader an integrative assessment and critical understanding and narrative of each chapter by evaluating the rich historiography underlining the African strategic security literature. In this context, any controversy created by the comprehensive annotated bibliography is not intended or desired. If major or minor mistakes are found, the compiler takes full responsibility for them. As an African American compiler, I have written this annotated bibliography in the special memory of the tens of millions of courageous African men, women and children who lived and who died fighting for dignity, freedom, liberty, and self-determination in the worldwide African Holocaust created by over five centuries of unrelentingly brutal racism, slavery, imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, and economic underdevelopment. The compiler prays that the strategic cultural identity of Africans worldwide will strengthen greatly in the decades ahead; and that good African men and good African women (and their allies internationally) will work together to increase Sub-Saharan Africa's and the African Diaspora's influence and power in the international system. In summary, I humbly dedicate Strategic Security Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography in fond memory of my wonderful

Preface and Introduction

xvii

sisters, Marsha Siler and Michele Siler, and to the Almighty Lord of Lords who blessed me with the soft heartbeats and the creative energy to finish it.

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1 is one of the largest chapters and it provides an informed survey of the broad scope, diversity of topics and the analytical nature of the strategic security issues debate in and outside Sub-Saharan Africa generated by concerned and talented Africans and non-African scholars. In virtually every area of human knowledge and action, Chapter 1 provides a strong intellectual reconnaissance of the important and diverse strategic security issues faced by black Africa. There are three central purposes that Chapter 1 seeks to satisfy explained below. The first purpose of Chapter 1 is to provide a general introduction and understanding of the scope and diversity of views comprising the African strategic security literature. The literature on African strategic security issues has not been as well defined or as well developed as the strategic security literatures on the United States, Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Russian Federation. The central reason for the lack of definition and for the deficit in the theoretical, empirical, and methodological study of African strategic security issues are manifold, not the least of which is the traditional western thinking that Sub-Saharan Africa is not as strategically important or as geopolitically relevant as the other major geographical areas of the international system for study and analysis because of its exceptionally low power status historically and on the ground. Recently, there has been a sea change in this traditional perspective on the part of the United States because of the war against Al-Qaeda and global terrorism and growing U.S. economic security and energy interests in the Western Africa and Southern Africa regions. The prevailing view is that SubSaharan Africa is important strategically to the United States. In retrospect, South Africa and Zimbabwe (Chapter 3) and Nigeria (Chapter 4) stand out as the three African states that have developed a strategic security literature for national security purposes and their scholars’ contributions have become an integral part of the African strategic security debate. By way of definition, when strategic security literatures are discussed, they generally include the following topics: national leadership, national security decision making, strategic theory development, standard and evolving military doctrine (air force, army, naval, Special Forces, nuclear and weapons of mass destruction), military defense, conventional deterrence, military force

xviii

Preface and Introduction

organization, military force posture issues, military arms development, military arms transfers, military logistics, militarization processes, intelligence and security organizations (external and domestic), national industrial economic capabilities, continental, regional, national, and domestic security dynamics, and related strategic security issues. These strategic security topics as they directly and indirectly relate to Sub-Saharan Africa are thoroughly reviewed in Chapter 1, and to a lesser extent in the remaining chapters. As mentioned, the development of a timely and useful unclassified strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa has not been a central mission for western scholars, policymakers, and students. However, there is a strong and vibrant literature on religious, cultural, language, economic, and political issues facing black Africa, which has generated well researched annotated (and nonannotated) bibliographies, dissertations, and thesis (see Chapter 7). The predominance of this social science historiography and literature on nonstrategic security issues has not been a positive development in understanding the complexity of Sub-Saharan Africa. The seemingly singular dominance of (external and internal) military events (instead of democracy and positive democratic actions) in determining political and economic outcomes on the continent has not helped. This counter-instrumental development has resulted in a historical (and personal) reluctance by a majority of U.S. and western scholars to produce research and analysis to strengthen the strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa. This does not imply that U.S. and western scholars have not meaningfully contributed to and improved the strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa as it is presently configured (see Chapter 1 through Chapter 7), but it is also clear that their overall intellectual productivity given their level of training and creative energy has been weaker than expected. While France, England, Belgium, Spain Portugal, Italy, and the Netherlands have contributed to the African strategic security literature as has the United States, much more integrative work needs to be done. There are positive indications in Chapter 1 that scholars from India, China, Brazil, Egypt and major third world countries are increasing their intellectual contributions to the strategic security literature on black Africa, albeit slowly. In this context, African and African Diaspora scholars have tried to build a strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa (and on their respective home countries). They have addressed some of the important strategic security issues in their integrative research in providing a broad interpretative assessment and a relevant analytical record on the political economic dimensions, intelligence,

Preface and Introduction

xix

security and military narratives, and critical policy and historical issues defining the African strategic security perspective. At a minimum, the scholarly work of African scholars has assured that there is an analytical foundation underlying the African strategic security literature, and Chapter 1 demonstrates this reality. The general African strategic security terminology is defined in the annotated bibliography as all relevant policy issues that have either a direct or indirect political, economic, security, cultural, technological and spiritual influence on the well being and quality of life of ordinary Africans. In this context, the selected journal articles, scholarly textbooks, international and national reports, and related source material provides a comprehensive survey of crosscutting historical perspectives and integrative policy approaches by both African and non-African scholars and policymakers. They are all expertly focused on both describing and understanding the strategic security issues faced by Africans in their frantic search to survive the good and bad policies forced upon them by international, continental, regional, national, and domestic structures and actors. The second purpose of Chapter 1 is to carefully select the best primary and secondary sources that comprise the critical variety and analytical richness informing the African strategic security literature during and after the cold war period. As mentioned earlier, the chapter is organized to address distinct policy issue areas, including: general African security issues, U.S. national security policy concerns, weaponry and commodity trading issues, and mercenaries and multinational security firms in Sub-Saharan Africa. The section on U.S. national security policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa reveals a complex history and policy architecture of strengthening and defending U.S. national security, economic security, petroleum, and counter terrorism interests at all costs. During the cold war period, U.S. foreign policy decision makers secretly supported the apartheid South Africa (and South West Africa) regimes through a policy of constructive engagement, and it secretly funded and trained (with the South African military's assistance) very violent right wing organizations in Angola (UNITA) and in Mozambique (RENAMO) to fight the African liberation movements in those countries. Similar U.S. foreign policy, military security and intelligence operations in other unstable regions and countries in Sub-Saharan Africa continued well into the 1990s. In this context, U.S. strategic interests are embedded in a historical and policy reluctance by successive U.S. administrations before and after the cold war to provide black African states and their long-suffering populations the minimum of economic, trade, financial, and technical assistance to help them address and solve a wide

xx

Preface and Introduction

range of crippling political economic problems unique to the African security environment. The predominance of realist values in the U.S. calculation of its national interests has prevented a genuine and sustained U.S. strategic involvement in African Affairs, except in periods of severe crisis that directly impacts those interests. Despite a long political history of African American political leadership’s concern for the positive political economy progress of SubSaharan Africa allied with their strategic policy involvement (behind the scenes) to influence U.S. governmental policymaking towards the continent, the overall U.S. political and economic commitment to Sub-Saharan Africa remains weak. In most cases, U.S. governmental and non-governmental bureaus and their public and private policies towards black Africa are and remain uncoordinated, inconsistent, unfocused, short of material resources, and paternalistic. The majority of the annotated sources in Chapter 1 reviews and catalogues the continuing unclassified debate inside the U.S. Department of Defense and other departments of the U.S. government, as well as the ongoing debate among leading U.S. academics on the ideological direction and policy content of U.S. African policy in the pre and post-September 11th environment with regard to international terrorism, energy security, military power projection, rapid deployment forces, the AIDS/HIV pandemic, economic development, failing (and failed) states, civil society, peacekeeping activities, civil war and regional conflicts, and related national, and domestic security issues. Moreover, the classified debate at all levels of the US governmental system actually hides a strictly realist view of Sub-Saharan Africa, which if unclassified would reveal to the informed public how cynical U.S. political, security and economic policies towards the continent are, clarifying U.S. strategic unwillingness to assist it. However, there are a number of very important articles clearly defining U.S. interests and foreign policy goals in black Africa with the general consensus being that it is a continent that the United States cannot simply ignore as it has in the past for domestic political reasons, changing U.S. economic security and energy requirements, and the global war on terrorism. The Bush administration’s recent assignment of black Africa as a top strategic priority appears to indicate a new foreign economic and security policy beyond the infamous ‘benign neglect’ policies typical of past U.S. administrations, with its new Millennium Challenge economic investment program (with new grants totally $3.5 billion potentially going to Senegal, Mozambique, Mali, Madagascar, Lesotho, Ghana, Cape Verde, Benin, and non-African countries), and its (still underfunded) AIDS/HIV retroviral relief protocol. The facts on the ground suggests that the U.S. European Command (Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, the Seychelles, and

Preface and Introduction

xxi

Kenya), the U.S. Pacific Command (Comoros, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean) and the U.S. Special Forces Command, the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Air Force have all taken a more proactive approach in working with and in some cases militarily strengthening African states who are considered important to U.S. economic security and energy interests and in the war against Al-Qaeda and affiliated global terrorist organizations, indicating the seriousness of the new U.S. strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. The new American strategy entails the regular rotation of significant naval and marine forces off the coasts of black Africa, the deployment and operation of sophisticated maritime, aerial and humit surveillance capabilities, semipermanent and if required, permanent military basing platforms in the North, West and East Africa regions, as well as the active insertion and placement of U.S. and allied special forces units in these regions on either a standby or semipermanent basis to both supplement and complement Arab and African military forces in the fight against Al-Qaeda and affiliated global terrorist organizations. For example, the U.S. Army’s 10th Special Forces Group is assisting and training national security and military forces in Mali and Mauritania, with U.S. Marines augmenting the anti-terrorist military capabilities, improving joint operating capabilities of African forces in peacekeeping and disaster response operations, and satisfying the conventional weapons, light weapons and small arms requirements of Chad, Niger and Morocco, all countries with Muslim populations, and countries that have played an important anti-terrorist role. Nonetheless, the inconsistency of current U.S. African policies in debt relief, economic assistance, foreign direct investment, agricultural subsidies to U.S. farmers at African farmers’ (and their families’) expense, the record of inefficient U.S. peacekeeping and peacemaking activities in black Africa, the U.S. unwillingness to directly address the massive oil corruption in African oilproducing states and related problems leaves a mixed legacy, as well as a weak continent that remains extremely vulnerable to destabilizing internal and external “hollowing out” influences. In any event, the recent interest of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in providing anti-terrorist funding, military training, and material resources to Arab and African states in the North African region in the war against Al-Qaeda and affiliated global terrorist organizations parallels U.S. security interests in the same region and in West Africa. In this regard, the African Union has focused its political energy and limited economic resources on building a robust military high command to coordinate and sustain both a continental and regional wide military security architecture to

xxii

Preface and Introduction

defend Sub-Saharan Africa without a total political reliance or military dependency on cither the United States or the former colonial powers; and it has also taken concrete steps to build a framework to develop integrated African strike brigades to be deployed, if need be, to engage and conduct peacebuilding, peacekeeping, peacemaking and disaster response operations in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the strongest African powers (South Africa and Nigeria in particular) taking the leadership roles. Because of Al-Qaeda’s and affiliated global terrorist organizations’ interest in domiciling, training operational personnel and launching military operations against U.S. and western interests from operational bases in Sub-Saharan Africa, the United States and West European states (including NATO) may well assist in the training, supplying, and material support of these brigades. However, whether or not the continental and regional political and security initiatives by the African Union are successful depends on its internal organizational ability to marshal the political will and necessary material resources, as well as ensuring the commitment of important member African states to do their part and to do it well. There are strategic security and political analyses by African authors who critically assess the positive and negative implications of U.S. national security interests for Sub-Saharan Africa and for particular African states. They also drive the African security debate addressing global terrorism and nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction issues. The African analysts are from all regions of black Africa. The section also includes a representative review of well written, topical and outstanding U.S. House of Representatives and Senate reports on U.S. foreign policy, outlining and explaining the formal U.S. legislative debate and discussions on Sub-Saharan Africa and U.S. interests. The section on weaponry and commodity trading reviews the literature on the relationship between the purchase and acquisition of small arms, light weapons, and simple and advanced conventional weapons, and munitions systems from the international arms industry by African states, rebel groups, and rogue military personalities who barter or exchange conflict diamonds, strategic commodities, and high valued minerals in order to fight African civil wars, support African military dictators, and prop up African rogue states, as well as satisfying the permanent security and economic interests of the great powers, multinationals, and powerful individuals supportive of continuing instability and chaos in Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, the importance of the international and regional black and grey arms markets in greatly assisting in the destabilization of the entire continent and of African counties cannot be underestimated. The section also examines the various theoretical, empirical and policy issues

Preface and Introduction

xxiii

associated with understanding the continuing instability and mayhem created by the continuing influx of small arms, light weapons, conventional military arms and munitions systems into Sub-Saharan African states and into the hands of irresponsible African leaders and rebel groups, which continues to fuel political and economic instability and sustain extremely deadly conflicts on the continent. The section on mercenaries and private security firms in Sub-Saharan Africa evaluates the role and impact of global, continental and regional private security firms and military service corporations---as well as the political and security involvement of non-African and African soldiers of fortune, mercenaries, and henchmen---in African civil wars, African military conflicts, and in the strategic destabilization of the continent and of African countries. The debate in this area is clear and well thought out, and focuses on the profit motive and ideological values as the central drivers in explaining the motivations of mercenaries and all purpose military security corporations and their secret military operations and activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The literature provides a solid review of the above mentioned strategic security issues. The third purpose of Chapter 1 is to present the wide diversity, analytical richness, and broad scope of the debate on African strategic security issues including: achieving continental political, economic, and security unity of all black African states in the 21st century, understanding the political, economic and cultural relations between the African Diaspora and Sub-Saharan Africa, African approaches to and utilization of science, technology, information, and the worldwide Internet, human rights, disarmament and development, the internal and external refugee problem, Islam and black Africa, African women and children rights, the problems of the disabled in black Africa, the decline in the environment, great powers’ policy towards black Africa, disease pandemics, education, economic development, and related security issues. Chapter 1 also revealed the serious weaknesses in the strategic security issues literature on Sub-Saharan Africa. For example in the intelligence field, there is in Chapter 1 only one journal article on Sub-Saharan Africa's intelligence organization, methods and history (Roy Pateman, “Intelligence Agencies in Africa: A Preliminary Assessment,” Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 4 (1992):569-586), while there are a few more articles on the history and practices of South Africa's and Zimbabwe's security and intelligence services in Chapter 3. There are also few articles on global terrorism and the contributions that Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Africa and the North African states have made to U.S. counter-terrorism efforts on the continent (except for

xxiv

Preface and Introduction

Princeton Lyman and J. Stephen Morrison. “The Terrorist Threat in Africa,” Foreign Affairs vol. 83, no. 1 (January/February 2004):75-86; and Ted Dagne. Africa and the War on Terrorism. Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress (January 17, 2002):1-23. For a continent as large as Sub-Saharan Africa, with an underdeveloped strategic intelligence and counter-intelligence (and terrorism) literature which has not recorded, analyzed or understood the history, organization, and operations of internal and external intelligence bureaus and security units of African states represents an intolerable "hole" in our collective understanding of the political, economic, security, cultural and strategic development and policies of African states in their relations among themselves, with the great powers and the international community of states. While the intelligence services of the great powers (and the major powers) may well have classified histories on the politics, personalities, and operational activities of the intelligence and security services of African states to work and plan with, it leaves scholars and students of international relations, area studies, and foreign policy without intellectual access to this important literature. A second example of serious weakness in the African strategic security literature is in the military field. In the reference text, there is a significant deficit in critical analysis, integrative studies, analytical reports, and scholarly books on Sub-Saharan African militaries, leadership, force doctrine, force organization, force posture, force operations, strategic defensive and offensive thinking, and related military theory and policy issues necessary to understand the African perspective(s) on military leadership, military strategy, military science, military planning, and military logistics in the support, management and employment of conventional forces, special forces, air forces and naval forces at the national, regional, and continental levels. This deficit has severely weakened our integrative understanding of African politics, economics, military, security and cultural history and issues since the beginning of the cold war and into the 21 st century. While there may be a wealth of critical analysis and policy reports on the shelves of African (and nonAfrican) military academies, staff colleges and think tanks, this important literature cannot be readily accessed by scholars and policymakers to evaluate the role and impact of African military personalities, organizations, and systems in understanding African political economic issues and military security dynamics and events. The paucity of this literature in the comprehensive annotated bibliography speaks to its continuing weakness.

Preface and Introduction

xxv

In summary, the above-mentioned policy areas represent some of the central weaknesses in the strategic security literature on black Africa as referenced in Chapter 1.

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 2 The organization of chapter 2 is replicated in the rest of the chapters. In Chapter 2, there is a survey of the general themes under girding the African strategic security literature framing the Great Lakes/Central African region, followed by an informed country-by-country review. The discussion of the general themes on the Great Lakes/Central African region is limited because of a small number of journal articles and books on politics, military conflict, humanitarian assistance, genocide, and arms transfer in the region. The limited nature of the discussion indicates the analytical weakness in the overview of the region. In terms of the country-by-country review, there is a fair assessment of the strategic security literature. Burundi’s literature is most concerned with past genocide periods, the clash of ethnicity, political conflict and humanitarian assistance issues. The struggle between the Hutu and the Tutsi is the analytical centerpiece of the general literature on Burundi. In the recent past, the political intervention of the former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, and the negotiations between the contending political and rebel groups to halt the bloodshed has been intense, with South African and African peacekeeping troops trying to bring stability to the country. In summary, Burundi has not developed a strategic security literature. The general literature on the Central African Republic is sparse. It is primarily focused on a long history of merciless civil war, continuing political conflict, the problem of internal refugees, economic underdevelopment and destabilization, major human rights problems, ruthless, contentious and power hungry leaders like Pascal Lissouba and others of similar ink, the total lack of international concern during periods of extreme human violations in the country, minimal economic assistance from the great powers and the IMF/World Bank, and an extremely shaken and brutalized African population that exists on the edge without hope. The general literature on the country is weak with few journal articles or international reports, and it is based on reporting the mayhem and the discord in the strategically located country.

xxvi

Preface and Introduction

Chad is a strategically located African state, sitting astride the Arab/Muslim and African/Christian divide, and currently a central focus of the U.S. European Command’s efforts to contain the expansion of Al-Qaeda and affiliated global terrorist organizations in the Northern Africa region. The general literature on Chad concentrates on the French colonial (and continuing semi-imperial) presence and its complex (and destructive) political, economic and security consequences, as well as the destabilizing ethnic conflicts and civil war(s) resulting in the intervention of OAU peacekeeping forces in the country in the early 1980s. The literature recounts the finding of oil and the politics and economics of the contentious Chadian/Cameroon pipeline and the sliding benefits and costs accruing to Chad, the Cameroon (and their peoples) and the western oil giants. The recent Chadian defensive reactions to Arab Sudanese forces’ raids into Chadian territory to kill, maim and rape Africans from the Darfur region are not included in the literature. However, the literature does focus somewhat on the strategic security literature in its discussion of security and conflict issues in the country, but not enough to be definitive. The general literature on Rwanda concentrates on the historical origins of the conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutu, motivating factors behind the genocide event, the evil political personalities who planned and implemented the genocide event, the human rights implications of the genocide, the lack of concern and deficit of positive action by the United States, the great powers and the international community of nations before, during and after the genocide event. During this period, the Clinton administration's State Department decided not to legally define the Rwandan genocide as a genocide event while the genocide continued for one hundred days, so that the United States did not have to act diplomatically, politically or militarily. Meanwhile, over eight hundred thousand to one million Tutsi and moderate Hutu Rwandans were hacked to death, tens of thousands were mutilated mentally and physically, and tens of thousands of Tutsi and Hutu women were brutally raped and in many instances disfigured as a weapon of terror during the many infamous Hutu night patrols. In this case as in related crimes against humanity events in Sub-Saharan Africa (the Great War in the Central Congo region, the savage civil wars in Sierra Leone and in Liberia and the present genocidical troubles in the Sudan to name a few), it has not been in the narrow national interest of the United States to politically, diplomatically, or militarily intervene to stop genocide events, crimes against humanity, or war crimes in progress in black Africa. In this context, the literature documents the bureaucratic paralysis and lack of moral concern by the United States, France, Belgium, and the United Nations,

Preface and Introduction

xxvii

before, during and after the genocide event in 1994. It examines what nations and international arms dealers supplied machetes (China), military arms, and munitions to the Rwanda's Hutu genocide planners, the regional and country destabilization activities of the contending Hutu and Tutsi rebel groups, the problem of reconciliation and justice in the post-genocide period between the surviving Tutsi and the Hutu killers being released from custody for trial in community courts or gacacas, the problem of systematic rape and sexual mutilation of Tutsi women during the genocide event and the post-genocide psychological trauma and cultural suffering of the rape survivors, the plight of the Tutsi and later Hutu refugees and their collective impact in destabilizing further the Great Lakes/Central African region and in igniting the Great War, costing an additional three million African dead and continuing regional misery. In the recent past, Rwanda's leadership, under President Paul Kagame, has been dedicated to implementing a "national security state" approach to prevent a historical repetition of the genocide event. In addition, the Kagame government has instituted an "identify yourself as a Rwandan and not as a Tutsi or Hutu solution" to promote reconciliation between the former Hutu killers and the traumatized Tutsi survivors. However, Kagame's foreign policy towards neighboring African states has not been morally consistent with a history of consistently violating the territorial sovereignty of the DRC with his army, supporting rebel groups whose main political objective has been to terrorize, rape and kill Congolese citizens in the Eastern Congo, and encouraging the systematic looting of the vast mineral and non-mineral resources of the DRC to replenish the Rwandan treasury. These events contributed greatly to the systemic war in Central Africa region in the 1990s, the deaths of millions of Congolese citizens and the continuing instability in the Central African and Great Lakes regions and the DRC. Nonetheless, the journal articles, international reports, and scholarly books in the reference text competently address the origins, impact, and consequences of the Rwandan genocide event. In summary, there is not a strong strategic security literature on Rwanda, although it has well-trained, well-equipped, and well-led army and security forces (trained and supplied by the United States and its western allies). The Rwandans have in all likelihood created an embryonic strategic security literature for internal consumption. The strategic importance of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the continental integrity and long-term stability of Sub-Saharan Africa cannot be either ignored or underestimated. Because of its central location and immense

xxviii

Preface and Introduction

wealth endowment, the DRC is the geographical, geopolitical, and geostrategic center weight of Sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for its high importance in the ultimate survival and future prosperity of the continent. The DRC has been and remains a political economic plum for the United States, the great powers, African regional powers, the international community of states, and western multinational corporations because of its vast mineral endowment, great ecological and environment wealth, inexhaustible hydroelectric potential, general economic productivity potential, and its highly intelligent and hard working citizens. The general literature indicates that marvolent external forces have done much to both destabilize and weaken the DRC using the entire array of power capabilities (hard and soft power); and they have led the way in both subverting and destroying the DRC's political, economic, security, and social growth and development at every turn. The Great War in the Eastern Congo region in the 1990s and its horrific spillage into the Central African and the Great Lakes regions (because of the Rwandan and Burundi conflicts) with the death of over three million Congolese and other Africans with permanent mental and physical injuries to hundreds of thousands---combined with the regional and country wide economic, industrial, cultural and social infrastructure devastation--was both encouraged and funded by the great powers through their secret surrogate-allies in black Africa. The continued 21 st century destabilization of the DRC and its weak central government (and it5s complete lack of financial resources to effectively exercise sovereignty over the country) is and will remain in the supreme interest of the United States, the great powers, the regional African powers (Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe), and western multinational corporations, despite their collective and individual public protestations to the contrary because of the DRC’s great potential for strategically unifying black Africa and their central desire to maintain their wealth-siphoning activities in the giant country. The complete disarray in the Congolese army (with some of its unstable military commanders serving the interests of non-Congolese forces), and its functional inability to protect the country from dangerous external and internal forces insures a negative future for the DRC. In this context, the general literature on the DRC focuses on the brutal colonial rule of Belgium’s King Leopold and its political, economic, security, and social consequences, as well as the country-draining dictatorship of Mobutu and the rule of his immediate successors, Laurent Kabila and his son, Joseph Kabila. The literature addresses historical and policy issues including the great powers’ involvement and machinations in the DRC (the United States, Belgium, France, Britain, and Germany), the history of Belgium’s strategic interests in the DRC, the legacy of Patrice Lumumba on the evolution of DRC, U.S. national interests

Preface and Introduction

xxix

in the DRC, the impact of longstanding and U.S. and western multinationals’ operations in the DRC, the operations of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the DRC, the history and politics of U.N. peacekeeping activities and involvement in the DRC, the security and human rights implications of the transfer of conventional weapons systems, small arms, light weapons and land mine systems to the DRC (by the United States, Bulgaria, Britain, Zimbabwe, South Africa, France and regional arms merchants), the history of government’s military forces, rogue rebel groups, and neighboring states in committing human rights violations against DRC's African populations, the history of starvation and territorial displacement of the long-suffering African peoples of the DRC, the history of ethnic conflicts in the DRC, the problem of internal refugees in the DRC, regional African states’ invasion and occupation of DRC territories before, during and after the five-year Great War (i.e. Angola, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, and Zimbabwe), the problem of African and non-African mercenaries and private security firms operating in the DRC and in the Eastern Congo region, the continuing problem of destabilization of the DRC by rogue rebel groups under the direct (or indirect) control of neighboring African states, the problem of power hungry and renegade Congolese leaders and their rocket carrying child soldiers capturing and recapturing large areas of the Eastern Congo, problems in the Eastern Congo and inconsistent UN peacekeeping activities, democracy and democratic participation issues, and the long-term problem of foreign military forces, soldiers of fortune, and foreign mercenary units in the DRC, and related policy issues. In summary, the strategic security literature on the DRC is not well developed for reasons of history, policy and events. Its military security analysts have not had time to produce such a literature because the DRC is a failed state, to weak to produce the conditions for intellectual productivity and to poor to commission the work. The majority of journal articles, international reports, and scholarly books are written by non-Congolese who are more intellectually concerned with describing and understanding what is going on in the DRC.

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 3 Chapter 3 is the second largest chapter in the reference text. The general themes framing the Southern African region are both wide-ranging and full of analytical depth, followed by a strong country-by-country review. Because of the strong intellectual contributions of South Africa and to a lesser extent, Zimbabwe, the

xxx

Preface and Introduction

strategic security literature on Southern Africa and its member countries is the most highly developed and content oriented in Sub-Saharan Africa. It covers the entire spectrum of strategic security issues. The journal articles, regional reports, and scholarly books are more numerous, addressing the widest aspects of the literature; and they are thought provoking and African (country) oriented. The comprehensive nature of the debate indicates the continuing integrative strength in the overview of the major themes defining the Southern Africa region. In terms of the general themes, the debate focuses on the history and implications of great powers relations with Southern African states, the best regional security framework for Southern Africa, the role and impact of human rights in peace and security arrangements in Southern Africa, trade relations, economic development and industrial productivity issues in Southern Africa, labor and management issues in Southern Africa, conflict diamonds in Southern Africa, the problem of building and maintaining domestic stability and democracy in Southern African states, the history and implications of the apartheid and post-apartheid struggle(s) in Southern Africa, the role and impact of external and regional military arms transfers, land mines, small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons proliferation and control issues, the relationship between sub-regional security and economic development, water resources and water conservation and national security, the role and impact of NGOs, democracy and democratization issues, peace negotiations and settlement in Angola and Namibia, issues of guerrilla wars and military conflicts, race and ideology issues and problems, regional energy development and economic productivity issues, the role and impact of globalization on Southern Africa, and the historical interaction and interplay of disarmament, demilitarization and regional development issues in Southern Africa, and related regional policy issues. The general themes at the regional level do not directly address the strategic security literature as defined, but they do indicate a potential for development. The general literature on Angola does not have an implicit focus on the strategic security debate as defined in the reference text. Instead, it tends to follow the history and development of other African states in the region and out of region. As a direct consequence, the strategic security literature on Angola is very weak and inconsistent and like other African states involved in long-running conflicts and civil wars, there is no material incentive to produce journals, reports and books on strategic security issues related to protecting and advancing the national security of the state. Angola did not have the intellectual inclination or there sources to invest in creating that literature. The non-Angolan analysts have

Preface and Introduction

xxxi

not either produced or added to the strategic security literature because of their collective attempt to understand the complex history and processes in the rise and struggles of Angola, caught in the great powers conflict during the cold war and the lack of relative concern by the great powers today, except to advance their narrow interests in energy and economic security. The general literature examines the great powers’ involvement and conflict (the United States versus Portugal, the United States versus the Soviet Union, and the United States versus Cuba) in Angola, the origins and implications of the Angolan revolution, the history of the civil war between the MPLA and UNITA and their leadership, the political and ideological issues of the pre and post revolution period, external military arms transfers of small arms, light weapons, land mine systems, and conventional weapons systems to Angola, the South Africa invasion and the Cuban counter-invasion of Angola and the U.S. role and reactions, the history of severe human rights abuse and war crimes practiced against the Angolan people by contending rebel groups, mercenaries, regional states, and external powers, the problem of severe petroleum driven corruption and looting by the Angola elite and by the public and private sector bureaucracy in the cold war and post-cold war periods, the problems of chronic economic underdevelopment and stifling economic mismanagement in Angola, the lack of budgetary transparency and accountability on the public sector level, the massive debt burden, the continuing problem of trading in conflict diamonds, issues of racism, ideology and ethnicity in Angola, continuing food insecurity, starvation and malnutrition issues in Angola, role and impact of ethnicity and nationalism in Angola, the continuing wretched economic and social adjustment problems of the poor, internal refugees, and demobilized rebel groups and their families in Angola, the history of Cuban military and non-military activities in protecting and stabilizing Angola during the cold war period, the history and implications of U.N. peacekeeping operations and development assistance activities in Angola, issues of war and military conflict in Angola, the history and implications of regional and western multinational corporations’ economic involvement in Angola, the history of Angolan relations with regional states and the great powers, the role and impact of U.S., Russian and western intelligence services in Angolan affairs, history of Angola’s oil industry and U.S. interests, peace and reconstruction issues in Angola, the impact of the AIDS/HIV pandemic and related policy issues. In summary, the strategic security literature on Angola is very weak, and given the reality that present-day Angola is deeply submerged in an ocean of domestic corruption and external debt, future analysts will continue to avoid strengthening the literature on Angola.

xxxii

Preface and Introduction

Botswana, the pioneering and long-standing multiracial democracy and one of the economic powerhouses in the Southern Africa region and in Sub-Saharan Africa, does not have a strategic security literature. Surprisingly, the relative weakness of the general literature on Botswana remains, despite the country’s strong political stability, solid economic development and expansion, and the lack of military conflict. The limited literature on Botswana focuses on policy issues created by the AIDS/HIV pandemic and its consequences, Botswana’s foreign policy relations with the great powers and regional powers, general trading relations with regional powers and regional economic organizations, issues of democracy and the democratization process, civil society, economic development issues, the diamond industry, administrative politics in Botswana, among other important strategic policy issues. However, the literature does not completely address he following policy issues facing Botswana including: the interdiction and roundup of internal refugees and external refugees, preventing regional and domestic small arms, light weapons and conventional arms proliferation, providing stronger retroviral, educational and information campaigns for the AID/HIV infected population, preventing drugs trafficking across its borders, and providing the leadership and policy planning staffs of the Botswana Defense Force and of the Botswana Police Force with the critical real time information on the current and emerging national security threats to the country. Clearly, the general literature on Botswana’s political, economic, military, social and cultural history and processes needs strengthening. In summary, Botswana is engaged in strategic analyses that satisfy and promote its national security requirements. Its strategic security literature is in all probability produced for internal domestic consumption only. Lesotho, one of the smallest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, has generated a general literature, but not on strategic security issues. It exists in a Southern African environment completely dominated by South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, and Mozambique in terms of their high economic productivity and strong political stability. This realpolitik environment has forced Lesotho to pursue a cautious international and regional foreign policy, while dealing with its chronic domestic policy problems created and exacerbated by economic underdevelopment, high unemployment, and internal instability. The literature examines Lesotho’s foreign relations with the great powers and regional powers, political economic relations with South Africa, issues of national security, problems of foreign military intervention, the history and implications of the military monarchy, foreign investment, and related policy issues.

Preface and Introduction

xxxiii

The general literature on Madagascar does not address strategic security issues, but instead focuses on the history and consequences of French colonial rule, the role and impact of U.S. interests in the country, security and nationalism issues, problems of agricultural and economic industrial liberalization, the historical role and political consequences of the 1972 revolution, issues of domestic political instability, the fierce political and ideological struggles between the dictator Didier Ratsiraka and Albert Zafy, democracy and dictatorship issues, and related policy issues. The literature on the island continent should be strengthened given its location on important sea-lanes in the Indian Ocean. Malawi, another one of the small countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Southern African region, is surrounded by the powerful regional powers. In this threatening context, Malawi has tried to pursue a positive foreign political and economic policy towards the great powers and the African regional powers. The general literature on Malawi is primarily concerned with domestic political instability, major human rights violations, dissent and civil disobedience issues, the role and impact of religion and ethnicity on civil life, culture and nationalism, food insecurity and high malnutrition issues, and related policy issues. The literature on Malawi does not address strategic security issues. The general literature on Mozambique examines a wide range of historical and policy issues including the social history and consequences for the African populations of extended colonial relations with Portugal, the ideological and political origins and struggles by FRELIMO, Mozambique’s foreign policy relations with the United States, the great powers, African regional powers, the international community, and international non-governmental organizations, the historical transition from socialism to free market capitalism, the history of the brutal civil war conflict between FRELIMO and RENAMO and its negative impacts on the citizens of Mozambique, managing small arms, light weapons, land mines, and conventional weapons transfers and proliferation issues, U.S. political and military intervention during the civil war period, the role and effectiveness of Egos in peace-keeping operations in Mozambique, rural political issues and economic development, Mozambique’s relations with Angola and other Southern African states, internally displaced and external refugee issues, democracy and democratization issues in Mozambique, role and impact of Mozambique’s women and gender issues before, during and after the revolution and post-revolution periods, military disarmament, military demobilization and civil reintegration issues of African men and women liberation fighters after the civil war, the history and impact of famine, malnutrition and food insecurity policy problems, the role and impact of UN

xxxiv

Preface and Introduction

peacekeeping operations in Mozambique, the history of agricultural and nonagricultural economic issues, economic development and economic growth in Mozambique, the history and implications of underfunded and inadequate social and educational services for the youth and children of Mozambique, and related policy issues. There is no strategic security literature on Mozambique. The literature on Namibia assesses the history of Germany’s control of the Southern African state and its negative apartheid policies directed against the African peoples, the issue of white rule and control of the Namibian state and the revolutionary reaction(s) of the African peoples, the rise and ideological development of SWAPO, critical historical analysis of the military success of the African liberation movement, the historical role and impact of Namibian women in the African liberation movement, internally displaced and external refugees problems, economic development and economic expansion issues in the industrial and non-industrial areas of the Namibian economy, democracy, election/electoral politics, and the democratization process, the history and consequences of Soviet and Cuban political and military involvement in the Angolan civil war, issues of demilitization, demobilization, and reintegration in post-civil war Namibia, issues in the repatriation and resettlement of Namibian refugees, the history of Namibia’s foreign policy relations with the United States, the great powers, regional African powers, and international nongovernmental organization, issues in civil-military relations, the history of South Africa’s political, economic and military involvement in Namibian affairs, and related policy issues. There is no strategic security literature on Namibia, although there is a latent potential for this literature to develop internally, given Namibia’s relative sophisticated army, naval and air force structure, its human personnel endowment and material resources, as well as its research universities, think tanks, and military research institutes. The South African strategic security literature is one of the most diverse, interesting and useful literatures in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is an intellectual literature whose political, ideological, and security content was designed to insure the survival and prosperity of the Afrikaner (and white) peoples. It has developed into a very dynamic literature that addresses the traditional concerns of a strategic security paradigm, including strategic national leadership issues, national security decision making issues, strategic theory development issues, standard military doctrine issues (air force, army, naval, Special Forces, nuclear and weapons of mass destruction), military defense issues, conventional and nuclear deterrence issues, military leadership issues, military technology issues, military force organization issues, military force posture issues, military arms

Preface and Introduction

xxxv

development, military arms transfers, military logistics issues, militarization processes, intelligence and security organizations (external and domestic), national economic security issues, continental, regional, national, and domestic security issues, and related strategic security issues. During the pre-cold war and cold war eras, Afrikaner and English think tank analysts, independent strategic analysts, university researchers, military researchers (working for the South African army, naval, air force, special forces), and intelligence analysts with the national intelligence and counterintelligence services created a rich, wide ranging and useful strategic security literature designed to advance the Republic of South Africa's national security interests. The strategic security literature during these critical eras in South Africa's existence was specifically designed to deal with a comprehensive range of external and internal threats. The central external threats included the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, Cuba, other communist states, the frontline African states, and non-country groups considered ideological, political or military threats to South Africa. In this context, South Africa's strategic security literature (in its classified and unclassified dimensions) formally addressed and rigorously assessed the abovementioned external threats at the world class level, generating numerous referred journal articles, analytical reports, scholarly books, and internal bureaucratic memorandums consumed and reviewed by the South African national security decision makers and the decision making establishment. The central internal threat emanated from the emergent and dedicated African liberation movement ably led by Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress. However, the African liberation movement also included the South African Communist Party, the Pan African Congress, the Black Consciousness Movement, and other revolutionary black, mixed race and Indian political organizations, civic groups and trade unions committed to winning freedom and democracy for African peoples in South Africa. However, with the electoral success of the African National Congress in April 1994, and its compelling rise to national power in the post-cold war era, the South African strategic security literature began to address an even wider array of strategic security issues at the continental, regional, national and domestic levels, as well as addressing and taking into account the full range and intensity of policy problems faced by the majority of Sub-Saharan African states. This new focus was initiated to understand the threats to South African political, economic and security emanating from the continent and from the international

xxxvi

Preface and Introduction

system. The literature on South Africa focuses on the following themes including South Africa's foreign political, economic and security relations with the United States, the great powers, African regional powers, the international community and the United Nations, the history and significance of the rise and dominance of the National Party and of the apartheid system, the historical origins, political development, and success of the African liberation movement and of the African National Congress, the role and impact of Nelson Mandela on the African liberation movement, the impact of international sanctions, national unity and reconciliation issues, history and implications of affirmative action on the public and private sectors and the military and intelligence services, issues of land return, land purchasing, land reform and electoral politics, ANC political promises, and the continuing discontent of African farmers and workers, commercial crime and corruption issues, democracy, democratization, and electoral politics, nuclear weapons, nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear disarmament issues, small arms, light weapons, land mines, and conventional weapons issues for South Africa, Southern Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa, the strategic impact of the AIDS/HIV pandemic on domestic, national and regional, security, issues of access to retroviral drugs for AIDS/HIV infected populations (given the Mbeki government’s historical and policy resistance to their wide distribution to those afflicted populations), racism and discrimination issues in the media, the problem of post-apartheid police forces in poor communities, civil-military relations in post-apartheid South Africa, collective security and defense planning issues, Afrikaner nationalism issues, the South African arms industry, citizenship and populism issues, African identity and political thought, gender institution and women rights issues, local economic development and community reliance issues, defense, military spending issues, military integration and affirmative action issues, human rights and police-community issues, problems of peacebuilding, peacekeeping and peacemaking operations in Sub-Saharan Africa, trade unions and electoral politics, the politics of economic reform, winning the 2010 World Soccer Cup games, and related policy issues. The general literature on Swaziland examines the political domination of the Swazi monarchy, its foreign policy relations with the great powers and regional African states, constitutional issues and electoral politics, women, gender, and sexual politics, the AIDS/HIV issue, human rights violations and political conflict, tourism and prostitution, poverty and undevelopment issues, and labor mobilization issues. Swaziland does not have a strategic security literature. The literature on Zambia covers democratization, ethnicity and electoral politics issues, multi-party politics, political participation and constitutionalism, economic development and the cooper market, the impact of Kenneth Kaunda

Preface and Introduction

xxxvii

on the Zambian state and political economy, class struggle and electoral politics, the church, labor and press, governmental corruption issues, the impact of the 1999 Lusaka peace accords, refugee migration problems from the civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, retroviral drugs and the AIDS/HIV problem, and related issues. Zambia does not have a strategic security literature. The Rhodesian strategic security literature was based on promoting both the national security of the state and to protect its white citizens in the face of the emergence and early successes of the African liberation movement led by Robert Mugabe. Rhodesia, like apartheid South Africa, had major research universities, military research institutes, military and civilian think tanks, research units in the intelligence service(s) and independent national security research analysts dedicated to providing national security decision makers in Ian Smith' circle the qualitative and quantitative information required to make informed decision to meet the domestic national security threat posed by the African liberation movement. When Robert Mugabe and the African liberation movement won independence, the strategic security literature continued to be both vibrant and useful, as the political reconciliation between Africans and white Zimbabwean citizens allowed for continued productivity by defense specialists and military analysts in terms of journal articles, military reports and scholarly books on the changing external and internal security threats facing the new Zimbabwe. The literature on Zimbabwe include aspects of strategic security literature, reviewing the history of foreign policy relations with the United States, Britain, South Africa, regional African powers, the United Nations, and international non-governmental organizations, the history and effectiveness of counter insurgency military operations in the Rhodesian war, the role and impact of the African liberation movement in the guerrilla war, peacekeeping in the civil war, military defense and security implications of the civil war, integration and modernization of the Zimbabwean armed services, women, gender and violence issues, the female and male sexual behavior and the AIDS/HIV pandemic, economic development and political stability, structural adjustment and poverty issues, human rights and gender issues, development of the Zimbabwe Defense Forces, domestic and foreign intelligence and national security issues, electoral politics and dictatorship, land rights and African war veterans, impact of war and conflict on the rural population, the political economy of conflict, governmental corruption, the problem of landmines and anti-personnel mines and related policy issues.

xxxviii

Preface and Introduction

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 4 In Chapter 4, there is a survey of the general themes framing the African literature on the West African region, followed by an analytical country-bycountry review. The discussion of the general themes on the West African region is both involved and informed because of the number of important journal articles, integrative reports, and scholarly books. Besides the Central Congo and Great Lakes regions, the West African region has endured a number of vicious civil wars and debilitating political conflicts of such brutality, mayhem and terror, that the entire region remains politically unstable and in a state of psychological upheaval. For the affected African populations, the wounds are still fresh and they have not healed. Directed by the war criminal Charles Taylor and his bloodthirsty henchmen for power and profit, the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone virtually destroyed these states and their civil societies. The killing and raping rampages in Liberia and Sierra Leone was unprecedented, forcing large numbers of the surviving African populations to flee into the dark jungles and grasslands of neighboring African states to avoid their deaths or their multilation. During the height of the civil wars in the 1990s, the United States, the great powers, the international community of nations, and the United Nations ignored the plight of these African populations, with some notable humanitarian exceptions. Meanwhile, while Charles Taylor was systematically looting Liberia's treasury, selling conflict diamonds to Al-Qaeda, and directing the destruction of Sierra Leone with his arms, limbs, and feet chopping policy implemented by the child army of the Revolutionary United Front against the African population, his U.S. supporters at the highest reaches of American society were praising him as a man of astuteness and courtesy. In recent years, the trend towards stabilization of the West African region has primarily been the result of political negotiations, resource investment, and the peacekeeping forces of Nigeria, concerned West African states, and regional organizations such as ECOMOG and ECOWAS. The sacrifice of these regional state and non-state actors over the time has kept the lid from blowing off and held back the reign of anarchy and chaos. Nonetheless, the Ivory Coast situation (with French forces on the ground) shows that stabilizing the West African region requires constant vigilance and vigorous action by the African Union, concerned African states, and regional organizations. Even with the regional hindsight of the Liberian and Sierra Leone crisis, the power corrupted African leaders and contending ethnic groups act against the national interest of Ivory Coast, having destroyed its once robust political economy, regional business and financial reputation, and private incentives for the once contented international and regional organizations to return to Abidjan, the capital city.

Preface and Introduction

xxxix

The general themes include regional security, peacebuilding and peacekeeping issues, regional military cooperation, issues of regime change and instability, the role and impact of ECOWAS and ECOMOG as regional organizations, issues of controlling and insuring transparency of small arms, light weapons, land mines and conventional weapons, nuclear disarmament, nuclear nonproliferation and nuclear weapons, historical origins and the regional and national consequences of the civil war in the Sierra Leone and Liberia, regional integration and cooperation issues, democracy, democratization and electoral politics, regional economic development issues and related policy issues. The general literature on Benin is not well developed, given the history and politics of the West African state. However, the literature does review the history and impact of socialism and socialist policies in Benin, democracy, democratization and domestic security issues, elections and authoritarian politics, structural adjustment and economic development, and related policy issues. Benin does not have a strategic security literature. The general literature on Burkina Faso examines colonial and neocolonial relations in the economic realm, poverty and underdevelopment issues, the history of statehood and political development, the history of internal political conflict, planned settlements and disease management, the issue of Islam and domestic politics, the issue of student activism, the historical role and impact of Thomas Sankara on Burkina Faso political economy and development, and related policy issues. Burkina Faso does not have a strategic security literature. The literature on the Cameroon reviews its foreign policy relations and diplomatic history with France, the great powers, the international community of nations, regional African states, the United Nations and other international organizations, issues of capitalism and nationalism, sub-regional security issues, problems of modernization and development, democracy and democratization, the electoral process, and related policy issues. The Cameroon does not a strategic security literature. Cape Verde has a small general literature and no strategic security literature. The literature focuses on slavery, colonialism, and the African liberation movement, issues of food production, economic scarcity and economic development issues, civil society and democratic change, and related policy issues. Cape Verde does not have a strategic security literature. The general literature on Equatorial Guinea reviews the problem of a longstanding dictatorship, the severe repression of the African population, oil discovery and the influence of Exxon Mobil, the despotic Oblang family and governmental corruption issues, economic underdevelopment and poverty, and

xl

Preface and Introduction

related policy issues. The literature on Gabon is far too weak given its economic importance and political stability in the West African region and in Sub-Saharan Africa in general. The general literature examines the history of French colonial rule and neo-colonial relations, economic development issues, ethnicity, democracy and democratization, and related policy issues. Gabon does not have a strategic security literature. The general literature on the Gambia, one of the smallest states in Sub-Saharan Africa, evaluates the consequences of the long rule of Sir Dawda, agriculture, drought and environmental issues, democracy, elections and democratization issues, economic development and economic reform problems, civil and national political life issues, military rule issues, and related policy issues. The Gambia does not have a strategic security literature. The general literature on Ghana examines the historical role and political impact of Pan Africanism, economic nationalism and the military, issues of democracy, democratization and electoral politics, child slavery issues, state-owned enterprises, privatization and capitalism issues, the life and impact of Kwame Nkrumah on the Ghanaian political economy, drug economy issues, NGOs, structural adjustment and economic development issues, ethnicity, political stability, and reform politics issues, technology and telecommunication policy issues, small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons proliferation issues, government and business relations, and related policy issues. There is no strategic security literature on Ghana. The general literature on Guinea has only three citations, and it examines the origins and impact of the African liberation movement, economic growth and poverty reduction issues and gender and poverty issues. The general literature on Guinea-Bissau examines the history and consequences of the African liberation movement in Guinea-Bissau, issues of revolution and democracy, structural adjustment, liberalization and economic development, domestic power struggles, and poverty and underdevelopment issues, women, gender and power. The general literature on the Ivory Coast, once the West Africa's center for commerce and business and the preferred location for international and regional non-governmental/governmental organizations, reviews colonial relations with France, the history of Ivory Coast's foreign policy relations with France, the great powers, regional African powers and the UN, agriculture, liberalization, economic growth and capitalist development, political conflict, poverty and urban crisis issues, urban housing issues, democracy, democratization and electoral politics issues, political conflict between contending leaders and their

Preface and Introduction

xli

ethnic groups, political reform and economic development issues, ethnicity, class and politics. There is no strategic security literature for the Ivory Coast. The general literature on Liberia covers a wide range of issues including the history of colonial and post-colonial relations with the United States, foreign policy relations with the great powers, regional African powers and organizations, the United Nations, and international non-governmental organizations, problems of human rights abuse and domestic terrorism, the history of the U.S. involvement in the Liberian civil war, the history and impact of ECOMOG and ECOWAS peacekeeping operations, the military economy, regional security problems, the civil war, the warlords, the child soldiers and insurgency, the rise to power of Sergeant Doe and of Charles Taylor and their respective political parties and the total financial, infrastructure and human devastation they inflicted on Liberia, domestic and regional small arms, light weapons, land mines and conventional weapons proliferation problems, regional peacekeeping and civil war issues, political conflict and contending ethnic groups, democracy, democratization and electoral politics, humanitarian assistance, intervention, and civil war, war crimes issues, the problem of foreign multinational corporations' involvement in civil war, and reconstruction and development issues. Liberia does not have a strategic security literature. The general literature on Mali examines colonial relations with France, population growth, agriculture and land tenure issues, cotton and democracy issues, the historical role and impact of Islam on domestic society and the state, gender and women in child care and survival, food security issues, democracy and democratization issues, and women and the HIV/AIDS problem. Mali does not have a strategic security literature. The literature on Mauritania focuses on the history of foreign policy relations with the United States, the great powers, regional African powers, and international non-governmental organizations, issues of democracy and Islam, nationalism, race and ethnicity issues, border and territorial disputes, the slavery issue, the political conflict with Senegal, and political economy issues. It does not have a strategic security literature. The literature on the Niger discusses its foreign policy relations with regional African powers, the United States, the great powers, and international nongovernmental organizations, economic development, constitutionalism and democracy issues, the role and impact of the military on the state and civil society, structural adjustment and poverty, political reform, land and power issues, food security, and trade unionism and national politics. There is no strategic security literature for Niger.

xlii

Preface and Introduction

The strategic security literature on Nigeria is both useful and well focused, and it has both generated and energized the African intellectual debate on strategic security and defense issues similar in importance to the South Africa's literature. Nigeria's interests in strategic security issues has been a function of its regional hegemon status, solid military capabilities and oil wealth endowment and because it has high quality research universities, think tanks, military research academies, intelligence services' research units, and independent contract military analysts since independence concerned with protecting and advancing Nigeria's and Sub-Saharan Africa's interests versus the hegemon, the great powers and other threatening external actors. The historical origins of and the ideological foundation for Nigeria's strategic security literature began in earnest with the internal intellectual debate on international and regional nuclear nonproliferation issues in the late 1960s and early 1970s; and it developed and matured with the apartheid South Africa's acquisition of nuclear and WMD capabilities in the 1980s. In this context, Nigeria's intellectual response to these two major historical events, especially the latter event, was straightforward and hard-hitting. It suggested in a number of journal articles, governmental reports, and scholarly books that Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa should acquired nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction, develop a continental wide conventional military logistics platform, create a continental integrated military command structure, and finally fund and train Army divisions and special forces brigades with aerial and naval forces to battle against South Africa and the enemies of Sub-Saharan Africa. This literature is the ideological basis for the Nigerian strategic security approach, and it has continued to produce a range of provocative analyses with a Nigerian and Sub-Saharan African orientation in the first decade of the 21 st century. Like South Africa, Nigeria's definition of a strategic security literature includes issues as national leadership, national security decision making, strategic theory development, standard and evolving military doctrine (air force, army, naval, Special Forces, nuclear and weapons of mass destruction), military defense, conventional deterrence, military force organization, military force posture issues, military arms development, military arms transfers, military logistics, militarization processes, intelligence and security organizations (external and domestic), national industrial economic capabilities, continental, regional, national, and domestic security dynamics, and related strategic security issues The general literature (which includes aspects of the strategic security literature) on Nigeria focuses on its colonial relations with Britain and the rise and struggle

Preface and Introduction

xliii

to sovereignty and independence, the rise and impact of Chief Awolowo on state politics and development, the problem of decolonization and economic dependency, the history and significance of Nigeria's foreign policy relations with the United States, Britain, the great powers, regional African powers, the United Nations, international and regional non-governmental and governmental organizations and non-state actors, culture and foreign policy issues, civil war, ethnicity and political stability, national interest and national security issues, regional power issues, foreign economic and trading relations with major third world states, class, ethnicity and democracy, the interaction of civil society and political stability, problems of oil and corruption, the history and impact of western oil multinationals on economic development and stability, weapons procurement and the military industrial complex, the OAU and Nigeria's policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa, defense planning in the military, national security and nuclear weapons, the history and impact of military rule on national development, non-alignment and foreign policy, economic development and structural adjustment issues, military intervention and military professionalism issues, organized labor and democratic politics, petroleum and domestic politics, federal civil service and national development issues, human rights and religion, capitalism and economic development, drug trafficking and drug consumption issues, sub-regional security policy, state involvement in ECOWAS/ECOMOG peacekeeping operations in Liberia, women and gender issues in electoral politics, democracy, democratization and electoral politics, oil and ethnic protest politics, federalism and local government issues, national defense spending and national development issues, foreign political and economic relations with the Commonwealth countries, inter-ethnic and religious conflict resolution issues, land reform issues, and related policy issues. In summary, Nigeria has a healthy general literature and strategic security literature. As one of the most important and most powerful of Sub-Saharan African states, Nigeria's intellectual contribution since its independence has added both to the overall vitality and the analytical relevance of the strategic security literature on Sub-Saharan Africa. The general literature on Sao Tome and Principe, one of the emerging oil powers in the West African region, is quite weak. The literature reviews the history of colonialism and post-independent politics, cold war and post-cold war political economic issues, the history of human rights violations, political instability and military coups, and agricultural productivity issues. There is no strategic security literature for Sao Tome and Principe. The literature on Senegal reviews foreign policy relations with France and regional African states, political economic issues, the impact of Islam in Senegal, state formation and political legitimization issues, gender and agricultural change issues, women,

xliv

Preface and Introduction

genital multilation, and health care reform issues, Senegal's role in ECOMOG operations in the West African region, democracy, democratization and civil society issues, the politics of ethnic groups and electoral politics. Senegal does not have a strategic security literature. In recent years, the African populations of Sierra Leone and its men, women and children endured the most horrific of the civil wars in the West African region and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hundreds of thousands died and many hundreds of thousands were mentally and physically decapitated, chased for years away from their homes to live in nearby African states or to be hunted in the jungle; and they were also exploited financially and sexually by rebel groups, by the citizens of the African state that they were temporarily living in, and by United Nation workers and international relief agency workers who were supposed to be there to help them. During the height of the civil war, U.S. diplomats and military personnel watched from powerful naval squadrons in the Atlantic ocean, used aerial surveillance and humit sources on the ground, and read updated intelligence sheets and diplomatic briefs, and did absolutely nothing to stop RUF operations or other rebel groups from destroying the state, and its population. In this context, the general literature on Sierra Leone reviews its foreign policy relations with the United States, the great powers, regional African states and organizations, and the United Nations, civil-military relations in the pre civil war period, the role and impact of the limb-chopping and murderous Revolutionary United Front (RUF), human rights abuses and terrorism, child soldiers, warlords, and civil war issues, Nigeria and ECOWAS peacekeeping operations in Sierra Leone, the diamond industry and governmental corruption issues, failed governance and political instability, foreign military intervention and domestic instability issues, the history and deadly impact of Charles Taylor's influence in supporting the RUF and its destruction of the state and its African peoples, women, and their systematic rape, and forced pregnancies in the civil war period, peacekeeping and peacebuilding operations in the post-civil war period, the role of the military in civilian politics, private military corporations, mercenary interventions, and civil conflicts, the deadly importation by the great powers, regional powers and international and regional arms merchants of small arms, light weapons, land mines and conventional weapons in the civil war period, international sanctions and civil war, problems of terrorism, torture and violence against the African populations, political decline and corruption, the Kamajoi militia, national politics and counter-insurgency issues, structural adjustment and economic decline, development strategy and political economic issues, the political economy of civil war and its aftermath, and the problem of

Preface and Introduction

xlv

internal and displaced refugees. The general literature on Togo reviews human rights problems, democracy and political pluralism issues, the role of the military, democratization and electoral politics, and economic development issues. Togo does not have a strategic security literature.

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 5 The literature on the general themes of the Northeast Africa/Horn of Africa regions provide an interesting survey and strategic review of important regional issues including U.S. and great powers’ political, economic and military alliance relations with African states in the two regions, the historical origins and significance of Israel's foreign relations and security interests in the Horn of Africa, small arms, light weapons, and conventional arms transfer issues in the two regions, water conflict and water policy issues in the Horn of Africa, internal refugees, internally displaced refugees, and refugee migration issues, the strategic dimensions of political conflict in the Horn of Africa, issues of race, ethnicity and conflict in the two regions, humanitarian intervention in the two regions, the problem of warlordism and failed states, and related policy issues. Djibouti does not have a general literature, except for two citations discussing political conflict and cold war politics. In the post-September 11th era, this is a very unfortunate intellectual situation, given the country's geographical location near the Middle Eastern and Eastern African regions and critical ports and bases. Presently, the United States is basing special forces, army units, and naval and air assets in Djibouti to prosecute the war against Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda, and affiliated global terrorist organizations in the Middle East and East Africa regions with unknown long-term strategic political, economic and security implications. The historical and prevailing political reality is that Djibouti has been a colonial and post-colonial vassal state for the great powers, leaving the country both economically dependent on handouts and its peoples mired deep in poverty and unemployment. Its remains to seen if Djibouti's quasi-alliance with the United States will yield any substantial economic and financial benefits, or result in deeper structural problems. Clearly, the absence of a developed general literature on Djibouti suggests that it is not of immediate intellectual interest to scholars studying strategic developments in the Horn of Africa. The general literature on Eritrea is not well developed or for that matter either quantitatively or quantitatively substantive. The literature's intellectual content reviews the history and implications of Eritrea's foreign policy relations with the United States, the involvement of the great powers and regional African states in

xlvi

Preface and Introduction

Eritrean affairs, the history and political and cultural significance of the Eritrean revolution, the problems of economic development in the agricultural and the non-agricultural sectors, reconstruction and development issues, the problem of internal refugees and refugee repatriation, issues in the demilitarization, military demobilization and the reintegration of men and women soldiers into society, the political development and ideological impact of the EPLF on the state and civil society, the historical origins and the strategic political and economic consequences of the Eritrean conflict with Ethiopia, Eritrea’s territorial disputes and arbitration negotiations with Yemen, military arms transfer issues, and related policy issues. Eritrea does not have a strategic security literature. The general literature on Ethiopia is not as developed intellectually as it should be for an African state that has been so prominent in the history of the African liberation movement. However, it does discuss the following themes including the historical origins and strategic significance of the Ethiopian revolution and its aftermath, the history of foreign policy relations with the United States, the great powers, regional African powers, the international community, and international and regional nongovernmental organizations, colonial and postcolonial political and economic relations with Italy, the history of economic development and productivity issues, the long history and political significance of U.S. military assistance and military arms transfers to Ethiopia, national economic security issues, problems of famine, malnutrition and starvation, issues of gender in economic development, issues of drought politics and drought alleviation, the historical origins and consequences of military conflicts with Eritrea, poverty and debt relief issues, the history of agricultural and nonagricultural productivity issues, the problem of the external repatriation of Ethiopians in other African states, revolutionary issues in the Tigray province and internal refugee problems, issues of drought and economic decline, the history of border conflicts and border relations with regional African states, the role and impact of ethnicity on politics and development, the rise and development of Marxism in cold war Ethiopia, the problems of high levels of military expenditure at the expense of economic development and famine management, the history and impact of the Derg, human rights problems, and related policy issues. Ethiopia does not have a strategic security literature. Somalia was one of the first failed states in Sub-Saharan Africa, which had no central government and existed comfortably in a total state of anarchy for a long period. The rise of the warlords, the prominence of clans in an Islamic context, and the political conflict that ensued nation wide created endemic instability and attracted the attention of Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. The U.S. involvement

Preface and Introduction

xlvii

in Somalia to deal with a massive humanitarian crisis instead allowing both domestic and foreign terrorist operatives to inflict causalities on U.S. Special Forces, resulting in the withdrawal of the U.S. presence in the country. The general literature on Somalia reviews the history and consequences of great powers’ relations with Somalia, bilateral relations between the United States and Somalia, problems in the educational system and its impact on economic development and poverty, the origins of civil war and conflict between contending Somali warlords and clans, military arms transfers and peace negotiations issues, democracy and warlordism issues, African states’ foreign policy relations with cold war and post-cold war Somalia, the history of human rights abuses and violations, famine, malnutrition and starvation issues, humanitarian assistance by the great powers and the international community, internal and external refugees problems, small arms, light weapons, land mines and conventional weapons issues impacting Somalia, issues of humanitarian intervention in Somalia, U.S. and U.N. peacekeeping and peacemaking operations in Somalia, issues of political and economic reconstruction for a failed state, rules of engagement issues, the historical role and consequences of U.S. military involvement in Somalia, issues of terrorism, race and ethnic conflict and reconciliation problems, issues of women in the national economic development and educational processes, and related policy issues. Somalia does not have a strategic security literature. There is no general literature on Somaliland, which is understandable. A territorial spin-off of Somalia, the three available citations discuss its political origins and related developments. The general literature on the Sudan critically examines the history and the implications of one of the long-standing civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa between the Arab-run central government and the Africans of the Southern Sudan. It concentrates on Sudanese identity as it relates to the North/South conflict, continuing drought and famine issues, the problem of displaced and internal African refugees, external financial and economic relations with the great powers and international financial institutions, the history and implications of the African and Arab political, economic, religious and cultural divide in the Sudan, the human rights problems of African child soldiers, street children and slaves in the Sudan, the issue of abusive prison systems and torture practices in the Sudan, the role and impact of militant Islam in Sudan, poverty, population and underdevelopment issues in the Southern and Northern Sudan regions, the role and impact of external military assistance and military arms transfers to the Sudan, the politics of the Sudanese military, gender politics, Islam and socialism in the Sudan, the political conflict and genocide in the Nuba Mountain region of

xlviii

Preface and Introduction

the Southern Sudan, the history of governmental peace negotiations with the SPLA, civilian versus military rule in the Sudan, the political economic implications of new petroleum finds and large oil reserves in the Southern Sudan, great powers’ involvement in the Sudanese war, issues of environmental destruction and ethnic cleansing by the central government in the Southern Sudan, the U.S. involvement in peace negotiations between the Sudanese central government and the SPLA, the security implications of Al-Qaeda in the Sudan, the encouragement by the central government of genocidal activities against the African Muslim population in the Western Sudan, and related policy issues. The Sudan does not have a strategic security literature.

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 6 The literature on the general themes of the Eastern African region, like other regions of Sub-Saharan Africa, addresses a small range of issues dealing with refugee populations, internal political conflict, humanitarian development assistance, women in the development process, AIDS/HIV issues and ethnicity. The literature is wholly inadequate and analytically too weak for understanding and evaluating the compelling regional policy issues facing East African states. Given the importance of the East African region, especially with the war against Al-Qaeda and global terrorism and related policy issues, the regional literature needs to be both quantitatively and qualitatively improved and deepened. There is no indication that there is a strategic security literature focus on the Eastern Africa region, or even on the countries comprising the region. In terms of the literature on Eastern African states, the Comoro Islands has no general literature or strategic security literature. The four listed citations focus primarily on political conflict issues. Kenya, one of the most important states in the region, has a general literature which focuses on political, economic and security issues including decolonization and independence issues, Kenya’s foreign relations with the United States, the history and consequences of great powers and African states’ involvement in Kenyan affairs, issues of ethnic competition and the utilization of ethnic divide and conquer tactics by the former Moi government, major human rights violations by the former Moi government and his security services, the problem of increasing numbers of urban street children, the AIDS/HIV crisis, economic development and corruption issues, continuing security and economic problems in internal refugee camps, the problems of democracy, elections, and democratic participation, and related policy issues. Currently, Kenya does not have a strategic security

Preface and Introduction

xlix

literature, although it may well exist in the archives and libraries of Kenya’s staff colleges, armed services, and security organizations. It is clear that there exists an urgent need to produce analyses and reports useful to understanding both the history and evolution of Kenyan national security issues and problems. The general literature on Mauritius is brief and covers three annotated sources. The literature on the Seychelles is equally brief, and it examines nationalism and security issues, democracy and election processes, corruption and economic development and related policy issues. The literature on Tanzania evaluates the historical role and impact of Julius Nyerere on Tanzania’s political development and modernization, economic development and foreign aid issues, leadership and democratization, political culture and ideology, educational planning and philosophy issues, structural adjustment in World Bank and IMF policies toward Tanzania, urbanization and urban poverty, gender and land reform, foreign policy relations with the great powers, corruption and drug trafficking, the AIDS/HIV pandemic, human rights and democracy, and related policy issues. The general literature on Uganda is similar to the other states in Eastern Africa, in that it reviews issues such as the history and impact of the African liberation movement in Uganda, interaction of religious, regional and ethnic politics in Uganda, democracy, democratization and political culture in Uganda, women and their empowerment in the parliamentary political process, the role and impact of the Ugandan military in national politics, the political, security and disturbing human rights problems created by the National Resistance Movement and the Lord Resistance Army (and their drugged and brainwashed child soldiers), the history of general human rights issues in Uganda, the political history and security consequences of Ugandan military involvement in the Eastern Congo, the issue of Ugandan refugees in neighboring African states, economic development and foreign donor relations, human rights problems and issues in Uganda, Ugandan foreign relations with the great powers, regional powers, and the United Nations, political change issues under President Museveni, defense spending in Uganda, and related policy issues. Uganda does not have a strategic security literature of any merit. Finally, Zanzibar is a small country in the Indian Ocean region that unfortunately does not have a literature of any quantity or quality. The literature on Zanzibar includes a small number of citations on democracy and democratization process issues, political elections, and issues of political ecology and urbanization. There is no strategic security literature for Zanzibar.

l

Preface and Introduction

REVIEW OF CHAPTER 7 The general literature on annotated and selected bibliographies, dictionaries and dissertations on Sub-Saharan Africa represents a determined intellectual and sustained scholarly effort by international and area studies compilers to address the outstanding range of issues facing the beleaguered continent. These issues include in the area of bibliographies and dictionaries information on African scientific institutions and scientists, publications in African and Afro-American studies, gender, education and labor issues in black Africa, border regions issues in black Africa, internal migration issues, comprehensive information profiles on individual African states, extensive profiles on international organizations in Africa, informational profiles on African women and their outstanding issues, guides to reference works on research and reference works on black Africa, bibliographical data profiles on African political leaders, African studies programs in the United States, international political and economic bibliographies on black Africa, security assessments on African states, affirmative action literature in black Africa, important annotated and selected bibliographies on African dissertations and theses, information compilations on the programs and policies of regional NGOs, peacekeeping missions and armed conflicts in Africa, annotated bibliographies on selected African states, data profiles on U.S. foreign policy towards black Africa and related policy subjects. In the area of dissertations and thesis the widest spectrum of issues were examined including economic development and performance issues of various African states, West African security integration, U.S. foreign policy towards black Africa, bilateral U.S. foreign political, economic and security relations with selected African states, the history and implications of regional peace accords between contending African states, third world states’ relations with African states, the impact of the African military in politics and the state, foreign policy decision making by African states, West European states’ relations with African states, foreign states and foreign multinational corporations’ access to African mineral resources, conflict and civil wars in Africa, democracy and democratic participation in African states, economic development issues in Africa, the problem of exiles and internal or displaced refugees in Africa, military arms transfers and domestic conflict in Africa, internal political issues in African states, political, military and economic issues in the Southern Africa and in South Africa in the pre and post apartheid periods, and related policy issues. In summary, this section does not address the strategic security issues faced by Sub-Saharan Africa. The general survey of bibliographies, dictionaries and dissertations focus instead on non-strategic security issues.

Acknowledgements To begin with, I would like to thank Professor Richard Sklar for his intellectual support during my graduate studies at UCLA and friendship over the years. I must give love to Professor Gerald Bender for allowing me use of citations from his cold war Angola bibliography, and for his invaluable assistance while I was a financially challenged doctoral student at the University of Southern California. I would like to thank Professor C.R.D. Halisi for his informed advice on the Southern African literature. I must thank Professor Benjamin Bobo and Don Allen for allowing me to become an integral part of their family and for their kindness. In my long journey, the consistent friendship of Alan Turner and Inez Turner for over thirty years has been priceless. Professor Ted Anagnoson’s multifaceted camera-ready skills in producing the comprehensive annotated bibliography were outstanding. The timely production and pagination skills of Isabel Garza in polishing the annotated bibliography were of the highest quality. Clearly, the annotated bibliography would not have been produced and introduced into the market without the high-level professionalism and technical support of Brien McDonald (my editor) and Nina Duprey at Greenwood Press. Moreover, I would like to express my deepest respect and gratitude to Professors Coit Blacker, John Odell, Roger Dingman, William R. Van Cleave, James Rosenau, Abraham Kaplan, Charles Wolf, Jr., and Dael Wolfle, all of whom believed in me and encouraged me to work hard and excel. This massive bibliographic effort demonstrates that no committed (or sane) compiler can complete a comprehensive annotated bibliography without a lot of help. The annotated bibliography was made a reality by the hard work of my dedicated students at the California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA) and at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) in collecting the raw bibliographic sources for me to evaluate, write up the annotations and include in the annotated bibliography. At CSLA, my heart-felt gratitude to Angela Humphreys, Angela Webb, Alison Laidlaw Hogarth, Tamiko Williams, Gabriela P. Montes, Tamiko Griffin, Tanyalak Pistasat, Autumn Millhouse, and Tri D. Ta. I would like to extend a special appreciation to Donald R. Perry, Rhonda L. Whitfield, Eubie Denise Peal, Vincent Raymond Rosario, She She R. Yancy, Jorge Orocco, Regina Glover, Bertha Gonzalez, Nina Smart, Edith Williams, and Diana Karaca. At UCR, my sincere thanks to Ymisserah Eddington, Brianne Murphy, Michele Webb, and Matthew Thomas. Finally, I would like to thank Lincoln Sinclair Harvey I for our hallway talks on Sub-Saharan Africa and on the African American community.

Acronyms on African Strategic Security Issues AACC AAF-SAP AALAE AAPAM AAPS AAPSO AATUF AAU AAWORD ACARTSOD ACCE ACHPR ACP ACSS ADB ADF AEA AEC AERC AFESD AFDL AFL AFSAA AFSTI

All Africa Conference of Churches African Alternative Framework to Structural Adjustment African Association for Literacy and Adult Education African Association for Public Administration and Management African Association of Political Science Afro-Asian Peoples Solidarity Organization All-African Trade Union Federation Association of African Universities Association of African Women for Research and Development African Centre for Applied Research and Training in Development African Council for Communication Education African Commission on Human and People’s Rights African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries/European UnionThe Lome Convention African Center for Security Studies African Development Bank Allied Democratic Front (Uganda) Asociacion Espanola de Africanistas African Economic Community African Economic Research Consortium Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of CongoZaire Armed Forces of Liberia African Studies Association of Australasia and the Pacific African Network of Scientific and Technological Institutions

liv

AGP AID AIEDP ALA ALC AMRF ANC APNET ARD ASA ASAUK ASICL ATRCW AU AUPELF AWF AZAPO BAB BADEA BCEAO BDF BDP BIP BLP BND BNF BPP BPU BLDS BRA BPEAC BREDA CAFRAD CAMP

Acronyms

African Governance Program Agency for International Development African Institute for Economic Development and Planning African Literature Association Africana Librarians Council African Medical and Research Foundation African National Congress African Publishers’ Network African Research and Documentation African Studies Association (US) African Studies Association of the United Kingdom African Society of International and Comparative Law African Training and Research Centre for Women African Union Association des Universities Partiellement ou Entierement de Langue Francaise African Wildlife Foundation Azanian People’s Organization Basler Afrika Bibliographien Banque Arabe pour le Developpement Economique en Afrique Banque Centrale des etats de l’Afrique de l’Quest Botswana Defense Force Botswana Democratic Front Botswana Independent Party Botswana Labour Party Bundesnachrichtendienst, the Federal Intelligence Service (Germany) Botswana National Front Botswana People’s Party Botswana Progressive Union British Library for Development Studies (University of Sussex) Bougainville Revolutionary Army Bureau for the Placement and Education of African Refugees Bureau Regional de UNESCO pour l’Education en Afrique Centre Africain de Formation et de Recherches Administratives pour le Developpement Cooperative Africana Microform Project

Acronyms

lv

CASS CCA CCB CCM CDR CEAO CEEA CERDET

Centre for Advanced Social Science, Nigeria Corporate Council on Africa Civil Cooperation Council Bureau (South Africa) Chama Cha Mapinduzi, Revolutionary Party, Tanzania Coalition for the Defense of the Republic Economic Community of West Africa Conseil Europeen des Etudes Africaines Center for Study and Research on Democracy in the Third World, Senegal Communaute Financiere Africaines Central Intelligence Agency (United States) Centre International des Civilisations Bantu OAU Council of Ministers Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Congolese National Army, Democratic Republic of the Congo National Council for the Defense of Democracy in Burundi Canadian Organization for Development through Education Conseil pour le Developpement de la Recherché Economique et Sociale en Afrique/Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa Committee for the Struggle Against Drought in the Sahel Confederation of South African Trade Unions Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement Centre de Recherches pour le Developpement International Council for the Democratic Federal Republic of the Congo Conference on Security, Stability, Development, and Cooperation in Africa Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale Commission for Technical Cooperation in Africa Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries Democratic Coalition of Namibia General Directorate for Foreign Security (France) Defense Intelligence Agency (United States) Directorate of Operations (CIA) Department of Defense (United States) Overseas Departments and Territories, France Department of State (United States) Democratic Republic of the Congo Military Intelligence Directorate (France) Deutsche Stiftung fur Internationale Entwicklung

CFA CIA CIDA CM CMEA CNA CNDD CODE CODESRIA

CILSS COSATU CPDM CRDI CRFDC CSSDCA CTA CTCA CZI DCN DGSE DIA DO DoD DOM-TOM DoS DRC DRM DSE

lvi

DST DW EAC EC ECC ECA ECAS ECCAS ECOMOG ECOWAS EDF EI ELF ELINT EPLD EPRDF EU EUCOM FAO FAR FBI FDD FDLD FDM FIS FLEC FLNC FPR FRELIMO FRODEBU FROLINAT GATT GNPC HABITAT HIVCDC HUMIT IA IAB IAI

Acronyms

Directorate for the Surveillance of the Territory (France) Diamond Works East African Community Executive Outcomes (South Africa) European Economic Community Economic Commission for Africa European Council on African Studies Economic Commission of Central African States ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African States European Development Fund Economic Intelligence Eritrean Liberation Front Electronic Intelligence Eritrean People’s Liberation Front Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front European Union U.S. European Command Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Armed Forces of Rwanda Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States) Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Burundi) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Djibouti Movement of Democratic Forces (Casamance, Senegal) Front Islamique de Salut Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave National Front for the Liberation of the Congo Front Patriotique Rwandais, Rwandais Patriotic Front Front for the Liberation of Mozambique Front Democratique Burundais National Liberation Front of Chad General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Ghana National Petroleum Corporation United Nations Centre for Human Settlements Humanist Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries Human Intelligence International Alert (U.K.) International African Bibliography International African Institute

Acronyms

IBRD ICA ICAS ICIPE ICRC ICS IDA IDC IDEP IDRC IDS IF AD IF AN IFP IFS IIAR IIE IITA IMF INADES INPFL IRED ISAAS ISIC JASPA JCET KANU KIT KA LCD LPC LRA MID MLC MLP MMD MPLA MRPI

lvii

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) Institut Culturel Africain International Congress of African Studies International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology International Committee of the Red Cross Institute of Commonwealth Studies (University of London) International Development Association (World Bank) International Development Centre (University of Oxford) Institut Africain pour le Development Economique et de Planification International Development Research Centre Institute for Development Studies (University of Sussex) International Fund for Agricultural Development Institut fondamental de 1’Afrique Noire Inkatha Freedom Party International Foundation for Science International Institute for African Research Institute of International Education International Labor Office International Monetary Fund Institut Africain pur le Developpement Economiqueet Social Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia Innovations et Reseaux pour le Developpement Indian Society for Afro-Asian Studies International Standard Industrial Classification Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa (ILO) Joint Combined Exchange Training (United States) Kenya African National Union Koninklijk Instituut voor de Trope Kroll Associates (United States) Lesotho Congress for Democracy Liberia Peace Council Lord’s Resistance Army (Uganda) Military Intelligence Division (South Africa) Congolese Liberation Movement Mauritius Labor Party Movement for Multiparty Democracy (Zambia) Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Military Professional Resources, Inc.

lviii

MSM NANSO NATO NDC NEH NEPAD NIEO NIIA NNCCI NP NORAD NOVIP NPC NPFL NPP NPSM NRA NRO NSA NSC NUNW OAU OCAM ODA ODI OECD OEOA OIC OLF OPEC OPIC ORSTOM OXFAM PAC PADIS PAFMECA PAFMECSA PAID

Acronyms

Mouvenment Socialist Mauricien Namibian Student Movement North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Democratic Congress National Endowment for the Humanities New Partnership for African Development New International Economic Order Nigerian Institute of International Affairs Namibian National Council of Commerce and Industry National Party, South Africa Norwegian Agency for Development Netherlands Organization for International Development Cooperation Northern Peoples’ Congress (Nigeria) National Patriotic Front of Liberia New Patriotic Party, Liberia Namibian People's Social Movement National Resistance Army (Uganda) National Reconnaissance Office (United States) National Security Agency (United States) National Security Council (United States) National Union of Namibian Workers Organization of African Unity Organisation Commune Africaine et Mauricienne Overseas Development Administration Overseas Development Institute Organisation European de Cooperation et Developpement Economiques United Nations Office of Emergency Operations in Africa Organization of the Islamic Conference Oromo Liberation front, Ethiopia Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Overseas Private Investment Council Office de la Recherché Scientifique et Technique d’ourtre-mer Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Pan African Congress, South Africa Pan African Documentation and Information System Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa Pan-African Movement for East, Central and South Africa Pan African Institute for Development

Acronyms

lix

Pan African News Agency PANA PARMEHUTU Movement of Hutu Emancipation (Rwanda) Pan African Writers Association PAWA President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (United PFIAB States) Preferential Trade Area for East and Southern Africa PTA RENAMO Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana RCD Congolese Rally for Democracy RIAT Rwanda Interagency Assessment Team ROSTA Bureau Régional de l’UNESCO pour la Science et la Technologie en Afrique Rwandan Patriotic Army RPA Rwandan Patriotic Front RPF RUF Revolutionary United Front (Sierra Leone) SA Covert Action Unit, DGSE (France) South African Communist Party SACP Southern African Development Community SADC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SADCC SADF-SF South African Defense Force-Special Forces SAIC Science Applications International Corporation (United States) SANDF South African National Defense Force SAP Structural Adjustment Program SAREC Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (now part of SIDA) Special Air Services (U.K.) SAS SCOLMA Standing Conference in Library Materials on Africa SDA Societe des Africanistes SDECE Foreign Documentation and Counter-intelligence Service (France) SDF Social Democratic Front, Cameroon General Intelligence Service (Belgium) SGR Sandline International, Ltd. (U.K.) SI Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SIDA School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) SOAS Special Operations Command (United States) SOC Special Operations Forces (United States) SOF Somali National Front SNF Somali National Party SNP Sudan People’s Liberation Army (Sudan) SPLA

lx

SRC SSEA SSRC STIC SWAPO TPLF UAM UDEAC ULIMO ULIMO ULIMO-K UN UN AMIR UNAR UNCTAD UNDP UNEP UNESCO UNHCR UNICEF UNITA UNPF UNSO USAID VAD VIDC VOA WB WCC WAMU WHO UDF ULIMO UNCTAD UNITA ZDC ZANU ZAPU

Acronyms

Strategic Resources Corporation (South Africa) Societe Suisse d Etudes Africaines Social Science Research Council Standard International Trade Classification South West African People’s Organization Tigray People's Liberation Front Union of African and Malagasy States Union Douaniere et Economique de l’Afrique Centrale Ugandan Liberation Movement United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy United Liberation Movement for Democracy-Koromah Faction United Nations U.N. Assistance Mission for Rwanda Rwandan Nation Union United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund National Union for the Total Independence of Angola United Nations Population Fund United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office United States Agency for International Development Vereinigung von Afrikanisten in Deutschland Vienna Institute of Development Voice of America World Bank World Council of Churches West African Monetary Union World Health Organization United Democratic Front United Liberation Movement for Democracy in Liberia UN Conference on Trade and Development National Union for the Total Independence of Angola Zambia Democratic Front Zimbabwe African National Union Zimbabwe African People’s Union

Journals Cited A Current Bibliography on African Affairs ACAS Bulletin Adult Education Quarterly Africa Africa and the World Africa Currents Africa Development Africa e Merditerraneo Africa Energy and Mining Africa Insight Africa Institute Bulletin Africa Mining Monitor Africa News Africa Now Africa Quarterly Africa Recovery Africa Report Afrika Spectrum Africa Today Africa World Review African Affairs African Armed Forces Journal African Business African Concord African Confidential African Defense

African Development Perspective Yearbook African Farmer African Journal of International and Comparative Law African Journal of Peace and Human Rights African Insight African Policy Report African Quarterly African Recorder African Report African Research and Documentation African Rural and Urban Studies African Security Review African Spectrum African Studies Quarterly African Studies in Russia Yearbook African Studies Review African Technology Forum Africana Bulletin Afrique 2000 Afrique Contemporaine Afrique et Development Adelphi Papers Alternative: Social Transformation and Human Governance AmbioAmerican Behavioral Institute

lxii

American Journal of Agricultural Economics American Universities Field Staff, West African Series Annee Africaine Anthropos Annual Review of Energy and Environment Applied Financial Economies Arabies Arab Studies Quarterly Armed Forces and Society Arms Control Today Army Quarterly and Defense Journal Atlantic Economic Journal Atlantic Quarterly Australian Journal of Political Science Benin Journal of Historical Studies Black Scholar Bodija Journal Border and Territorial Disputes Brandweek British Medical Journal Bulletin of Francophone Africa Bulletin of Peace Proposals Cambridge Review of International Affairs Canadian Defense Quarterly Canadian Journal of African Studies Canadian Journal of Development Studies Centre for Defense Studies Choices Christian Century Christian Science Monitor Civil Wars Comparative Education Review Comparative Politics Comparative Political Studies Comparative Strategy

Journals Cited

Community Development Journal Congressional Digest Congressional Weekly Report Conflict Quarterly Conflict Studies Research Centre Contemporary Review Contemporary Security Policy Contexto Internacional Convergence Courier Covert Action Quarterly Crime and Power in South Africa Crime Law and Social Change Croissance CSIS Africa Notes Cultural Anthropology Current History Current Research on Peace and Violence Daedalus Defense and Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy Defense Digest Defense Nationale Defense Nationwide Defense News Defense Political National Democratization Department of State Bulletin Diplomacy of Power Development Development Dialogue Development in Practice Development Policy Review Development Perspectives Yearbook Development Southern Africa Disarmament Disasters Dissent Duetsche Presse’Agentour

Journals Cited

Earth Island Journal East African Journal if Peace and Human Rights Eastern African Research and Development Echo of Islam Economic Development and Social Change Economist Electoral Studies Environment and Development Economics Ethnic and Racial Studies European Journal of Development Research Exchange Far Eastern Economic Review Facts of File Feminist Studies Financial Mail Focus on International and Comparative Leadership Food Policy Foreign Affairs Foreign Affairs of Japan Foreign Policy Foreign Policy in Focus Foreign Policy Issue Foreign Services Journal Forum for Development Studies Freedom Review Frontiers Futurist Geneve-Afrique Geopolitique Africaine Ghana Studies Global Governance Government Opposition Guards Magazine Harvard Educational Review

lxiii

Harvard International Review Health Transition Review Health Policy and Planning Heritage Zimbabwe Horn of Africa Horn Review Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal Human Organization Human Rights Quarterly Human Rights Watch Humanist IDS Bulletin Ifahamu In Depth Index on Censorship Indicator South Africa Infantry Information Development Information Ministry of Foreign Affairs International African Institute International Action Network on Small Arms International Affairs International Affairs Bulletin International African Institute International Defense Review International Harold Tribune International Journal International Journal of African Historical Studies International Journal of Remote Sensing International Journal of Water Resources Development International Journal of World Peace International Labour Review International Migration Review International Journal on World Peace

lxiv

International Organization International Peacekeeping International Relations International Review of Administration Sciences International Science Review International Security International Security Council Journal International Social Work International Studies of Management International Studies Quarterly Organization International Update IPI Reports Issue Issues Science & Technology Jane’s Intelligence Review Jerusalem Forum Jerusalem Journal of International Relations Jeune Afrique Economic Journal for the Contemporary History Joint Forces Quarterly Journal of African and Asian Affairs Journal of African and Asian Studies Journal of African Economics Journal of African Law Journal of African Studies Journal of the American Medical Association Journal of Black Political Economy Journal of Black Studies Journal of Business Ethics Journal of Church and State Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics Journal of Communication Journal of Comparative Family Studies Journal of Conflict Resolution Journal of Conflict Studies

Journals Cited

Journal of Contemporary African Affairs Journal of Contemporary African History Journal of Contemporary African Studies Journal of Democracy Journal of Developing Areas Journal of Developing Societies Journal of Development Areas Journal of Development Economics for Southern Africa Journal of Eastern African Research and Development Journal of Energy in Southern Africa Journal of Environment and Development Journal of Historical Geography Journal of International Affairs Journal of International Studies Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law Journal of Modern African Studies Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs Journal of Multicultural Development Journal of Negro History Journal of Opinion Journal of Peace Research Journal of Political and Military Sociology Journal of Public Opinion Journal of Refugee Studies Journal of Religion in Africa Journal of Social Political and Economic Studies Journal of Southern African Studies Journal of the African Activist Association Journal of the Royal African Society

Journals Cited

Journal of Theology for Southern Africa Journal of the Third World Spectrum Journal of Third World Studies Journal on African Studies Kano Studies Lancet La Rivista Militaire L’Afrique Et l’Asie Modernes Le Mois en Afrique Leadership Leiden Journal of International Law Le Mois Nen Afrique Lesotho Social Science Review Liberian Studies Journal Light Weapons and International Security Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement Lusophone Area Studies Journal Lusotopie Maghreb Review Mall and Guardian/South Africa Market Africa Mid East Mershon International Studies Review Middle East Research and Information Middle East Review Mideast Mirror Military Technology Mining Journal Monde Diplomatique Monthly Review Mozambican Studies Multinational Monitor National Catholic Reporter National Interest National Journal National Post National Review National Security Studies Quarterly

lxv

Nations and Nationalism Nature Negotiation Journal New African New Internationalist New Left Review New Political Economy New Perspectives Quarterly New Routers New Vision New Statesman and Society New York University Journal of International Laws and Politics Nigerian Forum Nigerian Journal of International Affairs Northeast African Studies Norway Information Ministry of Foreign Affairs Norwegian Journal of Geography Occasional Papers of the African Institute Ocean Development and International Law Off Shore Orbis Outlook on Agriculture Oxford Economic Paper Pacific Historical Review Parameters Parliamentarian Party Politics Peace and Change Peace Research Abstracts Journal Peace Review Pol Internat Policing and Society Policy Journal Policy Sciences

lxvi

Politeia Politico Political Science Quarterly Politique Afrique Presence Africaine Presidents and Prime Ministers Problems of Communism Progressive Public Administration and Development Public Administration Quarterly Psychopathologie Africaine Quarterly Journal of Administration Quarterly Journal of Africanist Opinion Race and Class Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Raw Materials Report Reason Reproductive Health Matters Research in African Literature Research on Peace and Violence Review/International Commission of Jurists Review of African Political Economy Review of Black Political Economy Review of International Affairs Review of Politics Review for Southern Africa Revue Juridique et Politique Revue Francaise d’Etudes Politiques Africaines Revue Juridique et Politique Reveu Tiers-Monde RSA Review Rusi and Brasse’s Defense Yearbook SACDI Defense Journal Sage Public Administration Abstracts Safere SAIS Review

Journals Cited

Salut Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives Science Technology and Development Security Dialogue Sierra Leone Review Social Identities Sojourners Society and Natural Resources Soldier of Fortune South Africa Foundation Review South Africa International South African Archives Journal South African Geographical Journal South African Journal of International Affairs Southern African Political and Economic Monthly South African Yearbook of International Law Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly South Asia Bulletin Small Wars and Insurgencies Strategic Analysis Strategic Forum Strategic Review for Southern Africa Strategy and Tactics Studia Africana Studies in Comparative Communism Studies of Conflict and Terrorism Sunday Review Survival Swiss Review of World Affairs Technology and Development Temps Modernes Terrorism and Political War Violence The Nation The African Studies

Journals Cited

The Annuals of the Academy of the American Academy of Political and Social Science The Army Quarterly The Atlantic Monthly The Bulletin of The Atomic Scientists The Encyclopedia of Democracy The European Journal of Development Research The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations The Journal of African Policy Studies The Journal of Politics of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance The Journal of International Studies The Journal of Modern African Studies The Journal of Trauma The New Republic The Non-Proliferation Review The Professional Geographer The Quarterly Journal of Military History The Wall Street Journal The Weekly Review The World Today Third World Quarterly Tourism Management Trans African Forum Trans African Journal of History Transformation Tropical Medicine and International Health Ufahmau UN Chronicle UNESCO Courier United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research

lxvii

United Press International Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development US Air Force Institute for National Security Studies US Department of State Dispatch US Naval Institute Proceedings Virginia Journal of International Law War and Society Washington Quarterly Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents West Africa Wilson Quarterly Without Prejudice Women and Politics Work and Progress World Air News World Airpower Journal World Archeology World Development World Economy World Policy Journal World Press Review World Today World Science Report World Watch

1

Security, Wealth, Guns and Sub-Saharan Africa GENERAL AFRICAN SECURITY ISSUES Abdul-Raheem, T. "An African Perspective on Globalization," Development vol. 41 no. 4. (1998):23-26. The author reviews the historical role and political economic impact of the globalization process on Sub-Saharan African states. Abiew, Francis Kofi. The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention. Boston, MA: Kluwer Law International, 1999. The author examines the process and dynamics of international humanitarian intervention on state sovereignty in the post-cold war period, with an emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa. Abshire, David M. and Michael A. Samuels. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. London: Pall Mall Press, 1969. The authors provide important information on Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, and Mozambique. Adamolekun, Ladipo. "France and the Francophone African States: Cooperation or Neo-colonialism," Nigerian Journal of International Studies vol. 1, no. 2 (December 1975):3-15. The author analyzes the history of cooperative and neo-colonial relations between France and Francophone African states during the cold war.

2

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Adams, B. "Arms Transfers to African Countries: The Controls," in Conflicts in Africa: An Analysis of Africa Crisis and Crisis Prevention Measures: Report of the Commission on African Regions in Crisis. Brussels: King Baudouin, 1997. The author evaluates the history and implications of the controls on military arms transfers to Sub-Saharan African states. Adams, W.M. et al (eds.) The Physical Geography of Africa. Oxford: OUP, 1996. The edited text provides an useful physical geography analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa. Addo, Michael K. "Implementation by African States of the Plan of Action for the United Nations Decade for Human Rights," Journal of African Law no. 1 (2000):96-109. The article addresses Sub-Saharan African states' action plan to fully participate in the UN decade of human rights program. Adedeji, Adebayo (ed.) Comprehending and Mastering African Conflicts: The Search for Sustainable Peace and Good Governance. London: Zed Books, 1999. The edited text assesses the problem of political and military conflict and means to encourage both sustainable peace and good governance in Sub-Saharan Africa, with appropriate case studies. Adedeji, Adebayo (ed.) Africa Within the World. London: Zed for ACDESS, 1993. The edited text analyzes Sub-Saharan Africa's historical role and strategic influence in the international system. Adedeji, Adebayo and Tariq Husain. The Leadership Challenge for Improving the Economic and Social Situation in Africa: Discussions of the Inaugural Program of the African Leadership Forum. Ota, Nigeria: African Leadership Forum, 1988. The report addresses the grave challenges faced by African leaders in measurably improving the political, social and economic conditions in their countries and in protecting the fading democratic rights of the beleaguered African peoples throughout the continent. Adeleke, T. "Black Americans and Africa: A Critique of the Pan-African," International Journal of African Historical Studies vol. 31, no. 3 (1998):505-536. The author provides an interesting Pan African critique on African Americans' interests in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

3

Adekunle, A. "The Nature of African Boundaries," Africa Spectrum vol. 18, no. 2 (1983): 179-189. The article examines the historical background and political consequences of territorial boundary problems among contiguous African states in the cold war period. Adem, Seifudein. "Emerging Trends in Japan-Africa Relations: An African Perspective," African Studies Quarterly vol. 5, no. 2 (2001)1-9 (online). The author assesses the political, economic, trading and security trends in JapanAfrica relations with the visit of Japan's Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori in January 2001. http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v5/v5il2a4.htm. Adeniji, O. "Regionalism in Africa," Security Dialogue vol. 24, no. 2 (1983):211-220. The author addresses the history and significance of regionalism and its security impact on Sub-Saharan African states. Adeniran, T. "The Relationship between Disarmament and Development," Disarmament vol. 9, no. 2 (1986):170-176. The brief article evaluates the relationship between disarmament and development in Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war period. Adeniran, T. "Nuclear Proliferation and Black Africa: The Coming Crisis of Choice," Third World Quarterly vol. E, no. 4 (October 1981):673-692. The author discusses the prospects of African states pursuing a nuclear weapons capability in reaction to apartheid South Africa's nuclear weapons program. Adepoju, Aseranti. "The Dimensions of the Refugee Problem in Africa," African Affairs vol. 81 (1982):21-35. The author outlines the origins and destabilizing impact of the refugee problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adeya, N. "Access to Electronic Information in Africa: Librarians to Information Managers," Focus on International and Comparative Librarianship vol. 28, no. 2 (1997):88-90. The author examines the role of information managers and librarians in managing electronic information throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. "Africa and the PLO-Israeli Peace Initiative: Payoffs, Pitfalls and Paradoxes," International Journal of World Peace vol. 13, Issue 4 (December 1996): 1753. The author explores the complex political, economic and moral calculus informing PLO and Israeli peace negotiations as they influence SubSaharan Africa's strategic interests.

4

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

African Horizons (Aafaq Ifriqiya). State Information Service Quarterly no. 1 (March 2000). The brief article outlines the views of Egypt's foreign minister regarding the state and direction of political and economic relations between Egypt and Sub-Saharan Africa states. Africa Leadership Forum. Africa on the Eve of the 21st Century. Paper presented at a Conference sponsored by the Africa Leadership Forum, Maputo Mozambique, September 9-11, 1997. The report provides a comprehensive review by a strategic African leadership group on the potential impact of globalization, information technologies, economic development, regional peace and continental and regional security dynamics on the long-term integrity and stability of Sub-Saharan Africa. Africa Leadership Forum. The Kampala Document: Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa . Kampala, Uganda: African Leadership Forum, May 1991. The Kampala Document posits that the steady erosion of continental and regional security and stability throughout Sub-Saharan Africa is hastening the continent's strategic political and economic decline; and that only systemic cooperation and close coordination within and among democratically committed African states and leaders will slow the very rapid decline of the continent into the abyss. "Africa Must Develop Own Green Identity," Weekly Mail (South Africa), May 17, 1991. The brief article contends that Sub-Saharan Africa must develop a robust environmental identity to solve very serious environmental problems (for example, the accelerating loss of old growth forests in Western and Central Africa to international loggers) that are emerging on the continent. "Africa on the Drug Trafficking Route: UN Report," Agence France Presse International (February 28, 1997). The UN report contends that powerful African (and non-African) drug warlords and their mules effectively operate in Angola, the Central African Republic, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Mozambique and Namibia (as well as influencing the drug trade in other areas of Sub-Saharan Africa) controlling the production, marketing and distribution of cocaine, marijuana, heroin and other dangerous drugs targeted at extremely vulnerable African populations and drug- influenced and heavily armed African children combatants involved in the various civil wars destabilizing regions and countries on the continent.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

5

Africa Region, the World Bank. Intensifying Action Against HIV/AIDS in Africa: Responding to a Development Crisis. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2000. The World Bank report provides a minimalist strategic plan for dealing with the massive HIV/AIDS pandemic crisis, which is accelerating its killing rampage throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Africa Rights. Not So Innocent: When Women Become Killers. London: African Rights, 1995. The report examines the historical origins, political development and policy consequences of the wanton activities of women killers during the Rwandan genocide event. "Africa: The Renaissance Has Come," UN Chronicle vol. 35, no. 2 (1998):5354. Secretary-General Kofi Annan calls on Sub-Saharan Africa and the international community to start a peace, development and security movement on the continent. Africa Update: A Summary of Human Rights Concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa, September 1997-March 1998. London: Amnesty International, 1998. The report summarizes major human rights concerns in Sub-Saharan African states between September 1997-March 1998. Africa 2002: Guide to Africa and Its 53 Nations. Corporate Council on African and Business Books International, 2002. A very useful data collection of strategic information profiles on important dimensions of Sub-Saharan Africa, including political, economic, financial, demographic, geographical, and related policy issues. "African Connection?" The Daily Star (June 20, 2001). The author addresses the Foreign Minister of Lebanon, Mahmoud Hammoud's decision to conduct a questionnaire survey on the political views of the economically powerful Lebanese emigrant community in various Sub-Saharan Africa states. Aina, T.A. "Social Science Scholarly Publishing in Africa: The CODESRIA Experience," Focus on International and Comparative Librarianship vol. 26, no. 2 (1995):72-78. The author briefly examines the state and directions in social science academic publishing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Akande, J. "International Legal Treaties and Instruments Relating to Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa," in S. Akinrade and A. Sesay (eds.) Africa in the

6

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Post-Cold War International System. London: Printer (1998):338-362. The author investigates the international legal treaties and protocols involved in regional and internal migration dynamics and trends in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ake, Claude. Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington DC: Brookings Institute, 1996. The author addresses the strategic problems of promoting democracy and development in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Akinrinade, Sola. "Democracy and Security in Africa: Towards A Framework of Understanding," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 17, no. 2 (July 1999):217-244. The author develops a framework for understanding the important relationship between security and democracy in Africa. Akinrinade, Sola and Amadu Sesay (eds.) Africa in the Post-Cold War International System. Herndon, VA: Books International, 1997. The edited text examines Africa in the United Nations; regional and sub-regional conflict management efforts, Southern Africa and the end of apartheid, global economic factors in Africa's environmental crisis, changing perspectives on human rights in Africa, and African nationalism. Akosah-Sarpong, Kofi. "Africa’s Growing Oil Economies," West Africa no. 4326 (May 20, 2002):31-32. The author briefly investigates the importance of oil economies in the West African region to the United States. Akosah-Sarpong, Kofi. "African Forests Face Extension," West Africa no. 4321 (April 15, 2002):23. The author briefly outlines the increasing likelihood for extinction of Sub-Saharan Africa’s forest systems. Akosah-Sarpong, Kofi. "Africa’s Volcanoes," West Africa no. 4310 (January 28, 2002):12-13. The author briefly outlines the dangers of volcano systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Alali, Andy O. and B.A. Jinadu. Health Communication in Africa: Contexts, Constraints and Lessons. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002. The author examines strategic public health and disease prevention policies and issues facing African policymakers in the 21 st century. Alao, Abiodun. "The Environment and African Security: Implications of Continued Neglect," in Adebayo Oyebade and Abiodun Alao (eds.) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing Perspectives on Security. Trenton, NJ:

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

7

Africa World Press (1998):63-90. The author reviews Sub-Saharan Africa's environmental security problems, the poor management capacity and technological deficiencies exhibited by a majority of African states in dealing with deteriorating environmental situations in deforestation, marine life, wildlife, parks, forests, toxic pollution dumping by foreign states, overfishing of fisheries (by internal and foreign actors), overpopulation and related environmental stresses. The strategic implications of African leaders (and the international community) not solving existing and emerging environmental security problems are and will be devastating. Alao, Abiodun. African Conflicts: The Future Without the Cold War. London: Centre for Defense Studies, University of London, 1993. The author explores the nature of African conflicts in the post-cold war environment. Alao, Abiodun and Funmi Olonisakin. "Post Cold War Africa: Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflict and Security," in Adebayo Oyebade and Abiodun Alao (eds.) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing Perspectives on Security. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, (1998): 117-142. The authors argue that new security factors have been laid to generate ethnic conflicts in Africa, aided by a reduced African economic capability to resolve such conflicts and the unwillingness of the international community to help. Albaugh, Ericka A. "Preventing Conflict in Africa: Possibilities of Peace Enforcement," in Robert I. Rotberg, Ericka A. Albaugh, Happyton Bonyongwe, Christopher Clapham, Jeffrey Herbst, and Steven Metz (eds.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Prevention. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press (2000):111-210. The author provides a set of discussions on African responsibility in conflict prevention and other important policy issues led by leading Western academics, African ministers, and senior African military officers. Alden, Chris. "From Neglect to Virtual Engagement: The United States and its New Paradigm for Africa," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 396 (July 2000):351371. The author outlines the Clinton administration's policy towards SubSaharan Africa, with its emphasis on a hands-off US intervention. Alemie, L. "Development of the Information Sector in Africa," Information Development vol. 13, no. 1 (1997): 14-18. The brief article reviews the development of the computer information sector and its scientific implications for Sub-Saharan Africa.

8

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Alessandrini, A.C. (ed.) Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives. London: Routledge, 1998. The edited text examines critical perspectives on the life, times and contributions of the famous Algerian psychologist Frantz Fanon on psychological and social reactions of the oppressed to oppression, racism and power. Alfred, Oryeda. "Africa Yearns for Peace," Peace Review vol. 8, Issue 4 (December 1996):581-585. The brief article analyzes political conflict and economic underdevelopment in Sub-Saharan Africa and the search for stability and order on the continent. Ali, Taisier Mohamed Ahmed and Robert O. Matthews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999. The edited text assesses the complex historical dynamics and the political impact of civil wars on Sub-Saharan African states, with case studies on Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, the Sudan, Tanzania, the OAU and the United Nations. Alikhanova, Tamara A. "Environmental Problems in Africa: Disposal of Industrial Wastes," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990):53-60. The author addresses the very serious problem of the disposal of U.S. and European industrial (toxic and radioactive) wastes and other extremely dangerous pollutants in Sub-Saharan African states' coastal or desert areas, in direct exchange for either a partial reduction of these states' huge debt burdens or hard currency. All African Conference of Churches. Civil Society, the State and African Development in the 1990s. Nairobi and Harare: AAAC and MWENGO, 1993. The report investigates the influence of civil society and of the state on prospects for African development in the 1990s and beyond. Allain, J. "The Evolution of Dispute Settlement in Africa: From Pacifism to Militarism," South African Yearbook of International Law no. 23 (1998):6592. The author examines the origins and the evolution of dispute settlement in covering the pacifism to militarism periods in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

9

Allen, Chris. "Warfare, Endemic Violence and State Collapse," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 81 (September 1999):367-384. The author evaluates the history and the policy effects of severe political conflict in creating conditions for endemic state collapse in Sub-Saharan Africa. Allen, Chris. "Africa and the Drug Trade," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 79 (March 1999):5-12. The author examines the extremely negative impact of the international and regional drug trade on Sub-Saharan African states and their vulnerable populations in generating systemic corruption, gun-trafficking, and societal instability. Allen, Chris. "Britain's African Policy: Ethical, or Ignorant," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (September 1998):405-408. The author editorially reviews the political and ethical coherence of Britain's African policy in the post-cold war period. Allen, S., A. Serufilira, J. Bogaerts, Van de Perre, et. al. (eds.) "Confidential HIV Testing and Condom Promotion in Africa: Impact on HIV and Gonorrhea Rates," Journal of the American Medical Association vol. 268, no. 23 (1992):3338-3343. The authors analyze existing confidential HIV testing and condom protection protocols in Sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on reducing prevailing HIV and Gonorrhea rates. Alt, William E. and Betty L. Alt. Black Soldiers, White Wars. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. The authors review the role and impact of black soldiers who served in the armed forces of white societies in strategic crisis from antiquity to the present period. Altman, Lawrence K. "By 2010, AIDS May Leave 20 Million African Orphans," New York Times (July 11, 2002): A10. The brief article contends that over 20 million African children will be orphans by 2010 because of the raging AIDS pandemic, contributing to the instability and disorder in the most impacted Sub-Saharan African states. Aluko, Olajide (ed.) Africa and the Great Powers in the 1980s. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987. The edited text addresses the great powers' foreign relations with Sub-Saharan African states in the 1980s.

10

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Aluko, Olajide (ed.) The Foreign Policies of African States. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1977. The edited text assesses the foreign policy of African states towards the great powers and the rest of the international community of states in the cold war period. Ambrose, Brendalyn P. Democratization and the Protection of Human Rights in Africa: Problems and Prospects. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. The author analyzes the historical background of and the limited movement towards democratization and the protection of human rights in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ammons, Lila. "Consequences of War on African Countries' Social and Economic Development," African Studies Review vol. 39, no. 1 (April 1996): 67-82. The author evaluates the broad array of negative consequences of war on Sub-Saharan Africa states' social and economic development. "Amnesty International Accuses Spanish Police of Widespread Race-Based Abuse," Los Angeles Sentinel (May 9, 2002):A-5. The brief article outlines the Amnesty International's 100-page report on the "widespread race-related abuse and torture, the sexual assault of women in custody, the arbitrary detention, expulsion, ill-treatment" and suspicious deaths (from brutal beatings) of Africans, Africans from the Diaspora and immigrants from 17 countries by Spain's police forces. Amoako, K.Y. "Capacity Building and Utilization of Science and Technology in Africa," Technology and Development vol. 15, no. 2 (1997):7-13. The author assesses the importance of the expert utilization of science and technology and capacity building in Sub-Saharan Africa. Amoo, Samuel G. The OAU and African Conflicts: Past Successes, Present Paralysis and Future Perspectives. Institute of Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University, May 1992. The author provides a historical analysis of the OAU's mixed record in managing political conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa, and institutional prospects in the future for improving that record. Ampiah, Kweku. The Dynamics of Japan's Relations with Africa: South Africa, Tanzania, and Nigeria. New York: Routledge, 1997. The author examines the strategic dynamics driving Japan's political, economic, trading and security relations with Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

11

Amponin, Kathleen F. Military Intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, October 1997. The author investigates the historical context and policy dynamics of external military intervention and its strategic political implications for stability and order in Sub-Saharan Africa. Amuwo, K. "France and Africa in the Post Cold-War Era," Africa vol. 52, no. 2 (1997):274-288. The author examines the historical origins and the political, economic and military significance of post-cold war relations between France and Africa. Anda, Michael O. International Relations in Contemporary Africa. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000. The author evaluates the historical origins and policy implications of international relations in contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. Andereggen, Anton. France's Relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994. The author reviews France's long-standing imperial (and racist) political, economic, military and cultural relations with Sub-Saharan Africa states, particularly the Francophone states in the Western Africa and Central Africa regions. Andrew, Christopher. Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community. London: Heinemann, 1985. The author investigates the founding and operational development of the British intelligence community. Andvig, J.C. "Child Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Exploration," Forum for Development Studies no. 2 (1998):327-362. The author examines the historical origins and the political economy implications of child labor in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Anene, John Nnamdi. "Military Administrative Behavior and Democratization: Civilian Cabinet Appointments in Military Regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Public Policy vol. 17, no. 1 (January-April 1997):63-90. The author addresses the implications of the high-level appointments of civilians into military cabinets in Sub-Saharan Africa, indicative of private and public preferences for the end of military regimes and the restoration of democratic rule.

12

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Anglin, Douglas. Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-1996. Bellville: Centre for Southern African Studies, 1997. The author assesses the historical context and the development of political conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1995-1996. Anise, L. "Prospects for Future Superpower Intervention in Africa," Quarterly Journal of Africanist Opinion vol. 8, no. 4 (1978):35-39. The brief article assesses the likely prospects for and the strategic implications of the superpowers' political, military and economic intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa in the cold war period. An-Na'im, Abdullahi Ahmed and Francis M. Deng (eds.) Human Rights in Africa: Cross Cultural Perspectives. Washington DC: Brookings, 1990. The important edited text examines the various contending theoretical, policy, legal and cross-cultural perspectives on human rights and their strategic political implications for Sub-Saharan Africa. Annan, Kofi. "The Causes of Conflict and The Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Development in Africa," Secretary General’s Report to the UN Security Council (April 16, 1998). The author provides an interesting analysis of political conflict throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, proposing a set of "realistic and achievable" measures designed to reduce political tensions and violence within and between Africans states, laying the foundation for peace and sustainable development on the continent The complete text can be viewed at: http://www.undp.org.za/docs/reports/sg0416-98.html. Ansu-Kyeremeh, Kwasi. Education and Development: Exploring an African Cultural Setting. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press, 1997. The author contends that the understanding and 'indigenization of communication in development and education' in the rural African environment is just as important as the consideration of modern communication technologies such as email, radio and television in both the policy design and the operational implementation of national policies of education and development. Anthony, Constance G. "Africa's Refugee Crisis: State Building in Historical Perspective," International Migration Review vol. .25, no. 3 (1991):574591. The author explores the historical background to state building in SubSaharan Africa and the consequences of massive internal and cross border refugee flows.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

13

Anumonye, A., A. Tongue and E. Tongue (eds.) African Seminar on Problems of Drug Dependence. Lausanne: ICAA, November 1990. The edited report examines the major problems and policy implications of rising drug use and drug dependence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Arlinghaus, Bruce (ed.) Military Developments in Africa: The Political and Economic Risks of Arms Transfers. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984. The edited text reviews the various costs and benefits of arms transfers on Sub-Saharan Africa's relations with Arab states. Arlinghaus, Bruce E. (ed.) African Security Issues: Sovereignty, Stability, and Solidarity. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1984. The edited text reviews Cold War military aid flows from China, France, the United States and West Germany to democratic and undemocratic African states and warlords. The strategic implications of large small arms, light weapons and munitions flows in fueling both internal conflicts and regional wars in SubSaharan Africa are discussed. Arlinghaus, Bruce E. and Pauline H. Baker (eds.) African Armies: Evolution and Capabilities. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986. The edited text investigates the historical evolution and operational military capabilities of Sub-Saharan African armies. Aronson, David. "Why Africa Stays Poor: And Why It Doesn’t Have To," Humanist vol. 53, no. 2 (1993):9-13. The brief article examines how SubSaharan Africa’s future depends upon increased economic development, the encouragement of private industry, and significant debt reduction by the United States and the western countries (who take debt payments from African states of over $15 billion per year, a very sad commentary). Asiwaju, A.I. (ed.) Partitioned Africans: Ethnic Relations Across Africa's International Boundaries, 1884-1984. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. The edited text addresses the origins and consequences of ethnic relations across Sub-Saharan Africa's international borders from 1884 to 1984. Assante, S.K.B. Regionalism and Africa's Development: Expectations, Reality and Challenges. London: Macmillan, 1997. The author analyses the complex relations between regionalism and economic development issues and impacting Sub-Saharan African states.

14

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Assensoh, A.B. and Yvette Alex-Assenoh. African Military History and Politics: Coups and Ideological Incursions, 1900-Present. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. The authors provide historical, ideological, and political analysis of the African military's violent and non-violent interventions into the African state structures and African civil society, and resulting negative (and sometimes) positive impact of these actions. Attah-Poku, Agyemang. African Stability and Integration: Regional, Continental and Disaporic Pan African Realities. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2000. The author examines ideological, political, economic and social programs and policies to increase the stability and integrity of Sub-Saharan Africa within the context of Pan Africanism, as well as outlining strategic means by which Africans and Africans in the Diaspora can increase political communication and cultural information exchanges to build unity and support for a stronger Africa. Austin, Ralph A. African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency. London: James Currey, 1987. The author addresses the economic history of Sub-Saharan Africa in both its internal development and external dependency dimensions, as well as the strategic consequences of economic underdevelopment as a direct result of continuing internal economic decay and economic, trade and financial dependency on the West. Avery, W.P. and L.A. Picard. "Pull Factors in the Transfer of Conventional Armaments to Africa," Journal of Political and Military Sociology vol. 8, no. 1 (1980):55-70. The authors evaluate the politics and the economics of conventional weapons transfer to Sub-Saharan African states. Ayari, Chedley. "The Reality of Afro-Arab Solidarity," African Report vol. 20, no. 6 (November-December 1975):7-10. The author highlights the Arab bloc's growing involvement in assisting African insurgencies with arms, ammunition and related military aid. Ayari, Chedley. A Global Strategy for Arab-African Cooperation. Khartoum, Sudan: Banque Pour le Developpement Economique en Afrique, 1975. As president of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (1975), the author poses the question of how Arab activity should be evaluated in aiding the economic development of and increase political cooperation with, Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

15

Ayittey, George. "How the West Compounds Africa's Crisis," Speakout.com (June 29, 2000). The article investigates the strategic involvement of the West (including the United Nations) in aggravating strategic economic and financial conditions throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The complete article may be viewed at: http://speakout.com/activism/opinions/5374-l.html. Ayittey, George. Africa in Chaos. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. The author addresses the complexity of dangerous strategic political, economic and security problems engulfing the African continent in the post-cold war period. Ayoob, Mohammed. The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner, 1995. The author explores the fundamental security problems that developing states face in trying to strengthen their governance functions while negatively influenced by destabilizing regional wars or internal political and military conflicts. Azar, E.E. and Chung-in-Moon (eds.) National Security in the Third World: The Management of Internal and External Threats. Aldershot: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1988. The edited text assesses the various dimensions of the national security management of internal and external threats by Third World states. Azevedo, Mario. (ed.) Africana Studies: A Survey of Africa and African Diaspora. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic, 1993. The edited text provides important information and analysis of African and African Diaspora issues Baah, Richard Amoako. Human Rights in Africa: The Conflict of Implementation. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000. The author examines the meaning and implications of human rights implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Babu, Abdul Mohammed. "Africa and the Nuclear Bomb," Africa Now (July 1983):47-48. The brief article contends that Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa should develop its unconventional warfare capabilities and not nuclear or conventional military capabilities to deal with the South African nuclear threat in the 1980s.

16

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Badejo, D.L. "African Feminism: Mythical and Social Power of Women of African Descent," Research in African Literature vol. 29, no. 2 (1998):94111. The author evaluates the historical origins and strategic cultural implications of the mythical and social power of women of African descent. Baker, Bruce. "The Class of 1990: How Have the Autocratic Leaders of SubSaharan Africa Fared Under Democratization? " Third World Quarterly vol. 19 (March 1998): 115-127. The author evaluates the extremely poor democratic performance of African leaders on the continent. Bakwesegha, C.J. "The OAU and African Refugees," in Y. El-Ayouty (ed.) The Organization of African Unity after Thirty Years. Westport, CT: Praeger (1994):77-96. The author addresses the origins and impact of Organization of African Unity towards African refugees and internally displaced persons. Bakwesegha, C.J. The Role of the Organization of African Unity in Conflict Prevention, Management, and Resolution. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The Organization of African Unity, 1994. The author reviews operations of OAU Peace Fund, in financing conflict management and resolution. Bakwesegha, M. "African Union: From Unity to Union," Conflict Trends no. 2 (2001):28-33. The author reviews the history of the African Union. Ball, Nicole. "Demobilizing and Reintegrating Soldiers: Lessons from Africa," in Conflicts in Africa: An Analysis of Africa Crisis and Crisis Prevention Measures: Report of the Commission on African Regions in Crisis Brussels: King Baudouin, 1997. The author reviews the demobilizing and reintegration of men and women soldiers into civilian society in Africa. Bangoura, Dominique. "Geopolitique de L' Afrique," Defense Nationale vol. 52 (August-September 1996): 133-144. The author investigates the geopolitics of collective security dynamics in Africa from the French perspective. Bangoura, Dominique. Les Armees Africaines, 1960-1990. Paris: Cheam, 1992. The author provides a French analysis on the history, development and operations of African armies in Sub-Saharan Africa from 1960-1990. Bangura, Yusuf. Britain and Commonwealth Africa: The Politics of Economic Relations, 1951-1975. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983. The

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

17

author examines Britain's foreign political and economic relations toward the Commonwealth African states between 1951-1975. Barnett, Tony and Piers Blaikie. Aids in Africa: Its Present and Future Impact. New York: Guilford Publications, 1992. The authors discuss the history and the destabilizing impact of the HIV/AIDS crisis from the 1980s into the early 1990s, and its strategic implications for African states and populations (where one in ten Africans have the HIV/AIDS virus). Bassey, C.O. "Contemporary Strategic Thought and the African Condition: A Theoretical Reconsideration of Some Unresolved Issues," Journal of African and Asian Affairs vol. 2, no. 2 (1990): 111-125. The author examines contemporary strategic thought in explaining the major external and internal problems facing Sub-Saharan Africa. Bates, Robert H., V.Y. Mudimbe, and Jean O'Barr (eds.) Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1993. The edited text addresses the wide-ranging contributions of research in SubSaharan Africa to the social sciences and the humanities. Bayart, Jean-Francois. The State of Africa: The Politics of the Belly. London: Longman, 1993. The author investigates the general economic development and food insecurity problems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bayart, Jean-Francois. La Politique Africaine de Francois Mitterand. Paris: Karthala, 1984. The author assesses the foreign political and security policies of French President Francois Mitterand towards Francophone African states during the cold war period. Bayart, Jean-Francois, Stephen Ellis and Beatrice Hibou. The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Oxford, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. The authors outline the critical role and influence of Sub-Saharan African policymakers, entrepreneurs, military and security officials in supporting 'economies of plunder', criminal and other illegal activities, including kleptomania, smuggling, child and women slavery, credit card fraud, money-laundering, the plundering of national resources, theft of international food and non-food aid, commodity trading of diamonds, gold and lumber for weapons, international and regional drug trafficking, currency counterfeiting, conversion of dirty cash into legal goods,

18

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

international and regional prostitution rings involving African women and girls and boys, and related criminal activities. The authors also evaluate the long-standing internationalization of profitable criminal activities involving non-Africans, members of multinational corporations, independent contractors, mercenaries and other international thieves who profit from plundering actions in Sub-Saharan African states. Baylies, Carolyn. "HIV/AIDS in Africa: Global and Local Inequalities and Responsibilities," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 86 (December 2000):487-500. The author addresses the international, regional and national inequalities faced by Sub-Saharan African states in their desperate war with the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and the strategic implications for these states because of the lack of money, administrative systems, health technology and treatment drugs and related resources required to successfully fight and win the war. Baylies, Carolyn. "International Partnership in the Fight Against AIDS: Addressing Need and Redressing Injustice," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 81 (September 1999):387-393. The author examines the international community's lack of policy and financial concern in addressing the genocidal effects of the AIDS crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa, where over 2 million pregnant African women have HIV, and well over one third of which will pass the virus on to their children. Baylies, Carolyn. "Social Science Research on AIDS in Africa: Questions of Content, Methodology and Ethics," African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 73 (1997):380-387. The author evaluates the directions in social science research content, methodology and ethics on AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baynham, Simon. "The Subordination of African Armies to Civilian Control: Theory and Praxis," African Insight vol. 22, Issue 4 (1992):259-263. The author investigates the historical record and political dynamics related to the lack of subordination of African armies and military officers to the civilian control of the state and to the political leadership. Baynham, Simon (ed.) Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. London: Croom Helm, 1986. The edited text explores the history and consequences of foreign military intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the destabilizing relationship between military power and civilian politics in that beleaguered continent.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

19

Beaumont, Roger. "Small Wars: Definitions and Dimensions," in Richard D. Lambert and Alan W. Heston (eds.) The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. London: Sage Periodicals Press, 1995. The report provides both a definitional and theoretical analysis of small wars, and an analytical framework for understanding small wars events occurring in the international and regional security system(s). Bekerie, Ayele. "Beyond the Cold War: Pan Europeanism and the Challenge of African Unity," in Oyebade, Adebayo and Abiodun Alao (eds.) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing Perspectives on Security. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, (1998): 183-190. The author posits that African states will never be able to design and implement independent security policies because of the strategic military threat presented by NATO and its dedication to the projection of pan-Europeanism worldwide. He suggests that the development of a Pan-African security system requires a robust collective conflict resolution mechanism, economic integration and financial cooperation and hard work and fortitude on the part of African leaders and peoples. Benchename, M. Les Armees Africaines. Paris: Editions Publisud, 1983. The author provides a French analysis of the history, development and operational effectiveness of cold war African armies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bender, Gerald J. and Craig A. Johnson. "The Modernizing Link: Cooperation in Telecommunications Development in Africa," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990): 137-147. The authors address the critical importance and impact of telecommunications technology and scientific management in the overall advancement of economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ben-Jochannan, Yosef. The African Origins of Major "Western Religions." Baltimore, MD: Black Classic, 1991. The famous author examines the African origins of major Western religions including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, as well as assessing the strategic contributions of Africans and of ancient African civilizations to humankind. Ben-Jochannan, Yosef. Africa: Mother of Civilization. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1971. The famous author provides both a comprehensive and

20

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

in-depth strategic assessment of the great influences and material accomplishments of Africa to the progress of human civilization. Ben-Jochannan, Yosef and John H. Clarke. New Dimensions in African History. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World, 1991. The famous authors examine new historical and critically important dimensions in African history. Bennell, P. "Privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress and Prospects," World Development vol. 25, no. 11 (1997): 1785-1803. The author provides an assessment on privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bennett, T.W. Using Children in Armed Conflict. A Legitimate African Tradition. Halfway House Institute for Security Studies, 1998. The author assesses the origins and implications of the African tradition of using children and young people in armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Beoku-Betts, J.A. "Gender and Formal Education in Africa: An Exploration of the Opportunity Structure at the Secondary and Tertiary Levels," in M. Bloch, J.A. Beoku-Betts, and B.R. Tabachnick (eds.) Women and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1998. The author evaluates the role and impact of women in educational opportunity structure at the secondary and tertiary educational levels in Sub-Saharan Africa. Berdal, M. Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization. vol. 1, The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785-1985. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1987. The author examines the impact of the Afroasiatic roots in classical civilization, with reference to Greece. Berdal, Martin. "Peacekeeping in Africa, 1990-1996: The Role of the United States, France and Britain," in O. Furley and R. May. (eds.) Peacekeeping in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998. The author examines the role of the U.S., Britain and France in peacekeeping operations in Africa. Berdal, Martin. "Disarmament and Demobilization after Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts," Adelphi Paper 303 (August 1996). The author discusses the implementation of disarmament and demobilization processes in the immediate aftermath of a civil war. In this context, the difficulty in terminating the semi-official and secret weapons flow of surplus weapons systems after the conflict and its destabilizing implications is also explained.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

21

Berman, Eric. Peacekeeping in Africa: Capabilities and Culpabilities. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2000. The author investigates the inconsistent peacekeeping actions of the U.N. in Africa. Berman, Eric and Katie Sams. "The Peacekeeping Capacities of African Regional Organizations," Conflict, Security, Development vol. 2, no. 1 (2002):31-55. The authors evaluate the peacekeeping performance of the OAU, the SADC, ECWAS, ECOMOG and other African organizations. Berman, Eric and Katie Sams. "Regional Peacekeeping in Africa," Conflict Trends vol. 3 (2001):50-55. The authors examine the dynamics of peacekeeping operations by African states and organizations in Africa. Berman, Eric and Katie Sams. Constructive Disengagement: Western Efforts to Develop African Peacekeeping. ISS Monograph Series No. 33. Midrand, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies, December 1998. The authors examine the U.S. proposal for an African peacekeeping force and African responses. Berthelemy, Jean Claude (ed.) Whither African Economies? Paris, OECD, 1995. The edited text provides analysis on general health of African economies. Bhardwaj, W. "Education and Technical Training for Africans in India," African Quarterly vol. 37, no. 1-2 (1997): 187-206. The author addresses the education and technical training opportunities for Africans in India. Bhattachharya, Amar, Peter J. Montiel, and Sunil Sharma. "How Can SubSaharan Africa Attract More Private Capital Inflows?" Finance and Development vol. 34, no. 2 (June 1997):3-6. The authors analyze the critical issue of how African states can attract significant private capital flows. Bicego, G. "Estimating Adult Mortality Rates in the Context of the AIDs Epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa: Analysis of DHS Sibling Histories," Health Transition Review no. 7 (1997):6-22. The author estimates adult mortality rates using DHS sibling history for the AIDs pandemic in Africa. Bienen, Henry. "Leaders, Violence and Absence of Change in Africa," Political Science Quarterly vol. 198, no. 2 (Summer 1993):271-282. The article examines the continuous cycles of political violence that occurs during and after military coups in Sub-Saharan Africa.

22

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Bienen, Henry. Armed Forces, Conflict and Change in Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989. The author explores the role and impact of the armed forces in Sub-Saharan Africa politics and civic life and the strategic consequences. Bienen, Henry. Armies and Parties in Africa. New York: Africana, 1978. The text examines the tenuous relationship and impact of the army on political party and leadership structures in Sub-Saharan African states. Bienen, Henry and Jeffrey Herbst. "The Relationship Between Political and Economic Reform in Africa," Comparative Politics vol. 29, no. 1 (October 1996):23-42. The authors examine the complex historical and policy problems associated with political and economic reform dynamics in the weak states of Sub-Saharan Africa. Birmingham, David. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. The author provides a comprehensive historical review of the political, economic, military and cultural relations between Portugal and Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific focus on the Congo and Angola. Blackshire-Belay, C. "German Imperialism in Africa: The Distorted Images of Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania, and Togo," Journal of Black Studies vol. 23, no. 2 (December 1992):235-246. The author gives a historical overview of Germany’s imperial activities in Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania and Togo, as well as an modern assessment of Germany’s relations with these postcolonial African states. Blake, Cecil. "The Role of Peace Communication in Conflict Resolution in Africa," Journal of Black Studies vol. 28 (January 1997):309-318. The author offers recommendations for training peace negotiators, discusses the role of peacekeeping forces in Africa, and outlines the guidance responsibilities of the Organization for African Unity within the crisis context of evolving African foreign relations and military policy. Blakely, Thomas D. et al (eds.) Religion in Africa. London: James Curry, 1994. The edited text provides an important and wide-ranging discussions on the very rich history and varied creative developments in religion and religious practices in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

23

Bloch, M., J.A. Beoku-Betts and B.R. Tabachnick (eds.) Women and Education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1998. The edited text assesses the various policy issues related to understanding women and education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Blomstrom, M. and M. Lundalh (eds.) Economic Crisis in Africa: Perspectives on Party Responses. New York: Routledge, 1993. The edited text addresses the political responses to the destabilizing economic crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Bloom, David. The Burden of AIDS in Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute for International Development, 1998. The author provides a critical strategic assessment of the historical impact and long-term negative implications of the HIV/AIDS pandemic crisis on the peoples of SubSaharan Africa. Blumberg, R.L. "Reaching Africa's "Invisible" Farmers," African Farmer vol. 11 (1994): 14-15. The brief article chronicles the long-standing historical role and economic and cultural involvement of African women as farmers and their participation in all aspects of agriculture throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Blumberg, R.L. African Women in Agriculture: Farmers, Students, Extension Agents, and Chiefs. Morrilton, Ark: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, 1992. The report reviews the historical role and the important political and economic impacts of African women's involvement in all aspects of agriculture and agricultural development and marketing. Blunt, P. and M.L. Jones. Managing Organizations in Africa. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992. The authors evaluate the history and the dynamics of the management of organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bojo, J. "Structural Adjustment and the Environment: A Review of Studies with Emphasis on Sun-Saharan Africa," Forum for Development Studies no. 1 (1998):59-73. The author reviews the most important empirical studies on the relationship between structural adjustment policies and the major environment issues in Sub-Saharan Africa.

24

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Bonyongwe, Happyton M. "Employing African Forces in Peace Operations in Africa," in Robert I. Rotberg, Ericka A. Albaugh, Happyton Bonyongwe, Christopher Clapham, Jeffrey Herbst and Steven Metz (eds.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Prevention. Cambridge, MA and Washington DC: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution Press (2000):84-97. The author addresses various models for the active employment of African military forces in peace operations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Booker, S. "To Help Africa Battle AIDS, Write Off Its Debt," Los Angeles Times (May 20, 2002):B12. The brief article posits that the U.S.-controlled World Bank and the International Monetary Fund write off completely the backlog of "old debts" held by Sub-Saharan African states given during the cold war, in order that Africa can deal with the crippling AIDS pandemic and other pressing strategic problems. Booker, S. "Thinking Regionally About Africa," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):200-203. The brief article contends that U.S. foreign policy has been opportunistic and not strategic because the United States does not frame its policies within the regional and sub-regional context wherein African states seek to maximize their political and economic interests. Boorstein, Michelle. "Family, or Just Neighbors? Gulf Divides Black Americans and Africans in Neighborhood," Los Angeles Sentinel (November 15, 2001):A-5. The brief article examines the alleged cultural "disconnect" between Africans living and working in America and African Americans; and the general sense that African Americans' race-consciousness is not shared by the majority of immigrant Africans who appear to be more concerned with money-making and returning rich to their home countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bosch, A. "The Leopard Skin: Some Observations on Democracy, Ethnicity and Federalism in Africa," Journal on African Studies no. 6 (1997): 123-127. The brief article provides a critical analysis of the interaction of democracy, ethnicity and federalism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Boulden, Jane. Peace Enforcement: The United Nations Experience in Congo, Somalia and Bosnia. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001. The author outlines the United Nations' experience in managing peace enforcement operations in conflict areas such as Congo, Somalia, and Bosnia.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

25

Bozeman, Adda. "Political Intelligence in Non-Western Societies: Suggestions for Comparative Research," in Rod Godson (ed.) Comparing Foreign Intelligence: The U.S., the U.S.S.R., the U.K. and the Third World. Washington DC: Pergamon-Brassey's International Defense Publishers (1988): 115-155. The author provides a strategic comparative assessment of western and non-western approaches to intelligence collection, analysis and production. The author reviews western states' search for an increased understanding of non-western societies on their own terms, as well as creating knowledge systems on the "Other" defining the fundamental essence of non-western societies, with case studies on China, Africa and the United States. Bozeman, Adda. "Statecraft and Intelligence in the Non-Western World," in Conflict: All Warfare Short of War vol. 6, no. 1 (1985):l-35. The author examines the historical traditions and policy frameworks of statecraft and intelligence collection and political analysis in the Non-Western World. Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle (eds.) Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. The edited text addresses various democratic experiments among Sub-Saharan Africa states involved in (military or civilian) regime transition events. Bratton, Michael and Nicholas van de Walle. "Popular Protest and Political Reform in Africa," Comparative Politics vol. 24, no. 4 (July 1992):419-442. The authors outline the historical role and policy impact of popular protest in influencing political reform in Sub-Saharan African states. Brautigam, Deborah. Chinese Aid and African Development: Exporting Green Revolution. Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan and St. Martin's, 1998. The author assesses the political, institutional, economic and technological factors driving Chinese agricultural assistance to Liberia, Sierra Leone, the Gambia and Sub-Saharan Africa in general, and the impact of these factors on the African farmer and African agricultural development. Bray, Mark, Peter Clarke and David Stephens (eds.) Education and Society in Africa. London: Edward Arnold Publishers, 1986. The edited text addresses the complex policy issues and strategic importance of education and society in Sub-Saharan Africa.

26

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Brayton, Abbott A. "Arms Control in Africa, " in Simon Baynham (ed.) Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. London: Croom Helm (1986):259-290. The author evaluates the prospects of the Organization of African Unity in exercising administrative control over a multinational African military force to protect Sub-Saharan Africa from external and internal threats Brayton, Abbot A. "The Politics of Arms Limitations in Africa," African Studies Review vol. 26, no. 1 (March 1983):73-81. The author addresses the politics of arms limitations in terms of reducing the heavy small arms, light weapons, conventional arms flows in Sub-Saharan Africa. Breytenbach, Willie. Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Transitions, Elections, and Prospects for Consolidation. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1997. The author examines the historical and political impact of the democratization process in encouraging democratic governance practices in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Brooks, John P.J. "A Military Model for Conflict Resolution in Sub-Saharan Africa," Parameters vol. 27 (Winter 1997-98): 108-120. The article posits that South Africa is the best candidate to supply both the leadership and material resources to help Sub-Saharan Africa solve its regional conflicts and wars, and thereby encouraging peaceful solutions to regional crisis. Brown, Lester. HIV Epidemic Restructuring African Population. World Watch Issue Alert, October 31, 2000. The role of the HIV epidemic in reducing the absolute size of the African population is examined. The report suggests that "the year 2000 began with 24 million infected with AIDS, all will die before 2010 and each day, 6,000 Africans die from AIDS." Browne, Marjorie Anne. United Nations Peacekeeping: Historical Overview and Current Issues: CRS Report to Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1990. The authors provide a historical summary of United Nations peacekeeping activities in the Third World, with an overview on Sub-Saharan Africa. Brune, Stefan, Joachim Betz, and Winrich Kihne (eds.) Africa and Europe: Relations of Two Continents in Transition. Munster and Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 1994. The edited text addresses various historical and policy dimensions of strategic political, economic, and cultural relations between Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

27

Bryceson, Deborah Fahy. "African Rural Labour, Income Diversification and Livelihood Approaches: A Long-term Development Perspective," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (June 1999): 171-190. The author addresses the problem of generating rural African employment with income diversification towards improving long-term development in Africa. Bugaje, Usman Muhamad. Trade, Debt and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa A Muslim Initiative to the Rescue? The author outlines a Muslim view on the trade, debt and development problems faced by Africa, suggesting the western perspective has not advance Africa development, trading and debt reduction interests. http://www.webstar.co.uk/~ubugaje/debt4.html. Buijtenhuijs, Roberts and E. Rijnierse. Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1989-1992: An Overview of the Literature. Lieden: African Studies Centre Research Reports no. 51, 1993. The report provides a review of the literature on democratization trends and their political consequences in SubSaharan Africa between 1989 and 1992. Bukarambe, Bukar. "The Role and Impact of the OAU in the Management of African Conflicts," Survival vol. 25, no. 2 (March-April 1983):50-58. The brief article examines the mixed historical record on the role and political impact of the Organization of African Unity in the management of African conflicts. Bumoulin, A. La France Militaire et l’Afrique Bruxwllws: Groupe de Researche et d’Information sur la Paix, 1997. The author evaluates the historical dynamics and policy issues driving French military relations with SubSaharan Africa. Burgess, S.F. "African Security in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenges of Indigenization and Multilateralism," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 2. (1998):37-61. The author examines the projected theoretical and complex policy impact(s) of indigenization and multilateralism on African security in the 21 st century. Burns, Jimmy. "U.N. to Review Aid Programme After Sexual Abuse Claims," Financial Times (March 19, 2002):6. The brief article examines the record of sustained sexual abuse of young African women, girls, men and boy refugees from Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone by (over 60) workers working for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNCHR),

28

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

UN peacekeepers, Save the Children Fund UK, and other international humanitarian assistance organizations. The article quotes a preliminary report by the UNHCR which stated that: "sexual violence and exploitation of children (and young people) appears to be extensive...and involves actors at all levels, including those who are engaged to protect the very children (and young people) they are exploiting - UN staff, security forces, staff of international and national NGOs, government officials and community leaders. Agency workers were reportedly the most guilty of sexual abuse, often using the very humanitarian aid and services intended to benefit the refugee population as a tool of exploitation". Bush, Ray. "Africa’s Environmental Crisis: Challenging the Orthodoxies," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 74 (1997):503-513. The author addresses the history and policy consequences of the debilitating environmental crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bush, Ray. "The Politics of Food and Starvation," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 68 (June 1996):169-196. The article addresses the history and the politics of food security and starvation in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as its strategic food insecurity implications for ordinary Africans. Busumtwi-Sam, James. "Redefining "Security" after the Cold War: The OAU, the UN, and Conflict Management in Africa," in Ali, Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press (1999):257-287. The author carefully examines the complex history and the political influence of global, continental and regional non-governmental institutions and agencies in the prevention, management, and resolution of military conflicts in SubSaharan Africa. Bute, E.L. and H.J.P. Harmer. The Black Handbook: The People, History, and Politics of Africa and the African. Diaspora. London: Cassel, 1997. The authors provide critical information profiles on Sub-Saharan African and Africa Diaspora peoples, history and politics. Cabral, Amilicar. Return to the Source: Selected Speeches of Amilicar Cabral. New York and London: Monthly Press with African Information Service, 1973. The text provides the selected speeches of the brilliant revolutionary,

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

29

gifted poet, military strategist, guerilla fighter, international diplomat, and charismatic speaker, Amilicar Cabral, who freed Guinea-Bissau. Caldwell, J.C. "The Impact of the African Aids Epidemic," Health Transition Review vol. 7, no. 2 (1997):169-188. The author assesses the devastating and country-sapping impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa. Callaghy, Thomas J. "Africa's Debt Crisis," Journal of International Affairs vol. 38, no. 1 (Summer 1984):61-79. The author examines the long-term implications of the high debt owed to the West by African states. Callaghy, Thomas J., Ronald Kassimir and Robert Latham (eds.) Intervention and Transnationalism in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. The edited text the political, military and economic intervention problems for Africa because of global and domestic factors. Callaghy, Thomas and J. Ravenhill (eds.) Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. The edited text is an important set of critical critiques on responses towards addressing Sub-Saharan Africa's strategic economic decline. Campbell, Bonnie. "Governance, Institutional Reform and the State: International Financial Institutions and Political Transition in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 88 (June 2001): 155-176. The author evaluates the history and impact of international financial institutions in creating positive democratic change in African states. Capelle, A. "Anti-Personnel Mines," in Conflicts in Africa: An Analysis of Africa Crisis and Crisis Prevention Measures: Report of the Commission on African Regions in Crisis. Brussels: King Baudouin, 1997. The author reviews the deadly impact of millions of anti-personnel mines on both the political economy and civilian population(s) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Carey, M. "Peacekeeping in Recent Africa: Recent Evolution and Perspectives," in O. Furley and R. May (eds.) Peacekeeping in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate (1998):23-28. The brief article assesses the successes and failures of international and regional peacekeeping operations in Africa in the 1990s. Carmody, Padraig. "Constructing Alternatives to Structural Adjustment in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 75 (March

30

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

1998):25-46. The author provides alternatives to structural adjustment by the World Bank to discipline the economies of a majority of African states. Carter, Gwendolen M. and Patrick O'Meara (eds.) African Independence: The First Twenty-Five Years. Ann Arbor, MI: Books on Demand, 1985. The edited text examines the first twenty-five years of African independence. Cason, J. "The U.S.: Backing Out of Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71 (1997): 147-152. The author evaluates the handsoff foreign policy of the 2nd Clinton administration towards Africa. Cervenka, Z. "The Effects of Militarization of Africa on Human Rights," Africa Today vol. 34, no. 1-2 (1987):69-84. The author addresses the negative political effects of militarization on Sub-Saharan Africa's human rights. Chabal, Patrick. "The Quest for Good Government and Development in Africa: Is NEPAD the Answer?" International Affairs vol. 78, no. 3 (July 2002):447- 462. The author assesses the relevance of NEPAD in creating conditions for good government and economic development in Africa. Chabal, Patrick. "Democracy and Daily Life in Black Africa," International Affairs vol. 70, no. 1 (1994):83-91. The author assesses the role and influence of democracy on the daily life of Africans in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chabal, Patrick and J.P. Daloz. Africa Works: Disorder as a Political Instrument. Oxford: James Currey, 1999. The authors outline the political value of disorder as operational mechanisms to win and hold political power in African states in either civil war situations or in extreme political crises. Chafer, T. "Franco-African Relations: No Longer So Exceptional?" African Affairs vol. 101, no. 404 (July 2002):343-363. The author analyzes FrenchAfrican political, economic and security relations in the post-cold war era. Chaigneau, P. La Politique Militaire de la France en Afrique. Paris: Publication du Cheam, 1984. The author reviews French policy towards African states. Chaisa, H. Developing an African Information Infrastructure: The Need for Commitment and Vision. Arlington, VA: AFCOM, September 1998. The report examines the development of an African information infrastructure wiring for all of Africa, thereby promoting development and stability.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

31

Chan, Stephen. "China's Foreign Policy and Africa: The Rise and Fall of China's Three Worlds Theory," Round Table 296 (1985):376-384. The author assesses China's foreign political policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war. Chasek, Pamela S. "The Convention to Combat Desertification: Lessons Learned for Sustainable Development," Journal of Environment & Development vol. 6, no. 2 (1997): 147-169. The author reports on the 1994 UN Convention to Combat Desertification. It is considered to be the first sustainable development treaty because it addresses economic and social development needs while also addressing a very serious environmental problem, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chazan, Naomi. "Africa’s Democratic Challenge: Strengthening Civil Society and the State," World Policy Journal vol. 9, no. 2 (Spring 1992):279-307. The author addresses the important movement in Sub-Saharan Africa for strengthening the relationship between the state and the civil society. Chazan, Naomi, Robert Mortimer, John Raven Hill and Donald Rothchild (eds.) Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992. The edited text examines the various dimensions and interrelationships of politics and civil society in Sub-Saharan Africa. Chesterman, Simon (ed.) Civilians in War. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. The edited text outlines intrastate conflicts and the role of international humanitarian law and of humanitarian actors in convincing belligerents to abide by legal norms to protect the human rights of civilians, with Third World case studies as well as very useful Sub-Saharan African case studies on Angola, Mozambique, Namibia and Rwanda. Chikeka, Charles O. Decolonization Process in Africa During the Post-Cold War Era, 1960-1990. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1998. The author evaluates the success of African states to complete the decolonization process, with case studies on Botswana, Malawi, Tanzania, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Chikeka, Charles O. Africa and the European Economic Community, 19571992. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1993. The author assesses the effectiveness of economic relations between the European Economic Community and African states between 1957-1992.

32

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Chikeka, Charles O. Britain, France and the New African States: A Study of Post-Independence Relationships. Lewiston: New York: Mellen Press, 1990. The author examines post-independence relations of Britain and France with the African Commonwealth states and African Francophone states respectively in the areas of political, security, aid, capital investment and trade relations. Chimutengwende, C. "Pan-Africanism and The Second Liberation of Africa," Race & Class vol. 38, no. 3 (1997):25-33. The author reviews the origins and impact of Pan Africanism on Sub-Saharan African politics and ideology. "Children In War: The Many Faces Of Suffering," Report to the United Nations General Assembly by the Special Representative for the Secretary General For Children and Armed Conflict. New York, October 26, 1999. In this annual report to the United Nations General Assembly, the Special Representative for the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict discusses the plight of children involved in armed conflict either as child soldiers or subject to the political, economic, social, cultural and psychological forces of such conflict in the Third World and Sub-Saharan Africa. "China-Africa Forum on Cooperation-Ministerial Meeting, Beijing Declaration," China-Africa Cooperation Forum, Beijing, China (October 12, 2000): 1-5. The first cooperation forum at the Ministerial level in the history of SinoAfrican relations, marking a major effort to promote multilateral dialogue and mutual development between China and African countries. http://www3.ifu.ch/missions/China/chinaafricaforum/forum008.htm Chipman, John. French Power in Africa. London: Basil Blackwell, 1989. The author explores the history and dynamics of French power and military power projection in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific emphasis on Chad and Francophone Africa. Chipman, John. "French Military Policy and African Security," Adelphi Papers no. 201 (1985). The author examines French military policy towards its former colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the maximization of French strategic interests on the continent.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

33

Chipman, John. "Les Problemes de Securite en Afrique Francophone," Defense Nationale (1983):87-124. The author assesses the historical and policy basis of the serious security problems in Francophone Africa faced by France, and their strategic implications for French policy. Chitesi, F.M. "Superpower Diplomacy: Arming Africa," Current History vol. 83, no. 491 (1984):125-138. The author addresses the history and political consequences of superpowers heavily arming governments and rebel factions in Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war period. Chukwuma, C. "Environmental Lead Exposure in Africa," Ambio vol. 26, no. 6 (1997):399-403. The author examines the most prominent environmental lead exposure issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clapham, Christopher. "Peacekeeping and Peacekept: Developing Mandates for Potential Interveners," in Robert I. Rotberg et al (eds.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Prevention. Cambridge, MA: The World Peace Foundation (2000):34-57. The author contends that political mandates among peacekeepers are essential to successful peacekeeping operations, as long as they are complemented by the intervening force's ability to develop a political mandate accepted by the 'peacekept' factions or the major combatants in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere where they are protracted civil wars Clapham, Christopher. Africa and the International System: the Politics of State Survival. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. The author reviews the changes in international policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa through the Cold War to the present, and contends that International Relations as a western discipline has tended to ignore the world's poorest states, especially African states. Clark, John F. and David E. Gardiner (eds.) Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997. The edited text summarizes central political reform issues in Francophone African states. Clayton, A. Frontiersmen: Warfare in Africa Since 1950. London: UCL Press, 1999. The author addresses the various critical policy perspectives on warfare and combat, military incursions, and major military events in SubSaharan Africa since the 1950s.

34

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Clayton, A. Histoire de L'Armee Francaise en Afrique, 1839-1962. Paris: Albin Michel, 1994. The author provides an interesting (and brutal) history on the political influence and the military operations of the French Army in SubSaharan Africa from 1839-1962. Cleaver, G. and Roy May. "African Perspectives: Regional Peacekeeping," in O. Furley and R. May (eds.) Peacekeeping in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate (1998):29-48. The authors assess African policy perspectives on regional peacekeeping operations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cleaver, G. and Roy May. "Peacekeeping: The African Dimension," Review of African Political Economy vol. 66 (1995):485-497. The authors analyze African states' political, military and financial contributions to peacekeeping actions throughout the continent. Clow, Robert. "Mining and Energy Fund Aims to Dig Deep into Africa's Resources," Financial Times (January 21, 2002):6. The brief article examines the launching of a new African private equity fund, the Termite Fund, which will focus on the mining and energy industries on the continent. Coeur de Roy, O. "The African Challenge: Internet, Networking and Connectivity Activities in a Developing Environment," Third World Quarterly vol. 18, no. 5 (1997):883-898. The author assesses the origins and impact of Internet, networking and connectivity activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cohen, Herman J. Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacekeeping in a Troubled Continent. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. The author addresses the problems and opportunities involved for U.S. intervention in peacekeeping operations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cohen, Herman J. "African Capabilities for Managing Conflict: The Role of the United States," in David R. Smock and Chester A. Crocker (eds.) African Conflict Resolution: The US Role in Peacemaking. Washington DC: Institute of Peace Press (1995):77-94. The author explores the possibility of UN/OAU cooperation with the United States assisting in providing leadership and resources to resolve armed conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

35

Cohen, Roberta. "What's So Terrible about Rape? and Other Attitudes at the United Nations," SAIS Review vol. 20, no. 2 (Summer-Fall 2000):73-77. The brief article examines the hidden policy issue of the statutory rape of women, young girls and young boys in refugee camps and the paternalistic (and criminal) attitudes of male (and female) United Nations personnel towards the brutal crime in Third World regions and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cohen, Ronal et al (eds.) Human Rights and Governance in Africa. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1993. The edited text provides a very important and a wide-ranging debate on human rights practices and democratic governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Coker, Christopher. "The Western Alliance and Africa: 1949-1981," African Affairs vol. 81, no. 324 (July 1982):319-335. The author addresses the origins and implications of Western Alliance's political, economic and security relations toward Sub-Saharan African states between 1949-1981. Cole, David and Richard Huntington. Between a Swamp and a Hard Place: Developmental Challenges in Remote Rural Africa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997. The authors examine the policy dynamics of developmental challenges faced by remote rural Sub-Saharan Africa. Coleta, N., M. Kostner and I. Weiderhofer. Case Studies in War-to-Peace Transitions: The Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia and Uganda. Washington DC: World Bank, 1996. The authors review the history and policy consequences of demobilization and reintegration of male and female ex-combatants into the national societies of Ethiopia, Namibia and Uganda. Collier, Paul. "The Future of Lome: Europe’s Role in African Growth," World Economy vol. 20, no. 3 (1997):139-146. The author examines the role and impact of Europe in encouraging economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. "On Economic Causes of Civil War," Oxford Economic Paper vol. 50 (1998):563-573. The authors apply quantitative utility theory to determine if rebel forces will initiate a civil war based on the perceived benefits outweighing the costs of rebellion. The goal of the study is to empirically measure whether or not civil wars have economic causes.

36

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Collins, P.D. "Brazil in Africa: Perspectives on Economic Cooperation among Developing Countries," Development Policy Review vol. 3, no. 1 (1985):2148. The author reviews Brazil's economic and trading relations with Africa. Connaughton, R. "The Military Peacekeeping and Africa," in O. Furley and R. May (eds.) Peacekeeping in Africa Aldershot: Ashgate (1998):287-301.The author assesses the impact of military peacekeeping operations in Africa. Connell, Dan. "Strategies for Change: Women and Politics in Eritrea and South Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 76 (June 1998):189-206. The author addresses the historical role and policy impact of women activism on national politics in Eritrea and South Africa. Conte, B. "France’s African Aid Policy: the End of an Era?" Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71. (1997):139-147. The author summarizes the status of France's foreign assistance policy towards African states. Cooper, F. "What is the Concept of Globalization Good For?: An African Historian's Perspective," African Affairs vol. 100, no. 399 (April 2001): 189213. The author provides an African historian's perspective on the western globalization concept and its structural impact on Sub-Saharan Africa. Copson, Raymond. The Congressional Black Caucus and Foreign Policy, 19711995. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 1996. The author discusses the historical role and impact of the Congressional Black Caucus in American foreign policy between 1971-1995. Copson, Raymond W. Africa's War and Prospects for Peace. Arwork, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1994. The author examines the proliferation of civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa and the prospects for peace. Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. African Women: A Modern History. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997. The author provides a comprehensive modern history on the strategic contributions of African women to Sub-Saharan Africa. Crocker, Chester A. "Supporting Sovereignty in Africa," SAIS Review vol. 21, no. 1 (2001):213-218. The author addresses the political, economic and ethnic problems faced by Sub-Saharan Africa states and what specific role(s) the United States might play in supporting state sovereignty on the continent.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

37

Crocker, Chester A. "France's Changing Military Interests," Africa Report vol. 13 (June 1968):16-41. The author examines France's strategic interests in Chad and militarily protecting its new government from growing Islamic fundamentalism and Soviet Communism. Cummings, Gordon. Aid to Africa: French and British Policies from the Cold War to the New Millennium. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, October 2001. The author compares British and French policy processes and agenda formation as it relates to development aid assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa, with specific case studies on Kenya and Togo. "Cursory Glance at Contemporary Iranian-African Relations," Echo of Islam no. 126 (December 1994):9-15. A brief historical overview of relations between Iran and Sub-Saharan African states including Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, South Africa, Zaire (Congo), Nigeria, Cameroon, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Morocco, Mauritania, Comoros, Seychelles, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Tanzania is provided. Da Costa. Emilia Viotti. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Historres. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. A very important analysis of the historical origins and the strategic development of the Brazilian empire, and the historical role and political struggles of African slaves, blacks, and mulattoes in the very conservative South American country. Dagne, Theodros. Africa and the War on Terrorism. Washington DC: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, January 2000. The timely report examines Sub-Saharan Africa and the global war on terrorism. Danfulani, Ahmed S. A Source Book for Strategic Studies in Africa. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 2001. The author provides important information on strategic studies resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. Danfulani, Ahmed S. Africa: Instability, Militarization and Underdevelopment: Causes, Effects and Consequences. Paris: Presence Africaine, 1999. The author evaluates the complex historical and policy problems of political instability, militarization and economic underdevelopment in Sub-Saharan Africa.

38

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Danfulani, Ahmed S. The Post-Cold War Peace: Disarmament and Development in Africa. Lagos, Nigeria: Malthouse Publishers, 1999. The author addresses military disarmament and economic development issues impacting Sub-Saharan African states in the post-cold war period. Danfulani, Ahmed S. "Confidence-Building and Regional Security Diplomacy in Africa," International Social Science Journal vol. 45 (February 1993):8389. The author reviews the development and utilization of confidencebuilding measures in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a collective emphasis on restoring stability, order and peace domestically and regionally. Danfulani, Ahmed S. "Inter-African Mutual Strategic Cooperation and the Fate of Security, Stability, and Democracy in the 1990s," Strategic Analysis vol. 9 (1993):821-844. The author examines the role and impact of confidence building and political cooperation measures among strong African states towards the task of creating positive conditions in conflict-threatened or conflict-involved weak African states seeking security, stability and democracy. Davies, A.E. and S.A. Ajala. "Africa and the New International Information and Economic Order," Pakistan Horizon (July-October 1993):105-121. The authors evaluate the origins and implications of Sub-Saharan Africa's low status in the international information and economic order. Davis, John A. (ed.) Africa From the Point of View of American Negro Scholars. Paris: Presence Africaine, 1958. The edited text examines African American scholars' views of Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-World War II period. D’Costa, J.A.Y. "Indian Foreign Direct Investment in Africa," Africa Quarterly vol. 37, no. 1-2 (1997):139-146. The author reviews the history of Indian foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Deacon, Richard. The French Secret Service. London: Grafton Books, 1990. The author assesses the intelligence history and strategic political machinations of the efficient and deadly Service de Documentation Exterieur et de Contre Espionnage, later renamed the Direction Generalev de Securite Exterieur in both the internal domestic and foreign affairs of Sub-Saharan Africa (formerly Francophone African states especially) and the North African region.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

39

"Death Toll Rises in Central Africa's Ebola Outbreak," Los Angeles Sentinel (January 10, 2002):A4. The brief article reports on the World Health Organization's assessment that over 800 people have died of Ebola when it was first identified in 1976 in the Western Sudan, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the death of 224 people in Uganda last year. Decalo, Samuel. Psychoses of Power: African Personal Dictatorships. Gainesville, FL: Florida Academic Press, 1998. The author evaluates the psychotic and brutal behavior profiles of the dictators Amin of Uganda, Bokassa of the Central African Republic, and Nguema of Equatorial Guinea, and their decisions to take power and move their respective national social orders toward instability and chaos. Decalo, Samuel. Civil-Military Relations in Africa. Gainesville, FL: Florida Academic Press, 1998. The author addresses the importance of personal behavioral attributes and political strategies of African leaders who were successful in preventing military coups. Decalo, Samuel. Israel and Africa: Forty Years, 1956-1996. Gainesville, FL: Florida Academic Press, 1997. The author examines over forty years of political, economic, military and cultural relations between Israel and Sub Saharan African states. Decalo, Samuel. "The Process, Prospects and Constraints of Democratization in Africa," African Affairs vol. 91, no. 362 (1992):7-35. The author evaluates the viability of democracy and the democratization process taking root in post-cold war Sub-Saharan Africa. Decalo, Samuel. Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Motivations and Constraints. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. The text discusses the historical origins, political motivations, and negative strategic consequences of warlords, military coups, and army rule events for major regions of SubSaharan Africa. Deger, S. and S. Sen. Arms and the Child: SIPRI Report for UNICEF on the Impact of Military Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa on the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children. Stockholm: SIPRI and New York: UNICEF. The authors address the history and policy impact of military expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa on the life chances of African children.

40

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

De Giorgio, Emmanuelle Moors. "Guts of the Oil Business," African Business no. 234 (1998):16. The brief article report on proceeding of the Third African Oil Conference, organized by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and it contends that Sub-Saharan African states are making progress in grasping the vital intricacies of the oil business. DeLancy, Mark W. (ed.) Handbook on Political Science Research on SubSaharan Africa: Trends from the 1960s to the 1990s. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992. The edited text addresses trends in political science research on Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1960s to the 1990s. Dellali, Ali. "Africa-at-Large - Kadhafi Calls On Arabs To Join African Union," Africa News (October 9, 2000). The brief article suggests the Libyan leader is urging the Syria to join the Libyan-sponsored African Union. Deng, Francis M. "Dealing with the Displaced: A Challenge to the International Community," Global Governance vol. 1, no. 1 (Winter 1995):45-57. The article addresses the problem of displaced people fleeing civil wars and political violence and the challenges it presents for the international community. Deng, Francis M., Sadikiel Kimaro, Terrence Lyons, Donald Rothchild, and I. William Zartman (eds.) Sovereignty As Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa. Washington DC: Brookings, 1996. The edited text addresses the various dimensions of conflict management dynamics and negotiations of political conflict events in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Deng, Francis M. and Terrence Lyons (eds.) African Reckoning: A Quest for Good Governance. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. The edited text explores the responsibilities of sovereignty, how well those responsibilities are observed by states and the role and impact of global and regional accountability, which measures the effectiveness of state action. Deng, Frances M. and I. William Zartman (eds.) Conflict Resolution in Africa. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991. The edited text provides a range of historical analysis and empirical analysis into conflict resolution issues and methods to deal with the severe political crises in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

41

Dellums, Ronald W. "Defining National Security: The African American Stake in U.S. Defense and Foreign Policy Formulation," in Charles P. Henry (ed.) Foreign Policy and the Black (Inter)national Interest. Albany, New York: State University of New York (2000):219-238. Former U.S. Representative Dellums posits that African Americans should help define the multidimensional strategic political and economic elements driving the U.S. national security debate on African Diaspora issues. De Roy, Olivier Coeur. "The African Challenge: Internet, Networking and Connectivity Activities in a Developing Environment," Third World Quarterly vol. 18, Issue 5 (1997):883-1000. The author provides an optimist assessment on the role and effectiveness of information and communication technologies in increasing economic development in Sub-Saharan African states and in the Third World in general. Deutsch, Richard. "The Cubans in Africa," Africa Report vol. 25, no. 5 (1980):44-49. The brief article examines the Carter administration's negative attitudes towards Russian and Cuban military formations in Angola and in Africa in general. "Development of Chemical and Biological Defense Equipment for African Conditions," African Armed Forces Journal (June 2000):15. The report describes a new lightweight decontamination suit developed by South Africa's Protechnik to perform field decontamination actions to positively manage chemical warfare events in African conditions. "Development Proposals," UN Chronicle vol. 35, no. 3 (1998):56. SecretaryGeneral Kofi Annan proposes the restructuring of developmental aid to Sub-Saharan Africa from United Nations' member nations. De Waal, Alex. Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey, 1997. The author examines the incompetence and greed associated with the Sub-Saharan Africa's disaster relief industry and the total mismanagement of famines and famine relief throughout SubSaharan Africa. De Waal, Alex. Contemporary Warfare in Africa: Changing Context, Changing Strategy. IDS Bulletin vol. 17, no. 3 (1996). The author assesses the history, impact and implications of warfare and conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa.

42

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

De Waal, Alex and Stephen Ellis (eds.) The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999. The edited text examines the historical background and policy implications of the criminalization of the state system in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dia, Mamadou. Africa's Management in the 1990s and Beyond: Reconciling Indigenous and Transplanted Institutions. Washington DC: World Bank, 1996. The author examines issues in African management, as well as the reconciliation of indigenous and transplanted institutions to improve management practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diaz-Briquets, Sergio (ed.) Cuban Internationalism in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press, 1989. The edited text is a strategic assessment of Cuba's military, social, economic and political involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa, and what it meant for Cuba and for Sub-Saharan Africa. Diebe, Robert (ed.) The Politics and Policies of Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001. The author examines ongoing experiments in free market, peace-building and democratic governance in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as providing history on indigenous institutions, the colonial legacy, economic and ethnic transformations and other social forces and their impact on African states. Dinar, A. Food Security and Food Self-Sufficiency in Africa. University of Pennsylvania, 1995. The author addresses the historical and political dynamics and the difficult policy problems of pursuing food security and food self-sufficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diop, Cheikh Anta. Precolonial Black Africa: A Comparative Study of the Political and Social Systems of Europe and Black Africa, From Antiquity to the Formation of Modern States. Westport, Conn: Lawrence Hill, 1987. The author provides an important and revealing comparative analysis of the social and political systems of Black Africa and Europe, from antiquity to the formation of modern states. Diop, Cheikh Anta. The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. Westport, Conn: Lawrence Hill, 1955. The famous author examines the African origin of civilization, outlining the significant African contributions to human civilization.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

43

Diop, I. Gabar. Low-intensity Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa: Termination or Control. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1993. The author addresses the history and strategic implications of low-intensity conflicts in Sub-Saharan African states. Dirks, Gerald, Robert O. Mathews, Tariq Rauf, Elizabeth Riddell-Dixon, and Claire Turenne Sjolander (eds.) The State of the United Nations, 1992: North-South Perspectives. Providence, Rhode Island: Academic Council on the United Nations System, 1993. The edited text addresses North-South perspectives and the operations of the United Nations in the early 1990s. Dive, G. "An Analysis of UN Operations: Objectives, Means, Implementation, and Results," in Conflicts in Africa: An Analysis of Africa Crisis and Crisis Prevention Measures: Report of the Commission on African Regions in Crisis. Brussels: King Baudouin, 1997. The author evaluates the origins and impact of UN peacekeeping operations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dubey, Ajay K. "India-Africa State Relations (1972-1997)," Africa Quarterly vol. 37, no. 1-2 (1997):43-57. The author examines the historical origins and the dynamics of foreign policy relations between India and SubSaharan Africa. Dubey, Ajay K. Indo-African Relations in the Post-Nehru Era (1965-1985). Delhi, India: Kalinga, 1990. The author examines India's foreign political and economic relations with Sub-Saharan Africa between 1965-1985. Du Bois, Victor D. "Former French Black Africa and France," American Universities Field Staff, West Africa Series vol. 16, no. 3 (1975). The author assesses France's political, economic, military and cultural relations with former Francophone states in Sub-Saharan Africa. Duffield, M. "Post-Modern Conflict: Warlords, Post-Adjustment States and Private Protection," Civil Wars vol. 1, no. 1 (1998):65-102. The author examines the historical role and political implications of warlords who govern extremely fragile states after destabilizing civil wars and the high costs of private protection, with reference to Sub-Saharan African states. Duignan, Peter and Robert H. Jackson (ed.) Politics and Government in African States, 1960-1985. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institutions Press, 1986. The edited text provides a comprehensive geographical analysis of politics and

44

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

government in Africa, with a focus on Portuguese Africa, Francophone West Africa, the Horn of Africa, Southern Africa and Central Africa. Duffy, Gavan. "An Early Warning System for the United Nations: Internet or Not?" Mershon International Studies Review vol. 39 (1995):315-318. The author contends that the Internet should become the backbone of an early warning system for the global community of potential Rwanda-type crisis. Dumoulin, Andre. La France Militaire et L'Afrique (Military France and Africa). Paris: Editions GRIP, 1997. The author examines the history and implications of the French military involvement in African states. Duncan, Alex and John Howell (eds.) Structural Adjustment and the African Farmer. Portsmouth: Heinemann Publishers, 1992. The edited text examines the structural adjustment policies of the West on African states' access to managerial talent, technical advice and capital investment, in order to increase agricultural productivity and to improve the economic status of the African farmer to meet the long-range goals of food security in Africa. Du Plessis, Louis and Michael Hough. Managing African Conflicts: The Challenge of Military Intervention. Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC, 2000. The authors address the problem of military intervention in the political conflicts in African states, and the political implications for stability. Du Plessis, Louis and Mike Hough (eds.) Protecting Sub-Saharan Africa: The Military Challenge. Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC Publishers, 1999. The edited text examines the challenges and problems that military forces (land, air, sea and unconventional) in Africa face given growing global, regional and local security threats from HIV/AIDS to uncontrolled civil wars. Durch, William J. The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. The author addresses United Nations peacekeeping activities in the Third World and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Durch, William J. "The Cuban Military in Africa and the Middle East: From Algeria to Angola," Studies in Comparative Communism vol. 2, no. 1-2 (1978):34-74. The author provides a historical record of Cuba's military intervention in Southern Africa (and the Middle East), as well as a review of Cuban foreign diplomacy towards Sub-Saharan Africa in general.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

45

Dye, Peggy. "New Partners Fight AIDS in Africa," Choices v. 10, no. 1 (2001):23-24. The author briefly reports on local African communities and non-governmental groups taking up the fight to stop the spread of AIDs with support from the United Nations Development Programme. Dzidzienyo, A. "Race and International Relations: Brazil and South Africa," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 8, no. 1 (Summer 2001): 41-52. The author examines relations between multiracial states of Brazil and South Africa, and the impact of race and racism in defining their foreign interaction within the international context. Ehret, Christopher. The Civilizations of Africa: A History of Africa. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 2002. The author analyzes the material history of African civilizations to the 1800s. Eijk, Ryan Van. "The United Nations and the Reconstruction of Collapsed States in Africa," African Journal of International and Comparative Law vol. 9, no. 3 (September 1997):573-599. The author addresses the role and history of the United Nations in the reconstruction of failed states in Africa. Ejakait (James), S.E. Opolot. Police Administration in Africa: Toward Theory and Practice in the English--Speaking Countries. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001. The author examines the theories and practice of police administration in the former British colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Elaigwa, J. Isawa. "Military Intervention in Politics, an African Perspective," Geneve-Afrique vol. 19, no. 1 (1981):17-38. The author provides an African perspective on the history of the military intervention in politics. El-Ayouty I. And William Zartman (eds.) The OAU After Twenty Years. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1984. The edited text addresses the history, accomplishments, and operational status of the Organization of African Unity since the early 1960s. Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Nicholas Sambanis. "Why Are There So Many Civil Wars in Africa? Understanding and Preventing Violent Conflict," Journal of African Economies (December 2000):244-269. The authors posit that the relatively high incidence of civil war events between 1960-1999 in SubSaharan Africa are due to high levels of poverty, failed political institutions, weak national leadership, and severe economic dependence on natural

46

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

resources. These events are not tied to ethnic or linguistic fragmentation. They contend that the implementation of democratic reforms will reduce significantly the incidence of civil war events in Africa. Ellis, Stephen. "Reporting Africa," Current History vol. 99, no. 637 (May 2000):221-226. The author argues that both foreign and domestic print journalists depend on their own cultural perspectives and editorial values in interpreting news coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ellis, Stephen and Ter Haar. "Religion and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa, " Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36 (June 1998):175-201. The authors provide an analysis of the history of politics and religion in Africa. Ellis, Stephen and David Killingray. "Africa After 11 September 2001," African Affairs vol. 101, Issue 402 (January 2002):5-8. The brief article addresses the negative political, economic and security conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa after the September 11th Al Qaeda terrorist attacks in the United States and the strategic implications for the beleaguered continent. Elmendorf, A.E. Health Reform and the World Bank in Africa. Cambridge, MA: Takemi Seminar, Harvard School of Public Health, 1996. The report addresses health reform in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the political and economic inconsistency of the World Bank in encouraging and financing real health reform on the continent. Engel, Ulf and Robert Kuppel (eds.) Germany's Africa Policy Revisited: Interests, Images and Incrementalism. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Press, 2003. The edited text reviews Germany's past relations with Sub-Saharan African states, and it calls for improved empirical and case study analysis on Germany and African political, economic, and security relations. Englebert, Pierre. State Legitimacy and Development in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002. The author examines the political dynamics of state legitimacy on national economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Engo-Tjega, R.B. "Give a Woman a Place at the Policy Table," African Farmer vol. 11 (1994):12-13. The author suggests that African women farmers should be given a prominent place at the national and local policy table when it comes to agricultural policy and planning in Sub-Saharan African states.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

47

Ennew, J. "Difficult Circumstances: Some Reflections on ‘Street Children’ in Africa," Africa Insight vol. 26, no. 3 (1996):203-210. The author examines the difficult range of survival problems faced by street children throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Epprecht, M. "Investigating in Amnesia, or Fantasy and Forgetfulness in the World Bank’s Approach to Healthcare Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Developing Areas vol. 31, no. 3 (1997):337-356. The author evaluates the mixed record on the World Bank's policy approach to health care reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. Epstein, W. "A Nuclear Weapons Free Zone in Africa," Stanley Foundation Occasional Papers, 1977. The author assesses the movement of SubSaharan African states toward approving a nuclear weapons free zone throughout the continent. Ercolessi, Maria Cristina. "Italy's Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Stefan Brune, Joachim Berz, and Winrich Kuhne (eds.) Africa and Europe: Relations of Two Continents in Transition. Munster and Hamburg, Germany: Lit Verlag (1994):87-108. The author analyzes the historical origins and strategic consequences of Italy's foreign political and economic relations with Sub-Saharan Africa. Eriba, F. Press Freedom and Communication in Africa. Trenton, NJ: Asmara, 1997. The author examines the history and policy implications of limited press freedom and communication in Sub-Saharan Africa. Espegren, Astrid. The Organization of African Unity and Conflict Management: Still a Toothless Bulldog?" Oslo, Norway: Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institute, 1999. The author evaluates the Organization of African Unity in conflict management and conflict resolution in dealing with major crises in Africa. Esedebe, Olisanwuche P. Pan Africanism--The Idea and the Movement, 17761963. Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1982. The author addresses the history, ideological development, major and minor personalities and the great politics of Pan Africanism between 1776-1963.

48

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Evans, D.B. "Should Governments Subsidize the Use of Insecticide Impregnated Mosquito Nets in Africa? Implications and Cost-Effective Analysis," Health Policy and Planning vol. 12, no. 2 (1997):273-285. The author evaluates the costs and benefits of governmental subsidies by Sub-Saharan African countries to purchase and distribute insecticide mosquito nets to their populations to prevent deadly malaria and other mosquito-born diseases. Evans, Michael and Rachel Murray (eds.) The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: The System in Practice, 1986-2000. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. The edited text is a comprehensive guide on the African Charter, and its reporting system, menu of rights, the role of NGOs, and the potential role of the African Court on Human and People’s Rights. Eyinla, Bolade M. "The ODA Charter and Changing Objectives of Japan's Aid Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 3 (1999):409-430. The author assesses changing objectives driving Japan's foreign assistance policy towards Africa in the post-cold war era. Fage, J.D. A History of Africa. New York: Routledge, 1995. The author provides an analysis of African history from the ancient times to the modern period. Fage, J.D. "British African Studies since the Second World War: A Personal Account," African Affairs vol. 88, no. 352 (1989):397-413. The author provides a personal account on the historical origins and policy implications of British African Studies since WWII. Fage, J.D. and William Tordoff. A History of Africa. New York: Routledge, 2001. The important historical text examines the internal development of African society, the impact of Islam, Africa in the Age of European Expansion, and Africa in the modern world. Fair, Dennis and Trevor Jones. The Ports of Sub-Saharan Africa and their Hinterlands: An Overview. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1991. The authors provide a strategically useful assessment of the various types, conditions and operational capacities of civilian port systems and environments in SubSaharan Africa. Falaiye, Muyiwa (ed.) Africa's Political Stability: Ideas, Values, and Questions. Lagos and Ontario: Panaf Publishing, 1999. The edited text provides an analysis of democracy and its philosophical relevance for the ordinary

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

49

African, as well as an examination of social justice, military rule and democracy issues relevant to Sub-Saharan Africa. The authors examine the utility of Nigerian political philosophy; and they suggest that a 'Neo-African state socialist system' might generate a "African political renaissance" to help Sub-Saharan Africa. Faligot, Roger and Pascal Krop. La Piscine: The French Secret Service Since 1944. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989. The authors provide a historical review of the operational activities of the French Secret Service since 1944, with an political emphasis on its sustained (and continuing) intelligence involvement in the internal affairs of Francophone African states to secure France's supreme interests. Falk, Pamela. "Cuba in Africa," Foreign Affairs vol. 65 (Summer 1987):10771096. The article assesses Cuba's foreign political, military and humanitarian policies in Sub Saharan Africa. Falola, Toyin (ed.) African Politics in Postimperial Times: The Essays of Richard L. Sklar. Trenton, NJ and Asmara, Eritrea: African World Press, 2002. The edited text provides a rich survey of the critical writings of Professor Richard L. Sklar on African politics, democracy, development, ethnicity and postimperialism. Falola, Toyin and Christian Jennings (eds.) Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Press, 2002. The edited text examines prospects for the development of indigenous African knowledge production within Sub-Saharan Africa. Fall, Y. "Gender Relations in the Democratization Process: An Analysis of Agrarian Policies in Africa," Issue vol. 25, no. 2 (1997):8-11. The author evaluates agrarian/gender relations in the democratization process in Africa. Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the East. New York: Grove, 1963. The famous author addresses the historical origins and political impact of European imperialism and colonialism on people of color in the Third World. Farley, Maggie. "Child Soldiers Used Widely, Report Finds," Los Angeles Times (June 13, 2001):A3. The brief article reports on the extensive use of child soldiers in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia in combat operations.

50

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Fatton, Robert Jr. Predatory Rule: State and Civil Society in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992. The author examines the background, and the consequences of the flayed state and civil society in Africa. Faulkner, F. "Kindergarten Killers: Morality, Murder and the Child Soldier Problem," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 4 (August 2001):491-504. The author analyzes the problem and consequences of African youth as military actors in major conflict areas throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Feachem, Richard G. and Dean T. Jamison (eds.) Disease and Mortality in SubSaharan Africa. Washington DC: Oxford: The World Bank, OUP, 1991. The edited text provides an assessment of disease and mortality in Africa. Ferreira, P.M. The European Union ’s Common Foreign and Security Policy: Opportunities for a More Effective EU Response to Crisis-Affected Countries in Africa. Maastreicht: European Centre for Development Policy Management, February 2001. The author provides a report on EU foreign and security policy towards crisis-impacted Sub-Saharan African states. Fierce, Mildred C. Africana Studies Outside the United States: Africa, Brazil and the Caribbean. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, Africana Studies and Research Center, Monograph Series no. 7, 1991. The author provides an assessment of African programs in Brazil, the Caribbean and Africa. "Final Text of the African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty," Arms Control Today vol. 25 (January 1996): 15-20. The Pelindaba Treaty outlines the nonpossession of nuclear explosive devices and the prevention of the dumping of radioactive materials within the African zone. Fischer, David. "The Pelindaba Treaty: Africa Joins the Nuclear-Free World," Arms Control Today vol. 25, no. 10 (December-January 1995):9-15. The article provides the history and policy pursued by Sub-Saharan Africa that led to the signing of the Pelindaba Treaty, which established the continent as a nuclear-weapons-free zone. Fishel, John (ed.) The Savage Wars of Peace: Toward a New Paradigm of Peace Operations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. The author examines the role and influence of United Nations peacekeeping forces in unstable areas of the international security system, and the strategic consequences of UN operations for peace and stability.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

51

Fisher, Ian. "Where Justice Takes a Back Seat to Just Ending War," New York Times (July 15, 2001):5. The brief article posits that Sub-Saharan Africa's worst tyrants, dictators and warlords must be placed before a Nurembergtype judicial system and forced to pay for their hideous crimes against humanity, gross corruption, and conscious political, economic and cultural destabilization of their countries. Fitzerald, Patrick and Jonathan Bloch. "The Costly Business of Arming Africa: Selling Arms in Africa is a Big Business with Few of the Usual Trade Restrictions," African Business (Fall 1985):81-109. The article examines the lucrative international arms business of selling small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons systems to Sub Saharan African warlords, tyrants and rogue forces. Fleishman, Janet and R. Omar. "Arab vs. African," Africa Report vol. 36, Issue 4 (July/August 1991):34-39. The authors discuss the violations of the human and civil rights of black Africans in Mauritania and continuing efforts to forcefully impose Arab culture and religion on black Africans. "Follow-up Action of China-Africa Forum on Cooperation Ministerial Meeting: Highlight of Vice Foreign Minister Ji Peiding's Briefing to African Ambassadors on the Implementation of the Follow-up Actions of Forum for China-Africa Cooperation," China-African Cooperation Forum, Beijing, China (February 6, 2001): 1-3. The brief report discusses concrete steps for the follow-up implementation of the China-Africa Forum agreements. http://www3.ifu.ch/missions/Chma/chinaafricaforum/forum12.htm Foltz, William J. and Henry S. Bienen (eds.) Arms and the African: Military Influences on Africa’s International Relations. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1985. The edited text evaluates differing views on the development of a Pan-African military force to strengthen continental security, liberate African states, and protect Sub-Saharan Africa. Forman, J.M. and M. Carballo. "A Policy Critique of HIV/AIDS and Demobilization," Conflict, Security and Development vol. 1, no. 2 (2001):73-92. The authors provide a policy analysis of the impact of HIV/AIDs and demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Forman, Shepard and Stewart Patrick (eds.) Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Post-Conflict Recovery. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. The edited text

52

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

addresses post-conflict recovery, social reconstruction and failures in aid follow-though that recipient states face in working with rich donor states, with case studies on Mozambique and South Africa. Franklin, Anita and Roy Love. "Editorial: Whose News? Control of the Media in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (December 1998):545-550. The brief article addresses the impact of the media in SubSaharan Africa, and African elite control of print, radio, and television. Franklin, John Hope and Alfred A. Moss, Jr. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. The authors provide a well-documented history on the fight of over 300 years for political freedom, economic self-determination, and moral dignity by African Americans against racism, prejudice and hate in the United States. Frazer, Jendayi. "Conceptualizing Civil-Military Relations During Democratic Transitions," Africa Today vol. 42, no. 1-2 (1995):39-48. The author reviews the dynamic of civil-military relations during democratic transitions in Sub-Saharan African states. Frese, Michael (ed.) Success and Failures of Microbusiness Owners in Africa: A Psychological Approach. Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 2000. The edited text evaluates the effectiveness of psychological and socio-demographic factors in predicting microbusiness owners' success in Sub-Saharan Africa, while minimizing history, institutional framework(s) and processes and socio-political conditions impacting the development process on the continent. Furley, Oliver and Roy May (eds.) Peacekeeping in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1999. The edited text addresses the history and processes of peacekeeping activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Furley, Oliver. Conflicts in Africa. London: Taurus Academic Studies, 1995. The author examines the historical origins and the dynamics of political conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, with case studies. Gaillard, Phillipe. Foccart Parle (Foccart Speaks). Sainte-Maxime, France: Fayard/Jeune Afrique, 1995. The author recounts the long and shadowy history of Jacque Foccart Parle, the master French spy whose political intelligence and security activities in Francophone Africa secured France's

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

53

supreme interests for decades and who fought long and successfully against the CIA and other western intelligence and security services in Sub-Saharan Africa to advance France's interests. Gajusz, William D. and Kevin P. O'Prey. "An All African Peace Force," Strategic Forum no. 86 (October 1996): 1-4. The authors outline the call for specialized African military formations (trained and equipped by the United States) to implement peace and humanitarian operations to deal with regional crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa, in line with the Clinton administration's National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement planning document. Galvez, William. Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary. New York: Ocean Press, 1999. The Cuban author provides a decisive political history of Che Guevara's activities in the Congo and in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as Che's interactions with some of the more interesting African leaders and revolutionaries including Joseph Kabila of the Congo. Garuba, Chris. Capacity Building for Crisis Management in Africa. Lagos, Nigeria: Gambumo Publishing Company, 1998. The author examines the value of capacity building for crisis management of civil wars in Africa. Garvey, Marcus. "The Negro's Greatest Enemy," Current History vol. 18, no. 6 (1923):951-957. The famous activist contends that the African race must free itself from the strategic control and influences of alien races and strike its own destiny through the acquisition and advancement of indigenous political, economic, military, technological and cultural power capabilities. Gebe, B.Y. "The African State System: The Paradox of Political Universalism," Africa Quarterly vol. 36, no. 3 (1996):11-22. The author evaluates the origins and problems of the African state system and its political operations. Geiss, Immanuel. The Pan African Movement. London: Methuen, 1974. The author addresses the origins and impact of the Pan African movement in uniting diverse African peoples in the international community. Geist, H. "Africa and Global Environmental Change: The Shift from Natural Resources to Human Dimensions," Afrika Spectrum vol. 33, no. 2 (1998):229-235. The author evaluates global environmental change and its natural resources and human impact on Sub-Saharan Africa.

54

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Gellen, K. "Unleashing the Power of Women Farmers," African Farmer vol. 11 (1994):2-6, 42. The author addresses ways in which African women farmers can be more productive and assertive in African agriculture. Gellen K. "Expanding Women's Economic Knowledge," African Farmer vol. 11 (1994):10-11. The author suggests ways in which African women farmers can increase their economic knowledge and understanding to compete better in Sub-Saharan African agricultural markets. Gershoni, Y. Africans on African-Americans: The Creation and Uses of an African-American Myth. Basingstroke: Macmillan, 1997. The author examines African political views and perspectives on African-Americans. Gershoni, Y. "The Changing Pattern of Military Takeovers in Sub-Saharan Africa," Armed Forces and Society vol. 23, no. 2 (1997):135-248. The author evaluates the origins and implications of the changing pattern of military take-overs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gifford, Prosser and William Roger Louis (eds.) France and Britain in Africa. New Haven, CT: Tale University Press, 1971. The edited text examines the historical background and foreign political and economic policies of France and Britain in the Francophone African and Commonwealth African states respectively. Gitelson, Susan. "Arab Aid to Africa: How Much and At What Price?" Jerusalem Quarterly (Spring 1981):120-127. The author contends that a majority of Sub-Saharan African states are being exploited for Arab geopolitical (and religious) ends through the provision of economic development assistance. Gladwin, Christina H. (ed.) Structural Adjustment and African Women Farmers. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1991. The edited text provides a diverse set of perspectives on the role and impact of structural adjustment policies of the West (through the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) on the profit-seeking agricultural behavior and life chances of African women farmers. Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 19591976. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 2002. The author provides both firsthand interviews and critical archival

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

55

research from Cuba's secret files on the origins and development of Cuban foreign policy in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1959-1976, and on US foreign policy and covert action activities to prevent Cuba's involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. He provides interesting case studies on independent (policies not influenced or controlled by the Soviet Union) Cuban involvement in the 1961 Algerian Revolution, the 1964-1965 covert war between Cuba and the United States in Zaire, and the Cuban military campaign in Angola between 1975-1976 to eject South African military forces and CIA-supported mercenaries. The historical role and political impact of US foreign policy and CIA covert operations in Sub-Saharan Africa is clearly outlined, with the evidence indicating that the United States was secretly allied with apartheid South Africa, and it inserted significant mercenary forces into Angola months before the independent Cuban military involvement in that Southern African country. Glickman, Harvey. Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa. Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1995. The author evaluates the historical and policy relationship between ethnic conflict and democratization perspectives in several African states, including Zimbabwe, Somalia, Cameroon and Gabon. Glickman, Harvey (ed.) Political Leaders in Contemporary Africa South of the Sahara. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993. The edited text provides a comprehensive analysis on the personal styles and the public practices of both undemocratic and democratic African political leaders. Godwin-Gill, Guy and Ilene Cohn. Child Soldiers: The Role of Children in Armed Conflicts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. The authors examine the background and utilization of drug-filled and psychologically traumatized child soldiers to fight civil wars in weak states, with a specific reference to Sub-Saharan Africa, where the regular use of African child soldiers (boys, girls and young adults) has become an inhumane and obscene epidemic created by a pathological African warlord leadership. Goetz, Anne Marie. "Women in Politics and Gender Equity on Policy: South Africa and Uganda," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 76 (June 1998):240-262. The author assesses the implications of women in politics as influenced by gender equity in South Africa and Uganda.

56

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Golan, Tamar. "A Certain Mystery: How Can France Do Everything that it Does in Africa - and Get Away with It," African Affairs vol. 80, no. 318 (January 1981):3-11. The author evaluates France's foreign political, economic and security policies towards its former colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Goldblat, J. "Denuclearization of Africa," Bulletin of Peace Proposals vol. 23, no. 2 (June 1991): 169-172. The brief article examines both the politics of denuclearization and the denuclearization of Sub-Saharan Africa. Goldsborough, James O. "Dateline Paris: Africa's Policeman," Foreign Policy vol. 33 (Winter 1978-79): 174-190. The author addresses France's policies towards Africa, with a special emphasis on French interventions in former Francophone African states during the cold war period. Goldsmith, Arthur A. "Donors, Dictators and Democrats in Africa," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, Issue 3 (September 2001):411-436. The article addresses the role and implications of the policies of the international donor community in the brutal power contest(s) between dictators and democrats in Sub-Saharan Africa. Goldsmith, Arthur A. "Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa," International Organization vol. 55, no. 1 (Winter 2001):123-148. The author analyzes aid evaluation and economic development issues related to Sub-Saharan Africa. Gomes, Solomon. "The OAU, State Sovereignty, and Regional Security," in Edmond J. Keller and Donald Rothchild (cds.) Africa in the New International Order: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (1996):37-51. The author provides an insider's evaluation of the post-cold war functioning and policies of the OAU. Gordon, April A. and Donald L. Gordon (eds.). Understanding Contemporary Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. The edited text assesses environment, women, and political economy issues shaping Africa. Gordon, Jacob U. African Leadership in the Twentieth Century: An Enduring Experiment in Democracy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002. The author analyzes the success of African leadership in the liberation era and the failures of African leaders in the post-liberation era.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

57

Gordon, N.M. "Tonguing the Body, Placing African Circumcision within African Feminist Discourse,” Issue vol. 25, no. 2 (1997):24-27. The author reviews the African feminist discourse in addressing circumcision practices and the terrible consequences of the practices for African girls and women. Gorman, Robert F. Coping with Africa's Refugee Burden: A Time for Solutions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martin Nijhoff, 1987. The author analyzes the history of the great African refugee flows on the war-wracked continent. Goucha, M and Jakkie Cilliers (eds.) Peace, Human Security and Conflict Prevention in Africa. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, University of Pretoria (2001). The edited text discusses conflict prevention and security in Africa. Gregory, Shaun. "The French Military in Africa: Past and Present," African Affairs vol. 99, Issue 396 (July 2000):435-449. The author assesses French military policy towards Africa, past and present. Greenberg, J.H. The Languages of Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1966. The author provides an important assessment defining and catalogues the many language systems and cultures in Sub-Saharan Africa. Grey, Robert D. "A Balance Sheet on External Assistance: France in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (1990):101-114. The author analyzes foreign assistance policies of France towards the formerly Francophone states in Sub-Saharan Africa. Griffiths, I. "The Experience of LandLockness in Africa," Geopolitics and International Boundaries vol. 2, no. 1 (1997):69-81. The author reviews the problems of landlockness in Sub-Saharan Africa and the negative policy and economic impacts on African states without access to the sea. Gross, G.J. "Les Relations Franco-Africaines A L’Age De La Globalisation," African Sociological Review vol. 2, no. 2 (1998):1-19. The author critically evaluates French-African relations in the age of globalization. Gruhn, Isebill V. "Land Mines, Human Rights and Africa," Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives vol. 16, no. 3. (1997):142-154. The author examines the impact of land mines on human rights practices and outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa.

58

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Gruhn, Isebill V. "Land Mines, An African Strategy," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 4 (December 1996):687-700. The author posits that African leaders must develop a consistent policy that encourages the great powers to end the production and shipment of land mines to Africa. Gunzinger, Mark A. and David L. Thomas. National Security Strategy of Cooperative Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: National War College, 1996. The authors examine the national security impact of US cooperative engagement policy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Gutteridge, William. "Undoing Military Coups in Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 7, no. 1 (1985):78-89. The author investigates the history of military coups and how to undo military coups in Sub-Saharan Africa. Guy, Martin. "The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France’s African Policy, " Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 23, no. 2 (1985):189-208. The author reviews the historical, political, and economic origins and bases of France’s policy towards Sub-Saharan African states. Guyer, Jane I. African Studies in the United States: A Perspective. Atlanta: African Studies Association, 1996. The author examines the contribution(s) of African Studies toward understanding Africa in the United States. Gyimah-Boadi, E. "Civil Society in Africa," Journal of Democracy vol. 7, no. 2 (1996):118-132. The author addresses the origins, development and the policy implications of civil society in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hafkin, N. Making Information and Communication Policies Relevant to Women. Paper presented at the Conference on African Women and Economic Development, April 28-May 1, 1998, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. The author addresses how to make information and communication policies relevant to African women leaders involved in economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Halisi, C.R.D, Paul J. Kaiser and Stephen N. Ndegwa. "Guest Editors' Introduction: The Multiple Meanings of Citizenship-Rights, Identity, and Social Justice in Africa," Africa Today vol. 45, no. 3-4 (1998):337-350. The authors address the role and impact of citizenship on modern political communities at the subnational, national and transnational levels of analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa, emphasizing power and identity relations.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

59

Hamilton, Kimberly A. Lusophone Africa, Portugal, and the United States: Possibilities for More Effective Cooperation. Washington D.C.: The Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992. The author addresses the political prospects for better bilateral cooperation between Portugal and the United States in their complex relations with former Portuguese African colonies. Hansen, Emmanuel (ed.) Africa: Perspectives on Peace and Development. London: Zed Books, 1987. The edited text examines the complex interaction between food scarcity, resource insecurity, the lack of economic, political and social rights for African peoples, and the implications for peace and development on the continent. Harberson, John W. (ed.) The Military in African Politics. New Haven, CT: Praeger, 1987. The edited text examines the various strategic political dimensions of the African military's destabilizing role and profit-seeking involvement in disrupting the operations of the state and civil society throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Harbeson, John W. and Donald Rothchild (eds.) Africa in World Politics: PostCold War Challenges. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995. The edited text explores the competing political, economic, security, and ideological problems that the majority of Sub-Saharan African states face in the post-cold war period, and the strategic impact of these difficult policy problems for international politics. Harbeson, John W., Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds.) Civil Society and the State in Africa Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994. The authors provide an interesting historical overview of various political change dynamics occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa; and they suggests ways in which to sustain "civil societies" at various levels of military conflict and political upheaval on the continent. Harris, William M. "Technology Education for Planners: A Century for Africans and People of African Descent," African Technology Forum (August/September 1992):22-25. The author reviews the important role of technology education for African planners on the continent and in the Diaspora.

60

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Harrison, Paul. The Greening of Africa: Breaking Through in the Battle for Land and Food. New York: Viking Penguin, 1987. The author examines SubSaharan African states' drive to significantly increase food production and food distribution for both external and internal trading purposes (and food security) given land and economic constraints. Hassim, S. and A. Gouws. "Redefining the Public Space: Women’s Organizations, Gender Consciousness and Civil Society in Africa," Politikon vol. 25, no. 2 (1998):53-76. The authors analyze the interactions between women's organizations, the rise of gender consciousness and their impact on civil society in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hatchard, John. Individual Freedoms and State Security in the African Context. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1993. The author explores the predominance of state security systems in Sub-Saharan Africa and their suppression of individual freedoms and the human rights of Africans. Hawk, Beverly G. (ed.) Africa's Media Image. New York: Praeger, 1992. The edited text examines the prejudicial and stereotypical views held toward Africans and Sub-Saharan Africa by American and western media corporations, editors and other news media outlets, and the extremely negative views of Africa generated by these ignorant media sources. Hearn, Julie. "The 'Uses and Abuses' of Civil Society in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 87 (March 2001):43-54. The author examines the uses and abuses of civil society and its practices in SubSaharan Africa, as well as its strategic consequences for democratic governance. Heidenrich, John G. How to Prevent Genocide: A Guide for Policymakers, Scholars, and the Concerned Citizen. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. The author provides a practical analysis of genocide prevention and genocide mitigation for policymakers, scholars and informed citizens. Helleiner, Gerald. "The IMF, the World Bank and Africa’s Adjustment and External Problems: An Unofficial View," World Development vol. 20, no. 6 (June 1992):779-792. The author addresses the role and impact of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in dealing with SubSaharan Africa's economic, financial ands currency adjustment problems.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

61

Helman, Gerald B. and Stevven R. Ratner. "Saving Failed States," Foreign Policy vol. 89 (1992):3-20. The authors contend that the "fracturing of states outside Europe" is primarily caused by non-western cultures' inability to copy the Western model of the sovereign nation; and that saving warlordled "failed states" in the Third World, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, would be counter-productive. Henderson, Errol and David J. Singer. "Civil War in the Post-Colonial World, 1946-92," Journal of Peace Research vol. 37, Issue 3 (May 2000):275-300. The authors investigate the various causes for the civil wars in Sub Saharan Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Henze, Paul B. "Africa After Communism," Problems of Communism vol. 41, no. 1-2 (January 1992):218-223. The author posits that while the United States and the West are alleged responsible for the militarization of Sub Saharan Africa, in reality it was the Soviet Union and radical Arab states that supplied the overwhelming proportion of military weapons systems to the continent in the 1970s and 1980s. Herbst, Jeffrey. "African Peacekeepers and State Failure," in Robert I. Rotberg et al (eds.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Prevention. Cambridge, MA and Washington DC: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution Press (2000):16-33. The author examines the 'African solutions to African problems' hypothesis with regard to ending African civil wars by under-supplied, under-funded and undertrained African peacekeepers and tacitly concludes that the United States and the European Community will continue to actively pursue their own unique strategic national interests on the continent. Herbst, Jeffrey. "Responding to State Failure in Africa," International Security vol. 21, no. 3 (Winter 1996/1997):120-145. The author explores the political actors in the African colonial period and the failed states that arose in post-colonial Sub-Saharan Africa, and the deadly consequences and possible political solutions for the beleaguered continent. Herbst, Jeffrey. "War and the State in Africa," International Security vol. 14, no. 4 (Spring 1990):117-139. The author examines the impact of war and severe political conflict on the weak state system in Sub-Saharan Africa.

62

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Hilmi, Yousuf S. African and Arab Relations. Brattleboro, Vermont: Amana Books, 1986. The author assesses the history and evolution of political, economic, cultural, and religious relations between Arab countries and SubSaharan African countries. Hills, Alice. "Warlords, Militia and Conflict in Contemporary Africa: A ReExamination of Terms," Small Wars & Insurgencies vol. 8, no. 1 (1997):3551. The author examines the role and impact of African warlords and militias in political conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Hirchmann, D. "Women and Political Participation in Africa: Broadening the Scope of Research," World Development vol. 19, no. 12 (1991):1679-1694. The author discusses the role and impact of African women in national and local political participation in Sub-Saharan Africa. "HIV/AIDS Takes Heavy Toll on Africa's Military," Los Angeles Sentinel (February 21, 2002):A-10-A-12. The brief article evaluates the implications of the very high levels of HIV/AIDS infection among military personnel in Sub-Saharan African militaries (i.e. Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the geopolitical threat to both continental and international stability posed by this sobering reality. Hjort, AF Ornas A. and M.A.M. Salih. Ecology and Politics: Environmental Stress and Security in Africa. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1989. The authors address the history and impact of increasing environmental stress and upheaval on security dynamics in Sub-Saharan African states. Hofmeier, Rolf. "German/African Relations: Present and Future," in Stefan Brune, Joachim Berz, and Winrich Kuhne (eds.) Africa and Europe: Relations of Two Continents in Transition. Munster and Hamburg, Germany: Lit Verlag (1994):71-86. The author analyzes the origins and impact of Germany's political and economic relations with African states. Hope, K.R. African Political Economy: Contemporary Issues in Development. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. The author examines issues defining and driving African political economy and their policy implications for economic development and economic stability on the continent.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

63

Hope, K.R. and B.C. Chuikulo (eds.) Corruption and Development in Africa: Lessons from Country Case-Studies. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000. The important edited text investigates the entire range of corruption and anticorruption issues related to development and growth in Africa. Home, Gerald. "Looking Forward/Looking Backward: The Black Constituency for Africa Past and Present," The Black Scholar vol. 29, no. 1 (1999):30-33. The author outlines the 'golden age' of African American involvement in African issues through the community-based Council of African Affairs (1937-1966). Howe, Herbert M. Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. London: Lynne Rienner, 2000. The author addresses the historical origins and the political implications of military forces in African states. Huband, Mark. The Skulls Beneath the Skin: Africa After the Cold War. New York: Westview Press, 2003. The author examines the impact of foreign intervention for the disintegration and fragmentation occurring in Africa. Huliaras, A. "Qadhafi’s Comeback: Libya and Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990," African Affairs vol. 100, no. 398 (January 2001):5-25. The author reviews Qadhadi’s and Libya’s foreign political, ideological, security, economic policy towards Sub-Saharan African states in the 1990s. Hunt, C. W. "Africa and AIDS: Dependent Development, Sexism and Racism," Monthly Review vol. 39, no. 9 (1988):10-22. The author examines the policy impact of AIDS on the latent social forces of sexism and racism and their complex impact on retarding economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Hunwick, John (ed.) Religion and National Integration in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1992. The edited text provides a diverse set of analysis on the complex role and impact of religion on national integration processes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hutchful, E. "Military Issues in the Transition to Democracy," in E. Hutchful and A. Bathily (eds.) The Military and Militarism in Africa. Daker: Codesria, 1998. The author examines military issues in the transition to democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa.

64

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Hyden, Goran. "Foreign Aid and Democratization in Africa," Africa Insight vol. 27, no. 4 (1998):233-239. The author examines foreign aid's role and importance in impacting democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hyden, Goran. "African Studies in the Mid-1990s: Between Afro-Pessimism and Americo-Skepticism," African Studies Review vol. 329, no. 2 (1996):117. The author contends that Sub-Saharan Africa is unable or incapable of reversing its decline into anarchy and poverty. Hyden, Goran, Dele Olowu and H.W.O. Okoth Ogendo (eds.) African Perspectives on Governance. Trenton, New Jersey, Africa World Press, 2000. The edited text evaluates the various African perspectives towards political and democratic governance. Hyden, Goran, Michael Leslie, and Folu F. Ogundimu (eds.) Media and Democracy in Africa. Somerset, NJ: Transaction Press, 2002. The edited text provides a historical assessment of the impact of the African media on the evolution and direction of political change in Sub-Saharan Africa IBRD/WB. Better Health in Africa: Experience and Lessons Learned. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank, 1994. The World Bank report examines experience and lessons learned in improving national health conditions throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Ihonvbere, Julius O. Africa and the New World. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. The author examines the role, impact and implications of Sub-Saharan Africa on the evolving post-cold war international system. Ijomah, P.I.C. "The African Military Interventions: A Prelude to Military High Command," Ifahamu vol. 5, no. 2 (1974):51-80. The author addresses the problem of building a continent-wide unified African military high command to contest the South African military and foreign powers. Imobighe, T. A. "African States and Defense Agreements with Foreign Powers: The Negation of Non- Alignment," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 14, no. 2 (1988):69-91. The author investigates the non-alignment status and defense agreements entered into by African states with foreign powers.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

65

Imobighe, T. A. "An African High Command: The Search for a Feasible Strategy of Continental Defense," African Affairs vol. 79, no. 315 (April 1980):241-254. The author evaluates the problem of designing a continental defense led by an African High Command to fight South Africa. Inikori, Joseph E. The Chaining of a Continent: Export Demand for Captives and the History of Africa South of the Sahara, 1450-1870. Kingston: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1992. The author analyzes the impact of the export demand for African slaves and its effect on the political, economic, social and cultural history of Sub-Saharan Africa between 1450-1870. Inikori, Joseph E. (ed.) Forced Migration: The Impact of the Export Slave Trade on African Societies. London: Hutchinson University Library, 1982. The edited text discusses the historically devastating and destabilizing dimensions of the massive export slave trade on African societies. Inikori, Joseph E. and Stanley Engerman (eds.) The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, Americas and Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. The edited text examines the infamous Atlantic slave trade and the destructive economic, cultural and humanitarian costs for Africans worldwide and for Africa (well into the 21 st century), as well as outlining the multi-dimensional and profitable benefits stream for the enslaving states of Europe and the United States. Insoll, Timothy. The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. The author provides a comprehensive treatment of Islam’s role and influence in Sub-Saharan Africa from the ancient times into the 21 st century through the careful examination of jihad, trade, missionary work, military expansion and education processes. Institute for African Alternatives. "An African Strategy in the Realm of Conflict Resolution that Would Develop Africa-specific Mediation and Negotiation Techniques," West Africa (October 24-30, 1984):1823. The brief article posits that Africans and their organizations should apply mediation and negotiation techniques to prevent violent conflicts on the continent. International Peace Academy. The OAU Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution. Report of a Conference co-sponsored by the IPA and OAU, Cairo May 7-11, 1994. The report contends that the

66

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Organization of African Unity must improve its working mechanism(s) (and find resources) for conflict prevention, management and resolution. Ishemo, Shubi L. "Tributes to Mwalimu J. K. Nyerere," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 83 (March 2000):85-197. The author, a member of the South African Parliament, provides a series of tributes by leading Africans on Mwalimu J.K. Nyerere, founder of Tanzania, one of the last genuine African leaders who placed the supreme interests of his people (and of Sub-Saharan Africa) before his own or those of his party. Israeli, Raphael. "Between Arabism and Africanism," Middle East Review (Spring 1979):39-48. The author examines the tensions between Arabism and Africanism, as well as Pan-Arab Islam’s aim to convert Africa. Itano, Nicole. "Africa Looks for Paths to Peace," Christian Science Monitor vol. 93, no. 159 (July 2001):6. The brief article addresses African peacekeeping efforts to maintain and advance peace and stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Jackson, Robert H. and Carl G. Rosberg. "Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 24, no. 1 (1986):1-31. The authors examine sovereignty and underdevelopment in the African crisis. Jackson, Robert H. and Carl G. Rosberg. Personal Rule in Black Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982. The authors evaluate the historical development and the negative policy implications of personal (dictatorial) rule on democratic governance and human rights in SubSaharan Africa. Jackson, Robert H. and Carl G. Rosberg. "Why Africa's Weak States Persist: The Empirical and Juridical Statehood," World Politics vol. 35, no. 1 (October 1982). The authors assess the critical reasons and implications for why weak states exist and persist in Sub-Saharan Africa. Jaeger, W.K. "The Causes of Africa's Food Crisis," World Development vol. 20, no. 11 (1992):1631-1646. The article examines the structural causes for the growing Sub-Saharan African food crisis, and its extremely negative strategic implications for long-term food security and famine relief on the continent.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

67

Jenkins, J.C. and A.J. Kposowa. "The Political Origins of African Military Coups: Ethnic Competition, Military Centrality, and the Struggle over the Post Colonial State," International Studies Quarterly vol. 36 (1992):271292. The authors evaluate the central factors driving the political origins of African military coups, and the negative implications for democratic governance in Sub-Saharan African states Jensen, Mike. "Making the Connection: Africa and the Internet," Current History vol. 99, no. 63 (May 2000):215-220. The brief article posits that only 0.2 percent of Africans in Sub-Saharan Africa use Internet services because of high connection costs and poor telecom infrastructure. SubSaharan Africa with 780 million Africans has only 25,000 computers connected to Internet services excluding South Africa (i.e. there are over 1 million Internet users in South Africa and only 500,000 Internet users among the 734 million Africans). The strategic economic, financial and political costs of the continuing digital disparity when compared against the developed world are staggering for the continent. Jensen, Mike. An Overview of Internet Connectivity in Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: SANGONeT, September 20, 1998. The author provides a historical overview on the extent of qualitative internet connectivity in SubSaharan Africa, with an emphasis on internet issues in South Africa. Demiurge.wn.apc.org/africa/afstat.htm. Jensen, Mike. "Internet Opens New Markets for Africa," Africa Recovery vol. 12, no. 3 (1998):6-7. The brief article reviews the role of the Internet in opening new markets for Sub-Saharan Africa. Johnstone, Ian and Nkiwane Tandeka. The Organization of African Unity and Conflict Management in Africa: An International Peace Academy Report. New York: International Peace Academy, 1993. The authors examine the conflict management and conflict resolution capabilities of the Organization of African Unity in dealing with strategic crisis events in Sub Saharan Africa. Jones, Eldred Durosimi and Marjorie Jones (eds.) Exile and African Literature. Oxford: James Currey, 2000. The edited text addresses the role and impact of African literature in expressing the transnational alienation associated with international and regional exile for hundreds of thousands of Africans

68

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

fleeing their countries because of civil wars, political conflicts and economic upheaval. Jones, M.L. "Management and Development: An African Focus," International Studies of Management and Organization vol. 19 (1989):74-90. The author assesses the defining and important management and development issues in Sub-Saharan African context. Joyce, Joyce Ann. "African-Centered Womanism: Connecting Africa to the Diaspora," in Isidore Okpewho, Carole Boyce Davies and Ali A. Mazrui (eds.) The Africa Diaspora: African Origins and New World Identities. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press (1999):538554. The author investigates the various strategic dimensions of the African-centered ideology, as well as the overwhelming importance of the 'African woman and her sister in the Diaspora' in working out the major problems faced by Africans worldwide. Jowitt, Kenneth. "Scientific Socialist Regimes in Africa: Political Differentiation, Avoidance, and Unawareness," in Carl G. Rosberg and Thomas M. Callaghy (eds.) Socialism in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Assessment. Berkeley, California: Institute of International Studies (1979):133-173. The author addresses the historical origins and strategic implications of socialist regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war period. July, Robert W. An African Voice. Durham. NC: Duke University Press, 1987. The author addresses the strategic role and policy impact of the humanities (including concepts of the African personality, theatre, dance, education, the visual arts and written and oral literature) in the African independence struggle in the 1960s and beyond. Kakole, O.H. (ed.) The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1998. The author evaluates the illustrious career and intellectual contributions of Ali A. Mazrui to African affairs. Kale, Oladele. "Epidemic Diseases in Africa: Their Impact on Human Health and Productivity," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990):151-160. The author provides an important assessment on the historical origins and political, economic and cultural problems, as well

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

69

as the health care and productivity consequences of the various epidemic diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kalipeni, Ezekiel and Philio Thiuri (eds.) Issues and Perspectives on Health Care in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1998. The edited text is an important interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary contribution towards understanding and treating disease pandemics and poor health conditions throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Kambudzi, A.M. Africa’s Peace Fiasco: from 1960-1995. Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe: University of Zimbabwe Publications, 1998. The author addresses the history, impact and consequences of peacekeeping missions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kankwenda, Mbaya, Luc-Joel Gregoire, Hughes Legros and Harouna Ouedraogo (eds.) Poverty Eradication: Where Stands Africa? Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press and the UN Development Programme, 2001. The edited text examines the historical basis and the policy dynamics driving the poverty eradication movement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kantowicz, E. "The Threats to and the Protection of the Natural Environment in Africa," Africana Bulletin no. 46 (1998):77-89. The author assesses the real threats to and the weak levels of protection of the natural environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kaplan, F.E.S. Queens, Queen Mothers, Priestesses and Power: Case Studies in African Gender. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1997. The author examines important case studies in understanding the role and importance of African women in society (and their relations with African men), as well as general African gender issues unresolved in the post-cold war period. Kassimiri, Ron. "The Internationalization of African Studies: A View From the SSRC," Africa Today vol. 41, Issue 2 (April-June 1997):155-163. The author reviews the role and impact of post-cold war politics in the internationalization of African Studies. Keller, Edmond J. and Donald. Rothchild (eds.) Africa in the New International System: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996. The edited text addresses cold war and post-cold war

70

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

issues related to foreign powers and global organizations in Sub Saharan Africa, as well as practical and theoretical issues related to regional and national security dynamics in Africa, with case studies on Eritrea and Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa and Southern Africa, Liberia. Kempadoo, Kamala and Jo Doezema (eds.) Global Sex Workers. New York: Routledge, 1998. The edited text investigates both the historical origins and the policy implications of the global sex trade and prostitution, with solid case studies on the impact and consequences of prostitution in Sub-Saharan African states. Kempster, Norman. "Report Points Up Woes of Internally Displaced Persons," Los Angeles Times (August 17, 2001):A8. The brief article outlines the lack of a coordinated policy by the United States and the United Nation to coordinate resources for helping internally displaced people whose lives have been severely disrupted because of civil wars and military conflicts in their countries. It is estimated that of the over 3 million deaths in the Congo war, only 300,000 resulted from military combat, and over 2.7 million died needlessly from disease, malnutrition and gross neglect because of the lack of support from the United States, the great powers and the United Nations in providing economic, financial and health assistance for internally displaced people. Kennedy, Paul. African Capitalism: The Struggle for Ascendancy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. The author addresses the central political issues and economic prospects of African capitalism on the continent. Keto, C. Tsehloane. An Introduction to the Africa-centered Perspective of History. Rev.ed. Chicago: Research Associated/Karnak House, 1994. The author provides an important introduction to understanding the Africacentered perspective of history dating back to ancient Kemet (land of the Blacks, Egypt). It is the "original paradigm that Africans used to create knowledge about themselves, for themselves and about the physical and social milieu in which they lived". Khadiagala, Gilbert M. "Prospects for a Division of Labor: African Regional Organizations in Conflict Prevention," in Klass van Walraven (ed.) Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Limitations and Possibilities. Boston, MA: Kluwer Law International (1998):131-148. The article assesses the

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

71

role and impact of lead African regional organizations in lending leadership and transparency resources towards conflict-prevention and early warning. Khadiagala, Gilbert M. "The Military in Africa's Democratic Transitions: The Regional Dimensions," Africa Today vol. 42, no. 1-2 (1995):61-74. The author analyzes the negative regional impact of African militaries on weakened and transitioning democratic systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. Khadiagala, Gilbert M. and Terence Lyons (eds.) African Foreign Policies: Power and Process. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. The edited text investigates the interplay between international and domestic politics on African states’ foreign policy dealing with external actors. Kibreah, Gaim. African Refugees: Reflections on the African Refugee Problem: A Critical Analysis of Some Basic Assumptions. Uppsala, Sweden: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1983. The report examines the environmental, ecological, political and economic problems created by the massive continental wide, region wide and domestic African refugee problem and its consequences for order and stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kieh, Jr. George Klay and Ida Rousseau Mukenge (eds.) Zones of Conflict in Africa: Theories and Cases. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002. The edited text provides theories on the origins and ways to solve conflicts in Africa, with studies on Liberia, Nigeria, Zambia and Great Lakes Region. Kindiki, K. "Gross Violations of Human Rights," Conflict Trends no. 3 (2001): 26-31. The author discusses the implications of the continuing gross violations of human rights by African warlords and their extremely brutal child soldiers of the civilian population in the various war zones of Africa. Kingma, Kees (ed.) Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. The edited text examines the variations in economic development and security impacts of demobilization of military personnel after civil wars in African states. Kingma, Kees. "The Role of Demobilization in the Peace and Development Process in Sub-Saharan Africa: Conditions for Success," African Security Review vol. 5, no. 6 (1996):1-13. The author explores the demobilization process that occurs after civil wars in Africa (i.e. the reduction of weapons proliferation and integration of former fighters into civil society.

72

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Kirk-Greene, Anthony. "Centennial 1984: A Second Scramble for Africa?" Contemporary Review no. 1414 (November 1983):232-239. The author examines whether there is a second scramble for Africa states by the West. Klen, Michel. "L' Action de Cuba en Afrique," Defense Nationale vol. 47 (January 1991):125-134. The author addresses the implications of Cuba's military presence in Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war period. Knife, Abraham and Mogus Tekle-Mikael. Report on the High-Level Symposium on Conflicts in Africa: Road to Nation-Building in the PostConflict Period. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development, 1997. The report examines the role and impact of conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa and their effects on nation-building. Koehn, P.H. "Decentralization for Sustainable Development," in R. Sadiq and D. Luke (eds.) Development Management in Africa. Toward Dynamism, Empowerment, and Entrepreneurship. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1995):71-81. The author examines the defining issues of decentralization for sustainable development in the African context. Kokole, Omari H. (ed.) The Global African: A Portrait of Ali Mazrui. Trenton, NJ and Asmara, Ethiopia: Africa World Press, 2000. Th edited text evaluates the life, times and scholarship of Professor Ali Mazrui, one of the most respected and most talented of the African intellectuals on SubSaharan African strategic policy studies. Koopman, J. "The Hidden Roots of the African Food Problem," in N. Visanathan (ed.) The Women, Gender and Development Reader. London: Atlantic Highlands, 1997. The author addresses the historical background and the policy implications of the food production problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. Koshemiakin, Alexander V. and Roger E. Kanet. "Russian Policy in Africa: Disengagement or Cooperation?" Problems of Post-Communism vol. 42, no. 5 (September/October 1995):34-40. The article examines the Russian Federation's policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa in the political and economic relations and the rising debate as to whether Russia should continue to pursue its strategic interests on the continent or disengage.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

73

Kpundeh, Sahr. Corruption and Politics in Africa. Lanham: University Press of America, 1994. The author investigates the role and impact of structural corruption on politics and governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kpundeh, Sahr (ed.) Democratization in Africa: African Views, African Voices. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992. The edited text provides diverse African perspectives on the history and nature of democratization and of democratic (and undemocratic) processes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Krenn, Michael (ed.) The African American Voice in US Foreign Policy Since World War II. New York: Garland, 1998. The edited text explores the historical origins and strategic impact of African American influence on American foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa and the African Diaspora since World War II. Kuhne, Winrich, Guido Lenzi and Alvaro Vasconcelos. Western European Union's Role in Crisis Management and Conflict Resolution in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paris, France: Institute for Security Studies and Western European Union, December 1995. The report outlines the basic elements of peacekeeping in Sub-Saharan Africa and European response to African conflicts. Kulindwa, K. "Implications of Global Climate Change and the Economics of Development in Sub-Saharan Africa," Environment and Development Economics vol. 3, no. 3 (1998):377-380. The author briefly examines the implications of global climate change on the economic development prospects for Sub-Saharan Africa. Kum, J.M. "African Interstate Conflict: A Perceptual Approach," Journal of Peace Research vol. 27, no. 4 (1990):445-460. The author investigates the history and empirical dynamics driving the rise in African interstate conflict and the instability and discord created between the contending African states and for their beleaguered populations. Kumar, Krishna (ed.) Women and Civil Action. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, historical role and political impact of organizations in fragile Third World genocide Rwanda

War: Impact, Organizations, and 2001. The edited text reviews the civil war on women and women's states with a case study on post-

74

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Kumaranayake, L. and C. Watts. Costs of Scaling HIV Program Activities to a National level for Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Methods. Washington DC: The World Bank, 1999. The author evaluates the costs and policy implications of scaling HIV program activities to a national level for SubSaharan Africa. Kwarteng, Charles. "The Arabs, Israel and Black Africa: The Politics of Courtship," Round Table issue 322 (April 1992):167-182. The article examines the political conflict between the Israelis and the Arabs and the active economic, financial and strategic courtship of Sub-Saharan Africa by both parties. Laan, H. Laurens van der, Tjalling Dijkstra, and Aad van Tilburg (eds.) Agricultural Marketing in Tropical Africa: Contributions from the Netherlands. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 1999. The edited text addresses the Netherlands informed contribution to efficient agricultural marketing practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ladin, A.M. "Capability of Sub-Saharan African Land-Locked States to Explore and Exploit Living Resources," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 4, no. 2 (1997):95-116. The author evaluates the operational capabilities of land-locked Sub-Saharan African states to both locate and efficiently use living resources. Lall, S. "Structural Adjustment Programme and African Industry," World Development vol. 23, no. 12 (1995):2019-2031. The author investigates the impact of structural adjustment programming on the health of African industry and economic development. Lamont, James. "Earth Summit Urged to Focus on Africa Food Production," Financial Times (August 19, 2002):4. The brief article outlines the World Bank's call at the World Summit on Sustainable Development for the international community to focus on remedying Sub-Saharan Africa's growing food insecurity and low food supplies Lamont, James. "Africans Get Connected to Mobile Telephony," Financial Times (November 12, 2001):6. The brief article addresses the recent rise in mobile telephony usage (managed and supplied by Pan-African companies such as MSI, Orascom Telecom, and MTN) over fixed-lines (28 million mobile phone subscribers compared with 22 million users of fixed lines) in

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

75

Sub-Saharan Africa, including Uganda, Ivory Coast, South Africa, Botswana, and Tanzania. Lamont, James and Carola Hoyos. "EU Moves to Condemn Modern Slavery," Financial Times (August 31, 2001):4. The brief article chronicles the European Community's condemnation of modern slavery as a crime against humanity. It also documents the political, legal and moral reluctance of the European Community and the United States (for fear of lawsuits) to condemn the Trans-Atlantic slave trade that they greatly profited from for over three hundred years as a gross crime against humanity. Lamont, James and Michael Holman. "Reparations Debate Gathers Momentum," Financial Times (August 31, 2001):4. The brief article reviews the argument for full financial reparations by African American political leaders and civil rights activists, aimed at the United States and European states who directly benefited from the Trans- Atlantic slave trade, the greatest forced migration event in human history. Lancaster, Carol. Aid to Africa: So Much To Do, So Little Done. Chicago. Ill: University of Chicago Press, 1999. The author examines aid donors' and aid agencies' political/institutional characteristics in the disbursement of development assistance to Sub-Saharan African states. The author posits that the way that international aid donors (the US, Britain, France, Japan, Sweden, Italy, the World Bank and the European Union) delivers development aid is responsible for the lack of rational and effective economic development throughout the continent. Lancaster, Carol. "Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa," Survival vol. 35, no. 3 (1993):38-50. The author assesses the historical role and impact of the democratization process on governance in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Laremont, Ricardo Rene (ed.) The Causes of War and the Consequences of Peacekeeping in Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. The edited text addresses the post-cold war causes of conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, and how effective the various peacekeeping missions were on the continent, with case studies on Angola, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Somalia, and Liberia. Larkin, Bruce D. China and Africa 1949-1970: The Foreign Policy of the People's Republic of China. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

76

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

The author investigates the political, economic, security and ideological basis of the People's Republic of China's foreign policy towards SubSaharan African states between 1949-1970. Legum, Colin, I. William Zartman, and Lynn K. Mytelka (eds.) Africa in the 1980s: A Continent in Crisis. New York: McGraw Hill, 1979. The edited text evaluates the political, economic and security profiles of Sub-Saharan African states and the prospects for the continent in general. Lellouche, Pierre and Dominique Moisi. "French Policy in Africa: A Lonely Battle Against Destabilization," International Security vol. 3, no. 4 (1979):108-133. The authors examine French foreign political and security policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on Francophone African states during the cold war period. Lemarchand, Rene. "African Transition to Democracy: An Interim Assessment," Africa Insight vol. 22, no. 3 (1992):178-185. The author provides a postcold war assessment of African states embracing democracy and the democratization process. Lemarchand, Rene. The Green and the Black: Qadhafi's Policies in Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 1988. The author examines Qadhafi's activist foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African states. Lemarchand, Rene. American Policy in Southern Africa: The Stakes and the Stance. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978. The author assesses foreign policy towards the Southern African region in the 1970. Leonard, D.K. "The Political Realities of African Management," World Development vol. 15 (1987):899-910. The author analyzes the political realities driving African management issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Levey, Z. "Israel Entry to Africa," Diplomacy and Statecraft vol. 12, no. 3 (September 2001):87-114. The author analyzes the content of Israel’s foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African states. LeVine, V.T. "Administrative Corruption and Democratization in Africa: Aspects of the Theoretic Agenda," Corruption and Reform vol. 7, no. 3 (1993):271-278. The author provides an analysis of administrative corruption and its impact on democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

77

Levitt, Jeremy. "The African Crisis Response Initiative: A General Survey," African Insight vol. .28, no. 3/4 (1998). The author investigates the origins and development of the African Crisis Response Initiative. Levtzion, Nehemia and Randal L. Pouwls (eds.) The History of Islam in Africa. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2000. The edited text addresses the complex historical and cultural dynamics of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lewis, Bernard. Race and Slavery in the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1994. The author assesses the history of African slavery in the Middle East and on modern African-Arab political relations. Lewis, Peter M. "Political Transition and the Dilemma of Civil Society in Africa," Journal of International Affairs vol. 46, no. 1 (Summer 1992):3154. The author analyzes the problem of undemocratic political transition and its strategic impact on civil society in Sub-Saharan African states. Licklider, Roy (ed.) When the Fighting Stops: How Civil Wars End. New York: New York University Press, 1993. The edited text assesses the various arguments on how and why civil wars end after hostilities end between combatants. Liebenow, J. Gus. African Politics: Crisis and Challenges. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. The author addresses the degree and range of military involvement in African civilian politics and its strategic consequences. Liebenow, J. Gus. "The Military Factor in African Politics: A Twenty-Five-Year Perspective," in Gwendolen M. Carter and Patrick O'Meara (eds.) African Independence: The First Twenty-Five Years Bloomington: Indiana University Press (1985):126-159. The author investigates the political impact of the African military in destabilizing African politics and civilian decision-making during the cold war period. Lienart, I. and J. A. Modi. Decade of Civil Service Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1997. The authors evaluate the post-cold war civil service reform movement in Sub-Saharan Africa.

78

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Lileyev, I. "Democracy and Human Rights in the African Security Context," African Studies in Russia Yearbook, 1993-1996 no. 2 (1997):24-31. The author discusses the role and impact of human rights and democracy on the Sub-Saharan African security context. Lloyd, Timberlake. Africa in Crisis: The Causes, the Cures of Environmental Bankruptcy. Washington DC: Earthscan, 1985. The author addresses the historical causes and political and economic cures to both environmental decline and environmental bankruptcy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lofchie, Michael F. "Food Deficits in Africa: Causes and Remedies," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990):13-26. The author investigates food insecurity throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and the historical and technical causes and possible policy remedies to solve the massive problem. Looney, R.E. "The Role of Military Expenditures in the African Economic Crisis," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations vol. 12, no. 1 (January 1990):76-101. The author assesses the negative impact of large military expenditures in deepening the African economic crisis during the cold war. Luckman, Robin. "Dilemmas of Military Disengagement and Democratization in Africa," IDS Bulletin vol. 26, no. 2 (April 1995):49-61. The author examines the complex issues and problems driving military disengagement activities and the democratization process in Sub-Saharan Africa. Luckham, Robin. "The Military, Militarization, and Democratization in Africa: A Survey of Literature and Issues," African Studies Review vol. 37, no. 2 (1994):13-76. The author explores the influence of the military and the militarization process on retarding democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Luckman, Robin. "Militarization in Africa," World Armaments and Disarmament (1985):295-328. The author discusses the history and political effects of militarization on Sub-Saharan African states. Luckman, Robin. "Security and Disarmament in Africa," Alternatives vol. 9, no. 2 (August 1983):203-228. The author investigates the political implications of security and disarmament occurring in Sub-Saharan African states.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

79

Luckman, Robin. "Le Militarisme Francais en Africa," Politique Afrique vol. 2, no. 5 (February 1982):45-71. The author evaluates the role of the French military in the Francophone African states in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lynch, Hollis. Black American Radicals and the Liberation of Africa: The Council on African Affairs, 1937-1955. Ithaca, New York: Africana Studies and Research Center, Cornell University, 1978. The author examines the historical role and the impact of the Council of African Affairs on American foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African between 1937-1955. Maathai, Wangari. "The Link Between Patenting of Life Forms, Genetic Engineering and Food Insecurity: Let Nature's Harvest Continue: African Counter-Statement to Monsanto," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (September 1998):526-530. The author addresses the destabilizing problem of food insecurity in Sub-Saharan African states, and the strategic implications of patenting new life forms and growing genetically-engineered agricultural products by western agro-business corporations for the continent. MacFarlane, Neil. "Intervention and Security in Africa," International Affairs vol. 60, no. 1 (Winter 1983/84):53-74. The author addresses the problem of external intervention and the maintenance of security and stability in SubSaharan African states. MacQueen, Norman. "Portugal and Africa: The Politics of Re-Engagement," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 23, no. 1 (1985):31-51. The author examines Portugal's foreign political and economic relations with Sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on Portugal's re-engagement with its former Portuguese African colonies. Madsen, Wayne. Genocide and Covert Operations in Africa, 1993-1999. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1999. The author outlines the massive (and secret) American and French military and intelligence involvement and competition in both shaping and guiding the strategic political outcome(s) of the Great African War in the Great Lakes and Central Africa region(s) in the 1990s. The long-term negative costs of U.S. hegemony for the economic growth, democratic stability and military security in the Great Lakes and Central African regions and in Sub-Saharan Africa in general are also broadly outlined.

80

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Maharaj, Davan. "Strong Advances Seen in Africa Peace Efforts," Los Angeles Times (July 25, 2002):A5. The brief article reviews the birth of the African Union, and its role in creating positive conditions for productive peace talks to end the Democratic Republic of the Congo-Rwandan crisis, the Angolan civil war and between the Sudanese government and the SPLA. Maharaj, Davan. "Africa's Clerics are Urged to Help AIDS Orphans," Los Angeles Times (June 10, 2002):A4. The brief article investigates the potential role of Sub-Saharan Africa's clerics in assisting over 14 million parentless African AIDS orphans (estimated to rise to 20 million by 2010) on the streets of African cities to save the next generation of Africans. Maharaj, Davan. "Aid Group Find Rampant Child Sex Abuse," Los Angeles Times (February 28, 2002):A3. The brief article addresses allegations that over 67 representatives from 40 international aid organizations and UN agencies, including the UN refugee agency (the UNHCR), extracted on a massive scale sexual favors from African children between 12 and 18 years of age in direct exchange for humanitarian aid and food packages in refugee camps in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea. The allegations were based on 1,500 interviews with African children (boys and girls) and adults, stating that "sexual violence and exploitation of (West African) children appears to be extensive in the communities visited and involves actors at all levels, including United Nations staff, security forces, staff of international and national NGOs, government officials and community leaders". Maier, Karl. Into the House of the Ancestors: Inside the New Africa. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998. The author posits that a balanced understanding of African politics and society is required to see the positives and negatives of Sub-Saharan Africa. Makhubu, L.B. "Women’s Participation in Science and Technology for Development in Africa," Science Technology and Development vol. 15, no. 1-2 (1997):95-103. The author assesses the role and impact of African women in science and technology for economic development in Africa. Makhubu, L.B. "Women in Science: The Case of Africa," in Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ed.) Report. Paris: UNESCO (1996):329-333. The author important role of African women in science and technology Africa.

United Nations World Science examines the in Sub-Saharan

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

81

Makinda, Samuel M. "Democracy and Multi-Party Politics In Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 4 (1996):555-573. The author investigates multi-party politics on democratic systems in Sub-Saharan African states. Makumbe, M. "Is There a Civil Society in Africa?" International Affairs vol. 74, no. 2 (1998):305-317. The author addresses the question of whether or not there is a functioning civil society in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malan, Mark. African Capabilities for Training for Peace Operations. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies, 1997. The author discusses the historical and policy background underlying African military education, military assistance and training programs related to peacekeeping operations. Malaquais, A.V. "Diamonds are a Guerrilla’s Best Friend: The Impact of Illicit Wealth on Insurgency Strategy," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 3 (June 2001):311-325. The author analyzes the impact of diamond-generated wealth for the successful prosecution of civil wars in Africa and elsewhere. Malaquais, A.V. "U.N. Peace Operations in Lusophone Africa: Contrasting Strategies and Outcomes," Journal of Conflict Studies vol. 18, no.2 (1998):68-88. The author examines the history and contrasting operational strategies and policy outcomes of various U.N. peacekeeping/peacemaking operations in formerly Lusophone states in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mamdani, Mahmood. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996. The author addresses the impact of colonial powers' manipulation of African institutions, and negative strategic effects on post-colonial African states. Mamdani, Mahmood. "Africa: Democratic Theory and Democratic Struggles," Dissent (Summer 1992):312-318. The author addresses the role of democratic theory in explaining democratic struggles in African states. Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little Brown, 1995. The text provides an analysis of the life and times of Nelson Mandela and the rise and development of the African National Congress in the liberation of black South Africans.

82

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Maniruzzaman, Talukder. "Arms Transfers, Military Coups, and Military Rule in Developing States," Journal of Conflict Resolution vol. 36, Issue 4 (December 1992):733-756. The author investigates the impact of arms transfers on civil-military relations, with a case study on Ethiopia. Manji, Ambreena. "Land Reform in the Shadow of the State: The Implementation of New Land Laws in Sub-Saharan Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 3 (2001):327-343. The article examines the difficulties of implementing new land laws in Sub-Saharan Africa (due to unclear land reform policies, lack of political motivation to carry them out, and untrained government personnel) with a focus on Uganda, South Africa, and Tanzania. Manuh, T. "Women in Africa’s Development: Overcoming Obstacles Pushing for Progress," Africa Recovery Briefing Paper no. 8 (1998):1-16. The author investigates the historical role, political obstacles and policy impact of African women in economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Marcelle, G. Using Information Technology to Strengthen African Women's Organizations. London: Abantu for Development, 1995. The report discusses the use and applications of advanced information technology to improve both the technical functionality and political relevance of African women's organizations in Sub-Saharan African states. Marley, Anthony D. "Military Downsizing in the Developing World: Process, Problems and Possibilities," Parameters vol. 27, no. 4 (Winter 19971998):137-144. The author examines military downsizing problems and possibilities in the Third World, with a focus on Sub-Saharan African states. Marley, Anthony D. "Problems of Terminating Wars in Africa," Small Wars and Insurgencies vol. 8, no. 3 (1997):109-115. The author assesses the strategic problems associated with terminating wars and violent political conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Marrack, Goulding. "The United Nations and Conflict in Africa Since the Cold War," African Affairs vol. 98, no. 391 (April 1999):155-160. The brief article reviews the United Nation's involvement in conflict resolution activities in Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war period.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

83

Martin, Guy. "Francophone Africa in the Context of Franco-African Relations," in John W. Haberson and Donald Rothchild (cds.) Africa in World Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995. The author addresses the long history and policy consequences of France's strategic (and racist) relations with Francophone African states. Martin, Guy. "Continuity and Change in Franco-African Relations," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 1 (1995):1-20. The author examines the historical and policy principles driving France's foreign policy relations toward Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific emphasis on France's relations with its former African colonies. Martin, Guy. "African Regional Cooperation and Integration: Achievements, Problems and Prospects," in Ann Seidman and Frederick Anang (eds.) Twenty-First-Century Africa: Towards a New Vision of Self-Sustainable Development. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press (1992):69-99. The author addresses the historical origins, political problems and the qualitative achievements in African regional political cooperation and economic integration. Martin, Guy. "The Franc Zone: Underdevelopment and Dependency in Francophone Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 8, no. 1 (January 1986):205-235. The author investigates the problems of underdevelopment and dependency for Francophone Sub-Saharan African states during the cold war period. Martin, Guy. "The Historical, Economic, and Political Bases of France's African Policy," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 23, no. 2 (1985):189-208. The author examines the historical, economic and political bases of France's African Policy during the cold war period. Martin, Michael. "Corporate Interest and Military Rule," Canadian Journal of African Studies vol. 17, no. 2 (1973):267-285. The author addresses the strategic relationship between military rule and the advancement of foreign and domestic corporate interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. Martin, Phyllis and Patrick O'Meara (eds.) Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1995. The edited text provides a range of interesting essays on the past, society and culture, and economic and politics in Africa.

84

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Martin, Tony. The Pan African Connection-From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond. Dover, MA: The Majority Press, 1983. The author assesses the historical origins, the ideology and political significance of Pan Africanism from the slavery period, the life and times of Marcus Garvey and beyond. Masolo, D. A. African Philosophy in Search of Identity. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University and the International African Institute, 1994. The author examines the history of and the power context of knowledge creation in African Philosophy in terms of discourse and representation. May, Roy and Arnold Hughes. "Armies on Loan: Toward an Explanation of Transnational Military Intervention Among Black African States: 19601985," in Simon Baynham (ed.) Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. New York: St. Martin's (1986):177-202. The authors examine the empirical data on the reasons for transnational military intervention events by Sub-Saharan African states between 1960-1985. Mays, Terry M. Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002. The author addresses the many conferences and meetings (between 1979-1981) between Nigeria, the United States and France and the Organization of African Unity in assessing possible peacekeeping policies, as well as the concrete program dynamics of the OAU peacekeeping mission in Chad between 1981-1982. Mazrui, Ali. A. "The New Dynamics of Security: The United Nations and Africa," World Policy Journal vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1996):37-42. The author assesses the post-cold war security environment and its political effects on Sub-Saharan Africa's strategic leverage in the United Nations Mazrui, Ali A. "Africa in Search of Self-Pacification," African Affairs vol. 93 (1994):39-42. The author briefly examines political self-pacification activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mazrui, Ali. "The Black Women and the Problem of Gender: An African Perspective," Research in African Literatures vol. 24, no. 1 (1993):87-104. The author provides an informed African perspective on the historical and policy dynamics associated with the black woman and gender politics. Mazrui, Ali A. "Africa's Nuclear Future," Survival (March-April 1980). The author suggests that Africa set up a 'continental nuclear consortium' for the

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

85

purpose of developing a 'small nuclear capability' to deal with the South African nuclear threat and that posed by the nuclear weapons states. Mazrui, Ali A. The African Condition: A Political Diagnosis. London: Cambridge University Press, 1980. The author contends that Africa must develop nuclear weapons capabilities to participate in global affairs, preventing the interference of the nuclear powers in the continent's life. Mazrui, Ali A. Africa's International Relations: The Diplomacy of Dependency and Change. London: Heinemann, 1977. The author addresses the central issues of state dependency and political change in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mazrui, Ali A. and Darryl Thomas. "Africa's Post-Cold War Demilitarization: Domestic and Global Causes," Journal of International Affairs vol. 46, Issue 1 (Summer 1992):157-175. The authors assess the difficult internal demilitarization dynamics engulfing African states and arms import trends and their impact on Sub-Saharan Africa’s insecurity dilemma. Mbaku, John Mukum (ed.) Corruption and The Crisis of Institutional Reform in Africa. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1998. The edited book explores the complex difficulties of managing endemic structural corruption and its institutional and political dynamics in Sub-Saharan Africa, either by ruling African civilian and military personnel who profit in public or by Americans and Europeans who profit in the background. M' Bayo, Ritchard Tamba, Chuka Onwumechilli, and R. Nwafo Nwanko (eds.) Press and Politics in Africa. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 2000. The edited book examines communication and public policy related to understanding relationship between press activities and implementation and outcome(s) of government policies, as well as understanding African politics through the African press. McAlesse, Dermotet et al (eds.) Africa and the European Community After 1992. Washington DC: World Bank, 1993. The edited report examines Africa's mixed relations with the European Community. McBride, D. (ed.) Crosscurrents: African-Americans, Africa and Germany. Rochester, New York: Rochester University Press, 1998. The edited text investigates relations between African-Americans, Africa and Germany.

86

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

McCann, James C. Green Land, Brown Land, Black Land: An Environmental History of Africa, 1800-1990. Oxford: James Currey, 1999. The author provides an interesting and provocative history on the severe environmental damage occurring throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and its extremely negative policy consequences for the long-term environmental health of the continent. McCarthy-Arnolds, Eileen et al. (eds.) Africa, Human Rights and the Global System: The Political Economy of Human Rights in a Changing World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994. The edited text examines a diverse range of political economic perspectives on complex human rights issues related to Sub-Saharan Africa within the strategic context of the international system. McFadden, Patricia. "Challenges and Prospects for the African Women's Movement in the 21 st Century," Southern African Political and Economic Monthly vol. 10, no. 10 (1997):25-28. The author evaluates the major policy issues and prospects that the African Women's Movement will face in the 21 st century. McGowan, Patrick. "The Patterns of African Diplomacy: A Quantitative Comparison," Journal of African and Asian Studies vol. 4 (July 1969):202221. The author analyzes the comparative implications of quantitative data on the historical patterns of African diplomacy and diplomatic representation. McGowan, Patrick and Thomas H. Johnson. "Sixty Coups in Thirty Years: Further Evidence Regarding African Military Coups d'Etat," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 24, no. 3 (1986):539-546. The authors provide empirical evidence on the negative impact and influence of African military coups on state structure and national civil leadership. McGowan, Patrick and Thomas H. Johnson. "African Military Coups d'Etat and Underdevelopment: A Quantitative Historical Analysis," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 22, no. 4 (1984):633-666. The authors provide a quantitative historical assessment of the strong relationship between African military coups and economic underdevelopment in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

87

McKay, Vernon. African Diplomacy: Studies in the Determinants of Foreign Policy. New York: Praeger, 1961. The author investigates African diplomacy and foreign policy dynamics in the context of the cold war competition between the two superpowers. McNamara, Francis Terry. France in Black Africa. Washington DC: National Defense University, 1989. The author provides an excellent overview of France's historical role in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a strategic emphasis on how 'big brother' France leverages its political, economic, military, intelligence and cultural capabilities to maximize its strategic interests in its former African colonies. McNeil Jr., Donald G. "New Drug for Malaria Pits U.S. Against Africa," New York Times (May 28, 2002):D6. The brief article examines the strong U.S. resistance in positively responding to Sub-Saharan African states’ collective request to use the effective Chinese anti-malaria drug, artemisinin, to reverse the great malaria pandemic that kills over 2000 African children daily, and crippling the lives of tens of thousands of Africans throughout the beleaguered continent. Melber, Henning. The New African Initiative and the African Union: A Preliminary Assessment and Documentation (Current African Issues No. 25). Somerset, NJ: Transaction Press, 2002. The author evaluates the transition from the Organization of African Union to the African Union, and the new policy commitment of African leaders to both developing and implementing political and economic change (in light of the New Africa Initiative and the Constitutive Act of the African Union) on the continent. Mellon, John N., Christopher L. Delgado, and Malcolm J. Blackie. Accelerating Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press, 1987. The authors discuss prospects for increasing and diversifying food production and increasing food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Menkhaus, Ken. "Children of War," New Routes vol. 4, no. 4 (1999):4-7. The brief article examines the political and social impact of African civil wars on those doing the actual fighting, drug-filled, brutalized by adults and brainwashed child-soldiers of both genders.

88

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Mesa-Lago, Carmelo and June S. Beikin (eds.) Cuba in Africa. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1982. The edited text addresses Cuban foreign political, diplomatic, military and health policies toward Sub-Saharan Africa states during the cold war. Messner, F. "Generating Employment and Protecting the Environment in SubSaharan Africa: Conflicting Objectives," African Development Perspectives Yearbook no. 4 (1994-5):379-386. The author evaluates the political and economic difficulties of meaningful job-creation and protecting the fragile environment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Metz, Steven. "A Strategic Approach to African Security: Challenges and Prospects," African Security Review vol. 9, no. 2 (2000). The author posits that novel strategic approaches to understanding the problems and opportunities for peace and stability in Sub-Saharan Africa must be developed to deal with regional-wide conflicts and civil wars. Mijere, Nsolo J. (ed.) African Refugees and Human Rights in Host Countries: The Long-term Demographic, Environmental, Economic, Social and Psychological Impacts of Angolan Refugees in Zambia. New York: Vantage Press, 1995. The authors investigates the complex and knotty problem of African refugees fleeing civil wars and political conflict and living in poor African host countries with no human or civil rights, with a case study analysis of Angolan refugees in Zambia. Mikell, G. African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997. The author examines the historical development, policy dynamics and material contributions of African feminist thought and practices in post-cold war Sub-Saharan Africa. Milan, Visley. "The Business of Conflict: Like Two Sides of an Unholy Alliance, Civil War and Humanitarian Aid Feed off Each Other," African Business (December 1998):19-21. The brief article reviews the indirect role of international aid organizations play in fueling military conflicts that make their humanitarian presence in Sub-Saharan Africa necessary. Miller, Norman (ed.) AIDS In Africa: The Social and Policy Impact. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1989. An important edited text on the social and policy implications of the AIDS pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, including

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

89

discussions of education, issues of management, social policy, epidemiology, ecological and historical impact and consequences of the HIV and AIDS pandemic(s). Mills, Greg. "After the Cold War: Political and Security Trends in Africa," Africa Insight no. 24 (1994). The author discusses the political and security problems facing Sub-Saharan African states at the end of the Cold War. Minnis, J.R. "Adult Education and the African State in the Post Cold War Era," Convergence vol. 26, no. 2 (1993):11-18. The author evaluates the strategic importance of adult education in the training of urban and rural African men and women in strengthening the foundation of the African state and its institutions in the post cold war period. Minter, William. "America and Africa: Beyond the Double Standard," Current History vol. 99, no. 637 (May 1996):200-210. The author contends that U.S. post-cold war foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa retains a hardedged cold war ideological dynamic that has resulted in the United States continuing to heavily exploit the continent's weaknesses while offering no meaningful economic, trade or financial assistance. Miskel, James F. "Some Lessons about Humanitarian Intervention," The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance (May 20, 2000). The author outlines lessons learned from recent humanitarian interventions in the Third World. http://www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b006.htm. Miskel, James F. "Are We Learning the Right Lessons from Africa's Humanitarian Crisis?" Naval War College Review vol. LII, no. 3 (Summer 1999):136-147. The author examines whether or not the international community has learned the right lessons concerning the occurrence and development of grave humanitarian crisis such as Rwanda, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and other states in Sub-Saharan Africa not to repeat the same mistakes in policy response of non-response. Miskel, James F. and Richard J. North. "Humanitarian Early Warning Systems," Global Governance vol. 4, no. 3 (July-September 1998):317-329. The authors discuss the theory and prospects for humanitarian early warning systems given the rise in grave humanitarian crisis in the Third World.

90

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Misser, Francois. "Ebola: The Military Connection," New African (1996):12-14. The brief article reviews a German TV documentary suggesting that the deadly Ebola virus strain(s), which killed over 200 Congolese people in 1995, was an integral part of continuing advanced biological and genetic engineering warfare experiments by the United States, the Western powers and their militaries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mkandawire, Thandika and Adebayo Olukoshi (eds.) Between Liberalization and Oppression: The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA, 1995. The edited text addresses the historical role and mixed policy impact of the World Bank's structural adjustment policy on African economies and the consequences for African peoples. Mohamed, Salih M.A. "The Europeanization of War in Africa: From Traditional to Modern Warfare," Current Research on Peace and Violence vol. 7, no. 1 (1989):27-37. The author investigates the impact of European military theory and practices on how African states conduct modern warfare. Mohammed, N.A.L. "Military Absorption of Skilled Labor in Africa and the Prospects of Conversion," African Development Perspectives Yearbook, no. 5 (1996):487-508. The author examines the military absorption of skilled labor and prospects of defense conversion in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mohammed, N.A.L. "Defense Spending and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Comments on Gyimah-Brempong," Journal of Peace Research vol. 30, no. 1 (February 1993):95-99. The author briefly evaluates the GyimahBrempong contribution to understanding the theoretical relationship between defense spending and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Mohan, Giles and Jeremy Holland. "Human Rights and Development in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 88 (June 2001):177-196. The authors investigate development and human rights practices in Africa. Monga, Celestin. The Anthropology of Anger: Civil Society and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996. The author addresses the issues of civil society and the promotion of democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa. Monga, Yvette. D. "Dollars and Lipstick: The United States through the Eyes of African Women," Africa (International African Institute) vol. 70, no. 2 (2000):192-208. The author surveys African women's perspectives on U.S.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

91

Moore, S.F. "Changing African Land Tenure: Reflections on the Incapacities of the State," European Journal of Development Research vol. 10, no. 2 (1998):221-240. The author assesses complex land tenure issues and weak states' inability to solve them in Sub-Saharan Africa. Moosa, J.M. "Refugee Problem: A Comparative Study of Africa and South Asia," Africa Quarterly vol. 36, no. 4 (1997):87-105. The author evaluates the complex and destabilizing refugee problem in Africa and South Asia. Morgan-Conteh, Earl. "The Military and Human Rights in a Post-Cold War Africa," Armed Forces and Society vol. 21, Issue 1 (Fall 1994):69-88. The author discusses the negative tension between the domination of the African military governments and advancement of political and economic democratic practice in Africa, especially in the human rights area. Morgan-Conteh, Earl. "Conflicts and Militarization in Africa: Past Trends and New Scenarios," Conflict Quarterly vol. 13, no. 1 (Winter 1993):27-44. The author addresses the spillover of wars and increased militarization trends occurring in African states engaged in civil wars and political conflicts with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the superpower competition worldwide. Morikawa, Jun. Japan and Africa: Big Business and Diplomacy. Trenton, NJ: Africa World, 1997. The author discusses the historical origins and the strategic implications of Japan's neo-mercantilist policy towards SubSaharan Africa states. Morin, Richard and Claudia Deane. "AIDS Takes Toll on African Militaries," The Washington Post (March 2003):A21. The authors examine the impact of the HIV/AIDS on African militaries as a major new security threat. Morris, S. "Misunderstanding African Politics: Corruption and the Governance Agenda," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 76 (1998):221240. The author evaluates the political tension between corruption and governance in African politics. Mortimer, Robert A. "Politics in Trans-Saharan Africa," Africa Report vol. 26, no. 3 (May-June 1981):47-52. The author outlines the foreign policies of Algeria, Libya and Morocco towards African states south of the Sahara.

92

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Mtango, E.E. "Military and Armed Attacks on Refugee Camps," in G. Loescher and L. Monahan (eds.) Refugees and International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1990):87-121. The author examines the security impact of military and armed attacks on refugee camps, with an emphasis on Africa. Mugo, B. "Filling the Policy Gaps in Women’s Economic Empowerment in Africa," in N.A. Apt, N. Agyemang-Mensah and M. Grieco. (eds.) Maintaining the Momentum of Beijing: The Contribution to African Gender NGOs. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998. The author analyzes the origins and consequences of the policy gaps in women's economic empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Munene, M., et al. (eds.) The United States and Africa: From Independence to the End of the Cold War. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1995. The edited text investigates the broad history and policy direction driving U.S.-African political, economic and security relations from independence to the end of the cold war. Murray, Jocelyn (ed.) Cultural Atlas of Africa. Oxford: Phaidon, 1981. The edited text provides strategic cultural information profiles on the many differing cultures in Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Murray, Rachel. "Preventive Conflicts in Africa: The Need for a Wider Perspective," Journal of African Law vol. 45 (2001):13-24. The author addresses the role and impact of human rights violations (additional border controls, oppression of political opposition groups and individuals, detentions and arbitrary arrests) as indicative of coming severe political conflict, as well as severe political conflicts being caused by human rights violations. Mutua, Makau wa. "The Ideology of Human Rights," Virginia Journal of International Law vol. 36 (Spring 1996):589-657. The author examines the theoretical balancing act between individual rights and the rights of the community in African political culture. Naing, S. "Women and Democracy in Africa," Courier no. 171 (1998):66-68. The brief article assesses the role and impact of African women in democratic governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

93

Nash, John. Trade Policy Reform Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: How Much Heat and How Much Light? World Bank Working Paper. Washington DC: World Bank, 1995. The author addresses the history and strategic implications of meaningful trade policy reform implementation by SubSaharan Africa states. Nathan, Laurie. "Good Governance, Security and Disarmament: The Challenge of Demilitarization in Africa," Presented at the International Conference on Leadership Challenges of Demilitarization in Africa, Arias Foundation for Peace, and Human Progress, Africa Leadership Forum, and UNDP, Arusha, July 22-24 1998. The author argues that militarization in SubSaharan Africa is essentially a product of weak states and intra-state crisis; and she suggests that demilitarization in Africa will not be achieved on a meaningful scale without addressing satisfactorily the structural causes of national crises and insecurity. http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/staff_papers. Nathan, Laurie. "Toward a Conference on Security, Development, and Cooperation in Africa," African Insight vol. 22, no. 3 (1992):212-217. The author reviews the central findings of the Kampala Document and its emphasis on the strategic role of African leaders in advancing the political and socio-economic interests of African peoples and in reversing Africa's structural decline in the post-Cold War period. Na'wesheni, Japheth, Ties Boerma, John Bennett and Dick Schapink (eds.) HIV Prevention and AIDS Care in Africa: A District Level Approach. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute, UIT Press, 1997. The authors outline prevention and care approaches to the HIV and AIDS at the district level in Sub-Saharan Africa, including analyzing defining and monitoring the epidemic, its behavioral interactions, health interventions, consequences of the epidemic, financing and sustainability issues. N'Diaye, Boubacar. The Challenge of Institutionalizing Civilian Control: Botswana, Ivory Coast, and Kenya in Comparative Perspective. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001. The author addresses the historical role and policy impact of civilian regimes in the institutionalization of civilian democratic control framed by political governmental legitimacy and strict military professionalism, with case studies on Botswana, Ivory Coast and Kenya.

94

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Ndubuike, Darlington I.I. The Struggles, Challenges and Triumphs of the African Immigrants in America. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002. The author provides a comprehensive introduction in understanding the extremely rich and dynamic African immigrant culture in the United States, with a specific focus on the Igbo ethnic group of Nigeria. Nester, William R. Japan and the Third World: Patterns, Power, Prospects. New York: St. Martin's, 1992. The author addresses Japan's political, economic and trading relations with the Third World, with case studies on Sub-Saharan Africa. Newman, James L. The Peopling of Africa: A Geographical Interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. The author provides a broad-based geographical interpretation and analysis of the peopling of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ngunyi, Mutahi. "Arms Crisis is not Inherently African," Nation Ausio, Commentary (August 13, 2001): 1-2. The author contends that the United Nations should not 'cast the arms crisis as a problem of the African continent', but it should investigate the poor enforcement of the global treaties on arms export controls by France, Belgium and China. http://www.iansa.org/news/2001/aug_01/arms_crisis.htm. Ngwane, George. Settling Disputes in Africa: Traditional Bases for Conflict Resolution. Yaounde, Cameroon: Buma Kor House Publishers, 1996. The author addresses the role and implications of conflict management and conflict resolution mechanisms in settling political disputes in Africa. Ngwane, M.G. "African Security Council as an Organ of the African Union, " Conflict Trends vol. 1 (2002):34-38. The author examines the importance of the African Security Council as a component of the African Union. Ng’weshemi, J. HIV Prevention and AIDS Care in Africa: A District Level Approach. Netherlands: Royal Tropical Institute, 1997. The author assesses HIV prevention and AIDS care in Africa at the district level approach Nikoi, G. Gender and Development: 1993 Kwame Nkrumah Lectures. Accra, Ghana: University Press, 1998. The author investigates the impact of gender and economic development issues in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

95

Nielson, Waldemar. The Great Powers and Africa. New York: Praeger, 1969. The author explores the great powers' foreign relations with Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war period. Nindi, B.C. "Gender Exploitation, Development and Agriculture Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Eastern African Research & Development no. 25 (1995): 1-15. The author investigates the historical relationship between gender exploitation of African women and economic development and agricultural transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nkrumah, Kwame. Africa Must Unite. New York: Praeger, 1963. The President of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah, posits that Sub-Saharan Africa must unite against its internal and foreign enemies whose sole purpose is to strategically weaken the continent. Nweke, G. Aforka. African Security in the Nuclear Age. Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension Publishing Company, 1985. The author examines the prospects of the Organization of African Unity developing a strong military force to secure continental security in the face of the apartheid South Africa and western strategic threats. Nweke, G. Aforka. "African Perception of Global Disarmament and Prospects for Denuclearization of the Continent," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 8, no. 1 (1982)37-59. The author assesses African perceptions of the global disarmament, nuclear weapons and environmental security, which have been traditionally viewed by African states as not ranking in importance compared to the struggle against apartheid and decolonization. Nwomonoh, Jonathan. Education and Development in Africa: A Contemporary Survey. Bethesda, MD: International Scholars Publications, 1998. The author provides a contemporary survey of the strategic importance of education and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nyangoni, Wellington. Africa in the United Nations System. East Brunswick, NJ: Associated University Press, 1985. The author discusses the historical role and political impact of the United Nations on African foreign relations, as well as exploring the significance of the Organization for African Unity in encouraging African stability and prosperity.

96

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Nyang’oro, Julius E. "Critical Notes on the Liberalization of Africa," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 33, nos. 1-2 (1996): 112-124. The author examines the critical arguments on the direction and political consequences of economic liberalization and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nyang’oro, Julius E. "Reflections on the State of Democracy and NGOs in Africa," in Larry A. Swatuk and Timothy M. Shaw (eds.) The South at the End of the Twentieth Century. London: Macmillan (1994): 130-137. The author assesses the relative effectiveness of non-governmental organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa states with political democratic structures and tendencies. Nyang’oro, Julius E. "National Security and Defense Expenditure in Africa: A Political and Economic Analysis," Africa Development vol. 17, no. 4 (1992):5-28. The author conducts a political economic analysis on the relationship between national security and defense expenditures in SubSaharan Africa. Nyerere, Julius. "Africa Today and Tomorrow," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 75 (March 1998): 149-152. The author, one of the most famous and politically astute of all the African leaders in the cold war period, provides his reasoned analysis on the political, economic and cultural futures of Sub-Saharan Africa. Nyong'o, P. Anyang' (ed.) Arms and Daggers in the Heart of Africa: Studies on Internal Conflict. Nairobi, Kenya: Academy Science Publishers, 1993. The edited text investigates relevant case studies on the origins, development and implications of destabilizing political conflicts in African states, emphasizing racial, cultural and colonial factors. Nzenza, S. "Women in Postcolonial Africa: Between African Men and Western Feminists," in P. Darby (ed.) At the Edge of International Relations: Postcolonialism, Gender and Dependency. New York: Pinter, 1997. The author addresses the role and impact of African women in national societies and national development in postcolonial Africa, and the resulting policy problems generated between concerned African men and campaigning western feminists.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

97

Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. "Decentralization and Democracy in Africa," International Review of Administrative Sciences vol. 60, no. 2 (1994):213227. The author examines decentralization and democracy in Africa. Obasanjo, Olusegun. "A Balance Sheet of the African Region and the Cold War," in Edmond Keller and Donald Rothchild (eds.) Africa in the New International Order: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996. The author assesses the strategic implications of the Kampala Document for African security and stability. Obaseki, Nosakhere O. Managing Africa’s Conflicts. New York: International Peace Academy, 1982. The author evaluates the OAU’s mediation approach to solving conflicts in Western Sahara, Chad, Namibia and Horn of Africa. Obi, Cyril. "Globalised Images of Environmental Security in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 83 (March 2000):47-62. The author discusses the problem of environmental degradation in Africa, and the difficulty of maintaining environmental security on the continent. Obijiofor, L. "Future of Communication in Africa's Development," Futures vol. 30, no. 2-3 (1998): 161-174. The author addresses communication and communication technologies in promoting Africa's future development. O’Brien, Kevin A. "Military-Advisory Groups and African Security: Privatized Peacekeeping," International Peacekeeping vol. 5, no. 3 (Autumn 1998):78105. The author examines the broad military, advisory, and technical involvement of foreign security firms in peacekeeping in African states. O'Callaghan, G. and K. Joseph. "The International Responses to the Light Weapons Crisis: Lessons for the Commonwealth," in A.F. Musah and N. Thompson (eds.) Over A Barrel: Light Weapons and Human Rights in the Commonwealth. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999. The author examines the international responses to the light weapons arms trade and the lessons learned for the member states of the British Commonwealth. Odedokun, M.O. "Dynamics of Inflation in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Foreign Inflation, Official, and Parallel Market Exchange Rates and Monetary Growth," Applied Financial Economics vol. 26, no. 5 (1998):809827. The author provides an economic assessment of foreign inflation, exchange rates and monetary growth in understanding inflation in Africa.

98

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Odetola, Olatunde. Military Regimes and Development: A Comparative Analysis of African Societies. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1982. The author provides a comparative analysis of military regimes and development in Africa. Ogallo, Laban A. Post-Impact Syndromes and Drought Response Strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, 2003. The author reviews the utilization of prediction and early warming methodologies of rainfall patterns to anticipate potential drought conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ogunbadejo, Oye. "Nuclear Non-Proliferation in Africa: The Challenge Ahead," Arms Control vol. 10, no. 1 (1989):68-86. The author discusses the political and security challenges driving the nuclear non-proliferation debate in SubSaharan Africa and the continent's movement towards denuclearization. Ogunbadejo, Oye. The International Politics of Africa's Strategic Minerals. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985. The author provides a comprehensive assessment of Sub-Saharan Africa's pursuit of nuclear weapons, its nuclear nonproliferation activities, and the importance of Africa's strategic minerals to the international political economy. Ogunbadejo, Oye. "Africa's Nuclear Capability," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 22, no. 1 (December 1984): 19-43. The article assesses the strategic implications of a potential African nuclear weapons capability for Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab world, and the great powers. Ogunsanwo, Alaba. China's Policy in Africa, 1958-1971. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974. The author investigates China's foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African states between 1958-1971. Ojo, Bamidele A. (ed.) Contemporary African Politics: A Comparative Study of Political Transition to Democratic Legitimacy. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999. The edited text examines the search for democratic legitimacy in Sub-Saharan Africa with regard to the African military, African economic development and recovery, and international relations. Okafor, Victor Oguejiofor and Sheriffdeen A. Tella. "Economic Development and the Prospect for Economic Security in Africa," in Adebayo Oyebade and Abiodun Alao (eds.) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

99

Perspectives on Security. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press (1998):17-42. The authors reviews the relationship between the current level(s) of negative economic development and prospects for very poor economic security of Sub-Saharan Africa, with the long-term threat that the selfish policies of African leaders could impair the stability of the continent. Okane, R.H.T. "Coups d'etat in Africa: A Political Economy Approach," Journal of Peace Research vol. 30, no. 3 (1993):251-270. The author applies the political economy approach towards understanding the empirical basis driving coups d' etat in Sub-Saharan Africa. Okpewho, Isidore, Carole Boyce Davies and Ali A. Mazrui (eds.) The Africa Diaspora: African Origins and New World Identities. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999. The important edited text reviews strategic and tactical issues affecting the African Diaspora, the constraints created by slavery and oppression, race, gender and image, creativity, spirituality and identity in the African and African Diaspora, and themes associated with reconnecting with Africa. Olonisakin, Funmi. Reinventing Peacekeeping in Africa: Conceptual and Legal Issues in ECOMOG Operations. Boston, MA: Kluver Law International, 2000. The author examines lessons for improving peacekeeping operations in Sub Saharan Africa by focusing on the conceptual and legal issues affecting ECOMOG operations in the Western African region. Olonisakin, Funmi. "African 'Homemade' Peacekeeping Initiatives," Armed Forces and Society vol. 23, no. 3 (Spring 1997):349-372. The author assesses the historical origins and security implications of African states' peacekeeping efforts on the continent. Olowu, Bamidele. "Redesigning African Civil Service Reform," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 1 (1999): 1-2. The brief article contends that human resources development is the key to the achievement of significant civil service reform in Sub-Saharan African states. Olsen, G.R. "Western Europe’s Relations with Africa Since the End of the Cold War," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. 2 (1997):299-319. The author examines the history and impact of Western Europe's relations with post-cold war Sub-Saharan Africa.

100

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Olusanya, Gabriel O. "Reflections on the First Twenty-Five Years of the Organization of African Unity," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 14, no. 1 (1988):67-72. The author provides an excellent summation of the first twenty five years of the Organization of African Unity. Oluwu, D. and J. Smoke. "Determinants of Success in African Local Governments: An Overview," Public Administration and Development vol. 12, no. 1 (1992): 1-17. The authors analyze the general determinants of successful African local governments. Omach, Paul. "The African Crisis Response Initiative: Domestic Politics and Convergence of National Interests," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 394 (2000):73-95. The article discusses the origins and history of U.S. assistance in logistical, training and financial support in preparing over 10,000 African troops from various African states to undertake peacekeeping and peace support operations on the continent. Oniang'o, R.K. "African Women's Strategies to Advance Household Food Security," in J. Turpin and L.A. Lorentzen (eds.) The Gendered New World Order: Militarism, Development and the Environment. New York: Routledge (1996): 163-176. The author examines potential African women's strategies to promote household food security in periods of food scarcity, famine and starvation. Onimode, B. (ed.) The IMF, the World Bank and the African Debt. 2 vols. London: Zed Books, 1989. The edited volumes address the disturbing political history and the massive policy leverage of the U.S.-sponsored International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the economic and technical management of Sub-Saharan Africa's immense debt burden, and in forcing the beleaguered continent to pay a huge payment schedule (estimated to be $15 billion per year in 2002). Onishi, Normitsu. "Out of Africa or Bust, With a Desert to Cross," New York Time (January 4, 2001):Al-A12. The author briefly chronicles the dangerous travel across deserts and jungles by desperate Africans fleeing endemic corruption, vicious dictatorships, severe economic deprivation, extreme human rights problems, and deep social instability in their home countries. Their often-time unsuccessful search for employment and a new beginning in the Middle East, Europe, and the United States is discussed.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

101

Onwumechili, Chuka. African Democratization and Military Coups. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998). The author examines the tense struggle between democratic forces and the greed-driven drive for political power by military elites in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Orme Jr., William A. "Group of 8 Pledges Billions for Africa," Los Angeles Times (June 28, 2002):A3. The brief article discussed the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), a trade-and-aid initiative advanced by leading African presidents promising democratic governance, liberalizing markets, dedication to human rights and minimizing corruption in exchange for significant western development assistance. The Group of Eight leaders promised (with the United States and Japan resisting a strong aid commitment because of their cynical view that NEPAD members cannot deliver on their commitments) in very fuzzy language to provide SubSaharan Africa with the development assistance in the future, maintaining the West's traditional strategy of promising significant development assistance (and major debt relief), but never delivering it. Osaghae, Eghosa. "Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Faltering Prospects, New Hopes," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 17, no. 1 (January 1999):5-28. The author evaluates the positive and negative prospects for democratization and democratic governance in conflict-ridden Sub-Saharan Africa. Ottaway, Marina. "Post-Imperial Africa at War," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):202-207. The article explores why post-renaissance SubSaharan Africa is involved in political and military conflict, and why the continent may remain conflict-ridden well into the 21 st century. Ottaway, Marina. Africa's New Leaders: Democracy or State Reconstruction. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. The author discusses the choices that African leaders must make to meet the challenges threatening the continent's future. Ottaway, Marina. "Africa's "New Leaders: African Solution or African Problem," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):209-213. The brief article reviews the promise or curse associated with the so-called "new leaders" of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific reference to the new leaders in Rwanda, Eritrea, and Uganda.

102

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Owoeye, Jude. Japan's Policy in Africa. Lewiston, NY: Mellen Press, 1993. The author provides an analysis of Japan's foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa; as well as assessing the evolution of Japan's economic, political, psychological and cultural relations with the continent and future prospects. Oyebade, Adebayo. "African Security and Nuclear Weapons: Past Fears and Future Relevance," in Oyebade, Adebayo and Abiodun Alao (eds.) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing Perspectives on Security. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press (1998):91-115. The author addresses the history and strategic implications of the African nuclear-weapons free zone, with a specific focus on the impact of the South African nuclear weapons program and its rollback in the 1980s on the African denuclearization movement. Oyebade, Adebayo. "The End of the Cold War in Africa: Implications for Conflict Management and Resolution," in Adebayo Oyebade and Abiodun Alao (eds.) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing Perspectives on Security. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press (1998): 143-182. The author provides a historical review of the crisis management record in Africa during the Cold War and post-Cold War periods, and the role that the UN, the OAU, ECOMOG, and other sub-regional organizations might play in conflict management and peacekeeping operations on the beleaguered continent is also discussed. The author contends that Africans in the end must solve their own military conflicts, despite the lack of logistics and other strategic capabilities. Palmer, Valarie S. and Peter S. Spencer. "Health and Epidemics in Africa: Lessons from Environmentally Triggered Paralysis," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990): 161-166. The authors address the question of how African governments can improve public health and reduce disease epidemics, by examining infection and nutrition dynamics associated with retrovirus-associated paralysis, schistosomiasis, lathyrism, and cassava toxicity events in Sub-Saharan Africa. Parkenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa: The White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876-1912. New York: Random House, 1991. The author investigate realist (and racist) political, economic and geopolitical reasons driving the imperialist scramble to takeover Sub-Saharan Africa by

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

the European states between consequences for Africa.

1876-1912,

103

and

negative

strategic

Parpart, Jane L. and Kathleen A. Staudt (eds.) Women and the State in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1989. The authors examine the difficult political struggle of African women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Patel, Preeti and Paolo Tripodi, "Challenge of Peacekeeping in Africa," Contemporary Review no. 279 (September 2001): 144-150. The authors analyze problems and solutions of peacekeeping in post-cold war Africa. Patman, Robert G. The Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa: The Diplomacy of Intervention and Disengagement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. The author investigates the historical role and geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa region, and its political and military intervention and disengagement from the unstable region. Pateman, Roy. "Intelligence Agencies in Africa: A Preliminary Assessment," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 4 (1992):569-586. The author provides a classic assessment of the history, functions and operations of African intelligence agencies and security services in Africa, one of the weakest areas of empirical and historical research in both the African studies literature and the intelligence studies literature. Paterson, Chris A. "Reform or Re-colonisation? The Overhaul of African Television," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (December 1998):571-584. The author examines the movement to reform African television programming, and the potential effects of the reform in re-colonizing African television viewers in the long-run. Peltzer K. "Counseling and Rehabilitation of Victims of Human Rights Violations in Africa," Psychopathologie Africaine vol. 28, no. 1 (199798):55-87. The author assesses the history and implications of various levels of counseling and rehabilitation services for human rights victims in Africa. Peters, Joel. Israel and Africa: The Problematic Relationship. New York: St. Martin's, 1992. The author addresses the historical origins and the strategic consequences of Israel's foreign political, economic and security predominance over weak Sub-Saharan Africa states during the cold war period.

104

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Pfister, Roger. Internet for Africanists and Others Interested in Africa: An Introduction to the Internet and a Comprehensive Compilation of Relevant Addresses. Bern and Basil: Swiss Society of African Studies and Basier Afrika Bibliographien, 1996. An extremely important compilation of information-rich and highly useful African web sites and relevant global Internet addresses on Sub-Saharan Africa. Pheko, M. "Women in the Global Market: Trade through African Women's Eyes," Development vol. 41, no. 4 (1998):68-69. The brief article outlines differing African women's perspectives on trade and trading in Sub-Saharan Africa. Picard, L.A. and M. Garrity (eds.) Policy Reform for Sustainable Development in Africa: The Institutional Imperative. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1994. The edited text examines various institutional policy reform models for sustainable and manageable sustainable economic development in SubSaharan Africa. Pison, G., E van de Walle, and M. Sala-Diakanda (eds.) Mortality and Society in Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. The edited text investigates childhood and adult mortality trends and their strategic impact on societies in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as general health profile on the beleaguered continent. Plummer, Brenda Gayle. Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. The author addresses the historical origins and policy importance of African Americans involvement in the formulation and implementation of U.S. foreign policy between 1935-1960, with a central emphasis on SubSaharan Africa. Prendergast, John. Frontline Diplomacy: Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1996. The author investigates the historical problems and policy complexities of international humanitarian assistance in post-conflict weakened African states. Prosser, Gilford and William Roger Louis (eds.) France and Britain in Africa. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 1971. The edited text evaluates France's and Britain's foreign relations with Sub-Saharan African states since the end of World War II.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

105

Puplampu, Korba P. and Wisdom J. Tettey. "State-NGO Relations in the Era of Globalization: The Implications for Agricultural Development in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 84 (June 2000):251-272. The authors address state-NGO relations in the strategic areas of improving agricultural development and productivity to critically increase Sub-Saharan Africa's food security. Quashigah, Kofi. "The Role of Africa in Arms Control and Disarmament," African Journal of International and Comparative Law vol. 11 (1999):6785. The author argues that since the early 1960s, African states have perceived nuclear weapons as one of the major security threats to the continent's stability and order; and they have played important roles in global and regional disarmament and arms control conferences at the United Nations and other multilateral flora. Ramamurthi, T.G. "Foundation of India's Africa Policy," Africa Quarterly vol. 37, no. 1-2 (1997):27-41. The author assesses the strategic foundation of India's Sub-Saharan Africa policy in the post-cold war period. Ramchandani, R.R. "India-Africa Economic and Technical Cooperation 19471997: An Assessment," African Quarterly vol. 37, no. 1-2 (1997):77-122. The author addresses India-Africa economic and technical cooperation between 1947-1997. Rathgeber, Eva M. and Edith Ofwona Adera (eds.) Gender and the Information Revolution in Africa. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 2000. The edited text evaluates "ways to make policies on information and communication technologies (ICTs) relevant to African women, building women's capacity to use ICTs, ICTs as instruments for democratization, and the impact of ICTs on women's work". Rathgeber, Eva M. "Integrating Gender into Environmental Education in Africa," Canadian Journal of Development Studies, Special Issue (1995):89-103. The author examines the prospects for integrating gender and women participation in environmental education programming throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Reanda, Laura. "Prostitution as a Human Rights Problem, Problems and Prospects of United Nations Action," Human Rights Quarterly vol. 13 (1991):209-211. The author briefly reviews the global prostitution as a

106

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

major human rights problem (especially in the Third World including the Caribbean region and Sub-Saharan Africa) and the role and influence of the United Nations in addressing the issue. Reardon, T. "Using Evidence of Household Income Diversification to Inform Study of the Rural Non-Farm Labor Market in Africa," World Development vol. 25, no. 5 (1997):735-747. The author investigates the operations of the rural non-farm labor market using household income diversification data in Sub-Saharan Africa. Reardon, T., E. Crawford, and V. Kelly. "Links Between Non-Farm Income and Farm Investments in African Households: Adding the Capital Market Perspective," American Journal of Agricultural Economics vol. 76, no. 5 (1994): 1172-1176. The authors assess empirical linkages between non-farm income and farm investments in Sub-Saharan Africa. Reno, William. "Clandestine Economies, Violence and States in Africa," Journal of International Affairs vol. 53, no. 2 (Spring 2000):433-459. The author posits that the clandestine economies in Sub-Saharan Africa help to extend legitimate and illegitimate political authority in unstable areas. Reno, William. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999. The author examines the devastating phenomenon of warlords and warlordism on the peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa and their implications for increasing instability on the continent. Reno, William. "African Weak States and Commercial Alliances," African Affairs vol. 96, no. 383 (1997):165-186. The author evaluates the relationship between weak states in Africa and the commercial alliances they have forged to underwrite their fragile national economic existences. Renou, X. "A New French Policy for Africa?" Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 20, no. 1 (January 2002):5-23. The author investigates recent changes in French foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. "Revitalizing Universities in Africa, Strategy and Guidelines: The Partnership for Capacity Building in Africa," South African Journal of Higher Education vol. 12, no. 1 (1998):5-19. The report provides analysis and recommendations for the structural revitalizing of African universities with the goal of building national capacity for stability and growth.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

107

Rice, Susan E. Africa at the Crossroads: The Challenge for the Future. Washington, DC: US Department of State (November 21, 2000): 1-11. An important speech given to the Kenyan Parliament by Susan E. Rice, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs. It outlines the outgoing Clinton administration's policy perspectives on both the promise and prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa, and what US enduring interests remain on the continent. Richards, Paul B. (ed.) Warlords in International Relations. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. The edited text addresses the destabilizing warlord phenomenon in international relations, with a case study on Sub-Saharan Africa as a major geographical conflict area, with specific analysis on the tragedies of Rwanda and Somalia. Richards, Y. "African and African American Labor Leaders in the Struggle Over International Affiliation," International Journal of African Historical Studies," vol. 30, no. 2 (1998):301-334. The author examines the interesting and important history of political relations between African and African American labor leaders in dealing with and negotiating the international affiliation problem. Riddell, Roger. "The End of Foreign Aid to Africa? Concerns about Donor Policies," African Affairs Vol. 98 (1999):309-335. The article assesses the importance of foreign aid to Sub Saharan Africa, and the historical reduction in foreign aid flows by the great powers to the continent. Rigby, Andrew. Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. The author addresses the origins and implications of severe state terrorism against citizens and how the citizens and the nation itself deals with the political, moral and ethical aftermath of such brutal regimes, with interesting case studies including one on justice and reconciliation dynamics in a post-apartheid South Africa. Riley, Stephen P. "The Political Economy of Anti-Corruption Strategies in Africa," The European Journal of Development Research vol. 10, no. 1 (2000):129-159. The author examines the impact of political economy of various anti-corruption strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rimmer, Douglas and Anthony Kirk-Greene (eds.) The British Intellectual Engagement with Africa in the Twentieth Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan

108

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Press, 2000. The edited text explores variations in the modalities of Britain's intellectual engagement and relations with Sub-Saharan Africa, and its strategic implications for the political economy of the continent. Rivlin, Benjamin (ed.) Ralph Bunche: The Man and His Times. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1990. The edited text assesses the life and times of Dr. Ralph Bunche and his peace contributions to the Middle East and Africa. Roberts, Andrew. "The Imperial Mind," in Andrew Roberts (ed.) The Colonial Movement in Africa: Essays on the Movement of Minds and Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1990):24-76. The author outlines the imperial mind sets of Great Britain (the white man's burden doctrine), France (the civilizing mission doctrine), Belgium (the King Leopold doctrine), and of the other European colonizers, and their extreme reliance on racism and pathological prejudice to justify the systematic colonialization, exploitation, murder, rape, miseducation, and crippling of millions of African men, women and children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Robins, Melinda B. and Robert L. Hilliard (eds.) Beyond Boundaries: Cyperspace in Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. The edited text addresses the prospects of advanced Internet technology improving communal relations among and between African states and their peoples, with the active utilization of cyberspace technology reducing geographical, social, cultural, political and economic barriers. Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1982. The famous author examines the historical origins and the policy dynamics of Europe's underdevelopment of Sub-Sahara Africa, and the consequences of the underdevelopment process for Africans. Roger, Ben F. "W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, and Pan Africa," Journal of Negro History vol. 40 (April 1955): 154-165. The author evaluates the intellectual contributions of WEB DuBois and Marcus Garvey to the theory and practice of global Pan Africanism. Rogge, J. and J. Akol. "Repatriation: Its Role in Resolving Africa's Refugee Dilemma," International Migration Review vol. 23, no. 2 (1989):184-200. The authors address the role of repatriation in the political (and practical) resolution of Sub-Saharan Africa's long-standing and complex refugee dilemma.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

109

Ros, Enrique. "Cubanos en Africa," in Cubanos Combatientes: Peliando en Distintos Frentes. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal (1998):80-101. The author investigates the political situation in the Congo between 1960-1964, the revolutionary relationship between Cuba and the Congo, and the relations that President Castro had with the revolutionary movement in the Congo. Ros, Enrique. "Guevara en el Congo," in Cubanos Combatientes: Peliando en Distintos Frentes. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal (1998):102-104. The author provides a brief history on the role and impact of Che Guevara and Cuba in political, ideological and military developments in the Congo. Rosander, Eva Evers and David Westerlund (eds.) African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters Between Sufis and Islamists. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1997. This important edited text addresses the history and dynamics of intra-Muslim relations in Sub-Saharan Africa with critical case studies on prominent African Islamic and Arab Islamic leaders in Cameroon, Senegal and Tanzania, Egypt, Sudan, and the Maghrib, and political and religious studies on Islamic traditions on the continent. Rosberg, Carl and Robert H. Jackson. Personal Rule in Black Africa. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1980. The authors examine the origins and the politics of personal rule in Africa during the cold war period. Rotberg, Robert I. (ed.) State Failure and State Weakness in Time of Terror. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. The author examines the etiology of state failure with case studies on Somalia and Sierra Leone. Rotberg, Robert I. (ed.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Convention. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. The edited text reviews African conflict prevention and peace enforcement methods, as well as the utility of elite African forces in peacekeeping and peace enforcement activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rotberg, Robert I. "Peacekeeping and the Effective Prevention of War," in Robert I. Rotberg, Ericka A. Albaugh, Happyton Bonyongwe, Christopher Clapham, Jeffrey Herbst and Steven Metz (eds.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Prevention. Cambridge, MA and Washington D.C.: The World Peace Foundation and the Brookings Institution Press (2000): 1-15. The author examines past UN peacekeeping

110

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

actions in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the various remediation efforts to improve UN performance. Rotberg, Robert I. and Thomas G. Weiss (eds.) From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy and Humanitarian Crises. Washington DC: Brookings, 1996. The edited text addresses the role and impact of the western media in global humanitarian crises related to massacres and genocide events. Rothchild, Donald. Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. Washington DC: Brookings, 1997. The author addresses the problem of managing difficult and complex ethnic conflicts and encouraging ethnic cooperation in Sub-Saharan Africa with case studies. Rothchild, Donald. "Ethnic Bargaining and State Breakdown in Africa," in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics vol. 1, no. 1 (1995):54-72. The author evaluates the history and the processes of ethnic bargaining during state breakdown events in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rothchild, Donald. "On Implementing Africa's Peace Accords: From Defection to Cooperation," Africa Today vol. 42, nos. 1-2 (1995):8-38. The author examines the complex problems of implementing peace accords in SubSaharan Africa among contending negotiating actors committed to a range of gaming options, from defection to cooperation. Rothchild, Donald. (ed.) Africa in World Politics: Post-Cold War Challenges. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. The edited text analyzes various perspectives on Sub-Saharan Africa's role, participation and impact on postcold war global politics. Rouvez, Alain, Michael Coco and Jean-Paul Paddack (eds.) Disconsolate Empires: French, British, and Belgium Military Involvement in PostColonial Sub-Saharan Africa. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1994. The edited text addresses the historical origins and policy significance of French, British and Belgium military intervention in their respective former Sub-Saharan African colonies to protect their economic and financial interests.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

111

Rubin, Barnett R. (ed.) Cases and Strategies for Preventive Action. New York: Century Foundation Press, 1998. The edited text investigates the prevention of ethnic political violence and the encouragement of conflict management, with cases studies on Sub-Saharan Africa states such as Burundi and Nigeria. Rubin, E. "An Army of One's Own: In Africa, Nations Hire a Corporation to Wage War," Harper's Magazine (February 1997):44-55. The author examines the increasing utilization of private security and mercenary multinationals by morally bankrupt leaders of Sub-Saharan African states to fight their regional or domestic wars. Ruggie, John. "The United Nations and the Collective Use of Force: Whither or Whether," International Peacekeeping vol. 3, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 1-20. The debate on whether or not the United Nation should use military force to advance its global and regional peacekeeping activities is outlined. Rwomire, Apollo. "Education and Development: African Perspectives," Prospects vol. 22, no. 2 (1992):227-239. The author provides a critical assessment of African views on the strategic relationship between education and economic development. Saadia, Touval. "The Organization of African Unity and African Borders," International Organization vol. 21, no. 1 (Winter 1967):102-127. The author investigates the political controversies of pre-independence and postindependence issues on colonial border demarcations, with case studies on the land conflicts between Ghana and Upper Volta, between Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia, and between Morocco and Algeria. SADC Newsletter. "The Prevention and Eradication of Violence Against Women and Children," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 81 (September 1999):415-416. The brief article addresses the strategic issue of stopping all forms of state and non-state violence against African women and children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Salim, Salim A. "Searching for Solutions to Internal Conflicts: The Role of the OAU," in Dent Ocaya-Lakidi (eds.) Africa's Internal Conflicts: The Search for Response, an International Peace Academy Report New York: International Peace Academy, 1992. The article outlines how in 1992 former African presidents created a Council of Elders to push the African

112

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Leadership Forum's goals of stability, security, peace and democracy throughout Africa. Salim, Salim A. "Preventive Diplomacy Among African States," Disarmament vol. 13, no. 3 (1990): 174-189. The article summarizes the despair of the African peoples caused by the extremely dysfunctional African governance on the continent, and the long-term threat this deteriorating situation has for African security and stability. Sanders, J.H., B.I. Shapiro and S. Ramaswamy. "A Strategy for Technology Development for Semi-Arid Sub-Saharan Africa," Outlook on Agriculture vol. 27, no. 3 (1998): 157-161. The authors provide an interesting strategy for technology development for the semi-arid and arid areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sato, M. Some Characteristics of the Japanese Africa Policy in the 1990s. Leipzig: Institut Fur Afrikanistik, 1997. The author evaluates some of the most prominent characteristics of Japan's Sub-Saharan African policy in the 1990s. Savvides, A. "Inflation and Monetary Policy in Selected West and Central African Countries," World Development vol. 26, no. 5 (1998):809-827. The author evaluates monetary and inflation policy statistics and trends in West and Central African states. Sayigh, Yezid. "Confronting the 1990s: Security in the Developing Countries," Adephi Papers no. 251 (1990): 1-76. The article discusses the central security issues and problems faced by the developing world and African states in particular with regard to the post-cold war international security environment. Schemo, Diana Dean. "Education Suffers in Africa as AIDS Ravages Teachers," New York Times (May 8, 2002): A10. The brief article sadly reports that the "accelerating death rate of AIDS/HIV-infected African teachers, their higher rate of absenteeism because of AIDS/HIV and teachers' caring for their family members with AIDS/HIV (Zambia, teacher deaths doubled to 1300 in 1998 from 680 in 1996; and in the Central African Republic, 85% of the 340 teachers who died between 1996-1998 had HIV were forced to leave the classroom ten years before their retirement), that the international goal to enroll all African children in secondary schools throughout Sub-

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

113

Saharan Africa cannot be met. In addition, AIDS-HIV is emptying the classroom of African children at an even more alarming rate (where 10.5 million African children under fifteen have lost their mother or both parents to AIDS, reaching 35 million by 2010)." The long-term educational implications for Sub-Saharan Africa from the AIDS/HIV pandemic arc haunting; and with the lack of sustained technical and financial support from the resource-rich great powers and the international community to fight AIDS/HIV on the continent indicates strategic moral decline. Schraeder, Peter J. "Japan's Quest for Influence in Africa," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):232-234. The article discusses Japan’s post-cold war policy of increasing its strategic economic and political presence and investment levels in Sub-Saharan Africa. Schraeder, Peter J. "France and the Great Game in Africa," Current History vol. 96, no. 610 (May 1997):206-211. The author addresses France's foreign political, economic and security policy towards Sub-Saharan African states, especially the former Francophone African states. Schraeder, Peter J. "Trends in the United States Africa Policies After the End of the Cold War," Journal of the Third World Spectrum vol. 1, no. 2 (1994): 116. The author assesses American foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African states in the post-cold war period. Schulz, Brigitte and William Hansen. "Aid or Imperialism? West Germany in Sub-Saharan Africa," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 22, no. 2 (1984):287-313. The authors investigates West Germany's foreign political and economic policy towards Sub-Saharan African states during the cold war, with an emphasis on the exploitative content of West Germany's African relations. Scwab, Peter. Africa: A Continent Self-Destructs. New York: Macmillan, 2002. The author examines the general state of malaise in Sub-Saharan Africa and that the United States should assist South Africa and other African states pursuing democracy. At the same time, the author suggests that African solutions to African political, economic and social problems should be promoted. Seddon, D. "Japanese Aid and Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71. (1997): 153-156. The author evaluates the history and

114

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

significance of Japan's developmental economic assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa. Segal, Aaron. "Spain and Africa: The Continuing Problem of Ceuta and Melilla," in Colin Legum and Marion E. Doro (eds.) Africa, Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents, 1987-1988 vol. 20. New York: Africana (1989):A71-A77. The author addresses Spain's foreign political and economic relations with Sub-Saharan Africa and the Ceuta and Melilla territorial dispute. Segal, Ronald. Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001. The author provides a historical analysis of the Arabs' enslavement of over ten million black Africans at the height of the Arab/Muslim civilization; as well as outlining the modern day enslavement of black Africans in Mauritania, the Sudan, and in other parts of the Arab world. Segell, Glen. "Warlordism and Drug Trafficking: From Southeast Asia to SubSaharan Africa," in Paul B. Rich (ed.) Warlords in International Relations. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press (1999):38-51. The author addresses the very devastating and corrupting drug problem and the powerful drug warlords in Sub-Saharan Africa (and in Southeast Asia) who control the production, marketing, and distribution of cocaine, heroin, marijuana and other dangerous drugs to the African elite classes, middle classes and ordinary Africans in the urban and rural areas with the collaboration of corrupted centers of power. Seitz, S.T. "The Military in Black Africa Politics," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 26, no.2 (April 1991):61-75. The author investigates the destabilizing role and negative consequences of the military on democratic governance in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Serageldian, Ismail and June Tabaroff (eds.) Culture and Development in Africa. Washington D.C.: World Bank, 1994. The edited text examines complex issues of culture and development as they relate to political conflict and conflict management in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Sertima, Ivan Van. Early America Revisited. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998. The author provides historical evidence of a widespread

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

115

African civilization presence and influence in the Americas, predating the European 'discoveries' by Columbus and other white explorers. Sertima, Ivan Van. Egypt: Child of Africa. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1995. The author assesses the illustrious history and the great material accomplishments of the ancient African civilization, Egypt or Kemet. Sertima, Ivan Van. African Presence in Early Europe. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994. The author examines the early African presence throughout Europe, with a focus on the significant African contribution to early European politics, culture, economics, warfare, religion, and art. Sertima, Ivan Van. The Golden Age of the Moor: Light of Europe's Dark Age. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1991. The author addresses the glorious history and the positive impact of the African Moorish civilization in Spain on a backward Europe, caught in its very turbulent Dark Age. Sertima, Ivan Van. African Presence in Early America. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1987. The author explores the early African presence in the Americas, including Central America and South America, with a central focus on the African Olmec civilization and other African civilizations' influence on the great Indian civilizations in the New World. Sertima, Ivan Van and Runoko Rashidi (eds.) African Presence in Early Asia, Revised and Enlarged. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1987. The edited text reviews the early African presence throughout Asia, focusing on the significant African contribution to early Asian civilizations' politics, culture, economics, warfare, religion, and art. Sesay, Amadu (ed.) Africa and Europe: From Partition to Interdependence Or Dependence? London: Croom Helm, 1986. The edited text addresses the historical development and policy relations between Sub-Saharan African states and western European states from partition period to the post-colonial period. Sesay, Amadu and Abiodun Alao. "Democracy and Security in Africa: The Changing Nature of a Linkage," in Oyebade, Adebayo and Abiodun Alao (eds.,) Africa After the Cold War: The Changing Perspectives on Security.

116

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press (1998):43-62. The authors contend that the promotion of enduring democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa will demand economic recovery, resolution of existing ethnic conflicts, reduction of state control over resources, general tolerance of citizens from the government in power, and provisions to meet the basic human needs of citizens. Sesay, Amadu, Olusola Ojo, and Orobola Fasehun. The OAU After Twenty Years. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984. The authors outline the political history and activities of the Organization of African Unity since the 1960s and the broad accomplishments and great failures of the venerable continental-wide organization. Shaw, Timothy M. "The South in the New World ‘(Dis) Order’: Towards a Political Economy of Third World Foreign Policy in the 1990s," Third World Quarterly vol. 15, no. 1 (March 1994): 17-31. The author investigates the formidable challenges facing the Third World's political economy position towards the West. Shaw, Timothy M. "Popular Participation in Non-Governmental Structures in Africa: Implications for Democratic Development," Africa Today vol. 37, no. 3 (1990):5-22. The author addresses population participation events in non-governmental structures and its influence on the promotion of democratic development in Sub-Saharan African states. Shaw, Timothy M. "From Dependence to Self-Reliance: Africa’s Prospects for the Next Twenty Years," International Journal vol. 35, no. 4 (Autumn 1980):821-844. The author assesses whether or not African states can move from dependency to self-reliance in their search for democratic stability. Shaw, Timothy M. "Regional Co-operation and Conflict in Africa," International Journal vol. 30, no. 4 (Autumn 1975):671-688. The author explores prospects for regional cooperation to reduce conflict in Africa. Shaw, Timothy M., Sandra J. MacLean, and Katie Orr. "Peace-Building and African Organizations: Towards Subcontracting or a New and Sustainable Division of Labour," in Klass van Walraven (ed.) Early Warning and Conflict Prevention: Limitations and Possibilities. Boston, MA: Kluwer Law International (1998): 149-162. The strategic role that African official and non-governmental organizations play in both building and maintaining peace-building coalitions is rigorously discussed.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

117

Shell-Duncan, Bettina and Y. Hernlund (eds.) Female Circumcision in Africa: Culture, Controversy and Change. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. The edited text investigates the complexity of female circumcision in Africa, the grave health and mutilations risks of the circumcision procedure(s), as well as its negative influence on the political status of African women. Shiji, Issa G. The Concept of Human Rights in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA, 1989. The author examines the historical origins and policy consequences of human rights theory and practice in Sub-Saharan Africa. Shisanya, C.R.A. "Africa's Food Crisis: A Theological Reflection on Strategies for a Healthier Africa," Journal of Eastern African Research and Development no. 25 (1995):51-63. The author addresses the problem of food security and agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa states. Showers, Kate B. "Water Scarcity and Urban Africa: An Overview of UrbanRural Water Linkages," World Development vol. 30 (April 2002):621-648. The author provides a broad overview of important urban and rural water issues impacting Sub-Saharan Africa, given increasing water insecurity, sustained drought periods, and global climate change. Siddiqui, R.A. Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s: Challenges to Democracy and Development. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. The author analyzes the health of democracy and development in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. Siddiqui, R.A. (ed.) Sub-Saharan Africa: A Subcontinent in Transition. Brookfield VT. Ashgate, 1993. The edited text investigates the strategic problems that Sub-Saharan Africa faces in the post-cold war period. Sieff, M. "War Criminals: Watch Out," World Today vol. 57, no. 2 (February 2001): 18-20. The brief article discusses using international criminal law to capture and prosecute war criminals, especially in the West African region. Sims'a, Leyla El Awad. "Structural Adjustment Policies and Women in the Rural Areas of Africa," Africa Development vol. 23, no. 3/4 (1998): 135147. The impact of structural adjustment policies on rural African women reviewed.

118

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Sindima, Harvey J. Africa's Agenda: The Legacy of Liberalism and Colonialism in the Crisis of African Values. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1995. The text reviews crisis in African values created by colonialism and liberalism. Simmons, Ann M. "African Leaders Pinning Hopes on New Union," Los Angeles Times (July 9, 2002):A5. The author assesses the African Union. Singh, Dinesh. "African Studies in India," Africa Quarterly vol. 37, no. 3 (1997):51-70. The author reviews critical African Studies issues in India. Skard, Torild. Continent of Mothers, Continent of Hope. New York: Macmillan, 2003. The author assesses major problems faced by women and community organizations in Africa and the hope they inspire for the continent's future. Skinner, Eliot A. African Americans and U.S. Policy Toward Africa 1850-1924. Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1992. The author assesses the impact of African Americans on U.S. African policy between 1850-1924. Sklar, Richard L. "Ethnicity and Traditionalism in the Quest for New Democracies," Journal of African Studies vol. 17, no. 1 (Fall/Winter 19992000):7-ll. The author examines ethnicity and traditionalism on new democracies in Africa. Sklar, Richard L. "The Significance of Mixed Government in Southern African Studies: A Preliminary Assessment," in John Hyslop (ed.) Always Something New: African Democracy in the Era of Globalization. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press (1999): 115-121. The author evaluates the political significance of mixed government in Southern African studies. Sklar, Richard L. "African Politics: The Next Generation," in Richard Joseph (ed.) State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (1998): 165-177. The author provides an analysis on the nature and direction of African politics in the post-cold war period. Sklar, Richard L. "African Independence Movements: Democratic Responses to European Rule and Decolonization in Africa," in Seymour Martin Lipset (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Democracy vol. 1. Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly Books (1995):36-40. The author examines the

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

119

history and politics of African liberation movements' democratic responses to European powers' rule and decolonization policies. Sklar, Richard L. "A Perspective on Scholarship in African Studies," in Richard L. Sklar and C.S. Whitaker (ed.) African Politics and Problems in Development. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1991):3-10. The author provides an important theoretical assessment on the state and quality of academic scholarship in African Studies. Sklar, Richard L. Beyond Capitalism and Socialism in Africa," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 1 (March 1988): 1-21. The author examines development and democracy issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sklar, Richard L. "Democracy in Africa," The African Studies Review vol. 25, nos. 3/4 (September/December 1983):11-24. The author addresses the historical and political movement towards democratic governance and practice in a post-cold war Sub-Saharan Africa. Sklar, Richard L. "The Nature of Class Domination in Africa," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 17, no. 4 (December 1979):531-552. The author provides a classic theoretical analysis on the nature and implications of class domination in Sub-Saharan Africa. Smirnov, Gleb V. "Development of Food Production and Distribution in the Agrarian Sector," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990):27-32. The author examines the origins and consequences of the underdevelopment of the agricultural sector and the factors driving the non-productivity of the food production system in Sub-Saharan Africa. Smock, David R. (ed.) Making War and Waging Peace: Foreign Intervention in Africa. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993. The edited text investigates the historical origins and the strategic consequences of foreign intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Smyke, R.J. "African Brain Drain: Reality vs. Myth," African Development Perspectives Yearbook no. 4 (1994/1995):307-323. The author evaluates the African brain drain problem and its negative strategic implications for African economic development and stability.

120

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Snow, Philip. The Star Raft: China's Encounter with Africa. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988. The author examines the Peoples Republic of China's foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa states during the cold war period. Solarz, Stephen J. and Michael O'Hanlon. “Humanitarian Intervention: When is Force Justified?” Washington Quarterly vol. 20 (Autumn 1997):3-14. The authors discuss criteria for the use of US forces in foreign interventions, with case studies highlighting instances of forcible intervention by great powers in Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, and Chechnya, among others. Solomon, Hussein and Ian Leidenberg (eds.) Consolidation of Democracy in Africa: A View From the South. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, August 2000. The edited text analyzes the mixed prospects for consolidation of the democratization process and democratic practice in Sub-Saharan Africa where a legacy of neo-colonialism, economic underdevelopment, poor leadership, structural poverty, and intrastate and interstate violence prevails. Sommerville, Keith. Foreign Military Intervention in Africa. London: Pinter Publishers, 1990. The author assesses foreign military intervention actions in domestic conflicts and interstate wars in Sub Saharan Africa, with a specific emphasize on Angola, Ethiopia, Chad, Mozambique and Somalia. Sorsa, Piritta. "Sub-Saharan African Commitments to the Uruguay Round: Myth or Reality?" World Economy vol. 19, no. 3 (1996):287-306. The author evaluates the historical basis and the policy implications of Sub-Saharan Africa's commitments to the Uruguay Round in the 1990s. Spaar, Pamela (ed.) Mortgaging Women's Lives: Feminist Critiques of Structural Adjustment. London: Zed Books, 1994. The edited text addresses the negative impact of World Bank's structural adjustment policies have on the lives and life chances of Third World women, with a focus on women in Sub-Saharan Africa, and in the African Diaspora. Stainforth, Charles. "The Cuba Catspaw (Military Forces in Africa)," Army Quarterly and Defence Journal vol. 109 (January 1979):6-10. The brief article investigates the historical origins and strategic implications of Cuban military and security forces in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

121

Stamp, P. Technology, Gender, and Power in Africa. Ottawa Ontario, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 1989. The report examines the history and policy implications in the uneven interaction of technology, gender and power in African economic development (or lack of it). Staniland, Martin. American Intellectuals and African Nationalists, 1955-1970. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. The author analyzes the political, intellectual and ideological relations between American liberal (and conservative) intellectuals and African nationalists from 1955 to 1970. Stedman, Stephen John and Donald Rothchild. "Peace Operations: From Short Term to Long Term Commitment," International Peacekeeping vol. 3, no. 2 (Fall 1996): 17-35. The authors explore how time-sensitive peacekeeping operations can complicate external and regional force commitments to developing states engulfed in military conflict. Stedman, Stephan John, Donald Rothchild and Elizabeth M. Cousens (eds.) Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002. The edited text discusses implementation tasks and implementation strategies toward ending civil wars, and it provides policy relevant African case studies on Liberia and Rwanda. Stedman, Stephan John and Fred Tanner (eds.) Refugee Manipulation: War, Politics, and the Abuse of Human Suffering. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. The edited text examines ranges of coercive manipulation by armed rebel groups and international and regional actors against weak refugees. Stein, Judith. The World of Marcus Garvey. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. The author examines the life and times of Marcus Garvey and the rise of Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora and in SubSaharan Africa under his charismatic leadership. Stemmet, A. "A Future African Court for Human and Peoples’ Rights and Domestic Rights Norms," South African Yearbook of International Law no. 23 (1998):233-246. The author assesses the prospects for an African Court for Human and Peoples' Rights to deal with human and peoples' rights violations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

122

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Stephen, Philip. "Africa Makes the Right Choice," Financial Times (March 3, 2002): 13. The brief article posits that the temporary suspension of Zimbabwe from the Commonwealth (engineered by Australia, Nigeria and South Africa) in reaction to the undemocratic means by which Robert Mugabe was reelected as President of Zimbabwe, may provide real hope in Sub-Saharan Africa's quest for rule of law, democratic governance, and economic development. Stevenson, Richard W. "Seeking Trade, Africans Find Western Barriers," New York Times (May 26, 2002):3. The brief article reviews Sub-Saharan African states’ embrace of international trade and their growing requests that the so-called free market western states reduce their agricultural and non-agricultural tariffs and protectionism, and the increasing rise of strong western trade tariffs and protectionist practices. Strenm R.E. "Urban Services in Africa: Public Management or Privatization?" in P. Cook and C. Kirkspatrick (eds.) Privatization in Less Developed Countries. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1988):217-247. The author evaluates rather urban services in Sub-Saharan Africa should be privatized or remain in the public sector. Styan, David. "Does Britain Have an African Policy?" L'Afrique Politique (1996):261-286. The article examines the historical basis and policy significance of Britain's foreign political and economic policy towards SubSaharan Africa. Sunada, A. "India-Africa Trade: Emerging Partnership," Africa Quarterly vol. 37, no 1-2. (1997): 161-186. The author assesses trading relations between India and Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Swarms, Rachel L. "Meager Harvests in Africa Leave Millions at the Edge of Starvation," New York Times (June 23, 2002): 1-8. The brief article outlines the onset of an extremely severe famine period in Southern Africa because of drought, systemic corruption, governmental mismanagement of national agricultural reserves, international aid agencies' food aid fatigue, and the high incidence of HIV. The high level of malnutrition and starvation in Malawi, Zimbabwe and Zambia by the ordinary African man, woman, and child is the direct result of the interaction between these deadly factors.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

123

Synder, M.C. and M. Tadesse. African Women and Development. London: Zed, 1995. The author analyzes the development history and strategic role and impact of African women in economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Szeftel, Morris. "Between Governance and Underdevelopment: Accumulation and Africa's Catastrophic Corruption," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 84 (June 2000):287-306. The author addresses the high levels of systemic corruption in Sub-Saharan African states, and its strategic interference in preventing both good democratic governance and positive economic development. "Taiwanese Foreign Minster visits African Allies," Asia-Pacific BBC News (February 14, 2001). The article reported on the tour by Taiwanese Foreign Minister Jason Hu to Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Burkino Faso, Chad, Sao Tome and Principe, and Liberia to enhance bilateral political and economic relations. Tamala, S. and J. Oloka-Onyango. "Bitches At the Academy: Gender and Freedom at the African University," Africa Development vol. 22, no. 1 (1997):13-37. The author examines the issues of gender and freedom in the African university system, and the role of educated African women in SubSaharan Africa. Taylor, Ian. "China's Foreign Policy Towards Africa in the 1990s," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 3 (1998):443-460. The author evaluates the People's Republic of China's foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African states in the 1990s. Taylor, Terry. "Africa’s Many Pinochets-in-Waiting," Economist vol. 354, Issue 8157 (February 12, 2000):47-52. The brief article investigates the activities of brutal dictators and autocratic (and aging) warlords in Sub-Saharan Africa and the great material damage they have done to African democracy, human rights, economic development prospects, and to the well being of their African populations Taylor, V. "Europe and Africa: Gender Challenges for African Development," Development vol. 41, no. 4 (1998):41-45. The brief article reviews gender challenges related to African economic development.

124

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Tella, Sheriffdeen. "Africa's Economic Prospect After Cold War Era: A Prognosis," paper presented at the 10th Annual Meeting of the Association of Third World Studies. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, October 1992. The report addresses Sub-Saharan Africa's economic prospects in the postcold war period. Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn and Andrea Benton Rushing (eds.) Women in Africa and the African Diaspora. Washington DC: Howard University Press, 1996. The edited text critically examines the high societal status of African women in the economies and cultures of pre-colonial Africa, African Diaspora women as 'black culture bearers', the impact of slavery and colonialism on African and African Diaspora women, and in general the strategic important of African and African Diaspora women in the longstanding struggle of Sub-Saharan Africa and the African Diaspora for freedom and self determination. Tesi, Moses K. (ed.) The Environment and Development in Africa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2000. The comprehensive and important edited text addresses the entire range of Sub-Saharan Africa's environmental problems as a direct result of development efforts on the continent. Thakur, Ramesh and Albrecht Schnabel (eds.) United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2001. The edited text evaluates the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations in the Third World and elsewhere in the international system. Thom, William G. "An Assessment of Prospects for Ending Domestic Military Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa," CSIS Africa Notes no. 177 (October 1995): 1-5. The author contends that the search for stability and order in Sub Saharan Africa has been retarded by continuous military violence and political upheaval; and that the immediate prospects for ending these negative developments are weak. Thom, William G. "Sub-Saharan Africa's Changing Military Environment," Armed Forces and Society vol. 11, no. 1 (1984):34-38. The author provides a brief assessment of African militaries' equipment levels and order of battle during the independence period of the 1960s and the 1970s.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

125

Thomas, Caroline and Peter Wilkin (eds.) Globalization, Human Security and the African Experience. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1999. The edited text provides analysis of "security from a human perspective" examining security and globalization themes on gender, communities, justice and security with case studies on Senegal, Mauritania, Rwanda, the Horn of Africa, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Thomas, Gerald E. "The Black Revolt: The United States and Africa in the 1960s," in Diane E. Kunz (ed.) The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations in the 1960s. New York: Columbia University (1994):320-360. The author addresses American foreign relations with emerging and newly independent Sub-Saharan African states at a time in the 1960s of determined African American revolts in the United States. Tomric, Agency. "Africa-at -Large: Analyst Raps West on Africa's Distress," Africa News (June 8, 2000). The Danish Minister for Development Cooperation, Mr. Jan Trojoborg, posits that military conflicts are endangering pre-conditions for Sub-Saharan Africa's economic growth and long-term development by making African people poorer, destroying scarce resources and scaring away foreign investors. Topouzis, Daphne. The Implications of HIV/AIDS for Rural Development Policy and Programming: Focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: Sustainable Development Department, Food and Agriculture Organization, 1998. The author investigates the highly negative policy implications of HIV/AIDS pandemic for rural development and programming policy in Africa. Tordoff, William. "Decentralization: Comparative Experience in Commonwealth Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, no 5 (1994):555-580. The author addresses the origins and the significance of the decentralization issue in Commonwealth Africa. Tordoff, William. Government and Politics in Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993. The author examines the strategic dynamics of government and politics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Toubia, Nahid. Female Genital Mutilation: A Call for Global Action. New York: Research, Action, and Information Network for Bodily Integrity for Women, 1993. The author addresses the serious problem of female genital mutilation in African girls between four and twelve years of age (as well as

126

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

for girls in Asia and the Middle East), and the policy consequences of the devastating procedures (i.e. clitoridectomy, excision, and infibulation) for the security of African girls and for general societal stability. Touval, Saadia. The Boundary Politics of Independent Africa. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1972. The author examines land boundary issues faced by African states. Turner, Mark. "Africa's Elite Mix Candid Words with Hidden Agendas," Financial Times (August 27, 2001):3. The brief article outlines the positions of nine heads of government at a Smart Partnership forum, a network for discussions on politics, economics and war. The public positions of some African presidents are presented, while their private views on strategic issues producing instability and decline on the continent are only hinted at. Turshen, Meredeth and Clotilde Twagiramariya (eds.) What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa. London: Zed, 1998. The edited text assesses the historical role, participation and implications of African women’s long-standing involvement in severe military conflicts in Africa. Twagiramariya, Clotilde. (ed.) What Women do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa. London Zed Books, 1998. The edited text investigates what African women do during political conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa and the various negative economic and social costs that they endure. Ugwuanyi, J.U. and C. Obinne. "Promoting Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa," Outlook on Agriculture vol. 27, no. 1 (1998):47-52. The authors outline means toward promoting important food security issues in Africa. United Nations Development Fund for Women and African American Institute (UNIFEM-AAI). African Women in Politics: Together for Change-Three Struggles for Political Rights (Botswana, Uganda and Zambia). New York: UNIFEM, 1995. The report discusses the history and struggle for national political rights by African women in Botswana, Uganda and Zambia. Urquhart, Brian. Ralph Bunche: An American Life. New York: Norton, 1993. The author examines the life and times of Dr. Ralph Bunche and his strategic contributions to the international community.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

127

"U.S. Economic Policies Towards Africa: The Pitfalls of the African Growth and Opportunity Act," African Journal of International Affairs vol. 1, no.2 (1998):87-103. The article evaluates the problems with the U.S.-inspired African Growth and Opportunity Act for stalling African economic growth. U.S. Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense vol. 10, no. 78 (August 1995):1-14. The report outlines the content and direction of the US Department of Defense's security strategy toward Sub-Saharan Africa. Van Braun, Joachim, Tesfaye Teku and Patrick Webb (eds.) Famine in Africa: Causes, Responses and Prevention. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins Press, 1998. The edited text addresses causation, policy responses and the possible prevention of famine and starvation crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Van de Coor, L.L.P. Conflict and Development: The Causes of Conflict in Developing Countries. The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Affairs, 1994. The report investigates causes of war in developing states. Van Der Graaf, Henny J. "Proliferation of Light Weapons in Africa," Policy Sciences vol. 30, Issue 3 (1997): 133-142. The author examines light weapons in Africa. Van de Walle, Nicolas. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979-1999. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. The author argues that domestic political and cultural factors and not external actors are responsible for the permanent economic crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa. Van de Walle, Nicolas. "AIDS Crisis of Legitimacy: Current Proposals and Future Prospects," African Affairs Vol. 98 (July 1999):309-352. The author analyzes the origins and implications of the AIDS crisis in Africa. Van de Walle, Nicolas. "The Social Impact of AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa," Milbank Quarterly vol. 68 (1990): 10-32. The author evaluates the destructive and destabilizing social impact of the AIDS pandemic in Africa. Van Hensbroek, Pieter Boele. Political Discourse in African Thought: 1860 to the Present. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999. The author provides an assessment of the models driving traditional African political thought (the modernization model, identity model, and the liberation model), the

128

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

influence of socialism, development and liberal democratic models in African political discourse, as well as a discussion on some of the leading African thinkers and their ideas in modern African political thought. Van Walraven, K. Dreams of Power: The Role of the OAU in the Politics of Africa, 1963-1993. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999. The author investigates the historical role and policy impact of the Organization of African Unity between 1963-1993, in dealing with Sub-Saharan African issues. Vasset, Phillipe. "The Myth of Military Aid: The Case of French Military Cooperation in Africa," SAIS Review vol. 17, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 165-180. The author analyzes the policies driving France's military aid in advancing its military cooperation relations with its former African colonies Vayrnen, Raimo. "More Questions than Answers: Dilemmas of Humanitarian Action," Peace and Change vol. 24, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 172-176. The author contends that humanitarian intervention in the Third World by the great powers must be carefully examined, politically and morally. Vengroff, R. "Rural Development, Policy Reform, and the Assessment of Management Training Needs in Africa: A Comparative Perspective," Public Administration Quarterly vol. 14 (1990):353-375. The author examines rural development, policy reform and management training needs in Africa. Vengroff, R., M. Belhaj, and M. Nduaye. "The Nature of Management Work in the Public Sector: An African Perspective," Public Administration and Development vol. 11 (1991):353-375. The authors address the nature management work in the public sector from the African perspective. Venter, Dennis. "Regional Security in Sub-Saharan Africa," Africa Insight vol. 26, no. 2 (1996):573-599. The author assesses the policy dynamics and implications of regional security in Sub-Saharan Africa. Vib-Sanziri, F. "Managing and Resolving Conflicts on the African Continent: A Proposed African Approach," Low Intensity Conflict and Law Enforcement vol. 7, no. 2 (1998):71-120. The author outlines an African policy approach to both managing and resolving political conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Vieth, Warren. "U.S. Exports Misery to Africa With Farm Bill," Los Angeles Times (May 27, 2002):Al-A8. The brief article examines the extremely

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

129

negative political and economic impact of the recently passed S190 billion U.S. agriculture bill will have on Sub-Saharan Africa’s agricultural sector, which generates over 50% of gross domestic product in some African states. Along with the so-called free-traders France, and Japan, U.S. support for large farm subsidies to its farmers will severely retard both economic development and wealth creation in Sub-Saharan Africa and in the Third World. As one commentator observed: “It is as though you have crippled economies, and you are trying to get them back on their feet so they can enter the race. And then, just before the race begins, you whack them back from the starting line”. Viljoen, F. "Supra-National Human Rights Instruments for the Protection of Children in Africa," Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa vol. 31 no. 2 (1998):199-212. The author reviews the impact of the supra-national human rights instruments in protecting the extremely vulnerable children of Sub-Saharan Africa. Walker, Alice and Pratibha Parmar. Warrior Marks: Female Genital Multilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1993. The authors examine the historical origins and the severely negative political and social consequences of the major variants of female genital multilation for African women and girls. Wang, T.Y. "Arms Transfers and Coups d'etat: A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa," Journal of Peace Research vol. 35, no. 6 (November 1998):659675. The author examines the political effects of arms transfers on military destabilization in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific focus on the relationship of arms imports on the potential likelihood of coup d'etats in Africa. Washington, Shirley. "Lusophone African Nations: Continuity and Change in Their Interrelations," African Journal no. 17 (1998): 196-205. The author addresses the difficult history and extremely complex policy and survival issues faced by the former Lusophone African states in the post-cold war period. Webber, Mark. "Soviet Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Final Phase," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 1 (1992):12-14. The author briefly describes the Soviet exit policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the Southern African region.

130

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Weeks, J. and T. Subasast. "The Potential for Agricultural Trade among Eastern and Southern African Countries," Food Policy vol. 23, no, 1 (1998):73-88. The authors assess the economic prospects for agricultural trading between Eastern and Southern Africa regions. Weinstein, Jeremy. "Africa’s 'Scramble for Africa': Lessons of a Continental War," World Policy Journal vol. 17, no. 2 (Summer 2000): 11-20. The author contends that African interstate wars, especially in the Central African and Great Lakes regions, have important policy lessons for the United States, the western powers, multinational corporations, and for the affected African states and peoples. Weisbord, Robert. Ebony Kinship: Africa, Africans, and Afro-Americans. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1973. The author addresses the kindred relations and problems between Africans, Afro-Americans and Africans in the Diaspora in the cold war period. Welsh, D. "Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa," International Affairs vol. 72, no. 3 (1996):477-491. The author investigates the political origins and strategic complexity of ethnicity and ethnic politics in Sub-Saharan Africa. Whitaker, C.S. "Addressing the Crisis of Desertification in Africa," in Anatoly Gromyko and C. S. Whitaker (eds.) Agenda for Action: African-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1990):61-70. The author examines the historical origins and policy impact of the loss of precious African farmland to the desert and the desertification crisis in SubSaharan Africa. Whitaker, J. How Can Africa Survive? New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1990. The author addresses the strategic policy problems faced by Sub-Saharan Africa, and its long-term prospects for stability and order. White, R.R. "Environmental Priorities for Africa: Linkages Between Climate Change and Basic Human Needs," Canadian Journal of African Studies vol. 31, no. 2 (1997):301-314. The author examines the prominent environmental priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa with an emphasis on the impact of climate change on the satisfaction of basic human needs. Widner, Jennifer A. "States and Statelessness in Late Twentieth-Century Africa," Daedalus vol. 124, no. 3 (Summer 1995): 129-154. The article

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

131

outlines the quest for stability and order in Sub-Saharan Africa from a historical perspective and how rogue African warlords backed by an influx of foreign armaments filled the power vacuum left by failed western-style governments. Williams, Chancellor. The Rebirth of African Civilization. Chicago, IL: Third World Press, 1993. The author addresses the rebirth of African civilization in the social, cultural, and spiritual domains, as well as assessing the strategic African contributions to the ancient classical civilizations. Williams, Eric. Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1944. The classic study examines the historical and economic relationship between global capitalism and African slavery system, and the attendant strategic consequences. Williams, G. A Common Cause: Young People, Sexuality and HIV/AIDS in Three African Countries (Botswana, Nigeria, and Tanzania). New York: Pact Publications, 1997. The author evaluates African youth, and their evolving sexuality in the negative and differing HIV/AID environmental conditions in Botswana, Nigeria and Tanzania. Winrock International. Sustaining Women's Leadership in Africa: A Proposal Submitted to the Ford Foundation for the African Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment Program. Nairobi, Kenya: Winrock International, 1996. The report addresses ways in which African women leaders can be provided advanced leadership training in the agricultural and environmental policy and management areas. Winrow, Gareth M. The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. The author examines Germany's foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan African states during the cold war period. Wiseman, John. The New Struggle for Democracy in Africa. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1996. The author addresses democracy in Africa. Wiseman, John. "Leadership and Personal Danger in African Politics," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1993):657-660. The brief article explores the personal risks for African leaders in weak states.

132

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Wohlgemuth, Lennart, Samantha Gibson, Stephen Klasen and Emma Rothchild (eds.) Common Security and Civil Society in Africa. Stockholm, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1999. The edited text addresses a wide-ranging review of common security and civil society issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. "Women Form an Increasing Segment of Those With HIV," Los Angeles Times (July 11, 2002):A5. The brief article on the 14th International AIDS Conference in Barcelona Spain found that half of all HIV infections in women and girls in Africa occurred because of rape, forced prostitution, intergenerational sex, and African men's reluctance to use condoms. Woodhouse, Tom. "Negotiating a New Millenium: Prospects for African Conflict Resolution," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 68 (June 1996):129-138. The author addresses political prospects for Africanoriented conflict resolution activities in light of destabilizing civil wars. World Bank. Climate Change and Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Opportunities. The World Bank Group no. 120 (October 1998): 1-6. The report discusses the impact of future global climate change on Africa. World Bank. Gender Strategies for Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview. Washington DC: Knowledge, Information and Technology Center, 1997. The report lays out gender strategies in Africa to promote democracy and development that includes the full participation of African women. World Bank. Demobilization and Reintegration of Military Personnel in Africa: The Evidence from Seven Case Studies. New York: The World Bank Discussion Paper, African Regional Series, October 1993. The important report analyzes and offers critical insight into demobilization and reintegration outcomes data on former military personnel in seven African states. Woronoff, Jon. "The Case for an African Defense Organization," Africa Report vol. 16, no. 6 (June 1971):23-25. The brief article addresses the OAU Defense Commission’s review in building an African Defense Organization to keep the superpowers out of Sub-Saharan African affairs. Wright, Stephen (ed.) African Foreign Policies. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998. The edited text reviews African foreign policy of Sub-Saharan African states towards the international community of nations.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

133

Wright, Stephen. "The Foreign Policy of Africa," in Roy C. Macridis (ed.) Foreign Policy in World Politics Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: PrenticeHall (1992):330-356. The author analyzes the central foreign policy issues and problems faced by Sub-Saharan African states in the post-cold war period. Wunsch, J.S. and Dele Olowu. The Failure of the Centralized State: Institutions and Self-Governance in Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. The authors investigate the historical role and policy impact of institutions and self-governance and the failure of the centralized state in Sub-Saharan Africa. Xuetong, Yan. "Sino-African Relations in the 1990s," CSIS Africa Notes 84 (1988):1-5. The author evaluates the historical and consequences of Peoples Republic of China's foreign political and economic relations with SubSaharan Africa in the 1990s. Yates, Douglas. "Oil and the Franco-American Rivalry in Africa," Paper presented at the Conference of the Groupe de Recherches sue l'Afrique Francophone, Centre d'Etude d' Afrique Noire, Bourdeau, France, May 2224, 1997. The author examines the origins of the growing strategic oil competition between France and the United States in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post cold war period, and the consequences for African states with oil reserves. Yeros, Paris. Ethnicity and Nationalism in Africa: Constructivist Reflections and Contemporary Politics. London: Macmillan Press, 1999. The author critically addresses the historical origins and the political role and impact of ethnicity and nationalism issues in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Yoded, Arye. "The Islamic Factor in Arab-African Relations," Middle East Review vol. 18 (Spring 1996):15-23. The author discusses the institutional structures and political activities underlying the Arabic policy effort to strategically extend Islam's influence into Sub-Saharan Africa since the 1950s. Youker, R. "Lessons from Evaluation in Africa for External Funding Bodies," in J. Davies, M. Easterby-Smith, S. Mann, and M. Tantoin (eds.). The Challenge to Western Management Development, International

134

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Alternatives. New York, Routledge, (1989):75-84. The author addresses the various policy lessons learned from evaluation for external funding institutions in Sub-Saharan African states. Young, Crawford. "Democracy and the Ethnic Question in Africa," Africa Insight vol. 27, no. 1 (1997):4-14. The author evaluates the complex political relationship between ethnicity and the development of democracy in Africa. Young, Crawford. "Africa’s Heritage of Colonialism," Trans African Forum vol. 7, Issue 4 (Winter 1990-1991):3-21. The author carefully analyzes the historical origins and political development of Sub-Saharan Africa’s extensive colonial relations with the western powers, including with the United States. Young, Crawford. Ideology and Development in Africa. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982. The author examines the history and the policy impact of ideology on economic development thought and practice in Africa. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. "No Democracy, No Development: Reflections on Democracy and Development in Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 88 (June 2001):213-224. The author discusses the positive relations between democracy and economic development, and its importance for the political and economic stability of Sub-Saharan African states. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. "Conflicts in Africa: Need for a Viable African Response," Africa World Review (November-March 1997/98). The author addresses the severe levels of political conflicts in African states, and the need for its leaders to develop a workable policy response to reduce conflicts. Zaki, Laidi. The Super-Powers and Africa. Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press, 1980. The author investigates the ideological origins and the destabilizing political consequences of American and Soviet competition in Sub-Saharan Africa at the height of the cold war, as well as assessing the damage for African states of the superpowers’ rivalry.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

135

Zalot, Jozef D. The Roman Catholic Church and Economic Development in SubSaharan Africa: Voices Not Yet Heard in a Listening World. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002. The author carefully analyzes the continuing economic crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa and the role and involvement of the Catholic Church, the rise and ideological development of African liberation theology and the African Bishops’ Conferences and other related church-state policy issues. Zartman, I. William (ed.) Europe and Africa: The New Phrase. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. The edited text reviews the historical origins and strategic implications of the Western European political, economic and military relations with Africa in the post-cold war, given a long history of the slave trade, imperialism, colonialism and racism. Zartman, I. William. "Inter-African Negotiations," in John W. Herbeson and Donald Rothchild (eds.) Africa in World Politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1991):268-283. The author addresses the historical dynamics, the policy developments and the policy consequences of the various interAfrican negotiation events during the cold war. Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Beyond Double Consciousness: Black Peace Corps Volunteer in Africa, 1961-1971," The Journal of American History (December 1995):999-1028. The author assesses the historical background of the long service of African American Peace Corp volunteers in SubSaharan African states between 1961-1971 at the height of the civil rights movement.

AMERICAN NATIONAL SECURITY INTERESTS After Action Review: Operation Support Hope 1994. Carlisle, PA: US Army Peacekeeping Institute for HQ US European Command, 1997. The US Army report discusses the outcome of Operation ‘Support Hope’, a major peacekeeping (and peacemaking) effort to provide clean water supplies to Rwandan refugees trapped in the bloody Goma corridor in Eastern Zaire in 1994-1995.

136

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

"Africa and U.S. National Interest," Ninetieth American Assembly. New York: Columbia University, March 7, 1997. The report examines the origins and dynamics of U.S. national interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. Alden, Chris. "From Neglect to 'Virtual Engagement': The United States and Its New Paradigm for Africa," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 396 (July 2000):371377. The brief article assesses the nature of post-cold war American relations with Africa from the South African perspective, with an emphasis on the Clinton administration's policy initiatives toward the continent. Alexander, Colonel McGill. An African Rapid Deployment Force for Peace Operations on the African Continent Fort Leavenworth, TX: Foreign Military Studies Office, July 1995. The author posits that the potential for a U.S.-trained African Rapid Deployment Force (composed of specialized and highly equipped African brigades) to carry out peacekeeping operations throughout conflict regions in Africa is a positive development. Arms and Conflict in Africa. Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Bureau of Public Affairs, the U.S. Department of State (July 9, 2001):1-6. The U.S. government report examines the relationship between arms transfers and trafficking and proliferation of civil wars and military conflicts in Africa. Atteh, Samuel O. "Grassroots Development: American Private Voluntary Organizations' Anti-Poverty Programmes in Africa," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 17, no. 2 (July 1999):245-272. The author addresses the impact of US private voluntary organizations' antipoverty efforts in reducing the poverty level in Sub-Saharan African states. Baum, Robert D. "Government-sponsored Research in Africa," African Studies Bulletin vol. 8, no. 1 (1965):42-47. The brief article evaluates the historical impact of government-sponsored research in Africa during the cold war. Bender, Gerald J. "Ideology and Ignorance: American Attitudes Toward Africa," African Studies Review vol. 31, no. 1 (1988):1-7. The author investigates the ideology and racist ignorance of American attitudes toward Africa. Berman, Edward. "Foundations, United States Foreign Policy, and African Education," Harvard Educational Review vol. 49, no. 2 (1979):45-76. The author examines the role of American foundations in influencing U.S. foreign policy towards African education.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

137

Biermann, Werner (ed.) African Crisis Response Initiative: The New U.S. Africa Policy. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999. The edited text examines the geopolitical basis of U.S. national interests in Africa, assesses the value of the African Crisis Response Initiative, and the use U.S.-trained African rapid reaction forces and U.S. special forces to protect US interests. Booker, S. "The Color Line: US Foreign Policy and National Interests in Africa," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 8, no.1 (Summer 2001):1-14. The author investigates the important influence of race and domestic politics in US foreign policy towards Africa. Booker, S. Africa, Thinking Regionally---Priorities for US Policy Toward Africa. APIC Background Paper No. 5. Washington DC: African Policy Information Center, March 1996. The author assesses the importance of 'pivotal states' in Africa promoting US national economic security interests. Bowman, Larry. "Government Officials, Academics, and the Process of Formulating U.S. National Security Policy toward Africa, 1945-1975," Issue vol. 19, no. 2 (1990):5-20. The author evaluates the role of U.S. government officials and academics in the formulation of U.S. national security policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa between 1945-1975. Brower, Scott E. and Anna Simons. "The African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) Command and Control Challenge," Parameters vol. 30 (Winter 2000-01):118-127. The authors outline the long-term benefits of the US African Crisis Response Initiative in the training of African military battalions with multinational elements included to carry out successfully both peacekeeping activities and humanitarian missions. Brown, Janet Welsh (ed.) In the U.S. Interest: Resources, Growth, and Security. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. The edited text examines the historical origins and developments framing US economic security interests in Africa. Butts, Kent H. "The DOD Role in African Policy," Parameters vol. 23 (Winter 1993-94):59-73. The author assesses the context, negotiations, and interagency influence of the DOD in US policymaking towards Africa. Cahill, M. (ed.) Preventative Diplomacy: Stopping Wars Before They Start. New York: Basic Books, 1996. The edited text analyzes the origins and consequences of conflict in the Third World, with an emphasis on Africa.

138

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Callahan, David. Unwinnable Wars: American Power and Ethnic Conflict. New York: Hill and Wang, 1997. The author contends that the US needs to take a far more active role in trying to control the conventional arms trade because of its role in encouraging severe ethnic conflicts. The question on how to balance US national interests while not killing the domestic armaments industry's profit-making activities in the Third World and other regions of the international security system is debated. Campbell, John. "Sub-Saharan Africa and the Unified Command Plan," Joint Force Quarterly no. 29 (Autumn-Winter 2001-2002):72-75. The author provides a critical assessment of the US Armed Forces’ Unified Command Plan for future interventions into Africa Carlsson, Bert. "U.S. Counter-Insurgency Research in the Social Sciences in Africa," ACAS Bulletin vol. 7 (1982):2-16. The author addresses the historical origins and policy significance of U.S. counter-insurgency research in the social sciences in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cason, Jim and Bill Martin. "Clinton and Africa: Searching for a Post-Cold War Order," ACAS Proposed Agenda for Scholars for Africa nos. 328-329 (Winter 1993):4. The authors assess the possible war scenarios informing the Clinton administration's ambivalent foreign policy towards Africa. Catoire, Richard. "A CINC for Sub-Saharan Africa? Rethinking the Unified Command Plan," Parameters vol. 30 (Winter 2000-01): 102-17. The author discusses the extension of the US Unified Command's military platform to Africa for war deterrence or to pursue various military operations other than war. Chase, Robert, Emily Hill and Paul Kennedy. "The Pivotal States," Foreign Affairs (January/February 1996):33-54. The authors examine the role and importance of 'pivotal states' in Sub-Saharan Africa that promote US interests. Churchill, W. "U.S. Mercenaries in Africa: The Recruitment Network and USA Policy," Africa Today vol. 27, no. 2 (1980):4-46. The author provides a critical assessment of the recruitment network for American mercenaries and guns-for hire and their close links to servicing US national interests in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially in the Central and Southern African regions.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

139

Clinton , Bill. Developing A New U.S. Policy Towards Africa: The White House Conference on Africa, June 26-27, 1994. Washington D.C.: Africa Regional Services, USIS, July 1994. The report outlines the Clinton administration's no-intervention policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-Somalian period. Clough, Michael. "The White House Conference on Africa," CSIS Africa Notes no. 162 (July 1994):l-7. The author discusses the first White House conference on Sub Saharan Africa, in order to build a domestic political base for an effective US policy towards the continent. Clough, Michael. Free At Last? US Policy Toward Africa at the End of the Cold War. New York: The Council on Foreign Relations, 1992. The author evaluates the American strategic interest in Liberia and why the United States failed to deal with the institutional failures, severe human rights abuse, and the corrupt warlord activities of the Doe regime under the Reagan and Bush administrations. Clough, Michael. "The United States and Africa: The Policy of Cynical Disengagement," Current History v. 91, n. 565 (May, 1992):193-199. The author analyzes the impact for Sub-Saharan Africa of the lost of economic and military assistance with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the positive political implications for US policy towards that continent. Cohen, Herman J. Intervening in Africa: Superpower Peacemaking in a Troubled Continent. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. The author, a career diplomat in the US State Department's Bureau of African Affairs, provides a diplomatic history on U.S. foreign policy initiatives directed at Ethiopia, Sudan, Angola, Liberia, Rwanda, Mozambique and Somalia. Cohen, Herman J. "Finding Friends in Congress," Africa Report 40 (March/April 1995):13-16. The author investigates the impact of the U.S. Congress and public opinion in influencing U.S. administrations to solve or walk away from important African issues. Cohen, Herman J. "US Policy Toward Africa," Foreign Service Journal (June 1995):38. A foreign service professional and African specialist argues that the United States has enduring interests for positively engaging SubSaharan African states.

140

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Connell, Dan and Frank Smyth. "Africa's New Bloc," Foreign Affairs (March/April 1998):80-95. The authors examine the role and importance of 'pivotal states' in Sub-Saharan Africa that promote US interests. Crawford, Anthony. The Search for Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College, 1998. The author addresses U.S. involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa, with an emphasis on assessing the effectiveness of US International Military Education and Training programs in promoting and maintaining stability on the continent in line with the National Military Strategy and the National Security Strategy of the United States. Crocker, Chester A. "Why Africa is Important," Foreign Service Journal (June 1995):24-33. A former Assistant Secretary of African Affairs assesses the growing importance of Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States. Culverson, Donald. "The U.S. Information Agency in Africa," TransAfrica Forum (Winter 1989):61-80. The author examines the historical background and policy impact of the U.S. Information Agency in Sub-Saharan African states during the cold war period. Deenik, K.R. "Role of Navies in Peace Support Operations in Africa," African Armed Forces (August 2001):23-29. The author assesses the role of western navies in peace support operations in Sub-Saharan Africa Department of Defense. 1998 Strategic Assessment Engaging Power for Peace: Chapter Eight - Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: National Defense University, 1998. The assessment outlines a U.S strategy to help SubSaharan Africa cope with the problems of conflict and underdevelopment. Department of State. Black Americans Chiefs of Mission. Washington DC: US Department of State, March 1993. The report provides a listing of African American Chiefs of Mission who held diplomatic posts in the cold war. Davis, D.E. and Anthony W. Pereira (eds.) Irregular Armed Forces and Their Role in Politics and State Formation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. The edited text provides historical and comparative analysis of armed veteran groups, vigilantes, militias, paramilitaries, bandits, police forces, guerrillas and other types of irregular forces working for and against states, a particularly devastating mega-problem in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

141

Dickson, David Augustus II. United States Foreign Policy Towards SubSaharan Africa. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985. The author addresses the primacy of military and security issues over political development and economic issues by the Eisenhower's administration in developing, framing, and implementing U.S. foreign policy toward SubSaharan African states. Duke, Lynne. "African Use Training in Unexpected Ways," Washington Post (July 14, 1998). The author examines US combat training of African troops, with reference to the US training of regular Tutsi troops in Rwanda. From 1996-97, these same US-trained troops were ordered by the Tutsi-led government of Rwanda to massacre over 200,000 Hutu in cross border raids into the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Fox, C. William, Jr. "Phantom Warriors: Disease as a Threat to US National Security," Parameters vol. 27, no. 4 (Winter 1997-98): 121-136. The author posits that the lethality of global disease pandemics from the developing and developed worlds is justification for the United States to pursue its national interests where such global health threats are identified and localized. Fox, C. William, Jr. Military Medical Operations in Sub-Saharan Africa: The DOD 'Point of the Spear' for a New Century. Carlisle, PA: USAWC, Strategic Studies Institute, June 24, 1997. The author explores the importance of DOD's military medical operations in Sub-Saharan Africa, in prioritizing US interests and bringing operational consistency to the Unified Command Plan. Future U.S. Engagement in Africa: Opportunities and Obstacles for Conflict Management. Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace, 1996. The report assesses the potential for U.S. engagement in Africa, in order to manage political conflicts that impact U.S. security and economic interests. Gleen, John. "The Interregnum: The South's Insecurity Dilemma," Nations and Nationalism vol. 3, no. 1 (1997):45-63. The author examines the role of strategic culture and ethnicity in understanding the "insecurity dilemma" in the South or Third World, as well as its influence in determining the nature and implications of warlordism.

142

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Gurtov, Melvin. The United States Against the World. New York: Praeger, 1974. The author contends that the United States has and will pursue a national strategy of 'benign neglect' towards Sub-Saharan Africa, and the denial of the continent's vast strategic minerals and oil production to communist or enemy states should by the U.S. primary concern. Harberson, John W. and Donald Rothchilds (eds.) Africa in World Politics: The African State System in Flux. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995. The edited text addresses the various problems generated by a weakening African state system and the extent to which internal and foreign forces are working to either strengthen or further weaken Sub-Saharan Africa's experiment with democratic governance and positive economic development. Hartung, William D. and Bridget Moix. Deadly Legacy: U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War. New York: World Policy Institute, January 11, 2000. The report analyzes American military assistance (from federal governmental units and private arms and security corporations) in transferring small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons systems in fueling and sustaining the Congo and Great Lakes conflict(s), as well as assisting in heavily arming unstable African states and rebel warlords in general. Henk, Dan. "U.S. Interest in Demilitarization in Africa," Presented at the African Leadership Forum Conference: Sub-Regional Security Protocols, Demilitarization in Africa. OTA, Nigeria, (May 9-11, 1999). The author reviews "America's interest in helping Africans build strong cultural disincentives to armed conflict and achieve durable frameworks in which to resolve disagreements by peaceful rather than violent means." www.democracy-africa.org. Henk, Dan. Peace and Security in Africa: Contributions by the United States. Halfway House, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies Monograph No. 35, March 1999. The article outlines the lack of coordination between US government bureaucracies entrusted with influencing the various regional security environments in Sub-Saharan Africa. This situation has resulted in unplanned US interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, corrupting US foreign security planning processes towards that continent, and negatively impacting its enduring interests.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

143

Henk, Dan. Uncharted Paths, Uncertain Vision: U.S. Military Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Wake of the Cold War. Colorado Springs, CO: US Air Force Academy, Institute for National Security Studies, March 1998. The report discusses the reactive nature of post-Cold War U.S. foreign policy towards African crisis events, preventing the maturation of a rational and well coordinated American foreign security policy towards the major sub-regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Henk, Dan. "US National Interests in Sub-Saharan Africa," Parameters vol. 27 (Winter 1997-1998):92-107. The author posits that US national interests in Sub-Saharan Africa are based on enduring interests. These enduring interests include promoting regional governance, regional stability, safety of US citizens, sustainable economic development, regional cooperation and comity, minimizing transnational threats, US access to strategic personnel, institutions, economic opportunity and wealth creation, information and warning, and nonproliferation objectives on the continent. Henk, Dan. Peace Operations: Views from Southern and Eastern Africa. US Army Peacekeeping Institute Occasional Paper. Carlisle, PA: USAWC, US Army Peacekeeping Institute (June 1996):30-37. The document outlines peace operations from the perspective of Southern and Eastern Africa and the American policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Henk, Dan. Susceptibility of African Societies to Information Warfare. Colorado Springs, CO: US Air Force Academy, Institute for National Security Studies, unpublished report, 1996. The author lays out information warfare scenarios that might befall South Africa and Nigeria, given emerging international and regional cyber-crime and cyber-warfare threats. Henk, Dan and Steven Metz. The United States and the Transformation of African Security: The African Crisis Response Initiative and Beyond. Carlisle, PA: USAWC, Strategic Studies Institute, December 5, 1997. The authors discuss the potential of the US African Crisis Response Initiative for American security and economic interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. Herbst, J. U.S. Economic Policy Toward Africa. Washington DC: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992. The author assesses the historical basis and implications of US economic policy toward Sub-Saharan African states.

144

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Hickey, Dennis and Kenneth C. Wylie. An Enchanting Darkness: The American Vision of Africa in the Twentieth Century. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1993. The authors examine historical origins and policy consequences of America's vision of Sub-Saharan Africa in the 20th century. Huband, Mark. Skull Beneath the Skin: Africa After the Cold War. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001. The author examines the political, economic and military problems troubling Sub-Saharan Africa after the cold war. Irogbe, Kema. The Roots of United States Foreign Policy Toward Apartheid South Africa, 1969-1985. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1997. The author investigates US foreign policy in South Africa since 1969-1985. Jackson, Henry F. From the Congo to Soweto: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Africa Since 1960. Newark, NJ: William Morrow and Company, 1982. The author evaluates U.S. foreign policy towards African states since the 1960s. Jackson, Richard. Violent Internal Conflict and the African States: Towards a Framework of Analysis. Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 20 (January 2002):29-52. The author analyzes the causes and consequences of violent internal conflict in African states in the post-cold war period. Jacqmin, Marc. "Nato Overview: The African Connection," African Armed Forces (September 2001):25-29. The author assesses African military relations with Nato. Jenrleson, Bruce W. (ed.) Opportunities Misses, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War World. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. The edited text addresses the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy practices towards mitigating conflicts in Third World regions. Kansteiner, Walter. "U.S. Interests in Africa Revisited," CSIS Africa Notes no. 157 (February 1994): 1-4. The author briefly examines the importance of Sub-Saharan African resources to US interests. Kelly, Sean. America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire. Washington, D.C.: The American University Press, 1993. The author discusses the rise to power of Joseph Mobutu, and the strong support he received from the CIA.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

145

Kernegay Jr., France A. "Setting a New Agenda," Africa Report no. 39 (September-October 1994):72-76. The author proposes that the United States should reexamine its foreign policy relations with Africa. Kitchen, Helen. US Interests in Africa. Washington D.C.: Praeger, 1983. The author examines the Carter administration's foreign policy towards Africa. Klare, Michael T. and Cynthia Arnson. Supplying Repression: US Support for Authoritarian Regimes Abroad. Washington DC: Institute for Policy Studies, 1981. The authors chronicle the diplomatic history and policy justifications for US material support for authoritarian regimes worldwide. Kulendi, Yonny. "Security Cooperation in Africa: Lessons from ECOMOG," Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, December 1997. The author evaluates security cooperation in Africa given the ECOMOG experience in West Africa. Kull, Steven. "Misreading the Public Mood," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 51, no. 2 (March-April, 1995):55-60. The brief article posits that the UN mission to Somalia was at first supported by Americans, but the violent events changed US public opinion Kwiatkowski, Karen U. Expeditionary Air Operations in Africa: Challenges and Solutions. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 2001. The author evaluates the political and military potential for air operations in Africa in the event of emerging threats to U.S. national interests. Lemarchand, Rene. "The CIA in Africa: How Central? How Intelligent?" Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 14, no. 3 (1976):401-426. The author argues that the CIA role in overthrowing African leaders did not support democracy and stability on the beleaguered continent. Lumpe, Lora. "The Leader of the Pack," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):27-33. The role of the United States in international trafficking of legal and illegal small arms is discussed. MacKinnon, Michael G. The Evolution of Peacekeeping Policy Under Clinton: A Fairweather Friend? London: Frank Cass, 2000. The author examines the historical evolution and policy effectiveness of President Clinton's peacekeeping policy towards Third World regions.

146

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Magyar, Karl P. U.S. Interests and Policies in Africa: Transition to a New Era. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000. The author analyzes the post-cold war U.S. interests and policies towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Marishane, Jeffrey. "Prayer, Profit and Power: U.S. Religious Right and Foreign Policy," Review of African Political Economy vol. 52 (1991):73-115. The author explores the impact of the U.S. religious right in materially influencing American foreign policy in Third World regions. Martin, Bill. "Waiting for Oprah and the New Constituency for Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 75, no. 25 (1998): 9-24. The author discusses the historical origins and the lack of domestic support for an action-oriented American foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa. Mbogo, Stephen. “Africa and Terrorism,” West Africa no. 4294 (September 2001): 17-18. The brief article reviews the impact of global terrorism on Sub-Saharan Africa. Metz, Steven. "African Peacekeeping and American Strategy," in Robert I. Rotberg, Ericka A. Albaugh, Happyton Bonyongwe, Christopher Clapham, Jeffrey Herbst and Steven Metz (eds.) Peacekeeping and Peace Enforcement in Africa: Methods of Conflict Prevention. Cambridge, MA and Washington DC: The World Peace Foundation and Brookings Institution Press (2000):58-83. The author examines African peacekeeping and the role of the U.S. military establishment in peace building in Africa. Michaels, Marguerite. "Retreating from Africa," Foreign Policy vol. 72, no. 1 (January-February 1993):93-108. The author explores the central reasons in the late 1980s and early 1990s for why the great powers are limiting their peacekeeping activities in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as reducing their overall resource contributions to the welfare and stability of the continent. Military Intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 1997. The report addresses the history of military intervention events in African states and the implications for US security interests. Miller, Jake C. The Black Presence in American Foreign Affairs. Washington DC: University Press of America, 1978. The author investigates the historical role and impact of African Americans in influencing and shaping U.S. foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa and the African Diaspora.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

147

Minter, William. "America and Africa: Beyond the Double Standard," Current History vol. 99, no. 637 (May 2000):200-210. The author examines US policy toward Africa, and he posits that dialogue is necessary to create a new foreign policy framework to rebuild U.S. relations with the continent. Mitchell, Janice L. "Africa: Stay Out or Help Out? " Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air War College, April 1996. The author addresses the issue of whether or not it is in the U.S. national interests to assist or ignore Africa. Mitchell, Ron. "Why Kosovo and Not Sierra Leone?" Sojourners vol. 28, no. 4 (July 1999): 10. The brief article discusses the political double standard in U.S. foreign policy intervening in Kosovo, but not in Sierra Leone. Mohammed, Nadir Abdel Latif. "Economic Implications of Civil Wars in SubSaharan Africa and the Economic Policies Necessary for the Successful Transition to Peace," Journal of African Economies vol. 8, supplement 1 (December 1999): 107-148. The author examines the economic implications of civil war and economic policies required for peace in African states. Morrison, J. Stephen and Jennifer C. Cooke (eds.) Africa Policy in the Clinton Years: Critical Choices for the Bush Administration. Washington DC: CISI Press, 2001. The edited text provides a solid review of African policy during the Clinton years, and its implications for the Bush administration. Moskos, C. and F. Woods (eds.) The Military: More Than Just A Job. Washington DC: Pergamon Brassey's, 1998. The authors discuss military occupationalism and its relationship to military commercialism (i.e. moonlight activities by African military personnel who sell arms, and ammunition, as well as extorting, robbing and raping citizens at military roadblocks), with negative consequences for the stability of African states. Moss, Todd J. "U.S. Policy and Democratization in Africa: The Limits of Liberal Universalism," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 2 (1995):189-209. The author analyzes the role and implications of U.S. policy in support of democratization in Sub-Saharan African states. Newman, David. "After the Cold War: US Interests in Sub-Saharan Africa," in Brad Roberts (ed.) US Foreign Policy After the Cold War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press (1992):143-158. The author posits that the United States does not have any enduring strategic interests in Sub-Saharan Africa.

148

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Nwaubani, Ebere. The United States and the Decolonization of West Africa, 1950-1960 (Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press, 2001). The author examines US involvement with and reaction to the decolonization process in West Africa, with case studies on Ghana and Guinea, among others. Nweke, G.A. Africa: Its Security and Nuclear Option. Lagos, Nigeria: The Department of Political Science, University of Lagos, 1982. The author examines the security and nuclear weapons option in Sub-Saharan Africa. Office of the Secretary of Defense, International Security Affairs. A New Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa Washington, D.C.: DOD, Office of African Affairs, April 15, 1999. The guidance document outlines a US governmental strategy to engage Sub-Saharan Africa, problems with the Unified Command System and forging agreement among federal bureaucracies entrusted with foreign policymaking towards the continent. Ottaway, Marina. Africa's New Leaders: Democracy or State Reconstruction. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. The author investigates the alleged 'new African leadership' in Sub-Saharan Africa (Eritrea, Rwanda, South Africa, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda) and their relevance in promoting US interests. Oye, Kenneth A. and Robert J. Lieber (eds.) Eagle in a New World: American Grand Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. The edited text addresses American grand strategy in the post-cold war era, with case studies on US policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s. Price, Robert M. "US Foreign Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: National Interest and Global Strategy," Policy Papers in International Affairs. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Institute of International Studies, 1978. The author reviews the similar views held by the Nixon/Ford and the Carter administrations on US foreign policy strategy towards Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war. Ray, Charles A. United States and Africa in the Post-Cold War Era. Washington DC: National War College, 1997. The author investigates US foreign policy relations with Africa in the post-cold war period.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

149

Ray, Ellen, William Schaap, Karl van Meter, and Louis Wolf (eds.) Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa. Secaucus, N.J.: Lyle Stuart, 1979. The edited text investigates the covert dimensions of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's history and activities in Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war. Regan, Patrick M. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. The author examines the consequences of great power intervention into civil conflicts in weak states, with case studies Bosnia, Kosovo, Somalia, and Haiti. Rothchild, Donald. "The U.S. Foreign Policy Trajectory on Africa," SAIS Review vol. 21, no. 1 (2001):179-211. The author examines the historical basis for American political, economic and security engagement with SubSaharan Africa; and suggests how long-term U.S. and African interests can be maximized. Rothchild, Donald and Timothy Sisk. "U.S.-Africa Policy: Promoting Conflict Management in Uncertain Times," in Robert J. Lieb (ed.) Eagle Adrift: American Foreign Policy at the End of the Century. New York: Longman (1997):271-295. The authors contend that as Sub-Saharan Africa becomes marginalized in the post-cold war international political economy, US engagement on the continent will continue to decline. Schmidl, Erwin A. Peace Operations Between War and Peace. London: Frank Cass, 2000. The author explores peace operations from unarmed civilians, police operations and heavily armed combat troops in conflict regions of the world. Schneidman, Witney W. "U.S. Priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Looking Toward the 21 st Century," CSIS Africa Notes (May 1996). The author outlines a range of U.S. priorities in terms of engaging Sub-Saharan Africa in the first decades of the 21 st century. Schraeder, Peter J. '"Forget the Rhetoric and Boost the Geopolitics': Emerging Trends in the Bush Administration's Policy Towards Africa, 2001," African Affairs vol. 100, Issue 400 (2001)387-404. The author provides a realist assessment of the Bush administration's emerging Africa policy of sustained 'bureaucratic incrementalism' towards the neglected continent.

150

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Schraeder, Peter J. United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. The author examines the historical alterations of total indifference and benign neglect versus positive interests and direct actions in American foreign policy relations with Sub-Saharan African states, Schraeder, Peter J. "Bureaucratic Incrementalism, Crisis, and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Africa," in Jerel A. Rosati, Joe D. Hagan, and Martin W. Sampson III (eds.) Foreign Policy Restructuring: How Governments Respond to Global Change. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina (1994):111-137. The author addresses how US foreign policy towards Africa changes when a major crisis arises. Schraeder, Peter J. "Speaking with Many Voices: Continuity and Change in US Africa Policies," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 3 (1991):374-412. The author analyzes the history, developments and implications of US foreign relations with Sub-Saharan African states. Schutz, Barry M. "There is Something About Africa: U.S. National Security Interests in Sub Saharan Africa," National Security Studies Quarterly vol. 4, Issue 4 (Autumn 1998):85-101. The author explores contradictory dynamics framing and driving U.S. national security interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. Seddon, David. "The Gulf Crisis: Counting the Costs," Review of African Political Economy Issue 51 (July 1991):77-85. The article explores the costs of the Persian Gulf crisis and its economic impact on Africa. Shawcross, William. Deliver Us From Evil: Peacekeepers, Warlords, and a World of Endless Conflict. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000. The author provides analysis of decadent warlords and dictators in weak states and the intervention of peacekeepers in conditions of conflict and collapse. Smith, Stewart. U.S. Neocolonialism in Africa. New York: International Publishers, 1974. The author examines the role and impact of U.S. neocolonialist policies towards Sub-Saharan Africa during the cold war. Smock, David R. and Chester A. Crocker (eds.) African Conflict Resolution: The U.S. Role in Peacemaking. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995. The edited text addresses Africa's role in dealing with its own unique conflict management requirements in the post-cold war period.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

151

Southgate, Minoo. "Slavery Ignored," National Review vol. 47, Issue 20 (October 23, 1995):26-28. The author discusses antislavery movements in Sub-Saharan Africa. The author contends that Arab states are bribing African and African-American politicians and religious leaders to publicly ignore the Arab enslavement of African people on the continent. Starr, J.R. "Water Wars," Foreign Policy Issue 82 (Spring 1991):17-37. The author contends that there exist several areas in the world where future wars could break out because of growing water shortages, including areas of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Strategic Studies Institute. The United States and the Transformation of African Security: The African Crisis Response Initiative and Beyond. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1997. The report addresses the history and purpose of the U.S. African Response Initiative (ARC) within the strategic context of U.S. national security interests, and the ARC's impact on African security developments and trends. US Department of Defense. American Eagle in the Sand: The Story of the United States Central Command. Washington DC: Government Publications Office, 1996. The report outlines the Reagan administration's creation of the US Central Command, a unified military command, with responsibility for securing American interests in North Africa and Chad. US Department of Defense. United States Security Strategy for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D.C.: US Department of Defense, Office of International Security Affairs, August 1995. The defense document argues that the United States has minimal strategic security interest in Sub-Saharan Africa, while it ignores the compelling data that the United States has militarily and diplomatically intervened on the continent at least twenty times since 1990, in most cases defending expanding U.S. economic interests. US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, Conflict and Famine in the Horn of Africa Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 30, 1991. The report assesses the ongoing famine in the Horn of Africa and how it threatens to undermine stability in the entire region. If widespread starvation is not halted soon, political reform will be severely compromised, increasing the likelihood of authoritarian regimes rising to power. In Sudan, the country is on the brink of starvation. In Ethiopia, the

152

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

ongoing famine threatens to be worse than that experienced during the early 1980s. While in Somalia, the political infrastructure has been completely dismantled, leading to what is essentially a state of anarchy. With such conditions, the Horn of Africa threatens to erupt into violence, leading to decreased regional and international security. US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa and International Operations, An Assessment of Recent Developments in the Horn of Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 8, 1992. The report examines developments in the Horn of Africa, including famine, civil strife, and refugee and displacement crises. As a result of these developments, the social, economic, and political conditions of the countries in the region have deteriorated to such an extent that problems will continue well into the future, halting the spread of democracy and threatening international security. The report also examines United States policy in the Horn of Africa and the role of the Unites States and the international community the ongoing crises. US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, The Crisis and Chaos in Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 16, 1992. The report details conditions in Somalia, where warlords operate in a state of anarchy, dominating the countryside and contributing to a famine that has killed 25 percent of children under the age of 5, and threatens to wipe out 4.5 million more out of a population of 6 million. Most of the blame for the civil conflict in Somalia lies with General Aideed, who has rejected the offer of international peacekeepers to bring peace to Somalia. In an effort to force him to compromise, various witnesses call for greater U.S. Government involvement in the peacekeeping efforts. US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, The Crisis in Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, December 17, 1992. The report examines the ongoing crisis in Somalia and details the efforts of United States Armed Forces to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations. The issues discussed include military and security problems; war power and the role of Congress; the status of the humanitarian relief efforts; the status of international efforts to bring peace to Somalia; and a timetable for the completion of U.S. Operations in Somalia and their subsequent withdrawal from the region

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

153

US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, Recent Developments in Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 17, 1993. The report examines events in Somalia and other African nations in the 1990s experiencing civil conflict. Special focus is placed on the current political, military, and humanitarian conditions and the issue of whether United States Armed Forces should be sent to the Somalia to help alleviate the dire conditions. Relief efforts, however, will face daunting challenges as a result of the total destruction of Somalia’s governmental institutions, including the police force and legal and judicial institutions. In essence, the country will have to be rebuilt from the ground up. US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, Withdrawal of U.S. Forces from Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, November 3, 1993. The report calls for the withdrawal of United States Armed Forces from Somalia based on the fact that they are engaged in hostilities without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, which is in violation of sections 5(c) and 7 of the War Powers Resolution. Based on this fact the House of Representatives recommends that President Clinton withdraw U.S. forces from Somalia as quickly as possible, lest he wishes to face a challenge in Federal Court. House members acknowledge that, although the United States’ initial intention in Somalia was to provide relief to victims of the ongoing famine, U.S. Armed Forces have been drawn into the civil conflict and have proved incapable of halting the warlords of Somalia from continuing their operations. US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa, Somalia: Prospects for Peace and Stability. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 16, 1994. The report addresses the prospects for peace and stability in Somalia following the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the region. A critical assessment of what went wrong in U.S. efforts to bring peace to the region is provided, along with recommendations on what should be done in the future should another case like Somalia present itself. Unfortunately, after billions of dollars spent in relief efforts, Somalia is still far from achieving a lasting peace. Skirmishes are widespread and banditry has been increasing steadily. Unless some settlement is found quickly, famine will erupt once again. Such a development would only perpetuate the problems in the region.

154

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights, Authorizing the Use of United States Armed Forces in Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 27, 1993. The report discusses S.J. Res. 45 authorizing the use of United States Armed Forces in Somalia and greater support for a United Nations role in addressing the political and humanitarian crisis in that country. U.S. forces were deployed on December 2, 1992, and as of this report over 20,000 servicemen and women are in Somalia under Operation Restore Hope. Although President Bush stated that it was his intention to use U.S. Forces only for 12 months, in reality, they are to be in Somalia until they are capable of securing a peaceful environment for the United Nations’ UNOSOM operation. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Human Rights Situation in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 22, 1995. The report discusses the current human rights situation in a number of African nations, including Zaire, Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi. Moreover, United States policy toward human rights violations in Africa is detailed, as well as recommendation to improve the human rights situation. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Crisis in Sudan. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 22, 1995. The report outlines the current state of affairs in Sudan, which is controlled by the National Islamic Front (NIF), an extremist group bent on imposing Sharia, or Islamic law, on the entire African Sudanese population. The civil war raging between the Arab/Muslim north and the African/Christian/Animist south has included the bombing of civilian targets, the withholding of food to refugees, the selling of children into slavery, cultural cleansing, and the use of torture by police and military forces aligned with the NIF. The result has been millions of dead Sudanese, the displacement of millions of others, and the influx of Sudanese refugees into neighboring countries. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Narcotics Trafficking in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 24, 1995. The report discusses the threat posed by African narcotics traffickers, particularly those of Nigerian background. Despite the efforts of international law enforcement agencies, combating those organizations operating in drug smuggling has been difficult due to a lack

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

155

of cooperation from the Nigerian government and widespread corruption among Nigerian law enforcement agencies. Along with a lack in rule of law, the continuation of military rule and the lack of free and fair elections continues to undermine democracy and the very institutions needed to sustain effective narcotics control. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Path toward Democracy in Angola. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 13, 1995. The report evaluates the changes occurring in Angola. After two decades of civil war, Angola is finally close to achieving a lasting peace. Serious work remains including: the de-mining programs to accelerate the flow of goods and people, the stabilization of the economy to produce jobs, the demobilization and job training of soldiers to return them to civil society, humanitarian assistance must continue, and priority must be given to establishing a stable democracy. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Recent Developments in Nigeria. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, December 12, 1995. The report discusses the deteriorating political, social, and economic conditions in Nigeria that threatens to spark a civil war if the international community does not take quick action. The report contends that the ethnic and regional dimensions of Nigeria's political stalemate will control to grow with the continual domination of the central government by Muslims in the North and the exclusion from political life of Christians and many southern groups. With the economy collapsing and political order disintegrating, the grievances of non-Muslim groups have only increased. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 13, 1996. The report details the slave trade raging in Sudan and Mauritania, where Arabs are enslaving Africans. Entire African villages have been decimated, women have been raped by government soldiers, boys and girls are being kidnapped by Arab militias, and old men and women are either shot in cold blood or left to die from starvation and disease. U.S. House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Democratic Elections: Myth or Reality in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 17, 1996. The report contends that the

156

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

future of democracy in Africa looks promising, with twenty-three countries holding free and democratic elections. Compared to 1989, there were only five countries that held free elections. However, elections are only one important element in a democracy. Other elements, such as impartial judiciaries, independent legislatures, a free press, a vibrant civil society, and a respect for human rights are just as important as elections, and these will take a considerably greater time to establish in Sub Saharan Africa. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Current Assessment of the Peace Process in Angola. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 3, 1996. The report discusses the difficulties the international community will face in trying to establish a lasting peace in Angola. A general lack of trust, constant conflict between MPLA and UNITA forces, widespread corruption, a devastated economy, lack of infrastructure, and land mines throughout the region are some of the obstacles to overcome. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Crisis in Liberia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 8, 1996. The report reviews developments in Liberia, focusing on United States and international efforts to halt the conflict between various factions vying for control of the state. The role of the Nigerian-dominated ECOMOG in the peacekeeping efforts is detailed, along with the prospects for a lasting peace. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Current Human Rights Situation in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 22, 1996. The report provides an update on the human rights situation in Africa. Millions of Africans continue to be persecuted based on their ethnic or tribal identity. Focus is also placed on the persecution suffered by journalists and other individuals who criticize government leaders and their policies. Many journalists have been assassinated, have disappeared, or have been forced to flee their respective homelands for speaking out against the brutality and corruption of government officials, as well as their complicity in the massacre of innocent civilians. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Bloody Hands: Foreign Support for Liberian Warlords. Washington D.C.:

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

157

Government Printing Office, June 26, 1996. The report discusses the role of foreign supporters in maintaining the civil war in Liberia and in supporting the various factions responsible for the further escalation of the crisis. Such support comes primarily from the Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso, who have provided military support and weaponry to Charles Taylor, the faction leader responsible for countless atrocities. Further support comes from the illegal exportation of Liberia's natural resources through the Ivory Coast, providing the financial capital needed for the purchasing of arms. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Africa's Environment: The Final Frontier. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 17, 1996. The report argues that there are two, rather contradictory, reasons why the international community should take an interest in the African environment. First, Africa is a continent where there are still substantial areas that have not been changed by large-scale human settlements. Second, there is no effective environmental protection movement, or effective environmental safeguards to protect this pristine environment. As a result, there is widespread fear that governmental and rebel leaders in a number of African states will exploit natural resources, and damage the environment in the process, to acquire and maintain their political and military power base. In addition, there is a very grave concern that the dramatic increase in urban pollution brought on by years of corruption, mismanagement and urban conflict will move towards catastrophe. Focus must therefore be placed on addressing the problem of governance and lack of stability in many African states. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Refugees in Eastern Zaire and Rwanda. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, December 4, 1996. The report examines the refugee crisis in eastern Zaire as a result of the civil conflicts in Rwanda and Burundi. It contends that of special concern to international organizations trying to quell the conflicts is the fact that Hutu militias are launching attacks against Tutsi forces in Rwanda and Burundi from refugee camps in Eastern Zaire. Reports of atrocities committed by Hutu militiamen against refugees in the camps are also presented. The current situation threatens to spark a humanitarian crisis that will only make it more difficult to establish a lasting peace in war torn areas. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Economic Development of Africa's Natural Resources. Washington D.C.:

158

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Government Printing Office, March 19, 1997. It has been well known for some time that Africa is extremely rich in natural resources, not only in terms of minerals (such as gold, platinum, and copper), but also in diamonds, oil, and timber. However, the vast majority of Africans do not benefit from their exploitation. Most of these resources are exported to foreign markets, while extremely corrupt governmental and military officials' pocket hard currency revenues. According to the report, a large percentage of Africa's natural resources have yet to be explored, providing hope that these resources, if properly exploited, can provide the necessary capital for significant economic development in individual African states. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Zaire: Collapse of an African Giant. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 8, 1997. The report presents different views on the civil war in Zaire, as well as providing reasons for the current conflict. It attributes much blame to mismanagement and corruption by President Mobutu Sese Seko. There is concern that the civil war raging in Zaire will destabilize the nine countries on its borders, leading to instability in the entire Central African region. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Angola's Government of National Unity. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 24, 1997. On April 11, 1997, a Government of National Unity and Reconciliation (GURN) was established in Angola. The GURN, which is made up of 28 Ministers and 55 Vice Ministers, incorporates into the government of Angola representatives from UNITA as well as other political parties. With this landmark achievement, there is some evidence that all factions are committed to implementing the Lusaka Protocol. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Liberian Elections: A New Hope. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 24, 1997. The report examines developments in Liberia related to presidential and legislative elections scheduled for July 1997. The U.S. policy toward Liberia is detailed, especially in light of its non-involvement in conflicts being waged in neighboring countries. In the report, Nigeria's peacekeeping efforts in Liberia are praised, but more needs to be done to lessen the burden on that impoverished country.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

159

US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo: Problems and Prospects. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 16, 1997. The report reviews United States policy toward the Democratic Republic of Congo (DROC) following the overthrow of longtime dictator Mobutu Sese Seko and his replacement with President Laurent Kabila, a former rebel leader supported by Rwanda. Special focus is placed on the human rights situation in the DROC, which threatens to disrupt the entire region if a solution to the problem is not implemented. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, U.S. Policy toward Nigeria. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 18, 1997. The report details the political and economic situation in Nigeria, focusing on the transition to civilian rule. An assessment of the impact that United States policy has had in this development is provided, as well as recommendations for particular changes that need to be made in the coming year. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, African Crisis Response Initiative. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, October 1, 1997. The report details efforts to create a special peacekeeping force composed of soldiers from various African nations in order to enhance the capacity of African nations to respond to humanitarian crises and peacekeeping challenges in a timely and effective manner. The task of training these soldiers has been charged to US Special Forces, who focus on developing basic soldiers skills, peacekeeping procedures, logistics management, human rights observance, and techniques of working with refugees, humanitarian organizations and civilian authorities. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, Ongoing Crisis in the Great Lakes. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 5, 1998. The report reviews the human rights conditions in the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa as well as U.S. policy toward that region, particularly toward the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi, who are the primary actors in the conflict. Special focus is placed on the involvement of the armed forces in the mass killing of refugees and civilians in the neighboring countries of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Updates on Rwanda and Burundi are also provided.

160

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, Rwanda: Genocide and the Continuing Cycle of Violence. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 5, 1998. The report examines the policies of the United States and the United Nations towards the genocide event in Rwanda; as well as the Hutu refugee problem resulting from the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front's takeover of the Rwanda government, which led Hutu refugees to flee into the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, AntiCorruption Efforts in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 20, 1998. The report discusses efforts to combat corruption in Africa, where government workers receive very low wages, poverty is endemic and widespread, and the resources needed to establish effective safeguards against corruption are not in place, fostering more corruption. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Restructuring Sierra Leone. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 11, 1998. The report examines political developments in Sierra Leone and United States policy toward that state following the restoration of the democratically elected government of President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah by the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) peacekeeping force. Moreover, the response of the insurgent Revolutionary United Front (RUF) to these developments, which controlled the junta that initially displaced President Kabbah in a military coup are also discussed. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Prospects for Democracy in Nigeria. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 25, 1998. The report reviews the democratization efforts of new Nigerian leader, General Abdulsalam Abubakar, and United States' policy toward Nigeria's new administration. Following the mysterious death of Nigeria's previous ruler, General Abacha, and his commitment to returning Nigeria to civilian rule, there is widespread hope among the international community that Nigeria has put it turbulent past behind. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Combating International Crime in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 15, 1998. The report examines the problem of African

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

161

organized crime, focusing on the illegal activities of Nigerian organized crime groups. Operating on a global scale, the criminal activities of these groups includes identity theft, business fraud, and drug smuggling. Moreover, the relative sophistication of these groups and their adeptness at white-collar crime is of particular concern to the international community. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Combating International Crime in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 16, 1998. The report discusses the most significant international African crime group having an impact on the United States, the West African/Nigerian criminal groups commonly referred to as Nigerian Criminal Enterprises (NCEs). During the past fifteen years, NCEs have exploited financial institutions, insurance companies, government entitlement programs, and individual citizens of the United States, and have been involved in a number of criminal endeavors including, but not limited to: drug trafficking, especially heroin and cocaine; financial crimes; money laundering; counterfeit, altered documents and immigration fraud; trafficking in persons and contraband; and, finally, corruption. In order to combat this problem a number of Federal agencies have developed the AntiDrug Network (ADNET) to exchange intelligence concerning NCEs. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Crises in Sudan and Northern Uganda. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 29, 1998. The report examines the humanitarian crises in Sudan and Uganda, including war-related famine in Sudan, and atrocities committed in Uganda by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), allegedly with the backing of the government of Sudan. It also discusses the current activities of Sudan People's Liberation Army rebel force, which seeks to overthrow the Muslim regime. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 15, 1998. The war raging in the Democratic Republic of Congo is unprecedented in Africa due to the involvement of at least six states in the conflict. The fighting threatens regional stability, endangers the lives of millions of people, perpetuates human rights abuses, and leads to an ever-decreasing likelihood that democracy will develop in Africa's third largest country. Laurent Kabila, leader of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has refused to enter into political negotiations with rebel forces, further exacerbating the situation.

162

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Sierra Leone: Prospects for Peace and Stability. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 23, 1999. The report discusses the civil war raging in Sierra Leone and the prospects for a peaceful settlement of the conflict. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Democracy in Africa, 1989-1999: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, April 19, 1999. The report reviews U.S. policy toward Africa, particularly in the realm of democratization. The structural obstacles to democratization in Africa, especially military rule and corruption, are detailed. Finally, recommendations for overcoming these obstacles are provided. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Ethiopia-Eritrea War: U.S. Policy Options. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 25, 1999. The report examines the causes of the recent territorial dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea and details U.S. policy toward that conflict, especially in the area of human rights. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Crimes against Humanity in Sudan. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 27, 1999. The report focuses on the role of the governmentsponsored National Islamic Front in enslaving and committing genocide against the people of southern Sudan through bombings, starvation, disease and other brutal methods. It presents information on the state's support for terrorism and its continual human violations. The jihad being waged by the present regime has already led to the death and displacement of millions of Sudanese men, women, men and children. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Nigeria: On the Democratic Path. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, August 3, 1999. The report examines U.S. foreign policy toward Nigeria following the democratic election of President Olusegun Obasanjo on February 1999. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo: The Lusaka Peace Accords and Beyond. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 28, 1999. The report details recent developments in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

163

(DRC) and current U.S. policy toward that particular state. It focuses primarily on the cease-fire agreement signed in Lusaka, Zambia on July 10, 1999 between the DRC and rebel groups allegedly supported by neighboring countries. Arguments both in favor of and against the Lusaka accords are presented. Suggestions on what the United States and the international community can do to achieve a significant peace in such a vitally strategic state as the Democratic Republic of Congo are also given. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Peacekeeping in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 15, 2000. The report discusses the current state of affairs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) following the signing of a cease-fire agreement in Lusaka, Zambia. In addition, peacekeeping efforts in Rwanda and how Zimbabwe came to be involved in the conflict in the DRC are also detailed. Finally, recommendations on what can be done to rebuild the states devastated by war are provided. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Africa's Diamonds: Precious, Perilous Too. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 9, 2000. The report examines the illicit sale of African diamonds and how it has contributed to instability in Angola, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Despite widespread hope that Angola had put its troubles behind, the failure to effectively implement the provisions of the Lusaka Protocol led to the continual funneling of illicit diamond revenues for the purchasing of arms, which were later used by UNITA forces to once again go on the offensive. In Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo it has been much the same story, with rebel and government forces using illicit diamond sales to acquire and maintain military and political power. The problem of preventing such developments depends heavily on finding a solution to control the illicit flow of diamonds, while at the same time making sure not to punish those state - such as South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana - who depend on the legitimate sale of diamonds to sustain their economies. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Looming Famine in Ethiopia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 18, 2000. The report assesses the possibility of another major famine in the Horn of Africa, which includes Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Djibouti, Kenya, and Eritrea in light of the recent drought in the region and

164

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

the ongoing war between Ethiopia and Eritrea. The roots of the famine can be traced to the war itself, as vital economic resources have been utilized for the war effort instead of economic and agricultural development. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Ethiopia-Eritrea War: U.S. Policy Options. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 25, 2000. The report formally explores U.S. foreign policy options in managing war and post-war Ethiopian and Eritrean relations, as well as examining human rights, humanitarian assistance and related policy issues. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Zimbabwe: Democracy on the Line. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 13, 2000. The report examines political developments in Zimbabwe, focusing on the elections scheduled for June of 2000. Details of violence allegedly related to efforts of President Robert Mugabe and the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) to remain in power. The report also reviews United States policies and interests related to Zimbabwe. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, HIV/AIDS in Africa: Steps to Prevention. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, September 27, 2000. The report details the difficulties faced by African nations in dealing with the HIV/AIDS epidemic, especially among the young sectors of the population. An estimated 33.6 million adults and children are living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, with 4 million new cases of infection every year. In Botswana the HIV infection rate exceeds 35 percent. More has to be done by both national governments and the media to inform and educate the citizens of African states about the perils of HIV and the measures that can be taken to halt the spread of the virus. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, Confronting Liberia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 14, 2001. The report reviews recent political developments in Liberia and examines U.S. policy toward that state. Criticism is directed toward Liberian President Charles Taylor for allegedly putting his own personal interests before the interests of his constituents. Taylor is accused of amassing a personal fortune from the sale of arms and diamonds through contacts in Sierra Leone. Work is underway to impose sanctions on the sale

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

165

of Liberian diamonds, which are being used to finance the war raging in that state. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, America's Sudan Policy: A New Direction? Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 28, 2001. Because of its willingness to utilize any means at its disposal to achieve its political and military ends, calls for employing harsher methods against the National Islamic Front (NIF) are made repeatedly throughout this report. It recommends that the United States employ a more proactive approach against a regime that utilizes the bombing of civilian targets, the withholding of food, and the sale of women and children into slavery to terrorize the African Sudanese population. The result has been millions of deaths, and a refugee crisis that will only get worse with time. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights, Suffering and Despair: Humanitarian Crisis in the Congo. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 17, 2001. The report reviews human rights conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and United States policy toward that state in light of the continual conflict between the government and rebel forces, which are allegedly supported by neighboring African countries. The report also provides recommendations to alleviate the human rights situation. US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, African Crisis Response Initiative: A Security Building Block. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 12, 2001. The report examines the African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI), a United States initiative whose principal aim is to provide training in humanitarian and peacekeeping operations to military personnel from a number of sub-Saharan African states in order to create a multinational force capable of responding to any crisis in Africa. The report also provides recommendations on what the international community can do to reduce the prevalence of conflict in subSaharan Africa. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Current Situation in the Horn of Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 26, 1991. The report assesses the current situation in the Horn of Africa, which includes Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. As a result of the ongoing famine close to 25 million people risk dying from starvation

166

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

in the region. The problem has been exacerbated due to decades of civil conflict involving government and rebel forces in each of the three states in the region. Rebel forces aim to overthrow corrupt regimes that benefit only small segments of the population. The majority of people are excluded from the political process and receive no benefits from the governments under question. Government repression of opposition groups has only worsened the situation as the government has halted the shipment of food and medical supplies. US

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, The Situation in Zaire. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, November 6, 1991. The report details the deteriorating political, economic, and social conditions in Zaire as a result of three decades of corrupt and inefficient rule under the Mobutu regime. Despite Zaire’s vast natural wealth, the vast majority of its citizens leave in conditions of extreme poverty, which has contributed to widespread discontent and calls for Mobutu to step down as president. Although Mobutu was an important ally of the United States during the Cold War, the end of that era has led policy makers to reconsider the United States’ role in the region. It is widely recognized that the only way to relive the conditions in Zaire is for Mobutu to resign and step down as president.

US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Emergency Situation in Zaire and Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 5, 1992. The report focuses on the emergency situation in Zaire and Somalia, where political and humanitarian conditions have deteriorated considerably, threatening the well-being of millions of people. In Somalia, the ongoing civil conflict is the result of the fighting between rival clan leaders, Ali Mahdi Mohamed and Mohamed Farah Aideed, which began in Mogadishu back on November 17, 1992. The increasing hostility between these two leaders threatens to launch the country into civil war, posing a threat to regional and international security. In Zaire, on the other hand, the corrupt regime of President Mobutu Sese Seko is the primary actor responsible for widespread poverty, and the ongoing political and humanitarian crises. His unwillingness to step down as President has only exacerbated an already tense situation in the country. U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, The Horn of Africa: Changing Realities and U.S. Response. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 19, 1992. Among the issues

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

167

discussed in the report is the impending independence of the Eritrean people and the formation of their own country and how this may affect their relations with Ethiopia, from which they will secede. Another issue is the question of Somalia and how to alleviate the dire conditions in which most citizens find themselves. As for Sudan, calls are made for humanitarian assistance for the victims of the ongoing crisis, which will not be easy given that the Sudanese government has proved hostile to the United States. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, U.S. Policy in Somalia. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 29, 1993. The report discusses U.S. Policy in Somalia, including the involvement of United States Armed Forces in United Nations peacekeeping efforts. The report argues that a secure, peaceful environment in Somalia is absolutely necessary in order to continue with efforts to rebuild Somali political, economic, and social institutions that have been completely destroyed as a result of fighting between rival clan leaders. With such institutions order will never be restored and the state will descend into anarchy. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, U.S. Participation in Somalia Peacekeeping. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, October 19, 1993. The report examines the operation of the United States military forces deployed to Somalia to assist the United Nations in establishing a secure environment for international famine relief operations. It also provides an update on conditions and military operations in Somalia, where warlords threaten to undermine international efforts to alleviate the humanitarian crisis. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Crisis in Central Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 26, 1994. The report reviews United States and international humanitarian assistance with regard to refugees fleeing the civil conflict in Rwanda. Refugees steaming to neighboring countries threaten to seriously destabilize those countries, which are already trying to cope with their own social, political, and economic troubles. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Situation in Nigeria (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 20, 1995). Despite the trend toward more democratic forms of governance in a number of African states in the 1990s, Nigeria stands out as one of the

168

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

largest disappointments in the eyes of the international community due to its continual denial of essential democratic freedoms and its widespread corruption. Under the direction of General Abacha, considered to be the most cruel and corrupt leader in Nigeria's short history, human rights violations have increased dramatically, crime has risen, drug cartels have gained greater influence, income levels have dropped, civil society has virtually disappeared, and the state's infrastructure has deteriorated. All these conditions threaten to launch Nigeria into a severe civil conflict. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Prospects for Peace and Democracy in Angola. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 12, 1996. Fifteen months after the signing of the Lusaka Protocol, Angola is slowly moving towards normalization. There is no longer active conflict, the parties involved in the civil war have declared themselves committed to peace, and the movement of people within the country has become easier, but still limited. Some top priorities are the continuation of humanitarian assistance and the de-mining of the countryside, where countless Angolans have been maimed or killed by land mines. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Update on U.S. Policy toward Nigeria. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 15, 1996. The report presents an update on the current situation in Nigeria, which is on the verge of a major conflict. Suggestions on what the United States' policy toward Nigeria should be are detailed. The report also provides recommendations on how to strengthen the Nigerian Democracy Act, which seeks to ease the transition from military to civilian rule. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Sudan and Terrorism. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, May 15, 1997. The report discusses the threat posed to regional and international stability by the present Sudanese government, which destabilizes its neighbors, supports terrorists, commits human rights abuses against its citizens, and pursues civil war in the south. Details of its involvement in the conflicts being waged in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Uganda are provided. The current military and political situation is also assessed. In the south, the SPLA and other opposition groups are working to overthrow the extremist government headed by the National Islamic Front.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

169

US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Democracy in Africa: The New Generation of African Leaders. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, March 12, 1998. The report examines American efforts to promote democracy in Africa in light if the recent ascension of a new generation of African leaders considered by some US conservatives as democratic reformists. These leaders include Eritrea's Isaias Afwerki, Ethiopia's Meles Zenawi, Rwanda's Paul Kagame, Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, and Laurent Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). The different views toward U.S. efforts to promote democracy in Africa are also presented, as well as recommendations on what can be done to ensure the transitions to more democratic forms of government. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export, and Trade Promotion, United Nations' Policy in Africa. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 12, 2000. The United Nations' policy in Africa is examined, including its peacekeeping missions in selected African states, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea and Sierra Leone. The international effort to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS threatening the stability of Africa is also discussed. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, U.S. Policy in Sierra Leone. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, October 11, 2000. The report details the strategic threat to regional stability posed by the Sierra Leone conflict, given the increasing involvement of African states in the conflict, the widening humanitarian crisis of refugees streaming into Liberia, Guinea and nearby countries, and the destabilizing effects on the West African region's political, economic and social fabric. US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Nigerian Transition and the Future of U.S. Policy. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, November 4, 1999. The report posits that after the transition from civilian rule, Nigerian criminal elements continue to be a source of concern because of their involvement in drug trafficking in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, as well as their adeptness in whitecollar crimes worldwide. Moreover, corruption continues to flourish at all levels of the public and private sectors in Nigeria, while the vast majority of Nigerians live far below the poverty line.

170

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Vaughn, Olufemi. "The Politics of Global Marginalization," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 29, no. 3-4 (July-October 1994):186-205. The author analyzes the impact of U.S. foreign policy in driving Sub-Saharan Africa towards the margins of the global political economy. Von Hippel, Karin. Democracy by Force: U.S. Military Intervention in the PostCold War World. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. The author discusses the post-cold war military interventions by the United States to enforce its national interests worldwide. Wonkenyor, Edward L. The Effects of United States' Political Communication and the Liberian Experience (1960-1990): An Afrocentric Analysis. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1997. The author examines the role and impact of U.S. political communication technology and information systems in maximizing the entire range of U.S. interests in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific emphasis on Liberia. Zartman, I. William. "Guidelines for Preserving Peace in Africa," in David R. Smock and Chester A. Crocker (eds.) African Conflict Resolution: The U.S. Role in Peacekeeping. Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace (1995):95-105. The author outlines theoretical policy guidelines for preserving stability and peace in Sub-Saharan Africa.

WEAPONS TRAFFICKING, COMMODITIES TRADING

DIAMONDS,

AND

"African Leaders Against Weapons Trafficking," Panafrican News Agency (December 2, 2000). An OAU Ministerial Group restates its commitment toward preventing the proliferation, circulation and trafficking of smallcaliber, light weapons and major conventional weapon system in SubSaharan Africa, previewing its strategic position at the 2001 UN Conference on Weapons Proliferation in Geneva. Alves, Péricles Gasparini and Daiana Belinda Cipollone. Small Arms and Transparency: Curbing Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Sensitive Technologies: An Action-Oriented Agenda. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1998. The article examines different methods that must be employed in order to limit small arms trading at a global level. It recommends that national, regional and global solutions

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

171

must all be approached in a systematic manner in order to find a viable solution. "An International Agenda on Small Arms and Light Weapons: Elements of a Common Understanding," Norway Information Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Olso, Norway, July 1998. The report outlines a non-binding consensus by the international community to exercise restraint in the selling and distribution of small arms, light weapons, and ammunition to weak states and warlords in the developing world. Anthony, Ian. "National Policies and Regional Agreements on Arms Exports," United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Coordinating Small Arms Control, no. 2 (2000):47-58. The report reviews measures and enforcement actions enacted by individual nations to govern export control systems with specific emphasis on conventional arms and small weapons. Anthony, Ian. "The Conventional Arms Trade," in Andrew J. Pierre (ed.) Cascade of Arms. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press (1997): 1541. The author discusses the conventional arms trade, and its implications for the advancement of peace in the international security system. Anthony, Ian. "Current Trends and Developments in the Arms Trade," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science vol. 535 (September 1994):29-42. The author examines different data sets used in analyzing arms trade, as well as assessing what current and long-term patterns are realistic adjustments to the end of the Cold War. Arlinghaus, Bruce. Military Development in Africa: The Political and Economic Risks of Arms Transfers Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984. The author addresses the serious problem of arms transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa, and their systemic effects on African conflicts and wars since the 1960s. Arlinghaus, Bruce (ed.) Arms for Africa: Military Assistance and Foreign Policy in the Developing World Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1983. The political dynamics of light and conventional arms transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. Austin, Kathi. "Hearts of Darkness," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):34-37. The author describes the methods used by illegal arms traffickers including forging of documents and filing

172

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

false flight plans, and bribery. It details the protections provided to some of these arms traffickers because of their former employment and knowledge of how government agencies currently supply arms to states legitimately. It claims that the vast majority of small arms, light weapons, major conventional weapons and ammunition transfers into the Congo and Great Lakes regions are national armaments policy by the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Beach, H. Peacekeeping and Weapons Proliferation. London: Council for Arms Control, University of London, 1994. The report investigates the complex policy and theoretical linkages between global and regional peacekeeping operations and weapons proliferation phenomena in the developing world, as well as the implications of the linkages for peace and stability. Belsie, Lauren. "As International Small-Weapons Market Grows, Calls for Stricter Regulation Increase," International Action Network on Small Arms (December 7, 2000). The author examines the global small weapons industry and the proliferation of small arms controlled by a shadowy network of traders and brokers who equip warlords, rogue armies, terrorists, liberation movements, and anyone else who can pay top dollar. http://iansa.org/news. Benson, W. Light Weapons Controls and Security Assistance: A Review of Current Practice. Report International Alert, September 1998. The author addresses the post-cold war current practices as well as the political and security issues related to light weapons control and military security assistance. Biggs, David. "United Nations Contributions to the Process," United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: Coordinating Small Arms Control no. 2 (2000):25-36. The author reviews the important role of the United Nations in dealing with the small arms trafficking issue from 1994 to the present, with special emphasis on the "United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects" held in June/July of 2001. Blanton, Shannon Lindsey. "Instruments of Security or Tools of Repression? Arms Imports and Human Rights Conditions in Developing Countries," Journal of Peace Research vol. 36, no. 2 (March 1999):233-244. The article analyzes the relationship between the importation of small arms/light

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

173

weapons and the dismal state of human rights in developing countries. The article provides statistics that shows the acquisition of foreign small arms and light weapons strongly contributes to domestic repression by the national authorities or rogue rebel factions. Boutwell, Jeffrey and Michael T. Klare. "A Scourge of Small Arms," Scientific American (June 2000):48-53. As a result of the end of the cold war and its preoccupation with nuclear arms and major conventional weapons systems arms control, small arms conflicts have taken on a much greater importance. There are estimates that the legal trade in small weapons produces annually $7-10 billion in profits for states and global armaments corporations. The article lists the major suppliers of small arms and the specific weapons they manufacture for the global arms market. Boutwell, Jeffrey, Michael T. Klare and Laura W. Reed (eds.) The Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1994. The authors examine post-cold war dynamics driving the international trade in small arms and light weapons. The text defines what small arms (weapons for personal use) and light weapons (weapons used by several persons serving as a crew) are, and what can be done to control their proliferation at the national, regional and global levels. It examines three categories of weapons transfers and how they function through legal channels, covert and 'gray-market' channels and illicit and 'black-market' channels; and it outlines the profit-oriented relationship between international arms firms and arms traders with states and warlords in the underdeveloped world. Braun, Stephen and Judy Pasternak. "Warrant Issued for Russian Arms Broker Tied to Al Qaeda," Los Angeles Times (February 26, 2002):A6. The brief article discusses the international arms trading activities of the Russian, Victor Bout, who had arms trading relations with the Tailban regime in Afghanistan and Al Qaeda. Mr. Bout was also directly responsible for massive shipments of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons systems to Sub-Saharan African states (in exchange for diamonds and other high-valued commodities) which fueled the extremely brutal and murderous civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Angola. Brayton, Abott. A. "The Politics of Arms Limitation in Africa," African Studies Review (March 1983):73-90. The author examines the efforts to limit and/or

174

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

prevent the massive flows of small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons and ammunition into Sub Saharan Africa. British American Security Information Council. Africa: The Challenge of Light Weapons Destruction During Peacekeeping Operations. BASIC Papers no. 23, December 1997. The report examines technical mechanisms to destroy light weapons during and after peacekeeping operations in Africa. Brzoska, Michael and Frederic S. Pearson. "Developments in the Global Supply of Arms: Opportunity and Motivation," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science no. 535 (September 1994):58-72. The authors discuss the proliferation of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons systems in the international security system and its implications for stability in third world states. Cannizzo, Cindy. The Gun Merchants: Politics and Policies of the Major Arms Suppliers. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980. The author investigates the major arms suppliers and their legal and (illegal) practices in the exports of small arms, light weapons, conventional arms and ammunition systems to the crisis areas in the undeveloped world. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Preventing Deadly Conflict: Final Report. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1997. The report addresses the strategic importance of major conventional weapons in fueling regional conflicts. Charmen, Karen. "Small Arms: Large Problems-Today’s Biggest Killers are Assault Rifles, Machine Guns, Mortars, and Grenades," The Progressive vol. 62, no. 7 (July 1998):18-21. The brief article examines the role of the US Commerce Department in encouraging sales of small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons, and ammunition to strong and weak states. Cleaver, Gerry. "Subcontracting Military Power: The Privatization of Security in Contemporary Sub Saharan Africa," Crime, Law and Social Change vol. 33, no. 1-2 (March 2000):131-149. The author compares the classical view of the mercenaries as hired guns with the more recent, business oriented private security forces, and the privatization of security dynamics in SubSaharan Africa. Clegg, Liz. "NGOs Take Aim," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):49-51. The author addresses the role and impact

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

175

of global non-governmental organizations in controlling the movement of small arms, as well as the inherent difficulties in supporting an international small arms nonproliferation campaign because of the legality of civilianowned arms and the legitimate use of small arms in many countries. Clough, Michael. Free At Last? US Policy Toward Africa and the End of the Cold War. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992. The author assessed the competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the cold war in Africa, and US policy in the post-cold war period. Cock, Jacklyn. "The Link Between Security and Development: The Problem of Light Weapons Proliferation," African Security Review vol. 5, no. 5 (1996). The author outlines the impact of security and economic developments in evaluating why light weapons proliferation occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. "Controlling the Deadly Trade," Christian Science Monitor vol. 90, Issue 148 (June 1998): 16. The article makes the argument that the stockpiling of small arms is more dangerous that the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Crowder, Michael (ed.) West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation. New York: Africana, 1971. The edited text examines the various dimensions and implications of West African ethnic groups' resistance to European colonial occupation. "Diamond Wars," Financial Times (December 20, 2000): 14. The article evaluates a recent Security Council report on the sordid relationships between the international diamond and arms markets and their profitmaximizing involvement in Africa's conflicts and wars. These relationships revolve around corrupted African governments and arrogant warlords, venal global arms merchants and regional gunrunners and secretive diamond dealers domiciled in America, Western Europe, Israel, and India. Diouf, Barthelemy. "Supporting the African Crisis Reaction Initiative," Army Logistician vol. 34 (May-June 2002):26-29. The author argues that the United States and the West should provide sustained logistical assistance to African states supporting the African Crisis Reaction Initiative program. Donowaki, Mitsuro. "Conventional Disarmament in Light Weapons," Peace Research vol. 36, no. 2 (1999). The author investigates international black market in light weapons to rebel groups in Africa and the Third World.

176

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Dyer, Susannah L. and Natalie J. Goldring. Controlling Global Light Weapons Transfer: Working Toward Policy Options. London: British American Security Information Council, April 1966. The authors discuss various means to control the spread of light weapons internationally. Epstein, Jeffrey H. "Small Arms Become Big Problems," Futurist vol. 32, Issue 6 (August/September 1998):8-9. The author provides data on the volume of small arms in global circulation, their place of origin, their easy accessibility and desirability to rogue states and warlords and offers suggestions on how to reduce their worldwide circulation. Ezell, Virginia Hart. "Small Arms Proliferation Remains Global Dilemma," National Defense (January 1995):26-27. The brief article examines the intractable global problem of small arms proliferation in the developing world. Graaf, Henny J. Van Der. "Proliferation of Light Weapons in Africa," Policy Sciences vol. 30 (1997):133-141. The author reviews light weapons flows into and around Sub-Saharan Africa. The origins and sources of light weapons and the international and regional efforts made to address the proliferation of light weapons in Africa are also addressed. Greene, O. Tackling Light Weapons Proliferation: Issues and Priorities for the European Community. London: Saferword, April 1997. The author examines the European Community's policy position and practical reactions to the proliferation of light weapons internationally and in the Third World. Gruhn, Isebill. "Land Mines: An African Tragedy," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 4 (December 1996):687-699. The article discusses the very troubling and unresolved land mines problem in SubSaharan Africa. It is estimated that there are over 30 million land mines deployed in at least 18 African states, killing 12 thousand Africans and injuring tens of thousands annually, and producing hundreds of thousands of amputees. Gupta, Amit. "Third World Militaries: New Suppliers, Deadlier Weapons," Orbis vol. 37. No. 1 (Winter 1993):57-69. The author reviews the rise of global arms producers and the lethality of weapons produced in and outside of the Third World.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

177

Harkavy, Robert E. "The Changing International System and the Arms Trade," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science 535 (September 1994):11-28. The author addresses the changing international arms trading system at the end of the cold war. It emphasizes "denationalization" of the arms trade and its political impact on both the supply and purchasing of small arms, light weapons and ammunition. Hartung, William D. A Tale of Three Arms Trades: The Changing Dynamics of Conventional Weapons Proliferation, 1991-2000. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Arms Trade Conference, June 14, 2000. The author outlines the structural shifts in international security politics that has changed the nature and direction of the international arms trading system. Moreover, he examines the trade in major conventional weapons, dual-use items, small arms, and light weapons as primary examples of market-driven dynamics of the international arms trading system. "Hey Anybody Want a Gun?," Economist vol. 347, Issue 8068 (May 1998):4749. The article investigates the small arms trade and the measures developed countries have implemented to try to control the stockpiling of illegally purchased arms. Hoyos, Carola, "UN Report Exposes Violators of Sanctions," Financial Times (December 22, 2000):4. A recent UN report outlines an extensive international network of well-funded and well-organized arms merchants and gunrunners shipping small arms, light weapons, and ammunition to Sierra Leone, Liberia and Angola. The ringleader of the network was identified as Victor Anatolyevich Bout, a Taijik and former Soviet military pilot and navigator living in the United Arab Emirates--who managed the 50 planes of the Air Cess transport fleet. He flew in thousands of tons of small arms, light weapons and ammunition to UNITA in Angola, Sierra Leone and other African states and warlords over the years. The report pointed out that key associates of DeBeers, the giant diamond mining multinational, brought conflict diamonds from Savimbi's infamous gemrunners. Switzerland also profited by hiding the identity of conflict diamonds transiting through its territory and allowing their sale on the world diamonds and gems market. International Committee of the Red Cross. Arms Availability and the Situation of Civilians in Armed Conflicts. Geneva, Switzerland, June 1999. The report

178

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

investigates the role and impact of international arms merchants who bargain with governmental and non-governmental actors within weak states to either purchase or barter for small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons, and ammunition systems. The end-result of these tragic transactions between profit-seeking businessmen and African leaders and warlords has been destabilizing civil wars, debilitating ethnic cleansing campaigns, and punitive large-scale police actions against innocent civilians. Johnson, Joel L. "Financing Arms Trade," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science 535 (September 1994):110-121. At the end of the Cold War, the spread of small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons and ammunition systems to states in the developed and underdeveloped worlds has kept pace with increasingly complex financing arrangements for such bilateral and multilateral arms purchases. The article addresses the methods by which arms have been financed in the past, and how they may potentially be financed in the future. Karp, Aaron. "Uncertain Prognosis," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):66-69. The author explains the transition from legitimate arms deals made by governments to the more recent trend of terrorists, criminals, rebel groups and rogue governments buying weapons. Karp, Aaron. "The Rise of Black and Grey Markets," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science vol. 535 (September 1994): 175-190. The author contends that covert transfers of arms have increased significantly since the end of the Cold War due to embargoes and inconsistent policies by states. It advocates more aggressive law enforcement and a dramatic utilization of the United Nations Arms Register to control the expansion of the global black and gray arms markets. Karp, Aaron. "The Arms Trade Revolution: The Major Impact of Small Arms," Washington Quarterly vol. 17 (Autumn 1994):65-77. The author investigates how the international arms trade creates conflict and instability in developing states, as well as outlining the grave threat that small arms proliferation is to international and regional stability. Keller, William W. "The Political Economy of Conventional Weapons Proliferation," Current History vol. 95, no. 609 (April 1997):179-183. The

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

179

brief article outlines the political economy and the economics of conventional weapons proliferation, and its political implications for international and regional security order. King, Jeremy. "A Hindrance to Peace: Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Post-Conflict Peace Process," Peacekeeping & International Relations vol. 26, no. 5 (July-October 1997-): 20-27. The author contends that the proliferation of small arms and the light weapons is a hindrance to peace in post-conflict societies. Klare, Michael T. "The Kalashnikov Age," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):18-22. The article addresses the high number of civilians killed in regional wars because of the proliferation and use of small arms, light weapons, major conventional weapons, and ammunition systems when compared to the relatively small numbers of civilians killed in World War I. Klare, Michael. "Progress Begins on Controlling Trade in Light Arms," Issues Science & Technology vol. 14 (Spring 1998):28. The brief article highlights the factors that give international visibility to the issue of the unregulated international trade of small arms and light weapons. Klare, Michael T. "The New Arms Race: Light Weapons and International Security," Current History vol. 95, no. 609 (April 1997):173-178. The brief article examines the potential strategic role and impact of light weapons (assault rifles, machine guns, light antitank weapons, light mortals, antipersonnel mines and shoulder-fired anti-aircraft missiles) in destabilizing international and regional security order. Klare, Michael T. "The Subterranean Arms Trade: Black Market Sales, Covert Operations and Ethnic Warfare," In Andrew J. Pierre (ed.) Cascade of Arms. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press (1997):15-41. The author investigates the relationship between black market arms sales and covert operations and the rise and lethality of ethnic warfare in Third World region(s), and the security implications for peace and stability globally and regionally. Klare, M. "The Global Trade in Light Weapons and the International System in the Post-Cold War Era," in J. Boutwell, M. Klare, and L Reed (ed.) Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons.

180

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1995):31-43. The author discusses the extremely dangerous implications in the post-cold war period of the massive worldwide transfer of small arms and light weapons and ammunition to beleaguered governments, rogue warlords, criminal syndicates, global terrorists and separatist groups. Klare, Michael T. "Adding Fuel to the Fires: The Conventional Arms Trade in the 1990s," in Michael T. Klare and Daniel C. Thomas (eds.) World Security: Challenges for a New Century. New York: St. Martin's Press (1994):134-154. The author examines the international conventional arms trading system in the 1990s. It posits that the international conventional arms trading system is on the verge of a "new expansionary cycle" based on a higher incidence of ethnic, tribal, and national conflicts globally. Krause, Keith. Constraining Conventional Proliferation: A Role for Canada, Report prepared for the Non Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament Division. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 1996. The report addresses Canada's role in the production of arms exports, UN Register of Conventional Arms, and constraining conventional weapons proliferation. Krause, Keith. Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. The author provides an overview of the relationship between military arms production and the international arms trade and national governments. Laurance, Edward J. Light Weapons and Intrastate Conflict: Early Warning Factors and Preventative Actions. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, July 1998. The report discusses the devastating impact of small arms and light weapons in driving regional and intrastate conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Laurance, Edward J. "Small Arms, Light Weapons, and Conflict Prevention: The New Post-Cold War Logic of Disarmament," in Barnett R. Rubin (ed.) Cases and Strategies for Preventive Action. New York: The Century Foundation Press (1998):135-167. The author examines the reasons why conventional weapons and small arms in particular have become increasingly important in sustaining regional conflicts worldwide.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

181

Levine, Paul and Ron Smith. "The Arms Trade Game: From Laissez-faire to Common Defense Policy," Oxford Economic Papers vol. 52 (April 2000):357-380. The authors develop an equilibrium economic model on the operations of the international arms market. Lock, Peter. "Armed Conflicts and Small Arms Proliferation: Refocusing the Research Agenda,” Policy Sciences vol. 30, no. 3 (1997):117-132. The article explores the positive link between small arms proliferation and armed conflict in the undeveloped world, and the consequences for regional stability. Lodgaard, Sverre. "Managing Arms in Peace Processes," Policy Sciences vol. 7, no. 1 (1997):143-150. The author contends that the centrality of managing arms and combatants in the peace process is important. Decommissioning the military armaments of former combatants to reduce crime and banditry in weak states emerging out of civil war or a major internal crisis is discussed. Lumpe, Lora (ed.) Running Guns: The Global Black Market in Small Arms. London: Zed Books, 2000. The text examines the history and operations of the international black market in small arms, as well as the economic and security consequences for all the actors involved. Lumpe, Lora and Jeff Donarski. The Arms Trade Revealed: A Guide for Investigators and Activists. Washington D.C.: Arms Sales Monitoring Project, 2000. The authors examine US arms manufacturing and export policies, and why the United States is the leading global arms merchant. The political influence of US government bureaus, the US Congress, public interest groups, and citizen advocates on arms manufacturing and arms trading issues are clearly outlined. Maja-Pearce, Adewale. "Disabled Africa: Rights Not Welfare," Index on Censorship vol. 27, no. 1 (January-February 1998):177-195. The author contends that various types of land mines as an extremely deadly component of African military conflicts has caused both untold casualties and numerous amputees among local people in Sub-Saharan Africa. McGarth, R. Landmines: Legacy of Conflict. London: Oxfam Publications, 1994. The author investigates the destabilizing impact of categories of

182

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

devastating landmine systems in the major and minor conflict areas of the developing world. McMillin, Penny. "Which Way Forward? African Experts Look for Solutions to the Landmines Problem," African Security Review vol. 6, no. 4 (1997):1-8. The author addresses the anti-personnel landmine problem for the African peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa; and it provides recommendations on how Africans might solve it through political consultations and regional antiland mines problem solving. Meeks, Sarah. "Combating Arms-Trafficking: The Need for Integrated Approaches," African Security Review vol. 9, no. 4 (2000):l-19. The author reviews regional approaches to stopping the global arms trade in its black and gray market dimensions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Meeks, Sarah. "Developing a Regional Register of Conventional Arms: An Option for Africa?" African Security Review vol. 6, no. 4 (1997):1-9. The author examines the promise of a regional register of conventional arms regime, along the line of the United Nations Register of Conventional Weapons, as a possible model for application in Sub-Saharan Africa. Meldrum, Andrew. "The Maiming Machines," Africa Report vol. 40, no. 3 (May/June 1995):18-21. The author reviews the high number of deaths and human amputees attributable to the various types of foreign landmine systems in Sub-Saharan Africa states engaged in either regional conflicts or civil wars. Moodie, Michael. "Constraining Conventional Arms Transfers," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science 535 (September 1994):131-145. The author suggests the ways in which conventional arms transfers may be restrained in the post-Cold War world, with a major emphasize on non-traditional approaches including stronger regional control efforts, as well as an increase in open dialogue between arms suppliers and arms buyers. Moszynski, Peter. "UN Condemns Arms Flows to Africa," New African (January 1999):14. The author outlines that the UN Security Council passed a resolution addressing illicit arms flows to Africa, calling on all African nations to pass laws on domestic use of arms as well as controls on importation, exportation and re-exportation on arms.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

183

Mussington, David. Arms Unbound: The Globalization of Defense Production. Washington, DC: Brassey's Inc., 1994. The author analyzes the globalization of defense production activities by the great powers and its implications for the international security system. Nelson, Daniel N. "Damage Control," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):55-57. The author contends that the US government continues to provide military arms to "friendly" governments to earn more money, increase regional influence, and protect domestic small arms corporations. The question of advancing international small arms control versus countervailing domestic business factions and interest groups in the United States is also discussed. Neuman, Stephanie G. "The Arms Trade, Military Assistance and Recent Wars; Change and Continuity," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science vol. 541 (September 1995):47-74. The author provides an analysis of operations of the international arms trade, changing patterns of great powers' military aid to weak states, and the proliferation of regional wars in the post-Cold War period. Neuman, Stephanie G. "Arms Transfers, Military Assistance, and Defense Industries: Socioeconomic Burden or Opportunity?" The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences vol. 535 (September 1994):91-109. The author examines the impact of military assistance and the defense industry on the economics and security of the developing states. O'Callaghan, Geraldine and Brian Wood. "Wheeling and Dealing," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):52-54. The authors contend that the international export of small arms by the industrialized countries to Third World regions is exacerbated by domestic and global market and non-market considerations. "On the Trail of a Man Behind Taliban's Air Fleet," Los Angeles Times (May 19, 2002):A-l, A12-A13. The brief article outlines the career of the infamous Russian Victor Bout, the global arms dealer, who earned millions of dollars selling small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons, helicopters and fighter aircraft to psychopathic African warlords, rebel leaders and the military in Angola, Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Tanzania, Sudan Uganda, Burkina Faso and other African states. Mr. Bout is directly or indirectly responsible (because of the selling of tens

184

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

of thousands of tons of the above munitions types from the 1990s to 2001) for the deaths of over 3 million innocent African, causing permanent physical and psychological injury to millions of innocent Africans and destabilizing important regions of war-ravaged Sub-Saharan Africa. "Our Debt to Africa," Nation vol. 270, no. 6 (February 14, 2000):3-4. The brief article addresses the issue of U.S. shipment of $227 million in arms and training to Sub-Saharan Africa since the end of the Cold War. Moreover, that eight of the nine countries involved in the Congo civil war have received US military arms and military training, and thirty four African countries have special forces personnel trained by US special forces under Pentagon programs. The article suggests that US dollars should be spent less on military assistance and training purposes and more on development aid, debt forgiveness, and financing peacekeeping missions. Parker, Christopher. "New Weapons for Old Problems," International Security vol. 23, Issue 4 (Spring 1999):119-148. The author investigates the political consequences of increased weapon arms sales to developing states and looks at the context in which arms and military technology transfers have taken place. Pierre, A. (ed.) Cascade of Arms: Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997. A series of articles on conventional weapons proliferation, including analysis of the roles of the black and gray markets, covert operations and the implications for the different forms of ethnic and non-ethnic conflict occurring in the international system. Pryor, David, Joseph P. Smaldone and Stephanie G. Newman. "Control of Small Arms," Issues in Science and Technology no. 12 (Winter 1995-1996):5-9. The brief article addresses the dangerous proliferation in small arms technology and how to control their spread. Rana, Swadesh. Small Arms and Intra-State Conflicts UNIDIR Research Paper 34. New York: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1995. The author assesses the impact of small arms on domestic conflicts in the developing world. Renner, Michael. "Arms Control Orphans," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):22-26. The author examines the

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

185

post-cold war arms control tension between the legal and illegal transfers of small arms. The difficulties in keeping track of the number and lethality of weapons produced and traded, and the impact of "surplus" weapons distributed to friendly and enemy countries at the end of the cold war are also discussed. Renner, Michael. Small Arms, Big Impact: The Next Challenge of Disarmament, Worldwatch Paper 137. Washington, DC: World Watch Institute, 1997. The author discusses the changing post-cold war nature of small arms proliferation, the large weapons surpluses sold on the global arms market, and data on illegal movements of weapons throughout the third world. "Report of the UN Panel of Government Experts on Small Arms," UN Secretary General to the General Assembly, A/52/298, August 27, 1997. The United Nations report technically defines what are classified as small arms, light weapons, ammunition systems, and explosive devices in the environmental context of the global arms trade. Sanjian, Gregory. "Promoting Stability or Instability? Arms Transfers and Regional Rivalries," International Studies Quarterly vol. 43, no. 4 (December 1, 1999):641-670. The author examines the cold-war era arms transfers on regional subsystems. The study confronts the issue directly by developing and testing both stability and instability models concerning superpower and third world countries arms transfers. Schrader, Esther. "U.S. Companies Hired to Train Foreign Armies," Los Angeles Times (April 14, 2002):A1-A21. The brief article addresses the role and impact of major U.S. private military companies in supplying advanced military expertise to Third World countries, including MPRI, Vinnell Corporation, DynCorp, Booz Allen Hamilton Inc., Science Applications International Corporation and BETAC. Sing, Jasjit (ed.) Light Weapons and International Security. New Delhi: Indian Pugwash Society and the British American Security Information Council, 1995. The edited text examines the strategic implications of over 500 million small arms, light weapons and land mines dispersed throughout the "over-armed" developing world, and the threat that these constantly proliferating weapons systems have for international and regional security systems.

186

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Sislin, John. "Patterns in Arms Acquisitions by Ethnic Groups in Conflict," Security Dialogue vol. 29, no. 4 (December 1998):393-408. The author provides an empirical analysis of the types and patterns of military arms traded and their complex impact on contending ethnic groups engaged in military conflict. Sislin, John. "Arms as Influence: The Determinants of Successful Influence," Journal of Conflict Resolution vol. 38, Issue 4 (December 1994):665-690. Sislin evaluates the effectiveness of U.S. arms transfers to developing countries as an added incentive for them to advance U.S. foreign policy interests, Skons, Elisabeth and Herbert Wulf. "The Internationalization of the Arms Industry," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science 535 (September 1994):43-57. The author investigates how the forces of internationalization and globalization are affecting the technology and transfer of military arms through exports, direct foreign investment, and transnational cooperative measures. It also addresses how this phenomenon makes the task of legislating arms control more difficult. "Small Arms and Light Weapons: The Epidemic Spread of Conflicts," Conversion Survey 1997. Bonn, Germany: Bonn International Center for Conversion, 1997. The report suggests that there is a strong relationship between the acquisition of small arms and light weapons and the probability of conflict in the developing world. Since 1990, the 49 major conflicts that have plagued the international system, forty-six conflicts used light weapons. Smith, Christopher. "The International Trade in Small Arms," Jane's Intelligence Review vol. 7, no. 9 (1995):427-430. The article explores the nature of international trade in small arms, as well as its implications for the actors involved. Smith, Christopher. Light Weapons: The Forgotten Dimension of the International Anns Trade. London: The Center for Defense Studies, Brassey's Defense Yearbook, 1994. The author outlines the role and impact of light weapons proliferation on the international arms trade, and on causing conflict and devastation in the developing world. Smith, Christopher, Peter Batchelor, and Jackie Potgieter. Small Arms Management and Peacekeeping in Southern Africa, UNIDIR/96/21. New

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

187

York: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1996. The United Nations report carefully documents the unregulated flow of lethal of small arms, light weapons, and ammunition systems from powerful states, private security firms, and global arms dealers into the Southern Africa region, and how these massive arm flows over time have destabilized the entire region. Smith, Dexter J. "Defense: The Arms Bazaar Reopens for Business," African Business no. 229 (February 1998):12-14. The brief article examines the business of the global arms trade and its comprehensive impact on reducing political stability in the Third World, with a specific reference to SubSaharan Africa. "The Business of War in Africa," New York Times (August 8, 1999):14. The brief article outlines the difficulty of stopping the extremely lucrative and long-standing trade in diamonds in exchange for small arms, light weapons, conventional weapon and ammunition systems in all of the major regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. "The Covert Arms Trade: The Second Oldest Profession," Economist vol. 330 (February 12, 1994):21-23. The article examines the different actors involved in covert and illegal international arms dealing. The actors include warlords, private citizens, mercenaries, multinational arms corporations, and US governmental actors who are breaking (in some form of another for profit or national security reasons) existing arms embargoes and national arms export laws and regulations. US Department of State. Arms and Conflicts in Africa. Washington, DC: Bureau of Intelligence and Research and Bureau of Public Affairs (July 1999):1-6. The report outlines the strong relationship between small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons proliferation and the increasing frequency of military conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as its negative impact on the security and economic well being of African civilians and societies. It identifies where the conventional arms are coming from internationally and regionally and whose benefiting from the small arms, light weapons and ammunition sales in Africa. Finally, the general lack of constraints on the lethality of the international arms trade on stability and order in developing world is outlined.

188

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

US Department of State. Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis, Report to the US Congress on the Problem with Uncleared Landmines and the United States Strategy for Demining and Landmine Control. Washington DC: Office of International Security and Peacekeeping Operations, 1994. An important executive branch report on the problem of extremely lethal and unremoved landmines and antipersonnel systems in the developing world and their political and technical implications for US landmine de-mining and control policy. Vegar, Jose. "Working in the Shadows," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):37-40. The author addresses the central role of unscrupulous arms dealers in the international movement of small arms--in this case outlining the behaqvior of a legitimate arms dealer. It also describes the international path used for the quasi-legal movement of small arms, including the use of fictitious destinations and other ingenious deception methods. Vegar, Jose. "Stiffed Arms Merchant Sues," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 53, no. 6 (November/December 1997):12-13. The article briefly discusses a global arms dealer who brokered a deal between Aerospatiale, a French manufacturer, the Portuguese military, and Armscor of South Africa, despite an existing UN weapons embargo. The deal illustrates the central role of arms dealers and interested parties' efforts to circumvent international arms embargoes. Venter, Al. "Arms Pour into Africa," New African (January 1999):10-15. The author examines the vast and continuing flow of small arms, light weapons, munitions and major conventional weapons systems into Sub-Saharan Africa from profit-maximizing governments, arms dealers, private security firms, and mercenaries, increasing both the duration and the severity of bloodbaths throughout the continent. Vo, Minh T. "Getting a Handle on Small Arms," Christian Science Monitor vol. 17 (February 1999):1. The author briefly catalogues the many countries that are trying grapple with the problem of small arms proliferation and whether these weapon systems are the central cause of conflicts or are merely symptoms of internal domestic problems. As a remedy, some countries are enacting gun exchange programs while other countries are trying to make agreements not to ship arms to specific countries, including asking

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

189

questions on what is the responsibility of those countries that export weapons and how does one monitor their use. Wafula, John. "Who Will Free Africa's Soils from Land Mines?" All Africa Press Service (April 29, 1996):1-3. The article discusses the large volume and lethality of land mine systems in Southern Africa, Northeast Africa, the Great Lakes and West African regions, and their extremely destructive impact on African populations in terms of civilian deaths and amputees. There appears to be no concerted effort by the great powers that are the sellers of land mines to Africa states to provide resources to fix the continental-wide problem. Wood, Brian and Johan Peleman. The Arms Fixers: Controlling the Brokers and Shipping Agents, Report by the British Security Information Council, the Norwegian Institute on Small Arms Transfer, and the Peace Research Institute Oslo. Oslo, Norway: PRIO, 1999. The authors investigate the various mechanisms by which global brokers and shipping agents managing the international arms trade can be positively controlled, in order to significantly reduce the proliferation of small arms, light weapons and ammunition systems in the developing world.

PRIVATE SECURITY FIRMS AND MERCENARIES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Abdel-Fatau, Musah and J. Kayode Fayemi (eds.). Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma. London: Pluto Press, 2000. The edited text examines the role and impact of mercenaries and private military corporations in African civil wars and political conflicts, and the long-term strategic security implications for the African continent of this destabilizing and chaos producing phenomena. Ballesteros, E. Barnles. Report on the Question of the Use of the Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of People's to Self-determination, Submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights Document A/49/362. New York: United Nations, 1994. The author assesses the role and impact of mercenaries in the developing world in terms of both violating human rights and preventing self-determination by indigenous peoples.

190

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

"British Firm Investigated over Links to Angolan Arms Trade," AFP (London, January 31, 1999). The article discusses the role of Skyair Cargo, a global arms air-transport service, in delivering small arms, light weapons, and ammunition to Sub-Saharan African states and other conflict areas in the developing world. Buo, Sammy Kum. "Maximum Security," West Africa (August 1986):823. The brief note tracks the heavy influx of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons flows to Sub Saharan African insurgencies from the great powers and other international arms merchants and businesses. Burchett, Wilfred and Derek Roebuck. The Whores of War: Mercenaries Today. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1977. The authors provide a historical analysis of mercenary forces and the rise of global security corporations and their negative impact on the Third World's civil wars and political conflicts. Burton-Rose, Daniel and Wayne Madsen. "Corporate Soldiers: The US Governments Privatizes the Use of Force," Multinational Monitor vol. 20, no. 3 (March, 1999):17-19. The authors examine the utilization of Military Professional Resources Corporation by the US State Department as an integral component of the African Crisis Response Initiative. Cleary, Sean. "Angola: A Case Study of Private Military Involvement," in J. Cilliers and P. Mason (eds.) Peace Profit or Plunder. Pretoria, South Africa: The Institute for Security Studies, 1999. The author analyzes private military companies engaged in coordinated arms trading and mercenariesfor hire activities for profit in Angola and elsewhere in Sub Saharan Africa. Cleaver, Gerry. "Subcontracting Military Power: The Privatization of Security in Contemporary Sub Saharan Africa," Crime, Law, and Social Change vol. 33, no, 1-2 (March 2000):131-149. The author assesses the business of contracting mercenaries, military power, and related military services to weak governments, warlords and rogue rebel groups in Sub Saharan Africa. Dokubo, Charles. "Private Military Corporations and Civil Conflicts in Africa: The Case of Sierra Leone," Civil Wars vol. 3, no. 2 (Summer 2000):51-64. The author investigates the phenomenon of private security forces and their brutal utilization in various civil conflicts in Sub Saharan Africa, with a particular emphasize on their deadly usage in Sierra Leone.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

191

Dumay, Caroline and Bartholomaus Grill. "The Mercenary Company," Die Zeit (January 17, 1997). The authors discuss the activities of global arms trading and mercenaries for hire firms, Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, and Lifeguard. It outlines their profitable private military company operations in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in the undeveloped world. Enloe, Cynthia. "Mercenarization," Western Massachusetts Association of Concerned African Scholars, in U.S. Military Involvement in Southern Africa. Boston, (1978): 109-130. The author carefully examines the historical role and political impact of US mercenary forces in regional military conflicts and domestic insurrection suppression in Sub-Saharan Africa. Harding, Jeremy. "The Mercenary Business: 'Executive Outcomes'," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71 (March 1997):87-97. The author analyzes the history and development of South Africa's Executive Outcome, one of the world's largest and best-known mercenary corporate group. "Have Gun Will Prop Up Regime," US News and World Report (January 20, 1997):46-48. The article outlines the growing negative impact of private security firms' arms trading and mercenary operations in Sub-Saharan Africa Howe, Herbert M. "Private Security Forces and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcome," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 2 (June 1, 1998):307-331. The author contends that since 1993 Executive Outcomes (EO) has marketed itself as a first-rate defender of African state security in the post-Cold War era. A private army with access to over 2,000 ex-South African Defense Force combat veterans, EO has helped to defeat discredited insurgencies in Angola and Sierra Leone and offers its military services and competency as a central security option for African governments, African leaders, and others who can pay the high fees (either through hard currency or mineral transfers) for combat and technical services rendered. Isenberg, David. "Combat for Sale: The New, Post-Cold War Mercenaries," USA Today (March 2000): 12-16. The author addresses the historical rise and expansion of mercenaries and global private military companies in post-cold war period and their strategic military involvement in the internal conflicts throughout Sub-Saharan Africa.

192

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

Leppard, David, Chris Hastings, Carey Scott and Brian Johnson-Thomas. "British Firms Arming Sierra Leone Rebels," The Sunday Times (January 10, 1999): 1. The brief article assesses the involvement of British armaments firms in providing small arms, light weapons, and ammunition systems to Sierra Leone's main rebel forces, including the notoriously brutal and human limb-chopping Revolutionary United Front. Lock, Peter. "The Withering Military in Sub-Saharan Africa: New Roles for the Private Security Industry?" Afrika Spectrum vol. 33, no. 2 (1998):135-155. The author evaluates the continuing institutional decline and deep corruption of the military security establishment throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and the growing political and business prospects for the global (and regional) private military security industry to 'stand-in" and provide comprehensive and extensive security services to African leaders, rogue warlords, and ethnic psychopaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in the post-cold war period. Malone, Andrew. "SAS Veterans Make a Killing in Angola," The Sunday Times (October 19, 1997):22. The author evaluates the role of Defense Systems Limited in Sub-Saharan Africa, and its utilization of former highly trained and extremely competence Special Air Service personnel and sophisticated military technology and security planning to provide a range of comprehensive security capabilities to guard the extensive oil installations, valuable diamond mines and foreign embassies in Angola. Miles, Greg and J. Strenlau (eds.) The Privatization of Security in Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1999. The authors outline the historical development and policy implications of private security firms providing the complete range of intermediate to advanced security assistance services to individuals and states throughout Africa. Nickerson, Colin. "Dogs of War: Different Breed of Mercenaries Let Loose on Africa," The Gazette-Montreal (November 6, 1999):B1. The author contends that the United States and other Western states have systematically encouraged and promoted international and regional mercenaries, guns-for hire, and private global and regional security firms to both pursue peacekeeping duties in Sub-Saharan Africa and to covertly intervene and destabilize further order and continuity of Sub-Saharan African states deemed strategically important to U.S. and Western strategic economic and financial interests.

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

193

O'Brien, Kevin A. "Privatizing Security, Privatizing War? The New Warrior Class and Regional Security," in Paul B. Rich (ed.) Warlords in International Relations. London: Macmillan Press (1999):52-80. The author analyzes the operational activities of private security corporations in the war-fighting business in major Third World regions, with specific reference to their action-oriented involvement in civil wars, military conflicts and security management actions in Sub-Saharan Africa. They are Executive Outcomes, KAS Enterprises, BDM Corporation, AirScan, Sandlines International, Military Professional Resources Incorporated, Defense Systems Limited, Omega Support Ltd, Panasec, Bridge Resources, Corporate Trading International, among others. Pech, Khareen. "Executive Outcomes: A Corporate Conquest," in J. Cilliers and P. Mason (eds.) Peace Profit or Plunder. Pretoria and Ottawa: The Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, and the Canadian Council for International Peace Research, 1999. The author reviews the long-standing history and the strategic implications of sustained and comprehensive military training, military assistance, military technical operations, and military security protection activities of the international arms and mercenaries-for-hire firm, Executive Outcomes, throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in the Third World. Rake, Alan. "Dangerous Dogs of War," New African (November 1995): 10-12. The author investigates the decisive historical and policy role and impact of the global arms trader and mercenary-for-hire corporation, Executive Outcomes, and its comprehensive military training activities, military technology actions and other military security protection actions throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. United Nations. United Nation's Report on Mercenary Activities in Africa. Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERALE/CN.4/1996/2717, January 1996. The Special Rapporteur, Mr. Enrique Bernales Ballesteros, examines the historical and political utilization of foreign (and African) mercenaries in Sub-Saharan Africa states to systematically and purposely violate the entire range of human rights, encourage regional and domestic instability, and prevent the free exercise of self-determination and freedoms by the African peoples on the beleaguered continent. Venter, Al. "Big Bucks and Brutality: Hired Guns and Hegemony," Soldier of Fortune vol. 24, no. 7 (July 1999):44-73. The author examines the

194

Security, Wealth, Guns, and Sub-Saharan Africa

historical use and extremely brutal and highly violent impact of African and non-African mercenary forces as standing proxy soldiers in the longstanding civil wars, brutal military conflicts and violent police actions that occurred throughout Sub-Saharan Africa in the cold war and post-cold war periods.

2

The Great Lakes/Central Africa Region (by General Themes/Countries) GENERAL THEMES Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins. Africa's Thirty Years' War: Libya, Chad and the Sudan 1963-1993. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. The authors critically examine the political history, major personalities, and strategic implications of a major military conflict between Libya, Chad, and the Sudan fought between 1963-1993 over the nominal control the 45,000 square mile Aozou Strip in Chad. The thirty-year war involved various foreign powers that supplied cash, military assistance and intelligence resources to the leadership of the warring African states (including the United States, the Soviet Union, Italy, and France). Clarke, Walter. "Waiting for the Big One: Confronting Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and State Collapse in Central Africa," in Max C. Manwaring and John T. Fishel (eds.) Toward Responsibility in the new World Disorder: Challenges and Lessons of Peace Operations. Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass (1998):32-49. The author contends that state failure and complex humanitarian emergencies on the scale of the Rwandan Hutu extremists attack against Tutsi and Hutu moderates (and the deadly 1996 pogrom against Hutu refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) requires more robust peace operations as an integral component of a rationally considered and well-funded international response.

196

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Lemarchand, Rene. "The Fire in the Great Lakes," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):195-201. The brief article assesses the first systemic war in Sub-Saharan Africa driven by the Hutu-Tutsi conflict(s) in Rwanda, Burundi and the Eastern Congo region, and the intractable nature of the conflict for all the states involved. Lemarchand, Rene. "Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?" African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 1 (1998):3-17. The author investigates the history and consequences of the genocide events in the Great Lakes region from the 1972 genocide in Burundi, the 1994 genocide event in Rwanda and the 1996-97 killings of Hutu by Tutsi in the Congo. Longman, Timothy P. "Empowering the Weak And Protecting the Powerful: The Contradictory Nature of Churches in Central Africa," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 1 (1998):49-73. The author examines how the Christian churches have played contradictory policy roles in Rwanda, Burundi and Congo, supporting both ruling classes and the masses one against the another in the classical divide and conquer mode. The Churches align with various interests, depending on factors such as the church’s size and resources, theology, beliefs of church leaders and members, missionary legacy, and the social, political and economic environment. Prunier, Gerald. The Geopolitical Situation in the Great Lakes Area in Light of the Kivu Crisis. UNHCR, 1997. The author analyzes the deteriorating geopolitical situation in the Great Lakes area because of the Kivu crisis in Zaire. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country/writenet/wri.lakes.htm. Scherrer, Christian P. Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Mass Violence, and Regional War. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001. The author explores the history and development of the 1993 Burundi and the 1994 Rwandan genocide events, and the negative policy response (or the lack of a policy response) by the great powers and the international community to these grave humanitarian crises. Venter, Al. "Arms Pour into Africa," New African (January 1999): 10-15. The article identifies the main and secondary suppliers of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapon systems, military equipment and training to the war-ravaged Central African region, including the United States, France, Israel, South Africa, North Korea, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Lebanon, and Zimbabwe.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

197

BURUNDI African Watch. Stoking the Fires: Military Assistance, Arms Trafficking, and the Civil War in Burundi. New York: Africa Watch, 1997. The report outlines the foreign military assistance and conventional arms support received by rebel factions to prosecute the civil war in Burundi Amnesty International. Burundi: Appeals for an Inquiry into Army and Gendarmerie Killings and Other Recent Human Rights Violations. New York: Amnesty International, 1992. The report examines the brutal activities of gendarmerie and army forces in violation of human rights in Burundi. Amnesty International. Burundi: Sectarian Security Forces Violate Human Rights with Impunity. New York: Amnesty International, 1992. The report addresses the repeated violation of human rights in Burundi by sectarian security forces. "Burundi After the Coup," Economist vol. 340, no. 7977 (August 1996):35-36. The brief article assesses the post-military coup period in Burundi. "Buyoya Ignores UN Arms Embargo Threat," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 20 (September 23-October 6, 1996): 10015-10016. The brief article reviews the military regime's response to the threat of an arms embargo by the UN Security Council. Chretien, Jean-Pierre. "Burundi: The Obsession with Genocide," Current History (May 1996):206-210. The brief article outlines the effects of the Rwandan model on the history of political and ethnic competition between the Hutu and Tutsi in Burundi. Chretien, Jean-Pierre, Andre Guichaoua and Grabiel Le Jeune. "La Crise Politico-Ethnique du Burundi: L’ombre de 1972," Politique Africaine no. 32 (December 1988):105-110. The authors analyze the political and ethnic struggles in Burundi in 1972. Chretien, Jean-Pierre and Gabriel Le Jeune. "Elections et Sociologie Politique: Note Sure les Legislatives de 1981 et 1982 au Rwanda et au Burundi," Reveu Tiers-Monde vol. 27, no. 106 (April-June 1986):331-338. The

198

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

authors address the sociology of the political elections in 1981 and 1982 in Burundi and Rwanda. Darbon, Dominique and Philippe L’Hoiry. Pouvoir et Integration Politique: Le Cas de Burundi et du Malawi. Talence, Franec: Centre d’Etude d’Afrique Noire, 1982. The authors evaluate the prospects for political integration in Burundi and Malawi. Gomes, S. Da Camara Santa Clara. The European Union's Political and Development Response to Burundi. Maastricht: European Centre for Development Policy Management, July 2001. The authors assess the history and policy implications of the recent European Union's political and development response to the great crisis in Burundi. Hoskins, Eric and Samantha Nutt. "The Humanitarian Impacts of Economic Sanctions on Burundi," Brown University Thomas J Watson Jr. Institute of International Studies, 1997. The authors examine the humanitarian impacts of the economic embargo imposed on Burundi by seven neighboring states in response to the coup by Pierre Buyoya on July 25, 1996. Human Rights Watch Arms Project. Stoking the Fires: Military Assistance and Arms Trafficking in Burundi. New York, May 1997. The report discusses the deadly consequences of military assistance and arms sales in Burundi. Lemarchand, Rene. Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. The author investigates the ethnic conflict between the Hutu and Tutsi that led to the Burundi genocide. Lemarchand, Rene. Burundi: Ethnocide as a Discourse and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. The author critiques the historical origins and development of ethnic and political violence in Burundi. Lemarchand Rene. "Burundi: Ethnicity and the Genocidal State," in P.L. van den Berghe (ed.) State and Violence and Ethnicity. Niwot, CO.: University Press of Colorado (1990):89-111. The author examines the historical role and political impact of ethnicity in encouraging genocide activities in Burundi. Mutere, Absalom. "Three Decades of Violence," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly vol. 34, no. 3 (1996):20-21. The author evaluates the extremely tense political and social situation in Burundi and the

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

199

international community's movement to stop the surging ethnic violence events after Pierre Buyoya took control of the government through a military coup. Ndarishikanye, L. "The Question of Protection of Minorities in Burundi," Issue vol. 26, no. 1 (1998):5-9. The brief article examines the major issues dealing with the legal and political protection of ethnic minorities in Burundi in the post-cold war period. Ndikumana, Leonce. "Towards a Solution to Violence in Burundi: A Case for Political and Economic Liberalization," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 3 (2000):431-460. The author posits that political and economic liberalization in Burundi is a potential solution in preventing periodical ethnic violence. Ndikumana, Leonce. "Institutional Failure and Ethnic Conflicts in Burundi," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 1 (1998):29-48. The author carefully investigates the empirical relationship between institutional failure and ethnic conflict in Burundi, how central governing institutions such as the military, judiciary and education have become ethnically polarized between the Hutu and Tutsi, and exacerbated by official denial of the Burundi government. Nnoli, Okwudiba. Ethnic Conflict in Africa. Dakar, Senegal: CODESRIA, 1998. The author outlines the different forms, the comparative political dimensions and the strategic consequences of violent and non-violent ethnic conflict in Burundi, Ghana, Mauritania and Benin. Nyankanzi, E.L. Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi. Rochester, New York: Schenkman Books, 1998. The author addresses the grisly history and brutal practices of genocide in Rwanda and Burundi and the consequences for both African states and their traumatized peoples. Ould-Abadallah, Ahmedou. Burundi on the Brink, 1993-1995: A UN Special Envoy Reflects on Preventive Diplomacy. Herndon, VA: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2000. The author addresses the extremely volatile ethnic political conflict between the Tutsi and the Hutsi that developed in Burundi from 1993-1995 given the genocide event in Rwanda in 1994.

200

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Ress, David. The Burundi Ethnic Massacres, 1988. Lewiston, NY: Mellen Press, 1992. The author examines the ethnic history and the political dynamics driving the bloody massacres in Burundi for the years 1959, 1962, 1965, 1969, 1972 and 1988. Rutinwa, B. "Forced Displacement and Refugee Rights in the Great Lake Region," African Journal of International Affairs vol. 1, no. 2 (1998):11-43. The author addresses the forced displacement and the minimal refugee rights for Africans fleeing genocide and civil war in the Great Lake region. Rutsch, Horst. "Other Peacekeeping-Related Matters," UN Chronicle vol. 39, no. 1 (March-May 2002):73-74. The author reviews U.N. peacekeeping operations in Burundi, Angola, Lebanon and Cyprus. Shaw, Timothy M. "African Renaissance/African Alliance: Towards New Regionalism and New Realism in the Great Lakes Region," Politeia vol. 17, no. 3 (1998):60-74. The author reviews the strategic political issues facing the war-torn Great Lakes region and its suffering populations. The Burundi Internal Conflict and Prospects for Its Resolution. Cambridge, MA: Program on International Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Harvard University, August 1995. The report investigates the internal ethnic and political crisis in Burundi, and prospects for positive conflict resolution in the country. "US Backs UN Stand by Force," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 6 (March 11-24, 1996):9847. The brief article assesses the decision by the United States to support the Untied Nations to stop the ethnic conflict in Burundi. US Committee for Refugees. From Coup to Coup: Thirty Years of Death, Fear, and Displacement in Burundi. Washington D.C.: USCR, 1996. The report by the US Committee for Refugees chronicles the massacre events and severe political conflict in Burundi. Wakano, Katambo. "Burundi," in Katambo Wakamo (ed.) Coups d’etat, Revolutions and Power Struggles in Post-Independence Africa. Nairobi: Afriscript Publishers (1985):52-59. The author examines the historical struggle for independence in Burundi.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

201

Weinstein, Warren. "Chinese Aid and Policy in Central Africa," in Warren Weinstein and Thomas H. Henriksen (eds.) Soviet and Chinese aid to African Nations. New York: Praeger (1980):155-166. The author reviews overall Chinese assistance to Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire, as well as China’s support of the Tutsi in Burundi during the 1960s and 1970s. Weinstein, Warren. "Burundi," in Morris Davis (ed.) Civil Wars and the Politics of International Relief. New York: Praeger (1975):5-24. The author outlines the problems that the United Nations and the Untied Stated faced in providing material assistance to Hutu victims in the massacres of 1972.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC "Central African Republic," IPI Report (December 1998):12. The brief article chronicles the government's attack against the national media and its movement to restrict the freedom of the press. Dimbaye, Mirana. "An Ecumenical Contribution to Resolving Conflict," Ecumenical Review vol. 53, no. 3 (July 2001):390-395. The author examines the level of political violence and conflict in Central Africa and its historical roots in military, political, ethnic and social problems. "Peacewatch: Central African Republic," UN Chronicle vol. 35, no. 2 (1998):5859. The brief article reviews the UN Security Council Resolution 1159 to send peacekeeping forces to the Central African Republic to stabilize the country. "International: Mayhem amid the Mango Trees: Central African Republic," Economist (December 8, 2001):46. The brief report evaluates the attempted coup against the president of the Central African Republic by military factions. O’Toole, Thomas. The Central African Republic: The Continent’s Hidden Heart. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1986. The author critically assesses the history and politics of the Central African Republic. "Pardon for the Army Mutineers," African Recorder vol. 36, no. 8 (April 9-22, 1997):10185. The brief article chronicles the parliament's collective vote in

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

202

favor of a general amnesty for army factions involved in a recent mutiny against the government. "Ten Point Peace Plan," African Recorder vol. 26, no. 1 (January 1-14, 1997): 10101. The brief article outlines the negotiated 10-point peace plan between the rebel forces and presidential forces in the Central African Republic. "Why Were They There," Economist vol. 342, no. 7999 (January 11, 1997):40. The brief article reviews the role of French soldiers in the Central African Republic.

CHAD Akbakoba, C.N.O. "The OAU Forces in Chad," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 8, no. 2 (1982). The author examines the complex history and strategic consequences of OAU forces in Chad. Amnesty International. Chad. Never Again?: Killings Continue into the 1990s. London: Amnesty International, 1993. The report outlines the continuing legacy of human rights abuses in Chad. Beattie, Alan. "World Bank Team Attacks Own Oil Project," Financial Times (August 19, 2002):4. The brief article discusses a recent report by the World Bank's inspectors suggests that the $4billion oil project through ChadCameroon will severely damage the environment and not provide the African populations in the two countries with proper monetary compensation. Beri, H.M.L. "Civil War in Chad," Strategic Analysis vol. 10, no. 1 (April 1986):40-49. The author evaluates the principal personalities, political parties, domestic ideological differences and external events impacting the Chadian civil war. Bouquet, Christian. Tchad: Genese d’un Conflict. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1982. The author provides a French strategic analysis of the political and military conflict in Chad.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

203

Boyd, Herb. "Chad: A Civil War Without End?" Journal of African Studies vol. 10, no. 4 (Winter 1983/1984):119-26. The author briefly outlines the central reasons why the civil war in Chad continued in the early 1980s. Brandily, M. "LcTchad Face au Nord 1978-79," Politique Africaine no. 16 (December 1984):45-63. The author assesses the Chadian civil war in the late 1970s. Buijtenhuijs, Roberts. "La Rebellion Tchadienne: Guerre Nord-Nord ou Guerre Nord-Sud," Politiqiue Africiane 1:1 (March 1989): 130-35. The author examines the civil war between the North and the South in Chad. Buijtenhuijs, Roberts. Le FROLINAT et les Guerres Civiles du Tchad (19771984): La Revolution Introuvable. Paris: Karthala, 1987. The author explores the historical role and political aims of the FROLINAT in conducting guerilla warfare in Chad between 1977-1984. Charlton, Roger, and Roy May. "Warlords and Militarism in Chad," Review of African Political Economy nos. 45-46 (1989): 12-25. The author discusses the influence of warlords in encouraging militarism and conflict in Chad. Codo, Leon. "Les Etats-Unis, la France et le Conflict Tchadien: Co-Gestion de la Crise ou Rivalite d’Influence," Geoplitique Africaine vol. 9 (October 1988):81-121. The author provides a political analysis of French strategic interests in the Chadian civil war and its aftermath. Cox, J.J.G. "Chad: France in Africa," Army Quarterly and Defense Review vol. 188, no. 2 (1988): 161-67. The brief article examines French interests in Chad and the role that its military is playing in that war-torn African country. Dunn, Michale C. "Chad: The OAU Tries Peacekeeping," The World Today vol. 5, no. 2 (February 1982):182-188. The brief article reviews OAU peacekeeping activities in Chad. El-Kikhia, Mansour O. "Chad: The Same Old Story," Journal of African Studies vol. 10, no. 4 (Winter 1983/1984): 127-35. The author examines the history and consequences of the civil war in Chad.

204

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Foltz, William J. "Reconstructing the State in Chad," in I. William Zartman (ed.) Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (1995): 15-32. The author traces the history of political conflict in the state collapse in Chad, and suggests alternative means to rebuild Chad's civil institutions and political discourse. Gatta, Gali Ngothe. Tchad: Guerra Civile et Desagregation de L’Etat. Paris: Presence Africiane, 1985. The author examines the political conflict driving the brutal civil war in Chad. Gautron, Jean-Claude. "La Force de Maintien de la Paix au Tchad: Eloge ou Requiem," Annee Africaine (1981): 167-89. The author explores the civil war in Chad from a French perspective. Hogot, P. "Les Guerras du Tchad, 1964-1983," Etudes (October 1983):303-16. The author provides a historical analysis of the guerrillas involved in Chad's civil war between 1964-1983. Joffee, E.G.H. "Libya and Chad," Review of African Political Economy, no.21 (1981):84-102. The author assesses Libya's strategic interests and influence on the Chadian civil war and its principal guerrilla leaders and political parties. Kelley, Michael P. A State in Disarray: Condition of Chad’s Survival. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 1986. The author examines the strategic political crisis in Chad and the slow breakdown of the state and the fragmentation of the civil society. Lanne, Bernard. "Conflicts et Violences au Tchad," Afrique Contemporaine no. 180 (October/December 1996):52-61. The author outlines the history and consequences of political conflict and military violence in Chad. Lanne, Bernard. "Les Causes Profondes de la Crise Tchadienne," L’Afrique et l’Asie Modernes no. 140 (1984):3-14. The author reviews the complex causes for the grave political crisis in Chad. Lanne, Bernard. Tchad-Libye: La Querelle des Frontieres. Paris: Karthala, 1982. The author examines the political conflict and military conflict between Chad and Libya.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

205

Lefevre, Eric. Tchad 1983 Operation Manta. Paris: Lavauzelle, 1984. The author outlines the 1983 Manta Operation in Chad and its consequences. Lemarchand, Rene. "Chad: The Misadventure of the North-South Dialectic," African Studies Review vol. 29, no. 3 (September 1986):27-41. The author discusses the political, ethnic and religious conflict between the North and South in Chad. Magnant, J.P. "Tchad: Crise de l’Etat ou Crise de Gouvernement?" in J. F. Medard (ed.) Etats de l’Afrique Noire: Formations, Mecanismes et Crise. Paris: Karthala (1992):173-203. The author examines the political implications of on-going governmental crisis with the increase of chronic military instability and conflict in Chad. Martin, Guy. "Security and Conflict Management in Chad," Bulletin of Peace Proposals vol. 21, no. 1 (1990):37-47. The author explores the role and impact of conflict management towards increasing security in war-torn Chad. May, Terry M. Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 19811982. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2002. The author addresses Nigeria's influence over the Organization of African Unity with American and French support in the peacekeeping operation in Chad between 19811982, as well as listing all the meetings and conferences held between 1979 and 1981 in debating the politics and logistics of the peacekeeping operation. Ndovi, Victor. "Chad: Nation-building, Security and OAU Peacekeeping," in Stephen Wright and Janice N. Brownfoot (eds.) Africa in World Politics: Changing Perspectives. Basingstoke: Macmillian (1987):140-153. The author examines issues of nation building, security policy and OAU peacekeeping activities in Chad. Ngansop, Guy Jeremie. Tchad: Vingt ans de Crise. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1986. The author assesses the crisis in Chad from the French perspective. Nolutshungu, Sam. Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad. Charlottesville, VA.: University Press of Virginia, 1996. The author addresses intervention and state formation in Chad in the post-cold war period.

206

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Otayek, Rene. "L’Intervention du Nigeria dans le Conflict Tchadien," Le Mois en Afrique vol. 18, nos. 209/210 (1983):51-66. The author examines the intervention of Nigerian peacekeeping forces into Chad's civil war. Robinson, Pearl T. "Playing the Arab Card: Niger's and Chad’s Ambivalent Relations with Libya," in Bruce E. Arlinghaus (ed.) Africa Security Issues: Sovereignty, Stability, and Solidarity. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press (1984): 171-184. The author outlines the shaky political relationship of the leaders of Niger and Chad with Libya in the Central Saharan region. Rosenblum, Peter. "Pipeline Politics in Chad," Current History vol. 99, no. 637 (May 2000):195-199. The brief article reviews the battle between the World Bank and multinational oil corporations and environmental and human rights groups in determining the future of Chad's oil industry. Sesay, A. "The OAU Peacekeeping Force in Chad: Some Lessons for Future Operations," Current Research on Peace and Violence vol. 12, no. 4 (1989):191-200. The author evaluates OAU peacekeeping effectiveness in managing the Chadian crisis. Silverstein, Ken. "AIDS Could Follow African Pipeline," Los Angeles Times (June 18, 2003):A1-A12. The brief article suggest that the HIV/AIDS pandemic has become an integral part of the 670 mile Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline, with a large number of African prostitutes seeking paid sexual liaisons with African pipeline workers. Silverstein, Ken. "Pipeline Profits May Bypass Africans," Los Angeles Times (June 17, 2003):Al-A15. The brief article argues that the 670 mile ChadCameroon oil pipeline built at a cost of $3.7 billion will provide few if any material benefits to ordinary Africans in the two countries. However, the oil pipeline will provide very high profit levels for ExxonMobil and oil consortium members for many years to come. The corrupted political leaders in Chad tried to buy new cars and new guns with their first oil payments. At the same time, Cameroon will receive oil pipeline remittances so pitiful as to be totally useless to the economic advancement of its impoverished population. Spartacus, Colonel. Operation Manta: Les Documents Secrets. Paris: Plon, 1985. The author assesses the secret documentation record on the Operation Manta event designed by French interests to control Chad.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

207

Whiteman, Kaye. Chad. London: Minority Rights Group, 1988. The author explores human rights problems between contending ethnic groups in Chad. Wright, J. Libya, Chad and the Central Sahara. London: Hurst, 1989. The author examines relations between Chad and Libya in the Central Sahara. Yates, Douglas A. "Scramble for African Oil," West Africa no. 4323 (April 29, 2002):28-29. The brief article describes the great profit levels earned by western oil multinationals in the scramble for African oil. Zartman, I. W. Conflict in Chad. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 1986. The author addresses the political conflict in Chad in the cold war period.

REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO "A Local War Turns Regional," Economist vol. 345, no. 8038 (October 11, 1997):51-52. The brief article discusses the effects of the war on the capital city, as well as its impact on regional stability and order in Central Africa.. Adesina, Kola. "Congo," Africa Review (1998):51-55. The brief article outlines the civil war that took place in Brazzaville in 1997, as well as its poor economic standing and the reactions of the International Monetary Fund. Arnold, Guy. "Congo, Republic of Brazzaville," in Historical Dictionary of Civil Wars in Africa. London: The Scarecrow Press (1999):88-93. The power struggle between P. Lissouba and D. Sassou-Nguessou is outlined. "Bad Neighbors, No Fences," Economist vol. 354, Issue 8153 (January 15, 2000):47-48. The brief article assesses implications of the civil war between the central government and UNITA and its impact on Congo-Brazzaville. Bazenguissa-Ganga, Remy. "The Spread of Political Violence in CongoBrazzaville," African Affairs vol. 98, Issue 330 (January 1999):37-65. The article chronicles the political conflict that took place in Congo- Brazzaville between 1993-1997, and the impact of the militia who fanned the violence. Boustany, Nora. "In Congo Republic, Battling the Enemy Called Peace," The Washington Post (June 11, 2001):A15. The author briefly examines the war that ravaged Congo-Brazzaville and the significant drop in economic assistance from international financial organizations and the great powers.

208

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

"Buffer Force A," Southern African Political and Economic Monthly vol. 10, no. 11 (1997): 17. The brief article addresses the deployment of an African force to prevent conflict between Pascal Lissouba and Denis Sassou-Nguessou. Campbell, Rennie. "Congo," Africa Review (1999):50-56. The brief article examines Nguesso's suspension of the two-tier government, and struggle for recovery from the civil war that ravaged the capital of Brazzaville in 1997. Clark, John F. "The Neo-Colonial Context of the Democratic Experiment in Congo- Brazzaville," African Affairs vol. 10, no. 403 (April 2002):171-192. The author investigates the democratic experiment in Congo-Brazzaville. Clark, John F. "Democracy Dismantled in the Congo Republic," Current History vol. 97, Issue 619 (May 1998):234-237. The brief article notes the negative effects Pascal Lissouba's troops had on democracy in Republic of Congo. Clark, John F. "Petro-Politics in Congo," Journal of Democracy vol. 8, no.3 (1997):62-77. The author examines the role that the Congo’s oil industry has played in the political economy, and its slow transition to democracy. Clark, John F. "Elections, Leadership and Democracy in Congo," Africa Today vol. 41, no. 3 (1994):41-62. The author discusses the Congo’s rocky path to democracy having overcome an authoritarian government. "Concern Over Congo to Kick Start African Force," Jane’s Defense Weekly vol. 28, no. 8 (August 27, 1997):6. The brief article analyzes efforts to establish an all-African peacekeeping force to quell and prevent unrest in the Congo. "Congo: France Evacuates Without Intervention," Jane's Defense Weekly vol. 27, no. 24 (June 18, 1997):5. The brief article evaluates the French evacuation of foreigners from a civil war-racked Congo-Brazzaville. "Congo: Widows Victims of African Tradition," Women's International Network News vol. 25, Issue 3 (Summer 1999):54. The brief article examines the inhumane crimes that are committed against widows in Congo-Brazzaville. "Congo-Brazzaville," Crossborder Monitor vol. 6, Issue 11 (March 18, 1998):6. The brief article contends that with the exception of France, foreign powers have expressed little interest in the return of political leader Denis SassouNguessou to power.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

209

Dahmen, David. "Republic of the Congo: Giving Peace a Chance," Choices vol. 9, no. 4 (December 2000):10-11. The author briefly reports on the United Nations Development Program's work to rehabilitate some 4,700 former militia fighters back into civil society in the Republic of Congo. It also discusses the effect that the conflict has had on women and children, and it examines initiatives aimed at helping them as well as UNDP’s long term plan to support peace. "Disputed Election Results Lead to Violence in Congo," Africa Report vol. 38, no. 4 (July/August 1993):11. The brief article discusses the legislative elections that took place on June 6, 1993 and resulted in violence in Brazzaville. "Dual to the Death," Economist vol. 351, no. 8114 (April 10, 1999):45. The brief article reviews the terrible impact of the civil war on the capital city of Congo-Brazzaville. Ebenkamp, Becky. "There Goes the Neighborhood," Brandweek vol. 42, no. 11 (March 12, 2001):37-38. The brief article examines the destabilizing civil war that led to thousands of casualties and created in the capital city of Brazzaville poor personal security, social instability, and ineffective public service. "Four Killed in Congo Mutiny," Jane's Defense Weekly (February 28, 1996):18. The brief article discusses a violent mutiny by young Congolese army recruits in Brazzaville in the mid-1990s. Geekie, Russell. "Congo's Political Foes Strike an Agreement," African Report vol. 38, no. 5 (September 1993):5-6. The brief article assesses the political situation in Congo Brazzaville following the legislative elections on June 6, 1993 through July 1993. Geibel, Adam. "Brazzaville-The Congo, Dying Cities in an Unknown Civil War," Infantry vol. 88, no. 3 (September/December 1998):17-20. The author addresses the instability and brutality of the civil war in CongoBrazzaville in 1997 and the political and military lessons learned from the war. "Ghost City," The Economist vol. 345 no. 8044 (November 22, 1997):49. The brief article assesses the political problems that have devastated the Congo-

210

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Brazzaville, which has caused the extremely violent internal displacement of a third of the capital city's inhabitants, and left a trail of misery for the rest of the African population. Glasse, Jennifer. "Africa's Challenge," Maclean's vol. 110 (June 23, 1997):3031. The brief article summarizes the political conflict in Congo-Brazzaville, as well as those occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. "Government's Offer to Opposition," African Recorder vol. 36, no. 21 (October 8-21, 1997):10341. The brief article outlines a proposition made by the central government to offer the opposition a power-sharing role in government to end the severe political conflict in Congo-Brazzaville. Halperin, Morton and Kristen Lomasney. "Guaranteeing Democracy: A Review of the Record," Journal of Democracy vol. 9, no. 2 (April 1998):134-147. The author examines the civil war in Congo-Brazzaville, and the general lack of international concern or involvement to restore the democracy. "Health Ad War in Congo-Brazzaville," The Lancet vol. 356 (November 18, 2000):1762. The brief article evaluates the military conflict that ravaged Congo-Brazzaville, forced the displacement of one third of the capital's population and leaving the rest of the population with general poor health because of the lack of food and medicine. "Heavy Exchange of Fire Resumed," African Recorder vol. 36, no. 21 (October 8-21, 1997):10341. The brief article discusses the military conflict between the troops of Pascal Lissouba and the militia of his arch-enemy, Denis Sassou-Nguessou. "Heavy Fighting in Brazzaville," African Recorder vol. 36, no. 15 (July 16-19, 1997):10268-10269. The brief article outlines the heaviest phase of the war between the army and the rebel militias, occurring in July 1997 when artillery shelling shook the capital of the Congo, Brazzaville. Hill, Howard. "Congo," Africa Review (1997):47-51. The brief article assesses the political issues, the economy decline, and negative social effects resulting from the civil war in Congo-Brazzaville. "Instead of Voting: Congo-Brazzaville," Economist vol. 343, no. 8021 (June 14, 1997):48-49. The brief article examines the brutal behavior and

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

211

destabilizing activities of the militias in Congo-Brazzaville during the civil war. Johnson, Douglas. "The End of French America," Spectator vol. 278, no. 812 (June 12, 1997):14-15. The article reviews France’s lack of assistance in the civil war in Congo-Brazzaville, suggesting that France is tired of its involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kilborn, Robert and Lance Carden. "World," Christian Science Monitor vol. 91, Issue 156 (July 9, 1999):24. The brief article summarizes the tentative agreement reached by the Brazzaville to end the civil war in the CongoBrazzaville. Legros, Dominique and Vincent Brown. "Documenting Violence Against Refugees," The Lancet vol. 357, Issue 9266 (May 5, 2001):1429. The brief article assesses the importance of documenting the various types and severity of physical violence against returning refugees (and the victims of the civil war) in Congo-Brazzaville "Lissouba Wins Polls," African Recorder vol. 31, no. 19 ((September 9-22, 1992):8755. The brief article discusses the election of the first democratic president of the Congo-Brazzaville, Pascal Lissouba, August 22, 1992. Lobe, Jim. "Washington Has Problems in Two Congos," Inter Press Service (October 16, 1997):1. The brief article outlines that the United States is concerned with Mobutu's rule in the Congo, and will push for the United Nations to send a peacekeeping force to Congo-Brazzaville. Lovgren, Stefan and Kevin Whitelaw. "Angola Expands its Influence," U.S. News and World Report vol. 123, no. 16 (October 27, 1997):50. This brief article examines Angola's role in overthrowing the democratically elected president, Pascal Lissouba and placing Denis Sassou-Nguessou in power. Mabry, Marcu. "A Dangerous 'New Order'," Newsweek (November 3, 1997):2. The brief article outlines the return of Denis Sassou-Nguessou as leader of the Republic of Congo. Makkozzi, Jennifer. "Republic of Congo," UN Chronicle vol. 34, Issue 4 (1997):67. The brief article analyzes the limited humanitarian aid provided to Brazzaville by the United Nations.

212

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Martin-Prevel Y., F. Delpeuch and P. Traissac. "Deterioration in the Nutritional Status of Young and Their Mothers in Brazzaville, Congo, Following the 1994 Devaluation of the CFA Franc," Bulletin of the World Health Organization vol. 78, no. 1 (2000):108-118. The authors examine the historical origins and negative policy impact(s) of the 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc on the nutritional status of women and their children in the Congo-Brazzaville Michaud, Paul. "Where Has All the Money Gone?" African Business no. 256 (July/August 1993):33. This author assesses the economic reconstruction in post-civil war Congo-Brazzaville and the corruption among the central actors responsible for the economic reconstruction non-effort. Misser, Francois. "Economy Shows Signs of Life," African Business no. 263 (March 2001):23. The author briefly discusses the limited economic and financial assistance flows that Congo-Brazzaville has received from the IMF and China. "More Chaos in the Congo," Jane's Intelligence Review vol. 9, no. 7 (July 1, 1997):290. The article analyzes the evacuation of the foreigner trapped in the conflict by the French troops. In addition, it discusses how people flee to Kinshasa for safety. "New PM Named," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 20 (September 23-October 6, 1996):10016. The brief article outlines the naming of Charles Gunao as Prime Minister to head the government until presidential elections are held in 1997. "New Constitution," African Recorder vol. 31, no. 8 (April 8-21, 1992):8629. The brief article outlines the approval of a new constitution ending the oneparty system and putting and end to the Marxist African nation. Ngangoue, Nana Rosine. "Discussing Unity in the Debris Left By the Civil War," Inter Press Service (January 7, 1998):1. The author assesses the prospects for political unity in a post-civil war Congo-Brazzaville. Ngangoue, Nana Rosine and Ndura Moyiga. "Brazzaville's Lethal Gun Show Hunger," Inter Press Service (October 6, 1997):1. The authors summarize

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

213

the civil war that shook Brazzaville and its effects on a starving civilian population. Ola, George. "Violence in Brazzaville," West Africa no. 3957 (July 26, 1999):1301. The brief article discusses Congo-Brazzaville's political instability that led to the civil war. Ola-Davies, George. "Congo," Africa Review (2000):63-68. The author examines Nguessou's return to power, and the international movement to rebuild Congo-Brazzaville's shattered political economy. Pourtier, Roland. "Brazzaville Dans la Guerre: Crisis Urbaine et Violences Politiques," Annales de Geographie vol. 109, no. 611 (January 2000):3-20. The author discusses the historical origins and political factors that led Congo-Brazzaville into a full-scale civil war in 1997. "Protest," African Recorder vol. 31, no. 5 (February 26-March 10, 1992):8597. The brief note summarizes the efforts of 2000 protestors for the removal of the Prime Minister by Congo-Brazzaville's Armed Forces. "Renaissance," Economist vol. 357 (October 2000):55-56. The brief note outlines the peace agreement, which ended the fighting in the CongoBrazzaville, and the devastating effects of the war. "Republic of the Congo," UN Chronicle vol. 35 no. 1 (1998):82. The brief article reviews the United Nations Children’s Fund emergency vaccination campaign in containing the epidemic region of Congo-Brazzaville involved in the civil war. "Republic of Congo," UN Chronicle vol. 34, no. 4 (1997):67. The brief article outlines the international humanitarian efforts to assist the post-civil war population in the Congo-Brazzaville. Revol, Divier. "Congo in the Grip of Despair," Red Cross, Red Crescent no. 2 (1999):22-23. The author examines political violence in Congo-Brazzaville that began in December 17, 1998, detailing the large-scale looting, numerous rape events and the systematic executions of the country's shaken population.

214

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Salignon, P., J. Liu, D. Legros, V. Brown, and N. Ford. "Health and War in Congo-Brazzaville," Lancet vol. 356, Issue 9243 (November 18, 2000):1762. The brief article discusses the civil war that has ravaged Congo-Brazzaville and the negative effects it has had on the general health of the traumatized population. Saliou, Mohamed Yessoufou. "Congo: Sassou Marque Un Point," Jeune Afrique Economie (January 19-February 1, 1998):70-74. The article addresses the major changes in the National Forum for Reconciliation, Democracy, Reconstruction and Unity of the People's Republic of Congo. "Sassou-Nguessou Sworn in as President," African Recorder vol. 36 no. 24 (November 19-December 2, 1997):10376. The brief article discusses the return of Sassou-Nguessou to the Presidency after being forced out of power. "Security Briefs - Fighting Continues in Congo-Brazzaville," Jane's Intelligence Review vol. 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1998):13. This brief article argues that Congolese police were attacked when they were ordered to recover weapons from the militia that were on Lissouba's side. "The Other Congo Blows its Top," New African no. 454 (July/August 1997):23. The article analyzes the political conflict in Congo-Brazzaville in detail and the escalation to the 1997 civil war as well as the effects it had on Congo Brazzaville’s citizens. Tiepolo. "Brazzaville," Cities vol. 13, no. 2 (1996):117-124. The author examines the oil booms of 1972-1974 and 1979-1984 on Congo Brazzaville’s financial crisis and weak political party system. "Transatlantic Initiative," Presidents and Prime Ministers vol. 6, Issue 4 (July/August 1997):21. The brief article outlines the diplomatic initiative by the United States and France to end the political conflict between Denis Sassou Nguessou and Pascal Lissouba. Triay-Kone, Philippe. "Congo: Brazza Veut Se Reconstrire," Jeune Afrique Economie (January 29-July 19, 1998):76-80. The author assesses current efforts to rebuild the city of Brazzaville after the destructive 1997 civil war in the Republic of the Congo.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

215

"Two Cities: Brazzaville and Kinshasa-That Crucial French Connection," Economist vol. 325, no. 7783 (October 31, 1992):46. The brief article outlines French influence in the long-standing political rivalry between the capitals of Congo-Brazzaville and Zaire. "Upheavals in Africa," World Press Review vol. 44, Issue 8 (August 1997):5. The brief article chronicles the possible collapse of Congo-Brazzaville and the negative effects on its traumatized people. Vesperimi, Helen. "Congo Brazzaville: The Cobra's Strike," BBC Focus on Africa (January-March 1998):10-14. The author carefully examines the political and security implications of the fighting, the aftermath of the violent conflict in Brazzaville and Denis Sassou Nguessou's return to power. "Violence Erupts in the Congo-Brazzaville," Journal of Democracy vol. 8, Issue 4 (October 1997):186-187. The article reviews the outbreak of violence in Congo-Brazzaville and the effects that war has left on the devastated country. "Violence Erupts in Congo-Brazzaville," U.N. Chronicle vol. 34, Issue 3 (1997):50. The brief article discusses the civil war that took place in CongoBrazzaville and the effects of the outbreak of violence. "Violence in Congo Continues," Africa Report vol. 39, no.1 (January/February 1994):9-11. The brief article examines the fighting between Pascal Lissouba’s Presidential Movement Coalition and the rebel militia who oppose it.

RWANDA Abdulai, Napoleon (ed.) Genocide in Rwanda: Background and Current Situations. London: Africa Research Information Center, 1994. The edited text examines the historical origins and political developments concerning the Rwandan genocide event in the 1990s. "Acquittal in Belgium," Maclean's vol. 109, no. 29 (July 15, 1996):37-38. A military court found Col. Luc Marchal not guilty of “murder by default” in

216

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

the deaths of 10 peacekeepers in Rwanda who were killed by Hutu tribesmen. Adelman, Howard and Astri Suhrke (eds.) The Path of a Genocide: The Rwandan Crisis from Uganda to Zaire. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1999. The edited text addresses the domestic and regional influences that impacted the Rwandan genocide event, including the involvement of Uganda and Zaire. African Rights. Confessing to Genocide: Responses to Rwanda's Genocide Law. London: African Rights, 2000. The report outlines the glacier progress of judicial proceedings on Rwanda by the Tanzania-based United Nations Tribunal in the post-genocide period. African Rights. Rwanda, A Waste of Hope: The United Nations Human Rights Field Operation. London: African Rights, 1995. The report evaluates the relative effectiveness of the United Nations Human Rights Field Operation in a post-genocide Rwanda. African Rights. Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance. London: African Rights, 1995. The report outlines the extreme severity of the human rights violations in the Rwandan civil war. African Rights and Human Watch/Africa. Genocide in Rwanda, April-May 1994. New York: African Rights and Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1994. The report addresses the genocide event in Rwanda during April-May 1994. African Watch. Genocide in Rwanda: The Planning and Execution of Mass Murder. New York: Africa Watch. 1996. The report chronicles the internal and external actors involved in the systematic planning and execution of mass murder and genocide in Rwanda. African Watch. Rwanda- "A Waste of Hope": The United Nations Human Rights Field Operations. London: African Rights, 1995. The report reviews the effectiveness of the UN Human Rights Field Operations in Rwanda. African Watch. The Crises Continues. New York: Africa Watch 1995. The report summarizes the strategic ethnic crisis in Rwanda and its political implications for order and stability.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

217

African Watch. Rwanda: Not So Innocent-When Women Become Killers. London: African Rights, 1995. The report evaluates the historical record on and the political consequences of the large number of women-killers who participated fully in the Rwandan genocide event. African Watch. Rearming with Impunity: International Support for the Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide. New York: Africa Watch, 1995. The report examines the history of strategic material support from the West and from the international community to the chief planners and on-theground perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide in terms of arms, financial assistance and political support. Africa Watch. Arming Rwanda: The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War. New York: African Watch, 1994. The report carefully addresses the context and the policy impact of international and regional arms trading and small arms and light weapons proliferation on the horrific human rights problems generated during the Rwandan genocide and postgenocide political conflict that ensued with the deaths of over one million Rwandans. African Watch. Beyond Rhetoric: Continuing Human Rights Abuses in Rwanda. New York: African Watch 1993. The report chronicles the sordid and brutal history of human rights abuses in Rwanda between the Tutsi and Hutu peoples. Africa Watch. Rwanda: Talking Peace and Waging War: Human Rights since the October 1990 Invasion. New York: Africa Watch, 1992. The report describes the continuing human rights abuses against Hutu and moderate Tutsi by fascist forces in the Rwandan political conflict since the October 1990 invasion. Albright, Madeleine K. "The Tragedy in Rwanda: International Cooperation to Find a Solution," US Department of State Dispatch vol. 5, no. 26 (June 27, 1994):438-440. The brief article outlines Secretary of State Albright's support for the United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda, as well as French initiatives in Rwanda. The United States (and France), however, offered no diplomatic initiatives and did absolutely nothing to stop the genocide event because the legal and political counsels in the Departments of State and Defense and in other federal agencies were too busy debating

218

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

what "genocide" was while the great genocide event was unfolding in Rwanda. Alter, Jonathan. "When the World Shrugs: Why Black-on-Black Violence is So Often Blacked Out," Newsweek vol. 123, no. 17 (April 25, 1994):34-35. The brief article criticizes the sparse international western media's coverage of deadly conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is attributed to racism, lack of empathy for the victims of ethnic warfare and other discriminatory factors. Amnesty International. Rwanda: The Hidden Violence. London: Amnesty International Secretariat, June 1998. The report examines the major incidents of structural violence events, the continuing human rights abuses against the general population, and the implications of the ethnic conflict in Rwanda. Amnesty International. Rwanda: No One Is Talking about It Anymore. London: Amnesty International, 1997. The report carefully describes the gross human rights violations and cold-blooded murders in the Rwandan political conflict in 1997. Amnesty International. Rwanda: Arming the Perpetrators of the Genocide. London, June 1995. The report discusses the worldwide sources of small arms, light weapons and ammunition systems used by the extremist and brutal Hutu rebel groups who efficiently carried out the full-scope of the Rwandan genocide. Amnesty International. Rwanda: Reports of Killings and Abductions by the Rwandese Patriotic Army, April-August 1994. London: Amnesty International, 1994. The report chronicles the countless killings and abductions by active members of the Rwandese Patriotic Army between April-August 1994. Amnesty International. Rwanda: Mass Murder by Government Supporters and Troops in April and May 1994. London Amnesty International, 1994. The report provides mass murder data by central government army units and supporters who carried out the genocide event in Rwanda between April 1994-May 1994.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

219

Andersen, Regine. "How Multilateral Development Assistance Triggered the Conflict in Rwanda," Third World Quarterly vol. 21, no. 3 (2000):441-897. The author addresses the historical role and the political consequences of multilateral development assistance in encouraging the Rwandan genocide crisis. "A New Order in Kigali," African Confidential vol. 35, no. 17 (August 26, 1994):3. The article discusses the merit-based integration of former Hutu military personnel from the Forces Armees Rwandaises into the Tutsidominated Rwanda Patriotic Front army. Argent, Tom, Jeff Drumatra, and Katie Hope. A Selected Chronology of the Rwanda Crisis, April 5, 1994-September 10, 1994. Washington D.C: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1994. The authors provide a political chronology on the Rwandan genocide covering the period April 5, 1994-September 10, 1994. "Back to Rwanda, Willing or Not," Economist vol. 336, no. 7929 (August 26, 1995):35-37. The brief article describes how Zaire has begun forcibly expelling more than one million refugees that fled Rwanda and Burundi in 1994. Bangoura, Dominque. "Violence Politique et Insecurite au Rwanda," Defence Nationale vol. 51, no. 8 (1995):137-145. The author discusses the extent of political violence and insecurity in a post-genocide Rwanda. Barnett, M.N. "The UN Security Council, Indifference and Genocide in Rwanda," Cultural Anthropology vol. 12, no. 4 (1997):551-578. The author examines the strategic political indifference of the UN Security Council and the great powers to the genocide event in 1994. Bayart, J.F., and G. Massiah. "La France au Rwanda," Temps Modernes vol. 50, no. 583 (1995):137-145. The author outlines France's foreign political policy towards a post-genocide Rwanda. "Better Late Than Never," New Republic vol. 211, no. 6 (August 8, 1994):8-9. The brief article sharply criticizes the United States for its complete inaction during the Rwandan genocide.

220

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Bodnarchuk, Kari, Rwanda: Country Torn Apart. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications Company, 2000. A compelling overview of the political crisis in Rwanda, including a formal history of the conflict between the Hutus and the Tutsi, the political role of non-governmental organizations in trying to resolve the crisis, and an analysis of the exploding humanitarian refugee crisis in the Great Lakes and Central African regions. Brooks, E.E. "From the Frying Pan into the Fire: A Case Study of Rwandan Refugees," International Social Work vol. 41, no. 4 (1998):499-510. The author examines the complex historical and policy problems created by Rwandan refugees fleeing the extremely destabilizing war in the Central African region. Broton, John, Emery Brussett, and Alistair Hallam. The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, Study 3: Humanitarian Aid and Effects. Copenhagen: Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, 1996. A critical assessment on the international humanitarian assistance non-response to the victims of the great genocide event in Rwanda, and the relevant political and moral lessons are outlined from the donors' perspective. Burkhalter, Holly J. "The Question of Genocide: The Clinton Administration and Rwanda," World Policy Journal vol. 11, no. 4 (1994):44-54. The author addresses the Clinton administration's unwillingness to stop the Rwandan genocide event and the terrible strategic consequences for Rwanda. Came, Barry. "A Scene From Hell: Canadians Escape a Bloodbath in Central Africa," Maclean's vol. 107, no. 17 (April 25, 1994):32-33. The brief article reports that two hundred Canadians escaped the bloody civil war and the great genocide event that erupted in Rwanda on April 6, 1994. Campbell, K.J. "Clausewitz and Genocide: Bosnia, Rwanda and Strategic Failure," Civil Wars vol. 1, no. 2 (1998):26-37. The author addresses the strategic problem of ethnic genocide practice in Rwanda and in Bosnia. Campbell, Scott. "What Kabila is Hiding: Civilian Killings and Impunity in Congo," Human Rights Watch 1997:1-41 The article focuses on mass killings of refugees in the Democratic Republic of Congo from October 1996-August 1997 by military formations from the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, Angola, and other neighboring African states.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

221

Caragata, Warren. "Making a Difference: a Canadian General Completes his Duty," Maclean's vol. 107, no. 38 (September 19, 1994):32-33. The brief interview with Major-General Romeo Dallaire, former head of the UN peacekeeping, suggested that the Rwandan genocide could have been prevented if the United Nation had acted sooner, and if logistical and other problems had been solved. Carter, Jimmy. "For an International Criminal Court," New Perspectives Quarterly vol. 14, no. 1 (Winter 1997):52-54. Jimmy Carter argues that genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia in the 1990s demonstrates the need for an International Criminal Court to prevent similar genocide events from happening in the future. Cauvin, Henri E. "Rwanda and Congo Sign Accord to End War," New York Times (July 31, 2002):A8. The brief article outlines the recent peace accord between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to end the destabilizing and brutal war in the Central African/Great Lakes regions. "Central Africa's Disaster," Economist vol. 336, no. 7929 (August 26, 1995):1314. The brief article contends that the great powers nor the international community of nations will not stop Hutus and Tutsis from killing each other. Chretien, Jean-Pierre. (ed.) Rwanda: Les Medias du Genocide. Paris: Karthala, 1995. The edited text examines the Rwandan genocide event in all its gruesome variations. "Christian Witness in Rwanda," America vol. 170, no. 14 (April 23, 1994):3-4. The brief article reports the assassination of three Jesuit priests, as well of the deaths of 20,000 Rwandans in the Kigali region. Christopher, Warren. "Africa at a Crossroads: American Interests and American Engagement," (Transcript) US Department of State Dispatch vol. 7, no. 42 (October 14, 1996):505-59. Secretary of State Christopher calls upon SubSaharan African nations to help assist the United States in protecting the environment and stopping nuclear weapons proliferation on the troubled continent. Christopher, Warren. "U.S. Support for Resolving the Conflict in Burundi and Rwanda," (Transcript) US Department of State Dispatch vol. 7, no. 42

222

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

(October 14, 1996):512-513. The brief report outlines Warren Christopher's formal support in preventing future genocide events in Rwanda and promoting democracy and protecting the minority rights in Burundi. "Churches Agonize Over Rwanda Horror," Christian Century vol. 111, no. 15 (May 4, 1994):464-465. The brief article describes how churches have been impacted by great violence and humanitarian crisis in Rwanda. Clapham, C. "Rwanda: The Perils of Peacemaking," Journal of Peace and Research vol. 35, no. 2 (1998): 193-210. The author evaluates the complex problems of successful peacemaking operations in a post-genocide Rwanda. Clarance, W. "The Human Rights Field Operation in Rwanda: Protective Practice Evolves on the Ground," International Peacekeeping vol. 2, no. 3 (1995):291-308. The author addresses the effectiveness of international human rights activities in a post-genocide Rwanda. Clarke, Walter. "Waiting for the ‘Big One’: Confronting Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and State Collapse In Central Africa," in Max C. Manwaring and John T. Fishel (eds.) Toward Responsibility in the New World Disorder: Challenges and Lessons of Peace Operations (Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1998):32-49. The author contends that state failure on the scale of the 1994 Rwandan Hutu extremists attack against Tutsis and Hutu moderates (and the deadly 1996 pogrom against Hutu refugees in Zaire) requires peace operations as a component of a well funded global response. "Clerics Murdered in Rwanda," Christian Century vol. 111, no. 19 (June 15, 1994):599-601. The brief article report that clergy are being massacred in Rwanda's civil war, and that Pope John Paul II has called for international action to bring the war to a halt. It is estimated that as many as 500,000 Rwandans have been killed in the fighting so far. Connaughton, R. M. "Military Support and Protection for Humanitarian Assistance: Rwanda, April 1994-December 1994," SCSI Occasional Series, no. 18. Camberley, UK: Staff College, 1996. The report outlines the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance and military support activities of the UN Operation between April 1994-December 1994. Cook, Susan E. "Documenting Genocide: Cambodia's Lessons for Rwanda," Africa Today vol. 44, no. 2 (1997):223-228. The author examines the

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

223

political and social lessons generated by the Cambodian genocide with the post-genocide search for justice in Rwanda, Burundi and the Congo. "Crime and Nourishment: Rwandan Refugees," Economist vol. 335, no. 7908 (April 1, 1995):34-36. The brief article posits that the Rwandan refugee camps in Zaire are populated with soldiers from the former Hutu government, the government that perpetrated the slaughter of Rwanda's Tutsi minority and that the refugee camps provide recruits and a convenient place to train them. Dange, Theodore. Rwanda Crisis: A Chronology August 1994, June 1995. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, 1995. The author provides a historical chronology of the Rwandan crisis between August 1994-June 1995. Degni-Segui, R. Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Rwanda. New York: United Nations, 1994. The author outlines the gross human rights violations in the Rwandan civil war. Des Forges, Allison. The Killing Campaign: The 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1998. The author analyzes the major external powers and internal actors directly and indirectly responsible for the 1994 genocide campaign in Rwanda. Deskin, Victor. "International Justice and Domestic Rebuilding: An Analysis of the Role of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda," Journal of Humanitarian Assistance (May 20, 2000). The article examines the efficacy of an International Tribunal for Rwanda to work towards justice and civic rebuilding in a post-genocide state. http://www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b003.htm. DeSouza, Leo J. "Assigning Blame in Rwanda: How to Break the Cycle of Revenge in Ethnic Conflict," Washington Monthly vol. 29, no. 9 (September 1997):40-44. The brief article provides a history of relations between the Hutu and the Tutsi and why genocide events occurred in Rwanda. Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press, 1995. The author provides a comprehensive political history on the central actors and defining political events leading up to and generating the Rwandan genocide period.

224

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Destexhe, Alain. "The Third Genocide," Foreign Policy no. 97 (Winter 199495):3-17. The author assesses the historical origins and political implications of the Rwandan genocide event. Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda, Essai sur le Genocide. Brussels: Edition Complex, 1994. The author addresses the tragedy of the genocide event in Rwanda. Drumstra, J. Life After Death: Suspicion and Reintegration in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Washington D.C.: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1997. The author evaluates the readjustment and reintegration conditions for the postgenocide Rwandan refugees finally returning home from enduring extremely traumatic conditions in nearby and inhospitable African states. Duce, Richard, Arthur Leathley and Michael Evans. "Arms Dealer Tells How He Advised on Trade with Rwanda," The Times (November 19, 1996):1. The secret arms transfer relations of Mil-Tec Corporation (owned by Anoop Vidyarthi, a Kenyan Asian) with the Rwandan Ministry of Defense during the Rwandan genocide period are outlined. The methods used by Mil-Tec to hide its multi-million dollar arms business with third world states are discussed, including the use of front companies in different countries, extremely obscure arms and munitions shipping arrangements, and the use of different banks in different countries for secret money transfers. Duly, Greg. "Creating a Violence-Free Society: The Case of Rwanda," The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance (July 10, 2000). The article examines the conditions required to establish a violence-free society in the postgenocide Rwanda. http://www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b002.htm. Edwards, Mike. "Central Africa's Cycle of Violence," National Geographic vol. 191, no. 6 (June 1997):124-134. The article posits that Rwanda and Burundi have a history of large-scale massacres and political unrest in part created and motivated by colonial and post-colonial manipulations by the European powers and most recently, by the United States. Erickson, J. The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience-Synthesis Report. Odense: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, 1996. The report chronicles the international community's response or non-response to the Rwanda genocide event.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

225

Essack, Karrim. Civil War in Rwanda. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Newman Publishers, 1991. The author addresses the political history and ethnic consequences of the civil war in Rwanda. Evan, Gylnne. Responding to the Crisis in the African Great Lakes. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1998. The author assesses the origins and impact of the political crisis in the Great Lakes region. Evans, Glynne. Responding to the Crisis in the African Great Lakes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. The author examines the political, economic, social and humanitarian crisis in the Central Africa and Great Lakes regions, with a major emphasis on genocide prevention, international law intervention, and the role and impact of UN armed forces in these regions. Feil, Scott R. Preventing Genocide: How the Early Use of Force Might Have Succeeded in Rwanda Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, 1998. The author outlines the pre-emptive force measures that could have been taken by United Nations forces to prevent the Rwandan genocide. A high ranking commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda argued that 5,000 troops and an expansive mandate for UN commanders on the ground (as early as midMarch 1994) might have stopped the genocide before it started. Feil Scott R. A Rwandan Retrospective: Developing an Intervention Option. Carlisle Barracks: Army War College, 1997. The author provides an analysis of potential intervention option(s) in case of renewed genocidal actions in Rwanda. Foden, Giles. "Two Beers for One Grenade," Times Literary Supplement no. 4750 (April 15, 1994):16-17. The brief article posits that the genocidal violence in Rwanda was perpetuated by the supply of large quantities of sophisticated weapons brought by the Rwandan government from France, the United States, Uganda, Egypt and South Africa. Fontaine, Yves J. "Strategic Logistics for Intervention Forces," Parameters vol. 27 (Winter 1997/1998):42-59. The article assesses the effectiveness of several US Army post-cold war force projection operations, including Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm (Saudi Arabia and Iraq),

226

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Operation Restore Hope (Somalia), Operation Support Hope (Rwanda), and Operation Joint Endeavor (Bosnia). "France and Rwanda: Humanitarian?" Economist (April 25, 1998):1 The brief article outlines the realist values driving France's secret military weapons and military assistance programs to extremist Hutu rebels who carried out the Rwandan genocide against Tutsi and moderate Hutu. "French Troops Begin Rwanda Protection Mission; Bloodshed Continues Amid Rebel Gains," Facts on File vol. 54, no. 2795 (June 23, 1994):439-441. The brief article describes in a positive way the efforts of French troops to stop the genocide event in Rwanda. "French Troops Withdraw from Rwanda; Move Prompts Renewed Refugee Exodus," Facts on File vol. 54, no. 2805 (September 1, 1994):616-618. The brief article suggests that large streams of Rwandan refugees crossed into Zaire in August 1994 due to fears of violent reprisal after French troops left the humanitarian safe zone they had established in Rwanda in June 1994. Friedman, Townsend. "Update on Developments in Rwanda and Burundi," (Transcript) US Department of State Dispatch vol. 6, no. 16 (April 17, 1995):332-337. The author contends that the United States helped to partially alleviate the hunger and disease that occurred in Rwanda after the genocide event erupted in April 1994, but that achieving peace may be difficult. Genocide in Rwanda: April-May 1994. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, May 1994. The report describes the brutality and severity of the Rwandan genocide event and the great loss in human lives between April-May 1994. Gomes, S. Da Camara Santa Clara. The European Union's Political and Development Response to Rwanda. Maastricht: European Centre for Development Policy Management, July 2001. The author reviews the history and policy implications of the recent European Union's political and development response to the great crisis in Rwanda. Goose, S. and Frank Smyth. "Arming Genocide in Rwanda," Foreign Affairs vol. 73, no. 5 (September/October 1994):86-96. The authors examine the role of external and internal actors in providing small and light weapons to extremist Hutu and moral hazards of demobilizing African soldiers, the

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

227

latter recruited as mercenary troops for new conflicts on the continent. A case in point is the Rwandan Patriotic Front's recruitment of demobilized Ugandan NRA troops who served in the Rwandan army. Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will be Killed with Our Families. New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1998. The text is an indictment of the unwillingness of the international community and of the what-is-genocide-debating Clinton administration to act before or during the Rwandan genocide to save 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu. Gourevitch, Philip. "The Return: With a Million Exiles Coming Home, Killers and Genocide Survivors are Being Forced to Live Together," New Yorker vol. 72, no. 43 (January 20, 1997):44-52. The author contends that Rwandans returning from Eastern Congo and nearby states to Rwanda were forced to live near individuals who had killed their families and friends. "Great Lakes of Blood: Africa's Hutu-Tutsi Wars May Go On and On," Economist vol. 341, no. 7990 (Nov 2, 1996):16-18. The brief article posits that international intervention will be necessary to save the peoples of Zaire, Rwanda and Burundi from genocidal warfare. Hall, P. "Alleged Role of Medical Personnel in Genocide in Rwanda," Lancet vol. 347, no. 9010 (1996): 1265. The brief article reviews the role of medical personnel in actively participating in the genocide event in Rwanda. Hamilton, Heather B. "Rwanda's Women: The Key to Reconstruction," The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance (May 10, 2000). The article examines the historical role and strategic importance of Rwandan women in the economic, social and cultural reconstruction of the country in the postgenocide period. http://www.jha.ac/greatlakes/b001.htm. Hammer, Joshua. "Deeper Into the Abyss," Newsweek vol. 123, no. 17 (April 25, 1994):32-34. The brief report describes how Belgium quickly withdrew its four hundred troops after UN peacekeeping forces were threatened and assaulted by Rwandan army units and rogue rebel groups. Harsch, Ernest. "OAU Sets Inquiry into Rwanda Genocide: A Determination to Search for Africa’s Own Truth," Africa Recovery vol. 12, no. 1 (1998):4-5. The brief article reviews the OAU's goal to evaluate the origins and the strategic impact of the great Rwandan genocide for Sub-Saharan Africa.

228

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Hilsum, Lindsey. "Settling Scores," Africa Report vol. 39, no. 3 (May-June, 1994): 13-18. The author posits that the deep-seated ethnic hatred and the faulty leadership of Rwanda’s president Juvenal Habyarimana led to the bloody conflict in Rwanda. Huliaras, A.C. "The ‘Anglo-Saxon Conspiracy: French Perceptions of the Great Lakes Crisis," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 4 (1998):593609. The author assesses the French policy perceptions of the historical origins and the great powers' involvement in the Great Lakes Crisis. "Humanitarian Efforts Threatened by Security Problems: International Tribunal Created," UN Chronicle vol. 32, no. 1 (March 1995):18-21. The brief article describes the Security Council-sponsored International Tribunal on Human Rights Abuses during the genocide in Rwanda, established November 8, 1994. Human Rights Watch. Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. New York: Human Rights Watch, March 1999. The report addresses the history and the carefully planned Rwandan genocide event by its Tutsi planners, and their strategic objective of totally annihilating all Hutu and moderate Tutsi in the country. Human Rights Watch. Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath. New York, 1996. The report outlines the very high levels of extreme sexual violence practices against Hutu women and girls as state policy to break the will to live of the Hutus of Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. Rwanda/Zaire: Rearming With Impunity: International Support for the Perpetrators of the Rwandan Genocide. New York, May 1995. The report focuses on the influence of the great powers and global arms merchants in greatly encouraging the Rwandan genocide event (and the systemic war in Central Africa and the Great Lakes regions) through covert sales of large quantities of small arms, light weapons, and ammunition before, during and after that cataclysmic human tragedy. Human Rights Watch. Arming Rwanda: The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War New York: Human Rights Watch, January 1994. The report discusses the critical role that the global arms trade and international arms merchants had in creating the political preconditions for

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

229

the severe human loss of life and human rights abuse that occurred during the Rwandan genocide period. "Interview with Travis Smiley of Black Entertainment Television in Cape Town," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol. 34, no. 13 (March 30, 1998):506-510. In the interview, President Bill Clinton defended the non-actions of the United States and of the international community during the Rwandan genocide event, claiming that the delayed external intervention prevented disease and starvation. He did not discuss his national security decisions to pull out all U.S. and U.N. military forces from Rwanda, decisions that encouraged the great slaughter of over 800,000 Hutus and moderate Tutsi, which later laid the geopolitical basis for the deaths of over 3 million Congolese after the Rwandan genocide event. Jones, Bruce. "Civil War, the Peace Process and Genocide in Rwanda," in Ali Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999:53-88. The author contends that the failure of the Arusha Accords is directly attributed to the non-inclusion of Rwanda's hard-line forces in the peace process and peace transition, which both inflamed the civil war and led to the 1994 genocide event. Kakwenzire, Joan and Dixon Kamukama. The Development and Consolidation of Extremist Forces in Rwanda: 1990-1994. Kampala, Uganda: Department of History, Makerere University, November 1995. The report discusses the Arusha Peace Agreement (August 4, 1993) and the assassination of President Habyaimana (April 6, 1994). The historical context and external influences which led the extremist Hutu leadership to systematically plan and ruthlessly execute the deaths of between 800,000 to 1 million Tutsi and moderate Hutu in less than three months are assessed. France's secret role in the military training in terrorist insurgent tactics for members of the Presidential Guard, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi units of the Forces Armees Rwandaises is discussed. Moreover, the massive flows of small arms, light weapons, and ammunition to extremist Hutu forces from France, South Africa, and Egypt materially motivated the Rwandan genocide period, the vengeful actions of the Tutsi-led Rwandan government against Hutu in eastern Zaire, and the destructive systemic war that followed.

230

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Kamukama, Dixon. Rwanda Conflict: Its Roots and Regional Implications. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 1993. The author provides a political history of Rwanda's foreign relations with surrounding African states, and the impact on tense internal ethnic relations in Rwanda. Kellow, C.L. and H.L. Steeves. "The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Genocide," Journal of Communication vol. 48, no. 3 (1998): 107-128. The authors establish the destabilizing role and critical impact of radio stations and their radio announcers in providing information, giving updated directions to the roving killers, and in greatly encouraging the course and intensity of the Rwandan genocide. Kelly, Michael. "Words of Blasphemy in Rwandan," National Journal vol. 30, no. 13 (March 28,1998):676-678. The brief article describes a speech given by President Clinton on his trip to Africa in March 1998, in which he apologized to survivors of the 1994 Rwandan. The author asserts that such an apology was insincere because the Clinton administration knew long in advance of the situation brewing in Rwanda but intentionally chose not to act. Khan, Shaharye M. The Shallow Graves of Rwanda. New York: I.B. Taurus, 2001. The author addresses the terrible history and strategic political implications of the 1994 genocide event in Rwanda. Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay. The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda. New York: New York University Press, 1998. The author examines the political influence of the international community (i.e. the great powers, the Security Council and the United Nations) in supporting the development and execution of the Rwandan genocide event. It also assesses the postgenocide policy of the great powers in encouraging a 'systemic war' in the Great Lakes and Central African regions to both strategically destabilize and generate profits by selling significant military arms to weak African states, arrogant warlords and rogue rebel groups. Korner, P. and K. Schlichte (eds.) Invasion in Rwanda. Hamburg: Universitat Hamburg, Institut fur Politische Wissenschaft, 1991. The edited text evaluates the historical origins and political significance of the great crisis in Rwanda in the late 1980s.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

231

Kuperman, Alan J. "The Other Lesson of Rwanda: Mediators Sometimes Do More Damage Than Good," SAIS Review vol. 16, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 1996):221-241. The article criticizes the decision to arbitrate a peace accord without the ability to effectively enforce it militarily. Specifically the Arusha accords between Rwandan extremists and the Rwandan government were criticized for the absence of adequate peacekeeping forces on the ground. Kupperman, Alan J. The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001. The author explores the alleged limitations of great powers' intervention in a quickly unfolding genocide drama, as happened in Rwanda. Kuzwe, C.N. "The Role of NGOs in Democratization and Education in Peace Time Rwanda," Community Development Journal vol. 33, no. 2 (1998): 174177. The author briefly reviews the role and operations of NGOs in the democratization and educational processes in peacetime Rwanda. Lacey, Marc. "After the Horror, Truth and Sime Healing, Maybe," New York Times (June 20, 2002):A4. The author examines the operations of the community-wide gacaca (justice on the grass) courts, and the punishment and education of over 100,000 individuals directly and indirectly responsible for the 1994 Rwandan genocide event Lacey, Marc. "Memorials Dot Rwanda, Recalling 1994 Carnage," New York Times (September 17, 2001):B2. The author provides a gruesome report on the 1994 Rwandan genocide event, and the role that Rwandan citizens at levels of society played in it. Laffin, John. "Invasion Rwanda," in John Laffin (ed.) The World in Conflict 1991. London: Brassey’s (1991):185-188. The author examines the growing political and ethnic crisis in Rwanda. Lange, John E. "Civilian-Military Cooperation and Humanitarian Assistance: Lessons From Rwanda," Parameters vol. 128 (Summer 1998):106-22. The article evaluates the role of US armed forces deployed to support international relief efforts for Rwandan refugees in Zaire during "Operation Support Hope" in 1994.

232

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

"Last Refugees Abandon Kibeho Camp," Facts on File vol. 55, no. 2842 (May 18, 1995):367-368. The brief article describes the flight of Hutu refugees from their camp in Rwanda weeks after the massacre of April 22, 1995 "Learning from Rwanda," Economist vol. 332, no. 7877 (August 20, 1994): 1315. The brief article suggests that the Rwandan genocide event revealed the need for a UN Rapid Reaction Force. There is, however, a question that even if the UN had such a force, would it have intervened since the great powers on the Security Council made decisions not to intervene at all. Lemarchand, Rene. "The Fire in the Great Lakes," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999): 195-201. The author posits that a systemic war is occurring in the Great Lakes region and that protracted war is in the future of the region. Life After Death: Suspicion and Reintegration in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Washington: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1998. The report addresses the reintegration process of Hutu and Tutsi refugees in a post-genocide Rwanda. "Little Rwanda: Rwandan Refugees," Economist vol. 332, no. 7870 (July 2, 1994):40-42. The brief article contends that more than 300,000 refugees from Rwanda's civil war live in tents at a major camp in Benako, Tanzania. The article points out that the tribal tensions that caused the civil war are present in the camp. Lloyd, John. "In the Face of Genocide in Central Africa, World Leaders Must Answer a Difficult Question: Should We Support Ethnic Enclaves to Prevent Further Bloodshed?" New Statesman vol. 125, no. 4309 (November 8, 1996):29-30. The brief article calls for the creation of ethnically-defined states in Sub-Saharan Africa in the light of the continuing conflict in Rwanda and Zaire. Longman, Timothy P. "State, Civil Society and Genocide in Rwanda," in R.A. Joseph (ed.) State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner (1999):339-358. The author addresses the origins and implications of the collaboration of the state and civil society in supporting the 1994 genocide event in Rwanda.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

233

Magnarella, Paul J. Justice in Africa: Rwanda's Genocide, Its Courts and the UN Criminal Tribunal. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000. The author evaluates the slow deliberations of both the Rwandan court system and the UN Criminal Tribunal and their legal movement to bring to justice the national criminals who planned and implemented the Rwandan genocide event. Maharaj, Davan. "Rwanda and Congo Sign Peace Pact," Los Angeles Times (July 31, 2002):A7. The brief article outlines the peace pact between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the latter country losing over 2.5 million of its citizens to Sub-Saharan Africa's First World War. Maharaj, Davan. "U.S. Renews Hunt for Rwandan War Crimes Suspects," Los Angeles Times (June 13, 2002):A3. The brief article chronicles the Bush administration's search for Felicien Kabuga, a Hutu multimillionaire who was a strategic genocide planner directly responsible for the 1994 Rwandan genocide event. The U.S. special envoy for war crimes, Pierre-Richard Prosper, sat up a special task force and a $5 million award for his capture, and met recently in Rome with Dr. Jendayi E. Frazier, National Security Advisor for Africa to President Bush, to coordinate the worldwide search for Mr. Kabuga (who it is said has been protected in the immediate past by important factions in the Kenya's ruling elite). Malvern, Linda. "Genocide Behind the Thin Blue Line," Security Dialogue vol. 28, no. 3 (September 1997):333-346. The author posits that the Rwandan genocide event could have been prevented, if the international community, the great powers, and the U.N. had heeded the early warning signs. Mamdani, Mahmood. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the Genocide in Rwanda. Oxford: James Currey, 2001. The author addresses the colonial history, ethnic politics and national policy differences driving the great 1994 genocide event in Rwanda. Marcus, Ruth. "Clinton Seeks Limits on Peace Keeping," The Washington Post (September 28, 1993): 1. The brief article examines President Clinton's reluctance in September 1993 to provide peacekeeping forces for Rwanda to prevent the genocide event. The Clinton administration posed the following questions to the international community: 1) is Rwanda a real threat to international peace? 2) does the proposed mission have clear objectives, and 3) can an endpoint be identified? The United States answered these

234

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

questions in the negative, and the international community decided not to do anything. Masland, Tom "Corpses Everywhere," Newsweek vol. 123, no. 16 (April 18, 1994):33-34. The brief article describes how the civil war broke out after Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana and Burundi President Cyprien Ntaryamira were killed when their plane was shot down in April 1994. "Massacres, 'Mindless Violence and Carnage' Rage in Rwanda," UN Chronicle vol. 31, no. 3 (September 1994):15-21. The article details the decision of the Security Council to expand the mandate of the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda to enforce an arms embargo against the tumultuous nation. Mays, Terry. "Regional Security with a Humanitarian Face: Multinational Peace Operations during the Rwanda Crisis," Africa World Review (FebruaryApril 1999):45-49. The article examines the failed multinational peace operations during the Rwandan genocide crisis. McConnell, Malcolm. "Escape From Terror," Reader's Digest vol. 145, no. 870 (October 1994):113-119. The brief article describes how U.S. consular officer Laura Lane tried to get Americans out of Rwanda. Not surprisingly, there was little more than a superficial American empathy for the immense human suffering surrounding the Rwandan genocide event. McNulty, M. "France’s Role in Rwanda and External Military Intervention: A Double Discrediting," International Peacekeeping vol. 4, no. 2 (1997):2444. The author evaluates France's weak military intervention and lack of political will to prevent the genocide event in Rwanda. Melvern, Linda. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed Books, December 2000. The author posits that the West (the United States, France, Belgium, and England) decided not to prevent the slaughter of over one million Hutu and moderate Tutsi during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, while ignoring the Genocide Convention, sabotaging all global diplomacy and stopping the Security Council from acting positively. The moral cowardice of the West was dramatically displayed before, during and after the genocide crisis. Melvern, Linda. "Genocide Behind the Thin Blue Line," Security Dialogue vol. 28, no. 3 (1997):333-346. The author assesses the lack of political will and

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

235

military power by the United Nation in preventing the genocide event in Rwanda. "Men Without Shells: the UN's African Peacekeepers Cannot go Into Rwanda Until Richer Members Supply Them With Armored Cars," Economist vol. 331, no. 7868 (June 18, 1994):15-16. The brief article posits that African nations are ready to send UN peacekeeping troops to Rwanda, to prevent further massacres, but the mission is stalled because of a lack of Westernsupplied armored personnel carriers. Metz, Steven. Disaster and Intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa: Learning from Rwanda. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1994. The author outlines the operational lessons for U.S. political and military planners considering intervening in Sub-Saharan African crisis by examining the Rwandan genocide case study. Minear, L. and R.C. Kent. "Rwanda’s Internally Displaced: A Conundrum Within Conundrum," in R. Cohen and F.M. Deng (ed.) The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced. Washington: Brookings Institutional Press (1998): 57-95. The authors evaluate the extremely wrenching plight and great vulnerability of Rwanda's internally displaced population in the Great Lakes and Central Africa regions in the postgenocide period. Misser, Francois, Yves Jaumain, and Carmen Gibson. "Death by Radio," Index on Censorship vol. 23, no. 4-5 (September-October 1994):72-75. The article briefly discusses the Radio-Television Libre des Mille Collines, a radio station controlled by the Hutu-majority government of Rwanda, which was largely responsible for broadcasting daily the government’s message for and justifying genocide. Mollins, Carl. "Killing Fields: The Slaughter in Rwanda Confounds the United Nations," Maclean's vol. 107, no. 20 (May 16, 1994):24-26. The brief article reports that over 250,000 people were killed in the Rwandan genocide event as of May 1994, the beleaguered country's fourth civil war since 1949. Moreover, a small UN contingent would deliver paltry relief supplies to some of the horrified survivors, but the UN contingent could not stop the continuing slaughter. Meaningful and timely intervention was hampered and ultimately prevented because the United States and the other

236

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

so-called great powers had no strategic political, economic and cultural interests in Rwanda. Moose, George E. "Crisis in Rwanda," US Department of State Dispatch vol. 5, no. 21 (May 23, 1994):341-343. Assistant Secretary Moose explains that the U.S. strategy regarding the civil war in Rwanda included encouraging peace negotiations, providing humanitarian aid and assistance in implementing a cease-fire, but no direct or indirect U.S. military intervention to stop the unfolding genocide event. Mordani, Dario. "Ruanda: II Ritorno dall’Inferno," La Rivista Militaire no. 5 (September/October 1994):50-57. The brief article addresses the origins and consequences of the genocide event in Rwanda. Morrison, David C. "Tilling the Killing Fields," National Journal vol. 26, no.20 (May 14, 1994): 1161-1162. In this provocative article, Morrison asserts that the Rwandan conflict was encouraged and perpetuated by the military assistance of the great powers and African regional actors. Moreover, that Uganda was used as a staging ground for the 1990 RUF invasion of Rwanda. Mukamuhirwa, I. and B. Ndarishkanye. "Open Letter to Rwanda: Justice for the Rwandans," Issue vol. 26, no. 1 (1998):2-4. The authors call for justice for the Rwandans who were killed, maimed, raped and mentally damaged during the great genocide period. Myers, Dee. "U.S. Closes Embassy of Rwanda," (Transcript) US Department of State Dispatch vol. 5, no. 30 (My 25, 1994):511-513. The brief report posits that the U.S. reactions to the Rwanda's civil war prompted the closure of that country's embassy in Washington, D.C. and not to pursue or detain the government's representatives responsible for the great genocide event that occurred. Ndagijimana, F. L ’Afrique Face a ses Defis: Le Probleme es Refugies Rwandais. Geneva: Arunga, 1990. The author addresses the great refugee problem generated by the growing political crisis in Rwanda. Newberry, D. "Understanding Genocide," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 1 (1998):73-79. The author outlines how to understand genocide practice in the Rwandan context.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

237

Newberry, D. "Irredentist Rwanda: Ethnic and Territorial Frontiers in Central Africa," Africa Today vol. 44, no. 2 (1997):211-222. The author evaluates the ethnic and frontier problems of Rwanda in the Central African region. Newbury, Catharine, Rene Lemarchand, and Alison Des Forges. "Special Issue on Rwanda," ISSUE: A Journal of Opinion vol. 23, no. 2 (1995). The authors review causes and consequences of the 1994 civil war in Rwanda. "New Commission to Investigate Possible Destabilization Efforts: Arms Embargo Lifted," UN Chronicle vol. 32, no. 4 (December 1995): 12-16. The arms embargo against Rwanda is lifted with the stipulation that military arms may not be sold to other countries. Nzambazamariya, V. "Analyse de la Tragedie Rwandaise: Lecons pour l’Afrique et l’humanaite’," Quest vol. 12, no. 1 (1998):219-226. The author examines the lessons and humanitarian implications of the Rwanda genocide event for Sub-Saharan Africa and the international community. Omaar, Rakiya and Alexander de Waal. Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. London: African Rights, 1994. The authors investigate the historical and ethnic causes and the political impact of the 1994 civil war in Rwanda. Pearn, John. Reflections of Rwanda. Brisbane: Amphion Press, 1995. The author assesses the strategic conflict in Rwanda in the post-genocide period. Percival, V. and T. Homer-Dixon. "Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda," Journal of Environment and Development vol. 5, no. 3 (1996):270-291. The authors examine the historical and policy relationship between environmental scarcity and violent conflict in Rwanda. Pottier, Johan. Re-imaging Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century. Washington DC: Cambridge University Press, 2002. The author analyzes the post-genocide regime in Rwanda and its ability to mislead the global community on the crises in Central Africa. "Probe Into Allegations of Arms Supplies to Continue: UN Troops Leave, New Office to be Set Up," UN Chronicle vol. 33, no. 2 (Summer, 1996):38-43. The brief article contends that after two and a half years, the UN peacekeeping mission left Rwanda, while UN questions Zaire and other African regional actors about the massive flows of small arms, light

238

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

weapons and conventional weapons and ammunitions in the region to hostile rebel factions. "Prohibiting Certain Transactions With Respect to Rwanda and Delegating Authority with Respect to Other United Nations Arms Embargoes," (Transcript) Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol. 30, no. 21 (May 30, 1994):1171-1173. In compliance with the UN arms embargo, US President Bill Clinton proclaimed Executive Order 12918. The Order prohibits US citizens from selling weapons, munitions and arms materiel to Rwanda, as well as preventing American vessels from transporting arms and military supplies to that country. Prunier, Gerald. "The Great Lakes Crisis," Current History (May 1997): 193199. The brief article examines the origins and development of the Great Lakes crisis and its implications for regional security. Prunier, Gerald. The Rwanda Crisis 1959-1994: History of a Genocide. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. The text is an excellent history on the evolution of the historical and political conditions that led to the Rwanda genocide event. The role and impact of the great powers and regional powers in shaping and determining the lethality of the Rwandan genocide event is also discussed. Rabayiza, F. Guerir la Rwanda de la violence: la confesson Demold un premier pas. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1998. The author evaluates the historical origins and political implications of the extremely violent and brutal genocide event in Rwanda. Ransdell, Eric. "The Wounds of War," U.S. News & World Report vol. 117, no. 21 (November 28, 1994):67-72. The author examines history and political development of the African and UN-supported Arusha Accords and the international promise to bring democracy to Rwanda. At the same time, the author suggests that the central political elements that caused and inspired the genocide event remain at large and active. Ransdell, Eric. "Why is Rwanda Killing Itself? The Slaughter has Unleashed a Tide of Refugees and Raised Fears that the Fighting Will Spread," U.S. News & World Report vol. 116, no. 20 (May 23, 1994):46-49. The brief article provides historical background on the civil war between the Hutudominated government and the Tutsi-backed Rwandan Patriotic Front and

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

239

the increasing refugee flows from that country into Central African region and elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. Reed, Williams Cyrus. "Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 3 (September 1996):479-501. The author addresses the historical origins and the political impact of the exile, reform and rise of the post-genocide Rwandan Patriotic Front. "Responding to Rwanda Horror," Christian Century vol. 111, no. 23 (August 10, 1994):743-745. The report suggests that the rich Western governments responded to the genocide event in Rwanda by increasing relief supplies, but this extremely pitiful and disgraceful international effort did not prevent the deaths of over 800,000 Rwandans or the systemic war in the Great Lakes/Central Congo region which started soon afterwards. Reyntjens, Feilip. "Rwanda: Genocide and Beyond," Journal of Refugee Studies vol. 9, no. 3 (September 1996):240-251. The organization and implementation of the Rwandan genocide as planned by Tutsis extremists against moderate Tutsis and Hutus is thoroughly examined in the article. Roberts, Steven V. "Rwanda's Trial of Tears," U.S. News & World Report vol. 116, no. 19 (May 16, 1994):10-12. The brief article outlines the major political and moral discrepancy in American (and international) intervention policy between Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina. "Rwanda: Arms Embargo," (Transcript) US Department of State Dispatch vol. 5, no. 23 (June 6, 1994):379-380. The United States voiced its tepid support for United Nations Security Council Resolution 918, which imposes a belated arms embargo on Rwanda in hopes of ending the genocidal violence event. "Rwanda/Burundi: Anatomy of the Crisis," New African (June 1994):11-16. The brief article provides a comparative analysis of the ethnic crisis in Burundi and Rwanda. "Rwanda Chopper Deal Hatched in the UK," New Vision (January 24, 1999). The article discusses how arms merchants in the UK, working through various dummy companies worldwide, sold combat helicopters to the Rwandan government.

240

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. London: Africa Rights, September 1994. This report provides a solid historical accounting of the Rwandan civil war. The formation and development of the Tutsi-dominated Rwanda Patriotic Front is assessed, and the political and ideological views forming and strengthening Hutu genocidal extremism towards moderate Hutu and Tutsi are discussed. "Rwanda Fighting Flares Despite Truce: Peace Bid Fails, 100,000 Reported Dead," Facts on File vol. 54, no. 2787 (April 28, 1994):295-297. The brief article describes a major resumption of fighting in Kigali, despite the previous agreement on a cease-fire with over 100,000 Hutu and moderate Tutsi dead. "Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo," Washington Post (July 9, 1997): 1. The brief article chronicles military arms from Bulgaria, the Peoples' Republic of China and South Africa (combined with advanced US combat training of regular Tutsi troops for the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan government) led to the massacre of Hutu civilians (200,000 estimated to have either been killed or disappeared) in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sallot, Jeff. "The Blue Berets' Battle Fatigue: Does the UN Need its Own Army?" World Press Review vol. 42, no. 6 (June 1995):15-17. The brief article points out the UN and international resistance to sending any troops to stop the Rwandan genocide event before it started and after it started; and that there is a great need for a UN rapid-deployment force to deal with major genocide events. Sarkin, Jeremy. "The Tension Between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda: Politics, Human Rights, Due Process and the Role of the Gacaca Courts in Dealing with Genocide," Journal of African Law vol. 45 (2001):143-172. The author addresses whether the Rwandan government is dedicated to considering peace and stability, reconciliation, and truth in the prosecution of the genocide perpetrators, and whether the Gacaca community courts are the best means to prosecuting them, and given the passage of time, if all of them should be prosecuted at all. "Saving Rwandan Lives," Economist vol. 331, no. 7864 (May 21, 1994):15-17. The brief article contends that the UN Security Council authorized a major rescue military operation to save Rwandan lives threatened by the unfolding

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

241

genocide event; but instead the United Nations sent ill-trained troops from Sub-Saharan African nations to attempt to protect vulnerable Rwandan civilians and international relief workers. Shattuck, John. "U.S. Commitment to Restoring Justice in Rwanda," (Transcript) US Department of State Dispatch vol. 6, no. 24 (June 12, 1995):499-501. The brief article describes the history and political impact of the small U.S. monetary contribution to the war crimes tribunal being set up in Rwanda. Shoumatoff, Alex. "Gallic Mischief: Why is France in Rwanda?" New Yorker vol. 70, no .21 (July 18, 1994):4-6. The brief article heavily criticizes the French’s role in Rwanda pointing to past historical instances where France has sympathized and worked closely with the Hutu dictator Juvenal Habyarimana. Moreover, the accusation that France secretly organized his assassination raises questions on France's strategic motives in that corpselittered African state. Sibomana, Andre. Hope for Rwanda. London: Pluto Press, 1999. An original accounting of the Rwandan genocide and its political aftermath by an independent Rwandan political writer. Smyth, Frank. "Cashing in on Rwanda's Genocide," New Statesman and Society vol. 7, no. 313 (July 29, 1994):16-18. The author posits that the international arms trade was a major factor in the massacres of Hutus in Rwanda. Moreover, that France, Egypt and South Africa were directly responsible for arming the Hutu regime, and that Uganda supplied arms to the Rwanda Popular Front. Smyth, Frank. "Blood Money and Geopolitics: Arms For Rwanda," The Nation (May 2, 1994):585-589. The author discusses the extensive for-profit small arms, light weapons and ammunition transfer networks operating out of Belgium, France, and England. These lead countries are routing massive amounts of these weapons systems on a regular basis through the Russian Federation, Eastern European states and other interested third parties to African states, rebel groups, and warlords in the Great Lakes and Congo regions.

242

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Spijker, G. "The Churches and the Genocide in Rwanda," Exchange vol. 26, no. 3 (1997):233-255. The author addresses the very active hands-on participation of the churches and church personnel in the Rwandan genocide event. Stanger, Theodore. "Nice Idea, Wrong Army," Newsweek vol. 124, no. 1 (July 4, 1994):48-49. The author agues that France’s self-serving rescue mission in Rwanda, called Operation Turquoise, should be viewed with international skepticism since France had been supporting the murderous Hutu government for years with policy advice, technical training and military assistance. Storey, A. "Economic and Ethnic Conflict: Structural Adjustment in Rwanda," Development Policy Review vol. 17, no. 1 (1999):43-63. The author examines the impact of the World Bank’s structural adjustment on ethnic conflict in Rwanda. Suhrke, Astri. "Facing Genocide: The Record of the Belgian Battalion in Rwanda," Security Dialogue vol. 329, no. 1 (March 1998):37-48. The author relates events before and after the killing by the Rwandan Army of ten members of the Belgian battalion attached to UN peacekeeping forces, based on the battalion's logbook for April 6-19, 1994 and other military records. Talentino, Andrea Kathryn. "Rwanda," in Michael E. Brown and Richard N. Rosecrane (eds.) The Costs of Conflict: Prevention and Cure in the Global Arena. New York: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict (1999):53-74. The author provides a comprehensive case study on the Rwandan genocide, which resulted in over 800,000 deaths, 3 million displaced refugees and a destructive systemic war in the Great Lakes and Central African regions. Furthermore, that preventive military intervention at a cost of $1.3 billion by a well-led UN force supported by the great powers might have prevented the great genocide event. In a tasteless irony, the international community paid over $4.5 billion in humanitarian assistance to Rwanda in the aftermath of the quickest and most deadly genocide event in the history of mankind. "The Bleeding of Rwanda," Economist vol. 331, no. 7859 (April 16, 1994):4546. The brief article details the efficient UN-assisted evacuation of Westerners following the outbreak of the Rwandan civil war, while doing

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

243

absolutely nothing for the Hutu and moderate Tutsi being slaughtered in their hundreds of thousands. "The Fight of a Nation," Economist vol. 332, no. 7873 (July 23, 1994):37-39. The brief article warns that hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees in Zaire could die of starvation and disease and that international humanitarian assistance was extremely slow in arriving. "The UN's Rwanda Failure," New Statesman & Society vol. 7, no. 313 (July 29, 1994):4-5. The brief article levels heavy criticism at the UN for being extremely slow to prevent the Rwandan genocide and in allowing France, the largest weapons suppliers to Rwandan government, to send volunteer troops to the same country to assist the perpetrators of the great genocide event. "Thousands Die in Rwanda Refugee-Camp Closures; Government Disputes Death Toll Estimate," Facts on File vol. 55, no. 2839 (April 27, 1995):299301. Rwandan troops killed as many as 2,000 refugees in the Kibeho refugee camp after the refugees charged them. The government claims only 300 people were killed during the melee. Twagiramariya, C. and M. Turshen. "Favors to Give and Consenting Victims: The Sexual Politics of Survival in Rwanda," in M. Turshen and C. Twagiramariya (eds.) What Women do in Wartime. London: Zed Books, 1998. The authors address the ethnic origins and strategic implications of the systematic rape and extreme sexual exploitation of very large numbers of Rwandan women and girls during the genocide event and their continuing trauma. Uvin, Peter. "Difficult Choices in the New Post-Conflict Agenda: The International Community in Rwanda After the Genocide," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 2 (2001):177-190. The author examines the relevance of post-conflict and post-genocide reconciliation efforts by the international community in Rwanda. Uvin, Peter Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda. West Hartford Kumarion, 1998. The author evaluates the role and impact of economic development in encouraging political violence in Rwanda.

244

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Peter Hansen. "Witnessing the Worst of Times," UN Chronicle vol. 31, no. 4 (December 1994):10-12. In this interview, Hansen describes how he led UN humanitarian missions to Rwanda in April 1994, and witnessed the worst brutalities when the fighting was most intense in July 1994. Van Biema, David. "Exodus from Rwanda," Time vol. 144, no. 4 (July 25, 1994):34-37. The brief report posits that vast numbers of Hutu refugees have fled from the killing carnage in Rwanda to the border town of Goma, Zaire. Wallace, Bruce. "Fighting a Reputation: The Airborne Fails to Shake the Disgrace of Somalia," Maclean's vol. 108, no. 5 (January 30, 1995):17-18. This article describes the criticisms of Canadian airborne troops for making extreme racial slurs in Somalia and against Somalians despite having served well in Rwanda "War Flares in Central Africa," Christian Century (November 13, 1996):11031105. The brief article suggests that religious leaders are pressing for increased aid for African nations beleaguered by violent ethnic conflict such as Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire. Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children. Rwanda's Women and Children: The Long Road to Reconciliation. New York: Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, 1997. The report examines the readjustment of Rwanda's women and children to the genocide event and the search for normality. "Wretched Rwanda," Economist vol. 331, no. 7862 (May 7, 1994):13-14. The brief article suggests the Rwandan genocide had no strategic impact on the moral conscious of the international community (because Rwanda has no strategic importance) and that the United Nations can do little to achieve peace between the Hutus and Tutsi. "Zone of Influence: Rwanda," Economist vol. 332, no. 7871 (July 9, 1994):4243. The brief article posits that a 'safe zone' has been created in southwestern Rwanda as a central refuge for the Hutu. There is concern that this sanctuary will not be respected once French troops leave.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

245

THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Amnesty International. Democratic Republic of Congo: War against Unarmed Civilians. London: Amnesty International Secretariat (AFR 62/36/98) November 1998. The report outlines the crimes-against-humanity war being waged against Congolese citizens and against Hutu refugees by extremist Hutu and other rebel groups in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Amnesty International. Congo: Deadly Alliances in the Congolese Forests. London: Amnesty International (AFR 62/33/98) December 1997. The report discusses the historical origins and bloody consequences of the politicaldriven alliances in the forests of the Congo. Amnesty International. Zaire: Lawlessness and Insecurity in North and South Kivu. London: Amnesty International (AFR 62/14/96) November 1996. The report addresses the historical origins and political consequences of a severe breakdown of law and order in North and South Kivu, Zaire. Amnesty International. Zaire: Reports of Torture and Killings Committed by the Armed Forces in Shaba Region. New York: Amnesty International, 1986. The report chronicles the historic levels of torture and killings of Mobutu's military contingents against the residents of the Shaba province. Aronson, David. "Mobutu Redox? (Zaire Under Laurent Kabila is No Better Than Under Mobutu)," Dissent vol. 45, no. 2 (Spring 1998):20-25. The author argues that despite the fact that the Congo is doing no better under Kabila than it was under Mobutu, the great powers are still supporting the Kabila regime with $4 billion in aid. Aronson, David. "Congo Games," The New Republic (January 5-12, 1998):1315. The author outlines the long-standing and systematic looting of the Congo's vast mineral resources by American mineral multinationals. They include the American Mineral Fields, Barrick Gold Corporation [former US President George Bush and former Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada sit on the board of directors), and Bechtel. Under the protection of short-term American geopolitical and economic goals, these and other US companies operate freely in the beleaguered country known for its factional political and ethnic problems, severe industrial, energy and transportation infrastructure requirements, and the poor strategic leadership at the top.

246

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Aronson, David. "The Dead Help No One Living: A Return to the Congo," World Policy Journal vol. 14, no. 4 (Winter 1997):81-96. The author contends that although Mobutu is finally out of power, it will still take the leadership and the peoples of the Democratic Republic of the Congo a very long time to recover from the strategic damage done by his extremely corrupt and Western-supported regime. Astill, James. "No Peace to Keep: Where Are the French?" World Press Review vol. 50, no. 8 (August 2003):10. The brief author details the questionable involvement of French troops in the Eastern Congo to deter the massive human carnage where over 4.7 million Congolese have been slaughtered. Austin, Kathi. "Hearts of Darkness," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 55, no. 1 (January/February 1999):34-37. The brief article summarizes the illegal methods used by global arms traffickers to sell their military hardware to the developing world, including the forging of documents, filing false flight plans and bribery. In terms of Sub-Saharan Africa, the author contends that the vast majority of military arms transfers fueling the systemic war in the Central African and Great Lakes regions come from China, Russia, France, Britain, and the United States, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council. Bangoura, Dominique. "L’Armee au Zaire dans une Periode de Transition Politique," Defence Nationale vol. 50 (1994): 123-34. The author discusses the impact of the national political transition on the defense readiness of the Zairian Army. Beauregard, J. P. "UN Operations in the Congo 1960-1964," Canadian Defence Quarterly vol. 19 (August 1989):27. The brief report outlines UN operations in the Congo between 1960-1964. Block, Robert. "Congo's President Is Killed In Apparent Coup Attempt," The Wall Street Journal (January 17, 2001):A22. The author assesses the implications of the assassination of Congo President Laurent Kabila. Borta, C. Zaire: A Torture State. London: Medical Foundation for the Victims of Torture, 1998. The report addresses the brutal and long-standing legacy of sophisticated torture and torture techniques and the medical problems endured by its African victims in Mobutu’s Zaire.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

247

Bourque, A. and P. Sampson. The European Union's Political and Development Response to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Maastricht: European Centre for Development Policy Management, 2001. The authors assess the history and implications of the recent European Union's political and development response to the crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Boyne, Sean. "The White Legion: Mercenaries in Zaire," Jane’s Intelligence Review vol. 9, no. 6 (June 1997):278-81. The author assesses the impact of white mercenaries used by Mobutu against rebel groups in Zaire. Boyne, Sean. "Rebels Repel Zaire Counter-Offensive," Jane’s Intelligence Review vol. 9, no. 4 (April 1997):278-81. The brief report examines military operations by Zairian forces against rebels in Zaire in the 1990s. Burch, William J. (ed.) The Evolution of UN Peacekeeping. New York: St. Martin, 1993. The author addresses the general evolution in UN peacekeeping operations worldwide, as well as outlining the political record on UN peacekeeping operations in Congo, and its strategic implications for the Great Lakes, East African, and Southern African regions. Campbell, Scott. What Kabila is Hiding: Civilian Killings and Impunity in Congo. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1997. The author reviews Rwandan forces’ genocidal activities against Tutsis extremists and innocent Hutus in various refugee camps in Eastern Congo region in the mid-1990s. Cauvin, Henri E. "Assassination in Congo Casts a Shadow Over an African Meeting," New York Times (January 19, 2001):A10. The meeting of African leaders at an annual summit meeting in Yaounde, Cameroon is discussed with the death of the Democratic Republic of the Congo President Laurent Kabila dominating in the background. At the summit meeting, Mr. Kofi Annan, the Secretary General of the UN, reiterated UN support for the well being of the Congolese people without offering any concrete policy or budgetary proposals towards that end. Clark, John F. "The Neo-Colonial Context of the Democratic Experiment in Congo-Brazzaville," African Affairs vol. 10, no. 403 (April 2002):171-192. The author examines the neo-colonial context framing the new democratic governance experiment in Congo-Brazzaville.

248

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Clark, John F. "Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo: Evidence and Interpretations," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 2 (June 2001):261-287. The author investigates strategic factors explaining Uganda’s intervention in Eastern Congo. Clark, John F. "Foreign Intervention in the Civil War of the Congo Republic," Issue vol. 26, no. 1 (1998):31-36. The author addresses the history and implications of foreign intervention in the civil war in the Congo Republic. Clark, John F. "Zaire: The Bankruptcy of the Extractive State," in L. Villahon and O. Huxtable (eds.) The African State at a Critical Juncture. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner (1998):109-125. The author addresses the bankruptcy of Zaire, and the devastation for the Congo people. Clark, John F. "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate," in John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier (eds.) Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1997):62-85. The author analyzes political reform and consolidation in the Congo in the post-Mobutu period. Collins, Carole. "Zaire Remains Africa's Heart of Darkness," National Catholic Reporter vol. 32, no. 15 (February 1996):9-14. The author examines origins and the role of external and regional actors in Africa's first systemic war. Collins, C.J.L. "Congo/Ex-Zaire: Through the Looking Glass," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 75 (1998):112-123. The author discusses the history of political conflict in the Congo. Collins, C.J.L. "The Cold War Comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo Crisis," Journal of International Affairs vol. 47, no. 1 (Summer 1993):24369. The author evaluates the 1960 Congo crisis during the cold war period. "Congo War Funding (Marketing Venture Osleg)," Mining Journal vol. 333, no. 8851 (October 1999):254. The brief article outlined how Kabila and Mugabe established a $52 million gold and diamond venture to finance the war against rebel forces in the Congo. Crossette, Barbara. "UN Peacekeeping Mission to the Congo Is Revived," New York Times (December 15, 2000):A14. The author discusses the willingness of African states to permit a UN peacekeeping force in Kissangani and Mbandaka in Eastern Congo.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

249

Dorn, A. Walter, and David J. H. Bell. "Intelligence and Peacekeeping: The UN Operation in the Congo, 1960-64," International Peacekeeping vol. 2, no. 1 (1995):11-33. The authors address the intelligence and peacekeeping activities of the UN Operation in the Congo. Drogin, Bob. "Dead of Aline, Congo's Kabila Is Shrouded in Mystery," Los Angeles Times (January 18, 2001):A1-A8. The author examines the historical and security implications of President Laurent Kabila’s death, and offers the critical perspective that Kabila was much worst than Mobutu in his mishandling of the affairs of Congo. Durch, William J. "The UN Operation in the Congo," in William J. Durth (ed.) The Evolution of the UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1993):315-352. The author assesses the peacekeeping effectiveness of the UN Operation in the Congo. "Egyptian Diplomat Recommended to Chair UN Panel," SPA (June 29, 2001). The article examines the actions of UN Secretary General Kofi Annan who has recommended that an Egyptian chair a panel of experts to investigate illegal exploitation of the vast mineral resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo by both African states and U.S. and western multinationals. Emizet, Kisangani. "The Massacre of Refugees in the Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping and International Law," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 2 (June 2000):163-203. The author contends that the successful implementation and timely enforcement of international law in regards to protecting the status and well-being of African refugees in the Congo promotes the long-term objectives of order and stability in the Central African region. Emizet, Kisangani. "Explaining the Raise and Fall of Military Regimes: Civil Military Relations in the Congo," Armed Forces and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal vol. 26, no. 2 (Winter 2000). The author discusses the nature of civil military relations in the Congo. Emizet, Kisangani. "Political Cleavages in a Democratizing Society: The Congo," Comparative Political Studies vol. 32, no. 2 (April, 1999):185-228. The author outlines the impact of the urban-rural divide in the Congo.

250

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Emizet, Kisangani. "Rebels vs. Democrats in Power: How to Establish Regional Security Cooperation in Central Africa," International Journal on World Peace vol. 15 (March 1998):15-83. The author examines political hurdles to the establishment of democracy and security in the Central Africa region. Fisher, Ian. "Congo Says Leader is Alive but Installs His Son in Top Role," New York Times (January 18, 2001):A1-A8. The article outlines the implications of Kabila's death for the Congo people, and for six African regional powers and rebel groups. Gibbs, David. "The United Nations, International Peacekeeping and the Question of ‘Impartiality’: Revisiting the Congo Operation of the 1960’s," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 3 (2000):359-382. The author examines the negative effectiveness of UN peacekeeping during its 1960 operations during Congo’s independence movement, suggesting that the United Nations interfered in domestic Congolese politics and worked with the United States in furtherance of US objectives in the Congo. Gibbs, David. The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money and US Policy in the Congo Crisis. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1991. The author explores the history and consequences of US economic and financial investments in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Gleijeses, Piero. "‘Flee! The White Giants Are Coming’: The United States, Mercenaries and the Congo, 1964-65," Diplomacy History vol. 18, no. 2 (1994):207-37. The author analyzes US influence in the Congo in 1964-65, and the performance of foreign mercenaries in the Congolese civil war. Glickson, Roger. "The Zairean Armed Forces," African Defence (December 1990):38-39. The author briefly assesses the defense readiness of the Zairean armed forces under the Mobutu regime. Goldman, Anthony. "Kinshasa Events to Preoccupy Summit," (January 18, 2001):7. The article discusses the impact of Laurent Kabila's assassination and other regional security empty rhetoric-orientated annual Franco-African summit African heads of state) scheduled for Yaounde, Cameroon.

Financial Times Congo President concerns on the (attended by 25

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

251

Gonzalez, Gustavo. "Chile: New Scandal Over Alleged Arms Deal with Former Zaire," Inter Press Service, 1 March 2000. The brief report suggests that a Chilean businessman sold cluster bombs to Zimbabwe, which in turn exported them to the DRC to support Kabila's military operations. Mr. Gonzalez's arms exports are reviewed by the Chilean Defense Ministry, which authorized arms exports made in and exported from Chile. Griggs, R.A. "The Return of the Old Guard: Boundary and Security Implications of the Congo War," Boundary and Security Bulletin vol. 6, no. 3 (1998):6066. The author addresses the boundary and security implications of the Congo war. Hartung, William D. and Bridget Moix. Death Legacy: US Arms to Africa and the Congo War. New York: World Peace Institute, January 11, 2000. The authors examine the historical record on US small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons transfers of the outgoing Clinton administration to the Great Lake region and in particular to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the extremely negative implications of these military transfers for stability and order in the region. Hawkins, Tony. "Kinshasa Confirms Death of Kabila," Financial Times (January 19, 2001):5. The article confirms Congo President Kabila's death, and the strategic role that Zimbabwe will play in the post-Kabila period. Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold's Ghost. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. The author discusses the central role of Belgium's King Leopold the II (1885-1914) in the genocide of between 5 million and 10 million Congolese working to harvest rubber in the Central Africa region through systematic hand-chopping violence episodes, inducing epidemic diseases and promoting country-wide famines. Moreover, the irrational land boundary decisions by King Leopold and the Belgium government in subdividing the Central African region laid the structural historical conditions for the Rwanda genocide between the Hutu and Tutsi in the 1990s, and the current strategic turmoil in the Central African region. Human Rights Watch. Democratic Republic of the Congo: What Kabila is Hiding - Civilian Killings and Impunity in Congo. New York: Human Rights Watch, October 1997. The report outlines the increased number of civilian killings and civilian disappearances under the Kabila regime.

252

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Human Rights Watch. Zaire: Attacked by All Sides: Civilians and War in Eastern Zaire. New York: Human Rights Watch, March 1997. A comprehensive summary of U.S.-supported African states' (Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi) and rogue rebel groups' (Angola's UNITA, the RCD, RCD/Mouvement de Liberation, and the MLC) invasion, occupation, and looting of the Eastern Congo region. The devastating impact of the war on the lives and well being of Congolese citizens in the region is outlined, where it is estimated that millions of Congolese have been tortured, starved, raped, beaten and killed. Human Rights Watch. Zaire: Forced to Flee, Violence Against the Tutsis in Zaire. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1996. A comprehensive summary of the conflict in eastern Zaire with a focus on human rights issues associated with the growing systemic war. James, Alan. Britain and the Congo Crisis. 1960-63. Basingstoke: Macmillian, 1996. The author examines British interests in the Congo and Britain's reaction to and involvement in the Congo Crisis, 1960-1963. "Kabila Cannot be Allowed to Win a Military Victory," New African (February 1999):14. The brief article details the political position of Professor Wamba dia Wamba, a leader of the Congolese resistance to President Kabila. Kalb, Madeline G. The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa—From Eisenhower to Kennedy. New York: Macmillian, 1982. The author outlines the origins, content and implications of US foreign policy interests toward Sub-Saharan Africa from the Eisenhower administration to the Kennedy administration at the height of the cold war. Kelly, Sean. America's Tyrant: The CIA and Mobutu of Zaire. Washington, D.C.: The American University Press, 1993. The author summarizes the ascent to power and the country-draining reign of Joseph Mobutu and the political, economic, security and military assistance flows he received from the US government and the CIA over thirty years in the successful aftermath of Project Wizard. Lacey, Marc. "Congo Peace Accord Evokes Cautious Hope," New York Times (August 6, 2002):A3. The brief article reviews the recent peace treaty signed between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to end the first great war in the Central Congo/Great Lakes regions, and the

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

253

general wariness expressed by the Eastern Congolese people on the peace treaty's longevity. Lacey, Marc. "Congo Tires of War, but the End Is Not in Sight," New York Times (July 15, 2002):A3. The brief article outlines the hate relationship between the war-weary Eastern Congolese people and the Rwandan- backed Congolese Rally for Democracy, the latter seen as an obstacle for peace and development. Lokongo, Antonie. "The Suffering of the Congo," New African (September 2000):20-23. The brief article discusses the political conditions imposed by the governments of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda on Laurent Kabila for his use of their US-trained military forces and advisers (before and after his military forces overthrew of the Mobutu regime). It also outlines the negative consequences for Congolese self-determination, economic development and stability of these externally imposed conditions. Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi. The Dynamics of Economic and Political Relations between Africa and Foreign Powers: A Study in International Relations. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. The author examines the historical and policy origins of the asymmetric political, economic and security relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Belgium and the United States. Meditz, Sandra W. and Tim Merrill (eds.) Zaire: A Country Study. Washington DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1993. The authors provide a comprehensive study on all the devastatingly negative dimensions of political, economic military and civic life in Mobutu's Zaire. Meisler, Stanley. "Crisis in Katanga," MHO: The Quarterly Journal of Military History vol. 5, no. 1 (1992):70-80. The author assesses the strategic political and military crisis in the Katanga province of Zaire. Misser, Francois. "Selling Off the Family Jewels: Sale of Mining Assets in Zaire as a Result of the Civil War," African Business no. 238 (December, 1998):27-29. The author posits that President Laurent Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has sold off significant mining assets to global multinational mining companies to finance the military struggle against invading rebels in the Eastern Congo region.

254

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

Misser, François. "Mercenaries or Security Men?" New African (December 1997):14-16. The author contends that Mobutu extensively used private military firms and mercenaries to hold on to power while under military attack from Laurent Kabila's troops. These firms and mercenaries were hired to train, regroup, and re-equip (with small arms and helicopters) Zairian military forces. The majority of private mercenary forces were composed of Serbians, Croatians, French and Romanians. Misser, François. "Who Helped Kabila?" New African (July/August 1997):9. The author argues that when Laurent Kabila swept Mobutu from power in 1997, Kabila received support from many African states, including Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Burundi and Zambia who provided either armed assistance or allowed military forces to pass through their borders. Tanzania and South Africa provided no direct military assistance other than support after the fact, and that the United States was heavily involved in training Rwandan troops since 1995, and may have allowed US private military firms to provide military and logistical resources to Kabila's troops. Mokoli, Mondonga M. The Transition towards Democracy in Post-1990 Zaire: Contradictions and Dilemma. San Francisco: International Scholars, 1997. The author examines the complex political transition towards democratic governance in post-1990 Zaire. Mokoli, Mondonga M. State against Development: The Experience of Post-1965 Zaire. Westport, CT.: Greenwood, 1992. The author addresses the history and implications of the state's opposition to rational economic development in post-1965 Zaire. Moore, W.H. and D.R. Davis. "Ties that Bind: Domestic and International Conflict Behavior in Zaire," Comparative Political Studies vol. 31, no. 1 (1998):45-71. The authors assess domestic and international conflict behavior and actions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. "Morocco Sends Peacekeeping Contingent to Congo," SPA (April 13, 2001). The article states that Morocco recently sent a military contingent to the Congo under a United Nations peacekeeping mandate. Mwaura, P. "Maneuvering for Peace in the Congo," Africa Recovery vol. 12, no. 2 (1998):6-7. The brief article reviews the movement towards a negotiated peace in the Congo.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

255

Naniuzeyi, Mabiengwa Emmanuel. "The State of the State in Congo-Zaire: A Survey of the Mobutu Regime," Journal of Black Studies (May 1999):669683. The author assesses the origins, development and influence of the state in Zaire under the Mobutu regime, including the examination of the implications of the colonial state, post-colonial state, and the movement toward democracy in Zaire. Nessman, Ravi. "New Years in Africa: More AIDS, Internal Conflicts, the Unresolved Congo War," Los Angeles Sentinel (January 3, 2002):A10. The brief article addresses the continued spread of AIDS, internal conflicts and the unresolved Congo war that threatens the stability of Central African region. Ngolet, Francois. "African and American Connivance in Congo-Zaire," Africa Today vol. 47, no. 1 (Winter 2000):64-85. The article examines US strategic political involvement in the foreign and domestic affairs of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since President Laurent Kabila assumed power. Nyong'o, P. Anyang' (ed.) Arms and Daggers in the Heart of Africa: Studies on Internal Conflict. Nairobi, Kenya: Academy Science Publishers, 1993. The edited text focuses on the relationship of massive arms flows and internal conflicts in African states and their racial, cultural and colonial motives, with case studies on the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, among others. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History. New York: Macmillan, 2002. The author chronicles the political history of struggle by the Congolese democratic movement in the 20th century, and the Congo people’s determination to both create viable democratic institutions and to strongly resist systematic foreign exploitation of the country’s vast resources. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1998. The author examines the political, economic and social transition from the Mobutu regime to the Kabila regime. Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. "Crisis and Change in Zaire, 1960-1985," in NzongolaNtalaja (ed.) The Crisis in Zaire: Myths and Realities. Trenton, New Jersey: African World Press (1986):3-25. The author chronicles the political history of Zaire, the main political personalities who ran Zaire, and the foreign

256

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

security and diplomatic policies of the great powers who have regularly interfered in its internal affairs from 1960 to 1985 to maximize their national economic interests and to provide their multinational corporations full access in a weak African states. "OAU Chief Condemns Kabila Assassination," SPA (January 19, 2001). The article reports that the Organization of African Unity has condemned the assassination of the Democratic Republic of Congo's president Laurent Kabila O’Ballance, Edgar. The Congo-Zaire Experience, 1960-1998. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. The author assesses the history and evolution of antidemocratic politics and military insurgencies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1960 to 1998. Odom, Thomas P. Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescue in the Congo 19641965. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, 1993. The author provides a robust military assessment of the US hostage rescue operations in the Congo between 1964-1965. Odom, Thomas P. Shaba II: The French Belgian Intervention in Zaire in 1978. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, 1993. The author explores the political origins and military implications of the French Belgian intervention in Zaire in 1978. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Pressures Rises on Outsiders in Congo War," New York Times (April 17, 2001):A8. The brief article examines the growing political pressures on Uganda and Rwanda to stop their destructive and destabilizing military activities in the Eastern Congo region. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Congo Leader Reportedly Dead After Being Shot by Bodyguard: In A Quiet Capital, No Sign of Who Is in Charge," New York Times (January 17, 2001):A1. The author examines the political circumstances surrounding the assassination of the President of Congo, Laurent Kabila. It assesses the strategic political and military implications of the assassination for the Congo people and for the Great Lakes, Central African and Southern African regions. Orogun, Paul S. "Crisis of Governance, Ethnic Schisms, Civil War and Regional Destabilization of the Democratic Republic of Congo," Paper prepared for

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

257

1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, Ga., September 2-5, 1999. The article addresses governance problems, ethnic divisions, arms transfers, and regional destabilization occurring because of the civil war in and around the Democratic Republic of the Congo. http://pro.harvard.edu/abstracts/012/012020OrogunPaul.html. "Our Debt to Africa," The Nation vol. 270, no. 6 (February 14, 2000):3-4. The article posits that the US has exported over $227 million in arms and training to Sub-Saharan Africa countries since 1989. Eight of the nine countries involved in the Congo civil war received either US arms or training and over thirty four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have had critical military personnel trained by US special forces under long-standing US Defense Department programs. The article questions why US dollars are spent on military aid and very little on development aid, debt forgiveness, and peacekeeping missions and officers. Packman, Eric S. Success or Failure: The UN Intervention in the Congo After Independence. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 1998. The author addresses the effectiveness of the UN intervention into the Congo after independence, and the strategic implications of the intervention for the Congo's stability. Prendergast, John and David Smock, Putting Humpty Dumpty Together: Reconstructing Peace in the Congo. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Special Report, August 31, 1999. The report examines the political and military conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the Central African region, emphasizing the origins and relative effectiveness of the Lusaka cease-fire agreement. Rake, Alan and Francois Misser. "Crisis in Congo," New African (1998):10-15. The authors discuss the strategic impact of the Tutsi rebellion on the Central African and Great Lakes regions, as well as the political and military responses of President Laurent Kabila’s government to it. The destabilizing (and self-serving) military intervention by at least eight African governments in the Congo region is also discussed. Ray, Ellen. "U.S. Military and Corporate Recolonization of the Congo," Covert Action Quarterly (December 10, 2000):1-21.The article outlines the Clinton administration's strategic involvement in the post-Mobutu recolonization of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and in laying the political

258

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

conditions for the military invasion of that mineral rich country by U.S.trained Rwandan and Ugandan military forces. Refugees International. The Lost Refugees: Herded and Hunted in Eastern Zaire. Washington DC: Refugees International, 1997. The report addresses the sad plight of hundreds of thousands of Hutu and other refugee ethnic groups displaced in the Eastern Congo region, and their desperate quest to survive against the ravages of hunger and death squads searching to rob and kill them. Revol, Didier. "Congo in the Grip of Despair," Red Cross, Red Crescent no. 2 (Summer 2000): 89-105. The article examines the massive displacement of African people as a result of violence, looting and executions stemming from the severe political unrest in the Congo since December of 1998. Reyntjens, Filip. "Briefing: the Second Congo War: More than Just a Remake," African Affairs vol. 98, no. 391 (April 1999):241-251. The article outlines the ex-President Mobutu’s political and military involvement in rebellions in Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi as a major political factor leading to these neighboring African countries support for his overthrow. Rikhye, Indar Jit. Military Advisor to the Secretary General: U.N. Peacekeeping and the Congo Crisis. London and New York: Hurst/St. Martin’s, 1993. The author addresses the history and effectiveness of U.N. peacekeeping operation during the Congo crisis. Rosenblum, Peter. "Kabila's Congo," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):193-199. The author briefly reviews the struggle of Laurent Kabila with the opposition leader Etienne Tshisekedi, the destabilization of the Eastern Congo region caused by the mass killing of the Congolese people and systematic looting of the region's mineral wealth by Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and the rogue (and brutally vicious) rebel forces they control, and the US foreign policy of keeping the Congo involved in a system-wide war with its corrupt African neighbors to maximize its own economic security interests and those of American mineral and oil corporations. Schatzberg, Michael G. "Beyond Mobutu: Kabila and the Congo," Journal of Democracy vol. 8, no. 4 (1997):70-84. The article reviews "Mobutuism" and the rise to political power of Laurent Kabila in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It addresses critical areas that Kabila needs to focus on in his

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

259

new administration, including rebuilding the state, ensuring human rights, and rebuilding the economy. Schatzberg, Michael G. Mobutu or Chaos? The United States and Zaire, 19601990. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1991. The author provides an in-depth historical perspective on the long US relationship with Mobutu and that peace in the Central African region required that the United States end its strategic support of their "friendly" dictator. Schatzberg, Michael G. "Military Intervention and the Myth of Collective Security: The Case of Zaire," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 27, no. 2 (June 1989):315-40. The author examines the consequences of military intervention in fragile regions in Sub-Saharan Africa containing failed states like Zaire. Schatzberg, Michael G. The Dialectics of Oppression in Zaire. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1988. The author addresses the sordid history of repression and extreme police state tactics used by the Mobutu regime to oppress opposition leaders and the citizenry. Schefer, David and John Prendergast. "A Deadly Cocktail Devastates Congo," Los Angeles Times (December 22, 2000):B9. The authors discuss the devastation of the Congo by heavily-armed extremist Hutu forces, the operations of the for-profit armies of Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe and the for-profit foreign mercenary forces all targeting the acquisition and selling of Congo's vast mineral and non-mineral assets. The article also examines how the vicious military conflict between the armies of the Congo, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, Rwanda and Uganda have left the Congolese people on the verge of material and moral collapse. Schmidth, Erwin A. "The ‘Battle’ of Bukavu, Congo 1960: Peacekeepers Under Fire," Small Wars Insurgencies vol. 8, no. 3 (Winter 1997):25-40. The author assesses the political consequences for the UN peacekeeping operation under direct arms fire at the Battle of Bukavu, Congo in 1960. Shearer, David. "Africa's Great War," Survival vol. 41, no. 2 (Summer 1999):89-106. The article addresses the major actors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's civil war, both state and non-state. Despite the hundreds of different ethnic groups and affiliations in the Congo, there does

260

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

not seem to be strong secessionist movements, as the majority of the Congolese people strongly identify with the Congo as a nation-state. Shiner, Cindy and Russell Geekie. "Mobutu Ascent," Africa Report vol. 39, no. 3 (May-June 1994):42-46. The former President Mobutu's political activities in the Central African region are discussed. Simmonds, R. Legal Problems Arising from the United Nations Military Operations in the Congo. Hauge: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968. The author evaluates the legal problems resulting from UN military operations in the Congo in the 1960s. Simmons, Ann M. "Congo's Government Confirms Kabila's Death," Los Angeles Times (January 19, 2001):A4. The article confirms the death of Congo President Laurent Kabila and the interim takeover of the government by his son, Major General John Kabila. Sollenberg, Margareta and Lars van Dassen, "The Intervention That Never Was: Crises, Politics, and Refugees in Eastern Zaire," in Peter Wallensteen (ed.) Preventing Violent Conflicts: Past Record and Future Challenges. Uppsala, Sweden: Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 1998:139-152. The authors examine what levels of intervention and appropriate response is expected and provided by the international community during times of great ethnic crisis. The slowness of the United Nations to act decisively and the lack of a strategic commitment by the great powers determine when a crisis is a crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa as witnessed in the hands-off approach to the refugee crisis in Eastern Congo. Stengers, J. "The Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo," in L.H. Gann and P. Duignan (eds.) Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960, vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1969):261-227. A historical analysis of the corrupt colonialist policies of King Leopold II towards the Congo and its peoples, in creating the irrational and ill-considered land boundaries in the Central African region. In the post-cold war period, these ill-conceived boundary lines have seriously aggravated the great political and ethnic tensions in the region and provided the great powers, corrupt African states and rogue rebel groups the means to leverage the crisis to their material benefit.

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

261

Strandberg, Peter. "With the Rebels in the Congo," New African (February 1999): 15-18. The brief article assesses the war policies of Professor Wamba dia Wamba's Congolese Rally for Democracy in the Eastern Congo region. Thielke, Thilo. "Heart of Darkness: In Hell’s Waiting Room," World Press Review vol. 50, no. 8 (August 2003):7-9. The author briefly reviews the ongoing Rwanda-type reign of terror by heavily armed Congolese childsoldiers of the Hema tribe against child-soldiers of the Lendu tribe, where it is estimated that over 60,000 have died in Eastern Congo. Turner, John W. Continent Ablaze: The Insurgency Wars in Africa, 1960 to the Present. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 1998. The text outlines the involvement of rebel groups in "insurgent" conflicts in Africa, with a focus on Congo, the Central African and Great Lakes regions. Turner, Mark. "Kabila's Son Takes Over in Congo After Death Reports," Financial Times (January 18, 2001):7. The author reviews prospects for the new leader of Congo, Joseph Kabila, and the concern of western mining interests over access to Congo's cooper, cobalt, and diamond resources. United Nations Security Council. Security Council Mission Visit to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 4-8 May 2000 (May 11, 2000). The study reports that the Security Council sent a mission to the Congo, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Rwanda and Uganda to end the systemic war in Central Africa. US Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs. Background Notes: Congo (January 2000) Washington D.C. The US Department of State outlines conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Venter, J. "Into Africa," New African (January 1999):9-14. The brief report describes French, British, Bulgarian, South African, Zimbabwean, and American involvement in arms transfers to the Congo/Great Lakes regions. Wallis, William. "International Pressure Brings Congo Power-Sharing Deal," Financial Times (July 2, 2003):7. The brief article outlines the most recent power sharing deal in the Congo with Joseph Kabila and the major rebel groups, a country now divided into five fiefdoms run by warlords or worst. Wallis, William. "Nations and Factions Ponder Power Vacuum," Financial Times (January 19, 2001):5. The author assesses the political implications

262

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

of the power vacuum in the Democratic Republic of the Congo with the death of President Laurent Kabila. Weiss, Herbert. War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 2000. The author examines the origins and implications of the wars that have engulfed the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1996, as well as the military occupation of the eastern Congo by rogue rebel groups and enemy African nations. Moreover, the central political and implementation problems with the Lusaka Agreement are also discussed. Weiss, Herbert. "Zaire: Collapsed Society, Surviving State, Future Polity," in William I. Zartman (ed.) Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers (1995):157-170. The author summarizes the failed electoral process and the bankrupt economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with an emphasis on the machinations and influence of Mobutu and his ruling clique working behind the scenes in that troubled nation. Weissman, Stephen R. "U.S. Role in Lumumba Murder Revealed," allAfrica.com (July 22, 2002): 1-3. The author describes the alleged U.S. political role in the brutal murder of Patrice Lumumba by the U.S. National Security Council and its Special Group and the hit’s implementation through the CIA's Project Wizard program, where hundreds of thousands of dollars and significant military arms were given directly to Joseph Kasavubu, Mobutu, Justin Bomboko, Albert Ndele, Jospeh Ileo, Cyrille Adoula, all Congolese who played major roles in both the torture and murder of Lumumba. The alleged U.S. sanctioning of the killing of Lumumba changed the national fate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, sanctioning the rise of Mobutu to power, and the subsequent deaths of over 3 million Congolese because of the great war in the Central African/Great Lakes regions. Willame, J.C. et. al (eds.) Zaire: Predicament and Prospects. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace, 1997. The edited text discusses Zaire's tremendous political, economic and security problems and the prospects for solving them in the post-cold war period. Wrong, Michela. "Congo Set for Turbulent New Phrase," Financial Times (January 17, 2001):8. The brief article examines the rise and fall of a

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

263

deceased President of the Congo, Laurent Kabilia, the great suffering of the traumatized Congo people, and the active creation of severe instability in the Great Lakes and Central African regions by the great powers, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi, other regional actors, and by the competing rogue and bloodthirsty rebel groups (under their immediate political control whose central purpose is to permanently loot the Eastern Congo of its vast resources. Yakemtchouk, Romain. Les Duex Guerred de Sahara: Les Relations entire la Belgique, la France et le Zaire. Brussels: Institut Royal des Relations Internationales, 1988. The author examines the historical dimensions and complex policy dynamics underlying and driving the core of post-colonial Belgian and French foreign security and economic policy relations with Zaire and the Mobutu-led government. Yoder, John. "Good Government, Democratization, and Traditional African Political Philosophy: The Example of the Kanyok of Congo," Journal of Modern African Studies (September 1998):483-485. The author questions whether the continuing political and economic failures of the Congo and in other African states to achieve stable democracies rest on the fact that its political leaders do not involve their rural electorate in the national policymaking process. Young, Crawford. "Zaire: The Shattered Illusion of the Integral State," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 2 (1994):247-263. The author chronicles the devastating historical origins and political impact of the USsupported dictatorship of Mobutu, the structural socio-economic decline of the Zairean state, and the despairing misery and poverty of the Congolese people. Young, Crawford. "Zaire: The Unending Crisis," Foreign Affairs vol. 57, no. 1 (1978): 169-185. The author carefully examines the historical origins and the strategic implications of the destabilizing political, economic and military crisis in the Mobutu-led Zaire for both domestic and regional actors, as well as the influence of the great powers in maintaining the status quo. Young, Crawford and Thomas Turner (eds.) The Rise and Decline of the Zairean State. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994. The edited text addresses the history of internal and external political, economic,

264

The Great Lakes / Central Africa Region

security and ideological factors that influenced the rise and decline of Mobutu's Zaire.

3

The Southern Africa Region (by General Themes/Countries) GENERAL THEMES Aardt, M. van. "The Emerging Security Framework in Southern Africa: Regime or Community Strategies," Review for Southern Africa vol. 19, no. 1 (1997):1-30. The author discusses various security frameworks that could emerge in the Southern African region, and their implications for democracy and civil liberties. Abegunrin, Olayinola. "The Arab and the Southern African Problem," International Affairs (August 1983):97-105. The author addresses the role and impact of the Arab on the Southern African political problem and the African liberation struggle in the region against apartheid and racism. Acheanpong, K.A. "The Critical Role of Human Rights in Securing and Maintaining Peace and Security in Africa: The Case of Southern Africa," Lesotho Social Science Review vol. 4, no. 1 (1998): 15-33. The author examines the important protective role of human rights for the advancement of peace and security in the Southern African region. African European Institute. Post-Apartheid Regional Cooperation: International Support for Transforming Southern Africa, Conference Report. Gaberone,

266

The Southern Africa Region

Botswana: African European Institute, April 27-29, 1992. The report investigates the level of potential international support for Southern African economic development in a post-apartheid South Africa. Ampiah, Kweku. The Dynamics of Japan’s Relation with Africa: South Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria. New York: Routledge, 1997. The author analyzes the political and economic relations between Japan and Sub-Saharan African countries, including South Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria. Bankie, B.F. The Southern African Human Rights Reader: Towards Creating a Sustainable Culture of Human Rights. Windhoek Gamsberg: Macmillan, 1998. The author assesses the best means to create and nurture a sustainable culture of human rights in the Southern African region. Bardil, John. Sources of Domestic Instability in Southern African States. Bellville, South Africa: Centre for Southern African Studies, University of the Western Cape, 1994. The author addresses the political and economic sources for domestic instability in Southern African states. Baynham, Simon and Greg. Mills. "British Military Training Assistance in Southern Africa: Lessons for South Africa?" Africa Insight vol. 22, Issue 3 (1992):218-224. The authors examine British military training assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa, with particular reference to the military experience in Zimbabwe and Namibia. Berger, Guy. "Media and Democracy in Southern Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (December 1998):599-610. The author assesses the historical role and political impact of media on democracy and improved democratic governance in Southern Africa. Bishop, C. "Arms for Africa: Deadly Trade Poses Threat to Stability," (Johannesburg) Sunday Times (August 27, 1995). The author briefly outlines the negative impact of the regional and international arms trade and its profit-oriented gunrunners on the strategic stability of Southern Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa in general. Booth, Ken. "Security in Southern Africa: After Apartheid, Beyond Realism," International Affairs vol. 71, Issue 2 (April 1995):285-305. The author analyzes the importance of regional security problematic for the region, the role and impact of realism on security decision-making, strategic changes in

The Southern Africa Region

267

South Africa with the end of apartheid, and the strategy of destabilization and regional security. Breytenbach, Willie. "Conflict in Southern Africa: Whither Collective Security?" Africa Insight vol. 24, Issue 1 (1994):26-37. The author investigates prospects for internal security and peace in Southern Africa by means of a regional collective security system. It highlights the legacy of two opposing power blocs within the regional system, namely the African liberation alliance consisting of the Frontline States and of South Africa and the Portuguese-controlled administrations of Angola and Mozambique. Cawthra, Gavan. "Subregional Security: The Southern African Development Community," Security Dialogue vol. 28, no. 2 (1997):207-218. The author examines the important security issues faced by the Southern African development community. Chenje, Munyaradzi and Phyllis Johnson (eds.) The State of Southern Africa's Environment. Harare: Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1994. The authors assess the general health of the Southern African environment. Chibesa, David. "Zambia: The Gun-Running Sequel in Africa," Africa News (August 21, 1999). In Southern Africa, gunrunners and drug peddlers are pooling their resources to maximize profits suggesting similar trends in other areas of Sub-Saharan Africa. According the US State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, efforts to establish monitoring and policing mechanisms ought to be supported to stem this development. Cilliers, Jakkie. "The Evolving Security Architecture in Southern Africa," African Security Review vol. 4, no. 5 (1995). The author discusses the effects of the ‘liberation’ of South Africa on Southern Africa, new security realities in the region and the possible establishment of regional security organizations. The full text can be viewed at: http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/4No5/Cilliers.html Cillers, Jakkie and Greg Mills (eds.) African Peace Missions: The Push Towards Sub-Regional Peacekeeping Johannesburg: South African Institute for International Affairs and the Institute for Security Studies, 1999. The authors discuss the prospects of African initiatives to engage in major subregional peacekeeping activities in areas of conflict on the continent.

268

The Southern Africa Region

Cilliers, Jakkie and Hussein Solomon (eds.) People, Poverty and Peace: Human Security in Southern Africa, IDP Monograph Series No. 4. Midrand: Institute for Defense Policy, 1996. The authors address the problems of improving human security in Southern Africa, given the continuing systemic poverty and political conflict in the region. Cock, Jacklyn. "The Legacy of War: The Proliferation of Light Weapons in Southern Africa," in Robert I. Rotberg and Greg Mills (eds.) War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies, and Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press (1998):89-121. The author argues that the problem of light weapon proliferation requires a holistic approach, covering demand factors (political groupings, criminal networks, hunters, poachers, mercenaries, self-defense units or SDUs, security forces, citizens and private security firms, the past and present sources of supply and possible solutions. Cock, Jacklyn. "A Sociological Account of Light Weapons Proliferation in Southern Africa," in J. Singh (ed.) Light Weapons and International Security. New Delhi: Indian Pugwash Society and British American Security Information Council, 1996. The author discusses the social role and political impact of light weapons proliferation occurring in the Southern Africa region, especially in Angola, Mozambique South Africa. Conley, A.I. "A Synoptic View of Water Resources in Southern Africa," in Hussein Solomon (ed.) Sink or Swim? Water Resource Security and State Cooperation IDP Monograph Series No. 6. Midrand, South Africa (October 1996):17-69. The author addresses the strategic value of water resources for the Southern African region. Cornwell, Richard and Jackie Potgieter, "Africa Watch: A Large Piece of Africa," African Security Review vol. 7, no. 6 (1998):74-86. The authors examine the political history leading to the military intervention of SADC countries in the Democratic Republic of Congo conflict. Covina, Henry E. "Hunger in Southern Africa Imperils Lives of Millions," New York Times (April 26, 2002):A8. The brief article addresses the great food insecurity in the Southern African region, with Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe suffering various acute levels of food insecurity.

The Southern Africa Region

269

Crocker, Chester A. High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 1992. The author examines politics, conflict and peacemaking in the Southern African region. Davies, Robert and D. O'Meara. "Total Strategy in Southern Africa: An Analysis of South African Regional Policy since 1978, "Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 11, Issue 2 (April 1985): 183-211. The author assesses South Africa's regional war strategy against Southern African states during the Botha regime. Dreyer, Ronald. Namibia and Angola: The Search for Independence and Regional Security (1966-1988). Geneva: Program for Strategic and International Security Studies, 1988. The author outlines the search for independence and regional security by Angola and Namibia from 19661988. Du Toit, Pierre. State Building and Democracy in Southern Africa: Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace, 1995. The author assesses the role of democracy and state building processes in the Southern African region with case studies on Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Fair, T. J. D. African Rural Development: Policy and Practice in Six Countries. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1998. The author examines rural development policy in the Southern African region with case studies. Fischer, Buder (ed.) Human Rights and Democracy in Southern Africa: Papers Presented at the Conference: Cultivating Co-Operation Amongst Human Rights in the UNITWIN Network in Southern Africa. Windhoek: New Namibia Books, 1998. The edited text reviews the vigorous debate on the protection and advancement of human rights and democracy in the UNITWIN network in the Southern African region. Fowler, Alan. "The Role of NGOs in Changing State-Society Relations: Perspectives from Eastern and Southern Africa," Development Policy Review vol. 9 (March 1991):53-84. The author addresses the role and impact of nongovernmental organizations in changing state-society relations in Eastern and Southern Africa.

270

The Southern Africa Region

Gamba, V. "Small Arms Proliferation in Southern Africa: The Potential for Regional Control," African Security Review vol. 7, Issue 4 (1998):57-63. The author explores the potential of Southern African states agreeing to control illicit regional and domestic small arms trafficking and reduce existing stockpiles of small arms (and light weapons) weapons. Greene, O. and V. Gamba. Developing a Southern Africa Regional Action Programmes on Light Arms and Illicit Arms Trafficking. Pretoria, South Africa: The Institute for Security Studies and Saferworld, 1998. The authors offer a multifaceted plan of action to control the devastating trade in light arms and illicit arms trafficking occurring in the Southern African region. Griffths, Robert J. "Democratization and Civil-Military Relations in Namibia, South Africa, and Mozambique," Third World Quarterly vol. 17, Issue 3 (September 1996):473-486. The author evaluates the progress of democratization and civil-military relations in Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa with regard to demobilization, disarmament, the restructuring of armed forces, and the establishment of civilian control. Gruhn, Isebill V. "Land Mines: An African Tragedy," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, Issue 4 (1996):687-700. The author addresses the issue of millions of land mines in the South African region and in other African states, and the destabilizing political, economic, social and security problems they pose. Gumende, Antonio. "Can SADC Deliver?" Southern African Political and Economic Monthly vol. 9, no. 11 (August 1996):5-9. The brief article discusses whether SADC as a regional economic organization will provide its Southern African members the benefits of regional economic integration. Honwana, Joao and Guy Lamb. Small Arms Proliferation and Drug Trafficking in Southern Africa: A Conceptual Paper. Cape Town, South Africa: The Center for Conflict Resolution, the University of Cape Town, February 1998. The report examines the international and regional security impact of small arms and light weapons proliferation and drug trafficking, with a specific emphasis on the Southern Africa region. Hough, Michael. "Collective Security and its Variants: A Conceptual Analysis with Specific Reference to SADC and ECOWAS," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 20, Issue 2 (November 1998):23-43. The author

The Southern Africa Region

271

explores the concept of collective security at regional level with specific reference to the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), with specific analysis of mutual defense pacts and non-aggression treaties. Hudson, Heidi. "Water and Security in Southern Africa," in Hussein Solomon (ed.) Sink or Swim? Water, Resource Security and State Cooperation. Midrand, South Africa: IDP Monograph Series no. 6. (October 1996):3-16. The author discusses the strategic importance of water for the security and stability of the Southern African region. Hughes, David McDermott. "Refugees and Squatters: Immigration and the Politics of Territory on the Zimbabwe-Mozambique Border," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 25, Issue 4 (December 1999):533-553. The author examines the historical legacy and policy problems as a result of long-standing border crossing of refugees, labor migrants, smugglers, squatters, and gun-runners through the politically 'soft' border areas of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Human Rights Watch Arms Project. Still Killing: Landmines in Southern Africa. New York: Human Rights Watch (1997):62-99. The great physical damage inflicted by antipersonnel mines on the daily lives of tens of thousands of ordinary Africans (the majority are women and children who either die or live the rest of their lives as amputees) in the Southern African region is discussed. The main profiteers from the deadly landmine system sells to African states and military warlords include Western and Eastern European states, China, Russia, India and the United States. Jaster, Robert S. Changing Fortunes: War, Diplomacy, and Economics in Southern Africa. Ithaca, New York: Foreign Policy Association, Ford Foundation, 1992. The author addresses war, diplomacy and economics in Southern Africa, given the growing political effectiveness of the front-line states and African liberation movements in the conflict-driven region. Kahn, Owen Ellison. Disengagement from Southwest Africa: Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1991. The author assesses the prospects for peace and reconciliation in Angola and Namibia and for Southwest African region in general.

272

The Southern Africa Region

Kethusegile, Bookie M. and Athalia Molokomme (eds.) SADC Gender Monitor, Issue 1: Monitoring Implementation of the Beijing Commitments by SADC Member States. Gaborone, Botswana and Harare, Zimbabwe: SADC and SARDC, 1998. The authors address the critical issue of the policy implementation of the Beijing Accords on improving the status of women worldwide, with specific reference to women living and working in the SADC member states. Khadiagala, Gilbert M. Allies in Adversity: The Frontline States in Southern African Security 1975-1993. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994. The author chronicles the political and security policies of Africa's Frontline States including Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe; as well as assessing their individual and collective policy roles in Southern African regional security since the 1970s. Kuperus, Tracy. "Building Democracy: An Examination of Religious Associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 4 (1999):643-669. The author investigates the beneficial impact of religious associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe on both civil society and building democratic governance. Ledeen, Michael. "African Scenarios: The Future of Zambia, Zimbabwe and Zaire." Paper presented at Cobalt 94: Opportunities, Problems and Survival Strategies. Vienna, VA., November 2-4, 1994. The author outlines potential policy scenarios of strategic national survival for Zambia, Zimbabwe and Zaire. Legum, Colin. The Battle Fronts of Southern Africa. New York: Africana Publishing, 1988. The author analyzes the history and implications of the various battlefronts in the Southern African region caused by the strategic crisis and civil wars in Angola, Namibia and South Africa. Legum, Colin (ed.) After Angola: The War Over Southern Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1976. The edited text examines the intervention of the western powers into Angola, Mozambique, Rhodesia, and South Africa, and the political and economic effects the interventions had on the African liberation movements in those white-ruled countries.

The Southern Africa Region

273

Leistner, Erich and Richard Cornwell. Southern Africa: Prospects for Economic Development. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1996. The authors assess economic development prospects in Southern Africa in the post-cold war period. Mandaza, Ibbo (ed.) The Challenge of Southern African Regional Security: A Review of Peace and Security in Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: Sapes, 1996. The edited text examines internal and external security challenges faced by states in Southern Africa, with non-theoretical analysis on conflict resolution, the proliferation of African refugees, confidencebuilding measures, the implications of the military intervention into Lesotho by Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe, the privatization of violence by former South African security personnel and related historical and security policy issues. Matlosa, Khabele. "Democracy and Conflict in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa: Dilemmas of Social Change in Small States," International Affairs vol. 74, no. 2 (1998):319-337. The author addresses democracy and conflict in the post-apartheid era, and the social change impact on small African states in the Southern African region. McLean, Andrew and E. Clegg (eds.) Towards Implementation of the Southern African Regional Action Programme on Light Arms and Illicit Trafficking. Pretoria and London: Institute for Security Studies and Saferworld (1999):71-85. The authors discuss regional arms control planning by Southern African states to limit both light arms proliferation and illicit arms trafficking activities in the region. Montgomery, J.D. "Bureaucratic Politics in Southern Africa," Public Administration Review vol. 46, no. 5 (1986):407-413. The author analyzes the nature and practice of bureaucratic politics in the Southern Africa region. Moorecroft, Paul L. African Nemesis: War and Revolution in Southern Africa (1945-2010) London: Brassey's, 1990. The text examines military power in Southern Africa and the various political, economic, social and psychological issues related to warfare in the region including the colonial wars, destabilization efforts of South Africa against the frontline states, and its brutal war against its own African population.

274

The Southern Africa Region

Nesbitt, Francis. Race for Sanctions: African Americans Against Apartheid, 1946-1994. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003. The author examines the historical role and political impact of African Americans on the fight against apartheid in South Africa between 1946-1994. Nkiwane, S.M. Regional Security and Confidence-building Processes: The Case of Southern African in the 1990s. Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1993. The author addresses the history and impact of confidence-building processes in promoting regional security in Southern Africa in light of the growing success of the African liberation movements. Nothling, F. J. "Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique," Kleio Issue 28 (1996):219-220. The brief report outlines the role of South African irregular forces in the long wars in Angola and Mozambique. Notshulwana, M. "The Political Economy of Regional Integration in Southern Africa," Journal of Development Economics for Southern Africa vol. 1, Issue 1 (September-December 1997):19-34. The author analyzes the challenge of restoring regional economic democracy in Southern Africa. O’Neill, Kathryn and Barry Munslow. "Ending the Cold War in Southern Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 12, Issue 3/4 (1990):81-97. The authors investigate the foreign policies of United States and Russia and their effects in destabilizing conflicts in Angola and Namibia. Oosthuysen, Glenn. "Weapons Control Measures in Southern African States," International Update (December 1996):1-5. The author evaluates the prospects for implementation of small arms and light weapons control measures by Southern African states. Oosthuysen, Glenn. Small Arms Proliferation and Control in Southern Africa. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1996. The author examines the implications of out-of-control regional small arms proliferation for South African security, outlining both the political and law enforcement difficulties in controlling the regional arms trade adequately. Osei-Hwedie, Bertha. "The Role of Ethnicity in Multi-Party Politics in Malawi and Zambia," Journal of Contemporary African Affairs vol. 15, no. 1 (January 1997):227-248. The author addresses the role and influence of

The Southern Africa Region

275

multi-party politics in the political discourse and governance in Malawi and Zambia. "Prepared Testimony of Eli Haas President of the Diamond Dealers Club," Federal News Service (May 9, 2000). The article explores solutions to the diamond smuggling activities occurring in Angola, Sierra Leone and the in Congo, with a focus on what measures the United States could take to that end and the global and regional security benefits of such measures. Price, Robert M. "Southern African Regional Security: Pax or Pox Pretoria," World Policy Journal no. 2 (Summer 1985):533-554. The author examines the central regional security opportunities for South Africa. Raskin, P. and M. Lazarus. "Regional Energy Development in Southern Africa: Great Potentials, Great Restraints," Annual Review of Energy and Environment no. 16 (1991):145-178. The author addresses the importance of regional energy development for the economic well being of the Southern African region. Rotberg, Robert I. Ending Autocracy, Enabling Democracy: The Tribulations of Southern Africa, 1960-2000. Washington DC: Brookings Institutions Press, 2001. The author analyzes the strategic political, economic, ideological, racial and cultural problems that the Southern African region faced between 1960-2000. Rotberg, Robert I. and Greg Mills (eds.) War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute Press, 1998. The edited text analyzes war and peace issues in the Southern African region, as well as the destabilizing acceleration of small arms and light weapons proliferation trends, and the military security implications. Rugalema, Gabriel. "Coping or Struggling? A Journey into the Impact of HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 86 (December 2000):537-546. The author assesses the accelerating impact of the HIV/AIDS crisis on the peoples of Southern Africa. Saul, John S. "From Thaw to Flood: The End of the Cold War in Southern Africa," Review of African Political Economy no. 50 (March 1991):145159. The author examines the strategic implications of the end of the cold war period on the Southern African region.

276

The Southern Africa Region

Smith, Christopher. Small Arms Management and Peacekeeping in Southern Africa. New York: United Nations, 1996. The presence and consequences of United Nation peacekeeping forces in the Southern African region are addressed, as well as the role and impact of large quantities of small arms and the arms control measures being offered to contain the proliferation problem in the region. Smith, Christopher. and Alex Vines. "Light Weapons Proliferation in Southern Africa," Centre for Defense Studies no. 42, Brassey's (1997). The authors examine the tremendous problem of massive levels of light weapons proliferation in the Southern African region and the political, economic and social instability that it is causing. The light weapons gunrunning networks from Mozambique and Angola into South Africa continue to grow, despite successful joint-police operations and border interdictions by the law enforcement and security forces of these Southern African countries. Swatuk, Larry A. "Prospects for Southern African Regional Integration after Apartheid," Journal of the Third World Spectrum vol. 1, no. 2 (Fall 1994):17-38. The author assesses the prospects for regional economic integration in the Southern African region with the collapse of the apartheid system in South Africa. Swatuk, Larry A. and Peter Vale. "Why Democracy is Not Enough: Southern Africa and Human Security in the 21 st Century," Alternative: Social Transformation and Human Governance vol. 24, no. 3 (July-September 1999):361-390. The authors evaluate the obstacles to regional peace and security in the Southern African region. Thompson, Carol B. "Regional Challenges to Globalization: Perspectives from Southern Africa," New Political Economy vol. 5, Issue 1 (March 2000):4158. The author investigates how Southern African states have formulated a collective response to globalization, as well as implications for the region's military and environmental security. Tome, V. "Maintaining Credibility as a Partial Mediator-United States Mediation in Southern Africa, 1981-1988," Negotiation Journal On the Process of Dispute Settlement (July 1992):273-289. The author reviews U.S. mediation efforts in the Southern Africa region in the 1980s.

The Southern Africa Region

277

UN Integrated Regional Information Network. "Southern Africa: Update for Southern Africa," Africa News (March 1, 2000). Guarantees by the South African diamond giant De Beers that it will not purchase diamonds from rebel movements in Sub-Saharan Africa is described as a welcomed development by the London-based NGO, Global Witness. Global Witness said De Beers has taken the lead that the rest of the diamond industry must follow. De Beers understand that it is no longer acceptable to buy diamonds from African conflict areas, and Global Witness recommends the decision as a first step in the difficult process of excluding conflict goods from the legitimate market place. UN Integrated Regional Information Network. "Southern Africa, Weekly Round-Up," Africa News (October 29, 1999). The chairman of the UN panel of experts, Andreas Mollander, said his team was investigating allegations that banks in several countries-including South Africa-have been involved in laundering money made by Angola’s UNITA rebels out of illegal diamond sales. Vines, Alex. "Landmines in Southern Africa," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 26, Issue 2 (June 2000):368-371. The author reviews two important books about the politics and human security implications of landmines in the Southern African region: The Politics of De-mining: Mine Clearance in Southern Africa and Landmines in Zimbabwe: A Deadly Legacy. Willett, Susan. "Demilitarization, Disarmament and Development in Southern Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, Issue 77 (September 1998):409-431. The author examines the process of disarmament and demilitarization and economic development in the Southern African region, focus on the interaction of national security planning, arms control in the prevention of violent conflicts, and the stability of national economies in the transition from war to peace.

ANGOLA Abegunrin, Olayinola. "Angola and the Soviet Union Since 1975," Journal of African Studies (1987):25-30. The brief article outlines the content of bilateral relations between Angola and Soviet Union during the Cold War.

278

The Southern Africa Region

Abegunrun, Layr. "Angola and the United States Since 1975," Lusophone Area Studies Journal (1985):51-83. The brief article examines bilateral relations between Angola and United States during the Cold War. Africa Watch. Arms Trade and Violation of the Laws of War Since the 1992 Elections. New York: Africa Watch, 1994. The report examines the impact of international and regional arms trading on Angolan security and stability since the 1992 elections. Africa Watch. Between War and Peace: Arms Trade and Human Abuses Since Lusaka Protocol. New York: African Watch, 1993. The report discusses the implications of the international and regional arms trade in exacerbating human right abuses throughout Angola. Africa Watch. Land Mines in Angola. New York: Africa Watch, 1993. The report investigates the brutal economic and physical impact of land mine systems on the people of Angola, where there are 7 million and 10 million land mines from 35 different countries. Africa Watch. Angola: Civilians Devastated by 15-Year War. New York: Africa Watch, 1991. The report addresses the devastating war against the civilian population in the Angolan civil war, complicated by the ravages of the earlier Portuguese independence movement and the superpowers' conduct in Angola. Africa Watch. Angola: Violations of Laws of War by Both Sides. London: Africa Watch, 1989. The report outlines the brutal violations of the laws of war by contending factions in the Angolan war, the UNITA movement and the MPLA. "Africa at Large: State Department on Arms and Conflict in Africa," Africa News (July 15, 1999). The article assesses the US Department of State's view of conflicts occurring in Sub Saharan Africa including the trading of light weapons, the cost of arms trafficking, and minimizing the trafficking of these arms. Agyeman, Opoku. "Pan-Africanism and the Angolan Crisis," Studia Africana (1979):234-254. The author explores the tenuous relationship between the Angolan civil war and the philosophy and tenets of Pan-Africanism.

The Southern Africa Region

279

"Aid in Angola," Foreign Affairs of Japan (December 26, 2000). The report stated the amount of dollars of Japanese government in helping Angola and the internal conflict in Angola has been continuing since the country's independence in 1975, resulting in a number of internally displaced with the need of assistance from the international community. Alberts, Donald. J. "Aimed Struggle in Angola," in B. O’Neill, et. al (eds.) Insurgency in the Modern World. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1980):235-258. The author discusses the historical origins and the security politics of the armed struggle between UNITA and the MPLA. Alexiev, Alex. U.S. Policy in Angola: A Case of Non-Constructive Engagement. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, January 1986. The report examines the non-constructive engagement policy of American foreign policy towards Angola during the cold war. Alfred, Lisa. "United States Foreign Policy and the Angolan Peace," Africa Today. vol. 39, no. 1-2 (1992):73-88. The author assesses the content and direction of American foreign policy towards the Angolan peace process, and its implications for overall U.S. national policy towards Southern African region. Aluko, O. "African Response to External Intervention in Africa Since Angola," African Affairs vol. 80, no. 319 (April 1981):159-179. The author evaluates the African policy response(s) to external political and military intervention in Sub-Saharan African affairs during the cold war period. Alves, Pericles Gasparini and Daiana Belinda Cipollone. "Curbing Illicit Trafficking in Small Arms and Sensitive Technologies: An Action Oriented Agenda," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 1 (February 1, 2000). The authors call upon governments to take immediate action against the illegal international trading of small arms and sensitive military technologies in Africa and the Third World. Anstee, Margaret J. Orphans of the Cold War: The Inside Story of the Collapse of the Angola Peace Process, 1992-93. Basingstoke: Macmillian, 1996. The author addresses the reasons for the Angolan peace process collapse, as well as its political implications for external and internal actors.

280

The Southern Africa Region

Anstee, Margaret J. "'Not Very Optimistic' on Angola," Southern Africa: Political and Economic Monthly (April 1994):18-22. The brief article posits that the civil war in Angola appears to have no end in sight, and that in fact, may well continue for some time. Anstee, Margaret J. "Angola: The Forgotten Tragedy: A Test Case for the U.N. Peacekeeping," International Relations vol. 9, no. 6 (December 1993):495511. The author explores the negative history of the UN Peacekeeping operation in Angola. "Angola: Sanctions Committee Identifies Violators and Calls for Punitive Action," Africa News (April 19, 2000). The brief report discusses the United Nations' Sanctions Committee’s identification of illegal trafficking of diamonds for weapons by UNITA and its call for punitive action against the rebel UNITA organization. "Angola: UNITA Received Arms Through Brokers And Friendly Countries," Africa News (April 3, 2000). The article gives a detailed account of UNITA's arms running capabilities in the South African region and globally, as well exploring the Angolan government's involvement with the fraud-ridden petroleum industry. "Angola Guns Surplus Takes Aim at South Africa," The Star and South Africa Times (November 26, 1997). The article examines the vast flows of small arms and light weapons from the Angolan war zone to the urban streets of South Africa, and the implications of the arms transfer for regional stability and security. Angolan Mission Observer, "Angola: Sanctions Committee Identifies Violators and Calls For Punitive Action," Africa News (April 19, 2000). Ambassador Robert Fowler, Chairman of Angola Sanctions Committee, singled out former and current heads-of-state as complicit in sanctions violations. In addition, his report made a number of recommendations to the Council for tightening sanctions against Jonas Savimbi and his rebels, which included punitive measures against sanctions busters. Ashworth, John. "Hunting for Diamonds in Angola’s Ravished Land," The Times (London) (October 16, 1999). The brief article discusses De Beers’ public relations policy inside the economically ravaged Angola, with vaccinations for children and the construction of buildings, while the giant

The Southern Africa Region

281

diamond multinational continues its search for high-valued Angolan diamond mines. Atkinson, Dan. "Angola Rebels Provoke Crisis in Diamond Trade," Manchester Guardian Weekly (August 9, 1999):4. The author examines the smuggling of diamonds by UNITA and states that only the European Union can stop the diamond trafficking for arms that drives the civil war in Angola. Ball, Nicole and Kathleen Campbell. Complex Crisis and Complex Peace: Humanitarian Coordination in Angola. New York: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, March 1998. The authors address the difficult problem of humanitarian coordination of international assistance in light of the devastating and long-running civil war in Angola. Beaudet, Pierre, Daniel dos Santos and Brian Wood. “Angola in the New Regional Order,” in Nancy Thede and Pierre Beaudet (eds.) A PostApartheid Southern Africa? New York: St. Martin’s Press (1993):118-141. The author assesses the political and economic prospects for Angola in the Southern African region with the collapse of the apartheid system in South Africa. Bender, Gerald J. "Peacemaking in Southern Africa: The Luanda-Pretoria Tugof-War," Third World Quarterly, (April 1989):15-30. The author analyzes the political conflict between Angola and South Africa. Bender, Gerald J. "Ideology and Ignorance: American Attitudes toward Africa," African Studies Review no. 1 (1988):1-8. The author outlines U.S. foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa, as it is influenced and impacted by American conservative power and ideology. Bender, Gerald J. "The Eagle and the Bear in Angola," The ANNALS (January 1987):103-122. The author examines the geopolitical competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in Angola and its impact on the civil war ravaging that country. Bender, Gerald J. "Angola: Friends and Enemies," Africa Report (JanuaryFebruary 1986):7-8. The brief article summarizes the political dimensions of the civil war in Angola.

282

The Southern Africa Region

Bender, Gerald J. "The Reagan Administration and Southern Africa," Atlantic Quarterly (Autumn 1984):235-247. The author analyzes the Reagan administration's foreign policy towards the Southern African region, with a specific focus on Angola and South Africa. Bender, Gerald J. "Angola: The Continuing Crisis and Misunderstanding," International Affairs Bulletin (1983):4-13. The author evaluates the continuing political and ideological crisis in Angola between the contending MPLA and UNITA. Bender, Gerald J. "Angola and the United States: Evolution of a Policy," TransAfrica Forum (Summer 1982):57-63. The author examines the evolution of US foreign policy towards Angola. Bender, Gerald J. "Angola: Left, Right and Wrong," Foreign Policy (Summer 1981):53-69. The author explores the political ideologies of the MPLA and UNITA and the ideological and national implications for peace and stability in Angola. Bender, Gerald J. "Comment: Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Cuba in Africa," Cuban Studies/Estudios Cubanos (July 10, 1980):44-54. The author investigates historical, cultural and ideological perspectives on Cuba's strategic interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bender, Gerald J. Angola under the Portuguese. London: Heinemann, 1978. The text addresses the history and colonial and neo-colonial political and economic impact of Portugal's rule of Angola Bender, Gerald J. "Angola, the Cubans and American Anxieties," Foreign Policy vol. 31 (Summer 1978):3-30. The author explores American foreign policy towards Angola in light of the Cuban military intervention in that nation's civil war. Bender, Gerald J. Angola Under the Portuguese: The Myth and The Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. The text examines the historical origins and political dynamics of Portuguese colonial rule in Angola. Bender, Gerald J. "Conflict in Southern Africa: A Debate with Kenneth Adelman," International Security (Fall 1978):67-122. The author outlines

The Southern Africa Region

283

the debate between Drs. Gerald Bender and Kenneth Adelman on the nature and direction of the political, ideological and military conflict in Southern Africa, and its strategic implications for American foreign policy, the frontline states and African liberation movements. Bender, Gerald J. Portugal in Africa: Bibliography of the UCLA Collection, Occasional Paper no. 12, African Studies Center, UCLA (August 1977). The author provides a very informative bibliography on the Portuguese in SubSaharan Africa. Bender, Gerald J. "The Changing Historiography of Angola and Mozambique," in Allen Isaacman and C. Fyte (eds.) The Changing Direction of African Studies: A Tribute to Basil Davidson. London: Longman (1976):220-248. The author evaluates the changing political historiography of Angola and Mozambique during the cold war period. Bender, Gerald J. "Angola: History, Insurgency and Social Change," Africa Today vol. 19, no. 1 (Winter 1972):30-36. The author examines the history and depths of African resistance to Portuguese rule and colonialism in Angola. Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency: An African [Angola] Case," Comparative Politics vol. 4, no. 3 (April 1972):331-360. The article explores the history and limitations of counterinsurgency warfare in Angola. Bender, Gerald J. and Stanley P Yoder. "Whites in Angola in the Eve of Independence: The Politics of Numbers," in Africa Today, vol. 21, no. 4 (Fall 1974):23-38. The authors summarize the plight and prospects for whites on the eve of independence in Angola and the rise to state power of the Marxist MPLA. Bender, William and Simon Hunt. "Poverty and Food Insecurity in Luanda," Luanda: UNICEF, 1991. The authors summarize the great internal poverty and food insecurity in Angola because of the civil war, and the implications for the unfortunate Angolan population caught between the two contending organizations

284

The Southern Africa Region

Bernstein, Keith. "A Hidden War," Geographical Magazine vol. 59, no. 9 (September 1987):426-428. The author discusses the geographical dimensions of the long-running civil war in Angola. Berridge, Geoff R. "Diplomacy and the Angola/Namibia Accords," International Affairs (Summer 1989):463-79. The author examines the impact of great powers' diplomacy in negotiating the Angola/Namibia Accords. Billon, Phileppe Le. "Angola's Political Economy of War: The Role of Oil and Diamonds, 1975-2000," African Affairs: The Journal of the Royal African Society vol. 100, no. 38 (January 2001):55-75. The author explores the role and impact of oil and diamonds on Angola's war-ravaged political economy. Birmingham, David. "Orphans of the Cold War: Angola’s People," African Affairs vol. 96, no. 384 (1997):439-445. The author outlines the terrible conditions that the Angolan people live in because of the civil war. Birmingham, David. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1992. The author outlines the historical role and strategic impact of frontline nationalism in Angola and Mozambique. Birmingham, David. "Angola Revisited," Journal of Southern African Studies (October 1988): 1-14. The article examines the civil war in Angola. Birmingham, David. "A Question of Coffee: Black Enterprise in Angola," Canadian Journal of Africa Studies no. 2 (1982):343-46. The author analyzes the coffee market in Angola and African entrepreneurship. Bjorck M., R. Johansson and N. Kanji. "Improving the Quality of Primary Care Services in Angola," Health Policy and Planning (September 1992):290295. The authors assess the improving of primary health care in Angola. Bonner, Raymond. "US May Try To Curb Diamond Trade That Fuels Africa Wars," The New York Times (August 8, 1999):3. The author explores measures the U.S. is taking to control trade of diamonds for arms in Africa. Bonner, Raymond. "US Joins Twenty Nations in Urging Controls on Spread of Small Arms," New York Times (July 15,1998):A7. The brief article reports that on July 14, 1998 the United States joined other countries to try to control the illegal trafficking of small arms.

The Southern Africa Region

285

Brackenbury, Andre. "Rich Land, Poor Land: Experts Are Predicting That Angola May Soon Overtake Saudi Arabia As the World’s Principal Oil Producer," Geographical vol. 75, no. 2 (2003):36-43. The author argues that Angola has the potential to become the world's leading oil producer, while her people continue to suffer from economic deprivation. Bragança, Aquino de. "Savimbi: The Career of a Counter-Revolutionary," Mozambican Studies no. 2 (1981):85-103. The author chronicles the career of Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA, who has led the war against the MPLA. Brennan T.O. Uprooted Angolans: From Crisis to Catastrophe. Washington D.C.: U.S. Committee of Refugees, 1987. The report addresses the internal displacements and external migrations of Angolans from the civil war. Breytenbach, Cloete. Savimbi's Angola. Aylesbury: H. Timmins, 1980. The author reviews the life and times of Jonas Savimbi. Bridgeland, Fred. The War for Africa [The Cuban-South African Clash in Angola]. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing, 1990. The author examines the military engagements between Cuban and South African units in the civil war. Bridgeland, Fred. "The Future of Angola," South Africa International vol. 19, no. 1 (July 1988):28-37. The author explores the political future of Angola with the war between the MPLA-led government and UNITA. Bridgeland, Fred. Savimbi: A Key to Africa. New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987. The author assesses the life and impact of Jonas Savimbi on the Angolan civil war and on the long-suffering Angolan people. Brinkman, Inge. "Ways of Death: Accounts of Terror from Angolan Refugees in Namibia, " Africa vol. 70, no. 1 (2000):1-24. The author reviews terrorism acts against Angolan refugees in Namibia. Brittain, Victoria. Death of Dignity: Angola's Civil War. London: Pluto Press, 1998. The author provides a critical analysis of the Angolan civil war. Brown, Chris. "Regional Conflict in Southern Africa and the Role of Third Party Mediators," International Journal vol. 45, no. 2 (Spring 1990):334-359. The article examines the role and impact of third party mediators on the regional conflict(s) in the Southern African region.

286

The Southern Africa Region

Burness, Don. On the Shoulder of Martí: Cuban Literature of the Angolan War. Colorado Springs, CO: Three Continents Press, 1996. The author explores the origins and impact of Cuban revolutionary literature developed from the long-standing Cuban political, military and ideological participation in the Angolan war. Cain, Edward P. "The Agony of Angola," in Charles Moser (ed.) Combat on Communist Territory. Lake Bluff, Ilinois: Free Contess Research Foundation (1985):72-105. The author assesses the great suffering of the Angolan people because of the brutal and long-running civil war in Angola between the MPLA and UNITA. Campbell, Horace. "The Search for Peace in Angola: The Crucial Role of Women," Africa Quarterly vol. 39, no.1 (1999):1-40. The author assesses the history, role and impact of courageous and dynamic Angolan women on the Angolan peace process. Campbell, Horace. "Does the UN or the International Community Care About the Lives of Africans [Angola]: A Reply to Ms. Margaret Anstee," Southern Africa: Political and Economic Monthly (April 1994):53-55. The brief article posits that both the international community and the United Nations do not materially value African lives in Angola, Southern Africa or in SubSaharan Africa. Campbell, Horace. "The United Nations and Angola," Southern Africa: Political and Economic Monthly (November 1993):46-49. The author analyzes the role and influence of the United Nations in Angola and the manipulations of the great powers to condition the political outcomes to meet their national interests. Campbell, Horace. "Angolan Women and the Electoral Process in Angola, 1992," Africa Development vol. 18, no. 2 (1993):23-63. The author examines the important role that Angolan women have played in the intermittent electoral process in Angola. Campbell, Horace. "The Military Defeat of the South Africans in Angola," Monthly Review (April 1989):1-15. The author analyzes the nature and impact of the decisive defeat of the powerful South African military machine by Cuban forces in Angola.

The Southern Africa Region

287

Cauvin, Henri E. "Foes in Angolan War Sign A Cease-Fire Agreement," New York Times (March 31, 2002):4. The author outlines a cease-fire agreement between the Angolan government and the post-Savimbi Unita leadership, with the participation by diplomatic representatives from the United State, Russia, Portugal and United Nations. Cauvin, Henri E. "Amid Riches, Angola's Poor Consider Their Future," New York Times (February 25, 2002):A8. The brief article addresses the terrible economic plight that Angola's poor population is presently experiencing because of the long-standing mismanagement of the economy and endemic structural corruption by the MPLA Angolan government and its self-serving political elites. Cauvin, Henri E. "Angola's Skeptics Are Buzzing as Leader Says He Won't Run," New York Times (August 29, 2001):A11. The brief article examines the complex political implications of the Angolan president, Jose Eduardo dos Santos, recent statement that he will not run in country's upcoming elections. Chabal, Patrick. "People's War, State Formation and Revolution in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and Angola." Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 21, no. 3 (November 1983):104-125. The author provides an interesting comparative analysis on both the theory and practice of revolutionary war, state building and formation, and revolutionary processes and their political implications for Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau and Angola. Chelala, Cesar. "Embargo on Diamonds Sold by Angola Rebels May Complicate Peace Initiative," Earth Times (June 7, 2000). The brief article contends that the United Nations embargo to prevent Savimbi's UNITA from using diamonds to fund its global and regional arms purchases is being undermined both by African states profiting from the situation, as well as by the profit-maximizing diamond clearing house in Antwerp, Belgium and elsewhere. Choi, Roo Ton. Foreign Intervention in African Conflicts: A Case Study of the Angolan Conflict (1961-1985), Ph.D. dissertation: University of Georgia, 1989. The author explores the origins and influence of foreign intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a case study on foreign intervention in the Angolan civil war.

288

The Southern Africa Region

Ciment, James. Angola and Mozambique: Postcolonial Wars in Southern Africa. New York: Facts on File, 1997. The author provides a historical analysis of the origins and implication of postcolonial wars in Angola and Mozambique. Clark, Jeffrey and Morrison J. Stephan. "Angola: War, Politics, and Famine," Africa Report vol. 33, no. 2 (March-April 1988):42-44. The authors discuss the famine and hardships endured by the Angolan people as a direct result of the civil war. Clinton, William J. "Executive Order 12865: Prohibiting Certain Transactions Involving UNITA," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents September 26, 1993. The report outlines Executive Branch restrictions by President Clinton on the continuation of economic and financial transactions by UNITA. Clough, Michael. "United States Policy in Southern Africa," Current History vol. 83, no. 491 (March 1984):97-100. The author examines American foreign policy towards the Southern African region. Coetzee, David. "Neto: Giant of the Angolan Revolution," New African (October 1979):91-93. The brief article chronicles the history of the father of the Angolan Revolution, A. Neto. Collelo, Thomas (ed.) Angola: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publications Office, 1991. The author provides a major country study on Angola, assessing the strategic political, economic, trading, financial, military, geographical, and socio-cultural treasures of Angola. Cooper, Mary H. "Angola and the Reagan Doctrine," Editorial Research Reports (January 17, 1986):23-40. The author analyzes the Reagan administration's policy towards Angola and its political focus on pushing the Soviet Union and Cuba out of that country by any and all means necessary. Crocker, Chester A. High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Tough Neighborhood. New York: W.W. Norton, 1993. The author explores the rise and expansion of political conflict(s) in the Southern Africa region and its strategic implications for American foreign policy.

The Southern Africa Region

289

Crocker, Chester A. "Southern Africa: Eight Years Later," Foreign Affairs. vol. 68, no. 4 (Fall 1989):144-164. A former US State Department official outlines US policy towards the Southern African region. Daley, Suzanne. "Angolan Rebels Still Break Diamond Embargo, Rights Group Says" New York Times (December 15, 1998):A7. The brief report suggests that the sale of diamonds is still underwriting the war by Angolan UNITA rebels, and a United Nations embargo aimed at cutting off that income is not working because the United Nations has not made sure that its members are rigorously implementing the Security Council embargo. Datta, Surinder. "South Africa: Apartheid, Angola and Uncertainty," Africa Quarterly no. 1-2 (1985):34-43. The author assesses the rapid political and military changes occurring within the Southern African region, especially with regard to the problems in South African and Angolan security conflict relations. Davidson, Basil. "Angola: An End and a Beginning," in David Wiley and Allen Issacman (eds. ) Southern Africa: Society, Economy and Liberation. East Lansing, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University, (1981):103-127 . The author explores the political upheaval in Angola and the outbreak of civil war. Davies, Desmond. "Africa at Large: Diamond Trade is Under Fire," Africa News (October 5, 1999). The brief article explores the very profitable diamond trade in Angola, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, which is used to finance civil wars and to purchase arms to fight the civil wars. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (South Africa). "The Role of Ammunition Controls in Addressing Excessive and Destabilizing Accumulations of Small Arms," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 36, no. 5 (October 1, 1999). The report assesses the need for the strict controls of ammunition systems and small arms and it outlines various policy solutions toward minimizing the problem. DePalo, William A. Jr. "Cuban Internationalism: The Angola Experience, 19751988," Parameters (Autumn 1993):61-74. The author examines Cuban foreign policy towards Angola; and the Cuban policy decision to assist Angola in maintaining its sovereignty and self-determination in light of the

290

The Southern Africa Region

South African military invasion and th e machinations of the great powers between 1975-1988. Dreyer, Ronald. Namibia and Angola: The Search for Independence and Regional Security, 1966-1988. Geneva. Programme for Strategic for Strategic and International Security, 1988. The author addresses the complex problems and issues in establishing (and maintaining) independence and regional security in war-torn Angola and Namibia. Durch, William J. "The Cuban Military in Africa and the Middle East: From Algeria to Angola," Studies in Comparative Communism vol. 11, no. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 1978):34-74. The author outlines the origins and objectives of Cuba's military activities in North Africa and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dyal, R. "Brazil and Lusophone Africa: Lessons For India," Africa Quarterly vol. 35, no. 4 (1995):63-72. The article explores Brazil's foreign relations with the former Portuguese colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa and the strategic lessons generated by these relations for India. Ebinger, Charles. Foreign Intervention in Civil War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Angolan Conflict. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988. The author examines the origins and consequences of foreign powers' intervention in the Angolan civil war. Echevarria, Vito and Alan Rake. "Scramble for Africa's Diamonds," New African (November 1993):24. The authors explain how anti-government rebel factions in Angola and Zaire use diamonds to finance their destructive civil wars. Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. Conflict and Intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zaire. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990. The author explores the various dimensions and impact(s) of the differing political (and military) conflicts in Angola, Nigeria and Zaire. Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. "International Involvement in Civil Conflicts in Africa: A Comparative Study of Nigeria, Angola, and Zaire," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Lancaster, 1980. The author addresses foreign states' and the United Nations' political and peacekeeping involvement in civil wars in Angola, Nigeria and Zaire in the 1970s.

The Southern Africa Region

291

Elaigwa, J. Isawa. "The Nigerian Civil War and the Angolan Civil War: Linkages Between Domestic Tensions and International Alignments," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 12, no. 1-4 (January-October 1977):215-235. The author explores the relationships between the Nigerian and Angolan civil wars in terms of domestic politics and the international influence of the great powers in Angolan and Nigerian affairs. El-Khawas, Muhammed A. "U.S. Intervention in Angola," Africa and the World (January 1988): 1-12. The author examines the origins and consequences of U.S. intervention into Angolan affairs. El-Khawas, Muhammed A. "South Africa and the Angolan Conflict," Africa Today vol. 24, no. 2 (April-June, 1977):35-46. The author investigates the role and impact of South Africa's intervention into Angolan affairs. Falk, Pamela. "Cuba in Africa," Foreign Affairs vol. 65, no. 5 (Summer 1987): 1077-1096. The author examines Cuban foreign political and military policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa, with a special focus on Angola. Felton, John. "Reagan Facing Hill Challenge to U.S. Role in Angolan War," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (1986):2065-2067. The brief article outlines the legislative resistance to the Reagan administration's destabilization of Angola. Finkel, Vicki R. "Savimbi's Sour Grapes," Africa Report vol. 38, no. 1 (JanuaryFebruary 1993):25-28. The brief article outlines Jonas Savimbi's reactions to power-sharing arrangements in Angola. Fituni, Leonard. "A Soviet Analyst's View of Angola's Relevance in the 1990's," CSIS Africa Notes (September 27, 1990): 1-4. The author provides a Russian perspective on Angola's strategic relevance in the 1990s. Fituni, Leonard. "Thoughts on an Angolan-Namibian Settlement," Issue vol. 17, no. 1 (Winter 1988): 19-20. The brief article explores the possible implications of an Angolan-Namibian settlement. Ford, Christopher A. "The Reagan Doctrine in Angola," Harvard International Review (April 1987):27-30. The brief article describes the implications of the Reagan administration's foreign political and ideological policy towards Angola.

292

The Southern Africa Region

Fortna, Virginia Page. "United Nations Angola Verification Mission II," in William J. Durch (ed.) The Evolution of the UN Peacekeeping: Case Study and Comparative Analysis. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1993):388-405. The author carefully examines the wide-ranging political and security activities of the UN Angolan Verification Mission II operation and its difficulties in both monitoring and the implementation of the cease-fire in Angola. Freeman, Charles W. "The Angola/Namibia Accords," Foreign Affairs vol. 68, no. 3 (Summer 1989): 126-141. The author examines the complex historical and political origins, ideological history and the strategic consequences of the Angola/Namibia Accords. French, Howard W. "From Old Files, a New Story of U.S. Role in Angolan War," New York Times (March 31, 2002):4. The brief article contends that the United States (in a secret military alliance with the apartheid South African government) covertly intervened into Angolan affairs before the Cuba's intervention to prevent a Communist takeover of that Southern African country. Galli, Rosemary E. "The Food Crisis and the Socialist State in Lusophone Africa," African Studies Review (March 1987): 19-44. The author explores the dimensions and implications of the food crisis in a socialist Lusophone SubSaharan Africa. George, Alexander. "Missed Opportunities for Crisis Prevention: The War of Attrition and Angola," in Alexander George (ed.) Managing U.S.-Soviet Rivalry: Problems of Crisis Prevention. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (1983):187-224. The author provides an interesting political treatment of the protracted war of attrition in Angola between the MPLA-run government and UNITA, and the negative implications of the political and military conflict for the beleaguered people of Angola. Gonçalves, Fernando. "Angola's Senseless War," Southern Africa: Political and Economic Monthly (November 1993): 11-13. The brief article outlines the brutality and inefficiency of the Angolan civil war and the great damage to the Angolan people.

The Southern Africa Region

293

Gordon, Chris. "South Africa-UNITA Hits Cuango," Africa News (October 29, 1999). The brief article examines the UNITA diamond trade and the military actions in Cuango and elsewhere that UNITA has taken to maintain its diamond-selling monopoly. Gordon, Chris. "UNITA Still Open for Business in Diamonds and War," Africa News (July 16, 1999). The brief article reviews UNITA's marketing and selling of Angolan diamonds for small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons and ammunition systems to fuel the long-standing Angolan civil war. Gowan, Susan Jean (ed.) Portuguese Speaking Africa, 1900-1979: A Select Bibliography, Volume One-Angola. Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1982. The author provides a select bibliography on Portuguese-speaking Africa (Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique from 1900-1979). Graham, Robert. "Mitterrand's Son Exposes Violators of Sanctions," Financial Times (December 22, 2000):4. The author investigates the indictment and detention of Jean-Christophe Mitterrand (and Paul-Loup Sulitzer, a well known author), a son of the late President of France, Francois Mitterrand, on charges of running a sophisticated illegal arms trafficking network in Angola. Grundy, Kenneth W. "The Angolan Puzzle: Intervening Actors and Complex Issues," in Ralph I. Onwuka and Timothy M. Shaw (eds.) Africa in World Politics: Into the 1990s. New York: Macmillian (1989): 198-211. The authors outline the historical role and political influence of the key regional actors and major foreign powers' support and involvement in the Angolan civil war. Guimaraes, Fernando Andresen. The Origins of the Angolan Civil War: Foreign Intervention in Domestic-Political Conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. The author examines the strategic dynamics of colonialism and anticolonialism factors negatively affecting Angola's drive for selfdetermination and freedom, as well as reviewing the strategic interaction between the domestic-political and foreign intervention factors driving the Angolan civil war.

294

The Southern Africa Region

Gunn, Gillian. "The Angolan Economy: A History of Contradictions," in Edmond J. Keller and Donald Rothchild (eds.) Afro-Marxist Regimes: Ideology and Public Policy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner (1987): 181-197. The author provides an interesting history on the contradictions of the Angolan political economy, and its extremely poor performance given the structural corruption among its political and economic elites in a protracted civil war environment. Gupta, Vijay. "A Guide to Angola-Namibia Negotiations," CSIS Africa Notes (September 1988): 16. The brief article provides a chronology to the Angola-Namibian negotiations. Gupta, Vijay. "Dynamics of Angolan Foreign Policy," Africa Quarterly (January-April 1988):8-34. The author examines the dynamics of Angolan foreign policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa and the international community. Hallett, Robin. "The South Africa Intervention in Angola," Africa Affairs vol. 77, no. 308 (July 1978):347-386. The author assesses the historical origins and policy impact of the South African military intervention into the Angola. Hamill, James. "Angola's Road from Under the Rubble," World Today (January 1994): 6-11. The brief article explores the vast devastation created by Angola's civil war and the problems faced in post civil war development and recovery. Hamilton, Russell G. Voices From the Empire: A History of Afro-Portuguese Literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975. The important text explores the history of African-Portuguese writing and thinking motivating African resistance to Portuguese imperialism and colonialism. Hare, Paul. Angola's Last Best Chance for Peace: An Insider's Account of the Peace Process. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Process, 1998. The author discusses the historical origins, political events and strategic implications of the 1994 Lusaka Peace protocol negotiated between Savimbi's UNITA and the MPLA government of Angola and the chances for peace in that war-ravaged country.

The Southern Africa Region

295

Heimer, Franz-Wilhelm. The Decolonization of Angola 1974-76. Geneva: Institute Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, 1979. The author explores the history of the decolonization process in Angola, and its African people's striving for self-determination and freedom from Portugal's colonial rule. Heitman, Helmoed-Römer. War in Angola: The Final South African Phase. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing, 1990. The author examines the South African political, military and security involvement in the protracted. Angolan civil war. Henderson, Lawrence W. The Church in Angola: A River of Many Currents. Cleveland, Ohio: Pilgrim Press, 1992. The author summarizes the historical role and the ideological impact of the Catholic Church in Angola and on its impoverished people. Henderson, Lawrence W. Angola: Five Centuries of Conflict. London: Cornell University Press, 1979. The author provides a historical background on the racial and class conflicts and resulting political instability in the extremely resource-rich Angola. Henriksen, Thomas H. "Lusophone Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and GuineaBissau," in Peter Duignan and Robert H. Jackson (eds.) Politics and Government in African States 1980-1985. London: Croom Helm (1986):377407. The author reviews Portugal's colonial and post-colonial political relations with Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique and African strategic reactions. "Hey Anybody Want a Gun?" Economist vol. 347, Issue 8068 (May 1998):4749. The article outlines the small arms trade and the measures developed countries have done to try to control the stockpiling of illegally purchased arms. Heywood, Linda M. "UNITA and Ethnic Nationalism in Angola," The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 27, no. 1 (March 1989):47-66. The author examines the ethnic nationalism element in UNITA's political strategy towards the conduct of the civil war and in its relations with the Angolan government and foreign states.

296

The Southern Africa Region

Holness, Marga, "Angola: The Struggle Continues," in Phyllis Johnson and David Martin (eds.) Frontline Southern Africa: Destructive Engagement. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, (1988):101-151. The author examines the major players, ideological contrasts, and the strategic issues involved in the Angolan civil war. Howland, Nina D. "The United States and Angola, 1974-88: A Chronology," Department of State Bulletin (Fall 1989):16-23. The author provides a historical summary of U.S. foreign relations with Angola from 1974-1988. Hull, Richard W. "United States Policy in Southern Africa," Current History. vol. 89, no. 547 (May 1990):193-196. The brief article explores US foreign policy towards the Southern African region, especially with regard to relations with Angola. Human Rights Watch. Angola: Arms Trade and Violations of the Laws of War Since the 1992 Elections. New York: Human Rights Watch Arms Project and the Human Rights Watch Africa, 1994. The report examines the out-ofcontrol arms trading in small arms, light weapons, ammunition systems and major conventional weapons in Angola after the negotiated settlement between the Angolan government and the Jonas Savimbi-led UNITA. It documents the severe violations of international human rights against the Angolan people by both parties, and their long-term human rights consequences. International Institute for Strategic Studies. Angola: From Battle Box to Battle Field. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1992. The report addresses the broadening military conflict in Angola. James, Martin W. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1971-1990. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publications, 1992. The author provides a political history of the major actors and parties in the Angolan civil war between 1971-1990. Jaspreet, Kindra and Chris Gordon. "South Africa: UNITA Gems Went to De Beers," Africa News (March 17, 2000). The United Nation's report into UNITA sanctions busters names Joe de Decker and his brother Ronnie as having run a diamonds-for-weapons trade with UNITA. The brothers are alleged to have supplied arms from Eastern Europe, including mortar

The Southern Africa Region

297

bombs, anti-tank weapons, anti-aircraft weapons, grenades, ammunition and small arms and light weapons. Jourdan, Paul. "The Minerals Industry of Angola," Raw Materials Report no. 1 (1987):20-40. The author examines the state of health of the raw materials industry in Angola. Kaufman, Michael T. "Jonas Savimbi, 67, Rebel of Charisma and Tenacity," New York Times (February 23, 2002):A6. The brief article addresses the political implications of the recent death of Jonas Savimbi of UNIT A, as well as the extremely terrible costs of the continuing civil war for the poor citizens of Angola. Kemp, Jack. "The Reagan Doctrine in Angola: Advocating American Support for UNITA," Africa Report (January-February 1986):12-14. The brief article outlines American right-wing conservatives support for Jonas Savimbi and UNITA of Angola. Khazanov, A.M. (Trans. by Cynthia Carlile). Agostinho Neto. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1986. The author provides a Russian analysis of the life and significance of Agostinho Neto, the father of modern Angola. Kitchen, Helen. Angola, Mozambique, and the West. Washington D.C.: Center for Strategic Studies (Washington Paper 130), 1987. The author reviews the West's political, economic and military involvement in Angola and Mozambique's internal affairs. Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay. "The Angolan War: A Study in Regional Security," The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations vol. 8, no. 2-3 (1986):142-59. The author analyzes the regional security implications of the Angolan civil war. Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay. "U.S.-Soviet Relations and Angola," Harvard International Review (January-February 1986): 15-19. The brief article outlines the history of U.S.-Soviet relations toward Angola and the Angolan revolution. Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay. The Angolan War: A Study of Soviet Policy in the Third World. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1980. The author analyzes the former Soviet Union's political and military policy towards the Angolan civil war.

298

The Southern Africa Region

Knudsen, Christine M. and I. William Zartman. "The Large Small War in Angola," The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science vol. 541 (September 1995). The authors make the point that under regular criteria the war in Angola would be considered a large war than a small war, and they explanation as to why the conflict has continued for so long. Krott, Rob. "Battle for Cabinda," New African (March 1998):12-15. The brief article assesses the battle for Cabinda enclave between UNITA and the MPLA. Lamont, James and Nicholas Shaxson. "Triumph for Luanda but Lasting Peace May Still be Elusive," Financial Times (February 25, 2002):3. The authors address the political implications for Angola of the recent death of Jonas Savimbi of UNITA. Legum, Colin. "Angola and the Horn of Africa," in Stephen S. Kaplan (ed.) Diplomacy of Power. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute (1981):574-80. The brief article examines the comparative political problems in Angola and the Horn of Africa. Leogrande, Wm. M. "Cuban-Soviet Relations and Cuban Policy in Africa," Cuban Studies/Estudios Cubanos (January 10, 1980):1-37. The author investigates the diplomatic history and political tensions of Cuban-Soviet relations and Cuba's political and military intervention policy towards SubSaharan Africa. Livingstone, Neil and Manfred Von Nordheim. "The United States Congress and the Angola Crisis," Strategic Review (Spring 1977):34-44. The authors discuss the legislative and ideological history of the US Congress towards Angola and the Angolan revolution. Luke, Timothy W. "Angola and Mozambique: Institutionalizing Social Revolution in Africa," Review of Politics (July 1982):413-36. The authors address the institutionalization of social revolution in Angola and Mozambique. MacFarlane, Neil. "The Soviet Union and Southern African Security," Problems of Communism vol. 38, no. 2-3 (March-June, 1989):71-89. The article examines the impact of the Soviet Union on Southern African security and stability.

The Southern Africa Region

299

MacQueen, Norrie. "Peacekeeping by Attrition: The United Nations in Angola," Journal of Modern African Studies. vol. 36, no. 3 (September 1998):399422. The author examines the United Nations' inconsistent peacekeeping activities in Angola, and its political and military implications for the people of Angola. Madison, Christopher. "Soviet Quagmire [Angola]," National Journal (March 9, 1988):944-947. The brief article assesses the historical role and political impact of Soviet Union and Cuba’s military involvement in the Angolan civil war. Maharaj, Davan. "Angola and Rebels Sign Cease-Fire Agreement," Los Angeles Times (April 5, 2002):A3. The brief article outlines the formal signing of a cease-fire agreement between the central government of Angola and the UNITA rebel group, which includes amnesty for UNITA fighters, and the disarming and re-integration of UNITA fighters and their families into the Angolan military and society. Maier, Karl. Angola: Promises and Lies. London: Serif, 1996. The author examines the political, military and economic dynamics in Angola and the country-sapping military struggle between the MPLA government and UNITA. Maier, Karl. "The Military Stalemate," Africa Report vol. 33, no. 3 (May-June 1988):33-36. The author discusses the historical origins, political dimensions and the strategic consequences of the conventional military stalemate between the armed forces of the Angolan government and UNITA. "Making Money Out of Angola," Economist vol. 352, Issue 8137 (September 18, 1999):52. The brief article assesses Human Rights Watch's call for the global enforcement of a ban on small arms proliferation and its implications for Angola. Maksoud, Clovis. "Arab Policy Towards Portuguese Colonialism," Africa Quarterly vol. 1, no. 3 (October.-December 1961):10-12. The author briefly assesses the historical content and policy dimensions of Arab foreign policy towards Portuguese colonialism in Africa and internationally.

300

The Southern Africa Region

Malaquias, A.V. "Diamonds are a Guerrilla's Best Friend: The Impact of Illicit Wealth on Insurgency Strategy," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 3 (2001):311-326. The author examines the historical impact and policy influence of diamonds and diamonds for weapons on the insurgent strategy of Savimbi's UNITA organization. Manning, Carrie. "The Collapse of Peace in Angola," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):208-212. The author investigates the cold war legacy and international and regional actors that drive the devastating Angolan war, and whether or not the war will end only with the complete exhaustion on both sides. Marcum, John. "Angola: War Again," Current History (May 1993):218-23. The brief article outlines the restart of the long-running civil war in Angola. Marcum, John. "The People's Republic of Angola: A Radical Vision Frustrated," in Edmond J. Keller and Donald Rothchild.(eds.) Afro-Marxist Regimes: Ideology and Public Policy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (1987):67-83. The author contends that the radical socialist vision of Angola's revolutionary founders have been frustrated by the civil war and the mismanagement of the political economy. Marcum, John. "United States Options in Angola," CSIS Africa Notes (December 1985):7. The brief article explores various American foreign policy options toward Angola. Marcum, John. "Angola: Perilous Transition to Independence," in Gwendolyn Carter and Patrick O'Meara (eds.) Southern Africa: The Continuing Crisis. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press (1982): 175-198. The author reviews the political transition from colonialism to independence in Angola. Marcum, John. The Angolan Revolution: Volume Two--Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare (1962-76). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978. The author examines the Angolan liberation movement's political and military struggle against Portuguese colonialism. Marcum, John. The Angolan Revolution: The Anatomy of an Explosion (195062). Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press, 1969. The author explores the historical origins and the political conflict of black and mixed raced Angolans against Portugal and the white power structure in Angola.

The Southern Africa Region

301

Marquez, Gabriel Garcia. "Operation Carlota [Cuban Intervention in Angola]," New Left Review (February-April 1977):123-37. The author outlines the Cuban military intervention into the Angolan civil war. Martin, James W. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, 1974-1990. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1992. The author provides a political history of the Angolan civil war between 1974-1999. Martin, Phyllis. Historical Dictionary of Angola. Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, 1980. The author provides a historical dictionary on Angolan political, economic, social and cultural dynamics. Mathiak, L. "Light Weapons and Internal Conflict in Angola," in J. Boutwell, M. Klare, and L. Reed (eds.) Lethal Commerce: The Global Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons. Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Science (1994):8-97. The author outlines the bartering of diamonds for small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons by UNITA's leader, Jonas Savimbi, (who personally profited significantly from the diamonds for weapons trade). He also describes the payment in oil wealth by the Angola's government (generating excessive levels of corruption and profits for the corrupted Angolan elite, including bank loans on embezzled oil, kickbacks on arms trafficking, and a fraud-riddled military procurement process) for similar weapons systems from international arms traders to fight the civil war. Matloff, Judith. Fragments of a Forgotten War. Sandton: Penguin Books, 1997. The author addresses the Angolan civil war between UNITA and the Angolan government. Mayer, Jean. "Development Problems and Prospects in Portuguese-Speaking Africa," International Labour Review vol. 129, no. 4 (1990):459-478. The author examines the economic development problems and prospects in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. McFaul, Michael. "The Demise of the World Revolutionary Process: SovietAngolan Relations Under Gorbachev," Journal of Southern African Studies (March 1990):165-189. The author investigates Soviet foreign policy towards Angola under President Gorbachev.

302

The Southern Africa Region

McFaul, Michael. "Rethinking the 'Reagan Doctrine' in Angola," International Security vol. 14, no. 3 (Winter 1989/90):99-135. The author reassesses the Reagan Doctrine's utility towards advancing US interests in Angola. McHugh, Matthew F. "Angola and American Interests: One of the U.S. Congress' Leading Opponents of Assistance to UNITA Argues that such an Option Contradicts Long-term American Policy Goals and Interests in Southern Africa," Africa Report (January-February 1986):9-11. The brief article contends that US material support for UNITA does not satisfy US long-term interests in Angola. Meldrum, Andrew. "Angola: Two Steps Back," Africa Report (March-April 1994):44-46. The author briefly outlines the protracted nature of the Angolan civil war between UNITA and the Angolan government. Meldrum, Andrew. "Angola: the American Connection," Africa Report (September-October 1990):55-57. The brief article reviews US foreign policy towards Angola. Mendes, Maria Clara. "Slum Housing in Luanda, Angola: Problems and Possibilities," in R.A. Obudho and Constance C. Mhlanga (eds.) Slum and Squatter Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa: Toward a Planning Strategy. New York: Praeger (1988):231-243. The author examines the extremely serious slum housing (and related urban) problems in Luanda, Angola and its negative impact on the poor urban Angolan population in that once beautifully functional city. Merinov, S. and A. Kemarsky. "People's Angola: Achievements and Difficulties," International Affairs (December 1985):41-8. The author addresses the achievements and difficulties faced by the MPLA government of Angola in the cold war period. Messiant, Christine. "Angola, The Challenge of Statehood", in David Birmingham and Phillis Martin (eds.) History of Central Africa, Vol. III: The Contemporary Years, London: Longman (1998):131-165. The author analyzes the great political, economic and socio-cultural challenges of statehood for Angola and its beleaguered people. Messiant, Christine. "Social and Political Background to the 'Democratization' and the Peace Process in Angola," in Democratization in Angola. Leiden,

The Southern Africa Region

303

African Studies Centre (1993):13-42. The author explores the social and political background to the democratization movement and the on-going peace process in Angola. Miller, Jake C. "America and the Angolan Civil War," TransAfrica Forum (Winter 1991-92):53-66. The author investigates the historical impact and consequences of the U.S. foreign policy decisions on the civil war in Angola. Minter, William. Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique London: Zed Books, 1994. The author examines the historical origins and political struggles of the major liberation movements in Angola (MPLA and UNITA) and in Mozambique (FREMLIMO and RENAMO). The strategic influence of South Africa, the Portuguese, and other external actors during the Cold War on the development of democracy and self-determination in the Southern African region is discussed. Minter, William. "The US and the War in Angola," Review of African Political Economy (March 1991):135-44. The author assesses the role and impact of U.S. power on the Angolan civil war. Minter, William. "Angola: Behind the UNITA (National Union For the Complete Independence of Angola) Curtain." Africa Report vol. 35, no. 2 (May-June 1990):45-48. The author provides a brief political history on the aims of UNITA in the Angolan civil war. Miti, Katabaro. "Negotiated Settlements in Southern Africa: An Overview," Africa Quarterly no. 3/4 (1990):1-16. The author gives an analysis on the history and consequences of negotiated political settlements in the Southern Africa region. "Mitterrand Son Held in Probe of Arms Sales to Angolans," International Herald Tribune (December 22, 2000):7. The article examines the indictment of Jean-Christophe Mitterrand (and friend, Paul-Loup Sulitzer, a well-known author and former businessman)---son of the late President of France, Francois Mitterrand and a special adviser to the President Mitterrand on Africa (1986-1992). They are charged with running an illegal arms trafficking network in Angola (using Brenco International as the front trading company). Mr. Peter Falcone of Brenco International and an

304

The Southern Africa Region

associate of these well connected Frenchmen, was also indicted and arrested earlier for illegal gunrunning in Africa. The gunrunning activities in Angola by Arcadi Gaydamask, a Russian billionaire, Jacques Attali, President Mitterrand's adviser in the 1980s and former head of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Jean-Charles Marchiani, a European Parliament deputy, and key associates of Charles Pasqua, the former Interior Minister, are also being investigated. Mohanty, Gills. Political Development and Ethnic Identity in Africa: A Study of Angola since 1960. New Delhi, India: Radiant Publishers, 1992. The author explores the strategic interaction between ethnic identity and political development in Angola since the 1960s. Morna, Colleen L. "Angola: Ready For Peace?" Africa Report vol. 35, no. 3 (July-August 1990):39-42. The author assesses the prospects for peace in the Angolan civil war. Morna, Colleen L. and Daphne Topouzis. "Women and Children on the Frontline: Interviews With Graca Machel and Maria Eugenia Neto," Africa Report vol. 33, no. 4 (July-August 1988):32-39. The authors interview the former wives of the founders of the Angolan and Mozambique revolutions, Maria Neto and Graca Machel. Morrison, J. Stephen. "Mr. Savimbi Goes to Washington," Africa Report vol. 33, no. 5 (September-October 1988):55-58. The brief article details Jonas Savimbi's political meetings with conservative circles in the United States. Moyiga, Nduru. "Angola: UNITA's Economic Sabotage," African Business (March 1993):11-14. The author outlines UNITA's strategy of economically destabilizing Angola and specifies the central targets of its economic sabotage activities throughout the country. Mukund, B. and R.L. Chawla. "India and Lusophone Africa: The Economic Dimension," Africa Quarterly vol. 35, no. 4 (1995):51-62. The authors examine trends in India's economic relations with Lusophone Africa. Munslow, Barry. "Angola: The Politics of Unsustainable Development," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 3 (1999):551-569. The author analyzes the politics of unsustainable development in an oil and diamond rich Angola where corruption is rife among the elites and the various warring factions.

The Southern Africa Region

305

Napper, Larry C. "The African Terrain and U.S.-Soviet Conflict in Angola and Rhodesia: Some Implications for Crisis Prevention," in Alexander George (ed.) Managing U.S.-Soviet Rivalry: Problems of Crisis Prevention. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (1983): 155-86. The author addresses the U.S.Soviet strategic involvement in the political conflicts in Angola and Rhodesia. Natsoulas, Theodore. "Race Relations in Portuguese Africa: A Bibliographic Inquiry," Journal of African Studies no. 2 (1981):79-84. The author provides a brief bibliographic review of race relations and racism throughout Portuguese Africa. Nesbitt, Prexy. "Angola and Mozambique 1992," Africa Today (1992):6-27. The author examines the contrasting political status of Angola and Mozambique in 1992. Nkeita, Tazuary. "Angola: Dos Santos Ceases to Believe in Outside Solutions," Southern Africa: Political & Economic Monthly (September 1993):19-21. The brief article assesses whether or not President Santos believes that external solution(s) to the long-standing and brutal Angolan civil war were possible. Novicki, Margaret A. "Jose Eduardo dos Santos, President, the People's Republic of Angola: Interview," Africa Report vol. 31, no. 1 (JanuaryFebruary 1986):4-6. The author interviews the president of Angola, Jose Eduardo dos Santos on the status of Angola in its continuing war with Savimbi's UNITA movement. Nwuneli, Onuora E. and Olatunji Dare. "The Nigerian Press and the Civil War in Angola," Current Bibliography on African Affairs vol. 9, no. 4 (1976):302-316. The authors analyze the role that the Nigerian press played in reporting on the Angolan civil war. O'Conner, Gillian. "De Beers is Optimistic on Angolan Deal," Financial Times (August 27, 2001):15: The brief article discusses the negotiations between De Beers, the South African diamond multinational and Endiama, the Angolan state diamond company (and the Angolan government). In the negotiations, De Beers is seeking exclusive international marketing rights to all Endiama diamonds.

306

The Southern Africa Region

Ododa, Harry O. "The Dynamics of Decolonization in Angola and the Impact of the MPLA Victory on the Future of White Minority Rule in South Africa," Pan-African Journal vol. 10, no. 1 (1977):73-84. The author assesses the strategic political significance of the MPLA victory on the future of white minority rule in South Africa and in Southern African region. Ogunbadejo, Oye. "Non-Alignment in Africa's International Relations: The Case of Angola," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations (1981):16-45. The author explores the non-alignment dynamic in Angola's foreign policy. Ogunbadejo, Oye. "Angola: Ideology and Pragmatism in Foreign Policy," International Affairs vol. 57 (Spring 1981 ):254-69. The author analyzes the significance of ideology and pragmatism in defining Angolan foreign policy. Ohlson, Thomas. "The Cuito-Cuanavale Syndrome: Revealing SADF Vulnerability," South African Review (1989):181-190. The author examines the military weaknesses in the operations of the South African Defense Force in its military involvement in the Angolan civil war. Oliver, David. "Oil from Sudan, Diamonds from Angola Could All Be Financing Civil Wars," National Post (December 9, 1999):C16. The author contends that African countries are exploiting their natural resources to finance their civil wars. Olivier, B.J. The Strategic Significance of Angola. Pretoria: Institute for Strategic Studies, University of Pretoria, 1984. The report outlines the strategic importance of Angola to South Africa and the stability of the Southern African region. O'Neill, Kathryn and Barry Munslow. "Ending the Cold War in Southern Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 12, no. 3/4 (1991):81-96. The authors assess the end of the cold war on Southern African states such as Angola and Namibia and the power politics behind the negotiations that encouraged Cuban and Soviet troops to leave Angola and resulted in the independence of Namibia. Ottaway, David and Marina Ottaway. Afrocommunism. New York: Africana, 1981. The authors provide a definitive analysis on the historical role and

The Southern Africa Region

307

political impact of the Afrocommunism ideology on African states with socialist tendencies. Owolabi, Ajam Olayiwola. "China, Soviet Union, and the Angolan Independence Struggle," Lusophone Areas Studies Journal no. 5 (1986):99-112. The article examines the influence of the Soviet Union and China on the Angolan liberation struggle. Panafrican News Agency. "Angola: South Africa Releases Names of UNITA Collaborators," Africa News (March 16, 2000). The article argues that the South African government revealed the names of nine influential residents who flouted United Nations sanctions by engaging in a continuing illicit diamonds/arms trade with the rebel organization National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. This comes in the wake of a report that gives a comprehensive look at how the rebel group has successfully circumvented UN sanctions by buying conventional weapons, mainly from Bulgaria. Pascoe, Wm. W. Angola Tests the Reagan Doctrine. Washington D.C.: Heritage Foundation, 1985. The author provides a conservative analysis of the Reagan Doctrine towards Southern Africa, with an emphasis on Angola. Pazzanita, Anthony G. "The Conflict Resolution Process in Angola," The Journal of African Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (1991):83-114. The author analyzes the political and ideological factors driving the civil war in Angola from 1976 to 1986, the punishing military events of 1987, and the resulting peace negotiations of 1988. Pepetela, Mayombe. A Novel of the Angolan Struggle. London: Heinemann African Writers Series, 1983. The author provides a tragic but honest analysis of the Angolan civil war. Pereira, Anthony W. "The Neglected Tragedy - The Return to War in Angola, 1992-3," Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 32, Issue 1 (March 1994):1-28. The author examines the historical brutality and the material destruction of the long-running war in Angola between the MPLA and UNITA. Pierre, Richard. "The Social Dimensions of Adjustment in Angola," Luanda: UNICEF, 1989. The author carefully examines the historical origins and

308

The Southern Africa Region

social dimensions of adjustment by the Angolan population to the ravages and brutalities of the civil war between UNITA and the Angolan government. Pierre, Andrew J. "Cascade of Arms: Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 2 (April 2000). The author addresses the large volume of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons in circulation in the Third World and he offers new monitoring mechanisms for tighter international control. Prendergast, John. Angola’s Deadly War: Dealing with Savimbi’s Hell on Earth. Washington DC: United States Institute for Peace Special Report, October 1999. The report examines Jonas Savimbi's strategic role in pursuing the long-running and brutal civil war in Angola. "Prepared Testimony of Eli Haas President Diamond Dealers Club," Federal News Service (May 9, 2000). The brief report discusses diamond industry solutions to the diamond smuggling occurring in Angola, Sierra Leone and the Democratic Republic of Congo; as well as what measures the United States could implement to control the proliferation of conflict diamonds. "Pressure to Tighten Embargo," Africa Energy and Mining no. 248 (March 17,1999). The brief report explores the UN Security Council's decision to apply implement a tighter embargo on conflict diamonds in Angola and elsewhere. "Purchase And Exploiting Of Diamonds By Individuals Restricted In Angola," Xinhua General Overseas News Service (October 27, 1993). The article outlines the policy measures that Angola has implemented to protect its national diamond industry from UNITA. Pycroft, Christopher. "Angola--'The Forgotten Tragedy,"' Journal of Southern African Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (June 1994):241-262. The author examines the long-running civil war in Angola between the MPLA government and the UNITA faction, and the economic and social impact on the beleaguered Angolan people. Radio France International. "Angola, Belgium, Togo, Burkina Faso Deny UN Charges of Diamond Deals With UNITA," BBC Monitoring Africa (March 18, 2000). A major UN report accuses African states of being involved in

The Southern Africa Region

309

the illegal diamonds trade. South Africa admitted that some of its nationals are also involved in diamond embargo busting. Renner, Michael. "An Epidemic of Guns," World Watch vol. 11, Issue 4 (JulyAugust 1998):22-30. The author contends that the proliferation of small arms and light weapons present in military conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa tends to escalate those military conflicts toward higher levels of brutality and terror. Renner, Michael. "‘Small Arms’ Are Easy To Get, Hard To Control," Christian Science Monitor vol. 90, Issue 5 (December 1997): 18. The author describes the qualities and characteristics of small arms that make them desirable in the majority of military conflicts. Robbins, Carla Anne. Looking for Another Angola: Cuban Policy Dilemmas in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Latin American Program, Wilson Center, 1979. The author outlines Cuba’s political and ideological policy problems in materially assisting Sub-Saharan Africa, with a specific case emphasis on Angola. "Rocks That Kill," Economist vol. 351, no. 8121 (May 29, 1999):42. The article examines the Angolan diamond trade and how the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) had been funding its war efforts against the government through the sale of diamonds. Also discussed is the United Nations' policy to enforce a ban on the purchasing of diamonds from UNIT A, the allegation that Zambia is profiting in the diamond trade with UNIT A, and the public relations effort of the global diamond company De Beers to assist in the diamond ban. Rothchild, Donald. "Conflict Management in Angola," TransAfrica Forum (Spring 1991):77-101. The author evaluates the political history and the practical effectiveness of conflict management in light of the brutal civil war in Angola. Rothchild, Donald and Caroline Hartzeli. "Great and Medium Power Mediations: Angola," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science no. 518 (November 1991):39-57. The authors examine the utility and effectiveness of great and medium powers' mediation strategies in Angola.

310

The Southern Africa Region

Rozes, Antonie. "Les Cubains en Angola: De La Victorie a L'Impasse Politique (1975-1988)," Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains vol. 48 (1988):183-204. The author assesses the impact of the Cuban political and military intervention on the Angolan civil war and the Southern African region in general. Rusk, John D. "Warfare and Human Rights in Angola and Mozambique," Africa Today (1987):33-42. The author examines the impact of the civil wars in Angola and Mozambique on the human rights situations in the two Southern African states. Sadiqual, Shanti. "Agostinbo Neto--A Tribute," Africa Quarterly vol. 19, no. 3 (October-December 1979):368-371. The brief article outlines Agostinbo Neto's contribution to the liberation of Angola from Portugal. Sahu, Manendra. "Angola: No End to Civil War," African Currents vol. 13, no. 26 (October 1998):78-87. The author posits that the civil war in Angola has no end in sight because of the intractability of the political and ideological conflict between the leadership cadres of the MPLA and UNITA. Sá Machado, Victor. "Portugal and Africa: Healing Old Wounds," Africa Report. vol. 31, no. 1 (January 1986):81. The brief article reports on the movement towards reconciliation between Portugal and Portuguesespeaking Africa. Santoro, Lara. "The Big Guns: Angola and Rwanda," Christian Science Monitor vol. 90, Issue 192 (August 27, 1998):6. The brief report suggests that Angola is involved in the Congo war to defeat UNITA; and that Rwanda is involved to defeat insurgent rebel factions related to its genocide history. Santos, Daniel dos. "The Second Economy in Angola: Esquema and Candonga," in Maria Los (ed.) The Second Economy in Marxist States. London: Macmillan (1990):157-174. The author discusses the alternative economic system in Angola and the strategic implications for its shattered political economy. Santos, Daniel dos. "Cabinda: The Politics of Oil Angola's Enclave," in Robin Cohen (ed.) African Islands and Enclaves. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage (1983):101-118. The author examines origins and implications of the

The Southern Africa Region

311

domestic and international politics influencing the oil rich Angolan province of Cabinda. Santos, Daniel dos. "Reaction to the South African Invasion," Africa Report vol. 26, no. 6 (November-December 1981):9. The brief article outlines Angola's initial political and military reaction(s) to the South African military invasion. Saul, John S. "From Thaw to Flood: The End of the Cold War in Southern Africa," Review of African Political Economy no. 50 (March 1991):145158. The author reviews political and ideological origins and implications of the end of the Cold War for the states in the Southern Africa region. Savimbi, Jonas, "The War Against Soviet Colonialism: The Strategy and Tactics of Anti-Communist Resistance", Policy Review vol. 35 (Winter 1986):1824. The brief article provides a conservative perspective on Jonas Savimbi, the billionaire leader of UNITA, and its political and military engagement with the Soviet Union during the Angolan civil war. Sayagues, Mercedes. "Angola: A Little Breathing Space," Africa Report vol. 40, no. 3 (May-June 1995):13-17. The brief article explores the devastating impact of the civil war on Angola's political economy and on its warravaged and desperate people. Scott, Catherine V. "Men in Our Country Behave Like Chiefs: Women in the Angolan Revolution," in Mary Ann Tetreault (ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina (1994):89-110. The author analyzes the historical role and strategically importance of the involvement and participation of African women in all political phrases of the Angolan revolution and in its immediate aftermath. Scott, Catherine V. "International Capital and the Oil-Producing States in Africa: An Analysis of Angola, Nigeria, and Algeria," Journal of Developing Societies vol. 8 (1992):179-93. The author provides a comparative analysis of the historical origins and economic impact of international capital flows on the economies of oil-producing states of Algeria, Angola and Nigeria. Scott, Catherine V. "Socialism and the 'Soft State' in Africa: An Analysis of Angola and Mozambique," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 1

312

The Southern Africa Region

(March 1988):23-36. The author examines the impact of African socialism on the domestic and foreign policies of Angola and Mozambique. "Security Council to Hold Open Debate on Angola," Xinhua General News Service (March 14, 2000). The UN Security Council scheduled a another debate on Angola on how the rebel National Union for the Total Independence of Angola has been able to circumvent UN sanctions by illegally selling massive volumes of gems and diamonds for large purchases of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons systems. "Shaming The Sanctions Busters," Economist vol. 354, no. 8162 (March 18, 2000):46. The brief article describes the March 15, 2000 publication of a report detailing how UNITA rebels trade diamonds for guns and fuel, the alleged involvement of Presidents Gnassingbe Eyadema of Togo and Blaise Compaore of Burkina Faso in the illegal trade, and services they provided UNITA rebels. Rebel links with governments, arms suppliers are revealed, and recommendations to end the conflict are discussed including sanctions. Shaxson, Nicholas. "Angola Signs Ceasefire Deal with Unita Rebels," Financial Times (April 1, 2002):3. The brief article outlines the memorandum of understanding between the Angolan government and the leadership of the post-Savimbi UNITA which calls for the transformation of UNITA into a political party, disarmament of UNITA, integration of UNITA fighters into the Angolan army and UNITA's acceptance of the 1994 Lusaka protocol. Shaxson, Nicholas. "N Pins Hope on Angolan Sanction," Times Media (August 16, 1999):9. The author discusses Jonas Savimbi's role in trafficking diamonds and arms and the negative impact UN sanctions would have on the diamond processing and diamond cutting industry in Belgium. Shiner, Cindy. "The World's Worst War," Africa Report (January-February 1994):13-16. The author posits that the civil war in Angola is the world's worst conflict in terms of its tremendous destruction of the country's infrastructure, the many deaths and the mutilation of its citizens, the loss of great treasure to buy guns and the great structural corruption among the country's governmental and business elites. Shiner, Cindy. "The World's Worst War," Africa Report (January-February 1994):13-16. The brief article outlines the destructively savage civil war in Angola.

The Southern Africa Region

313

Sidaway, James and David Simon. "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 19, no. 1 (March, 1993):6-28. The authors discuss the changing political geography of state formation in Angola, Mozambique and Namibia. Sidler, Peter. "Angola, Namibia and their Guerrillas," Swiss Review of World Affairs no. 34 (January 1985):8-11. The brief article describes the historical role and political participation of African guerrillas in the civil wars in Angola and Namibia. "Silencing the Guns of Angola," Newsweek (July 3, 1989):31. The brief article notes the meeting between Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos and the UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi and their tentative agreement to end the civil war. Simmons, Ann M. "Rebel Leader's Death Revives Angola's Peace Hopes," Los Angeles Times (February 24, 2002):A5. The brief article reviews the political implications for Angola and the Southern African region with the recent death of Jonas Savimbi of UNITA. Simmons, Ann M. "Angola Says It Killed Leading Rebel Savimbi," Los Angeles Times (February 23, 2002):A3. The brief article suggests that the recent death of Jonas Savimbi of UNITA---with the very heavy infrastructure devastation that the long-running war between UNITA and the MPLA government has recreated---has dearly cost Angola's children and people, and its national political economy and national development well into the future. Simon, D. "Angola: The Peace in Not Yet Fully Won," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (1998):495-503. The author assesses the changing political prospects for peace and stability in a war-torn Angola between the central government and the rebel faction UNITA, and the implications for the Angolan people. Simpson, Chris. "Angola: The Undemocratic Game," Africa Report (JulyAugust 1993):49-51. The brief article examines the persistence of undemocratic politics practiced by the MPLA-led government in war-torn Angola.

314

The Southern Africa Region

Singh, Dinesh. "Angola: Conflict and Elusive Settlement," Africa Quarterly vol. 35, no. 4 (1995):93-110. The author explores the intractable political difficulties of bringing the Angolan civil war to an end and restoring Angola to some level of post-war normalcy. Smith, Wayne. "The Cuban Role in Angola," in Richard J. Bloomfield (ed.) Regional Conflict and U.S. Policy: Angola and Mozambique. World Peace Foundation Study (1988):120-133. The author assesses Cuba's military role and influence on Angola's search for independence and self-determination. Smock, David R. and John Prendergast. NGOs and the Peace Process in Angola. Washington DC: US Institute of Peace Special Report, April 1996. The authors investigate the role and impact of NGOs in the torturous Angolan peace process. Solomon, Hussein. Angola: A Case Study of Aggression, Avarice and Anguish. Switzerland: Swiss Peace Foundation-Institute for Conflict Resolution, 2000. The author provides a historical background to the Angolan war, an assessment for the frequent failures of past peace accords, and what can be learned from the Angolan case study. Sommerville, Keith. "Angola—Groping Towards Peace and Slipping Back Towards War?" Terrorism and Political War Violence vol. 8, no. 4 (Winter 1996):11-39. The author analyzes the long-standing and brutal ebbs and flows of the Angolan civil war between UNITA and the Angolan MPLA government. Sommerville, Keith. "Angola: Soviet Client State or State of Socialist Orientation?" Millennium (Winter 1984):292-310. The author explores whether or not Angola is a client state or an independent state in its foreign relations with the great powers. Sommerville, Keith. "The U.S.S.R. and Southern Africa Since 1976," Journal of Modern African Studies. vol. 22, no. 1 (March 1984):73-108. The author examines the former Soviet Union's policies in the Southern Africa region. Soremekun, Fola. "Instant Socialism: Angola's Approach to Development Since Independence," Lusophone Areas Studies Journal (1983):1-21. The author assesses Angola's adoption of socialism to inform its strategic ideological approach to economic development.

The Southern Africa Region

315

Soremekun, Fola. Angola: The Road to Independence. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: University of Ife Press, 1983. The author explores Angola's striving for independence and self-determination under the most difficult of political a and economic circumstances, with the great powers and internal domestic factions doing their very best to prevent the realization of these strategic objectives by the Angolan government. Sotumbi, Abiodun Olufemi. "Nigeria's Recognition of the MPLA Government in Angola: A Case Study in Decision-Making and Implementation," Lagos, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, 1981. The report analyzes the origins and consequences of Nigeria's decision-making and diplomatic implementation of the political decision to recognize the MPLA government in Angola. "South Africa: UNITA Gems Went To De Beers," African News (March 17, 2000). The United Nations released a report on UNITA’s involvement in trading diamonds for arms, with the diamonds allegedly purchased by De Beer; and with several countries named by the United Nation as having helped UNITA in the extremely profitable and illegal diamond for arms trading business. "South Africa’s De Beers Stops Buying Angola Diamonds," Deutsche PresseAgentur (October 7, 1999). The article discusses UNITA’s control of Angolan diamond mines and the move by the global diamond multinational, De Beer, to stop the purchase of UNITA's diamonds formally used to purchase the massive flows of arms that is destroying the country's people and environment. Spikes, Daniel. Angola and the Politics of Intervention: From Local Bush War to Chronic Crisis in Southern Africa. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 1993. The author examines the violent civil war in Angola and its strategic impact on the stability of the Southern African region. Steenkamp, Willem. South Africa's Border War (1966-1989). Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing, 1989. The author addresses the insurgent war on South Africa's borders with the rise of African liberation movements throughout the region.

316

The Southern Africa Region

Steenkamp, Willem. Borderstrike!: South Africa into Angola. Woburn, MA: Butterworths, 1983. The author explores the political origins and the strategic consequences of the South African military's invasion of Angola. Stockwell, John. In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story. New York: Norton, 1978. The classic text on CIA's massive covert military involvement in Angolan and Southern African regional affairs. Swarns, Rachel L. "Angola Urged to Trace Its Revenue From Oil," New York Times (May 14, 2002):A9. The brief article examines the central Angolan government's structural mismanagement of its massive oil revenue stream in the post-Savimbi period, and the great need to find money and increase social spending for the extremely destitute Angolan people. Swarns, Rachel L. "Angolans Cheer the Peace and Hope It Will Stay Awhile," New York Times (April 5, 2002):A3. The brief article outlines the formal cease fire agreement in Angola between the central government and UNITA rebels after over two decades of destabilizing war, great corruption, and deep poverty and misery for ordinary Africans in the war-torn Southern African state. Swarns, Rachel L. "Oil Abounds, Misery Too: A Case Study," New York Times (January 14, 2001):6. The author outlines the post-cold war American engagement with the corrupt Angolan government, the growing US dependence on Angolan oil, and that a majority of ordinary Angolans have not benefited at all from US policy. Swarns, Rachel L. "Angola Tries to Step Back from War's Abyss," New York Times (December 24, 2000):1. The article describes the depressing living conditions endured by the Angolan people because of the civil war between the corrupt Savimbi and UNITA forces and the equally corrupt and inept government of Jose Eduardo dos Santos. The billions of dollars per year paid by global oil corporations for Angola's sweet crude has been squandered to pay for the civil war and to line the pockets of governmental officials. At the same time, the government has allowed electrical, road, water, sanitation, and housing infrastructure to deteriorate beyond realistic repair (except in the enclaves of the Angolan elite). The government also has permitted foreign charities to publicly take care of millions of despairing Angolans, itself refusing to allocate the hard currency required

The Southern Africa Region

317

towards improving social and economic conditions for its devastated citizens. Topouzis, Daphne. "Interview With Jonas Savimbi," Africa Report. vol. 33, no. 4 (July-August, 1988):49-50. The author provides a brief interview with the UNITA chief, Jonas Savimbi. Traore, Amadou. "Angola: the Signs of Revival," Courier (March-April 1992):11-14. The author examines a transitory political and economic revival in Angola in the early 1990s. "Trapped in the Middle," Economist vol. 350, Issue 8100 (January 2,1999):41. The brief report outlines the stockpiling of small arms and munitions in Angola with the stockpiling of small arms and the lack of problem recognition by the United Nations. Tvedten, Inge. Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. The author explores Angola's search for peace and reconstruction in the midst of a devastating civil war that has demoralized the Angolan people and left the country in complete operational ruin. Tvedten, Inge. "US Policy Towards Angola Since 1975," Journal of Modern African Studies (March 1992):31-52. The author assesses U.S. foreign policy toward Angola since the 1970s, and the role and impact of US power in politically, economically and militarily destabilizing the country. "UN Tries to Cut Off Trade in UNITA Diamonds," Business Times (South Africa) (May 30, 1999):23. The brief report outlines the United Nations' effort to prevent UNITA from bartering Angolan diamonds for arms and money. "UN Tries to Cut Off Trade in UNITA Diamonds," Business Times (South Africa) (May 30, 1999):23. The article outlines UN policy to end weapons trading and diamond trade ties associated with UNITA, and the central role of De Beers, the South African multinational, in framing and influencing global and regional diamond policy. US Congress, Assessment of Angola’s Government of National Unity, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives (April 24, 1997). The hearings assess the chances

318

The Southern Africa Region

for a successful government of national unity between the MPLA and UNITA US Congress, Hearing on Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives (March 13, 1997). The hearings examine the prospects for a government of national unity in Angola. US Congress, Current Assessment of the Peace Process in Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives (May 1, 1996). The hearings explore the peace process negotiations between the MPLA and UNITA. US Congress, The Road to Democracy in Angola, Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations (March 12, 1996). The hearings discuss the prospects for democratic reforms in Angola. US Congress, Prospects for Peace and Democracy in Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives (July 13,1995). The hearings investigate the prospects for democracy and peace in Angola. US Congress, The Quest for Peace in Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (November 16, 1993). The hearings explore the search for peace in Angola from the U.S. perspective. US Congress, The Angolan Elections: Prospects for War and Peace, Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (November 19, 1992). The hearings assess the status and direction of Angolan elections and the search for a national unity government. US Congress, Political Developments and Prospects for Peace in Mozambique and Review of the Electoral Process in Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (October 8, 1992). The hearings examine peace prospects in Mozambique and the status of the electoral process in Angola. US Congress, Potential for U.S. Private Sector Activity in Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of

The Southern Africa Region

319

Representatives, (March 3, 1992). The hearings assess the potential economic and financial investment opportunities by the US business in Angola's oil sector. US Congress, A Review of United States Policy Toward Political Negotiations in Angola, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (September 27, 1989). The hearings explore American policy towards political negotiations in Angola in the late 1980s. US Congress, New Reports of Human Rights Violations in the Angolan Civil War, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (April 12, 1989). The report assesses new information on major and continuing human rights violations in the Angolan civil war in the 1980s. US Congress, U.S. Response to Relief Efforts in Sudan, Ethiopia, Angola, and Mozambique, Joint Hearing before the Select Committee on Hunger and the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (March 10, 1988). The hearings outline U.S. relief assistance toward Sub-Saharan African states. US Congress, Possible Violation or Circumvention of the Clark Amendment: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (1987). The hearings discussed circumvention of the Clark Amendment on Angola. US Congress, Angola: Options for American Foreign Policy, Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (February 18, 1986). The hearings discuss U.S. foreign policy options towards Angola. US Congress, Legislation to Require that any United States Government Support for Military or Paramilitary Operations in Angola be Openly Acknowledged and Publicly Debated, Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Africa, House of Representatives (April 22 and 23, 1986). The hearings document strong U.S. legislative support for openly siding with UNITA in the region and internationally. US Congress, Angola: Should the United States Support UNITA? Hearing before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representa-

320

The Southern Africa Region

tives (1986). The hearings explored whether or not the United States should formally support UNITA against FRELIMO politically, economically and militarily. US Congress, Angola: Intervention or Negotiation. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (October 31, November 12, 1985). The hearings explore the debate on whether political negotiation or military intervention should inform American foreign policy toward Angola. US Congress, Regional Destabilization in Southern Africa, Hearing Sub-Committee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs Regional Destabilization in Southern Africa (December 8, 1982). The hearings examined U.S. and South African destabilization efforts in the region. US Congress, United States Policy Toward Southern Africa: Focus on Namibia, Angola, and South Africa, Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (September 16, 1981). The hearings provided a broad historical and political-economic analysis of U.S. policy towards Southern Africa. US Congress, United States Policy Toward Angola, Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives (September 17-30, 1980). The hearings outlined U.S. and Angolan relations. US Congress, United States - Angolan Relations, Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa, House Committee on International Relations (September 17 and 30, 1980). The hearings examined U.S. and Angolan relations. US

Congress, United States-Angolan Relations, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives (May 25, 1978). The hearings outlined the state of American and Angola political, economic and security relations and problems.

US Congress, U.S. Policy on Angola, Hearing of the Subcommittee on Africa, House Committee on International Relations (January 26, 1976). The hearings investigate U.S. foreign security policy toward Angola.

The Southern Africa Region

321

US Congress, Disaster Assistance in Angola, Hearing of the Subcommittee on International Resources, Food, and Energy, House Committee on International Relations, (November 5, 1975, February 26, 1976, and March 10, 1976). The hearings discussed disaster assistance to Angola. US Congress, U.S. Involvement in Civil War in Angola, Hearing of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (January 29, February 3, 4 and 6, 1976). The hearings assessed U.S. involvement in the Angolan civil war. US Congress, U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa [Angola], Hearing of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (June 16, 1975). The hearings focused on US policy toward Angola and Southern Africa. "US Initiatives for De-mining and Land Mine Control," US Department of State Dispatch vol. 5, Issue 5 (May 30, 1994):362. The brief article details the problem of landmines that Angola and Liberia are increasingly facing; and the development of a four-track strategy by the United States to solve the problem. "US Policy Toward Angola: Pro & Con," Congressional Digest (April 1986):99128. The report examines American foreign policy towards Angola and its actors, Jonas Savimbi and UNITA and the Angolan government. Venter, Alex J. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999. The author addresses the history and the destabilizing political outcome(s) of the Lusaka Peace process between the MPLA government and Jonas Savimbi's UNITA organization. Venter, Alex J. "Mercenaries Fuel Next Round in Angolan Civil War," International Defense Review vol. 29, no. 3 (March 1996):65. The author provides a brief report on the entry and implications of South African mercenaries' involvement in the Angolan civil war. Venter, Alex J. "Executive Outcomes' Mercs and Migs Turn Tide in Angola," Soldier of Fortune (January 1996):31-76. The author explores the involvement of Executive Outcomes' introduction of mercenaries and fighters jets in the Angolan civil war and its services paid for by the Angolan government.

322

The Southern Africa Region

Venter, Alex J. "Why Portugal Lost Its African Wars," in A.J. Venter (ed.) Challenges: Southern Africa within the African Revolutionary Context. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing Ltd., (1989):224-272. The author provides a strategic assessment on why Portugal and its well-trained and well-led army lost its African wars and colonies. Vines, Alex J. Peace Postponed: Angola Since the Lusaka Protocol. London; Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1998. The author evaluates the political, economic and social problems faced by Angola since the implementation of the Lusaka Protocols. Vines, Alex J. "Angola and Mozambique: The Aftermath of Conflict," Conflict Studies 280 (May/June 1995):1-27. The author examines the temporary negotiated termination of the military conflicts in Angola and Mozambique and the resulting political and social implications for those states. Virmani, K.K. (ed.) Angola and the Superpowers. Delhi, India: Department of African Studies, University of India, 1989. The edited text provides an Indian analysis on the origins, directions, and implications of Angola's foreign policy relations with the United States and the Soviet Union. Walters, Ronald W. "The Clark Amendment: Analysis of U.S. Policy Choices in Angola," Black Scholar vol. 12 (July/August 1981):2-12. The author provides an analysis of the Clark Amendment and its influence on US foreign policy towards Angola. Washington, Shirley. "South Africa Obstructs Angola's Search For Peace," Black Scholar vol. 15, no. 6 (November-December 1984):23-32. The author posits that South Africa has destabilized Angola's search for domestic stability and security in the cold war period. Watson, Paul. "Diamonds Give Angola Fighting Power," The Toronto Star (November 12, 1992):A2. The author examines the economic effects the diamond trade on the war in Angola. Weissman, Stephen R. "CIA Covert Action in Zaire and Angola: Patterns and Consequences," Political Science Quarterly vol. 94, no. 2 (Summer 1979):263-86. The author examines the nature and impact of CIA destabilization activities in Zaire and in Angola.

The Southern Africa Region

323

Weitz, R. "The Reagan Doctrine Defeated Moscow in Angola," Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs vol. 36 (Winter, 1992):57-68. The author argues that the Reagan Doctrine defeated the Soviet Union's policies in Angola. Wheeler, Douglas L. "African Elements in Portugal’s Armies in Africa," Armed Forces and Society vol. 2, no. 2 (1976):235-50. The author outlines the historical origins, geographical deployment and military fighting capabilities of African troops in Portugal's armies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Wheeler, Douglas L. and Rene Pelissier. Angola. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978. The authors provide a social and political history of Angola, beginning in the early 1900s. Wheeler, Jack. "Fighting the Soviet Imperialists: UNITA in Angola," Reason (April 1984):22-30. The author discusses UNITA's war against the Soviet Union and its proxies in Angola. Willers, David. "The Genesis of a Revolution: Angola: 1483 to the Present," South Africa International (July 1981):303-332. The author assesses the historical origins of the Angolan revolution against the Portuguese by African liberation groups. Windrich, Elaine. "Media Coverage of the Angolan Elections," Issue vol. 22, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1994):19-23. The author outlines the US media coverage of the Angolan elections. Windrich, Elaine. "Media Coverage of the Angolan War," Africa Today vol. 39, no. 1-2 (1992):89-99. The author explores the nature of US media coverage of the Angolan war. Windrich, Elaine. The Cold War Guerrilla: Jonas Savimbi, the U.S. Media, and the Angolan War. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. The author examines the political history of Jonas Savimbi in the context of the biased US media coverage of the Angolan war. Windrich, Elaine. "Savimbi in the U.S. Media," TransAfrica Forum (Spring 1990):3-16. The author explores the supportive coverage of Savimbi by the US media.

324

The Southern Africa Region

Wolfers, Michael and Jane Bergerol. Angola in the Front-line. London: Zed Press, 1983. The authors take an in-depth look into the political and military conflicts within and outside Angola. Worthington, Peter. "Angola's Unknown War," National Review vol. 37 (November 1, 1985):51-55. The article examines the war for independence in Angola. Wright, George. The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy toward Angola Since 1945. Chicago, Illinois: Pluto Press, 1997. The author addresses the historical role and ideological impact of US foreign policy in fundamentally destabilizing Angola. Wright, George. "The U.S. and Angola," Z Magazine (May 1992):16-26. The author reviews US foreign policy relations with Angola. Young, Tom. "Policies of Development in Angola and Mozambique," African Affairs (April 1988): 165-184. The author assesses economic development policies in Angola and Mozambique under environment conditions of great civil unrest and political conflict.

BOTSWANA "Botswana: The Eagle has Landed," Work in Progress Issue 93 (November 1993):4. The brief article focused on the controversial military airbase at Molepole, Botswana; and it argues that the construction of the airbase will not cost Botswana a cent, because agreements reached with the United States five years ago ensure that US lease payments will cover all costs. Dale, Richard. "The Politics of National Security in Botswana, 1900-1990," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 12, Issue 1 (1993):40-56. The article analyses the politics of national security, security policymaking and defense force requirements in Botswana. In addition, the article discusses the Botswana Police Force, Botswana Defense Force, border traffic flows and South African military operations near Botswana's long borders. Dale, Richard. "The Creation and Use of the Botswana Defense Force," The Round Table vol. 290 (April 1984): 216-235. The author outlines the creation and uses of the Botswana Defense Force.

The Southern Africa Region

325

Farley, Maggie. "At AIDS Disaster's Epicenter, Botswana Is a Model of Action," Los Angeles Times (June 27, 2001):A3. The brief article describes the most ambitious anti-AIDS program effort in Sub–Saharan Africa, if not in the world, in Botswana. Good, Kenneth. Realizing Democracy in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1997. The author examines the health of democratic governance in Botswana, Namibia and South Africa. Good, Kenneth and Skye Hughes. "Globalization and Diversification: Two Cases in Southern Africa," African Affairs vol. 101, Issue 402 (January 2002):39-59. The authors explore African states' problems with globalization and positive diversification by examining Botswana's SelebiPhikwe Regional Development Project diamond project which lost jobs and capital because of disorderly capitalism, and the Hyundai-Volvo corporations' car production operations and the inability of the Botswana government to meet South Africa's determined competition to its car production operations and the inevitable loss of jobs, capital and plant. Hermans, Quill. "Impact of External Political and Economic Botswana," in Botswana in the 21st Century, Conference Gaborone, Botswana: Botswana Society (1994):117-131. assesses the impact of external political and economic Botswana.

Changes on Proceedings. The author changes on

Holm, John D., Patrick P. Molutsi and Gloria Somolekae. "The Development of Civil Society in a Democratic State: The Botswana Model," African Studies Review vol. 39, no. 2 (1996):43-70. The authors examine the origins and development of civil society in a democratic state, with a case study on Botswana. Innocenti, Nicol Degil. "Virus Hits at the Country's Life Force," Financial Times (September 26, 2001):10. The author investigates Botswana's retroviral, educational and information campaigns against the AIDS virus, as well as the national problems that it faces. La Grange, T. "Botswana: Our Appraised Neighbor," Salut; vol. 3, Issue 11 (November 1996):48-49. The author reports that Botswana has been politically stable since its independence, has seen remarkable growth, and is located in a unique geographical position in relation to South Africa. The

326

The Southern Africa Region

two countries share similarities and differences with regard to geographical, political, economic, developmental, and military issues. Lamont, James. "Economy Must Prove There is Life after Diamonds," Financial Times (September 26, 2001):10. The author briefly outlines the mining and civil service sectors of the economy and the negative economic prospects for in the future, if there is not a wider diversification of the economy. Lamont, James. "Botswana in Protest Over Diamonds Campaign," Financial Times (August 27, 2001):3. The author examines Botswana's objections to Britain's campaign to ban conflict diamonds that threatens to the economy. Lamont, James. "Botswana to Make AIDS Drug Widely Available," Financial Times (August 24, 2001):6. The brief article reports that the Botswana government will disperse anti-retroviral drugs to the HIV/AIDS population in the country, where 38.5% of Botswana's 1.5 million are infected. Legwaila, E. "Botswana: Coherence With A Strong Central Government," International Review of Administrative Sciences vol. 59, no. 4 (December 1993):617-628. The author examines administrative politics in Botswana. Niemann, Michael. "Diamonds are a State's Best Friend: Botswana's Foreign Policy in Southern Africa," Africa Today vol. 40, Issue 1 (1993):27-48. The author examines Botswana's foreign policy in relation to its geopolitical and wealth-producing position, allowing it to fully participate in leadership positions in the Front Line States, the South African Development Coordination Conference and the South African Customs Union. O’Loughlin, Ed. "Big Arms Buildup in Botswana?" Christian Science Monitor vol. 90, Issue 161 (July 1998):6. A brief report on the buildup of military forces by Botswana, which was generated by a territorial dispute between Botswana and Namibia over two islands on the Chobe River. Picard, Louis A. The Evolution of Modern Botswana. London: Rex Collings, 1985. The author addresses the modern political evolution of Botswana. Taylor, Ian. “Botswana’s ‘Independent Foreign Policy',” Botswana Notes and Records no. 30 (1998):79-86. The author examines Botswana's independent foreign policy towards the international community in the post-cold war period.

The Southern Africa Region

327

Tlou, Thomas and Alec Campbell. History of Botswana. Gaborone: Macmillan, Botswana, 1984. The author provides a modern history on the rise and development of Botswana. Weimer, Claus and Bernhard Weimer. "A Changing Southern Africa: What Role for Botswana?" in Stephen J. Stedman (ed.) The Political Economy of Democratic Development (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993): 185-202. The authors discuss the potential of a regional conflict management regime for the Southern Africa region; and the strategic role that Botswana could play in regime development and operations in dealing with refugees, mass migration, AIDS, arms control, natural disasters and other pressing security and economic issues. Zaffiro, James. "Re-Designing Foreign Policy for the 21 st Century: The New World Order from a Botswana Perspective," Africa Insight vol. 25, no. 2 (May 1995):98-107. The author provides a strategic evaluation of Botswana's foreign policy for the 21 st century Zaffiro, James. "African Legislatures and Foreign Policy-Making," Botswana Notes and Records vol. 25 (1993):39-58. The author addresses the role and influence of African Legislatures on foreign policy-making with a special emphasize on Botswana. Zaffiro, James. "Foreign Policy Decision-Making," in Stephen J. Steadman (ed.) Botswana: The Political Economy of Democratic Development. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner (1993): 139-160. The author analyzes the dynamics and operations of Botswana's foreign policy decision-making. Zaffiro, James. "Botswana's Foreign Policy and Exit of the Superpowers from Southern Africa," Africa Insight vol. 22, no. 2 (1992):95-104. The author examines Botswana's foreign policy decision-making and practice in the aftermath of the U.S. and Russian withdrawal from the Southern African region. Zaffiro, James. "U.S. Relations with Botswana," TransAfrica Forum vol. 9, no. 3 (Fall 1992):57-74. The author assesses the basis and direction of U.S. relations with Botswana.

328

The Southern Africa Region

LESOTHO Bardill, John E. and James H. Cobbe. Lesotho: Dilemmas of Dependence in Southern Africa. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1985. The authors discuss the dilemmas of dependence of Lesotho on South Africa in the cold war period. Cobbe, James H. "Economic Aspects of Lesotho’s Relations with South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 1 (1988):71-90. The author evaluates the political consequences of Lesotho's economic relations with South Africa. Eldredge, Elizabeth. A South African Kingdom: The Pursuit of Security in Nineteenth-Century Lesotho. Cambridge: CUP, 1993. The author addresses Lesotho's pursuit of national security and stability in the 19th century. Epprecht, Marc. "A South African Kingdom: The Pursuit of Security in Nineteenth Century Lesotho," African Studies Review vol. 37, no. 3 (1994):166-169. The author examines the politics of Lesotho's national security in the nineteenth century. Epprecht, Marc and Allison Goebel. "Women and Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Testing the World Bank and WID Models with a Lesotho Case Study," African Studies Review vol. 38, no. 1 (1995):1-22. The authors assess women employment prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa using World Bank and WID methodologies, with a case study on Lesotho. Ferguson, James. The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. Cambridge: CUP, 1990. The author addresses the history and strategic interaction between issues of bureaucratic power, depoliticization and economic development in Lesotho. "Flushing out Lesotho's Wounds; This is not the End of the Road for Capitalism," Financial Mail vol. 150, Issue 12 (October 1998):14. The brief report examines South Africa's military incursion into Lesotho and its internal affairs within the context of the international economic crisis. Gill, Stephen. A Short History of Lesotho: From the Late Stone Age until the 1993 Elections. Morija Museum and Archives, 1993. The author provides an interesting historical analysis of Lesotho from the late Stone Age to the 1993 general elections.

The Southern Africa Region

329

Laurence, P. "The Cordite of Co-operation: Lesotho Crisis," Financial Mail vol. 150, Issue 12 (October 1998):38-41. The author explores the political implications of South Africa's decision to intervene militarily in Lesotho, and the lack of consistency in South African foreign policy allied with poor military planning. Makoa, F.K. "Foreign Military Intervention in Lesotho's Elections Dispute: Whose Project?" Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 21, Issue 1 (June 1999): 66-87. The author analyzes the background to the South African military intervention following an internal political dispute about Lesotho's general elections in September 1998; and the implication of the military intervention in creating more instability and anti-democratic dynamics in Lesotho. Makoa, F.K. "Explaining Government/Police Relations in Post-Military Lesotho: The February 1997 Police Mutiny," African Security Review vol. 7, Issue 1 (1998): 15-25. The author evaluates political and security relations between the Basutoland Congress Party and the Royal Lesotho Mounted Police in a post-military Lesotho. Makoa, F.K. "National Security with Reference to the Lesotho Rulers' Conception," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 19, Issue 2 (November 1997): 111-122. The author examines various theories of national security and its correlate, state security, as they apply to the Lesotho rulers' perspectives. Makoa, F.K. "Political Instability in Post-Military Lesotho: The Crisis of the Basotho Nation-State?" African Security Review vol. 5, Issue 3 (1996): 1320. The article addresses the various explanations given for the persistent political conflict and/or political instability in Lesotho. Matlosa, K. "The Recent Political Crisis in Lesotho and the Role of External Forces," Africa Insight vol. 24, Issue 4 (1994):225-229. The author provides behind-the-scenes insight into the foreign intervention in the political crisis in Lesotho. Molomo, Mpho G. "External Military Intervention in Lesotho's Recent Political Crisis," Lesotho Social Science Review vol. 5 (1999): 133-162. The author examine how the national military defense and security forces of Botswana and South Africa intervened in Lesotho's political crisis and the political

330

The Southern Africa Region

implications of the intervention for Botswana's foreign policy in Southern African region. Mothibe, T.H. "Lesotho: The Rise and Fall of Military-Monarchy Power Sharing, 1986-1990," Africa Insight vol. 20, Issue 4 (1990):242-246. The author discusses the severe political crisis in Lesotho's military-monarchy in the late 1980s and into the 1990s. Sekatle, P. "King or Country: The Lesotho Crisis of August 1994," Indicator South Africa vol. 12, Issue 1 (Summer 1994):67-72. The author explores the corruption and undemocratic practices that culminated in the violent August coup in Lesotho. Southall, Roger. "Lesotho's General Election of 1998: Rigged or de Rigeur?" Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 4 (1999):669-697. The author reviews the accusations that Lesotho's 1998 general election was rigged in favor of the government. Southall, Roger and Tsoeu Petlane (eds.) Democratization and Demilitarization in Lesotho: The General Election of 1993 and Its Aftermath. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1995. The edited text investigates the historical origins and the strategic political implications of the general elections of 1993 and its aftermath in Lesotho. Van Wyk, J.A.K. "The International Politics of Dams with Specific Reference to Lesotho," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 22, Issue 1 (June 2000):56-85. The author analyzes the politics and the mechanical operations of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project as a major case study in the international (and the regional) politics of dams and dam building. It also addresses the role and importance of water and water security in international relations and national security.

MADAGASCAR "Africa," Jane's Defense Weekly vol. 19, no. 10 (March 6, 1993):19. The brief article assesses the relative political success of the new president Albert Zafy, and the presidential elections in Madagascar.

The Southern Africa Region

331

Allen, Phillip M. Madagascar: Conflicts of Authority in the Great Island. New York: Westview Press, 1995. The author evaluates both the historical origins and political development of Madagascar with an emphasis on French colonial rule, the long governing tenure of Didier Ratsiraka, and understanding the liberal democratic state created in September 1992. Allen, Phillip M. Security and Nationalism in the Indian Ocean: Lessons from the Latin Quarter Islands. New York: Westview, 1987. The author provides a political profile on security and nationalism in Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Comoros and Reunion. Andriamirado, Sennen. "Madagascar: Les Atouts de Zafy," Jeune Afrique vol. 33 (March 18-24, 1993):32-33. The brief article reviews the political conditions during the rule of Albert Zafy in Madagascar. Andriamirado, Sennen. "L'election Presicentielle a Madagascar: Les Grandes Families dans L'arene," Jeune Afrique (October 21, 1992):28-29. The brief article analyzes the impact of the 1992 presidential elections in Madagascar. Andriamirado, Sennen. "Madagascar: La Revolución Illogique," Jeune Afrique vol. 31 (July 31/August 6, 1991):4-6. The brief article examines the growing civil unrest in an economically-mismanaged Madagascar. "Bad Guy Makes Good," Economist vol. 342, no. 8009 (March 22, 1997):5. The brief article outlines the victory of Didier Ratsiraka in February 9, 1997 defeating the former leader of Madagascar, Albert Zafy, with just over half of the votes in the election run-off. Barrett, Christopher B. "Understanding Uneven Agricultural Liberalization in Madagascar," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 3 (1994):449477. The author provides an interesting case analysis of four policy areas highlighting the unevenness in the liberalization of Madagascar’s agricultural sector, including the devaluation of the Malagasy franc, rice marketing and pricing, rice buffer stock facility and the management of rural roads network. Cauvin, Henri E. "Competing Presidents Worsen the Hardships in Madagascar," New York Times (April 13, 2002):A4. The article briefly addresses the political struggle between long-ruling Didier Ratsiraka and a business tycoon Marc Ravalomanana, two men who contend that they are the

332

The Southern Africa Region

president of one of the poorest states in Sub-Saharan Africa. The great suffering inflicted on Madagascar's 16 million people, malnourished, suffering huge unemployment, without sugar, salt, rice and other necessities, wait like the masses of African people on the continent for their so-called leaders to work out their grand ego struggles. "Country Report: Madagascar," Courier (March/April 1996): 14-32. The country report on Madagascar outlines historical, economic, political, and social developments in 1995, and it includes an interview with President Albert Zafy of Madagascar and opposition leaders. "Coup Attempt Fails to Thwart Malagasy Democracy," Africa Report vol. 37, no. 5 (September 1992): 10. The brief article outlines a plot against the central government in Madagascar on July 29, 1992. "Democracy Brings Disenchantment," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 15 (July 16-29, 1995):9648. The brief article argues that the transition from authoritarian system to liberal democracy has worsened the economic situation of Madagascar. "Democracy off East Africa:..Plus C'est la Meme Chose," Economist vol. 330, no. 7847 (January 22, 1994):46. The brief article reports that Madagascar ended its one party system and has created a new form of democratic government. "Embattled Ratsiraka Digs in Against Madagascar's Mounting Opposition," Africa Report vol. 34, no. 3 (May 1989):8-10. The brief article addresses the growing opposition towards President Didier Ratsiraka as well as the continuing controversy over the presidential election. "Farce of a Coup," African Recorder vol. 31, no. 18 (August 26-September 8, 1992):8745. The brief article argues that a group of civilians took over the radio station in Antananarivo, Madagascar in the early 1990s in an attempt to take power but decided to withdraw. Fregeat, Bernard. "Grave Crise Politique," Le Nouvel Afrique Asie (October 1996):10-12. The brief article assesses the grave political crisis in Madagascar over the presidential elections held on November 3, 1996, and the forced removal from office of President Zafy.

The Southern Africa Region

333

Gow, Bonar A. "Admiral Didier Ratsiraka and the Malagasy Socialist Revolution," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. 3 (September 1997):409-439. The author examines the political history of Madagascar from 1972-1997, beginning with the 1972 revolution when Ratsiraka came to power until 1997 where Ratsiraka remains at the center of power. Klen, Michel. "La Llle Republique Malgache," Defense Nationale vol. 50 (August/September 1994): 141-151. The author assesses the political and economic conditions of Madagascar under President Albert Zafy, as well as reviewing Madagascar's foreign relations. Klen, Michel. "La Detresse de Madagascar," Defense Political Nationale vol. 48 (November 1992): 142-153. The author examines Madagascar's economic and political problems as well as impediments to strong democratic system. "La Democratie en Afrique et a Madgascar," Revue Juridique et Politique vol. 48 (January-April 1994):1-110. The long article discusses democratic stabilization, revision of constitution and protection of human rights in Madagascar, as well as in other countries in Africa. Lardner, Tunji Jr. "Political Pointers: Madagascar," Africa Report vol. 36, no. 5 (September 1991):7. The brief article evaluates the demonstration that took place in Antananarivo against President Didier Ratsiraka as well as the controversy over the presidential election. Little, Douglas. "Cold War and Colonialism in Africa: The United States, France, and Madagascar Revolt of 1947," Pacific Historical Review vol. 59, no. 4 (November 1990):527-552. The author examines the attack against the French garrison in Madagascar by Malagasy guerillas and U.S. support for France in its military drive to reestablish French hegemony in the great island nation. "Madagascar," Africa Report vol. 36 Issue 5 (September 1991 ):7. The brief article outlines the political violence in Madagascar and the unrest over President Ratsiraka's rule. “Madagascar: Le Retour de L'Admiral," Pol Internat (Summer 1997):77-96. An extensive interview with Didier Ratsiraka who became the president of Madagascar in February 1997. Didier Ratsiraka is returning to power only four years after he was voted out of office.

334

The Southern Africa Region

"Madagascar: Start Again," Economist vol. 326, no. 7799 (February 20, 1993):42-44. The presidential election victory of Albert Zafy is considered a victory for democracy. Leaders who were opposed to the former leader Didier Ratsiraka came together to remove him from office in February 10, 1993 election. "Madagascar: Ylang-Ylang Smells on Reform," Economist vol. 315, no. 7658 (June 9, 1990):45-46. The brief article outlines reforms by president Didier Ratsiraka designed to provide limited political freedom, less censorship, and allowing opposition parties. Makenna, Joseph C. Finding a Social Voice: The Church and Marxism in Africa. New York: Fordham University Press, 1997. The author evaluates the social and political influences of the Western Church and Marxism in Madagascar, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Zambia between 1975-1988. Marcus, Richard R. "Madagascar: Legitimizing Autocracy," Current History vol. 100, no. 646 (May 2001):226-231. The author examines the quality of democracy and democratic rule in Madagascar by assessing the lack of political participation, voting processes, election dynamics and the nature of presidential power. Meldrum, Andrew. "Trouble in Paradise," Africa Report vol. 39, no. 2 (March 1994):61-63. The author briefly evaluates President Didier Ratsiraka's political reforms and the response of the opposition. Metz, Helen Chaplin. Indian Ocean: Five Island Countries. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, 1994. The handbook examines the political, economic, and security history and conditions on five Indian Ocean Islands: Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, Comoros and Maldives. Mijoro, Rakotomanga. Forces Armees Malgaches: Entre Devior et Pouvoir. Italy: Editions l'Hamanttan, 1998. The author examines the historical and political competition for power between civilian politicians and the armed forces since 1960 in Madagascar. Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. "Madagascar: The Collapse of an Experiment," Journal of Third World Studies vol. 11 (Spring 1994):336-368. The author investigates the political and economic instability of Madagascar since it attempted to transition to a socialist system in 1975.

The Southern Africa Region

335

Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. "State Resilience and Chronic Political Instability in Madagascar," Canadian Journal of African Studies vol. 24, no. 3 (1990):376-398. The author argues that few regimes in the Third World and in Sub-Saharan Africa have overcome the political conflicts that have occurred in Madagascar in the 1970s and 1980s. "Opposition Demand," African Recorder vol. 30 no. 16 (July 30, 1991):8445. The brief article reviews the protest that took place in Antananarivo in support of a new constitution for Madagascar. Perkins, Mike. "Close Encounters on the Worst Kind: Malagasy Resistance and Colonial Disaster in Southern Madagascar," World Archaeology vol. 28, no. 3 (February 1997):393-417. The author addresses the colonial history and political resistance in Southern Madagascar. Sandbrook, Richard. "Transitions without Consolidation: Democratization in Six African Cases," Third World Quarterly vol. 17 (March 1996):68-87. The article evaluates the possibility of free and fair elections in light of political, ethnic and economic tensions in Madagascar, Ghana, Mail, Niger, Zambia and Tanzania. Shevedov, A. and A. Voskoboi. "Significant Landmarks in the History of Madagascar," International Affairs (August 1985):113-117. The brief article examines various national policies in Madagascar since 1975 under president Didier Ratsiraka. Shuttleworth, Graham. "Policies in Transitions: Lessons from Madagascar," World Development vol. 17 (March 1989):397-408. The author analyzes the transition of political development policies in Madagascar. Thomas, Martin. "Imperial Backwater or Strategic Outpost? The British Take Over of Transition Government," African Recorder vol. 30, no. 25 (December 3-16, 1991):8534. The brief article evaluates whether President Didier Ratsiraka will join the opposition to prepare for new elections in Madagascar. "Unpronounceable," Economist vol. 320, Issue 77 (July 27, 1991):39-40. The brief article addresses the disagreement over whom to put in place of Didier Ratsiraka, and the political division in the army.

336

The Southern Africa Region

Wauthier, Claude. "Duel Sur La Grande," Croissance no. 398 (November 1996):24-25. The brief article examines the political, economic, and social conditions in Madagascar. Weigert, Stephen L. Traditional Religion and Guerilla War in Modern Africa. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. The author examines the dynamics between nationalist movements and traditional African religion, and provides case studies on political conflicts in Kenya, Madagascar, Cameroon, Congo, and Mozambique.

MALAWI Amnesty International. Malawi: Preserving the One Party State-Human Rights Violations and the Referendum. New York: Amnesty International, 1993. The Amnesty International report examines human rights violations by the Malawi government. Carver, Richard. Where Silence Rules: the Suppression of Dissent in Malawi. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 1990. The report chronicles the long history of human rights violations and the systematic suppression of dissent in Malawi. Englund, Harris. "The Dead Hand of Human Rights: Contrasting Christianities in Post-Transition Malawi," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 4 (2000):579-604. The author assesses the historical role and human rights impact of both the Pentecostal and Catholic churches in post-transition Malawi. Forster Peter G. "Religion, Magic, Witchcraft, and AIDS in Malawi," Anthropos no. 93 (1998):537-545. The author addresses the impact of AIDS in Malawi and its social relationship to religion, magic and witchcraft practices in the Southern African state. Forster, Peter G. "Culture, Nationalism, and the Invention of Tradition in Malawi," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 3 (1994):477-498. The author assesses the historical role and strategic impact of culture, nationalism and tradition in modern day Malawi.

The Southern Africa Region

337

Helizer-Allen, Deborah. An Investigation of Community-based Communication Networks of Adolescent Girls in Rural Malawi for HIV/STD Prevention Messages. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women, September 1993. The author investigates community-based networks to communicate HIV/STD prevention messages to young Malawi girls. House, William J. and George Zimalirana. "Rapid Population Growth and Poverty Generation in Malawi," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 1 (1992):141-162. The authors examine the historical (and political) relationship between population growth and poverty generation in Malawi, and its negative consequences for the stability and food security of the Southern African country. Kanyongolo, Fidelis Edge. "Political Struggle in Malawi," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 26, Issue 2 (June 2000):370-373. The author discusses the deep political struggle in Malawi and the struggle of its harassed democratic forces. Kaspin, D. "The Politics of Ethnicity in Malawi’s Democratic Transition," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 4 (1995):595-620. The author analyzes the role and impact of the politics of ethnicity in the democratic transition in Malawi. Kuanda, Jonathon. "State Centralization and the Decline of Local Government in Malawi," International Review of Administration Sciences vol. 65, no. 4 (December 1, 1999):579-595. The author traces how the centralization of the state has taken away policy autonomy and decision-making from local governmental units in Malawi. Lwanda, John L. Promises, Power Politics and Poverty: Democratic Transition in Malawi. Glasgow: Dudu Nsomba, 1996. The author addresses the power politics played out in the democratic transition in an economically backward Malawi in the post-cold war period. "Malawi: More Women Elected to Parliament and Political Office," Women’s International Network News vol. 25, Issue 4 (Autumn 1999). The author reports that several women have been elected to Parliament and to state and local political offices, assessing the political and social consequences that the new development is having on Malawi's political evolution.

338

The Southern Africa Region

"Malawi: Woman March vs. Violence," Off Our Backs vol. 31, Issue 1 (January 2001). The article provides an interesting analysis of violence and discrimination against Malawi's women and the resulting policy actions of protest groups to end these deplorable social and economic conditions in the state. Mhone, Guy Z. (ed.) Malawi at the Crossroads: The Post-Colonial Political Economy. Harare: Sapes, 1992. The author examines the history and the policy implications of the evolution of the post-colonial political economy in Malawi. Muluzi, Bakili. "Malawi’s Recommendations," President & Prime Ministers vol. 9, Issue 5 (September 2000). The author outlines a speech given by President Balkili Muluzi of Malawi on September 8, 2000, which reviewed poverty reduction and poverty mitigation steps in an uncertain economic period. Newell, J. "A Moment of Truth?: The Church and Political Change in Malawi," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 2 (1995):243-262. The author assesses the role and impact of the Church in formenting political change in Malawi. Posner, Daniel N. "Malawi’s New Dawn," Journal of Democracy vol. 6, no. 1 (1995):131-146. The author assesses Malawi’s political future and how the quality of the leadership will be crucial to poverty alleviation, the removal of regional divisions, and the strengthening of democratic institutions in the Southern African state. Schoffelers, Matthew. In Search of Truth and Justice: Confrontations between Church and State in Malawi, 1960-1994. Blantyre, Malawi: Kachere Books no. 8, 1999. The author evaluates the historical origins and political confrontations between church and state in Malawi between 1960-1994. Sicard, S.V. "The Arrival of Islam in Malawi and the Muslim Contribution to Development," Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs vol. 20, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 291-311. The author discusses the Muslim immigration to Malawi and its impact on the political, social, religious and economic status of the country.

The Southern Africa Region

339

Turner, Mark. "Malawians Hunger for Resolution of Crisis," Financial Times (March 5, 2002):3. The brief article reviews the severe mismanagement and the outright theft of national food reserves by the Malawi government (and by private market traders), and the immediate political and technical prospects for high levels of starvation and malnutrition for Malawi's poor citizens. Walker, Peter. "Maps, Metaphors and Meaning: Boundary Struggles and Village Forest Use on Private and State Land in Malawi," Society and Natural Resources vol. 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2001):411-424. The author provides an analysis of major land disputes and forest management practices in Malawi. Woods, Anthony. The Creation of Modern Malawi. Boulder, CO; Westview Press, 2001. The author examines the origin and development of modern society and government in Malawi.

MOZAMBIQUE Abrahamson, Hans and Anders Nilson. Mozambique: The Troubled Transition. From Socialist Construction to Free Market Capitalism. London: Zed Books, 1995. The authors evaluate the political and economic transition from a socialist to a market economy in Mozambique in the post-cold war period. Africa Watch. Landmines in Mozambique. New York: Africa Watch, 1994. The report summarizes the serious landmine problem in Mozambique. Alden, Chris and Mark Simpson. "Mozambique: A Delicate Peace," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, Issue 1 (March 1993):109-131. The authors investigates the threat to the prevailing peace accord signed in October 1992 between Mozambique's protagonists, the Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique (Frelimo) and the Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana (Renamo), as well as the role of China, the Soviet Union, the United States and South Africa in the peace negotiations. Anderson H. Mozambique: A War Against the People. Basingstoke: Macmillian, 1992. The author analyzes the history and consequences of the extreme military brutality of the political conflict by Renamo against the people of Mozambique.

340

The Southern Africa Region

Anderson, Neil and Cesar Palha da. Sousa. "Social Cost of Land Mines in Four Countries: Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, and Mozambique," British Medical Journal vol. 311, Issue 7007 (September 1995):718-722. The study examines the effects of land mines on the health and social conditions of communities in Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia and Mozambique. The article provides the total number of victims from land mines, notes the increase in the incidence of land mine accidents and the cost of disabilities to land mine victims. Ascherio, Alberto and Robin Bjellik. "Deaths and Injuries Caused by Land Mines in Mozambique," Lancet vol. 346, Issue 8977 (September 1995):721725. The report assesses the frequency and severity of injuries and mortality rates caused by landmines on Mozambique's civilian population. The continued deployment of landmines by the National Mozambican Resistance (RENAMO) and the government is discussed, as well as the number of casualties caused by land mines, progress in demining roads and the threat posed by unmapped mines. Askin, Steve. "Mission to Renamo: The Militarization of the Religious Right," Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, Issue 69 (December 1989):106116. The author analyzes the militarization of the religious right in Mozambique, and its impact on the right wing Renamo guerilla movement. Austin, Kathi, and William Winter. "Invisible Crimes: US Private Intervention in the War in Mozambique," Review of African Political Economy vol. 21, Issue 61 (September 1994):474-477. The authors summarize US private intervention in the Mozambique war, and the historical role and influence of US private forces in fighting against Frelimo in the Mozambique war. Barnes, S. "NGOs in Peace-Keeping Operations: Their Role in Mozambique," Development in Practice vol. 8, no. 3 (1998):309-322. The author evaluates NGOs in peace-keeping operations in Mozambique. "Benefits of Peace," The Economist vol. 342, no. 8008 (March 15, 1997):44. The brief report examines the positive economic developments in Mozambique and the political challenges ahead. Four years after the end of civil war and two years after the United Nations helped Mozambique hold democratic elections, the country's economy is healthy, exports are up, and an astonishing $6 billion in foreign investment is thought to be either proposed or being analyzed.

The Southern Africa Region

341

Berman, E. Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Mozambique. New York: UNIDIR, 1996. The author analyzes the management and control of small arms, light weapons and ammunition stocks proliferation and circulation among the warring factions during and in the aftermath of extremely difficult peace negotiations in Mozambique, and the internal implications of the peace negotiations. Boulden, Laurie H. "Mines-(Military explosives) Mozambique," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 54, Issue 4 (July/August 1998): 17-20. The author presents interesting research on the administrative/bureaucratic side of the demining process in Mozambique, and its relation to the political conflict between international and regional donors who are financing demining activities and the specialized security organizations that do demining from South Africa. Bowen, Merle. The State Against the Peasantry: Rural Struggles in Colonial and Postcolonial Mozambique. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 2000. The author addresses the historical background as well as the class dynamics informing African peasants' political and economic struggles against colonial and postcolonial governments over land and resources in Mozambique. Chabal, Patrick. Vozes Macambicanas: Literatura e Nacionalidade. Vega, 1994. The author critically evaluates the historical basis and the ideological and political inspiration driving the development and maturation of the revolutionary national literature of Mozambique, as well as the consequences for the Mozambique people. Chachiua, M. "The Status of Arms Flows in Mozambique," in T. Nkiname and S. Meek. Weapons Flows in Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland ISS Monograph 34. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, 1999. The monograph investigates the strategic political implications of the massive circulation and proliferation of small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons and ammunition stocks in Mozambique and across the Southern African region. Chain, Stephen and Moises Venancio. War and Peace in Mozambique. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 1998. The authors provide a wide-ranging strategic assessment of a post-civil war and extremely damaged Mozambique

342

The Southern Africa Region

adapting to the continuing historical and policy contingencies of war and peace. Ciment, James. Angola and Mozambique: Postcolonial Wars in Southern Africa. New York: Facts on File, 1997. The author assesses the history and political implications of the postcolonial wars in Angola and Mozambique. Cramer, Christopher and Nicola Pontara. "Rural Poverty and Poverty Alleviation in Mozambique: What’s Missing from the Debate?" Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 1 (1998):101-139. The authors analyze the literature on the rural poverty versus poverty alleviation debate in Mozambique. De Kock, C. "Delays Behind Mozambique's Military Development: The Background to Years of Military Turmoil," Armed Forces of Southern Africa (August 1993):17-18. The author briefly reviews the development and the operational combat readiness of the new Mozambican Armed Forces. Filho, Alfredo Saad. "The Political Economy of Agrarian Transition in Mozambique," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 15, no. 2 (July 1997): 191-218. The article addresses the political economy of agrarian transition in post-civil war Mozambique. Finnegar, William. A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992. The author examines the historical origins and political and military directions of the civil war between Frelimo and Renamo in Mozambique. Gersoni, R. Summary of Mozambican Refugee Accounts of Principally ConflictRelated Experience in Mozambique. Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1988. The report evaluates Mozambican refugee accounts of conflict and human rights violations. Gunn, Gillian. "The Chissano Era: Mozambique Comes to Terms with Itself, " Africa Insight vol. 19, Issue 1 (1989):16-20. The author provides insight into the foreign economic changes that Mozambique has undergone since President Joaquim Chissano came to power in 1986.

The Southern Africa Region

343

Harrison, Graham. The Politics of Democratization in Rural Mozambique: Grassroots Governance in Mecufi. New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 2000. The author explores the historical and policy origins and the politics of democratization in the grassroots governance in Mecufi, Mozambique. Harrison, Graham. "Corruption as 'Boundary Polities': The State, Democratization, and Mozambique's Unstable Liberalization," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 3 (1999):537-552. The author examines the impact of the capitalist transition in Mozambique on the state, democratization, and the increasing problem of bureaucratic corruption. Harrison, Graham. "Democracy in Mozambique: The Significance of Multiparty Elections," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 67 (March 1996):19-34. The author addresses the role and importance of free and open multi-party elections in a democratic Mozambique. Hill, Sylvia. "Lessons from the Mozambican Women's Struggle," Transafrican Forum vol. 2, no. 1 (1983):77-90. The author assesses the political and ideological lessons learned from the Mozambican women's struggle for emancipation and freedom during the revolution. Hill, S.M. "Disarmament in Mozambique: Learning the Lessons of Experience," Contemporary Security Policy vol. 17, no. 1 (April 1996):127-145. An important article outlining Mozambique's disarmament experience with rebel groups and its relations to the weapons trade inside the country and the Southern African region. Human Rights Watch. Conspicuous Destruction: War, Famine, and the Reform Process in Mozambique. New York: Human Rights Watch (1992):139-154. The report reviews the political dynamics driving the fierce civil war between Frelimo and Renamo, and its destructive effects on the hardpressed peoples of Mozambique, as well as on the negotiations for democratic process. Hume, Cameron. Ending Mozambique's War: The Role of Mediation and Good Offices. Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace Press, 1994. The author examines the complex 1992 political negotiations in Rome between the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo) and the Mozambique National Resistance Movement (Renamo) after a bitter 16year conflict. In addition, the compelling influences of Sant' Egidio, a

344

The Southern Africa Region

Catholic lay order in Rome, and Mozambique's Catholic Bishop, Jamie Pedro Gonclaves, in advancing the final status talks on Mozambique finally led to Frelimo winning the democratic elections in 1993 are discussed. Innocenti, Nicol Degil. "Renamo Reignites Dispute with Mozambique Government," Financial Times (January 3, 2001):3. The author briefly explores Renamo's concern about a campaign of intimidation and violence against it from the Frelimo-led government, and the growing political crisis between the two combatants. Isaacman, Allen and Barbara Isaacman. "The Role of Women in the Liberation of Mozambique," Ufahamu vol. 13, no. 2-3 (1984):128-185. The authors analyze the strategic political role and psychological impact that African women at all class levels played in the ultimate success of the Mozambique revolution. Jacobson, Ruth. "Complicating 'Complexity': Integrating Gender Into the Analysis of the Mozambican Conflict," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 1 (1999):175-188. The author assesses the impact of war on gender dynamics in Mozambique, including women's confinement to both domestic and private spheres, and women's contributions to rebuilding the nation following the war. Johnston, Anton. "Adult Literacy for Development in Mozambique," African Studies Review vol. 33, no. 3 (1990):83-97. The author addresses the strategic need for increased adult literary and education for urban and rural Africans in the conflict-ravaged Mozambique. Knauder, Stefanie. Globalization, Urban Programs, Urban Problems, Rural Disadvantages: Evidence From Mozambique. Adershot: Ashgate, 2000. The author examines the policy interrelationships between the rapid pace of globalization, urbanity and modernity and their class with important rural issues, problems and constituencies in a post-civil war Mozambique. Kruks, Sonia. "Mozambique: Some Reflections on the Struggle for Women's Emancipation," Frontiers vol. 11, no. 2 (1983):32-41. The author explores the great political, ideological and cultural struggle by very courageous African women who fought for women's emancipation in Mozambique.

The Southern Africa Region

345

Lurdin, Irae Baptista. "Will Mozambique Remain a Success Story?" African Security Review vol. 19, no. 3 (2000). The author examines the relative political and economic success of Mozambique after its devastating civil war. Moreover, the classical democratic model is suggested as a means towards maintaining this political success, as well as solving the complex local problems in the countryside. Manning, Carrie. "Constructing Opposition in Mozambique: Renamo as Political Party," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 24, no. 1 (1998):161-189. The author evaluates the rebel movement Renamo transformation into an opposition party in Mozambique’s political process. Mazula, Brazao. Mozambique: Elections, Democracy and Development. Maputo, 1996. The author addresses the complex history and personalities involved in the elections, rise of democracy and economic development in post-cold war Mozambique. McGregor, JoAnn. "Violence and Social Change in a Border Economy: War in the Maputo Hinterland 1984-1992," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 24, no. 1 (1998):4-60. The author analyzes the military conflict in the Maputo hinterland of Mozambique between 1984-1992. Ministry of Foreign Relations - Brazil. Speech by H.E. President Henrique Cardoso at the Third Conference of Chiefs of State and Heads of Government of the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP). Maputo, Mozambique (July 17, 2000):1-5. The communique by the President of Brazil, Henrique Cardoso, praises the democratic governance, economic progress and cultural accomplishments of Mozambique, as well as offering continuing support for the CPLP. http://www.mre.gov.br/projeto/mrweb/ingles/discursos/prmaputo%2Di.htm. Minter, William. Apartheid’s Contras: An Injury into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique London and Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Zed Books, 1994. The author analyzes the historical origins and political, economic and military dynamics driving the civil wars in Angola and Mozambique. Minter, William. "The Mozambican National Resistance (RENAMO) as Described by Ex-Participants," Development Dialogue 1 (1989):89-132. The author provides ex-participants' views on the policies of RENAMO in the Mozambique civil war.

346

The Southern Africa Region

Mittelman, James H. "Marginalization and the International Division of Labor: Mozambique’s Strategy of Opening the Market," African Studies Review vol. 34, no. 3 (1991):89-107. The author examines Mozambique's transition towards capitalism and the market to drive economic performance and create wealth. Mondlane, Eduardo. The Struggle for Mozambique. London: Penguin, 1969. The author, father of the Mozambique revolution, energetically recounts the extremely difficult political and ideological struggles by Frelimo and the Mozambique people against the Portuguese and other foreign powers for freedom and self-determination. Moorecroft, Paul Leslie. "Mozambique's Long Civil War: Renamo-Puppets or Patriots?" International Defense Review vol. 20 (1987):1313-1316 . The brief article explores whether or not Renamo is prosecuting the war in Mozambique because it is dedicated to an alternative non-democratic future or because it is dedicated to serving regional and great power interests in order to subvert peace and stability in that war-ravaged country. Morgan, Glenda. "Violence in Mozambique: Towards an Understanding of RENAMO," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 28, no. 4 (December 1990):603-619. The author addresses Renamo's contribution to political violence against the people of Mozambique. Morrison, J. Stephen. "The Battle for Mozambique," African Report vol. 32, no. 5 (September/October 1987):44-47. The author evaluates the battle for Mozambique and the political conflict in that Southern African state. Newitt, Malyn. A History of Mozambique. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1995. The author provides a modern history of postcolonial Mozambique. Nilson, Anders. "From Pseudo-Terrorists to Pseudo-Guerillas: The MNR in Mozambique," Review of African Political Economy Issue 57 (July 1993):60-72. The author investigates the military and destabilization practices of the Renamo or Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana organization in Mozambique.

The Southern Africa Region

347

O’Laughlin, B. "Past and Present Options for Land Reform in Mozambique," Review of African Political Economy vol. 22, no. 63 (1995):99-106. The author reviews land reform options in a post-civil war Mozambique. Ottaway, Marina. "Mozambique: From Symbolic Socialism to Symbolic Reform," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 2 (1988):211-227. The author examines the origins and the political transition from symbolic socialism to symbolic capitalism in a revolutionary Mozambique. Panizzo, Enny. "Les Enfants dans la Guerre: Le Cas du Mozambique," Afrique Contemporaine no. 180 (October/December 1996): 142-59. The author investigates African children involvement in the Mozambique civil war. Pitcher, M. Anne. Transforming Mozambique: The Politics of Privatization, 1975-2000. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003. The author analyzes the state’s role in economic reform in Mozambique, 1975-2000. Pitcher, M. Anne. "What's Missing From 'What's Missing'? A Reply to C. Cramer and N. Pontara," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 4 (1999):697-710. The author critiques rural development in Mozambique. Richman, Naomi. Children in Mozambique: Towards an Understanding of Strategies for Survival. Paper given at a Workshop on Healing the Social Wounds of War. Namibia, 1991. The report reviews the various survival strategies of Mozambique's children impacted by the war of liberation. Roesch, Otto. Peasant, War and Tradition of Central Mozambique. Ontario: Department of Anthropology, Trent University Peterborough, 1992. The impact of war of liberation on peasants in Central Mozambique is analyzed. Sato, Makoto. "Japanese Strategy in Africa: The Case of Mozambique," Review of African Political Economy vol. 21, Issue 59 (March 1994): 105-164. The author analyzes Japan’s strategy of sending members of Self Defense Forces to participate in the UN Peacekeeping Operations in Mozambique. Saul, John S. "Inside from the Outside: The Roots and Resolution of Mozambique's Un/Civil War," in Ali, Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press (1999):123-168. The author examines the internal and external influences on Frelimo and Renamo in the 1990-1992 Rome

348

The Southern Africa Region

negotiations, the transitional political period between 1992-1994 in the political implementation of the Rome Accord between the two parties, the military downsizing of the civil war, and the multiparty democratic elections in Mozambique which led to Frelimo's rise to state power. Schaffer, J. "A Baby Who Does Not Cry Will Not Be Suckled: AMODEG and the Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 24, no. 1 (1998):207-222. The author examines AMODEG and the reintegration of demobilized rebel troops in Mozambique. Schaffer, J. "The African Renaissance in Mozambique," Indicator South Africa vol. 15, no. 2 (1998):71-76. The author assesses the origins and impact of the African renaissance movement in Mozambique. Sheldon, Kathleen. "Women and Revolution in Mozambique: A Luta Continua," in Mary Ann Tetreault (ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina (1994):33-61. The author evaluates the political, economic and ideological role and impact of Mozambique's women in securing the revolution under Frelimo’s rule. Sultam, A. "Assistencia a Crianca Afectada pela Guerra," Paper presented at the Seminar on the Child Affected by the War. Maputo: Fundacao, Desenvolvimento e Crianca/Organizacao Mundial da Saude, September 1516, 1997. The report examines the impact of the war of liberation and suggests material assistance to improve the status of children in Mozambique society. Synge, R. Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1997. The overall role and impact of the UN Peacekeeping Force in post-civil war Mozambique is discussed. Thompson, Carol B. "Beyond Civil Society: Child Soldiers as Citizens in Mozambique," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 80 (June 1999): 191-206. The author reviews the historical background as well as the political and social implications of Mozambique's former child soldiers as productive citizens in society. Torp, Jews Erik and P. Rekve. "Privatization in Developing Countries: Lessons to be Learnt from Mozambique Case," Transformation no. 36 (1998):73-92.

The Southern Africa Region

349

The authors outline the lessons learned from Mozambique in privatizing its national economy. Tschirley, David L. and M.T. Weber. "Food Security Under Extremely Adverse Conditions: The Determinants of Household Income and Consumption in Rural Mozambique," World Development vol. 22, no. 2 (1994): 159-173. The authors analyze the policy determinants of household income and consumption in influencing food security conditions in rural Mozambique. Tschirley, David L. and Rui Benfica. "Smallholder Agriculture, Wage Labor and Rural Poverty Alleviation in Land-abundant Areas of Africa: Evidence from Mozambique," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 2 (2001):333-357. The article reviews the most effective means to alleviate poverty in Mozambique, with a focus on efforts that should a diversified rural economy based on a secure food supply, rapid reduction of poverty, and income growth. UNICEF. Assessment of Children and Youth in Renamo Zones: Strategies and Recommendations. Maputo, Mozambique, 1994. The UN report outlines strategies and provides recommendation to bring social and educational services to the youth and children on Mozambique living in Renamo war zones. UPM. Understanding Poverty in Mozambique: The First National Assessment. Maputo, Mozambique: Ministry of Planning and Finance in collaboration with IFPRI, 1998. The report is a comprehensive national assessment of poverty determinants in post-civil war Mozambique. US Institute for Peace. Conflict and Conflict Resolution in Mozambique. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1995. The report addresses conflict management and conflict resolution in a postindependence Mozambique. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Mozambique and United States Policy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987. The report examines US foreign policy towards Mozambique in the 1980s. Verschuur, Christine et. al. (eds.) Mozambique: Dix Ans de Solitude. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1986. The authors assess the various aspects of the political conflict in Mozambique and its implications for the future.

350

The Southern Africa Region

Vines, Alex. "The Struggle Continues: Light Weapons Destruction in Mozambique," British American Security Information Council, Occasional Papers on International Security Issues no. 25 (April 1998). The report discussed the inability of the United Nations Operation in Mozambique to effect real disarmament during its peacekeeping operations, resulting in the increased circulation of small arms and light weapons and a rise in armed crime in the country. However the weapons trade in Mozambique has decreased in the post-UN period because of successful internal disarmament policies and joint police operations with South Africa. Nonetheless, the weapons trade in Mozambique still exists at unacceptable levels because of crime syndicates and corruption at senior levels of the government, and may have a long-term negative impact on the solidification of democracy and civil liberties. Vines, Alex. "Disarmament in Mozambique," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 24, Issue 1 (March 1998):191-206. The author examines the United Nation's failure to effect meaningful weapons disarmament during its peacekeeping operations in Mozambique and the security consequences for Mozambique and South Africa. Vines, Alex. Renamo: From Terrorism to Democracy in Mozambique? Oxford: James Currey, 1996. The author explores the historical development and political rise of Renamo, the main rebel movement that militarily opposed Frelimo and terrorized the Angolan population for decades. Vines, Alex. "Angola and Mozambique: The Aftermath of Conflict," Conflict Studies 280 (May/June 1995). The author analyzes the temporary termination of the military conflicts in Angola and Mozambique and the resulting political and social implications for those states. Vines, Alex. Renamo: Terrorism in Mozambique. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1991. The author critiques the political and military activities of Renamo, and its use of advanced terror techniques against the people of Mozambique. Vines, Alex. RENAMO: Terrorism in Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1990. The author addresses the origins and utilization of terrorism against the people of Mozambique by Renamo.

The Southern Africa Region

351

Vines, Alex. "Disarmament in Mozambique," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 28, no. 4 (1990): 191-205. The author examines the historical origins and the political directions of the disarmament process in Mozambique's civil war. Wilson, K.B. "Cults of Violence and Counter-Violence in Mozambique," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 18, no. 3 (1992):527-82. The author examines the destabilizing and extremely brutal violence and counter-violence events against African civilians in Mozambique's civil war. Wood, Geoffrey and R. Haines. "Tentative Steps Towards Multi-Partyism in Mozambique," Party Politics vol. 4, no. 1 (1998): 107-118. The author assesses the slow political movement towards multi-partyism in the postconflict Mozambique. Wurst, J. "Mozambique Disarms," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 50, no. 5 (September/October 1994):36-39. The author addresses the end of the Mozambican war, as well as the nature of the disarmament process that occurred in Mozambique as integral part of the General Peace Accord between Frelimo and Renamo Young, E. T. "The Development of the FADM in Mozambique: Internal and External Dynamics," African Security Review vol. 5, Issue 1 (1996): 18-24. The author analyzes the creation, development and future of the Forcas Armadas de Defesa de Mocambique. Young, Tom. "RENAMO and Counter Revolutionary Insurgency," in Paul B. Rich (ed.) The Dynamics of Change in Southern Africa. Basingstoke: Macmillan (1994):149-169. The author examines the turbulent political history and insurgent military strategy of the right-wing Renamo rebel faction of Mozambique. Young, Tom. "The MNR/RENAMO: External and Internal Dynamics," African Affairs vol. 89, no. 357 (October 1990):491-509. The author assesses the history and military activities of the MNR and Renamo in the Mozambique conflict.

352

The Southern Africa Region

NAMIBIA Agnihotri, Newal K. "Namibia: Building on Independence," Presidents & Prime Ministers Magazine vol. 7, no. 5 (September/October 1998). An interview with the Namibian foreign minister covers his mission and agenda for the 53rd United Nations General Assembly. Foreign investment, international trade, trade relations with South Africa, and the stability of Namibia’s infrastructure are discussed. Bauer, Grethchen. Labor and Democracy in Namibia, 1971-1996. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1998. The text is a critical assessment of the involvement of Namibian labor movements in the struggle for democracy and democratic governance between 1971-1996, with two specific foci, review of the historical origins and evolution of the central labor movement as well as industrial relations and how the central labor movement created powerful autonomous organizations to protect democracy and democratic governance in Namibia. Becker, Heike. Namibian Women's Movement, 1980-1992: From Anti-Colonial Resistance to Reconstruction. Frankfurt, Germany: Verlag fuer Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 1997. The author provides an excellent analysis of the role and impact of Namibian women in the anti-colonial struggle and post-civil war reconstruction of Namibia between 1980-1982. Brinkman, Inge. "Ways of Death: Accounts of Terror From Angolan Refugees in Namibia," Africa vol. 70, Issue 1 (2000):1-15. The author examines the modernity of terror campaigns and killings of Angolan refugees in Namibia, in accounts of the post-independence phase of the Angolan civil war. Cocker, Christopher. "Peacekeeping in Southern Africa: The United Nations and Namibia," The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 19, no. 2 (July 1981): 174-86. The author evaluates the history and politics of UN peacekeeping activities in Namibia. Cullian Sue. "SWAPO and the Future of Namibia," South Africa International vol. 15, no. 3 (January 1985): 141-49. The author assesses the role and impact of SWAPO on the future of Namibia. Dale, Richard. "The Armed Forces as an Instrument of South Africa Policy in Namibia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 18, no. 1 (March

The Southern Africa Region

353

1984):57-71. The author examines the long-standing policy utilization of the South African armed forces for politico-military purposes by the ruling Nationalist Party in Namibia. Department of Information and Publicity. SWAPO of Namibia. To Be Born a Nation: The Liberation Struggle of Namibia. London: Zed Press, 1981. The report assesses SWAPO’s role in the liberation movement in Namibia. DuPisani, Andre. SWA/Namibia: The Politics of Continuity and Change. London: Jonathan Ball, 1986. The author assesses the politics of continuity and change in Namibia. Evans, Graham. "A New Small State with a Powerful Neighbor: Namibia/South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, Issue 1 (March 1993): 131-149. The author explores the major territorial land disputes between Namibia and South Africa over the strategic Walvis Bay enclave, the Penguin Islands and the Orange River system, after the successful African liberation movement in Namibia. Evans, Graham. "Namibia-South Africa: Relations Since Independence," Round Table Issue 323 (July 1992):293-303. The author provides an important progress report on key and outstanding aspects of the post-independence political and economic relationship between Namibia and South Africa as of July 1992. Forrest, Joshua Bernard. Namibia's Post-Apartheid Institutions: The Founding Year. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press, 1998. The author addresses the historical origins and political significance of Namibia's post-apartheid institutions, and their meaning to the people of Namibia. Forrest, Joshua Bernard. "Namibia–The First Post-Apartheid Democracy," Journal of Democracy vol. 5, no. 3 (1994):88-101. The author discusses how the impact of apartheid on Namibia will affect the country’s peace and progress if the political parties do not promote the ideal of national reconciliation. Gordon, Robert. "The Praetorianization of Namibia," TransAfrica Forum vol. 6, Issue 2 (Winter 1989):15-26. The author examines the dynamics involved in

354

The Southern Africa Region

the praetorianization of the Namibian state and society as a neo-colony of South Africa. Griffiths, Robert J. "Democratization and Civil-Military Relations in Namibia, South Africa, and Mozambique," Third World Quarterly vol. 17, Issue 3 (September 1996):473-486. The author focuses on the role and impact of political democratization, civil-military relations, the restructuring of the military armed forces, and military disarmament in Mozambique, Namibia, and South Africa. Herbstein, Dennis and John Everson (eds.) The Devils Are Among Us: The War For Namibia. London: Zed Press, 1989. The authors discuss the various phrases of the African liberation movement in Namibia led by SWAPO against the white settler ruling class and against the overt (and covert) military and intelligence forces of the regional hegemon, South Africa. International Defense and Aid Fund. Apartheid’s Army in Namibia: South Africa’s Illegal Military Occupation. London. International Defense and Aid Fund, 1982. The report outlines the impact and implications of South Africa's illegal military occupation of Namibia. Jaster, Roberts S. The 1988 Peace Accords and the Future of South-Western Africa. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990. The author evaluates the 1988 Namibian Peace Accords and their implications for the Southern Africa region, South Africa, SWAPO and the Namibian people. Jaster, Roberts S. South Africa in Namibia: The Brother Strategy. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1985. The author examines the historical background and policy developments driving South Africa's strategic intervention in Namibia and the conduct of its brutal war strategy against SWAPO and the Africans in Namibia. Kahn, Owen Ellison. Disengagement from South West Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1991. The author addresses the real prospects for peace in conflict-driven Angola and Namibia. Katajaviv, Peter H. A History of Resistance in Namibia. Paris: UNESCO, 1988. The author analyzes the long history of political, ideological and guerilla

The Southern Africa Region

355

resistance by the African peoples in Namibia against the powerful white settler ruling class and South Africa. Leistner, Erich and Pieter Esterhuysen (eds.) Namibia 1990: An Africa Institute Country Survey. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1991. The edited text is an important and relevant comprehensive country study of Namibia in the cold war period. Leys, Collins and John S. Saul. Namibia’s Liberation Struggle: The Two-Edged Sword. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995. The author explores the political history and the engaging personalities driving the African liberation struggle in Namibia and the various strategic challenges that were confronted and overcome by the African peoples of that country in successfully toppling the white settler class and South African military forces. Moleah, Alfred T. Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation. Wilmington, Del.: Disa Press, 1993. The author outlines carefully the interesting history and political developments in the African liberation struggle in Namibia, and how the liberation movement overcame innumerable obstacles. Norval, Morgan. Death in the Desert: The Namibian Tragedy. Washington D.C.: Selous Foundation Press, 1989. The author reviews the contentious historical background and the political dynamics informing Soviet and Cuban strategic political and military involvement in the Southern African region in the cold war period. "Peace at Last in Namibia?" Nation (January 2, 1989): 18-20. The brief article analyzes the negotiations with Cuba and the Soviet Union leading to their withdrawal of combat troops prompting South Africa's signing of the Brazzaville Protocol, which resulted in the political independence of Namibia. Preston, R. Demobilizing and Reintegrating Fighters after War: The Namibian Experience. Warwick, UK: International Center for Education in Development, University of Warwick, 1994. The report examines the very complex historical, political, economic, military and social factors that led to both the demobilizing and the reintegrating SWAPO and non-SWAPO fighters and combatants into Namibian civic society and economy, and the impact on the overall Namibian society.

356

The Southern Africa Region

Simon, D. "Restructuring the Local State in Post-Apartheid Cities: Namibian Experience and Lessons for South Africa," African Affairs vol. 95, no. 378 (1996):51-85. The author discusses the restructuring of the local state in post-apartheid cities in Namibia and its practical lessons for South Africa. Simon, D. "Namibia Regains Walvis Bay at Last," Review of African Political Economy vol. 21, Issue 59 (March 1994): 127-130. The author examines the political struggle of Namibia’s African leadership to regain Walvis Bay from South Africa, ending with a ceremonial turnover in February 1994. Simon, D. and R. Preston. "Return to the Promised Land: Repatriation and Resettlement of Namibian Refugees, 1989-1990," in R. Black and V. Robinson (eds.) Geography and Refugees: Patterns and Process of Change. London: Belhaven Press (1993):47-63. The authors address the historical dynamics and the politics driving the repatriation and resettlement of Namibian refugees in Namibia. Toase, Francis. "The South African Army: The Campaign in South West Africa/Namibia Since 1966," in F.W. Beckett and John Pimlott (eds.) Armed Forces and Modern Counter-Insurgency. New York: St. Martin’s (1995): 190-221. The author examines the military counter-insurgency campaigns of the South African armed forces in Namibia and against its African peoples since 1966. UN Council for Namibia. The Military Situation in and Relating to Namibia. Report Dated April 1986 of Standing Committee II of the United Nations Council for Namibia. New York: United Nations, 1987. The UN report outlines the crisis driving the military situation in Namibia in 1986. UN Council for Namibia. The Military Situation in and Relating to Namibia: A Report of the United Nations Council for Namibia. New York: United Nations, 1983. The UN report chronicles the political and military situation in Namibia as influenced by South Africa against the SWAPO and the African peoples of Namibia. "Walvis Bay: South Africa, Namibia and the Question of Sovereignty," International Affairs vol. 66, Issue 3 (July 1990):559-569. The article assesses the strategic importance of the deep-water port Walvis Bay and the legal arguments over its title and claims to sovereignty by Namibia and South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

357

Wood Brian. "Preventing the Vacuum: Determinants of the Namibia Settlement," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 17, Issue 4 (December 1991):742-754. The author evaluates the political, military and economic factors behind the diplomatic agreement that led to the withdrawal of South Africa from its colonial occupation of Namibia.

SOUTH AFRICA "40 Commando in South Africa," African Armed Forces Journal (July 1997): 17. The brief report describes the British Commando Brigade visit to the South African Army's Battle School to participate in joint commando maneuvers with the South African National Defense Force. Adam, Heribert and Kogila Moodley. The Negotiated Revolution: Society and Politics in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 1993. The authors analyze the peace settlement between the African National Congress and the white Afrikaners in a post-apartheid South Africa. Adam, K. "South African Style Affirmative Action," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. 2 (1997):231-249. The author examines the politics and economics of affirmative action in a post-apartheid South Africa. Adams, Simon. "What's Left: The South African Communist Party After Apartheid," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 72 (June 1997):237-248. The author addresses the political status and situation of the once legendary South African Communist Party after the end of apartheid South Africa and the collapse of the Soviet Union and the world communist movement. African National Congress. Foreign Policy in a New Democratic South Africa. Johannesburg: African National Congress, 1993. The policy document carefully outlines the ANC's foreign policy objectives in a newly democratic and non-racial South Africa. Ahwireng-Obeng, Fred and Patrick McGowan. Partner or Hegemon? South Africa in Africa (Part One). Journal of Contemporary African Affairs vol. 16, no. 1 (January 1998):5-38. The authors address the issue of whether South Africa's strategic behavior towards Sub-Saharan Africa will be one of a continental hegemon or as a helpful friend.

358

The Southern Africa Region

Aitchison, J. "The Civil War in Natal," South African Review, no. 5 (1990):457473. The author assesses the long-running history and the political implications of the brutal civil war for the civilian populations and political actors in the Natal, South Africa. Ajulu, Rok. "Thabo Mbeki's African Renaissance in a Globalizing World Economy: The Struggle for the Soul of the Continent," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 87 (March 2001):27-42. The author analyzes in the context of a globalizing world economy the recent call of South African President, Thabo Mbeki, for a new African Renaissance to totally rebuild and reconstitute Sub-Saharan Africa economically, financially and politically. Alao, Abiodun. Brothers at War: Dissident and Rebel Activities in Southern Africa. London: I.B. Taurus, 1994. The author discusses the historical origins and the policy significance of African dissident and rebel activities in the Southern African region. Albright, David. "South Africa and the Affordable Bomb," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (July-August 1994):37-47. The author examines the South African nuclear weapons capability and its strategic implications for international and regional security. Albright, David. "South Africa's Nuclear Weapons," Washington D.C.: Institute for Science and International Security, May 1994. The author reviews the origins, development and directions of the South African nuclear weapons project. Albright, David. "South Africa’s Changing Threat Perceptions and Strategic Responses," In Depth no. 1 (Spring 1991): 114-215. The author addresses the dynamics of changing threat perceptions and strategic responses of South Africa. Albright, David and Mark Hibb. "The ANC and the Atomic Bomb," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (April 1993)32-37. The authors assess the strategic influence of the South African nuclear weapons capability and decision-making on the emerging international nonproliferation position of the African National Congress.

The Southern Africa Region

359

Albright, David and T. Zamara. "South Africa Flirts with the NPT," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 47, Issue 1 (January/February 1991):27-32. The author explores South Africa's refusal to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty without certain conditions to gain concrete benefits. It discusses South Africa's ability to produce highly enriched uranium and explores the Israeli connection. Alexander, C. "South Africa to Sign," Nature vol. 352, Issue 6330 (July 1991):7-9. The author contends that the South African government has admitted that it has the capability to produce nuclear weapons but has promised never to use them. Allen, J. The Essential Desmond Tutu. Cape Town: David Philip, 1998. The author examines the life and times of the South African freedom fighter Bishop Desmond Tutu. "Alkantpan Test Range: One of South Africa's Advanced Test Facilities," African Armed Forces Journal (May 1998):19. The article summarizes the operations of the Alkantpan Test Range, an advanced military test facility that specializes in testing weapon systems and ammunition, and the most advanced in Sub Saharan Africa. Allie, N. "Mission Impossible," Salut vol. 4, Issue 6 (June 1997):32-34. The report outlined a special border protection operation conducted successfully by Group 9 of the South African National Defense Force near Lesotho's border(s). Aluko, Olajide. "France and South Africa," Jerusalem Journal of International Relations vol. 12, no. 4 (December 1990):59-76. The author evaluates the history and substance of French-South African strategic relations during the apartheid regime in Southern Africa. "America, Syria and South Africa," New York Times (January 19, 1997):E14. The brief article addresses the impact that the proposed South African arms sales to Syria will have on United States and South African relations. Amnesty International. South Africa: State of Fear. New York: Amnesty International. 1992. The report outlines the extremely severe levels of political conflict in domestic South African society between blacks and whites.

360

The Southern Africa Region

Amnesty International. South Africa, Torture, Ill-Treatment and Executions in Africa National Congress Camps. New York: Amnesty International, 1992. The report chronicles the torture and executions by the South African state against resisting Africans in the African liberation movement. Anglin, Douglas. "The Life and Death of South Africa’s National Peacekeeping Force," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 1 (March 1995):2152. The author outlines the history and activities of South Africa's national peacekeeping force. "Arafat will visit South Africa during August," ArabicNews.Com (May 27, 1998). The article outlines the political implications of Yassir Arafat's official trip to South Africa. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980527/1998052729.html "Arms for Syria?" Economist vol. 342, Issue 8000 (January 18, 1997):42-44. The article reports on the latest developments between the United States and South Africa in the wake of South African plans to sell advanced conventional weapon systems to Syria. Author, Paul. "Some Thoughts on Transition: A Comparative View of the Peace Process in South Africa and Northern Ireland," Government Opposition vol. 30, no. 1 (Winter 1995):48-59. The author compares the peace process in South Africa and Northern Ireland, both states representative of highly ranked violent societies and both involved states in severe political conflicts. Ayittey, George. "Black Africans are Enraged at Arabs," Wall Street Journal vol. 232, Issue 47 (September 4, 1998):A10. The brief article contends that black Africans are angry with Arabs for the casualties from the Planet Hollywood restaurant bombing in Cape Town, South Africa, as well as the long-standing brutal treatment of black Africans by Arabs in Mauritania and the Sudan. Baberton, C. M. Blake and H. Kotze. (eds.) Creating Action Space: The Challenge of Poverty and Democracy in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 1998. The edited text analyzes the impact of poverty, development and democracy in post-apartheid South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

361

Barber, James. "BOSS in Britain," African Affairs vol. 82 (July 1983):311-28. The author examines the spying activities of BOSS against the African National Congress members and leaders in Great Britain. Barber, James and John Barratt. "Africa," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 36, Issue 2 (April 1999):243-459. The authors review South Africa's foreign policy and the search for status and security. Barber, James and John Barratt. South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Search for Status and Security, 1945-1988. Johannesburg, South Africa: Southern Book Publishers, 1990. The authors examine apartheid South Africa's foreign policy from 1945 to 1988, and the origins and design of its domestic, regional and foreign search for status and security. Barrie, G. "South Africa's Forcible Intervention in Lesotho," De Rebus Issue 372 (January 1999):46-47. The author analyzes the international legal dynamics of South Africa's military intervention into Lesotho. Batchelor, Peter. "Arms and the ANC," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 54, Issue 4 (September- October 1998): 56-62. The author discusses the South African arms sale to Syria and potential sales to Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries. Batchelor, Peter, Paul Dunne and David Saal. "Military Spending and Economic Growth in South Africa," SACDI Defence Digest, Working Paper no. 6 (September 1999):1-15. The authors carefully outline the robust relationship between national economic growth, military defence spending and defence manufacturing growth trends in South Africa. http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za./defencedigest/debrief06.html. Batchelor, Peter and Susan Willett. Disarmament and Defence Industrial Adjustment in South Africa. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2000. The authors explore the South Africa’s experience with disarmament and defense industrial adjustment. Battersby, John. "South Africa Arms Sales," South African Yearbook of International Affairs (1998-1999):251-256. The author carefully South Africa's rise as a major global player in military arms exports to pariah and non-pariah states, and the implications for the South African military industrial complex.

362

The Southern Africa Region

Baynham, Simon. "Security Strategies for a Future South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 28, Issue 3 (September 1990):401-431. The author outlines the dominant security structures and practices prevailing before the transfer of power to F.W. de Klerk, as well as alternative modus operandi' in the South African security domain. Baynham, Simon. "Defence and Security Issues in a Transitional South Africa," International Affairs Bulletin vol. 14, no. 3 (July/September 1990):4-14. The author reviews the central defense and security issues facing a transitioning South Africa. Baynham, Simon. "SADCC Security Issues," Africa Insight vol. 19 (1989):8895. The author examines the successful realization of SADCC's economic objectives and rehabilitation of the regional transport network and its links to security measures. Bazargan, Darius. "Gulf: South African Arms Deal Won’t Enhance Saudi Security," Inter Press Service (August 1, 1997). The author argues that South Africa is in the process of closing a large arms deal worth about $1.6 billion with Saudi Arabia. Beattie, Alan. "Zimbabwe Adds to the Woes of World's Poorest Continent," Financial Times (March 14, 2002):6. The author suggests that the contested presidential outcome in Zimbabwe, which is not supported by either the United States or the European Economic Community, could lead to further cuts in the already meager levels of Western assistance and investment in Sub-Saharan Africa. Beese, Wade. "Administration Clears Way for South African Arms Trade," Arms Control Today (March 1998). The Clinton administration's lifting of weapons sanctions against leading South African armaments corporations is discussed, as well as the political implications of the U.S. action. Bennet, Mark and Deborah Quin. Political Conflict in South Africa: Data Trends 1984-1988. Durban, South Africa: University of Natal, Center for Social Development Studies, 1991. The authors evaluate the quantitative data trends on the variations of political conflict in South Africa between 1984-1988.

The Southern Africa Region

363

Bennett, C.H. "Economic Implications of Maritime Strategic Imperatives," African Armed Forces Journal (December/January 1999):21-23. The author briefly explores the importance of a strong maritime force for South Africa, as well as its strategic economic implications. Bennett, C.H. "Crime and Security," African Armed Forces Journal (May 1998):11. The author briefly examines the role and impact of rising crime rates in generating continuing internal instability in South Africa. Bennett, C. H. "The Military Culture for the SANDF in a Democratic South Africa," African Armed Forces Journal (March 1998):14-17. The author evaluates the South African National Defense Force, which is in the process of transformation to meet the demands of a new and democratic South Africa. The author maintains that the present military culture has not changed much, and that the 'veil of secrecy' needs to be lifted if military personnel are to be informed. Berkeley, Bill. "The Warlords of Natal," Atlantic Monthly vol. 273, Issue 3 (March 1994):85-98. The author analyzes internal conflict among African ethnic groups in Natal, South Africa and the influence of apartheid, police brutality and civil disorder. Bernhard, Robert. "South Africa's Defused Nuclear Weapons: Trend Refusal in the Third World," Aussenpolitik (1995):71-81. The author investigates the origins and implementation of South Africa's nuclear disarmament program. Besdziek, Dirk. "Into the Breech: Reversing the Proliferation of Firearms in South Africa," African Security Review vol. 5 (1996):17-32. The author focuses on legal firearms and their massive proliferation in South Africa; and he suggests that revision to legal firearm rules and improvements to the administration of gun laws will reduce firearm proliferation trends. Binns, Tony and Etienne Nel. "Beyond the Development Impasse: The Role of Local Economic Development and Community Self-Reliance in Rural South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 3 (1999):389409. The authors critique the role and impact of community self-reliance on local economic development in a rural and post-apartheid South Africa. Birch, Carole. "Prospects for Security and Stability in the New South Africa," in Bassey's Defence Yearbook 1995. London: Center for Defence Studies,

364

The Southern Africa Region

King’s College (1995):300-322. The author assesses the likelihood of security and stability in the post-apartheid South Africa. Boister, Neil B. and Kevin Ferguson-Brown (eds.) South African Human Rights Yearbook, 1992 vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. The edited text discusses South African human rights record in 1992. BOSS: The First Five Years. London International Defence and Aid Fund, 1977. The author explores the history and activities of BOSS in South Africa. Botha, P.du.T. "An African Renaissance in the 21st Century?" Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 22, Issue 1 (June 2000):1-30. The author outlines the concept of an African Renaissance as promoted by President Thabo Mbeki, as well as South African perspectives on the idea, reflected in the foreign policy statements of the ANC. Bratton, Michael. "After Mandela's Miracle in South Africa," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):214-219. The author analyzes the political and economic prospects for South Africa with the stepping down from the Presidency of South Africa, Nelson Mandela. Bremner, David. "Local Peace and the South African Transition," Peace Review vol. 9, Issue 2 (June 1997):241-249. The author investigates the violence by white right-wing ideologues, the South African Defense Force and the South African Police to derail the ANC political transition process. Brewer, John D. Black and Blue: Policing in South Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994. The author addresses the history and consequences of police and policing in South Africa. Brewer, John D. "Some Observations on Policing and Politics: A South African Case Study," Policing and Society vol. 4, no. 2 (1994). The author examines the history and policy interaction of policing and politics in South Africa, Breytenbach, Willie. "South Africa Within the African Revolutionary Context," in A. J. Venter (ed.) Challenge: Southern Africa within the African Revolutionary Context. Gilbraltar: Ashanti Publishing (1989):63-90. The author assesses the place of South Africa and its African liberation movement in the overall African revolutionary context.

The Southern Africa Region

365

Briganti, Giovani de. "South Africa Shies Away From Lead Peacekeeping Roles," Defense News (November 28-Dcember 19,1994). The author argues South Africa refuses a peacekeeping role in Africa for domestic reasons. Brogden, Michael. "Reforming Police Power in South Africa," Police Studies vol. 17, no. 1 (1994):25-44. The author assesses reforming police power in South Africa. Brogden, Michael and Clifford D. Shearing. Policing for New South Africa. London: Routledge, 1993. The authors examine policing in South Africa. Brogden, Michael. and P. Nijhar. "Corruption and the South African Police," Crime, Law and Social Change vol. 10, no. 1 (1998):89-106. The authors evaluate the extent of corruption in the South African police force. Brownlee, R. and Ian Liebenberg. "Reflections on the Integration of the Military in South Africa," African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 2 (1995):26-31.The authors explore integration of revolutionaries into the South African army. Bryoska, Michael. "South Africa: Evading the Embargo," in Michael Bryoska and Thomas Ohlson (eds.) Arm Production in the Third World. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis (1989):193-214. The author outlines how South Africa evaded the international arms embargo. Buell, John and Daniel Horner. Weapons Implications of U.S.-South African Uranium Trade. Washington DC: Nuclear Control Institute, 1985. The weapons implications of US-South African uranium trading are assessed. Buntman, Fram Lisa. Robben Island and Prisoner Resistance to Apartheid. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. The author critically evaluates the innovative resistance strategies of African political prisoners on Robben Island, including Nelson Mandela, to the apartheid system Butts, Kent Hughes and Steven Metz. Armies and Democracy in the New Africa: Lesson from Nigeria and South Africa. Carlisle Barracks: U.S. Army War College, 1996. The authors review the direct political impact of defense forces on democratic governance and stability in Nigeria and South Africa. Camerer, Lala. Costly Crimes: Commercial Crime and Corruption in South Africa. Halfway House, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies, 1997.

366

The Southern Africa Region

The author examines the implications of the significant increase of commercial crime and corruption rates in the post-apartheid South Africa. Cameron, R. "The History of Devolution of Powers to Local Authorities in South Africa: The Shifting Sands of State Control," Local Government Studies vol. 21, no. 3 (1995):396-417. The author gives a historical analysis on the devolution of powers to local governmental authorities in a postapartheid South Africa. Cameron, Trewhalla and S.B. Spies (eds.) New History of South Africa. Cape Town: Human and Rousseau, 1991. The edited text provides a new history on South Africa Cammack, Diana. "South Africa’s War of Destabilization," South African Review vol. 5 (1990):191-208. The author discusses the role and consequences of an apartheid South Africa's policy of destabilization of states in the Southern African region. Carlin, John. "Pretoria Came Close to Dropping Nuclear Bomb on Luanda," The Independent (March 30, 1993):12. The brief article argues that South Africa decided not to drop a nuclear bomb on Luanda, Angola. Carim, Xavier. "Illegal Migration to South Africa," Africa Insight vol. 25, no. 4 (1995):221-223. The brief article outlines the historical rise and political economy implications of illegal migration flows to South Africa from the Southern African region and Sub-Saharan Africa in general. Carro, Msukeleni Nyathi. "Small Arms Proliferation and Conflict in South Africa," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 6 (Summer 1998):103-109. The author contends that South Africa's political, economic and cultural growth is negatively impacted by growing internal conflict, violence, and the proliferation of small arms or light weapons in the general society. Cauven, Henri E. "First Trip by a Japanese Leader to South Africa," New York Times (January 9, 2001):A4. The author outlines the strategic implications of the first ever visit by a Japanese Prime Minister, Yoshiro Mori, to South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

367

Cawthra, Gavin. Policing South Africa: The South African Police and the Transition from Apartheid. London: Zed Books, 1993. The author addresses the future role and impact of the South African police (and security) forces in the transition from an apartheid South Africa to a non-apartheid, democratic South Africa. Cawthra, Gavin. Brutal Force: Apartheid War Machine. London: International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1986. The author outlines the diverse weapons systems, war-fighting capabilities and strategic effectiveness of the apartheid South Africa's military machine. Cherry, Michael. "South Africa's Truth Commission Reveals Bio-weapons Plot," Nature vol. 393, Issue 6687 (June 1998):724-725. The author contends that in the early 1990s South African defense researchers developed lethal biological and chemical weapons for strategic utilization by the South Africa Defense Force and Intelligence Services to deter, cripple and destroy the leadership of the ANC and other militant black liberation groups in the Southern African region. Cherry, Michael. "ANC Seeks Limits on Nuclear Power in South Africa," Nature vol. 368, Issue 6467 (March 1994):90-91. The author reviews the African National Congress' political position on the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty and the possession of nuclear weapons. Cherry, Michael. "South Africa Thinks Again," Nature vol. 347, Issue 6292 (October 1990):417-419. The author posits that South Africa will sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, provided that other states in the Southern African region do so. Cheru, Fantu. "Overcoming Apartheid’s Legacy: The Ascendancy of Neoliberalism in South Africa’s Anti-Poverty Strategy," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 4 (2001):505-528. The author addresses the postapartheid South African government’s reliance on neo-liberalism as the fundamental driver for its new anti-poverty strategy to reduce extreme poverty among its large African population. Cilliers, Jakkie. "Notes on Social Mobilization, Revolutionary War and Change in South Africa," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 10, Issue 2 (November 1998):58-74. The author discusses social mobilization,

368

The Southern Africa Region

revolutionary war and change, the interaction between the Government and the ANC, and the important and necessary role of the Security Forces. Cilliers, Jakkie. "From a 'Siege Mindset' to a Popular Force: The Evolution of the South African National Defense Force," Africa Quarterly vol. 38 (1998):27-65. The author traces the evolution of the present South African National Defense Force, from the establishment of the Union Defense Force (UDF) in 1912 - which became the South African Defense Force in 1957- to the development of the post-apartheid South African defense force. Cilliers, Jakkie. "South Africa and the International Campaign to Ban Antipersonnel Landmines," African Security Review vol. 6, Issue 1 (1997):5-15. The author examines the international campaign to ban landmines and South Africa's policy on anti-personnel mines as it has developed in recent years. Cilliers, Jakkie (ed.) Mailed Fist: Developments in Modern Armor. Halfway House, South Africa: Institute for Defense Policy, 1996. The edited text discussed various new developments in combined armor (and attack helicopter utilization) in the South Africa National Defense Force, as well as international thinking on armor theory and practice, present and future. Cilliers, Jakkie. "Towards a South African Conventional Arms Trade Policy,” African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 4 (1995):3-20. The author summarizes South Africa's conventional arms trading policy to third world states and their security and political implications. Cilliers, Jakkie. "The Evolving Security Architecture in Southern Africa," African Security Review vol. 4, no. 5 (1995). The author reviews the effects of the ‘liberation’ of South Africa on Southern Africa, new security realities in the region and the possible establishment of regional organizations. Full text can be viewed at: http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/ASR/4No5/Cilliers.html. Cilliers, Jakkie. "The Military in a Changing South Africa," South African Defense Review (1992):3-14. The author examines the demographic, manpower and political challenges facing the SADF in the light of the recent dramatic changes in the international, regional and national environment within which it exists and operates.

The Southern Africa Region

369

Cilliers, Jakkie et al. "War and Peace in Southern Africa," African Security Review vol. 7, Issue 5 (1998):70-71. The authors outline crime, policing, small arms proliferation, illegal population flows, the challenges of economic development, drug trafficking and abuse, civil-military relations and the challenge of peacekeeping in South Africa. Cilliers, Jakkie et. al. "Public Attitudes Regarding the Image and the Future of the South African Military and Defense Industry," African Security Review vol. 6, Issue 5 (1997):25-35. The authors analyze a major public opinion survey on citizens' view on the image and future of the military and the defense industry in South Africa. Cliffe, Lionel. "Land Reform in South Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 84 (June 2000):273-286. The author addresses the complex and politically explosive issue of land reform in South Africa and the position of the African National Congress on the strategic issue Clough, Michael. The United States, Cuba, and Southern Africa: From Confirmation to Negotiation. Boulder Colo.: Westview Press, 1989. The author examines the role and involvement of the United States and Cuba in the Southern African region, with a specific focus on Angola. Cochran, Edwin S. "The Pivotal State: Post-Apartheid South Africa," Parameters vol. 30 (Winter 2000-01):83-101. The author posits that multiple U.S. regional security objectives in Sub-Saharan Africa are satisfied though sustained American engagement with South Africa and the active encouragement of the latter's role as the "pivotal state" on the continent. Cock, Jacklyn and P. McKenzie. From Defense to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip, 1998. The authors investigate South Africa's redirection of military resources into nonmilitary economic development programs in the post-apartheid period. Coetzee, Gert. "Transparent Intelligence for a New Democracy," RSA Review vol. 8, no. 7 (August 1995):14-21. The author interviews South Africa's Deputy Minister of Intelligence Services Joe Nhlanda on how the intelligence community has adopted to the changing national and regional security environment.

370

The Southern Africa Region

Collina, Tom Zamora. "South Africa Bridges the Gap," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 51, Issue 4 (July-August 1995):30-32. The author reviews the support of the United States for an indefinite extension of the 1995 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and South Africa's position on the extension issue. Cooper, Allan D. Allies in Apartheid: Western Capitalism in Occupied Namibia. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988. The author examines the deployment of western capitalism multinationals in occupied Namibia and their alliance with forces of apartheid in that country. Crawford, Neta C. "South Africa's New Foreign and Military Policy: Opportunities and Constraints," Africa Today vol. 42 (1995):88-122. The author investigates a changing South African foreign and military policy under the new Mandela government. Crocker, Chester A. South Africa’s Defence Posture: Coping With Vulnerability. Beverly Hills and London: Zed Books, 1993. The author assesses South Africa 's defense posture and defense effectiveness and the threats and vulnerabilities that South Africa faces. Crush, J. (ed.) Beyond Control: Immigration and Human Rights in a Democratic South Africa. Cape Town: DASA, 1998. The edited text explores the complex policy issues of continental and regional immigration and human rights in a democratic South Africa. Daley, Suzanne. "South Africa rejects U.S. Warnings on Sale of Arms to Syria," New York Times (January 16, 1997):A6. The author briefly outlines the U.S. political warning to South Africa not to sale arms to Syria. Daniels, E. There and Back: Robben Island, 1964-1979. Bellville: Mayibuye Books, 1998. The author examines the detention experienced by African National Congress leaders and other African liberation members on Robbin Island from 1964-1979. Davies, Robert. "South African Strategy towards Mozambique since Nkomati," Transformation Issue 3 (1987):4-30. The author assesses South Africa's political strategy towards Mozambique since the Nkomati Accord in March 1984.

The Southern Africa Region

371

Davis, Dennis and Mana Salbbert. Crime and Power in South Africa. London: Global Book Resources and Johannesburg: David Philip, 1985. The author addresses the relationship between rising crime problem and policy in an apartheid South Africa; and the growing resistance of the African liberation movement. Davis, Stephen M. Apartheid’s Rebels: Inside South Africa’s Hidden War. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1987. The author discusses the inner conflicts inside South Africa's hidden war against the African liberation movement. Deacon, J. "Military Culture in South Africa," African Security Review,” vol. 4, Issue 4, (1995):31-36. The author explores the new military culture of the South African National Defense Force. "Defense in the Future," Salut vol. 4, Issue 3 (March 1997):18-19. The brief article contends that establishment of democratic governance in South Africa brought about change in every aspect of the country's way of life, and defense is no exception. It focused on the status of the military organization including defense policy and civil military relations, management and leadership, people; force design, structure, logistics, finances, and information systems. De Jager, J.M. "African Policy on the Disclosure of Defense Information," South African Archives Journal vol. 40 (1998):69-77. The author explores the historical background and the extent of public access to strategic defense information in South Africa with the emergence of the new multiracial democracy. "Demilitarization and Conversion: Arms Manufacturing Conversion," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, Issue 4 (August 2000):566-568. The brief report examines arms manufacturing conversion, disarmament and defense industrial adjustment, and defense conversion issues in South Africa. "Denel's EMAK 35 in a New Role," African Armed Forces Journal (November 1997): 10. A brief review of a new externally powered cannon gun, named the EMAK 35, and produced by Denel's LIW Division of South Africa.

372

The Southern Africa Region

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (South Africa). White Paper on South African Participation in International Peace Missions. Pretoria, South Africa: Government Printers, October 4, 1999. The report discusses the possibilities and conditions of South Africa's participation in international peace missions. Desmond, Cosmas. The Discarded People: An Account of African Resettlement in South Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971. The author outlines the resettlement policies of an apartheid South African government against the African people of South Africa in urban and rural areas. Deuel, George Lawrence. Circumventing the Arms Embargo: The Rise of Armscor. Miami, FL: MA Thesis, University of Miami, 2000. The author addresses the rise of the South African weapons multinational, Armscor and its impact on the South African and global weapons industry, and in circumventing the international arms embargo. De Villiers, F.W., Roger Jardine, and Mitchell Reiss, "Why South Africa Gave Up the Bomb," Foreign Affairs vol. 72, no. 1 (November/December 1993):98-109. The authors address the important question of why South Africa gave up its operational nuclear weapons capability. De Villiers, F.W. and Roger Jardine. "Why South Africa Gave Up the Bomb," Foreign Affairs (November 1993): 101. The authors examine the political and military reasons why South Africa became the first country to dismantle its advanced nuclear weapons program and sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. De Vries, R. "The Institutionalism of Military Excellence: Creating the Perfect Platoon," African Armed Forces Journal (June 1999):10-12. The author recommends the implementation of a Platoon Readiness Project in the South African National Defense Force in order to ensure a combat-ready unit and effective peace support and peace keeping operations in the South African region. De Vries, R. "Dynamic Leadership and Command Concepts for Africa: The Future," African Armed Forces Journal (November 1998):10-15. The author explores the relevance of modern leadership concepts, such as transformational leadership and mission command, to the South African National Defense Force and defense forces throughout Sub Saharan Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

373

Dhlomo, Oscar D. "Pitfalls and Possibilities in the Negotiating Process," Harvard International Review vol. 14, Issue 2 (Winter 1992):30-33. The author discusses the political pitfalls and possibilities of negotiation in the democratization process in South Africa. "Diplomatic Trade Discussions between Iraq and South Africa," ArabicNews.Com (December 1, 1999). The article examines South African and Iraqi trade discussions and US concerns related to the discussions. http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/991201/1999120126.html Dodd, Normal L. "The South African Army in 1986," Armed Forces vol. 5 (July 1986):98-109. The author examines the state and effectiveness of the South African army in 1986. Donnelly, Warren H. and Zachary S. Davis. South Africa's New Nuclear Status. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, 1991. The report addresses South Africa's nuclear weapons capability and the domestic debate within the apartheid state on what to do with the nuclear assets. Dorian, Thomas F. and Leonard S. Spector. "Covert Nuclear Trade and the International Nonproliferation Regime," Journal of International Affairs vol. 35 (Spring/Summer 1981):29-68. The authors report on the status of nuclear weapon production in South Africa, with the alleged transfer of uranium enrichment technology from West Germany; and the position taken by the United States that unless South Africa signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty and accepts full-scope safeguards, it would face sanctions. Dunne, Paul and Vougas Dimitrios. "Military Spending and Economic Growth in South Africa," Journal of Conflict Resolution vol. 43, Issue 4 (August 1999):521-538. The authors examine through advanced time series analysis the relationship between military spending and economic growth in South Africa. Du Pasani, Andre. Beyond the Barracks: Reflections on the Role of the SADF in the Region. Johannesburg: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1988. The author examines the role of the South African Defense Forces in destabilizing the Southern African region. Du Plessis, Anton "Revisiting South Africa's National Interest in an Era of Change and Transition: Theoretical Considerations and Practical

374

The Southern Africa Region

Manifestations," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 19, Issue 2 (November 1997):76-110. The author examines South Africa's national interest debate given the rise to governmental power of the African National Conference in 1994. Du Toit, F. "New Regional Mission: SANDF," Enterprise: Networking for Africa's Entrepreneurs and Leaders Issue 100 (July 1996):119. The brief report outlines the South African National Defense Force' s growing peacekeeping and humanitarian activities in the Southern African region. Ellis, Stephen. "The Historical Significance of South Africa's Third Force," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1998):261-300. The author explores the historical role and military activities of the special security force Third Force in its the war against the ANC during the constitutional negotiations of 1990-1994. Ellis, Stephen. "Of Elephants and Men: Politics and Nature Conservation in South Africa," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 20, Issue 1 (March 1994):53-72. The author examines the wartime relations between the South African conservationist organizations and elite counter-insurgency formations of the South African Defense Force. "Energy News in Africa," Journal of Energy in Southern Africa vol. 7, Issue 4 (November 1996):135-136. The report analyzes the regional and national energy systems and policies in the Southern Africa region. Engelbrecht, L. "True Velocity," African Armed Forces Journal (August 2000):21-43. The author investigates the Truvelo Armory, one of three advanced military armaments corporations in South Africa, and its military technology productivity. Engelbrecht, L. "VDS has Big Plans for its OMC Subsidiary," African Armed Forces Journal (November 1999):17. The author assesses the important role of Vickers Defense Systems in the South Africa's defense acquisition programming. Engelbrecht, L. "Training Critical Leaders," African Armed Forces Journal (October 1998): 10-14. The author evaluates the issue of training critical leadership in the armed forces of South Africa, in light of the debate occurring in the US armed forces and among militaries around the world.

The Southern Africa Region

375

Etherington, Norman (ed.) Peace, Politics and Violence in the New South Africa, London: Hans Zell, 1992. The author examines the complex issues of peace, politics and violence in South Africa. Evans, Graham. "South Africa's Foreign Policy After Mandela," Round Table Issue 352 (October 1999):621-629. The author suggests that domestic policies rather than foreign affairs dominated the June 1999 elections in South Africa but internal relations will have a direct bearing on the ability of the new government of Thabo Mbeki to deliver its electoral pledges. Evans, Graham. "South Africa in Remission: The Foreign Policy of an Altered State," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, Issue 2 (June 1996):249270. The author investigates the political and economic changes in the foreign policy of South Africa since the inauguration of the Government of National Unity in May 1994. Evans, Graham. "The International Community and the Transition to a New South Africa," Round Table Issue 330 (April 1994): 175-188. The author reviews the rapidly changing political relationship between South Africa and the international community with the release of Nelson Mandela. Evans, Graham. "Walvis Bay: South Africa, Namibia and the Question of Sovereignty," International Affairs vol. 66, Issue 3 (July 1990):559-569. The author examines the strategic importance of Walvis Bay, off the coast of Namibia, and surveys the legal arguments over its title. Evans, Michael. "The Security Threat from South Africa," in Colin Stoneman (ed.) Zimbabwe’s Prospects: Issues of Race, Class, State and Capital in Southern Africa. London: Macmillan Publishers (1988):218-235. The author posits that South Africa is determined to perpetuate Zimbabwe's military vulnerability; and that any military confrontation is a high-risk policy for Harare and the South African state actors. Fischer, David. The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: Western Europe's Influence on South Africa. Bruxelles: Centre for European Policy Studies, 1985. The author addresses the issue of Western European influence on South Africa in the nuclear non-proliferation domain and the consequences of that influence.

376

The Southern Africa Region

"Foreign Policy: Africa," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 36, Issue 3 (June 1999):380-383. The brief reports on the foreign policy directions of Nigeria and South Africa. Flournoy, Michelea and Kurt M. Campbell. "South Africa's Bomb: A Military Option," ORBIS vol. 32 (Summer 1988):385-401. The authors discuss South Africa's nuclear weapons capability and its utility as a military option for possible use in the Southern African region. Frankel, Phillip H. Pretoria's Praetorians: Civil-Military Relations in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1984. The author assesses civilmilitary relations in an apartheid South Africa. Frankel Phillip H., Noam Hines, and Mark Swilling (eds.) State, Resistance and Change in South Africa. Kent: Croom Helm, 1988. Th edited text analyzes the apartheid South African state, the growing African liberation movement and prospects for political change in South Africa and regionally. Gall, Gregor. "Trade Unions and the ANC in the 'New' South Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 72 (June 1997):203-218. The author addresses the political relationship between the African National Congress and the major trade union organizations on economic, industrial and labor issues dominating the national agenda. Garner, Robert C. "Safe Sects? Dynamic Religion and AIDS in South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 1 (2000):41-70. The author critiques competing Christian sects who have gained new members in response to rising AIDS cases in South Africa. Geisler, Gisela. "'Parliament is Another Terrain of Struggle': Women, Men and Politics in South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 4 (2000):605-631. The author reviews the role and impact of women in South African politics, and their great struggle against apartheid and for equality in the African National Congress. Giliomee, Haermann. "South Africa’s Emerging Dominant-Party Regime," Journal of Democracy vol. 9, no. 4 (1998):128-142. The author examines the rise of the African National Congress and how it came into power promising to measurably improve economic conditions for the black poor, which it has not done.

The Southern Africa Region

377

Giliomee, Haermann. "Democratization in South Africa," Political Science Quarterly vol. 110, no. 1 (1995):83-104. The author evaluates the history and processes of democratization and democratic governance in a postapartheid South Africa. Glickman, Harvey (ed.) Toward Peace and Security in Southern Africa. New York, Philadelphia, London: Gordon Breach Science Publishers, 1990. The edited text addresses the possibilities for peace and security in the volatile and conflict-ridden Southern African region. Godschalk, S. "Green Soldiering in South Africa," African Armed Forces Journal (October 1999):13-14. The brief article explores the potential contributions of the South African defense forces can make towards improving South Africa's environment. Goodhew, David. "The People's Police-Force: Communal Policing Initiatives in the Western Areas of Johannesburg," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 19, Issue 3 (September 1993):447-471. The author assesses the history of communal policing initiatives in the violence-prone western areas of Johannesburg from 1930 to 1962; and he suggests that the South African Police proved largely ineffective in countering such violence, leading residents to try and police the areas themselves. Gray, Andy and Jenni Smit. "Improving Access to HIV-Related Drugs in South Africa: A Case of Colliding Interests," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 86 (December 2000):583-598. The authors evaluate the provision of HIV-related drugs to Africans infected with the HIV/AIDS virus in light of the Mbeki government's refusal to pay for such drug distribution throughout the nation. Graybill, Lyn. "Lingering Legacy: Apartheid and the South African Press," Current History vol. 99, no. 637 (May 2000):227-230. The author contends that recent regulatory actions by the African National Congress to muzzle the South African press resembles the past media suppression policy of the National Party government and of the South African press. Grest, Jeremy. "The South African Defence Force in Angola," in Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan (eds.) Society at War. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989. The author examines the military intervention and operations of the South African Defence Force in Angola and the Southern African region.

378

The Southern Africa Region

Griffiths, Robert J. "South African Civil-Military Relations in Transition: Issues and Influences," Armed Forces and Society vol. 21, Issue 3 (Spring 1995):395-411. The author explores the establishment of a new democratic dynamics in South Africa's civil-military relations. Griffiths, Robert J. "The South African Military: The Dimension of Expanded Influence in Decision-making," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 26, no. 2 (April 1991):76-95. The author assesses the implications of the South African Defense Forces' increasing involvement in political decisionmaking in the war against the African liberation movement, the African National Congress. Griggs, R.A. "The Security Costs of Political Party Boundary Demarcations: The Case of South Africa," African Security Review vol. 7, Issue 2 (1998):22-32. The author analyzes the security costs and political problems associated with South Africa's demarcation of nine new provinces, greatly influenced by competitive political party negotiations. Grobbelaar, J. "Afrikaner Nationalism: The End of a Dream?" Social Identities vol. 4, no. 3 (1998):385-398. The author addresses the origins and prospects for Afrikaner nationalism in the post-apartheid South Africa. Grundy, Kenneth W. "Scholarship on the New South Africa: Nibbling Around the Edges," African Studies Review vol. 42, no. 3 (1999):46-56. The author reviews the recent scholarship on the new South Africa under the rule of the African National Congress. Grundy, Kenneth W. "Bombs Away? Hardly, South Africa Developed, Built and Then Dismantled Six Atom Bombs, A Feat with Unsettling Implications for the Future," Orlando Sentinel (April 18, 1993):C1. The author discusses the origins, development and deployment of the South African (tactical) nuclear weapons capability. It outlines the South African decision to eliminate its nuclear weapons capability and finally sign and ratify the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and follow all International Atomic Energy Agency's safeguards and all nuclear national inspection site visits. Grundy, Kenneth W. South Africa: Domestic Crisis and Global Challenge. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1991. The author examines the central government's war against the domestic African liberation movement,

The Southern Africa Region

379

regional security relations with front-line African states and the political reactions of the international community. Grundy, Kenneth W. The Militarization of the South Africa Politics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986. The author critiques the role and impact of the South African Defense Forces in militarizing of South African politics, domestic and foreign. Grundy, Kenneth W. Soldiers without Politics: Blacks in South African Armed Forces. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. The author addresses the role and partial integration of blacks into the South African Defense Forces. Grundy, Kenneth W. "South Africa Regional Defense Plans: The Homeland Armies," in Thomas Callaghy (ed.) South Africa and Southern Africa: The Intensifying Vortex of Violence. New York: Praeger (1983):133-151. The author investigates the role and involvement of African homeland armies in South Africa's regional defense planning. Gutteridge, William (ed.) South Africa's Defense and Security into the 21st Century. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1996. The author examines the historical role and policy impact of the South African Defense Forces in securing South Africa's security interests, as well as outlining South Africa's military arms transfer and defense import policies with Russia, USA, China, North Korea, Japan, and European Economic Community. Gutteridge, William. South Africa: From Apartheid to National Unity, 19811994. Brookfield, VT: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1995. The author assesses the strategic political changes occurring in South Africa from 1981-1994. Gutteridge, William. "South Africa’s Defense and Security Forces: The Next Decade," in John E. Spence (ed.) Change in South Africa. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, for the Royal Institute of International Affairs (1994):50-64. The author investigates the role, effectiveness and future of South African Defense and Security Forces in the future of South Africa.

380

The Southern Africa Region

Gutteridge, William. "The Military in South Africa Politics: Champions of National Unity?" Conflict Studies no. 271 (June 1994):1-29. The author assesses the historical role and the strategic impact of the South African Defense Forces in South African politics on strategic issues of national unity and order. "G-Wagon is on Test in South Africa," African Armed Forces Journal (August 2000):27. The brief report reviews the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagon, a personnel-carrying military vehicle that is in the service with a number of military formations, and is being rigorously tested by the South African Army. Habib, Adam, Devan Pillay and Ashwin Desai. "South Africa and the Global Order: The Structural Conditioning of a Transition to Democracy," Journal of Contemporary African Affairs vol. 16, no. 1 (January 1998):95-116. The authors evaluate the role and influence of the international order on South Africa's transition to a multi-racial democracy. Hadden, Bernadette R. An HIV/AIDS Prevention Intervention with Female and Male STD Patients in a Peri-Urban Settlement in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women, September 1999. The author addresses the provision of HIV/AID prevention interventions with female and male STD patients in Kwazulu Natal. Halisi, C.R.D. "Citizenship and Populism in the New South Africa," Africa Today vol. 45, no. 32-4 (1998):423-438. The author addresses the strategic important of citizenship in black political life and the advancement of populist thought in the new democratic South Africa. Halisi, C.R.D. "From Liberation to Citizenship: Identity and Innovation in Black South African Political Thought," Comparative Studies in Society and History: An International Quarterly vol. 329, no. 1 (January 1997):61-85. The author examines the historical development and theoretical impact of identity and innovation in black South African political thought, democracy and citizenship practice. Hall, Ruth. "Design for Equity: Linking Policy with Objectives in South Africa's Land Reform," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (September 1998):451-462. The author investigates the historical origins

The Southern Africa Region

381

and the policy basis and complex political implications of the South Africa's land reform debate. Hamber, Brandon. Living With the Legacy of Impunity: Lessons for South Africa about the Truth, Justice and Crime in Brazil. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1997. The report discusses the lessons that South Africa can learn from examining the Brazilian case study. Hammond-Tooke, David. The Roots of Black South Africa. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball, 1993. The author addresses the rise and development of the African liberation movement in South Africa. Hanekom, H. "The Sub Saharan African Arc of Conflict: The Urgent Need for an African Peace-keeping Capacity," Africa Insight vol. 28, Issue 3 (1998):154-159. The author questions whether there is a well-defined continental and regional doctrine to advance peacekeeping and peace building capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hanlon, Joseph. "Successes and Future Prospects of Sanctions against South Africa," Review of African Political Economy (1990):84-95. The author examines the effectiveness of sanctions in the Namibian and Zimbabwean experience and argues that comprehensive sanctions can work against the apartheid South Africa government. Hanlon, Joseph. Apartheid’s Second Front: South Africa’s War Against Its Neighbors. New York: Penguin, 1986. The author examines the history and implications of South Africa's military conflict with its South African neighbors. Hanlon, Joseph. Beggar Your Neighbors: Apartheid Power in Southern Africa. London: James Currey Publishers, 1986. The author assesses the ecological and environmental history and impact of military conflicts on Southern Africa. Harris, Gordon. "The Incompatibility of Peacemaking and Military Power," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 8, Issue 1 (Summer 2001):67-74. The author posits that South Africa's goal of becoming the regional peacekeeper is at odds with its relative military strength.

382

The Southern Africa Region

Harris, Gordon. "Military Expenditure and the Peace Dividend in Southern Africa, 1985-1995," SACDI Defence Digest (April 1997):1-12. The author examines military expenditures and the peace dividend in South Africa. Hassim, S. "Gender Institutions in South Africa: New Forms of Politics," Afrique Politique (1998):77-86. The author evaluates the origins and development of gender institutions in the post-apartheid South Africa. Hassim, S. "Gender, Social Location and Feminist Politics in South Africa," Transformation vol. 15, no. 19 (1991):65-82. The author reviews feminist politics, gender and social location issues in South Africa. Hawker, Geoffrey. "Political Leadership in the ANC: The South African Provinces, 1994-1999," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 4 (2000):631-659. The author evaluates ANC leadership in the provinces, as well as the ANC government’s drive to improve provincial leadership. Hearn, Julie. "Aiding Democracy? Donors and Civil Society in South Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 21, no. 5 (2000):815-831. The author assesses the impact of western and domestic donors on civil society in South Africa. Heinecken, Lindy. "Living in Terror: The Looming Security Threat to Southern Africa," African Security Review vol. 10, no. 4 (2001):1-9. The author examines the security impact of high HIV/AIDS infection rates on South Africa's armed forces, and impact on peace and development of the region. Heinecken, Lindy. "Strategic Implications of HIV/AIDS in South Africa," Conflict, Security, Development vol. 1, no. 1 (2001):109-116. The author assesses the strategic impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic on South African military forces and the consequences for the security of South Africa. Heinecken, Lindy. War is a Bloody Business: AIDS the Enemy. Paper presented to the South African Sociological Association Congress, the University of the Western Cape, July 2-5, 2000. The author outlines the strategic threat that AIDS poses for South Africa's military and security forces. Heinecken, Lindy. "Securing South Africa's Future: Putting Women in the Frontline," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 22, Issue 2 (November 2000):76-102. The author addresses challenges facing the South African armed forces, compelled to implement full gender equality in its ranks.

The Southern Africa Region

383

Heinecken, Lindy. "The Impact of Societal Forces on Receptiveness to Trade Unions in the SANDF," Africa Insight vol. 28 (1998):84-89. The author explores the pressure on the SANDF to extend labor rights to armed forces. Heitman, Helmoed-Romer. "South Africa’s Arsenal," Military Technology vol. 18. no. 11 (December 1994):10-32. The author describes the effectiveness and capabilities of the South African military arsenal. Heitman, Helmoed-Aomer. South African Arms and Armor: A Concise Guide to Armaments of the South African Army, Navy and Air Force. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers, 1988. The author provides an informative system-wide armaments analysis of South Africa's National Defense Force. Hentz, James Jude. "The Two Faces of Privatization: Political and Economic Logics in Transitional South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 2 (2000):203-224. The author evaluates the history and dynamics of political and economic privatization in South Africa. Herbert, M.H. "The South African Defense Force and Political Reform," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 1 (1994):29-51. The author assesses the impact of political reform on the South African Defense Force. Hernes, H. et al. A Climate Strategy for Africa: Towards Environmentally Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. AFTES Post-UNCED series, Paper no. 10, World Bank, 1995. The authors examine climate strategies toward environmentally sustainable development in Africa. Hills Alice. "Toward a Critique of Policing and National Development in Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 2 (1996):271-291. The author critiques policing and development in South Africa. Hirschmann, D. "Civil Society in South Africa: Learning from Gender Themes," World Development vol. 26, no. 2 (1998):227-238. The author examines civil society using gender themes in a post-apartheid South Africa. Holloway, K. A. "South African Small Arms Ammunition Producer still Ranked Today as One of the World's Largest: Defense," Martin Creamer's Engineering News vol. 16, Issue 8 (March 1996):24-25. The author reviews how Pretoria Metal Pressings, which manufactured 45% of the total

384

The Southern Africa Region

production of 303 small-caliber ammunition during World War 11--making it one of the largest ammunition manufacturers in the world---is coping in the new South Africa. Horton, Lt. Colonel Roy. "Out of [South] Africa: Pretoria's Nuclear Weapons Experience," US Air Force Institute for National Security Studies, Occasional Paper no. 27 (August 27, 1999). The report provides a critical analysis on the history and development of South Africa's nuclear weapons program and nuclear capabilities. Hough, Michael. "Crime as a National Security Issue in South Africa," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 17, Issue 2 (November 1995):56-71. The author posits that in view of the context of national security policy in developing countries, endemic crime is not merely a law and order issue, but has in fact become a national security issue. Hough, Michael. "Revolt in the Townships," in A. J. Venter (ed.) Challenge: Southern Africa within the African Revolutionary Context. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing (1989):389-410. The author outlines the continuing African revolt in the townships of South Africa and its implications for South African security. Hounam, Peter and Steve McQuillan (eds.) The Mini-Nuke Conspiracy: Mandela's Nuclear Nightmare. New York: Viking, 1995. The authors address the policy origins and the strategic implications of a South African nuclear weapons capability for Nelson Mandela and the ANC. Howe, Herbert M. "The SADF Revisited,: in Helen Kitchen and J. Coleman Kitchen (eds.) South Africa: Twelve Perspectives on the Transition. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C. (1994):78-92. The author examines the history, capabilities and activities of the South African defense forces. Howe, Herbert M. "The South African Defense Force and Political Reform," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 1 (March 1994):29-51. The author outlines the complex role and impact of political reform on the South African Defense Force. Howlett, Daryl and John Simpson. "Nuclearisation and Denuclearization in South Africa," Survival vol. 35, no. 3 (Autumn 1993): 154-173. The authors

The Southern Africa Region

385

discuss the contentious political history and strategic domestic and foreign implications of the nuclearisation and denuclearization movements in South Africa. Human Rights Watch. Impunity for Human Rights Abuses in Two Homelands: Reports on KwaZulu and Bophuthatswana. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. The report examines the extremely deplorable human rights situations on two South African homeland area, KwaZulu and Bophuthatswana. Human Rights Watch. Prison Conditions in South Africa. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994. The report outlines the historical background and policy consequences of extremely deplorable prison conditions for Africans and others South Africans involved in the African liberation movement in an apartheid South Africa. Human Rights Watch. The Killings of South Africa: The Role of Strategic Forces and the Response of the State. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1991. The report reviews the apartheid government's extremely punitive policies towards the African liberation movement and its leadership cadres in South Africa. Hussein, S. and Jakkie Cilliers. "South Africa and the Quest for Collective Security," Security Dialogue vol. 28, no. 2 (1997):191-205. The authors explore the post-apartheid South Africa's search for collective security in the Southern African region. Innocenti, Nicol Degil. "ANC's Chief Whip Arrested Over Graft," Financial Times (October 4, 2001):8. The author discusses the arrest of the African National Conference's Chief Whip, Tony Yengeni---for alleged corruption associated with the R43bn arms procurement deal---where he is accused of statutory perjury, fraud, forgery and corruption in accepting a discounted Mercedes from Daimler-Chrysler. "Innovative Landmine Detection System Developed in South Africa," African Armed Forces Journal (October 1999):27. The report describes the Mechem/Scheibel VAMIDS, a new landmine detection system comprising a detector array and paint-dispensing unit drawn behind a suitable mineprotected vehicle.

386

The Southern Africa Region

"Intelligence: Halfway into the Light," Financial Mail vol. 135, Issue 8 (February 1995):26-29. The report assesses the nature of South Africa's reformed intelligence and security system, its revamped policy mandate and operational measures introduced through three separate Intelligence Acts. Jacobs, Nancy. Environment, Power, and Injustice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. The author analyzes the apartheid history of African food production, related negative environmental and state intervention conditions faced by rural African farmers in the 20th century. Jane’s Intelligence Review. Whither South African Warriors? Special Report no. 3. Surrey, UK: Jane Information Group, 1994. The report reviews the status and activities of the South Africa's military machine in light of the growing military pressure from the African liberation movement. Jaster, Robert S. "The South African Military Reassesses Its Priorities," in Helen Kitchen and J. Coleman Kitchen (eds.) South Africa: Twelve Perspectives on the Transition. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies (1994):66-77. The author examines the implications of the South African military's reassessment of its priorities. Jaster, Robert S. The Defence of White Power: South African Foreign Policy under Pressure. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1988. The author assesses South Africa's strategic political and security reaction to growing internal and external pressure to dismantle the apartheid system. Jaster, Robert S. South Africa and Its Neighbors: The Dynamic of Regional Conflict. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1986. The author discusses South Africa's strategic relations with its neighbors. Jaster, Robert S. A Regional Security Role for Africa's Front-Line States. Aldershot: Gower, 1985. The author assesses the potential regional security roles and their consequences for front-line states in the conflict-ridden Southern African region. Jaster, Robert S. "Politics and the Afrikaner Bomb," ORBIS (Winter 1984):825851. The author analyzes the politics both surrounding and driving the organizational and developmental dynamics of the nuclear weapons program by South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

387

Jaster, Robert S., Moeletsi Mbeki, Morley Nkosi, and Michael Clough (eds.) Changing Fortunes: War, Diplomacy, and Economics in Southern Africa. New York: Ford Foundation, Foreign Policy Association, 1992. The edited text assesses the changing political, economic and military dynamics in South Africa in reaction to the growing pressure from the African liberation movement Jenkins, J.W. "Urbanization and Security in South Africa: The Continuation of History," African Security Review vol. 6, Issue 6 (1997):54-63. The author explores the problems facing South Africa's main urban centers by studying the experience in other parts of the developing world, especially in SubSaharan Africa. Johnson, Phyllis and David Martin (eds.) Frontline Southern Africa. Peterborough: Ryan Publishing Company, 1989. The authors discuss the history of nuclear weapons tests by South Africa over the southern Atlantic Ocean region, and its development of a nuclear weapons capability and its strategic consequences. Johnson, R.W. "Destroying South Africa’s Democracy: USAID, the Ford Foundation and Civil Society," National Interest no. 53 (1998):19-28. The author contends that the post-apartheid South African civil society and democratic impulse has been damaged by the Ford Foundation and USAID. Johnson, R.W. and D. Welsh. Ironic Victory: Liberalism in Post-Liberation South Africa. Cape Town: University Press, 1998. The authors investigate the origins and political implications of liberalism in the post-liberation South Africa. Karis, Thomas G. "South African Liberation: The Communist Factor," Foreign Affairs vol. 65, no. 2 (Winter 1986-87):267-87. The author examines the ideological and policy influences of Communism on the African liberation movement in South Africa. Kasrils, R. "The South African Army: Futures and Forecasts," African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 1 (1995):2-5. The author assesses the South African National Defense Force Army from an international perspective, focusing on defense force integration, defense rationalization, and cooperation between security forces.

388

Kauppi, Mark Veblen. and Paul R. Viotti Study. Baltimore: author assesses the

The Southern Africa Region

"The Republic of South Africa," in Douglas J. Murray (eds.) The Defense Policies of Nations: A Comparative John Hopkins University Press (1989):476-519. The defense policies of the apartheid South Africa.

Keller, Edmond and L.A. Picard. South Africa in Southern Africa: Domestic Change and International Conflict. London: Lynne Rienner, 1989. The authors analyze the political reaction of South Africa to the African liberation movement and the political problems in the Southern Africa. Kempton, Daniel R. Lessening Political Violence in South Africa: The CODESA Decision. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1994. The report examines means and strategies to reduce episodes of political violence in South Africa. Kentridge, M. An Unofficial War: Inside the Conflict in Piemaritzburg. Cape Town, 1990. The author addresses the historical origins and the significance of the political war in Piemaritzburg, South Africa in the 1980s. Khadiagala, Gilbert M. "The Front Line States, Regional Interstate Relations and Institution Building in South Africa," in Harvey Glickman (ed.) Toward Peace and Security in South Africa. New York, Philadelphia, and London: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers (1990):131-161. The author outlines the policies of the front line states, regional interstate politics, and institution building in South Africa. Khanyile, M.B. "South Africa's Arms Transfers in 1997: Morality and Reality," Africa Insight vol. 29, Issue 3 (January 2000):24-31. The author explores the political morality and the economic value of South Africa's 1997 weapon sales and beyond. Khanyile, M.B. "South Africa's Military Relations with the Latin American Countries: Brazil in Focus," African Armed Forces Journal (July 1998):2223. A brief report on South Africa's cordial military intelligence relations with Brazil, as well as future personnel exchange programs between the two states to include advanced training for defense intelligence. Khosa, M.M. and Y.G. Muthien. "The Expert, The Public and the Politician’: Drawing South Africa’s New Provincial Boundaries," South African Geographical Journal vol. 79, Issue 1 (April 1997): 1-12. The authors assess

The Southern Africa Region

389

the public and political provincial boundaries decision making and the process of regional delimitation in South Africa. Kitchen, Helen, and J. Coleman Kitchen (eds.) South Africa: Twelve Perspectives on the Transition. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1994. The edited text explores various perspectives on the political transition from an apartheid white government to a post-apartheid African government. Koelble, T. and Andrew Reynolds. "Power-Sharing Democracy in the New South Africa," Politics & Society vol. 24, no. 3 (1996):221-236. The authors examine political power sharing arrangements in a post-apartheid South Africa. Klotz, Audie. "Migration After Apartheid: Deracialising South African Foreign Policy," Third World Quarterly vol. 21, no. 5 (2000):831-848. The author assesses South Africa’s strict immigration policy as being an obstacle to overturning apartheid’s legacy, and that South Africa’s immigration policy is not race related, as in the past, but is motivated by xenophobia. Kuperus, Tracy. "Building Democracy: An Examination of Religious Associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 4 (1999):643-669. The author discusses the beneficial impact of religious associations in South Africa and Zimbabwe on civil society and in building democracy. Kynoch, Gary. "The Transformation’ of the South Africa Military," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 3 (September 1996):441-458. The author reviews the transformation of the South African National Defense Force under the government of President Nelson Mandela. Lamont, James. "Mbeki Seeks Support from Gadaffi to Help Africa," Financial Times (June 14, 2002):5. The brief article summarizes the South African President Thabo Mbeki's diplomatic mission to Libya, to convince President Muammer Gadaffi to support the African-wide New Partnership for African Development Program, designed to attract significant western private investment in exchange for a dedicated African effort to promote democracy, self reliance and good governance.

390

The Southern Africa Region

Lamont, James. "South Africa Claims AIDS Is Stabilizing," Financial Times (June 11, 2002):6. The brief article reviews the unfounded claim that the South African government has made that the overall AIDS/HIV rate has stabilized, but competing evidence indicates that South Africa continues to have the highest AIDS/HIV infection rates in the world ("11% of its 40 million population, with 25% of the economically active population is infected, with 40% of deaths coming among 15 to 49 year olds"). Lamont, James. "South Africa Sends Troops to Burundi," Financial Times (October 29, 2001):6. The brief article points out that a 700-man South African peacekeeping force (financed by the European Community) is being deployed in Burundi, the largest deployment of South African military resources since the ANC's rise to national power. The deployment is designed to provide internal military security (along with a strong contingent of Nigerian peacekeepers) for the political leaders in a multiparty transitional government and to stabilize the capital city of Burundi, Bujumbura. Landgren, Signe. Embargo Dis-implemented: South Africa's Military Industry. London: Oxford University Press, 1989. The author suggests that South Africa has developed and maintained an extensive defense industry despite four major UN Security Council resolutions during the cold war period prohibiting the export of its weapons systems and military and nuclear technology to South Africa, as well as the selling of South African arms to third world states. Landsberg, Chris. "Promoting Democracy: The Mandela-Mbeki Doctrine," Journal of Democracy vol. 11, Issue 3 (July 2000):107-122. The author analyzes South Africa's foreign political and security policy that stresses the promotion of the democratic governance model throughout Sub Saharan Africa. Landsberg, Chris and D. Hlophe. "The Triple Black Burden: Race, Knowledge Production and South Africa's International Affairs," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 8, Issue 1 (Summer 2001):23-39. The authors argue that there is and remains an urgent strategic requirement to solve the extremely complex problem of race to advance the foreign policy of South Africa internationally and in Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

391

Leistner, Erich and Pieter Esterhuysen (eds.) South Africa in Southern Africa: Economic Interaction. Pretoria: Africa Institute, 1988. The edited text evaluates the economic interaction and relations of South Africa with the Southern African region. Leonard, Richard. South Africa at War: White Power and the Crisis in Southern Africa. Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill and Company, 1983. The author examines white power and the apartheid state of South Africa reactions against the African liberation movement in South Africa and regionally. Levin, Nadia, Kindiza Bgubeni, and Graeme Simpson. Meeting the Challenge of Change? Notes on Policing and Transition in South Africa. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1997. The authors report on the challenges faced by the South African police force in policing a post-apartheid South Africa. Liebenberg, Ian. "The Integration of the Military in Post-Liberation South Africa," Armed Forces and Society vol. 24, Issue 1 (Fall 1997): 105-132. The author assesses the history and consequences in the racial integration of the South African military given the nonracial multiparty elections in 1994. Liebenberg, Ian et al (eds.) The Long March: The Story of the Struggle for Liberation in South Africa. Pretoria: HAUM, 1994. The edited text evaluates the various dimensions of the political and ideological struggle of the African liberation movement in a post-apartheid South Africa. Lodge, Tom. "Political Corruption in South Africa," African Affairs vol. 96, no. 387 (1998): 157-191. The author addresses the virulence of political corruption in the public sector in a post-apartheid South Africa Lodge, Tom. "People’s War or Negotiation? African National Congress Strategies in the 1980’s," South African Review no. 5 (1990):42-55. The author explores the various political strategies of the African National Congress in the 1980s against the apartheid South African regime. Lodge, Tom et al (eds.). All, Here, and Now: Black Politics in South Africa in the 1980s. Cape Town: David Philip, 1991. The edited text examines African politics and the struggle of the African liberation movement in South Africa in the 1980s.

392

The Southern Africa Region

Louw, R. "Co-operation Strengthened through Calling on Foreign Ports," Salut vol. 6, Issue 1 (January 1999):33. A brief report on a South African joint naval task force under the leadership of Rear Admiral A.G. Soderlund, and its deployment in the Indian Ocean region to build regional defense cooperation with other naval powers. MacDonald, M. "Power Politics in the New South Africa," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 22, no. 2 (1996):221-232. The author examines the history and dynamics of power politics in a post-apartheid South Africa. Malan, Mark. "Keeping the Peace in the Neighborhood and Abroad: Lessons for South Africa from the Russian Experience?" African Security Review vol. 7, Issue 3 (1998):27-41. The author provides an overview of the Russian experience in maintaining regional peace. Malan, Mark. "Can They do That?: SADC, the DRC, and Lesotho," Indicator South Africa vol. 15, Issue 4 (Summer, 1998):90-95. The author suggests that the recent military interventions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Lesotho points to what may or may not be legitimately accomplished in the realm of conflict resolution under auspices of SADC. Malan, Mark. "Peacebuilding in Post-Conflict South Africa: The Need for a Comprehensive Demobilization and Remobilization Program," African Security Review vol. 5, Issue 4 (1996):28-50. The author explores the need for South Africa to improve demobilization and remobilization of the SANDF in light of changing regional security conditions. Malan, Mark. "Foundations for Regional Security: Preparing to Keep the Peace in Southern Africa," African Security Review vol. 5, Issue 1 (1996):4-17. The author contends a strong South African commitment towards establishing a Southern African peacekeeping capacity is required for longterm regional stability. Mandela, Nelson. "South Africa's Future Foreign Policy," Foreign Affairs (November-December 1993):86-97. The president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, provides an alternative foreign policy paradigm based on stated ANC positions. The new paradigm posits that South Africa will pursue foreign policy objectives that are informed by national interests, selfdetermination, justice and democracy.

The Southern Africa Region

393

"Mandela’s Arms," Wall Street Journal vol. 229 (January 20, 1997):13-14. The author examines South Africa’s negotiations with Syria to sell tank firecontrol systems. Manganyi, N. Chabani and Andre du Toit (eds.) Political Violence and the Struggle in South Africa. New York: St. Martin’s, 1990. The edited text investigates the history of political violence and conflict against the African liberation movement in South Africa. Mann, Paul. "Proliferation," Aviation Week & Space Technology vol. 142 (June 1995): 19-20. The author outlines the South African aerospace company Kentron's plan to sell H-2 and H-3 standoff ballistic launch vehicles to Pakistan and US objections to the sale. Marais, Etienne. Policing the Periphery: Police and Society in South Africa’s Homelands. Johannesburg: Centre for the study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1997. The author explores the role and impact of the police forces in the South African homelands. Marais, Etienne. Police-Community Relations: The Natal Conflict and the Prospects for Peace. Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1996. The report discusses the history and direction of police-community relations in the Natal province of South Africa. Marcum, John. "Retrenchment and Recalculation: South Africa and the AngolaNamibia Agreements," in Owen Ellison Kahn (ed.) Disengagement from Southwest Africa: The Prospects for Peace in Angola and Namibia. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (1991):131-148. The author examines the conflicts in Angola and Namibia since the implementation of the 1988 regional agreement, and the roles and impacts of Cuba, the USSR, South Africa and the United States in the peace process. Mare, L. "To Reach Consensus," Salut vol. 3, Issue 4 (April 1996):18-19. The author outlines the importance of a national consensus in establishing the Nation's defense policy as emphasized at a consultative conference on Defense Review in Cape Town. Mare, L. "We are Facing Several Challenges," Salut vol. 3, Issue 4 (April 1996): 19-20. The author briefly outlines the 1996 South African security challenges offered by Mr. Joe Modise, Minister, including the Department

394

The Southern Africa Region

of Defense’s commitment to a transparent, democratic, interactive and consultative process, affirmative action in the armed services, positive civil military relations and realistic security and defense goals. Marks, Monique. Community Policing. Human Rights and the Truth Commission. Johannesburg: Center for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation. 1998. The author reviews the findings of the Truth Commission in the context of understanding the direction of community policing and human rights maximization in the new South Africa. Marks, Susan Collin. Watching the Wind: Conflict Resolution during South Africa's Transition to Democracy. Washington D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press, 2000. The author addresses negotiations leading to the 1994 national elections in South Africa, and the transition from the apartheid government to the post-apartheid government of the African National Congress. Masiza, Zondi and Chris Landsberg. Fission for Compliments: South Africa and the 1995 Extension of Nuclear Non-proliferation. Johannesburg, South Africa: Centre for Policy Studies, 1996. The authors examine the policy rationale driving South Africa's signing and ratification of the 1995 Extension of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. Mather, C. "Geographical Information Systems and Humanitarian Demining," South African Geographical Journal vol. 82 Issue 1 (2000):56-64. The author explores the use of the geographical information system (GIS) in the humanitarian demining of the landmine fields on the borders of South Africa and in the Southern African region. Mathews, Anthony S. "South African Security Law and the Growth of Local and Regional Violence," in R. Hunt Davis Jr. Apartheid Unravels. Gainesville: University Press of Florida (1991): 18-32. The author discusses the impact of increasingly oppressive South African security legislation in generating higher levels of local and regional violence in South Africa and regionally. Mathews, M.L., Phillip B. Heymann and Anthony S. Mathews (eds.) Policing the Conflict in South Africa. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1993. The edited text examines the dynamics of the political and military conflict in South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

395

Matloff, Judith. "US to South. Africa: Halt Weapons Deal to Syria," Christian Science Monitor vol. 89, Issue 39 (January 1997): 1-2. The author contends that the political willingness of South Africa to sell weapons to Syria has soured its relations with the United States. McCarriar, Andrew R. De-nuclearization of South Africa: Lessons for Nuclear Aspirants? Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air War College, Air University, 1998. The author explores the history and policy driving the denuclearization process in a post-cold war South Africa. McCarthy, Shaun, "Challenges for the South African Intelligence Community," in William Gutteridge, William (eds.) South Africa's Defense and Security into the 21sst Century. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth Publishing Company (1996):61-86. The author analyzes the challenges facing the South African intelligence community in the post-apartheid era. McDougall, Gay J. South Africa’s Death Squads. Washington, D.C.: Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights under Law, South Africa Project, 1990. The author examines the history and activities of South African death squads who operated in the urban and rural areas of the country against members of the African liberation movement. McGill, Alexander The Employment of a SANDF Parachute Brigade for Interventionist Peace Support Operations in Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: South African Defense College Joint Staff Course 94/95, 1995. The informative report provides a comprehensive listing of interventionist peace operations by South African forces in Sub-Saharan Africa. McLean, Andrew. "Small Arms-Big Challenge: Can South Africa Show the Way for the 2001 UN Conference," African Security Review vol. 9, no. 2 (2000). The author argues that the South African small arms control experience may offer alternative solutions or insights to managing the global small arms proliferation problem. McNeil, Jr., Donald G. "South Africa Goes Shopping for $5 Billion Worth of Weapons," New York Times (November 19, 1998):A17. The article notes that South Africa will purchase over $5 billion on warships, submarines, helicopters and advanced jets from international arms firms domiciled in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Moreover, important components of

396

The Southern Africa Region

these conventional weapons systems will be built in South Africa to generate employment and other strategic benefits. McWilliams, James P. Armscor: South Africa's Arms Merchant. London: Brassey's, Ltd., 1989. The author analyzes the origin, development and impact of South Africa's powerful Armscor Armaments Corporation on the international and regional arms markets. Meek, S. Buy or Barter: The History and Prospects of Voluntary Weapons Collection Programs. ISS Monograph Series no. 22. Pretoria, South Africa: The Institute for Security Studies (March 1998). An interesting article on South Africa's efforts to reduce the domestic circulation of small arms and light weapons units through voluntary weapons collection programs. Metz, Steven. "The Conceptual Transformation of the South African Military: Changing Strategy, Ethos, and Civil-Military Relations," in Robert I Rotberg and Greg Mills (ed.) War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies and Trade. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution (1998):203-230. The author examines the conceptual transformation of the South African defense forces, focus on strategy and the strategic culture, the influence of military ethos comprising the core values holding the services together and civil-military relations in a multiracial democracy. Metz, Steven and Kent Hughes Butts. Armies and Democracy in the New Africa: Lessons from Nigeria and South Africa. Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 1996. The report investigates the Nigerian and South African armies and their contrasting effectiveness, professionalism, nonpartisanship and expertise in supporting democratic institutions. The authors contend that South Africa had a "truly national defense force" critical for its successful post-apartheid transition, and that the Nigerian army has not done as well in securing democracy. Mills, Greg. "AIDS and the South African Military: Timewom Cliché or Timebomb," Konrad Adenauer Occasional Papers, June 2000. The author investigates the strategic impact of the AIDS pandemic on the operational readiness and effectiveness of the South African military. Mills, Greg, "South Africa's Future Military Role in Africa," in William Gutteridge (ed.) South Africa's Defense and Security into the 21sst Century. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth Publishing Company (1996): 143-164. The

The Southern Africa Region

397

author investigates the potential political role and military influence of the South African National Defense Force in Sub-Saharan Africa in future peacekeeping and peacemaking operations. Mills, Greg. "South Africa and Africa: Regional Integration and Security Cooperation," African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 2 (1995): 1-14. The author examines the potential for regional integration and security cooperation in the Southern Africa region in the post-apartheid period. Mills, Greg. "The Security Forces in a New South Africa," The World Today vol. 47, no. 3 (March 1991):43-47. The author discusses the composition and goals of the security forces in a new, post-apartheid South Africa. Mills, Greg and Glenn Oosthuysen, "South Africa and Arms Control in Africa," in James Brown (ed.) Arms Control in a Multi-Polar World. Amsterdam: VU University Press (1996): 111-140. The authors outline the important role that South Africa plays in arms control regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa. They address the policies of ARMSCOR as a key regional supplier of small arms, light weapons, and conventional weapons and ammunition systems, the proliferation of arms in various regions of Africa, and an analysis of regional arms control efforts in Southern Africa region. Mills, Greg and Laurie H. Boulden. "The New South Africa's New Foreign Policy," Christian Science Monitor vol. 89, Issue 56 (February 1997): 19. The brief report outlines the new foreign policy of South Africa in 1997. Mills, Greg and Tom Hughes. "Africa at Large: Nepad Short of Deliverables," Mall and Guardian-South Africa (August 12, 2002): 1-3. The authors outline the successes (and failures) of the New Partnership for Africa's Development in light of recent peace agreements in Sub-Saharan Africa, and problem of securing civilian support for macroeconomic and social reforms. Minnaar, A. "Protection of Foreign Missions in South Africa," African Security Review vol. 9, Issue 2 (2000):67-81. The author assesses how South Africa measures up in the protection of foreign missions at home and abroad. Minty, Abdul. "The Apartheid Bomb," Africa no. 126 (February 1985):58-60. The brief article discusses the origins and developments in South Africa's nuclear weapons capability.

398

The Southern Africa Region

Modise, J. "South Africa's Policy in Respect of Landmines: Who was Responsible for the Plethora of Mines existing in Sub Saharan Africa?" African Armed Forces Journal (October 1995): 15-16. The author outlines the position of the South African Minister of Defense, Joe Modise, regarding landmines; and states that South Africa will endeavor to develop new technologies for self-destructing anti-personnel mines and for advanced demining technologies. Moleah, Alfred T. "South Africa Under Siege: The Ever Deepening Crisis of Apartheid," Without Prejudice vol. 1 (Fall 1987):58-84. The author analyzes the decline of the national apartheid system in South Africa and the role and actions of the African liberation movement in forcing that decline. Moore, John Davey Lewis. South Africa and Nuclear Proliferation: South Africa's Nuclear Capabilities and Intentions in the Context of NonProliferation Policies. London: Macmillian Press, 1987. The author examines the origins, development, capabilities, and strategic direction of South Africa's nuclear weapons program and its political implications for international and regional nuclear nonproliferation regimes. Moorecroft, Paul Leslie. African Nemesis: War and Revolution in Southern Africa (1945-2010). London: Brassey’s, 1990. The author critiques the history and implications of war and revolution in the Southern African region since 1945. Morris, R. "Computers, Language and Artificial Intelligence: Report on an HSRC Study," South African Journal of Science vol. 85, Issue 2 (February 1989):99-102. The author reports on South Africa's Human Sciences Research Council investigation into current and potential applications of computer technology in the processing of language data, including computational linguistics, language-oriented aspects of artificial intelligence. The general picture that emerged from the investigation was of rapid developments overseas in all the topics studied, whereas in South Africa very little attention is being paid to these growth areas, which is unwise in a country with an increasingly multilingual, multinational character. Mortimer, J.M. "Factors Influencing the Force Design of SANDF Forces Deploying on Operations in Southern Africa," African Armed Forces

The Southern Africa Region

399

Journal (March 1999): 14-17. The author addresses the utility of force design in optimal deployment operations by the South African National Defense Forces. Motumi, T. "South Africa and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty: Diplomatic Coup or a Pyrrhic Victory?" African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 2 (1995):46-51. The author outlines South Africa's policy approach to approving the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, solidifying its rollback from possessing an advanced nuclear weapons capability and a minimum deterrence posture. Mthomboni, B. and D. Pincus. "In the Belly of South Africa," Financial Mail vol. 150, Issue 12 (October 1998):46. The authors provide a brief commentary on South Africa's military intervention in Lesotho and on the planned South African replacement of outdated air force, navy and army equipment at a cost of R12bn. Muepu, K. "Defense Expenditures Reduction and the Re-allocation of Resources in Southern Africa with a Specific Reference to South Africa," Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 20, Issue 1 (May 1998):58-60. The author reviews the period of relative peace and security being experienced in Southern Africa since the end of the Cold War, political changes in South Africa, and the consensus that there are no present or future military threats facing the region. The challenges presented by development and other nonmilitary issues, the reallocation of resources from the defense sector to other sectors and the national security implications of defense spending reduction are also outlined. Mulder, S. "South Africa's Countermine 'Toolbox' Saving Lives!" African Armed Forces Journal (March 1997):30-33. The author analyzes a range of countermining equipment being developed by the South African National Defense Force in collaboration with various private companies. Mulder, S. "South Africa's Countermine 'Toolbox' Saving Lives," African Armed Forces Journal (February 1997):23-25. The brief report describes new South African techniques and technology for demining areas infested with landmines. Muller, Marie. "South African Diplomacy and Security Complex Theory," Round Table Issue 352 (October 1999):585-621. The article examines the

400

The Southern Africa Region

evolving dynamics of South African diplomacy, as well as the strategic implications of the 'new' South Africa's foreign policy in the post-cold war security realities in Southern Africa Nathan, Laurie, "Civil-Military Relations in the New South Africa," in William Gutteridge (ed.) South Africa's Defense and Security into the 21st Century. Brookfield, Vermont: Dartmouth Publishing Company (1996):87-110. The author explores the nature, content and direction of civilian-military relations in a multiracial democracy. Nathan, Laurie. The Changing of the Guard: Armed Forces and Defense Policy in a Democratic South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Human Sciences Research Council, 1995. The author examines the historical and strategic interaction between the South African National Defense Force and defense policy formation and implementation in a democratic South Africa. "National Military Skills Competition! Is it Possible?" African Armed Forces Journal (August 1997):31-32. The brief article reviews the NATO-style military skills contest held to select South African representatives to attend the Confederation of Inter-Allied Reserve Officers Congress in Denmark. Nattrass, Nicoli and Jeremy Seekings. "Democracy and Distribution in Highly Unequal Economies: The Case of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 3 (2001):470-498. The authors summarize the central reasons for the great economic disparity in South Africa between the rich and the poor. The disparity statistics reveal that the South African poor do not have the education, welfare, and health care services, and the national labor market (and the state’s macroeconomic policy) continues to shut out the unskilled and unemployable. Navias, Martin. "The Future South Africa’s Arms Trade and Defence Industries," Jane’s Intelligence Review 6: 11 (November 1994):522-24. The author addresses the future of South Africa's arms trading and defense industries in the highly competitive international arms market. Navias, Martin. "South Africa’s Security Challenges," in Jane’s Intelligence Review. Whiter South Africa’s Warriors? Special Report no. 3. Robert Hall and Ian Kemp (eds.) London: Jane’s Information Group (1994):4-6. The author evaluates the domestic, regional and international security challenges facing South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

401

Neethling, T.G. "Defense Planning and the Role of Non-traditional Military Tasks," African Armed Forces Journal (October 1999):23-26. The author investigates the South African National Defense Force's secondary roles in crime prevention, anti-dagga operations, border protection and regional and international peacekeeping functions. Neethling, T.G. "Supporting Peace in Africa," Salut vol. 4, Issue 10 (October 1997):34-35. The author posits that South Africa is engaged in both international defense co-operation and actively participates in regional security arrangements to promote peace and stability. Nel, Philip, Ian Taylor, and Janis van der Westhuizen. "Multilateralism in South Africa's Foreign Policy: The Search for a Critical Rationale," Global Governance vol. 6, Issue 1 (March 2000): 43-51. The authors examine the dimensions of multilateral diplomacy in South Africa's foreign policy, as well as the political impact of multilateralism debate between the legislative and executive branches of government. "New South African Directions Raise Alarms," International Journal on World Peace vol. 14, issue 1 (March 1997):74. The brief article discussed military arms transfer negotiations between South Africa and Syria and the political concerns of the United States. Ngwenya, K. "Changing the Guard: New MK Chief Siphiwe Nyanda," Drum Issue 160 (July 1992):26-28. The author briefly reports on the guerrilla army of Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) and its transformation into a regular defense force, with the goal of becoming integrated into the South African Defense Force. Nissman, David. "Iraq Envoy Buys House In South Africa," Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty vol. 3, no. 321 (January 2000). The article reports that the Iraq’s ambassador to South Africa has purchased a house there. Nyathi, C.M. "Small Arms Proliferation and Conflict in South Africa," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 6, Issue 1 (Summer 1998): 103109. The author posits that the easy availability and proliferation of small arms and light weapons systems has serious consequences for social and political stability in South Africa.

402

The Southern Africa Region

O'Brien, Kevin A. "The Use of Assassination as a Tool of State Policy: South Africa's Counter-Revolutionary Strategy, 1979-1992," Terrorism and Political Violence vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 107-142. The author examines the origins and the use of political assassination by South Africa against the leadership and members of the ANC from 1979-1992. Observatoire Geopolitique des Drogues. The Drug Situation in South Africa. Paris: OGD, 1997. The report outlines the growing problem of drugs, their increasing use and the policy implications in a post-apartheid South Africa. Ohlson, Thomas, Stephen John Stedman, and Robert Davies. The New Is Not Yet Born: Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa. Washington D.C.: Brookings, 1994. The authors explore various conflict resolution techniques and for practical utilization in the Southern African region. O’Loughlin, Ed. "First Black Likely to Head South Africa's Military," Christian Science Monitor vol. 90, Issue 92 (April 1998):5. The author provides a report on the April 1998 resignation of General George Meiring, head of the South African National Defense Forces, and the effects on military morale. Omar, D. "National Unity and Reconciliation in South Africa: Can it Succeed?" Strategic Review for Southern Africa vol. 18, Issue 1 (May 1996):35-46. The author examines the question of whether or not the national unity and reconciliation movement can succeed in South Africa. Orme Jr., William A. "Mandela Visits Israel With Praise but Rifts Linger," The New York Times (October 20, 1999):8. The article contends that President Mandela’s state visit to Israel was not easy because of Israel's covert military and intelligence support for the former apartheid regime. Ottaway, Marina. "Liberation Movements and Transition to Democracy: The Case of the A.N.C," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (1991):83-l14. The author examines the African National Congress's movement towards democracy in the new South Africa. Pabian, Frank V. "South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program: Lessons for U.S. Nonproliferation Policy," The Nonproliferation Review vol. 3, no. 1 (Fall 1995): 1-19. The author argues that the success of South Africa's nuclear weapons program and the denuclearization of said program hold important political lessons for U.S. nonproliferation decision makers.

The Southern Africa Region

403

Padayachee, Vishnu. "Progressive Academic Economists and the Challenge of Development in South Africa's Decade of Liberation," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (September 1998):431-450. The author addresses the progressive economic thought on the economic development challenges that South Africa faces in the post-apartheid period. "Peace-type Duty - Are There Misconceptions?: The SANDF's Active Role," African Armed Forces Journal (December 1999): 19-21. The brief report explores the use of military personnel to maintain law and order in South Africa. Phillips, Mark. "The Nuts and Bolts of Military Power: The Structure of the SADF," War and Society (1989): 16-27. The author examines the mission and composition of the SADF, as well as the organizational structure and operational capabilities of the army, navy, air force, and special forces. Pistorius, C. W. I. "Has South Africa Fallen into a Competitiveness Trap?" South African Journal of Science vol. 97, Issue 1 (January/February 2001):9-16. The author argues that South Africa is in a precarious position with regard to international competitiveness, and that the country's poor performance in the competitiveness domain is a national security threat. Pityana, N. Barney. "South Africa’s Inquiry Into Racism in the Media: The Role of National Institutions in the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 397 (2000):525-533. The author reviews the role of racism in the South African media and inquiry by the South African Human Rights Commission into human rights promotion and protection. "Policing Powers for the SANDF," African Armed Forces Journal (June 2000):9-10. The brief report examines military and police co-operation dynamics in South Africa. Porter, Andrew. "The South African War and the Historians," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 397 (2000):633-649. The author addresses the various perspectives of South African historians on the South African war. Porter, Gina and Kevin Phillips-Howard. "Agricultural Issues in the Former Homelands of South Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 72 (June 1997):185-202. The authors examine the history and political

404

The Southern Africa Region

and economic dynamics impacting the resolution of outstanding domestic agricultural issues facing the former Bantustans in South Africa. Potgieter, D.G.C. "Sea-lift Operations in Africa South of the Sahara," African Armed Forces Journal (July 1998):30-36. The author explores the feasibility of the development of sea-lift operations capability by the South African Navy to assist African states south of the Sahara. Pretorius, J. "Destruction of Small Arms: South Africa is once again in the Forefront," Salut vol. 7, Issue 8 (August 2000):5-6. The author summarizes the SANDF program of destroying small arms in its inventory, in line with the need to take steps to curb the domestic proliferation of small arms. Purkitt, Helen E. and Stephen Burgess. "South Africa’s Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme: A Historical Perspective," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 28, no. 2 (2002):229-253. The authors review the historical origins and operational dynamics of apartheid South Africa's chemical and biological warfare programs. Rakgoadi, Pakiso Sylvester. The Role of Self-Defense Units (SDUs) in a Changing Political Context. Johannesburg: Centre for Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1997. The author addresses the historical role and the military security implications of Self-Defense Units in South Africa. Ramano, G. "The South African Army Concept for Providing Combat-Ready Forces," African Security Review vol. 8, Issue 5 (1999):13-22. The author assesses the military strategic environment of Southern Africa, the military strategy of the SANDF and the role that the South African Army is required to play in executing regional and national military strategy. Rapp, Geoffrey. "Defining New Roles," Harvard International Review vol. 17, Issue 3 (Summer 1995):60-64. The author examines racial integration in South Africa, with the formation of a racially integrated SANDF. Razis, Vic. "Arms Reduction and Global Reconstruction: Can Tanks Be Beaten into Tractors?" Journal of Business Ethics (January 1998): 1-5. The author analyzes how armaments industries that previously manufactured arms can be modified to produce other manufactured civilian goods, emphasizing the efforts of South Africa's ARMSCOR in the military defense conversion area.

The Southern Africa Region

405

Redding, Sean. "A Blood-Stained Tax: Poll Tax and the Banbatha Rebellion in South Africa," African Studies Review vol. 43, no. 2 (2000):29-55. The author investigates the origins and the impact of the poll tax levy and the Banbatha rebellion by Africans in the Natal and Zululand. Reeve, Ross and Stephen Ellis. "An Insider's Account of the South African Security Forces' Role in the Ivory Trade," Journal of Contemporary African Studies," vol. 13, no. 2 (1995):213-233. The authors assess the political and security implications of South African Security Forces' involvement in the lucrative regional and global ivory trade. "Removing the Shutters-South African Munitions Industry goes Public: Presenting an Optimistic Future," African Armed Forces Journal (September 1998):20-21. The brief report assesses the strategic success of Pretoria Metal Pressings, one of the largest small-arms ammunition manufacturers in the world. Renner, Michael. "An Epidemic of Guns," World Watch vol. 11, Issue 4 (August 1998):22-30. The author addresses the rise of criminal and political violence in South Africa during the 1990s, and the role and impact of various types and proliferation of firearms fueling the dangerous levels of crime in urban and rural areas. "Right-wing Rebels," World Press Review vol. 45, no. 9 (September 1998):20. The brief article summarizes the South African intelligence community's view that white right-wing malcontents were preparing terrorist actions to disrupt the 1999 national elections. Robert, Bernhard. "South Africa’s Nuclear Weapons: A Defused Time Bomb?" Aussenpolitik vol. 44, no. 3 (July 1993):232-42. The author assesses the status of South African nuclear weapons and the movement towards denuclearization. Robinson, Tyler and Jeffrey Boutwell. "South Africa's Arms Industry: A New Era of Democratic Accountability?" Armed Forces and Society vol. 22, Issue 4 (Summer 1996):599-619. The authors examine the health and future of South Africa's profit-generating small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons industry in a new multiracial democracy.

406

The Southern Africa Region

Rogerson, C.M. "The Question of Defense Conversion in South Africa: Issues from the International Experience," Africa Insight vol. 25, Issue 3 (1995):154-162. The author reviews international experience with defense conversion, and he specifically examines the emergence of defense conversion initiatives in South Africa. Roherty, James M. "South African Intelligence at the Crossroads," a paper delivered before the panel on Intelligence in the Non-Western World, Intelligence Studies Section, International Studies Association, 33rd Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, April 1992. The author explores the organizational history and political forces influencing and changing the South African Intelligence Service. Roherty, James M. State Security in South Africa: Civil Military Relations under P.W. Botha. London and Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1992. The author analyzes civil and military relations under the regime P.W. Botha. Romero, P. Profiles in Diversity: Women in the New South Africa. East Lansing, MI: University Press, 1998. The author evaluates the rich complexity of African and non-African women and gender roles and gender expressions in the post-apartheid South Africa. Rotberg, Robert I. (ed.) South Africa and Its Neighbors: Regional Security and Self-Interest. Lexington: Heath, 1985. The edited text explores the history and direction of South Africa's relations with South African states. Rotberg, Robert I. and Greg Mills (eds.) War and Peace in Southern Africa: Crime, Drugs, Armies, and Trade. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. The edited text investigates the entire range of political, economic and security issues involving South Africa, the South African region and Sub-Saharan Africa in general, including small arms and light weapons proliferation, illegal population flows, regional development, drug trafficking and abuse, civil-military relations and regional peacekeeping. Roux, A. "Defense Expenditure and Development in South Africa," Development Southern Africa vol. 14, Issue 4 (December 1997):531-545. The author discusses whether or not defense expenditure promotes or retards economic development in South Africa.

The Southern Africa Region

407

Ryall, David. "Caught Between Two Worlds: Understanding South Africa's Foreign Policy Options," Third World Quarterly vol. 18, Issue 2 (June 1997):397-403. The author briefly reviews South Africa's foreign policy options under President Mandela. "SABC Plans New African Satellite Channel," Mall and Guardian/SAPA-South Africa (August 12, 2002):1 The brief article outlines the South African Broadcasting Corporation' decision to launch a new African digital satellite channel to provide news services, African-produced entertainment, drama, magazine programs, current and affairs news to Sub-Saharan Africa and the international community, with the twin purpose of ending the western monopoly of news services and broadcasting to Africa and ending South Africa's news isolation from the continent. Scheepers, L. "The South African Defense Force of the Future: Asset or Monument?: The Responsibility of South Africa Towards a Volatile Continent," African Armed Forces Journal (September 1998): 10-12. The brief report focuses on the political problems and military challenges facing the South African National Defense Force in Southern Africa. Seeger, Annette. The Military in Making a Modern South Africa. London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies. 1996. The author analyzes the South African military's role and impact on the formulation and consolidation of the modern South African state. Seegers, Annette. "Current Trends in South Africa’s Security Establishment," Armed Forces & Society vol. 18, Issue 2 (Winter 1992): 159-165. The author assesses three security trends in transitional South Africa: the role of the police, the military's relation to the state, and changes in state power dynamics. Seeger, Annette. "South Africa’s National Security Management System, 197290," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 2 (June 1991):253-274. The article examines the origin, development and operating practices of South Africa's National Security Management System and the State Security Council from 1972-90. Seegers, Annette. "The Military in South Africa: A Comparison and Critique," South Africa International vol. 16, no. 4 (April 1986): 192-200. The author assesses the South African military's effectiveness and capabilities in

408

The Southern Africa Region

supporting the goals of the national civilian leadership of the South African state. Selebi, J. "Building Collaborative Security in Southern Africa," African Security Review vol. 8, Issue 5 (1999):3-12. The author examines the strategic security challenges that South Africa faces in keeping Southern Africa stable and secure, to allow progress, freedom, democracy and peace to thrive. Selfe, J. "The State Security Apparatus: Implications for Covert Operations," in the Hidden Hand: Covert Operations in South Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: HSRC Publications, 1994. The author investigates South Africa's security apparatus and its involvement in domestic and foreign covert operations. Sendall, N. "A Southern African Defense Industrial Base," African Armed Forces Journal (February 1999):22-26. The author argues that South African arms companies can play an important role in the establishment of a Southern Africa defense industrial base. Shastri, Ravi. "South Africa and Nuclear Weapons: Deterrence or First Use," Strategic Analysis (New Delhi), 1988. The author contends that South Africa's nuclear weapons capability was designed for actual use against African states in the event of a major threat to South African national security. Shaw, Mark. "Organized and Cross-Border Crime in Post-Apartheid South Africa," South African Journal of International Affairs vol. 6, Issue 1 (Summer 1998): 111-117. The author examines the extent and effect of organized and cross-border crime in South Africa and the political, economic and social factors that are contributing to its lethal developments. Shaw, Mark. "Towards Safer Cities?: Crime, Political Transition and Changing Forms of Policing Control in South Africa," African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 5 (1995):4-11. The author analyzes crime control since the Government of National Unity GNU) took office in May 1994; as well as changes in the South African police services, new initiatives in city policing, changing forms of private and self-policing, and the implications for the future of policing South African cities.

The Southern Africa Region

409

Shaw, Mark and Clifford D. Shearing. "Reshaping Security: An Examination of the Governance of Security in South Africa," African Security Review vol. 7, Issue 3 (1998):3-12. The authors evaluate the governance of security in South Africa, identifying the empirical lessons learned. Shea, Dorothy. The South African Truth Commission. Washington DC: The US Institute of Peace Press, 2000. The author provides a sophisticated technical review of the organizing principles and dynamics of national truth commissions with a case study on the workings of the South African Truth Commission. Shelton, Garth. Nuclear Weapons, Deterrence, and Nonproliferation: The Case of South Africa. Ph.D. diss, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, 1992. The author assesses the origins and development of the South African nuclear weapons program, its strategic drive for minimum deterrence, and the decision to rollback its nuclear weapons program because of grand political considerations. Shelton, Garth and Chris Alden. "Brave New World: The Transformation of the South African Military," Comparative Strategy vol. 17, Issue 4 (OctoberDecember 1998):345-353. The authors examine the nature and direction of the transformations occurring in the South African National Defense Force. Sidley, Pat. "Doctors Involved in South Africa's Biological Warfare Program," British Medical Journal vol. 316, Issue 7148 (June 1998):1852-1853. The brief report discusses the hearings of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on medical doctors' questionable ethical involvement in biological and chemical warfare programs in South Africa. Siko, M. "The Need for Affirmative Action in a New Defense Force," South African Defense Review no. 9 (1993):26-27. The brief report posits that military affirmative action policies to integrate the South African Defense Force need to be considered. Simmons, Ann M. "South African Whites Say Deck is Stacked Against Them," Los Angeles Times (June 19, 2002):A1-A4. The brief article reviews the impact of affirmative action policies in both the administrative state and in the private sector on the advancement of blacks over whites (especially alienated Afrikaners who now identify with racial discrimination) in a postapartheid South Africa.

410

The Southern Africa Region

Simmons, Ann M. "AIDS Draining South Africa's Schools," Los Angeles Times (December 23, 2001):A26. The brief article examines the high drop out rate of students in Southern African schools because of HIV/AIDS, as well as the great mortal toll of the pandemic on their teachers. Simmons, Ann M. "South Africa's Black Muslims Fight the Bigotry Within," Los Angeles Times (November 3, 2001):A10. The brief article outlines the political and racial difficulties faced by African Muslims in South Africa not only from whites and fellow Africans; but from South African Muslims who are of Indian, Malaysian and Arab descent who express a deep-seated bigotry, class intolerance and racial prejudice towards African Muslims. Simmons, Ann M. "Migrants Feel Sting of South Africans' Anger," Los Angeles Times (August 13, 2001):Al-A7. The author explores the post-apartheid resentment and intolerance expressed by some black South Africans toward illegal African workers, students, and businesspeople working in South Africa from other Sub-Saharan African states. Simon, D. South Africa in Southern Africa: Reconfiguring the Region. Oxford: James Currey, 1998. The author addresses the strategic role and prospects of the post-apartheid South Africa in the Southern African region. Simpson, Graeme. "The Politics and Economics of the Armaments Industry in South Africa," War and Society (1989):217-231. The author investigates the political and economic factors in the development of the South African armaments industry. Sisk, Timothy D. "South Africa's National Peace Accord," Peace and Change vol. 19, Issue 1 (January 1994):50-71. The author assesses the background, implementation and future prospects of the South African National Peace Accord, a negotiated transition from apartheid to a nonracial democracy. Smit, S.J. "The South African EW Capability: One of the Positive Spin-offs of the Arms Embargo," Armed Forces of Southern Africa (March 1994): 17. A brief report on South Africa's independent and robust electronic warfare industry despite years of international sanctions. Smith, R. "South Africa's 16-Year Secret: The Nuclear Bomb," The Washington Post (May 23, 1993):A1. The author examines the origins and development of South Africa's secret nuclear weapons capability.

The Southern Africa Region

411

Smyth, Frank. "Deadly Opportunities: New Markets for South Africa’s Arms Industry," Multinational Monitor vol. 15, no. 5 (May 1994): 13-16. A brief article on South Africa's military arms transfers with Rwanda is discussed. "South Africa To Strengthen Relations With Kuwait," Kuwait Times/ Global News Wire (November 22, 1999). The article explains that South Africa and Kuwait are seeking strong bilateral relations in economic and trading areas. South Africa's Policy on the Non-proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Role of the Department of Foreign Affairs. Cape Town, South Africa: South African Communication Service, 1995. The report outlines the role and impact of South Africa's Department of Foreign Affairs in encouraging the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction as national policy. "South Africa Shoots for $830 million Arms Sale to Kuwait," Mideast MirrorKuwait, vol. 11, no. 170 (September 3, 1997). The article initially appeared in the Arabic daily newspaper Al-Quds Al-Arabi suggesting that the United States would not prevent the sale of conventional weapons by South Africa to the Gulf states, but would object to a South African arms deal with Syria. "South African Military Developments," Military and Arms Transfers News vol. 95, no. 11 (June 17, 1995): 1. The article explores South Africa's arms trading activities with Asian countries, with a specific focus on the People’s Republic of China and Pakistan, http://csf.colorado.edu. Southall, Roger. "A Deepening of Democracy?: Establishing Provincial Government in South Africa," Africa Insight vol. 28, no. 1 (1998):5-18. The author evaluates the establishment of provincial government and the advancement of democracy in South Africa. Southall, Roger. "The Centralization and Fragmentation of South Africa’s Dominant Party System," African Affairs vol. 97, no. 389 (1998):443-461. The author examines the impact of centralization and fragmentation stresses on the party system in South Africa. Southall, Roger. "Restructuring Intelligence for a Post-Apartheid South Africa," in Strategic Review for South Africa, Conference Issue: Security and Intelligence in a Post-Apartheid South Africa. Pretoria: Pretoria University Press, 1994. The author critically examines the political need for totally restructuring the South African intelligence system to take into account new

412

The Southern Africa Region

strategic political realities within South Africa, in the Southern African region and in Sub-Saharan Africa in general. Southall, Roger. "The New South Africa in the New World Order: Beyond the Double Whammy," Third World Quarterly vol. 15, Issue 1 (1994): 121-188. The author examines the prospects for post-apartheid South Africa in the New World Order. "Southern Africa Arms Transfers, 1990-96," SACDI Defence Digest (November 1998). The brief article outlines the security and economic basis of South Africa's military arms transfers to Asian countries such as China and North Korea. http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za. "Southern African Arms Transfers 1990-96: Sub-Continent Follows Global Demilitarization Pattern," SACDI Defence Digest (May 1999). The article briefly discusses growing South Africa 's military arms trading relations with North Korea. China, European states and the United States, and its connection to the global demilitarization trends "South African Military Academy Comes in Line with International Practice," African Armed Forces Journal (June 2000):26. The brief report outlines the South African National Defense Force's decision to change academic courses available at the Military Academy, in order to provide advanced military learning opportunities more in line with accepted international military norms. "South Africa and the United States: Natural Partners for Peace in Africa," Salut vol. 7, Issue 4 (April 2000): 16. Discussions between Mr. Cohen, US Secretary of Defense, and Mr. Patrick Lekota, South African Minister of Defense, on peacekeeping training and future Joint Combined Exchange Training Exercises are outlined; as well as the regional security situation, in particular, the full implementation of the Lusaka Peace and Standstill Agreement. "South Africa's Lack of Capability: Equipment now a Top SANDF Priority," African Armed Forces Journal (August 1999): 15-16. The brief report explains the strategic military importance of totally re-equipping the South African Air Force and the South African National Defense Force, given the lack of modern military equipment in both services, with an emphasis on new jets for the air force and advanced military conventional equipment for

The Southern Africa Region

413

the army, in order to deal with emerging regional and extra-regional threats on the African continent and elsewhere. Southern Africa Arms Transfers, 1990-96. SACDI Defence Digest, Defence Brief No. 1 (August 14, 2001):1-7. The report briefly outlines the post-cold war security dynamics driving the volume of South Africa's arms transfers between 1990-96 in an era of global spending cuts and downsizing of the armed services. http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za./defencedigest/debrief01.html. Sparks, Allister. The Mind of South Africa: The Story of the Rise and Fall of Apartheid. London: Heinemann, 1990. The author addresses the historical origins, the political development and the fall of the apartheid system in South Africa, as well as international and regional pressures and the strategic impact and pressures of the African National Congress in the process of collapse. Spence, John E. "South Africa’s Military Relations with Its Neighbors," in Simon Baynham (ed.) Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. New York: St. Martin’s (1986):291-316. The author carefully discusses the historical origins, political context and implications of South Africa's contentious strategic and military relations with its South African regional neighbors. Stanglin, Douglas and Samantha Power. "Going South," U.S. News & World Report, vol. 117, Issue 17 (October 1994):40-46. The authors report that Iran launched an aggressive campaign to persuade the new South African government to sell it advanced conventional weapon systems, nuclear know-how, yellow cake production technology and related nuclear technology materials. "Standing at Ease: Where is the Conventional Force Manpower?" African Armed Forces Journal (August 1997):9-13. The brief report addresses the pressing conventional force manpower requirements and technical issues related to thoroughly replenishing the Reserve Forces in the South African National Defense Force, given the changing labor markets and other conditions of a rapidly changing multiracial society.

414

The Southern Africa Region

Stanley, Elizabeth. "Evaluating the Truth and Reconciliation Commission," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 3 (2001):525-547. The author critically evaluates the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which was established in South Africa to deal with crimes committed under the apartheid system. Steenkamp, Willem. "The Intelligence Function of the Political System," The Head, Dept. of Political Sciences, University of South Africa (1994). The study provides an empirical understanding of the function and the functioning of intelligence in support of decision-making throughout the South African political system. A conceptual framework is constructed, based upon the general systems approach and augmented with elements of structural-functional analysis and the cybernetic model, stressing the importance of communication as an intelligence conversion function. Steenkamp, Willem. South Africa’s Border War, 1966-1989. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing, 1989. The author investigates South Africa's border war between 1966-1989 with the African National Congress, and other African liberation groups and states. Steenkamp, Willem. "Armscor Today—Selling Arms to the Enemy," in A. J. Venter (ed.) Challenge: Southern Africa within the African Revolutionary Context. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing (1989):470-500. The author examines the role, impact and implications of South Africa's Armscor in selling conventional arms and munitions to actors in the South African regional context. Stein, Pierre. "Aligning the South African Defense Industry with Regional Integration and Security Co-operation," African Security Review vol. 4, Issue 2 (1995): 15-23. The author assesses South Africa's relations Southern African states, emphasizing both regional security and defense equipment cooperation. Steyn, Pierre. "The Defense Industry and the Role of the Defense Secretariat," African Security Review vol. 5 (1995):55-62. The article examines the relationship between the South African defense industry and the Defense Secretariat. Furthermore, it clarifies the roles and functions of the South African Secretary for Defense, as well as the acquisition policy of the Department of Defense, industrial development policy, arms trade policy,

The Southern Africa Region

415

foreign policy regarding arms trade and the defense policy of the South African government. Stumpf, Waldo. "South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Program: From Deterrence to Dismantlement," Arms Control Today (December 1995/January 1996):3-8. The author discusses the development and dismantling of South Africa's secret nuclear weapons capability. Stumpf, Waldo. South Africa's Nuclear Weapons Programme. Pretoria, South Africa: Atomic Energy Corporation, 1993. A definitive work on the history, evolution and development of South Africa's nuclear weapons program. Stumpf, Waldo. "The Accession of a 'Threshold State' to the NPT: The South African Experience," excerpt from a presentation given at the Conference on 'Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The Challenges of a New Era," organized by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 17-18 November 1993, Washington D.C. The author provides the history of South Africa's renouncement of a nuclear weapons capability, its nuclear rollback, and the decision to sign and ratify the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Summerfield, D. "South Africa, Mozambique: Impact of Death Squads," Lancet vol. 339, Issue 8794 (March 1992):669-672. The author examines the murderous activities of death squads directed by the South African government and Mozambique's conservative guerilla movement, Renamo. Swarns, Rachel L. "Rich but Not Comfortable is South Africa's Black Elite," New York Times (August 2, 2002):A1-A6. The brief article chronicles the rise and adjustments of South Africa's rich black elite to its new national status, and the general problems it faces in a post-apartheid economic and business environment. Swarns, Rachel L. "Role in Group Enhances Mbeki's Image," New York Times (July 10, 2002) :A8. The brief article reviews the prominent role of the South African President Thabo Mbeki in founding the African Union, replacing the Organization of African Unity in promoting the strategic political, economic, and cultural interests of Sub-Saharan African states to the international community. Swarns, Rachel L. "An AIDS Skeptic in South Africa Feeds Simmering Doubts," New York Times (March 31, 2002):4. The brief article outlines the

416

The Southern Africa Region

apartheid-influenced views of South African parliamentarian and ANC official, Peter Mokaba, who contends that the HIV/AIDS pandemic does not exist, that HIV does not lead to AIDS, that western antiretroviral, nevirapine, and other AIDS drugs are poisonous. He posits that 'malnutrition or some common illnesses' are attacking South African immune systems; and that these attacks are somehow related to the apartheid regime's biological and chemical warfare experiments to kill black South Africans during the African liberation struggle. Switer, Les. Power and Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1993. The author explores the role and impact of the Ciskei Xhosa population in shaping the new South Africa during the African liberation movement's political and military conflict period. Szeftel, Morris. "Maneuvers of War in South Africa," Review of African Political Economy no. 51 (1991):63-79. The author assesses the history, development and implications of the military conflict in South Africa. Taylor, Ian. Stuck in Middle GEAR: South Africa's Post-Apartheid Foreign Relations. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2001. The author examines the origins and influence of the left-inclined elite and the transnational class elite factions within South Africa's foreign policy establishment, and the great struggle between the two factions of the African National Congress and their strategic domestic allies over the direction of South Africa as a "bridge-builder" between the powerful nations and the weak nations in the international capitalist system. The Nuclear Debate: Policy for a Democratic South Africa. Observatory, South Africa: ANC Western Cape Science and Technology Group and the Environmental Monitoring Group, 1994. The report addresses the proceedings of a conference in Cape Town on developing and agreeing to new nuclear nonproliferation policy directions for a democratic South Africa. "The SADC Intervention in Lesotho: A Military Perspective," Salut vol. 6, Issue 7 (July 1999): 22-28. The article examines the role and implications of the South African National Defense Force in augmenting the South African Development Community's military intervention in Lesotho.

The Southern Africa Region

417

Theodopoulos, C. "The Character of the War in South Africa," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 15 (1989):31-49. The author addresses the question of what kind of war occurred in South Africa in the 1980s: civil war, an international de-colonization war, a national liberation war, an anticolonial war, or a national liberation war within the internal confines of the Republic of South Africa. Thiart, G. "Announcing Maximum Disclosure," Salut vol. 4, Issue 9 (September 1997): 13. The brief article reports that the South African government has agreed to release a maximum amount of information on international and regional arms transfers to the public. Thiart, G. "Ban on Land Mines," Salut vol. 4, Issue 4 (April 1997): 17. The brief reports outlines the February 20, 1997 announcement by Mr. Joe Modise, Minister of Defense, that the South African Government has banned the use, development, production and stockpiling of anti-personnel land mines with immediate effect. Thiart, G. "To Know How," Salut vol. 4, Issue 1 (January 1997):26-30. The article reports on the 3rd South African Defense Exposition. At the Exposition, sellers discussed with buyers issues related to tactical military technology applications, joint ventures and technology transfers, as well as technical and business discussions on purchasing of versatile combat guns, new naval guns, automatic grenade launchers, shields against killer mines, and, mobile power generation technology. Thiart, G. "Combined Effort Saved the Day," Salut vol. 3, Issue 9 (September 1996):25-26. The author reports on the South Africa Police Service and the South African National Defense Force and their joint security plan to ensure peaceful elections in the trouble-stricken KwaZulu-Natal in 1996. Thiart, G. "Paper in White," Salut; vol. 3, Issue 7 (July 1996):17-19. The author reviews the South African White Paper on Defense, with a focus on the formulation of a new defense policy, and the transformation of the Department of Defense under the rule of the ANC government. Thomas, S. The Diplomacy of Liberation. London: IB Tauris, 1996. The author examines the exiled ANC's foreign diplomacy and foreign policy relations with the international community from 1960-1990.

418

The Southern Africa Region

"Tutu on Palestinians," Christian Century (March 1, 1989):225-227. The brief report outlines Desmond Tutu’s argument that South African relations with Israel will not significantly improve until Israel engages in talks with the Palestinians. UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Britain in South Africa, A Force of Peaceful Change and Development. London: UKFCO, 1989. The report assesses the British role and influence on an apartheid South Africa. Umeh, O.J. and Greg. Andranovich. "Capacity Building and Development Administration in Southern Africa." International Review of Administrative Sciences vol. 58 (1992):57-70. The authors address the development and prospects for sustained capacity building and development administration in the Southern Africa region. Uttley, Garrick. Globalism or Regionalism? United States Policy towards Southern Africa. Adelphi Papers no. 154. London : International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1979. The author analyzes US foreign policy towards the Southern African region. Vale, Peter. "If You Only Have a Hammer, Every Problem is a Nail," Leadership vol. 17, Issue 4 (1998):66-70. The author argues that South Africa's invasion of Lesotho was the desperate action of a decaying state that still views its neighbors through the apartheid prism of security. Vale, Peter. "Continuity Rather than Change: South Africa's New Foreign Policy," Indicator South Africa vol. 12, Issue 3 (Winter 1995):79-84. The author examines South Africa's emerging foreign policy in light of the new post-cold war debate and discourse on international relations. Vale, Peter. "The Search for Southern Africa's Security," International Affairs vol. 67, no. 4 (October 1991):697-708. The author evaluates the instability in the Southern Africa regional security system. Van der Waag, I.J. "Traces of a Military Trading Organization: Archives," South African Archives Journal vol. 32 (1990):54-65. The author presents strategic information on the South African Defense Force Institute Archives from 1916 to 1990.

The Southern Africa Region

419

Van der Walt, Janis. "Interview with the Spanish Defense Secretary," African Armed Forces Journal (April 1998):9. Pedro Morenes Eulate, the Spanish Secretary of Defense, outlines the Spanish government's offer to supply naval units and transport aircraft to the South African National Defense Force. Van der Westhuizen, Janis. "South Africa’s Emergence as a Middle Power," Third World Quarterly vol. 19, Issue 3 (September 1998):435-546. The author argues that South Africa has emerged as a middle power and advances its national interests by pursuing an active role in international and regional affairs. Van der Westhuizen, Janis. "Can the Giant be Gentle?: Peacemaking as South African Foreign Policy," Politikon vol. 22, Issue 2 (December 1995):72-75. The author suggests that South Africa can contribute significantly towards regional peace and security through a variety of peacemaking initiatives. Van Rooyen, Johann. Hard Right: The New White Power in South Africa. New York: I. B. Tauris, 1994. The author outlines the history, objectives and future of the white conservative power movement in South Africa. Van Wyk, Koos and Sarah Radloff. "Reciprocity and South Africa's Dyadic Foreign Policy Behavior," Social Science Quarterly, vol. 74, Issue 4 (December 1993):804-15. The authors present a case study on reciprocity and South African foreign policy behavior based on the data from South African Foreign Events Data Set. Van Wyk, Koos and Sarah Radloff. "Symmetry and Reciprocity in South Africa's Foreign Policy," Journal of Conflict Resolution vol. 37, Issue 2 (June 1993):382-397. The authors investigate the usefulness of the South African Foreign Events Data as an empirical approach to understanding South Africa's foreign policy behavior. Varga, C. "The Condom Conundrum: Barriers to Condom use Among Commercial Sex Workers in Durban, South Africa," African Journal of Reproductive Health vol. 1, no. 1 (1997):74-88. The author examines the barriers to condom use among sex workers in South Africa. Varga, C. "Sexual Decision-Making and Negotiation in the Midst of AIDS: Youth in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa," Health Transition Review vol. 7,

420

The Southern Africa Region

no. 2 (1997): 13-40. The author evaluates sexual decision-making and negotiation behavior in the AIDS/HIV environment in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Venter, A.J. "Privatizing Africa's Air Wars," World Airnews vol. 28, Issue 3 (May 2000):46-51. The author assesses the future role of mercenaries in conflicts in Sub Saharan Africa, focusing on South African military personnel. Venter, A.J. The Chopper Boys: Helicopter Warfare in Africa. Halfway House, South Africa: Southern Africa Book Publishers, 1994. The author investigates the various dimensions of helicopter warfare operations in SubSaharan Africa. Vines, Alex. "Still Killing: Land Mines in Southern Africa," in Jacklyn Cock and Penny Mckenzie (eds.) From Defense to Development: Redirecting Military Resources in South Africa Cape Town (1998):148-162. The author explores special landmines issues dominating in the Southern African region, including analysis on the production and importation of landmines, the location of clearing of landmines, banning landmines linked to international and regional agreements, and the damage landmines are causing to economic development and human security in the region. Vuuren, Ian Ivan. "Changing Nature of Warfare: Implications for Africa," African Security Review vol. 7, no. 1 (1998). The article posits that South Africa must consider novel strategy options and develop new military capabilities to respond to new warfare paradigms and the destabilizing nature of military conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. Vuuren, Ian Ivan. Transforming the Defense Intelligence Community for the New Challenges in Southern Africa. Pretoria: South African Defense College, May 1996. The monograph discusses the new regional security developments in Southern Africa with the rise of major conflicts in Southern and Central Africa. It posits that the South African defense intelligence community must successfully adjust to these regional developments by improving its strategic and tactical intelligence systems and procedures consistent with advancing South Africa's national security interests.

The Southern Africa Region

421

Waldmeir, Patti. Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of a New South Africa. London: Penguin, 1997. The author addresses the history and implications of the end of apartheid, the success of the African liberation movement and the rise of a post-apartheid South Africa. Walters, Ronald. South Africa and the Bomb: Responsibility and Deterrence. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1987. The author outlines South African nuclear tests towards developing a robust nuclear capability and deterrence doctrine. Walters, Ronald and Kenneth S. Zinn. The September 22, 1979 Mystery Flash: Did South Africa Detonate a Nuclear Bomb?. Washington DC: The Washington Office on Africa Educational Fund, 1985. The authors evaluate whether South Africa detonated a nuclear bomb on September 22, 1979. Weaver, Tony. "The South African Defense Force in Namibia," in War and Society: The Militarization of South Africa (1989):90-102. The author investigates the military operations of the South African Defense Force in resisting the progress of the national liberation struggle in Namibia. Webster, E.C. "The Politics of Economic Reform: Trade Unions and Democratization in South Africa," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 16, no. 1 (January 1998):39-64. The author examines the history and policy impact of economic reform and democratization on trade union movement in a post-apartheid South Africa. "What is the United States Policy towards South Africa: Are there Two Projections," Armed Forces of Southern Africa (August 1993):10. The brief report evaluates US thinking with regard to South Africa's sophisticated defense industry falling into the hands of a potential ANC government. "What Future for the South Africa Defense Industry?" African Armed Forces Journal, (February 1999): 11-12. The brief report notes the political forces and market problems facing the South African defense industry. "Who Shall Guard the Guardians?: A New Security Concept in Civil-Military Relations," Salut vol. 1, Issue 7 (November 1994):36-38. The article discusses the new Interim Constitution for South Africa, the election of a new Parliament and the establishment of government of national unity brought, as well as the need to define the evolving relationship between the civil and military authorities and processes in a multiracial democracy.

422

The Southern Africa Region

"Will South Africa's Defense Industry be Able to Survive?: Time Factor Critical," African Armed Forces Journal (May 1998):16. The brief report explores whether or not South Africa's defense industry can survive in the post-cold war global arms markets. Willett, Susan. "Demilitarization, Disarmament and Development in Southern Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, Issue 77 (September 1998):409-431.The author analyzes the processes of development, disarmament and demilitarization in the Southern African region. Willett, Susan. "The Legacy of a Pariah State: South Africa's Arms Trade in the 1990s," Review of African Political Economy vol. 22, Issue 64 (June 1995):151-177. The author examines the history of the South African defense industry and arm trade exports behavior in the 1990s. Williams, R. "Defense and Development: Some Thematic Issues," Development Southern Africa vol. 18, Issue 1 (March 2001):57-77. The author explores the relationship between defense and development and its political impact on South African defense forces. Wilson, Richard A. The Politics of Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. The author examines using the anthropological method the negative impact of the South African Truth and Conciliation Commission’s restorative justice policy had on the urban African notion of justice as retribution concept. Winkates, James. "The Transformation of the South African National Defense Force: A Good Beginning," Armed Forces and Society vol. 26, Issue 3 (Spring 2000):451-473. The author evaluates how post-apartheid South Africa managed initially the reconstruction of its defense forces. Winter, Gordon. Insider BOSS: South Africa’s Secret Police. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1981. The author investigates the history and impact of BOSS on domestic and foreign security and the African National Congress' efforts to win freedom and self-determination. Wood, Geoffrey. "The South African Military in Transition," Australian Journal of Political Science vol. 31, no. 3 (November 1996):387-400. The author

The Southern Africa Region

423

examines the process of military restructuring in South Africa, in the context of that country's negotiated transition with the ANC. Yengeni, T. "Utilizing the SA National Defense Force to Maintain Peace in SADC Regions: 1998 Defense Summit," African Armed Forces Journal (August 1998):20-23. The author clarifies the position of the South African National Defense Force with regard to peacekeeping operations in the Southern Africa region. Zamora, Tom. "South Africa Bridges the Gap," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists vol. 51, no. 4 (July-August, 1995):30-32. The brief article points to the key role played by the government of South Africa in securing pan-African support for the Nuclear-Non-Proliferation Treaty. Zulu, L. "The Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa," Feminist Studies vol. 24, no. 1 (1998):147157. The author investigates the historical role and political importance of African and non-African women in both the reconstruction and the development of a new democratic South Africa in the post-apartheid South Africa. "Zuma Asked to Support Anti-China Motion," World Tibet Network News (March 16, 2000). http://www.tibet.ca. The brief report explores the support of South Africa for a motion before the United Nations Human Rights Commission condemning the gross human rights violations in the Peoples Republic of China, as well as the Chinese government's human rights violations in Tibet. Zunes, Stephen. "The Role of Non-Violent Action in the Downfall of Apartheid," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 1 (1999):137140. The author explores the impact of non-violent actions by African labor unions, the African National Congress, and other national political associations in the downfall of apartheid in South Africa.

SWAZILAND Abena, Joyce. "Swaziland: The Beginning of the End of Monarchist Domination," Southern African Political & Economic Monthly vol. 4, no. 5

424

The Southern Africa Region

(February 1991):30-33. The brief article examines the prospects for the end of monarchy's political domination in Swaziland. Bach, D. "L'accord de Nkomati et de Swaziland," Politique Africaine vol. 19 (September 1985):71-81. The author analyzes the strategic implications of the Nkomati Accord for resolving the political conflict in Swaziland. Baloro, John. "The Development of Swaziland's Constitution: Monarchical Response to Modern Challenges," Journal of African Law vol. 38, no. 1 (1994):19-34. The author summarizes the rise of monarchy in Swaziland and its political implications from 1968-1992. Baloro, John. "The Human Rights to Free Association and Assembly and a Multi-Party Democracy," African Insight vol. 22, no. 3 (1992):206-211. The author assesses the democratic developments of Swaziland both politically and legally. Bischoff, Paul-Henri. "Why Swaziland is Different: An Explanation of the Kingdom's Political Position in Southern Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 3 (1988):457-471. The article discusses important events in Swaziland history in Southern Africa with an emphasis on the political movement for independence by the monarchy. Bischoff, Paul-Henri. "Swaziland: A Small State in International Relations," Afrika Spectrum vol. 21, no. 2 (1986):175-188. The author posits that Swaziland's foreign policy is that of a small state, and he addresses its foreign policy relations with the United States, Western Europe, Asia and the Middle East region. Booth, Alan R. "South Africa's Hinterland: Swaziland’s Role in Strategies for Sanctions Breaking," Africa Today vol. 36, no. 1 (1989):41-50. The author examines the economic sanctions against South Africa and the role Swaziland played in breaking the sanctions. Brummer, Stefans. "Swazis Like King but Want Democracy," Christian Science Monitor vol. 88, Issue 48 (February 5, 1996):7. The brief article addresses the poor political conditions in Swaziland because of the tyranny of monarchy; and the vigorous debate by the people of Swaziland on the merits of democratic governance.

The Southern Africa Region

425

Cauvin, Henri E. "To Fight AIDS, Swaziland's King Orders Girls to Avoid Sex for Five Years," New York Times (September 29, 2001):A5. The article discusses the Swaziland King's controversial command requiring young Swazi women to refrain from having sex for five years. Clarke, Colin and Tony Payne (eds.) Politics, Security and Development in Small States. New York: Harper Collins, 1987. The edited text addresses security, politics and development in small states, including Swaziland. Copley, Greggory. "Swaziland May Hold Model on Borders," Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy vol. 26, no. 2 (February 1998):16. The author examines border issues that Swaziland has with South Africa and Mozambique. "Country Report: Swaziland," Courier no. 174 (March/April 1999):37-56. The article reviews the single party system of Swaziland, as well as the process of democratic elections. "Country Report: Swaziland," Courier (September/October 1994):18-38. The article outlines political, social, and economic conditions in Swaziland. Crush, Jonathan. "The Culture of Failure: Racism, Violence and White Farming in Colonial Swaziland," Journal of Historical Geography vol. 22, no. 2 (April 1996):177-198. The author examines the political failure of white farming and practices in colonial Swaziland. Daly, John L. "AIDS in Swaziland: The Battle From Within," African Studies Review vol. 44, no. 1 (2001):21. The author investigates the rapid spread of the AIDS epidemic in Swaziland, and the public actions of officials to lessen the pain and suffering of the Swazi people. Daniel, John and Johnson Vilane. "Swaziland: Political Crisis and Regional Dilemma," Review of African Political Economy no. 35 (1986):54-67. The author addresses the death of Sobhuza II in 1982, and the political competition by factions for control of the small Southern African state. Feinstein, Adam. "Swaziland," IPI Reports vol. 91, no. 436 (January 1997):92. The brief article notes how the Swaziland media was censored in 1996.

426

The Southern Africa Region

Harrison, David. "Tourism and Prostitution: Sleeping with the Enemy? The Case of Swaziland," Tourism Management vol. 15, no. 6 (1994):435-443. The author examines the history and the negative policy consequences of tourism and prostitution in Swaziland, a Southern African state with a extremely high AIDS/HIV infection rate. Hlanze, Zakhe and Lobo Mkabela. Beyond Equalities: Women in Swaziland. Harare, Zimbabwe: SARDC, 1998. The edited text addresses the political, economic and social conditions of women in Swaziland and their potential policy remedies in the Southern African region's implementation of the Beijing Commitments on Women. Ingram, Derek. "Swaziland," Round Table Issue 341 (January 1997):24. The brief article reviews the political condition in Swaziland, including the call for democratic change. "International: Kings, Cows, and Democrats," Economist vol. 357, no. 8198 (November 25, 2000):52. The brief article assesses how tribal support for the king of Swaziland decreased after he evicted one hundred peasants for their refusal to recognize their new chief who was related to the king. "Labor Mobilization for the War Effort in Swaziland, 1940-1942," International Journal of African Historical Studies vol. 26, no. 3 (1993):541-574. The article provides an assessment of the military labor recruitment system in Swaziland during World War II. Matloso, Khabele. "Democracy and Conflict in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa: Dilemmas of Social Change in Small States," International Affairs vol. 74, Issue 2 (April 1998):319-338. The author evaluates the extent of political change in Swaziland and Lesotho, and the pressures for political liberalization and social change in small Southern African states. Matsebula, Jabunale S.M. "Challenging the Royalty: Underground Politics in Swaziland," Southern Africa vol. 4, no. 8 (May 1991): 27-29. The brief article examines the policies of the People's Unified Democratic Movement of Swaziland, which is fighting for civil rights and democracy in the country. Matsebula, Jabunale S. M. A History of Swaziland. Cape Town: Longman Penguin, 1988. The author provides a modern history of Swaziland.

The Southern Africa Region

427

McFadden, Gavin. "Monarch Cracks Down on Dissent," Southern African Political & Economic Monthly vol. 4, no. 4 (December 1990/January 1991):43-44. The brief article outlines the political crackdown by the King of Swaziland against rising democratic forces in the country. "Nationwide Strike," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly vol. 9, no. 5 (February 1996):15. The brief article addresses the political strike that rocked Swaziland in January 1996 after the government opposed democratic reform. Nanon. "The Post-Sobhuza Power Struggle," Africa Report vol. 29, no. 1 (1984):51-54. The brief article discusses the political conflict within the ruling class of Swaziland after the death of Sobhuza in 1982. Neyin, Tom. "Sugar Warriors Call Cease-Fire," African Business no. 234 (August 1998):37-38. The brief article evaluates the cease-fire between Swaziland and South Africa ending the 3-year "Sugar War". Nxumalo, Simon Sishayi. "Government in Swaziland: A Unique Approach to Democracy," Parliamentarian vol. 79 (April 1998):146-150. The author briefly reviews the contours of the democratic system in Swaziland. Onadipe, Abiodun. "Overhauling the Feudal Regime in Swaziland," Contemporary Review vol. 469, Issue 1571 (December 1996):296-302. The author addresses the political overhauling of Swaziland's feudal system. "Preparations for Elections in Swaziland," Parliamentarian vol. 74 (October 1993):203-205. The brief article examines preparation for the elections with a focus on the collection of voter registrations. Schoeman, Stanley. "Swaziland: The Monarchy at Work," Africa Institute Bulletin vol. 27, no. 3 (1987):37-40. The author discusses political events after King Makhositive was crowned in April 25, 1986. Simeland, Hamilton Sipho. "Veterans, Politics and Poverty. The Case of Swazi Veterans in the Second World War," South African Historical Journal Issue 38 (May 1998):144-171. The author examines the recruitment process of Swazi men during World War II, and the role that these Swaziland veterans played in domestic politics.

428

The Southern Africa Region

Simeland, Hamilton Sipho. "Labor Mobilization for the War Effort in Swaziland, 1940-1942," International Journal of African Historical Studies vol. 26, Issue 3 (1993):541-575. The author examines the history of recruitment and coercion of African labor for the World War II effort in Swaziland, then a British colony. Singer, Rena. "Lion King Deflects Calls for Democracy in Swaziland," Christian Science Monitor vol. 92, Issue 221 (October 2, 2000):7. The brief article discusses the growing political resistance towards the King of Swaziland and his avoidance of democracy as a central solution. "Strike by Pro-Democracy Activists," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 4 (February 12-25, 1996):9831. The brief article addresses the strike that paralyzed two major cities of Swaziland by pro-democracy activists, increasing the conflict between the government and the workers. "Swaziland," Background Notes on Countries of the World vol. 4, Issue 5 (April 1993):1-4. The brief article describes Swaziland’s history, politics, government and foreign relations. "Swaziland Newspaper Ordered to Close," Quill vol. 88, Issue 4 (May 2000):37. The brief article provides reasons why the political leadership ordered the closure of Quill, the leading newspaper in Swaziland. "Swaziland Politics: National Assembly S Still Dominated by Men," Women’s International Network News vol. 25, Issue 1 (Winter 1999):48. The brief article suggests that only two women were elected to the Swaziland Parliament in the October 1999 elections and the implications for equal rights. "Swaziland, Reign not Rule," Africa Research Bulletin vol. 37, no. 11 (November 2000):14199-14208. The article examines the monarchy of Swaziland and how fragile its political future may be. "Swaziland," Round Table Issue 340 (October 1996):411. The brief article reviews the King of Swaziland's political decision to dismiss the Prime Minister.

The Southern Africa Region

429

"Swaziland," UN Chronicle vol. 32, Issue 1 (March 1995):50. The brief article explores Swaziland’s position on South Africa’s apartheid system before the United Nations General Assembly on September 26, 1994. "Three Kings," Economist vol. 349, Issue 8099 (January 1, 1999):79-82. The brief article reviews how the King of Swaziland is managing growing governmental and economic problems. Taylor, Ian. "The Captive States of Southern Africa and China: The PRC and Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland," Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics vol. 35, no. 2 (1997):75-95. The author analyzes China's relations with Swaziland, Botswana, and Lesotho.

ZAMBIA Bald, Margaret. "Wacky Coup," World Press Review vol. 45, no. 1 (January 1998):22. The author reports on a recent coup attempt by the Zambian military and the growing dissatisfaction by the people of Zambia towards their repressive government. Baylies, Carolyn and Morris Szeftel. "Democratization and the 1991 Elections in Zambia," in John Daneel, Roger South all and Morris Szeftel (eds.) Voting for Democracy: Watershed Elections in Contemporary Anglophone Africa. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing (1999):83-110. The authors assess the extent of democratization in the aftermath of the 1991 elections in Zambia. Baylies, Carolyn and Morris Szeftel. "The 1996 Zambia Elections: Still Awaiting Democratic Consolidation," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71 (1997):113-128. The authors provide an analysis of the lack of democratic consolidation in Zambia in the aftermath of the 1996 elections. Baylies, Carolyn and Morris Szeftel. "The Rise and Fall of Multi-Party Politics in Zambia," Review of African Political Economy no. 54 (July 1992):75-92. The authors examine the reintroduction of a multiparty system after nine years of a single party system, and the opposition of the Zambian people towards the current regime.

430

The Southern Africa Region

Beyene, Asmelash Gelase Mutahaba. The Quest for Constitutionalism in Africa: Selected Essays on Constitutionalism, the Nationality Problem, Military Rule and Party Politics. New York: Verlag Peter Lang AG, 1994. The author addresses the complex and interactive relations between nationalism, military rule, party politics and constitutionalism in Sub-Saharan African states, with case studies on Tanzania, Lesotho, Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda and Zambia. Bjornlund, Eric, Michael Bratton and Clark Gibson. "Observing Multiparty Elections in Africa: Lessons from Zambia," African Affairs vol. 91, no. 364 (1992):405-433. The authors examine the multiparty elections in Zambia, and the reintroduction of multiparty democracy in the Southern African nation. Bratton, Michael. "Political Participation in a New Democracy: Institutional Considerations from Zambia," Comparative Political Studies vol. 32, no. 5 (1999):549-588. The author investigates the origins and implications of both political and institutional participation in Zambia’s democratization process. Chan, Stephen. Zambia and the Decline of Kaunda 1984-1998. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 2000. The edited text assesses the historical record on and the political legacy of Kenneth Kaunda between 1984-1998, and his impact on the development of democracy and humanism in Zambia’s domestic and external relations. Cheushi, C. "Zambia: Opposition Grows over New Constitution," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly vol. 8, no. 10 (1995):17. The author reviews the new constitution that has been proposed which does not allow for Kenneth Kaunda’s return to power in the 1996 elections. Goff, Peter. "Zambian Paper Besieged," IPI Report vol. 5, no. 3 (1999):5. The brief article discusses the incident in March 1999 where the national police held a newspaper under siege because the newspaper’s editors questioned Zambia’s defense capabilities. Good, Kenneth. "Zambia and the Liberation of South Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 25, no. 3 (1987):505-540. The author examines the disillusionment with South Africa’s apartheid regime and the response

The Southern Africa Region

431

by Kenneth Kaunda to assist in the African liberation struggle in South Africa and in the Southern Africa region. Hamalengwa, Munyonzwe. Class Struggle in Zambia, 1889-1989 and the Fall of Kenneth Kaunda, 1990-1991. Landham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1992. The author explores class struggle issues in Zambia from 1889-1989, and the strategic situation in Zambia before and after the independence of that nation. Hazell, P. and B. Hojjati. "Farm-Non-Farm Growth Linkages in Zambia," Journal of African Economies vol. 4, no. 3 (1995):406-435. The authors examine farm and non-farm growth dynamics and linkages in Zambia. Ihonvbere, Julius O. "How Not to Consolidate Democracy: The Experience of the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMS) in Zambia," in Julius O. Ihonvbere (ed.) Multiparty Democracy and Political Change: Constraints to Democratization in Africa. Aldershot, England: Ashgate (1998): 219241. The author addresses the Movement for Multiparty Democracy’s inability to consolidate democratic governance in Zambia. Ihonvbere, Julius O. Economic Crisis, Civil Society, and Democratization: The Case of Zambia. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1996. The author investigates the impact of the economic crisis on the democratization process and the civil society of Zambia in the early 1990s. Ihonvbere, Julius. "Democratization and African Security in the 1990s: The Case of Zambia," 21st Century Afro Review vol. 2 (Spring 1996):79-127. The author provides a strategic assessment of the political conflict(s) following the defeat of Kenneth Kaunda, and the movement towards a multi-party democracy. Jordan, Kobus. "Zambia’s ‘First’ Democratic Election-Lessons for South Africa," South Africa Foundation Review vol. 30, no. 24 (November 19December 2, 1991):1-2. The author summarizes the implications of Zambia’s first multiparty elections. Kashimani, Mabia Eric. "Zambia: The Disintegration of the Nationalist Coalitions in UNIP and the Imposition of a One-Party State, 1965-1972," Transafrican Journal of History vol. 24 (1995):23-70. The author evaluates

432

The Southern Africa Region

the history and politics that led to the one-party system in Zambia, and its implications for internal stability and democratic governance. Kashimani, Mabia Eric. "No Past, No Future," Southern Africa vol. 3, no. 6 (April 1990):40-45. The author examines the one party regime of Kenneth Kaunda in the period from 1972 to 1989. "Kaunda to Call It a Day," African Recorder vol. 31, no. 16 (July 29-August 11, 1992): 8728. The brief article reports the retirement of Kenneth Kaunda as the opposition leader after expressing opposition to multiparty democracy in Africa. "Kaunda Retires," African Recorder vol. 31, no. 22 (October 21-November 3, 1992):8800. The brief article evaluates the retirement of Kenneth Kaunda, after he expressed a view that a multiparty democracy system was not good. Krennerich, Michael. "Zambia," in Dieter Nohlen. African Elections, A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1999):938-962. The author provides a historical review of elections in Zambia. Lamont, James. "Copper Tarnishes Zambia's Future," Financial Times (January 27, 2002):5. The brief article reviews the withdrawal of the Anglo mining group from Zambia's copper industry, dealing a devastating blow to the country's struggling economy. Longwe, Sarah. Beyond Inequalities: Women in Zambia. Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1998. The author provides a critical analysis of the historical role and political prospects of women in Zambian civil society, government and the economy. Longwe, Sarah, Mercy Siame, Nakatiwa Muliktia and Roy Clarke (eds.) Beyond Inequalities: Women in Zambia. Harare, Zimbabwe: SARDC, 1998. The edited text addresses the political, economic and social conditions of women in Zambia and their potential policy remedies in the Southern African region's implementation of the Beijing Commitments on Women. Lungu, Gatian F. "The Church, Labor and the Press in Zambia: The Role of Critical Observers in a One-Party State," African Affairs vol. 85, no. 340 (1986):385-410. The author investigates the impact of the church, labor and

The Southern Africa Region

433

the media in critically evaluating and opposing the one party system in Zambia. Meyns, Peter. Zambia in Der Dritten Republik: Demoktratishe Transition und Politische Kontinuitat. Hamburg, Germany: Institut fur Afrika-Kunde, 1995. The author provides a political history of Zambia from 1989 to 1994. Milimo, John T. "Multiparty Democracy in Africa: Lessons from Zambia," International Journal of World Peace vol. 10, no. 1 (March 1993):35-42. The author gives a political assessment of lessons learned from the multiparty democratic regime in Zambia, which had replaced the 1973 one party regime system. Moore, Robert C. The Political Reality of the Freedom of the Press in Zambia. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1992. The author argues that the national press in Zambia does not have much freedom, no matter if the country was under a one party system or under a two party system. "Moves Towards Pluralism," African Recorder vol. 30, no. 6 (March 12-25, 1991):8339-8340. The brief article reviews the possibility that Zambia might become a multiparty democracy. Mphaisha, Chisepo J. "Retreat from Democracy in Post One-Party State in Zambia," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 34, no. 2 (1996):65-85. The author assesses the lack of democratic governance in Zambia under the multiparty system of government. Mudenda, Dilbert. "MMD: Two Years Later," Southern Africa vol. 5, no. 11 (August 1992):4-6. The brief article examines the origins and goals of the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in Zambia. "Multi-Party Election," African Recorder vol. 30, no. 24 (November 19December 2, 1991):8526-8529. The brief article reviews Kenneth Kaunda as leader of Zambia since its independence and his ousting from power in 1991 in the country’s first multi-party election. "Multi-Party System," African Recorder vol. 30, no. 2 (January 15-28, 1991):8299. The brief article discusses the end to the one party system in Zambia, legalizing opposition parties and ending the 17-year one party rule imposed by former President Kenneth Kaunda.

434

The Southern Africa Region

"Multi-Party System Proposed," African Recorder vol. 29, no. 25 (December 116, 1990):8264. The brief article reviews legislation that would amend the constitution and allow for opposition parties. Mushingeh, Chiponde. "Unrepresentative Democracy: One Party Rule in Zambia, 1973-1990," Transafrican Journal of History vol. 23 (1994):117142. The author contends that Zambia does not have a democratic system because one party rule is not a model of a representative democracy. Mutukwa, Kasuka S. "Developing New Attitudes: The Promotion of Free Political Choice in Zambia," Parliamentarian vol. 79 (April 1998):138-140. The author evaluates the potential prospects for free political choice in Zambia, and the development of a representative democratic system in Zambia. Muyunda, Petros. "The Demise of UNIP?" Southern Africa vol. 3, no. 11 (September 1990):33-35. The author discusses the possible demise of the United National Independence Party and the referendum that would change Zambia’s political structure. Mwiinga, Jowie. "Chill for Chiluba," Africa Report vol. 39, no. 2 (March 1994):58-60. The author addresses the Zambian people’s disappointment with the Chiluba’s government. Obidegwu, Chukwuma F. and Mudziviri Nziranasanga. Copper and Zambia: An Econometric Analysis. Lexington, Kentucky.: D C. Heath, 1981. The authors provide an econometric analysis on the cooper sector of the Zambian economy. "Opposition Campaign," African Recorder vol. 30, no. 12 (June 4-17, 1991):8401. The brief article evaluates the Movement for Multi-Party Democracy, Zambia’s main opposition party. Osei-Hwedie, Bertha. "The Role of Ethnicity in Multi-Party Politics in Malawi and Zambia," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 16, no. 2 (1998):227-247. The author examines the role and impact of ethnicity in multi-party politics in Malawi and Zambia. Phiri, Biseck Jube. "Zambia: The Myth and Realities of One-Party Participatory Democracy," Geneve-Afrique vol. 29, no. 2 (1991):11-24. The author

The Southern Africa Region

435

examines the history and political dynamics of one party participatory democracy in Zambia. Phiri, Isaic. "Why African Churches Preach Politics: The Case Study of Zambia," Journal of Church and State vol. 41, no. 2 (Spring 1999):323-347. The author evaluates the historical nature and content of political and ideological relations between the church and state in Zambia, and the strategic effects of these potent power relations on the general society and the African population. Posner, Daniel N. and David J. Simon. "Economic Conditions and Incumbent Support in Africa’s New Democracies: Evidence from Zambia," Comparative Political Studies vol. 35, no. 3 (2002):313-337. The authors investigate the effects of economic conditions on incumbent support in Zambia, drawing on two unique data sources including a 1,200-respondent post-election survey and a pair of 10,000-household poverty surveys conducted in the same years as that country’s first two post-transition general elections. "President Declares Emergency," African Recorder vol. 32, no. 8 (April 9-22, 1993):8944. The brief article discusses on the state of emergency that was ordered by the President Chibula of Zambia after rumors that the opposition party was planning on overthrowing his government. Randall, Vicky and James R. Scarrit. "Cautionary Notes on Democratization: Lessons from India and Zambia," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 34, no. 2 (1996):19-44. The authors examine the nature and substantive content in the democratic transformation of multiparty systems and whether or not it changed the economic and social conditions in Zambia and India. Reynolds, Andrew. Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. The author critically addresses the technical and political functioning and processes of national electoral systems and democratization in the post-cold war Southern Africa region with an interesting case study analysis on the 1991 and 1996 Zambian elections. Scott, Guy. "Political Will, Political Economy and the AIDs Industry in Zambia," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 86 (December

436

The Southern Africa Region

2000):557-582. The author examines the prevailing political will of national politicians to leverage the weak and financially ailing political economy to provide (expensive) quality care health care to HIV/AIDs patients in Zambia. Sichone, Owen Ben. "Zambian Elections-An Example for Africa to Emulate?" Southern Africa vol. 5, no. 4 (January 1992):3-4. The brief article reviews the United National Independence Party’s lost of political power in Zambia. Sichone, Owen Ben and Bornwell Chikulo (eds.) Democracy in Zambia: Challenges for the Third Republic. Harare: SAPES Books, 1996. The authors examine democracy and the democratization process in Zambia, and covering policy issues such as national politics, decentralization and ethnicity. Simmons, Ann M. "Poverty on Minds of Zambian Voters," Los Angeles Times (December 26, 2001):A28-A29. The brief article discusses the desperate economic plight of Zambia's voting citizens. Southall, Tony. "Zambia: Class Formation and Government Policy in the 1970s," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 7, no. 1 (1980):91-109. The author addresses the politics of class formation and government policy in Zambia in the 1970s. Szeftel, Morris. "Corruption and the Spoils System in Zambia," in Michael Clarke (ed.) Corruption, Consequences and Control. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1983):163-190. The author evaluates the origins and consequences of structural corruption and the patronage system in Zambia in the 1960s and the 1970s. Turner, Mark. "Zambia Shivers from Winds of War in Congo," Financial Times (December 21, 2000):7. The border spillover effect of the destabilizing Congo conflict into northern Zambia of over 60,000 refugees fleeing Congolese troops is briefly outlined. The article posits that the African states that agreed to the 1999 Lusaka peace accords have reneged and have not pulled back their troops 15 kilometers from their present positions. Van Binsbergen, Wim. "Aspects of Democracy and Democratization in Zambia and Botswana: Exploring African Political Culture at the Grassroots," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 13, no. 1 (1995):3-35. The

The Southern Africa Region

437

author investigates the impact of democracy and democratization on African political culture at the local level with case studies on Zambia and Botswana. Van Donge, Jan Kees. "Reflections on Donors, Opposition and Popular Will in the 1996 Zambian General Elections," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 1 (1998):71-99. The author evaluates political origins and consequences of the 1996 general election, an election that marked victory for Chiluba and the Movement for Multiparty Democracy. Van Donge, Jan Kees. "Kaunda and Chibula: Enduring Patterns of Culture," in John A. Wiseman (ed.) Democracy and Change Saharan Africa. London: Routledge (1995):193-220. The author the 1991 election’s impact on Zambian political culture and on the fortunes of Kaunda and Chibula.

Political in Subreviews political

Vines, Alex. "Zambia-No Model for Democracy: Continuing Human Rights Violations," Human Rights Watch vol. 10, no. 2A (1998):57. The author examines the continuing human rights violations in Zambia and the growing civilian disillusionment with the political and economic situation in that country. Woldring, Klass. "Corruption and Influences in Zambia-A Survey of Recent Inquiries and their Results," Africa Today vol. 30, no. 3 (1983):51-74. The author investigates the impact of structural corruption in Zambia, which is plagued by high unemployment, a huge foreign debt, and a severely crippling AIDS crisis.

ZIMBABWE Acland. J.H.B. "The Rhodesian Operation," Guards Magazine (Summer 1980):46-50. The author examines a military counter insurgency operations against African liberation forces during the Rhodesian war. Alao, Charles. "The Metamorphosis of the ‘Unorthodox’: The Integration and Early Development of the Zimbabwe National Army," in Ngwabi Bhebe and Terence Ranger (eds.) Soldiers in Zimbabwe’s Liberation War. London: James Currey, 1995): 104-117. The author explores the integration and early development of the Zimbabwe Army in the post-liberation period.

438

The Southern Africa Region

Alao, Charles. The Defense and Security Implications of the Liberation War in Zimbabwe (unpublished Ph.D. thesis) Department of War Studies, King's College, University of London, 1991. An interesting assessment of past military operations and security implications of the liberation war in Zimbabwe and its impact on the Southern African region in general. Alexander, J. “Dissident Perspectives on Zimbabwe’s Post-Independence War,” Africa vol. 68, no. 2 (1998):151-182. The author examines the various dissident perspectives on Zimbabwe's post-independence war. All Bark and No Bite? The International Response to the Zimbabwe's Crisis. International Crisis Group vol. 25 (January 2002). The report examines the international response or the lack of it to the growing Zimbabwe crisis. Archer, J.M. "The Zimbabwe National Army—A Personal View," British Army Review vol. 72 (December 1982):62-65. The author assesses the operational status and capabilities of the Zimbabwe National Army. Armstrong, A.K. Culture and Choice: Lessons from Survivors of Gender Violence in Zimbabwe. Harare: Violence Against Women in Zimbabwe Research Project, 1998. The author addresses the great problems of genderbased violence against women in Zimbabwean society. Barwell, J. "Railways at War," Heritage Zimbabwe vol. 6 (1986):70-75. The brief author outlines the utilization of railways during the Rhodesian war. Basset, Mary et al. Female Sexual Behavior and the Risk of HIV Infection: An Ethnographic Study in Harare, Zimbabwe. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women, September 1993. The report provides an ethnographic assessment of African female sexual behavior and the risk of HIV infection in Harare, Zimbabwe. Baynham, Simon (ed.) Zimbabwe in Transition. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1992. The edited text investigates the various dimensions of the political transition of the post-war Mugabe government. Beckett, Ian F.W. "The Rhodesian Army: Counter Insurgency, 1972-1979," in Ian F.W. Beckett and John Pimlott (eds.) Armed Forces and Modern Counter-Insurgency. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1985):163-189. The author assesses counter-insurgency efforts of Rhodesian army, 1972-1979.

The Southern Africa Region

439

Bhebe, Ngwabi, and Terence Ranger (eds.) Soldiers in Zimbabwe Liberation War. London: James Currey, 1995. The edited text explores the history and military operations of soldiers involved in the Zimbabwe Liberation War. Burke, G.K. "Insurgency in Rhodesia: The Implications," RUSI and Brassey’s Defense Yearbook, 1978-78, 26-40. London: RUSI and Brassey’s, 1980. The author examines implications of counter-insurgency war in Rhodesia. Cauvin, Henri E. "U.S. Envoy Says Zimbabwe Is Deaf to Calls for Fair Elections," New York Times (January 19, 2002):A3. The brief article summarizes the State Department's top human rights official effort to persuade the government of President Robert Mugabe to improve conditions for elections and halt intimidation of the opposition. Cefkin, Leo J. "The Rhodesian Question at the United Nations," International Organization vol. 22 (1968):649-669. The author reviews the historic diplomatic discussions of the Rhodesian question at the United Nations. Chan, Steven. The Commonwealth Observer Group in Zimbabwe, Gweru: Mambo Press, 1985. The author outlines the role and activities of the Commonwealth Observer Group in a post-liberation war Zimbabwe. Charlton, Michael. The Last Colony in Africa: Diplomacy and the Independence of Rhodesia. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990. The author analyzes diplomacy and African determination to win freedom in Zimbabwe. Chattopadhyay, Rupak. "Zimbabwe: Structural Adjustment, Destitution and Food Insecurity," Review of African Political Economy no. 84 (2000):307316. The author addresses the relationship between structural adjustment and the persistence of hunger in a food surplus Zimbabwe in the 1990s. Chimanikire, Donald P. South Africa’s Destabilization Policy: The Zimbabwe Experience. Harare: Zimbabwe Institute of Developing Studies, Research Paper no. 2 (1990). The author assesses the political effectiveness of South Africa's destabilization strategy towards Zimbabwe. Chiwewe, W.A. "Zimbabwe’s Defense Forces: Nine Years of Transformation and Consolidation, 1980-1989," Zimbabwe News vol. 20, no. 4 (April 1989):49-53. The author examines the structural changes and transformation of the Zimbabwean Defense Forces between 1980-1989.

440

The Southern Africa Region

Cilliers, Jakkie. Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia. London: Croom Helm, 1985. The author analyzes the history of counterinsurgency warfare in Rhodesia. Compagnon, Daniel. "Zimbabwe: Life After Zanu-PF," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 396 (2000):449-454. The author examines the Zimbabwe general election of June 24, 2000, and implications for Robert Mugabe. Cowderoy, Dudley, and Roy C. Nesbit. War in the Air: Rhodesian Air Forces, 1935-1980. Alberton: Galago Publishing, 1987. The authors discuss the history and operations of the Rhodesian Air Forces between 1935-1980. Coyle, R.G., and CJ. Millar. "A Methodology for Understanding Military Complexity: The Case of Rhodesian Counter-Insurgency Campaign," Small Wars and Insurgencies vol. 7, no. 3 (Winter 1996):360-78. The authors assess the military complexity of Rhodesia's counter-insurgency campaign against the African liberation movement led by Robert Mugabe. Czech, Kenneth P. "Rhodesia’s Brutal Second Matabele War," Military History vol. 12, no. 7 (March 1996):50-56. The author critiques Rhodesia's unrelenting conduct of the Second Matebele War. D’Engelbronner, M. The Provisions of Non-Formal Education for Human Rights in Zimbabwe. Harare: Southern Africa Printing and Publishing House, 1998. The author discusses development of provisions of nonformal education for human rights in Zimbabwe. Dorman, Sara Rich. "Rocking the Boat: Church-NGOs and Democratization in Zimbabwe," African Affairs vol. 101, no. 402 (January 2002):75-92. The author examines the historical role and incremental policy impact of Church-NHOs in the democratization process in Zimbabwe. Ellert, Henrik. The Rhodesian Front War: Counter-Insurgency and Guerrilla Warfare, 1962-1980. Gweru: Mambo Press, 1993. The author explores the military history of Rhodesian counterinsurgency and guerilla warfare between 1962-1980. Evan, Michale. "Gukurahundi: The Development of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces, 1980-1989," Strategic Review for Southern African vol. 10, no. 1 (May 1988):l-37. The author outlines the origins and development of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces covering the period of 1980-1989.

The Southern Africa Region

441

Evan, Michale. Fighting Against Chimurenga: An Analysis of Counter Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1972-79. Salisbury: Historical Association of Zimbabwe, 1981. The author discusses military counter insurgency operations in Rhodesia between 1972-1979. Flower, Ken. Serving Secretly: An Intelligence Chief on Record: Rhodesia into Zimbabwe, 1964-1981. London: John Murray, 1987. The author focuses on the life and history of Rhodesia's intelligence chief in the counter insurgency campaign and long-running and brutal war with the African liberation movement between 1964-1981. Gann, Lewis H. and Thomas H. Heriksen. The Struggle for Zimbabwe: Battle in the Bush. New York, Praeger, 1981. The authors document the strategic war campaign(s) between the Rhodesian military and the African liberation movement in the rural countryside. Gregory, Martyn. "The Zimbabwe Election: The Political and Military Implications," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 7, no. 1 (1980): 1737. The author examines the origins and potential impact of the Zimbabwean elections in the early 1980s. Hawkins, Tony. "Zimbabwe's Security Forces Back Mugabe," Financial Times (January 10, 2002):6. The brief article reviews why the military and security forces in Zimbabwe supported President Robert Mugabe's quest to remain in power legally or illegally. Hawkins, Tony. "Zimbabwe Veterans Reject Land Agreement," Financial Times (September 12, 2001):9. The author outlines the war veterans' rejection of the Abuja Agreement and refusal to withdraw from white-owned farms. Hawkins, Tony and Alan Beattie. "African Election Observers Endorse Mugabe Victory," Financial Times (March 14, 2002):6. The brief article reports on South Africa's and Nigeria's observers endorsing the Mugabe victory at the polls as "legitimate", although neither country said the elections were either free or fair. Hawkins, Tony and James Lamont. "A Bitter Harvest," Financial Times (August 19, 2001):6. The authors evaluate the political rule of Robert Mugabe, as well as the general economic and social decline affecting the country.

442

The Southern Africa Region

Hawkins, Tony and Michael Holman. "Skepticism Greets Deal on Zimbabwe Land," Financial Times (September 9, 2001):4. The authors examine the land resettlement accord reached between the Mugabe government and Nigeria and the Commonwealth nations, and the expressions of skepticism by various opposition members in Zimbabwe and by other strategic sectors of the civil society wary of Mugabe's policies. Holman, Michael and James Lamont. "Paralysis in Pretoria as Zimbabwe Totters," Financial Times (June 8, 2001):3. The authors outline the deep policy concern of senior South African leaders on the instability and possible internal collapse of Zimbabwe under President Robert Mugabe. Holman, Michael and Tony Hawkins. "Africa's Deal," Financial Times (September 9, 2001):7. The authors discuss the pros and the cons of the recently concluded Abuja negotiations in Nigeria. The central goals of the Nigerian-brokered deal (which the Mugabe government agreed to) was to end the land resettlement movement (where landless blacks 'illegally' occupied white farmlands), strengthen democracy and the rule of law in Zimbabwe, as well as restoring stability in the Southern Africa region. Hull, Richard W. "The Continuing Crisis in Rhodesia," Current History vol. 78, no. 455 (March 1980): 107-9, 133-34. The author examines crisis between the white government and African liberation movement led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo. Innocenti, Nicole Degil. "Mugabe Threatens Business Takeover," Financial Times (October 16, 2001):7. The brief article reviews President Mugabe's threat to nationalize business and implement a socialist economy, if white (and African) businesses continue to oppose price controls on staple foods. Innocenti, Nicole Degil. "Powell Condemns Mugabe Over Zimbabwe Crisis," Financial Times (May 26-27, 2001):1. The brief article summarizes US Secretary of State Colin Powell's condemnation of the repressive policies of the long-ruling President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. Jaster, Robert. "The Rocky Road to Lancaster House: Lessons From the Rhodesian Conflict," South Africa International vol. 18, no. 2 (1987):102129. The author outlines the political history driving the complex peace negotiations between white Rhodesia and the African liberation movement.

The Southern Africa Region

443

Jokonya, T.J.B. "The Effects of the War on the Rural Population of Zimbabwe," Journal Southern African Studies vol. 14, no. 2 (1988):304-22. The author explores the political, military, economic and cultural consequences of the brutal and long-running Rhodesian war on the African rural population. Klotz, Audie. "Race and Nationalism in Zimbabwean Foreign Policy," The Round Table vol. 327 (1993): 255-279. The author addresses the influence of race and nationalism on Zimbabwe's foreign policy decision making. Kriger, Norma. Guerrilla Veterans in Post-War Zimbabwe: Symbolic and Violent Politics in Zimbabwe, 1980-1987. Washington DC: Cambridge University Press, 2003. The author investigates the relationship between Mugabe and the veterans of the war of liberation to maintain power. Kriger, Norma. Zimbabwe’s Guerilla War: Peasant Voices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. The author critiques the role and impact of African peasants on Zimbabwe's liberation struggle. Kriger, Norma. Peasant Perspectives on Zimbabwe's War of Liberation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. The author explores the African peasant political perspectives on the direction and prosecution of the war of liberation and expectations in a free Zimbabwe. Kriger, Norma. "The Zimbabwean War of Liberation: Struggles Within the Struggle," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 14, no. 2 (1988):304-22. The author examines fierce internal power struggles between contending leaders in the African liberation movement during the Zimbabwean war. Lamont, James. "Mugabe Mud Sticks to South Africa," Financial Times (March 14, 2002):6. The brief article reports that South Africa's limited endorsement of the Mugabe re-election could lead to economic instability and political chaos in the Southern African region and in Zimbabwe. Lamont, James. "Mugabe Sees Profit in Army Loyalty," Financial Times (March 7, 2002):5. The brief article reviews the Mugabe regime's exploitation of mineral and timber resources of the DRC and benefits acquired by the Zimbabwean Defense Forces in its occupation.

444

The Southern Africa Region

Learmount, J. H. "Reflections from Rhodesia," RUSI: Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies vol. 125, no. 4 (December 1980):47-55. The author reviews counter insurgency campaign in Rhodesia. MacKinley, J. "The Commonwealth Monitoring Force in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia, 1979-1980," in Thomas. G. Weiss (ed.) Humanitarian Emergencies and Military Help in Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1990):36-60. The author reviews impact of the Commonwealth Monitoring Force in the war. MacLaughlin, Janice. On The Frontline: Catholic Missions in Zimbabwe’s Liberation War. Harare: Baobob Books 1996. The author examines the history of Catholic missions in the rural areas in Zimbabwe’s war. Maclean, S.J. "Mugabe at War: The Political Economy of Conflict in Zimbabwe," Third World Quarterly vol. 23, no. 3 (2002):513-528. The author evaluates Mugabe's strategy of using violence, police forces and economic sanctions to maintain his power and influence in Zimbabwe. Malcolm, Ian and Dave West. "The Air Force of Zimbabwe," World Airpower Journal vol. 29 (Summer 1997): 110-19. The authors discuss the military history and operational capacities of Zimbabwe's air force. Martin, David, and Phyllis Johnson (eds.) The Chitepo Assassinations. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing, 1985. The authors explore the context and implications of the Chitepo assassinations in Zimbabwe. Martin, David and Phyllis Johnson (eds.) The Struggle for Zimbabwe: The Chimurenga War. London: Faber and Faber, 1981. The author critiques the political origins and strategic implications of the Chimurenga war in Zimbabwean liberation conflict. Maxey, Kees. The Flight for Zimbabwe: The Armed Conflict in Southern Rhodesia since UDI. London: Rex Collings, 1975. The author discusses the military armed conflict in Southern Rhodesia since the UDI period. Maxwell, David J. "Local Politics and the War of Liberation in North-East Zimbabwe," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 19, Issue 3 (September 1993):361-388. The author investigates the interaction of local politics with guerrilla mobilization strategies of the Katerere chiefdom in

The Southern Africa Region

445

the northern Nyanga district of Zimbabwe during the country’s war of liberation from 1976-1980. McGregor, JoAnn. "The Politics of Disruption: War Veterans and the Local State in Zimbabwe," African Affairs vol. 101, no. 202 (January 2002):9-37. The author addresses the history and implications of the war veterans' assault on the local state in Zimbabwe with a specific emphasis on the Matabeleland North, and the benefits (and the costs) of the assault(s) for Mugabe's ruling Zanu (PF) party. Mlambo, Norman. The Zimbabwe Defence Industry, 1980-1995. Working Paper no. 2, SACDI Defence Digest (August 14, 2001):l-17. The report assesses military arms production, the defence industry, defense spending and the Zimbabwean economy. Moorecroft, Paul L. "Rhodesia’s War of Independence," History Today vol. 40, no. 9 (September 1990):11-17. The author reviews the military history of the Rhodesia's war of independence. Moorecroft, Paul L. and Peter MacLaughlin. Chimurenga! The War in Rhodesia, 1965-1980. Marshalltown: Sygma/Collins, 1982. The authors analyze the Chimurenga conflict (1965-1980) in the Rhodesian war. Muchena, Olivia. "Zimbabwe: It Can Only Be Handled by Women," in Robin Morgan (ed.) Sisterhood is Global. New York: Anchor, 1984. The author examines the historical role and strategic importance of African women in the Zimbabwean revolution. Nest, Michael. "Ambitions, Profits and Loss: Zimbabwean Economic Involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo," African Affairs vol. 101, no. 400 (2001):469-490. The author evaluates the economic history and the strategic extent of Zimbabwe's economic involvement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with a specific emphasis on the origins and development of business and commercial activities of the military and political elites. Nkiwane, S.M. Zimbabwe’s International Borders: A Study in National and Regional Development. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, 1997. The author critiques the important national and regional development issues faced by Zimbabwe in Southern Africa.

446

The Southern Africa Region

Nkiwane, S.M. "Development of Zimbabwe’s Foreign Relations, 1980-1990," The Round Table vol. 326 (1993): 199-216. The author addresses the basis and development of Zimbabwe's foreign relations towards the Southern African region and the international community. Nyambuya, Michael. "National Defense: The Experience of the Zimbabwe Defense Force," African Security Review, vol. 5 (1996):39-42. A brief article on the Zimbabwe Defense Force, with the integration ZANLA and the former Rhodesian Security Forces, and the rise of a new Zimbabwean defense policy. Ranchod-Nilsson, Sita. "This, too, is a Way of Fighting: Rural Women's Participation in Zimbabwe's Liberation War," in Mary Ann Tetreault (ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia and the New World. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina (1994):62-88. The author outlines the structural participation of rural African women in fighting to help achieve the strategic goals of the Zimbabwean liberation war. Ranchod-Nilsson, Sita. Gender Politics and National Liberation: Women Participation in the National Liberation of Zimbabwe. Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1992. The author examines the history of African women political and ideological participation in the Zimbabwean national liberation movement. Ranger, Terence O. "War, Violence and Healing in Zimbabwe," Journal of Southern African Studies vol. 18, Issue 3 (September 1992):698-710. The author investigates the legacy of violence in post-war Zimbabwe and the effects of the growing violence in South Africa. Ranger, Terence O. "Bandits and Guerrillas: The Case of Zimbabwe," in Donald Crummey (ed.) Banditry, Rebellion and Social Protest in Africa. London: James Currey (1986):373-396. The author assesses the history and political impact of bandits on the African liberation movement during the Zimbabwean war. Ranger, Terence O. Peasant Consciousness and Guerrilla War in Zimbabwe: Comparative Study. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. The author addresses the relationship of African peasant consciousness and the conduct and execution of the African guerrilla war during the Zimbabwean conflict.

The Southern Africa Region

447

Rasmussen, R. Kent and Steven C. Rubert (eds.) Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1988. The authors provide useful data on the politics, history and personalities of Zimbabwe. Reid-Daly, Ron. "War in Rhodesia: Cross-border Operations," in A.J. Venter (ed.) Challenge: Southern Africa and within the African Revolutionary Context. Gibraltar: Ashanti Publishing (1989):146-182. The author explores the long history of military cross-border operations by Rhodesian forces in the Southern African region. Reid-Daly, Ron and Peter Stiff. Selous Scouts: Top Secret War. Alberton: Galago Press, 1983. The authors discuss the history of Rhodesia's Selous Scouts in secret intelligence and counter insurgency operations against the African liberation movement and its leaders and cadres. Reynolds, Pamela. "Children of Tribulation: The Need to Heal and the Means to Heal War Trauma [Zimbabwe 1979s]," Africa vol. 60, no. 1(1990): 1-38. The author examines the effects of the Zimbabwean war on the life chances and psychological health of traumatized African children. Rotberg, Robert I. "Africa's Mess, Mugabe's Mayhem," Foreign Affairs vol. 79, no. 5 (September/October 2000):47-61. The author provides an extremely critical analysis of the authoritarian policies of the long-ruling President Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and the literal economic and political destruction of that country over the last ten years Rotberg, Robert I. "Winning the War for Zimbabwe," Orbis vol. 24, no. 4 (1982):1045-53. The author reviews the success of the African liberation movement's political and military wings in winning the war in Zimbabwe. Rupiah, Martin R. Landmines in Zimbabwe: A Deadly Legacy. Harare: Southern African Printing and Publishing House, 1998. The author outlines the dangerous problems of landmines left from the civil war period in Zimbabwe. Rupiah, Martin R. "Demobilization and Integration: 'Operation Merger' and the Zimbabwe National Defense Forces, 1980-1987," Africa Institute (1995):27-43. The author analyzes the process of integrating three previously warring parties (i.e. the Rhodesia Security Forces, ZIPRA, and ZANLA) into a national army and air defense force in Zimbabwe, as well as

448

The Southern Africa Region

exodus of whites from the Rhodesian Army/Air Force, demobilization problems, faction fighting and disarmament. Scott, Leda. Women and the Armed Struggle for Independence in Zimbabwe (1964-1979). Edinburgh: Center of African Studies, University of Edinburgh, 1989. The author discusses the strategic role and impact of African women actions and sacrifices within the African liberation movement in Zimbabwe. Seidman, G.W. "Women in Zimbabwe: Postindependence Struggles," Feminist Studies vol. 10, no. 3 (1984):419-440. The author assesses the role and importance of Zimbabwean women in the postindependence struggles. Serapiao, Luis Benjamin. "Zimbabwe’s Military Intervention in Mozambique," African Studies Association Papers vol. 29, no. 91 (October/November 1986):1-25. The author evaluates Zimbabwe's military intervention in Mozambique's civil war. Sibanda, E. "AIDS In Zimbabwe: Crisis in Rural Development," Safere vol. 3, no. 1 (1998):33-42. The author examines the HIV/AIDS negative impact on rural economic development and trained human personnel in Zimbabwe. Simmons, Ann M. "Zimbabwe Leader Sworn In," Los Angeles Times (March 18, 2002):A5. The brief article reports the swearing in of Robert Mugabe in a bitterly contested national election against the opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai, head of the Movement for Democratic Change, as well as outlining the virulent objections of the West and of the Commonwealth to Mugabe's re-election. Singh, Harjinder. "Armed Struggle and Zimbabwean Independence," Africa Quarterly vol. 20, no. 3-4 (1981):88-106. The author assesses the historical role and political impact of the African liberation struggle in earning Zimbabwean independence. "Situation in Zimbabwe," Statement by the Press Secretary/Director-General for Press and Public Relations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (April 28, 2000). The government of Japan expressed concerned on the issue of land seizure by war veterans in Zimbabwe and hope that a parliamentary election would be a head start to solve this problem.

The Southern Africa Region

449

Stedman, Stephen John. Peacemaking in Civil War: International Mediation in Zimbabwe, 1974-1980. Boulder CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1991. The author investigates the historical role and political implications of international mediation and peacemaking activities in the Zimbabwean civil war. Swarms, Rachel L. "Desperation Drives a Zimbabwean Exodus South," New York Times (February 24, 2002):3. The article briefly examines the growing strains of the large refugee flows into South Africa from a troubled and desperate Zimbabwean African population fleeing poor leadership, high unemployment and severe food shortage in once was once the breadbasket of Southern Africa. Swarns, Rachel L. "Two Leaders of Opposition Are Arrested in Zimbabwe," New York Times (February 8, 2001):A5. The brief article outlines the continuing harassment and the state-sponsored violence policies of the Mugabe government against key members of the democratic opposition, news media personalities and news structures, and other independent democratic voices in Zimbabwe. Thompson, Carol B. Challenge to Imperialism: The Frontline States in the Liberation of Zimbabwe. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House, 1985. The author addresses the long-standing historical role and strategic impact of the African frontline states in Southern Africa in the political liberation of Zimbabwe. Tichagwa, W. Beyond Inequalities: Women in Zimbabwe. Harare: Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1998. The report reviews the political, economic and social problems faced by the African women of Zimbabwe. Verrier, Anthony. The Road to Zimbabwe and the New Elite. London: British Academic Press, 1994. The author explores the role and impact of the African political elite in creating the new Zimbabwe. Watts, C. "Withholdings of Sex and Forced Sex: Dimensions of Violence against Zimbabwean Women," Reproductive Health Matters vol. 6, no. 12 (1998):57-65. The author examines the various dimensions and social consequences of sexual violence and forced sex for Zimbabwean women.

450

The Southern Africa Region

Weiss, Ruth. Zimbabwe and the New Elite. London: Tauris, 1994. The author addresses the rise and expansion of the black elite in post-war civil Zimbabwe. Wilkinson, A.R. "The Impact of the War," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 18, no. 1 (1980): 110-23. The author explores the impact of the Rhodesian war on whites and blacks. Woelk, Godfrey, Martha Tromp, and Priscilla Mataure. Training Teachers to Lead Discussion Groups on HIV/AIDS Prevention with Adolescents in Zimbabwe. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women, June 1997. The report addresses the issue of training teachers to lead discussion groups for adolescents to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission in the Zimbabwean context. "Zimbabweans Condemn Congo Adventure," New African (January 1991):1. The brief article addresses the deep discontent by the Zimbabwean people concerning the growing economic resources dislocation caused by military's involvement in the Congolese conflict.

4

The West African Region (by General Themes/Countries) GENERAL THEMES Adebajo, Adekeye. Building Peace in West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea Bissau. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002. The author addresses historical origins and policy implications of the strategic security mechanism to manage severe political conflicts in the West African region, with case studies on Liberia, Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leone. Adeleke, Ademola. "The Politics and Diplomacy of Peacekeeping in West Africa: The ECOWAS Operation in Liberia," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 4 (1995). The author examines the inefficiency of the peacekeeping operations of ECOWAS in implementing peace in Liberia. Adisa, J. "The Politics of Regional Military Co-Operation: The Case of ECOMOG," in Margaret Vogt (ed.) The Liberian Crisis and ECOMOG: A Bold Attempt at Regional Peacekeeping. Lagos, Nigeria: Gambumo Press, 1992. The author discusses the military cooperation between leading West Africa states within the ECOMOG framework (in light of the 1981 Protocol on Mutual Assistance of defense) in dealing with the expanding Liberian conflict.

452

The West African Region

Agyeman-Duah, Baffour. "Military Coups, Regime Change, and Interstate Conflicts in West Africa," Armed Forces and Society vol. 16, no. 4 (Summer 1990):5-18. The author addresses the role and impact of military coups and regime change dynamics in the rise of brutal interstate conflicts in the West African region. Agyeman-Duah, Baffour and Olatunde B.J. Ojo. "Interstate Conflict in West Africa," Comparative Political Studies vol. 24, Issue 3 (October 1991):299319. The authors discuss the origins and causes of interstate conflict in the West African regional context with a focus on second-generation military regimes in Ghana, Burkina Faso and Liberia. Allen, C., et al. (eds.) Benin, the Congo, Burkina Faso. London: Pinter, 1989. The edited text analyzes the history and implications of the political conflicts on increasing instability in Benin, the Congo, and Burkina Faso. Aning, E.K. "The Dynamics of ECOWAS' Security Regime: Prospects and Constraints," Contexto Internacional vol. 19, no. 1 (1997):71-96. The author evaluates the ECOWAS security regime in the context of measuring its West African peacekeeping effectiveness. Aning, E.K. The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict: The Case of Liberia and West Africa. Copenhagen: Centre for Development Research, June 1997. The political and military history of ECOWAS peacekeeping intervention activities in Liberia and in the West African region generally is extensively documented. Aning, E.K. "Ghana, Liberia and ECOWAS: An Analysis of Ghana's Policies in Liberia," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 21, no. 2 (1996):50-96. The author evaluates Ghanaian policies towards Liberia in the framework of the ECOWAS peacekeeping role in Liberia. Aning, E.K. "Managing Regional Security in West Africa: ECOWAS, ECOMOG, and Liberia," CDR Working Paper vol. 94, no. 2. Copenhagen, Denmark: Centre for Development, 1994. The author addresses the management of regional security in Liberia and in West Africa by regional peacekeeping organizations, ECOWAS and ECOMOG. Arazanya, Victor and Naomi Chazan. "Disengagement from the State in Africa: Reflections on the Experiences of Guinea and Ghana," Comparative Studies

The West African Region

453

in Society and History vol. 29, no. 1 (1987):106-131. The author investigates strategic disengagement from state processes and dynamics in Ghana and Guinea and its consequences for stability and order. Ate, B.E. "The Presence of France in West Africa as a Fundamental Problem to Nigeria," The Journal of International Studies vol. 12, no. 2 (1980):110126. The author evaluates the role and impact of France's strategic involvement in West African region on Nigeria's interests. Benin-Heibrunn, John R. "Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, no. 2 (1993):277-300. The author addresses the social origins and political impact of national conferences in Benin and Togo. Chabra, Hari Sharan. "Nuclear Proliferation and West Africa," West Africa (January 14, 1980):60-62. The role and impact of African states on the international nuclear proliferation debate is briefly discussed, with specific reference to their political involvement in International Atomic Energy Agency and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty deliberations. Dhanapala, Jayantha. "The Challenge of Controlling International Small Arms Transfers," International Conference on the Proposed Moratorium for Small Arms Transfers in West Africa. Olso, Norway (April 1-2, 1998):1-4. The author outlines the problem of over 7 million small arms and light weapons circulating in the West Africa and the resultant destabilizing military conflicts and the requirement that a moratorium on small arms and light weapons transfers be imposed by the international community. Donowaki, Mitsuro. Developing Associated Transparency Measures for Light Weapons and Small Arms and A Regional Arms Register in West Africa. Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo Workshop on the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, May 12-13 1997. The report explains why the United Nation's Register on Conventional Weapons is not capable of tracking small arms and light weapons. It outlines the various measures states and NGOs have taken to curb the illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons and discusses the preliminary efforts in creating a workable regional arms register system in West Africa. Dowyaro, E.T. ECOMOG Operations in West Africa: Principles and Praxis. Monograph 44: Boundaries of Peace Support Operations, February 2000.

454

The West African Region

The author reviews the principles and praxis informing ECOMOG operations in the West Africa region. Gershoni, Y. "War without End and an End to War: The Prolonged War in Liberia and Sierra Leone," African Studies Review vol. 40, no. 3 (December 1997):55-77. The author examines the wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone and the connection with diamonds and arms trading and gunrunning. Inegbedion, E. John. "ECOMOG in Comparative Perspective," in Timothy Shaw and Juliius Emeka Okolo (eds.) The Political Economy of Foreign Policy in ECOWAS. London: Macmillian (1994):218-244. The author examines the policies of ECOMOG in dealing with political conflicts in West Africa. Juma, Lawrence. "Regional Initiatives for Peace: Lessons from IGAD and ECOWAS/ECOMOG," Africa Quarterly vol. 40, no. 3 (2000):85-93. The author contends that regional and sub-regional intervention in the West Africa region by IGAD and ECOWAS/ECOMOG has been compromised by limited resources, political rivalries, and competing national interests. Kandeh, Jimmy. "What Does the 'Militariat' Do When It Rules? Military Regimes in the Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 69 (September 1996):387-404. The author reviews the rule of military elites in the Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Khobe, Mitikishe Maxwell. The Evolution and Conduct of ECOMOG Operations in West Africa. Monograph 44: Boundaries of Peace Support Operations, February 2000. The author provides an overview of the evolution and conduct of ECOMOG operations in West Africa. Lavergne, R. (ed.) Regional Integration and Cooperation in West Africa: A Multidimensional Perspective. Asmara, Ethiopia Africa World Press, 1997. The edited text addresses the various problems of regional integration and cooperation in the West African region with country and regional organizational case studies. Magyar, Karl P. and E. Conteh-Morgan (eds.) Peacekeeping in Africa: ECOMOG in Liberia. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. The text examines the multidimensional issues involved with peacekeeping activities by ECOMOG in Liberia and West Africa by Nigerian and other African forces.

The West African Region

455

Mamit, Deme. "The Impact of ECOWAS on Intraregional Trade Flows: An Empirical Investigation," The Review of Black Political Economy vol. 23, no. 3 (Winter 1995). The author assesses the historical impact of peacekeeping (and peacemaking) impact of ECOWAS and policy implications of ECOWAS on intraregional trade flows in the West African region. Murray, Andrew. "Under the Palaver Tree: A Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation and Manufacture of Light Weapons," Peace and Change vol. 25, no. 2 (April 2000):265-28. The author addresses the political and technical events that led to the creation of a regional moratorium on the trade of light weapons systems in the West African region by the Economic Community of West African States. O'Brien, D.C. (ed.) Contemporary West African States. Cambridge: CUP, 1989.The edited text surveys political, economic, military and cultural conditions in West African states. Olowu, Dele, Adebayo Williams and Kayode Soremekun (eds.) Governance and Democratization in West Africa. Dakar, Senegal: Codesria, 1999. The edited text discusses the strategic issues of governance and democratization of states in the West African region. Osarhieme, Osadolor. "Regional Security and Integration: A Study of ECOWAS Initiatives in Military Cooperation," Benin Journal of Historical Studies vol. 1, no. 1 (January 1997):41-53. The author reviews the political and military capabilities of Ecowas to enforce regional security and stability in the volatile Western Africa region. Parker, Ron. "The Senegal-Mauritania Conflict in 1989: A Fragile Equilibrium," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (March 1991):159-171. The author evaluates the political conflict between Senegal and Mauritania in 1989. Sahel, E.G. "The Positive Management of Conflicts in West Africa," Community Development Journal vol. 33, no. 2 (1998):150-156. The author examines the positive management of political and military conflicts in the West Africa region.

456

The West African Region

Seck, J. West Africa Small Arms Moratorium: High-level Consultations on the Modalities for the Implementation of PCASED. Geneva and Lome: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research and the United Nations Regional Center for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, 2000. The United Nations report examines the political history, central actors and policy processes behind the negotiations that led to the West Africa Small Arms Moratorium. Skurnik, W.A.E. "Ghana and Guinea, 1966: A Case Study in Inter-African Relations," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 5, no. 3 (1967):369384. The article addresses the historical basis and the content of bilateral political, economic and cultural relations between Ghana and Guinea in the 1960s. Turshen, Meredeth. "West African Workshop on Women in the Aftermath of Civil War," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 79 (March 1999):123-131. The author provides an extremely important and critical assessment on the very desperate conditions faced by African women during and in the aftermath of major civil war events in the West African region. Twes, B.S. "A Review of African Psychology in West Africa," Community Development Journal vol. 33, no. 2 (1998):150-156. The author evaluates the empirical development and political influence of African psychology in West Africa. Udogu, Ike. "Economic Community of West African States: From an Economic Union to a Peacekeeping Mission?" Journal of Black Political Economy vol. 26, no. 4 (Spring 1999):687-700. The author analyzes the political aims and economic functions of the Economic Community of West African States, as well as the historical evolution, policy development and strategic impact of its cease-fire monitoring capabilities in dealing with the continuing political and military crisis in Sierra Leone and surrounding West African states. Wallis, William. "West Africa Poverty Fuels Fears of Child Slavery," Financial Times (May 3, 2001):8. The brief article explores the relationship between economic exploitation, deep poverty and child slavery in the West African region, with specific reference to the Ivory Coast.

The West African Region

457

"West African Arms Moratorium," NISAT Projects (October 1998). The article outlines the position of sixteen heads of state in West Africa, and their collective support for a three-year moratorium on the importation, exportation and manufacture of small arms and light weapons. http://www.nisat.org. "West Africa: IRIN Focus on Renewal of Small Arms Moratorium," International Action Network on Small Arms (June 11, 2001):l-4. The article reviews the proliferation of small arms, the factors that encourage the proliferation of small arms, as well as offering a comprehensive approach to reduce small arms proliferation. http://www.iansa.org/news/2001/jun_01/irin_focus.htm.

BENIN Adjahouinou, Dominique. "L’Observation des Elections de Fevrier-Mars 1991 au Benin," Afrika Spectrum vol. 29, no. 2 (1994):217-226. The article reviews the 1991 election in Benin and the transition to democratic rule. Allen, Chris. "Goodbye to All That: The Short and Sad Story of Socialism in Benin," Journal of Communist Studies vol. 8, no. 1 (1992):63-81. The author examines Benin during the Kerekou regime, and the drive to create a socialist economy. Allen, Chris. "Restructuring an Authoritarian State: Democratic Renewal in Benin," Review of African Political Economy no. 54 (1992):42-58. The author discusses the factors that led to the end of the Kerekou regime, and the restructuring of the political system from 1989-1992. Amouzouvi, Hippolyte. "Le Chic, Le Choc et le Cheque d’une Election Democratique: Mots et Maux des Presidentielles de 2001 an Benin," Afrika Spectrum vol. 35, no. 3 (2001):359-370. The author assesses the 2001 Benin presidential election and in comparison to the 1991 and 1996 presidential elections. Bako-Arifari, Nassirou. "Democratic et Logiques de Terroir au Benin," Politique Africaine no. 59 (1995): 7-24. The author evaluates the historical origins and policy implications of the unfolding democratic process in Benin.

458

The West African Region

Banegas, R. "Mobilisations Sociales et Opposition Sous Kerekou," Politique Africaine no. 59 (1995):24-44. The author evaluates the historical origins and policy impact of the political mobilization of the opposition against the Kerekou regime in the post-cold war period. "Benin," IPI Report vol. 41, no. 12 (December 1992):6. The brief article examines the Benin’s government’s censorship of the news media outlets that are critical of the regime. Bierschenk, Tomas and Roch Mongbo. "Le Benin," Politique Africaine no. 59 (1995):2-19. The authors discuss the protest against the current regime and the move toward democracy in Benin. Chabi, Maurice. "Benin: Growing Pains," Index of Censorship vol. 21, no. 7 (July 1992):36-37. The author assesses the effort by Benin’s government to impose censorship on the media. Derryck, Vivian Lowering. "The Velvet Revolution," Africa Report vol. 36, no. 1 (January 1991):24-26. The author briefly reviews the political revolution that overtook Benin replacing the seventeen year-old government with a multi-party democracy. Dossou-Yovo, Noel. "The Experience of Benin," International Journal on World Peace vol. 16, no. 3 (September 1999):59-74. The author examines the political evolution of Benin from its independence in 1960, with a focus on ethnic conflict and political corruption in the West African state. Duodo, Cameron. "The Demise of One-Party Rule," World Press Review vol. 37 (August 1990):34. The brief article addresses the fight for democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa and the push for multi-party systems in African countries including Benin. "From Dahomey to Benin: The Vagaries of History," Courier (November 1997):14-18. The brief article assesses the political and economic conditions in Benin. Girshick, Paula Ben-Amos and John Thorton. "Civil War in the Kingdom of Benin, 1689-1721: Continuity or Political Change?" Journal of African History vol. 42, no. 3 (2001):353-376. The author examines the long-

The West African Region

459

running civil war in the Kingdom of Benin leading to a fundamental transformation of the political system between 1689-1721. Harsch, Ernest. "Structural Adjustment and Africa’s Democracy Movements," Africa Today vol. 40, no. 4 (Fall 1993):7-29. The author addresses the impact of structural economic conditions following transition to a democratic system, using Benin, Cote d’Ivoire and Zambia as case studies. Houngbedji, Adrien. "Le Renouveau Democratique de Benin: Genese, Enjeux et Perspectives," Revue Juridique et Politique, Independence et Cooperation vol. 48, no. 4 (1994):17-29. The author assesses the democratic transition process and economic crisis in Benin. Houngnipko, Mathurin C. "The Military and Democratization in Africa," Journal of Political and Military Sociology vol. 28, no. 2 (Winter 2000):210-229. The author analyzes the movement to a more democratic and multiparty system in Benin. "Kerekou Scrambles to Defuse Social Unrest in Benin," Africa Report vol. 3, no. 2 (March 1989):8-9. The article reports the effort by President Kerekou to stop social unrest in Benin. Kohnert, Dirk. "Sozio-kulturelle Kurzanalyse: Benin," Afrika Spectrum vol. 26, no. 3 (1991):405-414. The article evaluates Benin after the Kerekou regime, with an emphasize on ethnic forces, the role of the church and the influence of women. Lefort, Rene. "Benin: Justice on the Horizon," UNESCO Courier vol. 52, no. 11 (November 1999):31-32. The author contends that even though Benin has become a constitutional democracy, the police and the courts are not enforcing it properly. Magnusson, Bruce A. "Democratization and Domestic Insecurity: Navigating the Transition in Benin," Comparative Politics vol. 33, no. 2 (January 2001):211-230. The author reviews democratization and domestic security problems in Benin. Michand, Paul R. "Pass the Ammunition," New Republic vol. 200, no. 11 (March 13, 1989): 14. The author briefly assesses the political situation in

460

The West African Region

Benin where the head of state cut military spending because the military opposes his government. N’Diaye, Boubacar. "Special Issue on West Africa," Journal of Political and Military Sociology vol. 28, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 187-359. The author evaluates the involvement of the military in politics and the democratic situation in Benin, Gambia, Liberia, the Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Ghana. Onadipe, Abiodun. "The Return to Africa’s Old Safeguard," Contemporary Review vol. 267, no. 1567 (August 1996):87-92. The author examines the political transformation of Mathieu Ahmed-Kerekou. Penna, David, Linda Butenhoof, Ved P. Nanda, Kathleen Mahoney, Tod Sanders and Patricia Campbell. "Africa Rights Monitor—Francophone Africa: Transition to Democracy," Africa Today vol. 37, no. 2 (Spring 1990):85-91. The authors assess the history of political protest that led to the end of the one party system and the rise of a multi-party government. Raynal, Jean-Jacques. "Le Renouveau Democratique Beninois: Modele Ou Mirage?" Afrique Contemporaine no. 160 (1991):3-25. The article evaluates the prospects for democratic governance in Benin. Tall, Emmanuelle Kadya. "De la Democratieet des Cultes Voduns au Benin," Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines vol. 35, no. 1 (1995): 195-208. The author investigates the connection between politics and religion in the political systems of Kerekou and Soglo. Thomas, Tony. "The Democratic Habit," The Economist vol. 340 (September 7, 1996):4-6. The brief article assesses the prospects for democracy in SubSaharan Africa, with an emphasis of Benin that became the first country vote a ruling party out of office in free elections in 1991. United States, Department of State, Bureau of Democracy. Benin Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997. The report documents the human rights violations in Benin and the international reactions. Vittin, Theo. "Benin: Du Systeme Kerekou au Renouveau Democratique," in Francois Medard (ed.) Etat d’Afrique Noire: Formations, Mecanismes et Crisis. Paris: Karthala (1991):93-115. The edited text addresses the

The West African Region

461

political and economic problems of Benin that led to the end of the Kerekou regime. Whiteman, Kaye. "High Road to Nowhere: African Aftermath," Encounter vol. 74, no. 4 (1990):67-70. The brief article examines the political development of Benin from independence to the fall of the Kerekou government. Wiseman, John A. "Early Post-Democratization Elections in Africa," Electoral Studies vol. 11, no. 4 (1992):279-291. The author analyzes postdemocratization elections held in seven African countries including Benin.

BURKINA FASO Allen, Chris, Michael Sabin Radu, and Keith Sommerville (eds.) Benin, The Congo, Burkina Faso: Economics, Politics and Society. London: Printer Publisher, 1988. The authors investigate the political, social, and economic regimes of three Marxist governments in Francophone Africa. Atampugre, Nicholas. "Aid, NGOs and Grassroots Development: Northern Burkina Faso," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71 (March 1997):57-74. The author addresses the role and implications of nongovernmental organizations in the disbursement of aid and assisting in the grassroots rural development projects in Northern Burkina Faso. Batterbury, Simon. "Sahel Visions: Planned Settlement and River Blindness Control in Burkina Faso," African Affairs vol. 95, no. 381 (1996):599-605. The author assesses the prospects of river blindness control in the context of planned settlement in Burkina Faso. Bienen, Henry. "Populist Regimes in West Africa," Armed Forces and Society vol. 11 (Spring 1985):357-378. The author examines the history and implications of populist regimes in West Africa. Breuser, Mark, Suzanne Nederlof, and Teunis van Rheenen. "Conflict or Symbiosis?: Dismantling Farmer-Herdsmen Relations: The Mossi and Fulbe of the Central Plateau, Burkina Faso," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 3 (1998):357-380. The author analyzes the source of conflict between the Mossi and the Fulbe and concludes that hostile discourse may go hand in hand with friendly dyadic relationships.

462

The West African Region

Donnelly-Roark, Paula. Can Local Institutions Reduce Poverty?: Rural Decentralization in Burkina Faso. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001. The author analyzes the impact of rural decentralization in poverty reduction Burkina Faso. Ellsworth, L. and K. Shapiro. "Seasonality in Burkina Faso Grain Marketing: Farmer Strategies and Government Policy," in David E. Sahn (ed.) Seasonal Variability in Third World Agriculture: The Consequences for Food Security. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (1989):196-205. The authors address how Burkina Faso can improve its food security using seasonality in the marketing of domestic grain production. Englebert, Pierre. Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1996. The author evaluates the history and consequences of unsteady statehood for Burkina Faso in the post-cold war period. Freidberg, Susanne. "Contacts, Contracts, and Green Bean Schemes: Liberalization and Agro-Entrepreneurship in Burkina Faso," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. 1 (1997):101-128. The author assesses the problems that liberalization has created for agro-entrepreneurial merchants in Burkina Faso. Harsch, Ernest. "Trop, c'est trop! Civil Insurgence in Burkina Faso, 1998-99," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 81 (September 1999):394406. The author examines the history and impact of the civil insurgency in Burkina Faso between 1998 and 1999. Harsch, Ernest. "Burkina Faso in the Winds of Liberalization," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (December 1998):625-642. The author summarizes the impact of liberalization on Burkina Faso's political economy. Kafando, Talata. "Burkina Faso: August 1983-the Beginning of Delinking," in Azzam Mahjoub (ed.) Adjustment or Delinking? The African Experience. Tokyo: UN University Press (1990):109-130. The author examines the failure of colonial and neocolonial development policies and the efforts of delinking under Thomas Sakara.

The West African Region

463

Lecaillon, Jacques. Economic Policies and Agricultural Performance: The Case of Burkina Faso. Paris: OECD, 1985. The author addresses the impact of Burkina Faso’s economic policies on agricultural performance. Lund, Christian. "A Question of Honor: Property Disputes and Brokerage in Burkina Faso," International African Institute vol. 69, no. 4 (1999):575594. The author analyzes the relationship between property disputes and brokerage politics in Burkina Faso. Martin, Guy. "Revolutionary Democracy, Social-Political Conflict and Militarization in Burkina Faso, 1983-1988," in Peter Meyens and Dani Wadada Nabudere (eds.) Democracy and the One-Party-State in Africa. Hamburg: Institut fur Afrika-Kunde, (1989):57-77. The author examines the origins and implications of revolutionary democracy, social-political conflict and militarization in Burkina Faso between 1983-1988. McMillan, Della E. Sahel Visions: Planned Settlement and River Blindness Control in Burkina Faso. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995. The author evaluates planned settlement policy and the mitigation of the river blindness disease in Burkina Faso. Otayek, Rene. "Muslim Charisma in Burkina Faso," in Donald B. Cruise O’Brien and Christian Coulon (eds.) Charisma and Brotherhood in Africa Islam. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1988):91-112. The author assesses the absence of Muslim charisma in both pre-colonial and colonial Burkina Faso, compared with its abundance elsewhere in West Africa. Ouedraogo, Jean-Baptiste. "The Articulation of the Moose Traditional Chieftaincies, the Modern Political System, and the Economic Development of Kenya, Burkina Faso," Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law vol. 37, no. 38 (1996):249-261. The author examines modern political systems, tribal dynamics and economic development in Kenya and Burkina Faso. Sankara, Thomas. Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution, 1983-87. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1988. The author assesses the historical origins and political implications of the Burkina Faso revolution between 1983-1987.

464

The West African Region

Sawadogo, Filiga Michel. "L’acces a la Justice en Afrique Francophone: Problems et Perspectives La Case du Burkina Faso," Revue Juridique et Politique Independence et Cooperation vol. 49, no. 2 (1995):167-213. The author addresses access to justice in Francophone Africa, with an emphasis on Burkina Faso. Spears, Annie. "Financial Development and Economic Growth-Causality Test," Atlantic Economic Journal vol. 19, Issue 3 (1991):66. The author examines the casual relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth in Burkina Faso and other Sub-Saharan countries. Speirs, Mike. "Agrarian Change and the Revolution in Burkina Faso," African Affairs vol. 90, no. 358 (1991):89-111. The author evaluates the implications of agrarian change and the revolution in Burkina Faso. Wilkins, Michael. "The Death of Thomas Sankara and the Rectification of the People’s Revolution in Burkina Faso,” African Affairs vol. 88, no. 352 (1989):375-389. The author analyzes the impact of the death of Thomas Sankara and the revolutionary period in Burkina Faso. Wise, Christopher. "Chronicle of a Student Strike in Africa: The Case of Burkina Faso, 1996-1997," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 2 (1998):1932. The author investigates the origins and implication of student activism in Burkina Faso from 1996-1997.

CAMEROON Atangana, Martin R. "French Capitalism and Nationalism in Cameroon," African Studies Review vol. 40, no. 1 (1997):83-112. The author reviews the history and economic impact of French capitalism and nationalism in the Cameroon, and the political and economic response(s) of the Cameroon people. Ate, M. Bassey Eyo and Bola A. Akinterinwa. Nigeria and its Immediate Neighbors: Constraints and Prospects of Sub-Regional Security in the 1990’s. Lagos: The Nigerian Institute of International Affairs in Cooperation with Pumark Nigeria, 1992. The authors address the political and security relations between the Cameroon and Nigeria in the 1990s.

The West African Region

465

"Battle Over Bakassi," World Press Review vol. 41, no. 5 (May 1994):29. The brief article examines the conflict between Cameroon and Nigerian troops over the Kakassi Peninsula. Bayart, Jean-Francois. "Cameroon," in Donald B. Cruise, John Dunn and Richard Rathbone (eds.) Contemporary West African States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1989):31-48. The author evaluates the political system in Cameroon. Bekong, Njinkeng Julius. "International Dispute Settlement: Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria-Origin of the Dispute and Provisional Measures," African Journal of International and Comparative Law vol. 9, no. 2 (1997): 287-310. The author investigates the long-standing historical land and maritime disputes between Cameroon and Nigeria, and the role that the International Court played in dispute settlement between the two West African states. Bylka, Teresa. "The Political and Economic Conditions of Modernization in the Independent Cameroon," Africana Bulletin, no. 34 (1987):81-91. The author addresses the political and economic impact of modernization has on the Cameroon during the period 1967 to 1987. “Cameroon/Nigeria,” Africa Report vol. 39, no. 3 (May 1994):7. The brief article reviews the long-standing border conflict between Cameroon and Nigeria. DeLancey, Mark W. "Ahmadou Ahidjo," in Glickman, Harvey (ed.) Political Leaders of Contemporary Africa Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press (1992):1-7. The author reviews the interesting contributions of Ahamadou Ahidjo to the political history of Cameroon from 1960 to the mid-1980s. DeLancey, Mark W. Cameroon: Dependence and Independence. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1989. The author analyzes the complexity of the Cameroon political system before and after the colonial period. DeLancey, Mark W. "Cameroon’s Foreign Relations," in Michael G. Schatzberg and William Zartman (eds.) The Political Economy of Cameroon. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press (1986): 189-217. The author explores the history and central themes and objectives driving Cameroon’s foreign policy.

466

The West African Region

Derrick, Jonatha. "Cameroon: One Party, Many Parties and the State," Africa Insight vol. 22, no. 3 (1992):165-177. The author examines Cameroon’s political transition from a one-party system to a multiparty system. which in 1991 led to the victory for the Biya party. Englebert, Pierre. "Cameroon: Background to a Crisis," CSIS Africa Notes no. 130 (November 1991):1-8. The author analyzes the political disillusionment with the government after it failed to respond to the economic breakdown of Cameroon in 1991. Eyoh, Dickson. "Conflict Narratives of Anglophone Protest and the Politics of Identity in Cameroon," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 16, no. 2 (1998):249-276. The author reviews the complex historical and political problem of identity in Cameroon in the post-colonial period. Eyoh, Dickson. "Through the Prism of Liberalization and Regionalism: Elite Struggles for Power in Cameroon," Africa vol. 68, no. 3 (1998):338-359. The author assesses the impact of liberalization and regionalism on elite competition for national power in Cameroon. Fogui, Jean-Pierre. L’integration politique au Cameroon: Une Analyse Centreperipherie. Paris: Librairie Generale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1990. The author provides a political integration history of the Cameroon with an emphasis on center-periphery analysis on the tensions between the national unity and sub-state identities. Krieger, Milton. "Cameroon’s Democratic Crossroads, 1990-1994," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 4 (1994):605-628. The author evaluates the political events between 1990-1994 leading to the democratization of Cameroon. Mbome, Francois Xavier. "Les Relations entre le Cameroon et le Nigeria: l’affaire Bakassi," Afrique 2000, no. 25 (1996):45-60. The author reviews the long-standing territorial dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria over the Bakassi Peninsula. Mehler Andreas. Kamerun in der Ara Biya: Bedingungen, erste Schritte und Blockaden einer demokratischen Transition. Hamburt: Institut fur AfricaKunde, 1993. The author analyzes the difficult political transition to democracy in the Cameroon.

The West African Region

467

Mouiche, Ibrahim. "Ethnicite et Pouvoir au Nord-Cameroun,” Verfassung und Recht in Obersee vol. 30, no. 2 (1997):182-216. The author examines the history of oppression of the Kirdi population by the Fulbe in the north, and the impacts of slavery and land control. Muna, Bernard A. Cameroon and the Challenges of the 21st Century. Yaounde: Tama Books, 1993. The author discusses political, economic and social issues and problems in the Cameroon, and the prospects for the 21 st century. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. An Assessment of the October 11, 1992 Election in Cameroon. Washington D.C.: NDIIA, 1993. The report evaluates the first multiparty election in Cameroon, which found that the election was fraudulent and undemocratic. Ngniman, Z. Nigeria-Cameroun: La Guerre Permanente. Yaounde: Editions CLE, 1996. The author outlines the nature and consequences of political and security relations between Nigeria and Cameroon. Ododa, Harry O. "Voluntary Retirement by Presidents in Africa: Lessons from Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Cameroon and Senegal," Journal of African Studies vol. 15, no. 4 (1988):94-100. The author evaluates the negative voluntary departure from high political office of various African Presidents, with Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Senegal as case studies. Owolabi, Ajamu Olayiwola. "Nigeria and Cameroon: Boundary and the Problem of Border Security," African Notes vol. 15, no. 2 (1991):39-47. The author critically assesses the boundary and border security dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria. Sam-Kubam, Patrick and Richard Ngwa-Nyamboli. Paul Biya and the Quest for Democracy in Cameroon. Yaounde: Editions CLE, 1985. The authors analyzes the political life and contributions of Paul Biya and the search for democracy in Cameroon. Schilder, Kees. "La Democratie aux Champs: Les Presidentielles d’Octobre 1992 au Nord-Cameroun," Politique Africaine, no. 50 (1993):115-192. The author reviews the October 1992 presidential election in North Cameroon, and argues that there was electoral fraud.

468

The West African Region

Seraphin, Gillcs. "L’interpretation de Crash du Nyong Comme Revelateur de Tensions Politiques et de L ’imaginaire," Politique Africaine, no. 66 (1997):121-126. The brief article theorizes that the airplane crash that killed many governmental officials was related to the upheaval in domestic political affairs, as well as linked to the uncompromising political competition between the leaders, Douala and Bamileke. Takougang, Joseph. "The Demise of Biya’s New Deal in Cameroon," Africa Insight vol. 23, no. 2 (1993):91-101. The author contends that the positive drive for political democracy and economic prosperity for Cameroon was ruined by institutional and political corruption and other negative societal factors. Takougang, Joseph and Milton Krieger (eds.) African State and Society in the 1990s: Cameroons's Political Crossroads. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998. The edited text evaluates the political health of the Cameroon state and civil society in light of the strained political and economic conditions in the 1990s. Tapa, Louise. "The Isolation of the State and the Church in Africa," in Africa Council of Churches (ed.) Civil Society, the State and African Development in the 1990s. Nairobi: Africa Council of Churches (1993):118-122. The author posits that the data shows that the Cameroon people feel isolated from the central government and its undemocratic policies. Tolen, Aaron. The Electoral Process in Cameroon. Yaounde: FEMEC, 1997. The author examines the historical evolution and the political dynamics underlying the electoral democratic process in the Cameroon, especially during the multiparty elections in the late 1990s. Weiss, Thomas Lothar. "Migrations et Conflits Frontaliers: Une Relation Nigeria-Caneroon Contrariee," Afrique Contemporaine no. 180 (1996):3951. The author examines the long-standing migration and border dispute problems and conflict between Cameroon and Nigeria.

The West African Region

469

CAPE VERDE Andrade, Elisa. The Cape Verde Islands: From Slavery to Modern Times. Dakar, Senegal: United Nations African Institute for Economic Development and Planning, 1974. The author examines the economic history of the Cape Verde Islands from slavery to the modern period. Bigman, Laura. History and Hungry: Food Production and Entitlement in Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1993. The author analyzes food production and entitlement policy in GuineaBissau and Cape Verde. Bourdet, Yves. "Reforming the Cape Verdean Economy: The Economics of Mudanca," Afrika Spectrum (2000):121-163. The author evaluates the design and economic outcome of the ambitious programming of marketoriented economic reform in Cape Verde. "Cape Verde: A Very Poor Country Strives to Improve its Lot," The Courier no. 107 (January-February 1988):15-31. The report outlines what an economically poor Cape Verde has done to improve its development prospects. Carreira, Antonio. The People of the Cape Verde Islands: Exploitation and Emigration. New York: Archon, 1983. The author addresses the history and accomplishments of the people of Cape Verde. Chabal, Patrick. "Guinea-Bissau, Cap-Vert: Histoire et Politique," Le Mois en Afrique no. 190 (October 1981):119-139. The author summarizes the history and politics of Cape Verde in the West African region. Colm, Foy. Cape Verde: Politics, Economics and Society. London: Pinter, 1988. The author discusses the politics, economics and societal development of Cape Verde since independence. Colm, Foy. "Unidade e Luta: The Struggle for Unity Between Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde," in People’s Power in Mozambique, Angola and GuineaBissau, no. 15 (Winter 1979):10-27. The author examines the struggle for the unification of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde given the rising intensity of the African liberation movement.

470

The West African Region

Finan, Timothy J. "The Farm System Under Duress: Agricultural Adaptations on the Cape Verde Islands," Human Organization vol. 47 (Summer 1988):109-118. The author investigates the real stresses on agricultural policy and agricultural adaptation in Cape Verde. Finan, Timothy J. and Helen K. Henderson. "The Logic of Cape Verdean Female-Headed Household: Social Response to Economic Scarcity," Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development vol. 17 (Spring 1988):19-44. The authors assess Cape Verdean women's social response to economic scarcity and destitution. Galli, Rosemary E. "The Food Crisis and the Socialist State in Lusophone Africa," African Studies Review vol. 30, no. 1 (1987):19-44. The author explores the struggle between state officials and peasants over the amount and disposition of marketable surpluses. International Monetary Fund. Cape Verde: Recent Economic Development. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1999. The IMF report summarizes recent economic developments in Cape Verde. Lobban, Richard A. Cape Verde: Crioulo Colony to Independent Nation. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995. The author reviews the country’s political development from colonial times to the present. Meintel, Deirdre. "Race, Culture, and Portuguese Colonialism in Cape Verde," Foreign and Comparative Studies African Series no. 41 (1996). The author analyzes the historical origins and political and economic impact of Portuguese colonialism on race and culture in the Cape Verde Islands. Meintel, Deirdre. "Cape Verde: Survival Without Self-Sufficiency," in Robin Cohen (ed.) African Islands and Enclaves. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage (1983):145-166. The author assesses the problems of economic poverty and underdevelopment in Cape Verde. Meyns, Peter. "Civil Society and Democratic Change in Africa: The Case of Cape Verde and Zambia," African Development Perspective Yearbook vol. 3 (1993):582-599. The author explores the significance of civil society in the complex process of democratization in Africa, focusing on Cape Verde and Zambia.

The West African Region

471

Murphy, Craig N. "Learning the National Interest in Africa: Focus on Cape Verde," Transafrica Forum vol. 4, no.2 (1987):49-63. The author examines the impact of Cape Verde’s political economic policies. Pereira, Anthony W. "An Active Role for the Non-Alignment Movement - The Positive Role of the Cape Verde Islands in Seeking Solutions in Southern Africa," Review of International Affairs (1995):1-3. The author reviews Cape Verde’s role in regional problem solving in Southern Africa. Robson, Paul. "Community Development in Cape Verde," Review of African Political Economy vol. 21, no. 59 (1994):96-104. The author discusses community development initiatives in Cape Verde. Whann, Christopher A. "The Political Economy of Cape Verde’s Foreign Policy," African Journal vol. 17 (1998):40-50. The author analyzes the political economy behind Cape Verde's foreign policy.

EQUATORIAL GUINEA Akanni, Fred. "West Africa," Offshore vol. 62, no. 5 (May 2002):20. The brief article presents an update on the oil industry in West Africa with an emphasis on Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria. Amnesty International. Equatorial Guinea, No Free Flow of Information. London, International Secretariat, 2000. The report discusses the lack of a free flow of information in Equatorial Guinea in the post-cold war period. Chelala, Cesar A. "Equatorial Guinea: Growing Pains," Lancet vol. 341, no. 8855 (May 15, 1993):1272. The brief article evaluates an array of health problems affecting Equatorial Guinea. "Election Watch," Journal of Democracy vol. 10, no. 3 (1999):178-181. The article reviews the election of the 80-seat House of People’s Representatives in Equatorial Guinea. Equatorial Guinea: A Country Subjected to Terror and Harassment. London: Amnesty International, International Secretariat, 1999. The report examines the historical origins and policy implications of the reign of systematic terror and harassment in Equatorial Guinea.

472

The West African Region

"Equatorial Guinea," Africa Report vol. 39, no. 1 (January 1994):7. The report reviews the first multi-party legislative elections in Equatorial Guinea since 1968. Fa, John, Juan E. Yuste and Roman Castelo. "Bushmeat Markets on Bioko Island as a Measure of Hunting Pressure," Conservation Biology vol. 14, no. 6 (2000): 1602-1613. The authors argue that primate populations of international significance are been hunted to extinction in Equatorial Guinea. Fegley, Randall. Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy. New York: Peter Land, 1989. The author examines the history and strategic implications of the political conflict in Equatorial Guinea. Hecht, David. "Gushers of Wealth, But Little Trickles Down," Christian Science Monitor vol. 91, no. 164 (1999):7. The brief author outlines the corruption and lack of economic development following the discovery of oil. "Hope for the Future," World Health (March 1990):18-19. The article discusses a wide range of health problems facing Equatorial Guinea. Hughes, Neil. "Democracy and Imperial Rivalry in Equatorial Guinea," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 69 (September 1996):442-445. The author briefly assesses the condition of political governance in Equatorial Guinea and the influence of external powers. Klitgaard, Robert E. "Adjusting to African Realities," Wilson Quarterly vol. 15, no. 1 (1991):33-43. The author analyzes the limitations and advantages of capitalism in Equatorial Guinea. Liniger-Goumaz, Max. Small is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea. London: C. Hurst, 1998. The author examines the history of Equatorial Guinea. Liniger-Goumaz, Max. Africa y las Democracias Desencadenadas: El Caso de Guinea Equatorial. La Chaux, Suisse: Les Editions du Temps, 1994. The author examines the brief history of democratic government (or the lack of it) in oil-rich Equatorial Guinea. Liniger-Goumaz, Max. Who’s Who de la Dictature de Guinee Equatoriale, Les Gguemistes, 1979-1993. Geneve, Suisse: Les Editions du Temps, 1993. The

The West African Region

473

author assesses the brutal and sordid history on the life and times of dictators in Equatorial Guinea between 1979-1993. Onishi, Norimitsu. "A Corner of Africa Where Dreams Gush Like Oil," New York Times (July 28, 2000):A4. The brief article outlines the growing oil wealth in Equatorial Guinea. Shaxson, Nicholas. "Ruling Clan Jostles for Equatorial Guinea's Spoils," Financial Times (July 5, 2001):4. The brief article explores the political jostling behind the scenes between family members of President Obiang Nguema for ultimate control of the world's fastest growing economy in the newly oil-rich Equatorial Guinea. Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Equatorial Guinea: Colonialism, State Terror, and the Search for Stability. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. The author assesses the poor political, social, and economic situation in Equatorial Guinea. "The Army is Mobilized," Earth Island Journal vol. 14, no. 4 (2000):18. The brief article reports on army mobilization and oil in Equatorial Guinea. "Trouble on Oily Waters," Economist vol. 338, no. 7954 (February 24, 1996):50. The brief article discusses the politics of oil field development in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. "U.S. Oil Politics in the ‘Kuwait of Africa,’" Nation vol. 274, no. 15 (April 22, 2002): 11. The brief article reviews U.S. influence on the increasingly oil wealthy Equatorial Guinea.

GABON Aicardi de Saint-Paul, Marc. Gabon: The Development of a Nation. London: Routledge, 1989. The author discusses oil as the basis for Gabon’s economic development. Azevedo, Mario. "Ethnicity and Democratization: Cameroon and Gabon," in Harvey Glickman (ed.) Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa. Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, (1995):255-288. The article defines democracy and ethnicity and looks at how the two countries handle

474

The West African Region

the present day trend towards the development of democratization and multiparty government. Barnes, James F. Gabon: Beyond the Colonial Legacy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992. The author examines the rise of Gabon from an unknown former French colony to the status of a strategic economic state in African geopolitics. Chambrier, Barro and Hugues Alexander. L’Economie du Gabon: Analyse Politiques d’Ajustement et d’Adaptation. Paris: Economica, 1990. The authors address the political adjustment and policy adaptation to the political economy of Gabon during the cold war period. Collomb, Jean-Gael. A First Look at Logging in Gabon: A Global Forest Watch Report. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2000. The report evaluates the origins and destructive consequences of logging practices by global logging multinationals in Gabon. De Mowbray, Patricia. Gabon to 1995: Will Oil Secure Economic Transformation? London: Economist Intelligence Unit, 1991. The author analyzes the impact of oil wealth on the political economy of Gabon in the mid-199s. Edzodzomo-Ela, Martin. De la Democratie au Gabon: Les Fondements d’un Renouveau National. Paris: Karthala, 1993. The author evaluates democratic governance and national development in Gabon in the post-cold war period. Gardinier, David E. "France and Gabon since 1993: The Reshaping of a NeoColonial Relationship," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 18, no. 2 (2000):225-242. The author assesses the impact of recent French elections on the post-colonial relationship between France and Gabon. Gardinier, David E. "Gabon: Limited Reform and Regime Survival," in John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier (eds.) Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder: Westview Press, (1997): 145-161. The author examines the rise of a single party after Nov. 1967 and the events that destabilized the regime in 1990.

The West African Region

475

Gray, Christopher J. "Cultivating Citizenship Through Xenophobia in Gabon, 1960-1995," Africa Today vol. 45, no. 3 (1998):389-409. The author examines the evolution of citizenship in Gabon in the post-independence era with the oil boom and the movement of non-Gabonese labor. Inama, Koussou. Sur Les Sentiers de la Democratie Gabonaise. Libreville: Editions de l’Ogooue, 1994. The author analyzes the social origin and political development of democratic practices in Gabon. Meister, U. "Gabon: An Africa Emirate," Swiss Review of World Affairs vol. 36, Issue 2 (1986):23-26. The author provides an statistical review of the political and economic status of Gabon. Ngolet, Francois. "Ideological Manipulations and Political Longevity: The Power of Omar Bongo in Gabon," African Studies Review vol. 43, no. 2 (2000):55-72. The author assess the central reasons for Omar Bongo’s political longevity and his overall expert use of both economic and military resources to dominate Gabon. Nze-Nguema, Fidele-Pierre. L’Etat au Gabon de 1929 a 1990: Le Partage Institutionnel du Pouvoir. Paris: Harmattan, 1998. The author reviews the institutionalization of power relations in Gabon from 1929 to 1990. "Oil Wealth is Only Beginning to Raise Living Standards in Gabon," Market Africa Mid-East (March 1997):4. The article summarizes the impact of oil in barely raising living standards in Gabon. Reed, M. C. "Gabon: A Neo-Colonial Enclave of Enduring French Interest," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 25, no. 2 (1987):283-320. The author analyzes the historical evolution and strategic consequences of relations between France and Gabon’s political elite. Tordoff, William. "The Presidential Election in Gabon," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 80 (1999):269-277. The author investigates the history and consequences of the presidential election in Gabon in 1998. Weinstein, Brian. Gabon: Nation-Building on the Ogooue. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1966. The author provides an analysis on nation-building in Gabon.

476

The West African Region

Yates, Douglas A. The Rentier State in Africa: Oil Rent Dependency and Neocolonialism in the Republic of Gabon. Trenton: Africa World Press, 1996. The author evaluates the history and implications of oil rent dependency and neocolonialism in Gabon.

GAMBIA Baker, Kathleen M. "Drought, Agriculture and Environment: A Case Study From the Gambia, West Africa," African Affairs vol. 94, no. 374 (1995):6787. The author assesses the political and economic impact of drought conditions on Gambian agriculture and the environment. Da Costa, Peter. "The Gambia: Out with the Old," Africa Report vol. 40, no. 1 (January 1995):48-51. The author examines the 29-year rule of Sir Dawda and analyses the implications of his overthrow by the military leaders. "Elections by July 1996 in Doubt," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 3 (January 29February 11, 1996):9814. The brief article posits that the military rulers of Gambia are reluctant to have elections or return to civilian rule. Hayes, Joseph, Michael Roth and Lydia Zepeda. "Tenure Security, Investment and Productivity in Gambian Agriculture: A Generalized Probit Analysis," American Journal of Agricultural Economics vol. 79, no. 2 (1997):369-383. The authors provide a generalized probit analysis on tenure security, investment and product in the Gambian agricultural system. Jallow, Tamsir. "Return to Democracy: The Gambia’s Transition to Civilian Rule," Parliamentarian vol. 79 (July 1998):241-244. The brief article outlines the effort by the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council to secure a peaceful transition to a civilian government. Puri, Shamlal. "Far-Reaching Censorship Powers," IPI Report vol. 44, no. 3 (March 1995):44-45. The brief article evaluates the stringent censorship that the military government has enforced on the nation’s media. Radelet, S. "Reform Without Revolt: The Political Economy of Economic Reform in Gambia," World Development vol. 20, no. 8 (1992):1087-1101. The author analyzes the actors and events involved in political economy

The West African Region

477

decision-making in the promotion of serious domestic economic reform in the Gambia. Saime, Abdoulaye S.M. "The Military Transition to Civilian Rule in the Gambia," Journal of Political and Military Sociology vol. 26, no. 2 (Winter 1998): 157-168. The article examines the military transition to civilian rule in 1997 in the Gambia. Saime, Abdoulaye S.M. "The Coup d-etat in the Gambia, 1994: The End of the First Republic," Armed Forces and Society vol. 23 (Fall 1996):97-111. The author addresses the historical origins and political implications of the coup d’etat in 1994 in the Gambia. Sall, Birane. "Gambie: Le Pouvoir Des Lieutenants," Le Nouvel Afrique Asie (September 1994):21-22. The brief article reviews the military rule in the Gambia after the 1994 military overthrow of the civilian government. Sallah, Tijan M. "Economics and Politics in the Gambia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 28, no. 4 (1990):621-649. The author addresses the historical background and strategic implications of economics and politics on the civic and national life in the Gambia. Tiuray, Omar. The Gambia and the World: A History of the Foreign Policy of Africa's Smallest State, 1965-1995. Hamburg, Germany: Institute of African Affairs, 2000. The author investigates the history, processes and actors towards understanding foreign policy and foreign policy decision-making of the Western African state of Gambia between 1965-1995. "War on Sex Tourism," African Recorder vol. 33, no. 19 (September 10-23, 1994):9381-9382. The brief article outlines the governmental campaign to crackdown on corruption, drug trade and sex tourism in the Gambia. Webb, James L.A., Jr. "Ecological and Economic Change Along the Middle Reaches of the Gambia River," African Affairs vol. 91, no. 365 (1992):543566. The author analyzes the origins and trends in the ecological and economic changes occurring in the Gambia river system. Wiseman, John A. "The Gambia: From Coup to Elections," Journal of Democracy vol. 9, no. 2 (April 1998):64-75. The author contends that the

478

The West African Region

1996 and 1997 national elections marked a political transition period from military rule to civilian rule in the Gambia. Wiseman, John A. "Military Rule in the Gambia: An Interim Assessment," Third World Quarterly vol. 17 (December 1996):917-940. The author provides an interim political assessment of military rule in the Gambia, and the problems generated by the military coup in 1994 within the National Army Officers group.

GHANA Ameh, R.K. "Trokoi (Child Slavery) in Ghana: A Policy Approach," Ghana Studies no. 1 (1998):35-62. The author provides a rigorous policy evaluation of the trokoi (child slavery) system in Ghana. Amstrong, Robert. Ghana Country Assistance Review. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1996. The author examines national economic assistance needs of Ghana from the perspective of the World Bank. Appiah-Kubi, Kojo. "State-Owned Enterprises and Privatization in Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 2 (2001):197-230. The author evaluates the complex relationship between state-owned enterprises and privatization program in Ghana, and the strategic implications for economic development and economic growth. Ayee, J.R.A. "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92. African Affairs vol. 95, no. 1 (1996):31-50. The author assesses Ghana's political experience with decentralization between 1988-1992. Baynham, Simon. The Military and Politics in Nkrumah’s Ghana. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988. The author analyzes the role and impact of the military in national politics during Nkrumah's reign in Ghana. Bernstein, Henry. "Ghana's Drug Economy: Some Preliminary Data," Review of African Political Economy no. 79 (1999):13-32. The author examines the political economy of drugs in Ghana, with an assessment on the economics of cannabis, cocaine and heroin.

The West African Region

479

Berry, Sara. Chiefs Know Their Boundaries: Essays on Property, Power, and the Past in Asante, 1896-1996. Oxford: J. Currey, 2000. The author investigates the interaction between property, power and tradition in among chiefs in the Asante region of Ghana between 1896-1996. Bratton, Michael, Peter Lewis and E. Gyimah-Boadi. "Constituencies for Reform in Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 2 (2001):231-260. The authors evaluate a 1999 survey that shows more Ghanaians favoring democracy than immediate market reform. Chazan, Naomi. An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession, 1969-1982. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1983. The author analyzes the history and major actors driving Ghanaian politics between 1969-1982, and the resulting decline in democracy and economic development during that period. Chazan, Naomi. "Ethnicity and Politics in Ghana," Political Science Quarterly vol. 97, no. 3 (1982):461-485. The author examines the origins and complex processes of ethnicity and politics in Ghana Frimpong-Amsah, Jonathan. The Vampire State in Africa: The Political Economy of Decline in Ghana. London: James Currey, 1991. The author addresses the history and strategic implications of the political economy of decline in Ghana. Gary, Ian. "Confrontation, Co-operation or Co-optation: NGOs and the Ghanaian State During Structural Adjustment," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 68 (June 1996):149-168. The article addresses the history and implications of Ghana's policy reaction to the structural adjustment regime imposed by the great powers and their international financial institutions. Greene, Sandra E. "Sacred Terrain: Religion, Politics and Place in the History of Anloga (Ghana)," International Journal of African Historical Studies vol. 30, no. 1 (1997):1-22. The author discusses the political and religious situation in Anloga, Ghana in the 1990s. Herbst, Jeffrey. The Politics of Reform in Ghana, 1982-1991. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. The author examines the origins and the impact of the politics of reform in Ghana between 1982-1991.

480

The West African Region

Hitchings, Diddy R. M. "Towards Political Stability in Ghana: A Rejoinder to the Union Government Debate," African Studies Review vol. 22 (1979):171176. The author reviews the Union government debate on political stability in Ghana. Hoyos, Carola and Valeria Criscione. "Kofi Annan Awarded Nobel Prize," Financial Times (October 13-14, 2001):5. The brief article posits that the 2001 Nobel Prize was awarded to the United Nations and to the SecretaryGeneral of the United Nations, Kofi Annan. Jeffries, R. "The Ghanaian Elections of 1996: Towards the Consolidation of Democracy," African Affairs vol. 97, no. 387 (1998):189-208. The author evaluates the political meaning of the 1996 Ghanaian elections for the consolidation and progress of democracy in the country. Kaufert, Joseph. "Situational Ethnic Identity in Ghana," in John Peden (ed.) Values, Identities and National Integration. Evanston. Ill.: Northwestern University Press, (1980):41-53. The author examines the politics of situational ethnic identity in Ghana. LeVine, Victor, and Naomi Chazan. "Politics in ‘Non-Political’ System: The March 30, 1978 Referendum in Ghana," African Studies Review vol. 22 (1979):177-207. The authors assess the politics behind the March 30, 1979 referendum in Ghana. Meyer, B. "The Power of Money: Politics, Occult Forces, and Pentecostalism in Ghana," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 3 (1998):15-37. The author examines the interesting dynamics of money, politics, occult forces and pentecostalism in Ghana. Naylor, Rachel. Ghana: The Background, The Issues, The People. Oxford: Oxfam, 2000. The author addresses the complex and fascinating history, policy perspectives and politics defining Ghana and its drive to develop both a functional democratic system and positive economic development in the post-cold war period. Nugent, Paul. Big Men, Small Boys and Politics in Ghana: Power, Ideology and the Burden of History, 1982-1994. London: Pinter, 1995. The author

The West African Region

481

investigates the origins and consequences of power, ideology and the impact of history on national politics and personalities in Ghana. Osei-Mensah, Michael Nana. The Ghana Reform Case in African Technology and Telecommunications Policy. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1999. The author reviews the state and health of the telecommunication industry in a developing Ghana, as well as trends associated with the growing industry. Osei, Philip D. "Political Liberalization and the Implementation of Value Added Tax in Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 2 (2000):255-275. The author analyzes the transition from military dictatorship to democracy in Ghana, and how the transition period impacted the implementation of a value-added tax in the West African country. Owusu, A. A. "Policy, Research and Development in Ghana’s Food Industry," Journal of the Ghana Science Association vol. 2, no. 3 (2000):31-44. The author outlines the important research issues informing Ghana's food industry Owusu, Maxwell. "Tradition and Transformation: Democracy and the Politics of Popular Power in Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 2 (June 1996):307-343. The author assesses the impact of popular politics on democratic development and change in Ghana. Owusu, Maxwell. "Economic Nationalism, Pan-Africanism and the Military: Ghana’s National Redemption Council," Africa Today vol. 22 (1975):31-52. The author examines the influences of Pan Africanism, economic nationalism and the military on the operations and policies of Ghana's National Redemption Council. Panafrican News Agency. "Ghana: Veteran Army Chief Urges End to Arms Proliferation," Africa News (September 29, 1998). The brief article outlines the Ghana's Army Chief call for a total end to small arms and light weapons proliferation in the Third World, and especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pellow, Deborah. Ghana: Coping with Uncertainty. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986. The author addresses the problems related to Ghana's political system and economic development.

482

The West African Region

Petchenkine, Youry. Ghana: In Search of Stability, 1957-1992. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993. The author examines Ghana's search for political stability between 1957-1992. Phillips, Earl H. "Ethnicity in Ghanaian Politics," The South African Journal of African Affairs vol. 9 (1979):14-21. The author discusses ethnicity in Ghana's politics during the cold war period. Pinkney, Robert Louise. Democracy and Dictatorship in Ghana and Tanzania. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. The author provides a comparative political assessment of the workings of democracy and dictatorship in Ghana and Tanzania. Prouzet, Michel. "Vue Politique et Institutions Publicques Ghaneennes," Revue Francaise d'Etudes Politiques Africaines vol. 145 (1978):51-85. The author assesses the politics of public institutions in Ghana. Rothchild, Donald (ed.) Ghana: The Political Economy of Recovery. London: Lynne Rienner, 1991. The edited text addresses the political origins and policy implications of the political economy of recovery in Ghana. Rothchild, Donald. "Military Regime Performance: An Appraisal of the Ghana Experience 1972-1978," Comparative Politics vol. 21 (1980):459-479. The author evaluates the military regime's performance between 1972-1978 in Ghana. Rothchild, Donald. "Comparative Public Demands and Expectation Patterns: The Ghana Experience," African Studies Review vol. 22 (1979):127-147. The author analyzes comparative public demands and expectation patterns in Ghana during the cold war period. Sandbrook, Richard, and R. Oelbaum. "Reforming Dysfunctional Institutions Through Democratization? Reflection on Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. 4 (1997):603-646. The authors review the reformation of dysfunctional institutions through democratization in Ghana. Shillington, Kevin. Ghana and the Rawlings Factor. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992. The author investigates the life and times of Rawlings in Ghanaian national political life.

The West African Region

483

Simmons, Ann M. "Migrant Workers from Ghana Who Fled Libya Cite Racism, " Los Angeles Times (December 16, 2000):A2. The author assesses the record of extreme violence and racist acts by Libya's Arab population against Ghanaian and other African migrant workers. "The Politics of Government-Business Relations in Ghana," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 1 (1992):97-112. The article evaluates the politics of government and business relations in Ghana.

GUINEA Arulpragasam, Jehan and David E. Sahn (eds.). Economic Transition in Guinea: Implications for Growth and Poverty. New York: New York University Press, 1997. The edited text examines the health of the economic transition in Guinea and its implications for economic growth and poverty reduction. Dhada, Mustafah. Warriors at Work: How Guinea was Really Set Free. Boulder, CO: Colorado University Press, 1993. The author discusses the African people’s role in liberating Guinea from Portuguese rule. Shaffer, P. "Gender, Poverty and Deprivation: Evidence from the Republic of Guinea," World Development vol. 26, no. 12 (1998):2119-2135. The author analyzes the relations between poverty, deprivation and gender in Guinea, with an emphasis on Guinean women in the rural and urban areas.

GUINEA-BISSAU Adebajo, Adekeye. Building Peace in West Africa: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 2002. The author investigates the building of peace institutions in the West African region. Chabal, Patrick. "People’s War, State Formation, and Revolution in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and Angola," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 22, Issue 1 (1994):104. The author provides an analysis of revolution, people's war and state formation in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique.

484

The West African Region

Chabal, Patrick. "Revolutionary Democracy in Africa: The Case of GuineaBissau," in Patrick Chabal (ed.) Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1986):84108. The author examines revolutionary democracy in Guinea-Bissau. Chabal, Patrick. "Party, State, and Socialism in Guinea-Bissau," Canadian Journal of African Studies vol. 17, Issue 2 (1983):189. The author addresses relations between party and state in the rise of socialism in Guinea-Bissau. Dhada, Mustafah. "The Liberation War in Guinea-Bissau Reconsidered," Journal of Military History vol. 62, no. 3 (1998):571-593. The author assesses African political, military, and cultural resistance in Guinea-Bissau. Dhada, Mustafah. Warriors at Work: How Guinea Was Really Set Free (GuineaBissau). Niwot, CO.: University Press of Colorado, 1993. The author addresses the success of the African liberation movement in Guinea-Bissau. Davila, Julio D. Shelter, Poverty and African Revolutionary Socialism: Human Settlement in Guinea-Bissau. London: International Institute for Environmental Development, 1987. The author assesses poverty, housing, and human settlement policies in Guinea-Bissau. Forrest, Joshua Bernard. "State and Peasantry in Contemporary Africa: The Case of Guinea-Bissau," African Journal vol. 17 (1998):l-26. The author investigates the relationship between the Guinea-Bissau government and the peasantry class in the West African state. Forrest, Joshua Bernard. Guinea-Bissau: Power, Conflict, and Renewal in a West African Nation. Boulder: Westview Press, 1992. The author outlines the Guinea-Bissau’s political history and the major political developments from 1974-1990, with an overview of the political economic situation. "Guinea-Bissau Since its Independence: A Decade of Domestic Power Struggles," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 25, no. 1(1987):95-116. The article examines conflict in Guinea-Bissau since its independence. Galli, Rosemary E. "Liberalization is not Enough: Structural Adjustment and Peasants in Guinea-Bissau," Review of African Political no. 49 (1990):5268. The article posits that structural adjustment has not improved the economic situation of rural peasant producers.

The West African Region

485

Galli, Rosemary E. "The Political Economy of Guinea-Bissau: Second Thoughts," International African Institute vol. 59, no. 3 (1989):371-380. The author examines the political economy of Guinea-Bissau. Galli, Rosemary E. and Jocelyn Jones. Guinea-Bissau: Politics, Economics, and Society. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987. The authors analyze the political economic and social developments in Guinea-Bissau. Gleijeses, Piero. "The First Ambassadors: Cuba’s Contribution to Guinea Bissau’s War of Independence," Journal of Latin American Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (1997):45-88. The author critiques Cuba’s political, military and economic contributions to Guinea-Bissau’s fight for independence. International Monetary Fund. Guinea-Bissau, Recent Economic Developments. Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1998. The IMF report assesses recent economic developments in Guinea-Bissau. Kennedy, James H. "Jose Carlos Sshwartz: Bard of Popular Mobilization in Guinea-Bissau," Presence Africaine vol. 137 (1986):91-101. The author provides an analysis of the popular mobilization poetry of Jose Carlos. Koudawo, Fafali, Peter Michael, and Karibe Mendy. Pluralismo Politico na Guine-Bissau: Uma Transicao em Curso. Bissau: Instituto Nacional de Studos e Pesquisa, 1996. The authors investigates the policy difficulties of political pluralism in Guinea-Bissau. Kovsted, Jens and Finn Tarp. Guinea-Bissau: War, Reconstruction and Reform. Helsinki: United Nations University, 1999. The authors review military conflict, economic reconstruction, and political reform in Guinea-Bissau. Lopez, Carlos. Guinea-Bissau: From Liberation Struggle to Independent Statehood. London: Zed Books, 1987. The author outlines Amilcar Cabral's influence on the liberation movement and post-independent Guinea-Bissau Rudebeck, Lars. "Guinea-Bissau: Military Fighting Breaks Out," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (September 1998):484-486. The author outlines reasons for a new outbreak of conflict in Guinea-Bissau. Rudebeck, Lars. "The Effects of Structural Adjustment in Kandjadja, GuineaBissau," Review of African Political Economy no. 49 (1990):34-51. The

486

The West African Region

author investigates the social, economic and political effects of IMFencouraged structural adjustment in Kandjadja, Guinea-Bissau, on the population in the region. Rudebeck, Lars, Antonio Lourenco, and Maria Lourenco. Colapso e Reconstrucao Politica na Guine-Bissau 1998-2000: Um Estudo de Democratizacao Dificil. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute, 2001. The authors evaluate the strategic difficulties of democratization and political reconstruction in posy-colonial and post-cold war Guinea-Bissau. Urdang, Stephanie. Fighting two Colonialisms: Women in Guinea-Bissau. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979. The author analyzes the great difficulties that African women in Guinea-Bissau face in a male-dominated and economically impoverished Guinea-Bissau. Van der Drift, Roy. "Democracy: Legitimate Warfare in Guinea-Bissau," Lusotopie (1999):225-240. The author examines the origins and implications of the political conflict over democracy that occurred between June 1998 and February 1999 in Guinea-Bissau.

IVORY COAST Ainsworth, Martha. Socioeconomic Determinants of Fertility in Cote d’Ivoire. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989. The author examines the socioeconomic determinants of fertility of African women in the Ivory Coast. Alpine, Robin W. L. Agriculture, Liberalization and Economic Growth in Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire, 1960-1990. Paris: Development Centre, 1993. The author analyses the history and influence of economic liberalization on agricultural productivity and economic growth in the Ivory Coast and Ghana between 1960-1990. Berthelemy, Jean Claude, and F. Bourguignon. Growth and Crisis in Cote d’Ivoire. Washington DC: The World Bank, 1996. The authors evaluate the history and political implications of economic growth and economic crisis in Ivory Coast in the post-cold war period.

The West African Region

487

Cohen, Michael A. Urban Policy and Political Conflict in Africa: A Study of the Ivory Coast. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 1974. The author assesses the historical origins and strategic implications of urban policy and political conflict in the Ivory Coast. French, Howard W. "A Slow, Preventable March Into Crisis," New York Times (October 29, 2000):1. The author briefly outlines the political crisis between major ethnic groups created by political brinksmanship in the Ivory Coast. Glewwe, Paul. Investigating the Determinants of Household Welfare in Cote d’Ivoire. Washington: World Bank, 1990. The author examines the central determinants of household welfare and their distributional effects on the general living standards and living dynamics in the Ivory Coast, as well as the political impact on the lives and chances of the citizens. Grootaert, Christiaan. Analyzing Poverty and Policy Reform: The Experience of Cote d’Ivoire. Aldershot: Avebury, 1996. The author addresses the historical origins and the central actors driving poverty, declining living standards and the impact of economic conditions and overall economic development and positive governmental reform in the Ivory Coast. Grootaert, Christiaan. The Demand for Urban Housing in the Ivory Coast. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1986. The author investigates the empirical demand for urban housing production in the Ivory Coast, reviewing both the supply and demand factors, and their overall influence on housing stock. Harshe, Rajen. Pervasive Entente: France and Ivory Coast in African Affairs. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1984. The author assesses the history of bilateral foreign policy and foreign economic relations between France and the Ivory Coast in the cold war period, and the strategic development and the political significance of ‘entente’ between the two countries. International Monetary Fund. Cote d’Ivoire: Recent Economic Developments. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1996. The report outlines general economic developments in the Ivory Coast in 1996. "Ivory Coast Report of a Failed Coup," New York Times (January 8, 2001):A5. The brief article discusses the most recent military coup in Ivory Coast, once one of the most stable states in West Africa.

488

The West African Region

Kanbur, S. M. Ravi. Poverty and the Social Dimensions of Structural Adjustment in Cote d’Ivoire. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1990. The author examines the determinants of poverty, the social dimensions of structural adjustment and their interactions in creating the crisis in the Ivory Coast. Kozel, Valerie. The Composition and Distribution of Income in Cote d’Ivoire. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1990. The author analyses the political history, the economic implications of the composition and distribution of income, and the general effects of a declining political economy in the Ivory Coast. Lane, Christopher E. Monetary Policy Effectiveness in Cote d’Ivoire. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1989. The author assesses the monetary and economic policy effectiveness and the consequences of monetary policy in Ivory Coast. Lubeck, Paul M. The African Bourgeoisie: Capitalist Development in Nigeria, Kenya, and the Ivory Coast. Boulder: Rienner, 1987. The author provides comparative analyses on the rise and development of the African bourgeoisie and capitalist development in the Ivory Coast, Kenya and Nigeria. Marden, Peter. The Ivory Coast: Economic Miracle or Blocked Development? Implications for the Geography of Development. Melbourne: Monash University, 1990. The author examines the history and implications of the geography of economic development on the political economy of the Ivory Coast. Michel, Gilles. Short-Term Responses to Trade and Incentive Policies in the Ivory Coast. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1984. The author evaluates the history and significance of the short-term economic responses to overall trade and incentive policies for the Ivory Coast, as well as the implications for economic stability. Montgomery, Mark, Aka Kouame, and Raylynn Oliver. The Tradeoff Between Number of Children and Child Schooling: Evidence from Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995. The authors assess the determinants of fertility and child schooling in Ivory Coast and Ghana and

The West African Region

489

the evidence of tradeoff between the number of children born and levels of child schooling. N’Diaye, Boubacar. The Challenge of Institutionalizing Civilian Control: Botswana, Ivory Coast, and Kenya in Comparative Perspective. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2001. The author provides a comparative analysis of institutionalizing civilian control in Botswana, Ivory Coast, and Kenya. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Rift in Ivory Coast Grows: President Adds to Tension with Muslim North," International Herald Tribune (December 11, 2000):9. The author examines the refusal of President Laurent Gbagbo from the Christian South to politically compromise with Mr. Alassane Ouattara from the Muslim North, in order to maintain the strategic stability of the country. Onishi, Norimitsu. "A Widening Political Rife in Ivory Coast: State of Emergency After Clashes Between Muslims and Christians," New York Times (December 10, 2000):12. The brief article outlines an increase in violent clashes between the supporters of President Gbagbo ( a Christian) and Mr. Outattara (a Muslim), and the political unwillingness of President Gbagbo to work for new elections or negotiate power-sharing arrangements with the Muslim North. Rapley, John. Ivorien Capitalism: African Entrepreneurs in Cote d’Ivoire. London: Lynne Rienner, 1993. The author investigates the business practices of African entrepreneurs and the growth and development of capitalism in the Ivory Coast. Rueda-Sabater, Enrique. Cote D’Ivoire: Private Sector Dynamics and Constraints. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992. The author analyzes the private sector dynamics and economic constraints on the national economy in the Ivory Coast. Sahn, David E. Malnutrition in Cote d’Ivoire: Prevalence and Determinants. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1990. The author evaluates the empirical evidence on the rate of growth and distribution of malnutrition and food insecurity in the Ivory Coast. Simmons, Ann M. "Ivory Coast Remains Volatile After Failed Coup," Los Angeles Times (January 9, 2001):A4. The author discusses the growing violence and instability in Ivory Coast indicated by the most recent coup

490

The West African Region

attempt against the government of President Laurent Gbagbo. The unwillingness of the Christian Southerner Gbagbo to share political power with the Muslim Northerner Alassane Ouattara has laid the basis for future military conflict. Simmons, Ann M. "Analysts Predict Doom for Ivory Coast with Disputed Election," Los Angeles Times (October 22, 2000):A3. The brief article outlines General Robert Guei's manipulation of the upcoming presidential elections against Laurent Gbabo, and the negative implications for the longterm stability of the Ivory Coast. Taungara, Jeanne Maddox. "Political Reform and Economic Change in Ivory Coast: An Update," Journal of African Studies vol. 13, no. 3 (1986):94-101. The author analyses political reform and economic change in the Ivory Coast in the cold war period. Teal, Francis. "The Foreign Exchange Regime and Growth: A Comparison of Ghana and the Ivory Coast," African Affairs vol. 85, no. 339 (1986):267282. The author evaluates Ghanaian and Ivorian foreign exchange regimes and growth to demonstrate that the Ivory Coast is better off than Ghana. Watts, Michael. Politics, the State and Agrarian Development: A Comparative Study of Nigeria and the Ivory Coast. Berkeley: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, 1984. The author gives a comparative analysis of Nigeria and the Ivory Coast in the areas of agrarian and agricultural development and the impact of the state. Wolff, Robert A. Self-Determination and the New International Economic Order: Food Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Los Angeles: ASA, 1985. The author evaluates food policy security in Ghana and Ivory Coast. Woods, D. "Elites, Ethnicity and ‘Hometown’ Associations in the Cote D’ Ivoire: An Historical Analysis of State-Society Links," Africa vol. 64, no. 4 (1994):465-483. The author examines the political dynamics of the interaction of elites, ethnicity and 'hometown' associations in Cote D'Ivoire. Woods, D. "State Action and Class Interests in the Ivory Coast," African Studies Review vol. 31, no. 1 (1988):93-116. The author evaluates the history and interaction between state action and class interests in the Ivory Coast.

The West African Region

491

LIBERIA Africa Watch. "Liberia: The Cycle of Abuse," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 17, no. 1 (1991): 128-164. The article examines the extremely sadistic cycle of human rights abuse and terrorism against the Liberian population by Doe and the other brutal and warlords in Liberia. Africa Watch. Liberia: Flight from Terror, Testimony of Abuse in Nimba Country. New York: Africa Watch, 1990. The report examines the extensive human rights abuse in Liberia by the government against the Nimba people. Africa Watch. "Liberia: A Human Rights Disaster," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 16, no. 1 (1990): 129-155. The reprinted article addresses the major terrorism acts directed against the Liberian population by Doe. Angstrom, J. "Evaluating Realist Explanations of Internal Conflict: The Case of Liberia," Security Studies vol. 10, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 186-218. The author critically evaluates the various realist explanations for the internal conflict in Liberia. Aning, E.K. "Eliciting Compliance from Warlords: The ECOWAS Experience in Liberia, 1990-1997," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 79 (March 1999):5-12. The author examines the mixed history of ECOWAS peacekeeping in eliciting compliance from contending Liberian warlords, 1990-1997. Aning, E.K. Security in the West African Sub-Region: An Analysis of ECOWAS Policies in Liberia. Ph.D. dissertation, the University of Copenhagen, 1998. The author addresses ECOWAS peacekeeping in Liberia. Aning, E.K. and G.J. Yoroms. West African Security in the Post-Liberian Conflict Situation: Issues and Perspectives. CDR Working Paper (November 1997). The author evaluates the history and dynamics of West African security dynamics in the post-Liberian civil war period. Atkinson, Philippa. The War Economy in Liberia: A Political Analysis. Relief and Rehabilitation Network Paper No. 22. London: Overseas Development Institute, 1997. The author provides a political analysis of the fractured war economy of Liberia.

492

The West African Region

Berkeley, Bill. Liberia: A Promise Betrayed. New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1986. The author explores the historical origins and the policy development and emergence of severe human rights abuses against the African population in Liberia in the 1980s. Brehun, L. Liberia: The War of Horror. Accra, Ghana: Adwinsa, 1991. The author examines the historical origins and the political impact of the destabilizing intra-regional war of horror and terrorism directed against all facets of the Liberian population by the various power hungry Liberian warlords. Clapman, Christopher. "Liberia," in Donal B. Cruse O'Brien, John Dunn, and Richard Rathbone (eds.) Contemporary West African States. New York: Cambridge University Press (1988):99-111. The author provides a systematic analysis of the state of ethnic politics and leadership rivalries in war-torn Liberia. Clayton, Anthony. "Factions, Foreigners and Fantasies: The Civil War in Liberia," Conflict Studies Research Centre, 1995. The author chronicles the bewildering number of political personalities, rebel factions (and profitseeking foreigners) involved in the Liberia's civil war, including the Movement for Justice in Africa (Amos Sawyer), Central Revolutionary Council (Tow Woewiyu), Lofa Defense Force (Francois Massaquoi), the Liberia Peace Council (George Boley), the AFL (Lt. General Joshua Bowen), ULIMO-J (Roosevelt Johnson), ULIMO-K (Alhaji Kromah), and the NPFL (Charles Taylor). Dunn, Elwood. "The Civil War in Liberia," in Ali, Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press (1999):89-122. The author investigates the international, national, sub-regional causes and settlement prospects of the Liberian civil war. Ellis, Stephen. "Liberia's Warlord Insurgency," in C. Clapham (ed.) African Guerrillas. Oxford: James Currey (1998): 155-171. The author addresses the origins and implications of the warlord insurgency phenomena in the Liberian civil war. Ellis, Stephen. "Liberia 1989-1994: A Study of Ethnic and Spiritual Violence," African Affairs vol. 94, no. 375 (1995): 165-197. The author provides a

The West African Region

493

comprehensive examination of the origins of the Liberian civil war, as well as recounting Sergeant Doe's murderous reprisals between 1989-1994 against the Gio and Mano ethnic groups by his Krahn allies. Farah, Douglas. "Liberia is Stoking Sierra Leone War; Arms and Food Are Sent to Rebels," International Herald Tribune (June 21, 2000):5. The author argues that Sierra Leone's brutal rebels have been freshly reinforced by Liberia with military arms and fresh recruits, and preparing to fight rather than let UN Peacekeeping forces take-over the diamond-mining strongholds. The current crisis in Sierra Leone arose last month (May 2000) when the mentally unbalanced leader of the Revolutionary United Front, Foday Sankoh, refused to disarm his rebel forces as called for in a July 1999 peace agreement. The situation deteriorated further when the rebels kidnapped about 500 UN peacekeepers, and Mr. Sankoh fled the capital, Freetown. Fleischman, Janet. "An Uncivil War," Africa Report (May-June 1993):56-59. The author evaluates the military involvement of ECOMOG in ejecting the NPFL from Monrovia, Liberia, as well as the political implications for its peacekeeping role in that country. Gershoni, Y. "Liberia and Israel," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 14, no. 1 (1989):34-50. The author examines the complex political, economic and military relations between Liberia and Israel. Harris, David. "From 'Warlord' to 'Democratic' President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 3 (1999):431-455. The author addresses the central policy reasons why the brutal warlord Charles Taylor and his National Patriotic Party in July 1997 won parliamentary elections with 75% of the vote, which included a traumatized electorate which was seeking both improved living conditions and adjustment to an uncertain security situation in a war-torned Liberia. Howe, Herbert M. "Lesions of Liberia: ECOMOG and Regional Peacekeeping," International Security vol. 21, no. 3 (Winter 1996/97):145-176. The author examines the political and military problems faced by the West African regional peacekeeping force, ECOMOG, and its defensive reactions to the actions of the murderous child soldiers of Charles Taylor of Liberia and

494

The West African Region

other equally ruthless factions in the bloody Liberian/Sierra Leone conflict(s). Hoyos, Carola. "Liberian Weapons 'Funded by Maritime Revenue', '' Financial Times (October 24, 2001): 12. The brief article reports that the government of Charles Taylor of Liberia has turned to using maritime registry to purchase military arms and fund the civil war in nearby Sierra Leone. Taylor's environmental devastation and complete disregard of international logging regulations has resulted in the systematic destruction of Liberia's once pristine forests, in the process of being completely cut down by Singapore's gun-running Exotic Tropical and Timber Enterprises, run by Borneo Jaya of Singapore. Huband, M. The Liberian Civil War. London: Frank Cass, 1998. The author chronicles the historical origins and the political dynamics, the role and impact of principal and minor actors, strategic regional factors, and military movements driving the civil war in Liberia. Human Rights Watch/Africa. Easy Prey: Child Soldiers in Liberia. New York: Human Rights Watch, September 1994. The report discusses the brutal use of half-drugged and severely abused child soldiers (boys and girls) in the military conflict in Liberia by main rebel forces, and the aggregate political and social effects in encouraging the total destabilization of Liberia's civil society. Jennings, Keith and Celena Slade. "Nation-State Rebuilding in Post-Conflict Liberia," in Charles P. Henry (ed.) Foreign Policy and the Black (Inter)national Interest. Albany, New York: State University of New York, 2000:131-168. The authors investigate the historical evolution and political development of the Liberian crisis and the important role that the United States plays in the still unfolding crisis. They contend that African Americans should become more involved in US foreign policy formation and implementation towards Liberia and Sub-Saharan Africa in general. Joyce, James E. "Madness in Monrovia: What Led to the Liberian Bloodbath," Commonwealth 123 (June 1996):9-11. The article outlines the divide and conquer policies of a former ruler of Sierra Leone, Sergeant Samuel Doe, and his appointment of members of the Krahn ethnic group to staff key positions in the army, security service and the government, leading to the large-scale and brutal ethnic massacres of the 1990s.

The West African Region

495

Kieh, Jr., George Klay. "Setting the Stage: Historical Antecedents to the April 12, 1980 Coup d' Etat in Liberia," Liberian Studies Journal 13 (1998):203206. The article outlines explosive historical and ethnic context to the April 12, 1980 military coup d'etat in Liberia, which led to the overthrow of the ruling Americo-Liberian class. Kieh, Jr., George Klay. "An Analysis of Israeli Re-penetration of Liberia," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 14, no. 2 (1989): 117-129. The author discusses Israel's renewal of political and economic relations with Liberia. "Liberia: A Human Rights Disaster," Africa Watch (1990):26-28. The article discusses the brutal movement of Taylor's forces towards Monrovia in 1990, and Sergeant Doe's recruitment of ethnic groups to fight. "Liberia: Plots, Denials and Just Punishment For a Pariah State," Africa News (June 22, 2000). Liberia's continued denial of participation in the human carnage and diamond plunder in Sierra Leone indicates the high level of insensitivity, cruelty and single-minded determination of the U.S.-supported and escaped felon president Charles Taylor. His policy decision to continue destabilizing the West African region has created terror and disorder among the beleaguered peoples of Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea. "Liberian Chief Seeks Peace For Neighbor." New York Times (June 8, 1999):A3. Reports that Liberia's President, Charles Taylor urged Great Britain to stop weapons shipments to Sierra Leone. At the same time, there are accusations by Sierra Leone that Liberian mercenaries are helping Sierra Leone's brutal RUC rebels. Liebenow, J. Gus. Liberia: The Quest for Democracy. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1987. The author provides a historical and political analysis explaining Liberia's search for democratic rule and stability. Lyon, Terrence. Voting for Peace: Postconflict Elections in Liberia. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999. The author assesses the human rights problems and the political implications of postconflict elections in Liberia under the warlord Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic Party. Lyons, Terrence. "Liberia's Path from Anarchy to Elections," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):229-233. The brief article reviews political

496

The West African Region

movement in Liberia toward democratic elections after years of civil war, arrogant warlords, massed amputations, child soldiers and mayhem. MacKinley, J. and Abiodun Alao. Liberia 1994: ECOMOG and UNOMIL Response to a Complex Emergency Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1995. The authors examine major political and military peacekeeping issues related to resolving the Liberian civil war by ECOMOG and UNOMIL, with a specific emphasis on the July 1993 Cotonou Agreement with the United Liberation Movement of Liberia, Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia and the Interim Government of National Unity. Maharaj, Davan. "Liberian President Is Sought on War Crimes Indictment, " Los Angeles Times (June 5, 2003):A3. The brief article outlines the UN-Sierra Leonean war crimes indictment against President Charles Taylor for the brutal terror campaign in the Sierra Leone crisis before and after 1996. Malakpa, S. "Anti-Intellectualism: A Virulent Impediment to Socio-economic Development-Africa's Experience, Liberia's Lesson," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 20, no. 1 (1995):37-47. The author analyzes the lessons and implications of the Liberian experience where anti-intellectualism impeded socio-economic development in that war-ravaged West African state. Nmona, Veronica. "The Civil Crisis in Liberia: An American Response," The Journal of African Policy Studies vol. 1 (1995):71-78. The first Bush administration's support for the Doe government against Charles Taylor's advancing army is discussed. While the vicious war between Doe and Taylor was producing high civilian causalities and great human misery, four US warships and 2,100 marines sat off the Liberian coast, finally airlifting westerners to safety. However, the plight of ordinary Liberians caught in the middle of the war zone was ignored by the US naval battle group. Nwolise, Osisioma B. C. "The Internationalization of the Liberian Crisis and Its Effects on West Africa," in Vogt, Margaret (ed.) The Liberian Crisis and ECOMOG: A Bold Attempt at Regional Peacekeeping. Lagos, Nigeria: Gambumo Press (1992):55-72. The author examines the political and military role of ECOMOG in dealing with the destabilizing crisis in Liberia and its negative impact on the West African region’s stability and order. Oferi, Ruby. "A Decade of Doe," West Africa (April 16-22, 1990). The brief article outlines the policies of Charles Taylor and the National Patriotic

The West African Region

497

Front of Liberia, and his drive to conquer Sierra Leone by brute military force, limb-chopping torture, and large-scale massacres. Ogunleye, Bayo. Behind Rebel Line: Anatomy of Charles Taylor's Hostage Camps. Enugu: Delta Publications, 1995. The author examines the structure and impact of Charles Taylor's hostage camps on the vulnerable African population in his brutal quest to conquer Liberia. O'Neil, William. "Liberia: An Avoidable Tragedy," Current History 92 (May 1993):213-215. The author discusses briefly the role of the Krahndominated army and security service in the severe oppression and gross atrocities against the Liberian people. Onishi, Norimitsu. "The Most Destabilizing Force in West Africa: Leader of Ruined Liberia Reigns at the Vortex," International Herald Examiner (December 8, 2000): 1-7. The central role of Mr. Charles Taylor in the total economic devastation and looting of Liberia, and in directing the complete destabilization of Sierra Leone and the West African region in general is briefly outlined. Osagahe, E. Ethnicity, Class and the Struggle for State Power in Liberia. Dakar, Senegal: Codesria, 1996. The author addresses the historical origins and the political significance of class and the struggle for state power in Liberia, and its strategic impact in destabilizing Liberia and in creating deplorable economic conditions for its African populations. Outram, Quentin. "Liberia: Roots and Fruits of the Emergency," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 1 (1999):163-174. The author analyzes the historical origins and strategic implications of the political emergency in war-ravaged Liberia. Outram, Quentin. "Cruel Wars and Safe Havens: Humanitarian Aid in Liberia, 1989-1996," Disasters vol. 21, no. 3 (1997): 189-203. The author assesses the strategic impact of humanitarian aid flows to a civil-war ravaged and brutalized population Liberia between 1989-1996. Outram, Quentin. "It's Terminal Either Way: An Analysis of Armed Conflict in Liberia, 1989-1996," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 73 (September 1997):355-372. The author provides an assessment of the

498

The West African Region

historical origins and political implications of the civil war in Liberia between 1989-1996. Reno, William. "Sierra Leone: Weak States and the New Sovereignty Order," in L. Villalon and P. Huxtable (eds.) The African State at a Critical Juncture. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (1998):93-108. The author investigates the problem of weak states, with a case study on the sad plight of Sierra Leone. Reno, William. Humanitarian Emergencies and Warlord Economies in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Helsinki: WIDER, 1997. The author evaluates problems generated by the warlord economies in Liberia and Sierra Leone and the humanitarian emergencies brought on by years of civil war in the two states. Reno, William. "The Business of War in Liberia," Current History vol. 95, no. 601 (May 1996):211-215. The author posits that the civil war in Liberia occurred because of the cutoff in great powers' economic assistance and the collapse of patron-client politics that once bonded Liberians to one leader, and not, as is argued, through 'cultural flaws or the stresses of modernity'. Reno, William. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge: CUP, 1995. The author examines the history and processes of systemic corruption in state politics in Sierra Leone. Reno, William. "Foreign Firms and the Financing of Charles Taylor's NPFL," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 18, no. 2 (1993): 175-185. The author addresses the implications of foreign firms financing Taylor's NPFL party. Reynolds, Maura. "Bush Urges Liberia’s Leader to Resign," Los Angeles Times (June 27, 2003):A3. The brief article outlines President Bush’s call for Charles Taylor to resign from office in Liberia. Rich, Paul B. "Warlords, State Fragmentation and the Dilemma of Humanitarian Intervention," Small Wars and Insurgencies vol. 10, no. 1 (Spring 1999):7896. The author provides an assessment of warlordism, state fragmentation and the humanitarian intervention in the Liberian context. Riley, Stephen P. Liberia and Sierra Leone: Anarchy or Peace in West Africa? London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1996. The author examines the destabilizing impact of the people destroying political conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone.

The West African Region

499

Ruiz, Hiram A. Liberia: Destruction and Reconstruction [Issue Brief] (Washington, DC: USCR, 1990). The author explores the historical impact of civil war on the people of Liberia and the major domestic and foreign actors responsible for and who profited from the destruction and the reconstruction. Sawyer, Amos. The Dynamics of Conflict Management in Liberia, Occasional Paper No. 12. Accra, Ghana: Institute of Economic Affairs, March 1997. The author evaluates the political impact and effectiveness of conflict management in the Liberian conflict. Sawyer, Amos. The Emergence of Autocracy in Liberia. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1992. The author investigates the historical emergence and consolidation of autocratic tendencies among Liberia's ruling elite(s). Scott, Carey. "Liberia: A Nation Displaced," in R. Cohen F.M. and Deng (eds.) The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced Washington: Brookings Institution Press (1998):96-137. The author addresses the great despair of the Liberian people and the extreme political and civil disruption created by the massively destructive civil war in Liberia. Sesay, Max. "Civil War and Collective Intervention in Liberia," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 67 (March 1996):35-52. The author addresses the Liberian civil war and the intervention of West African states and regional peacekeeping organization(s). Sesay, Max. "Politics and Society in Post-War Liberia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 3 (1996):395-420. The author examines the history and strategic implications of national politics and civil society in a post-war Liberia. Siklo, Tim. "U.S.-Liberian Relations: Challenges in the 21 st Century," Liberian Studies Journal vol. 25, no. 1 (April 2000): 17-35. The author posits that the United States has maximized its national interests in its political, economic and financial relations with Liberia, which have been extremely exploitative and provided support for the Doe regime and the regime(s) that have followed.

500

The West African Region

Smillie, L. Gberie and R. Hazelton. The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds, and Human Security. Partnership Africa Canada (January 2000). The authors address the central role of Charles Taylor of Liberia in encouraging the Revolutionary United Front's infamous henchmen to both mine and export of Sierra Leone's high quality diamonds to the international diamond market is clearly outlined. Tanner, V. "Liberia: Railroading Peace," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 75 (1998): 133-147. The author addresses the history and politics of Charles Taylor's and the National Patriotic Party's railroading of peace in a war-torn Liberia. Tuck, Christopher. Every Car or Moving Object Gone: The ECOMOG Intervention in Liberia vol. 4, no. 1 (2000): 1-18. The author analyzes the ECOMOG intervention into Liberia and its utility as a model in predicting future African peacekeeping operations. Vogt, Margaret (ed.) The Liberian Crisis and ECOMOG: A Bold Attempt at Regional Peacekeeping. Lagos, Nigeria: Gambumo Press, 1992. The edited text provides various perspectives on the regional peacekeeping activities by ECOMOG in Liberia, as well as the strategic consequences for West Africa's stability. Volman, Daniel. "Arming Liberia's Factional Gangs," African Policy Report no. 5 (August 15, 1996). The author examines the sources and types of military weapon systems being supplied to Liberia's factional gangs. Weller, Marc (ed.) Regional Peace-Keeping and International Enforcement: The Liberian Crisis. New York: Grotius, 1994. The edited text explores the impact of regional peacekeeping and international enforcement on the Liberian situation in the early 1990s. Zavis, Alexandra. "Liberia's Mysterious War: Only the Victims are ClearGunmen are Ciphers," Los Angeles Sentinel (February 28, 2002):A-10. The brief article suggests that the recent rebel attack(s) against Monrovia, Liberia and various refugee camps located in the countryside are actually being funded, supported and led by Charles Taylor, the ruler of Liberia, to convince the UN Security Council to rescind the arms embargo and to force the cancellation of national elections scheduled for next year.

The West African Region

501

MALI Babu, Suresh Chandra, Lynn R. Brown, and Bonnie McClafferty. "Systematic Client Consultation in Development: The Case of Food Policy Research in Ghana, India, Kenya and Mali," World Development vol. 28, no. 1 (2000):99-110. The authors examine the dynamics of client consultation in development in the area of food policy research in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baldri, D. A. T. Environmental Impact Assessment of Settlement and Development in the Upper Lereba Basin: Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, and Mali. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1995. The author provides a comparative environmental impact assessment of settlement and development in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Mali. Benjaminsen, Tor A. "Enclosing the Land: Cotton, Population Growth and Tenure in Mali," Norwegian Journal of Geography vol. 56, no. 1 (2002):19. The author analyses the interaction(s) between population growth, land tenure and cotton production in modern Mali. Benjaminsen, Tor A. "Natural Resource Management, Paradigm Shifts, and the Decentralization Reform in Mali," Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal vol. 25, no. 1 (1997): 121-143. The author investigates the history of decentralization reform and natural resources management in Mali Bingen, James R. "Cotton, Democracy Development in Mali," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 2 (1998):265-285. The author examines the empowerment of the cotton farmer after the overthrown of the Traore regime in 1991. Brenner, Louis. Controlling Knowledge: Religion, Power, and Schooling in a West African Muslim Society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. The author investigates the history and the dynamics of power, schooling, and religion in Muslim Mali. Clark, Andrew F. "Imperialism, Independence, and Islam in Senegal and Mali," Africa Today vol. 46, no. 3 (1999): 149-167. The author assesses the interdependence of religion and the state, a balance that has served both Islam and the state well.

502

The West African Region

Christiaensen, Luc J. Validating Operational Food Insecurity Indicators Against a Dynamic Benchmark: Evidence from Mali. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2000. The author reviews the most recent food insecurity indicators in predicting malnutrition rates in Mali. Englebert, Pierre. "Mali: Recent History," in Africa South of the Sahara 1995. London: Europa, 1994. The author summarizes political developments in Mali in the 1990s.. Gaudio, Attilio. Le Mali. Paris: Karthala, 1988. The author provides an interesting historical analysis of the rise and political development of Mali. Imperato, Pascal James. Mali: A Search for Direction. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1989. The author addresses the complex political problems facing Mali in its quest for stability and order. Koening, Dolorores. "Competition Among Malian Elites in the Manantali Resettlement Project: The Impact of Local Development," Urban Anthropology vol. 26, no. 3 (1997):369-411. The author evaluates the history and the political and economic implications of intra-elite competition over large resettlement project(s) in Mali Koening, Dolores, Tieman Diarra, Moussa Sow, Ousmane Diarra, et al. Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1998. The authors examine the role and impact of innovation and individuality in understanding the rise of various food production strategies in rural Mali Madhavan, Sangeetha. "Female Cooperation and Conflict in Rural Mali: Effects on Infant and Child Survival," Journal of Comparative Family Studies vol. 32, no. 1 (2001):75-99. The author assesses infant and child survival rates based on evaluation of female cooperation and conflict levels in rural Mali. Myers, Mary. "Can Rural Radio Increase Democratic Participation in Development?: The Case of Mali and Burkina Faso," African Rural and Urban Studies vol. 4, no. 1 (1997):95-107. The author investigates whether radio is the liberating voice of rural people and to what extent it contributes to rural Malian citizens' democratic participation in development process.

The West African Region

503

Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. "The Role of the National Conference in the Transition to Democracy in Africa: The Case of Benin and Mali," Issue vol. 21, no. 1 (1993):44-50. The author analyzes the utility of national conference where the democratic transition was peaceful in Benin and violent in Mali. Puchner, Laurel. "Researching Women’s Literacy in Mali: A Case Study of Dialogue among Researchers, Practitioners, and Policy Makers," Comparative Education Review vol. 45, no. 2 (2001):242-257. The author assesses African women's literacy rates in Mali. Rovine, Victoria. Bogolan: Shaping Culture through Cloth in Contemporary Mali. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2001. The author examines the role and impact of Bologan Cloth in shaping positive national culture outcomes in modern Mali. Schulz, Dorothea. "Praise without Enchantment: ‘Griots’, Broadcast Media, and the Politics of Tradition in Mali," Africa Today vol. 44, no. 4 (1997):443464. The author contends that broadcast media technology has influenced tradition and 'griots' in rural Malian society. Seely, Jennifer C. "A Political Analysis of Decentralization: Co-opting the Tuareg Threat in Mali," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 3 (2001):499-525. The author provides a political analysis of decentralization by the government, with analysis on the autonomy of urban and rural communes, efforts to co-opt Tuareg separatists in the north, and the strategy of cooperation to consolidate control by President Alpha Oumar Konare. Sijm, Johannes P. Food Security and Policy Intervention in Mali. Rotterdam: Tinbergen Institute, 1992. The author assesses the important policy issues of food security and agricultural production and government policy intervention in Mali. Silla, Eric. People Are Not the Same: Leprosy and Identity in Twenty-Century Mali. Oxford: Currey, 1998. The author addresses the modern discrimination and identity issues against Malian citizens who are lepers, Smith, Zeric Kay. "Mali’s Decade of Democracy," Journal of Democracy vol. 12, no. 3 (2001):73-80. The author evaluates Mali’s democratic government movement and its relative survival despite significant threats, with a focus

504

The West African Region

on the requirement that economic growth, access to global markets, and skillful domestic leadership to maintain the democratic impulse. Smith, Zeric Kay. "From Demons to Democrats: Mali's Student Movement 1991-1996," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 72 (June 1997):249-264. The author examines the historical origins and political implications of the Malian Student Movement between 1991-1996, in impacting the democratic governance debate. Soares, Benjamin F. "The Prayer Economy in a Malian Town," Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines vol. 36 (1996):739-753. The author investigates the complex but pervasive practices in which gifts are given to certain Muslims religious leaders on a large scale. Toulmin, Camilla. Household Survival in the Sahel: Managing People, Cattle, and Wells in Mali. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. The author explores the historical origins and political and economic dynamics of managing people, cattle and water in Mali. Vedeld, Trond. "Village Politics: Heterogeneity, Leadership and Collective Action," Journal of Development Studies vol. 36, no. 5 (2000): 105-135. The author analyzes the complex dynamics of village politics, collective action and leadership in modern Mali. Vengroff, Richard. "Governance and the Transition to Democracy: Political Parties and the Party System," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, no. 4 (1993):541-562. The author provides a critical analysis of the influence and workings of political parties and the party system in a postcold war Mali. "Women Mostly Hit by HIV/AIDS in Mali," Los Angeles Sentinel (February 3, 2002):A5. The brief article reviews an interesting study by the Counseling Care and Assistance Center in Bamako, Mali, which suggested that Malian women have a much higher rate of HIV/AIDS infection (and death rates) than Malian men.

The West African Region

505

MAURITANIA Ali, Shanti Sadiq. "Mauritania Pulls out of Western Sahara," Africa Quarterly vol. 19, no. 2 (July-September 1979):220-223. The brief article provides reasons that influenced Mauritania to leave Western Sahara in 1979. Badduel, Pierre Robert. "Mauritanie 1945-1990 ou L’etat face a la Nation," in P.R. Baduel (ed.) Mauritanie entre Arabite et Africanite. Axis-en-Provence, France: Editions Edisud (1990):11-51. The author examines the history of Mauritania from World War II to 1990. Balans, Jean Louis. "La Mauritanie Entre Deax Mondes," Revue Francaise d’Etudes Politiques Africaines vol. 113 (May 1975):54-64. The author contends that Mauritania should have been encouraged to be the strategic intermediary between Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. Bell, J. "Western Sahara," in A.J. Day (ed.) Border and Territorial Disputes. Harlow, England: Longman (1982):160-171. The author reviews the political withdrawal by Mauritania in the Western Sahara conflict. Costa, P. Da. "Democracy in Doubt," Africa Report vol. 37, Issue 3 (May-June 1992): 58-61. The author examines the decline in democracy in Mauritania. Daddah, Amel. "Aauritanie, les Heritiers de L’esclavage," Monde Diplomatique vol. 43 (November 1998):13. The brief article reviews the continuing political and human rights problem of African slavery in Arab Mauritania. Da’Costa, Peter. "Democracy in Doubt," Africa Report vol. 37, no. 3 (May 1992):58-60. The brief article reviews Mauritania’s first democratic election after twenty-eight years of one party rule. Doyle, Mark. "Nouakchotts’s New Nationalism," Africa Report vol. 34 (September-October 1989):37-40. The brief article examines the tensions between Mauritania and Senegal and deportations of thousands of Mauritanians to Senegal. Human Rights Watch/Africa. Mauritania’s Campaign of Terror: StateSponsored Repression of Black Africans. New York, 1994. The report outlines the history of the campaign of state-sponsored terrorism against Africans in Mauritania.

506

The West African Region

Lunnon, J. "Background to the Ethnic Problem in Mauritania," in G. Ashworth (ed.) World Minorities in the Eighties. Sunbury, England: Quartermaine House (1980):14-18. The brief article evaluates the ethnic and racial problems in Mauritania as a direct result of its long-standing tribal and caste system. Magistro, John V. "Crossing Over: Ethnicity and Trans-boundary Conflict in the Senegal River Valley," Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines vol. 33, no. 2 (1993):201-232. The author examines ethnicity and territorial reasons for the political and military conflict between the Arabs of Mauritania and the Black Senegalese. Ojo, M. Adeleye. "The Foreign Policy of Mauritania," in A Current Bibliography on African Affairs vol. 17, no. 4 (1985):347-361. The article assesses Mauritania's foreign policy in Africa and internationally. Ould-Mey, Mohammeden. Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania. London: Littlefield Adams, 1996. The author evaluates the political economy of Mauritania in light of changing international economic conditions. Parker, Ron. "The Senegal-Mauritania Conflict of 1989: A Fragile Equilibrium," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (March 1991):155-171. The author examines the issues for the 1989 conflict between Mauritania and Senegal. Pazzanita, Anthony G. "Political Transition in Mauritania: Problems and Prospects," Middle East Journal vol. 53, no. 1 (Winter 1999):44-58. The author addresses the origins and progress of Mauritania’s political transition towards democracy. Pazzanita, Anthony G. "Mauritania’s Foreign Policy: The Search for Protection," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 2 (June 1992):281-304. The author assesses Mauritania’s foreign security policy in the cold war period. Santoir, C. "Les Naufrages du fleuve: Le Probleme Des Refugies Mauritabiens dans las vallee du fleuve Senegal," Autrepart no. 5 (1998):95-119. The author summarizes the refugee problem between Mauritania and Senegal.

The West African Region

507

Saxena, Suresh C. The Liberation War in Western Sahara. New Delhi: Vidya, 1981. The author assesses the war of liberation in the Western Sahara region and Mauritania's role in that conflict. Schissel, Howard. "Saharan Sandstorm Blows On," Africa Report vol. 28, no. 3 (May-June 1983):55-58. The brief article examines Mauritania’s occupation of Western Sahara and the peace treaty, which was signed with the Polisario Front. Seddon, David. "The Political Economy of Mauritania: An Introduction," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 68 (1996): 197-214. The author provides a critical analysis of the historical and policy factors driving the political economy of Mauritania. Sklar, Richard L. and Mark Strege. "Finding Peace Through Democracy in Sahelian Africa," Current Africa vol. 91, no. 565 (May 1992):224-229. The authors review the political conflicts in the Sahelian region of Africa with an emphasis on Mauritania, Mali and Niger, and their respective search for democracy and peace. Stewart, Charles C. "North-South Dialectic in Mauritania: An Update," Maghreb Review vol. 2, no. 1 (1986):40-45. The author investigates the rising political tensions between the North-Arab and the South-African populations in Mauritania. Torbey, Abbas. "Mauritanie: Amorce d’un Virage Politique," Arabies no. 159, (March 2000):20-22. The brief article discusses Mauritania’s diplomatic relations with Israel and the disapproval of the political relationship by the Arab states. United States Department of State. Mauritania: Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997. Washington DC: U.S. Department of State, January 1998. The U.S. government report examines the continuing human rights violations against Africans by Arabs in Mauritania in 1997 and the general international reactions.

508

The West African Region

NIGER Ahmad, Syed Salahuddin. "Niger-Nigeria Relations 1960-1975: A Study of the Dynamics of Bilateral Relations Between Neighboring Countries," Kano Studies vol. 2, no. 1 (1980):59-72. The author examines bilateral political, economic and cultural relations between Niger and Nigeria between 19601975. Amnesty International. Niger, Impunity Enshrined in the Constitution. London: International Secretariat, 1999. The report reviews Niger's political process and constitutional issues. Amuwo, Kunle. "Military-Inspired Anti-Bureaucratic Corruption Campaigns: An Appraisal of Niger’s Experience," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1986):285-301. The author addresses the history and implications of the military government's war on corruption in Niger's public sector. Arnold, Eric J. "Evaluating Regional Economic Development Results of a Marketing Systems Analysis in Zinder Province, Niger Republic," Journal of Development Areas vol. 19, Issue 2 (1985):209-244. The author provides a marketing systems analysis of regional economic development on Niger. Barde, Ibrahim. Mahamane Ousmane: Power and Democracy in Niger. Kano, Nigeria: RAI Communications, 1996. The author assesses power and democratic issues facing Niger. Barlow, R. and W. Snyder. "Taxation in Niger: Problems and Proposals," World Development vol. 21, Issue 7 (1993): 1179-1189. The author investigates the problems and issues of taxation policy in post-cold war Niger. Bold, Mary. "A Bloody Coup," World Press Review vol. 46, Issue 6 (June 1999):19-20. The brief article analyzes the implications of the assassination of Niger’s president in April of 1999, and political reaction from opposition leaders. Charlick, Robert B. Niger: Personal Rule and Survival in the Sahel. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1991. The author examines the history and implications of autocratic rule and survival politics in Niger.

The West African Region

509

Davis, John Uniack and Aboubacar B. Kossomi. "Niger Gets Back on Track," Journal of Democracy vol. 12, no. 3 (July 2001):80-88. The author evaluates Niger’s democratic experiment and the prospects for democracy in the politically turbulent nation. Djibo, Tahirou. African Military in National Conferences, A Challenge to National Security: A Case of Niger. Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 1993. The author examines national security and African military issues with an emphasize on Niger. Frere, Marie-Soleil. "New Private Media in French-speaking West African Countries: Problems and Prospects: The Case of Benin and Niger," Afrika Focus vol. 12, no. 1 (1996):85-117. The author assesses the impact of new private media outlets on democratic governance in Benin and Niger. "French Speaking World Condemns Niger Coup," Sunday Nation no. 2170 (February 18, 1996). The brief article describes French-speaking states' condemnation of the military coup in Niger on January 1996. Gardinier, David E. (eds.) Political Reform in Francophone Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1997):86-108. The author contends that democratic reform in Niger was linked to the continuing economic crisis. Gervais, Myriam. "Structural Adjustment in Niger: Implementations, Effects & Determining Political Factors," Review of African Political Economy vol. 22, no. 63 (1995):27-42. The author addresses the impact of structural adjustment on Niger's economic development and economic structure. Graybeal, N. L., and L. A. Picard. "Internal Capacity and Overload in Guinea and Niger," The Journal of Modern Africa Studies vol. 29, no. 2 (1991):275-300. The authors examine the evolving political system within the framework of decolonialisation and institutional development in West Africa. Hamani, Abdou. Les Femmes et la Politique au Niger. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001. The author analyzes the role and impact of African women in Niger politics. Higgott, Richard A. "Niger," in Timothy M. Shaw and Olajide Aluko (eds.) The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy: Comparative Analysis.

510

The West African Region

Aldershot, England: Gower (1984):165-184. The author evaluates the Niger's foreign policy in the post-independence period. Ibraham, Jibrin. "Political Exclusion, Democratization and Dynamics of Ethnicity in Niger," Africa Today vol. 41, no. 3 (1994):15-39. The author assesses the political transition from an ethnically based military government to a democratically elected government and the strategic implications of such a transition. Lund, Christian. "Struggle for Land and Political Power: On the Politicization of Land Tenure and Land Dispute in Niger," Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law no. 40 (1998):1-22. The author analyzes the politicization of land tenure and land disputes in Niger. Lund, Christian. "Legitimacy, Land & Democracy in Niger," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 71 (1997):99-112. The author reviews the relation between land tenure reform and democratization in Niger since the late 1980s. Maignan, Jean-Claude et al. Les Difficile Democeratisation du Niger. Paris: Centre des Hautes Etudes sur l’Afrique et l’Asie Modernes, 2000. The edited text examines the political and policy difficulties of implementing democratization in Niger. Masquelier, Adeline. "Debating Muslims, Disputed Practices: Struggles for the Realization of an Alternative Moral Order in Niger," in John L. and Jean Comaroff (eds.) Civil Society and Political Imagination in Africa: Critical Perspective. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, (1999):219-250. The author addresses the role and influence of Islam in its mediation and critical advancement of political order and stability in Niger. McCurry, Mike. "U.S Suspends Assistance to Niger Following Military Coup," US Department of State Dispatch vol. 7, Issue 7 (February 12, 1996):44. The brief article describes the suspension of both U.S. military aid and developmental assistance to Niger after the military coup, which overthrew the democratically elected government. "Niger Assassination," Maclean’s vol. 112, Issue 16 (April 19, 1999):32. The brief article reviews the assassination of Niger’s president by his own personal security force.

The West African Region

511

Okonta, Ike and Oronto Douglas. Where Vultures Feast: Shell, Human Rights, and Oil in the Niger Delta. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 2001. The author assesses the Shell Oil Corporation's recent oil strategy in the Niger Delta region, and the severe human rights problems that have resulted. "Opposition Parties Form Coalition," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 4 (October 7-20, 1996):10032. The brief article discusses the coalition between political opposition parties to restore and defend democracy in Niger. "President, PM Arrested After Coup," African Recorder vol. 35, no. 2 (February 12-25, 1996):9825. The brief article reports on the arrest of the president of Niger when the democratically elected government was taken over by the military. Robinson, Pearl T. "Niger: Anatomy of a Neotraditional Corporatist State," Comparative Politics vol. 24, no. 1 (1991):1-20. The author examines Niger’s recent experience with popular political participation and the corporatist-style that was installed by military rulers. Robinson, Pearl T. "Playing the Arab Card: Niger and Chad’s Ambivalent Relations with Libya," in Bruce E. Arlinghaus (ed.) African Security Issues: Sovereignty, Stability, and Solidarity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, (1984):171-184. The author provides an excellent case study of Niger and Chad’s ambivalent foreign relations with Libya. Stewart, B.A. "Government Intervention and the Commercialization of Subsistence Food Crops in Niger," Journal of African Studies vol. 14, Issue 4 (1987):199-206. The author addresses the impact of government intervention in the commercialization of subsistence food crops in Niger. Stoller, Paul. Le Maitre Fou: Embodiment, Politics and the Postcolony in Niger. Evanston, Ill: The Institute, Northwestern University, 1995. The author gives an interesting assessment of national politics in postcolonial Niger. Touval, Saadia. "Disengagement I: Dahomey and Niger," in Saadia Touval (ed.) The Boundary Politics of Independent Africa. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (1972):198-203. The author evaluates the territorial dispute between Niger and Dahomey over Lete Island.

512

The West African Region

Trade Unionism and Politics in Niger. Lome, Togo: Regional Economic Research and Documentation Center, 1986. The report addresses the history and implications of trade unionism and politics in Niger. Villalon, L. "The Moral and the Political in African Democratization: The Code de la Famille in Niger’s Troubled Transition," Democratization vol. 3, Issue 2 (1996):41-68. The author examines the history and complex political and moral problems of the democratic transition in Niger. White, Cynthia. "The Effects of Poverty on Risk Reduction Strategies of Fulani Nomads in Niger," Nomadic Peoples vol. 1 no. 1 (1997):90-107. The author examines the effects of poverty on risk reduction strategies of WoDaaBe pastoralists in Niger.

NIGERIA Abegunrin, Olayiwola. Nigeria and the Struggle for the Liberation of Zimbabwe: A Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making of an Emerging Nation. Stockholm: Bethany, 1992. The author analyzes the foreign policy decision-making of Nigeria during struggle for the liberation of Zimbabwe. Adefuye, Ade. Culture and Foreign Policy: The Nigerian Example. Lagos: NIIA, 1992. The author addresses the interface of bureaucratic culture and foreign policy practice in Nigeria. Akiba, O. Nigerian Foreign Policy Towards Africa: Continuity and Change. New York: Peter Lang, 1998. The author examines Nigeria's foreign political, economic and security policy towards Sub-Saharan Africa states, with an emphasize on the West African region. Akinrinade, Olusola. "Threats to the Security and Stability in Nigeria: Perception and Reality," Geneve-Afrique vol. 26, no. 2 (1988):58-60. The brief article outlines the South African military activities in Equatorial Guinea as potential threats to Nigerian security. Akinyele, R. T. "Ethnic Militancy and National Stability in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Oodua People’s Congress," African Affairs vol. 100, no. 401 (2001):623-641. The author assesses the ethnic militancy of the Oodua people seeking to advance their strategic political interests in Nigeria.

The West African Region

513

Akinyemi, Nurudeen B. "The Emergence of Nigeria as a Regional Power in International Relations," Studia Diplomatica (1982):223-244. The author discusses Nigeria's recent rise as a regional power in the West African region, as well as its political implications. Akinyeni, A.B. "Reciprocity in Nigerian Foreign Policy (The Akinyeni Doctrine)," Nigerian Forum (May-June 1987):151-156. The brief article contends that a fundamental principle of Nigerian foreign policy is the promotion of regional peace and stability. Aliyu, A.Y., and P.H. Koehn. Local Autonomy and Inter-Government Relations in Nigeria. Zaria: Institute of Administration, Ahmadu Bello University, 1982. The authors examine the complex historical dynamics and policy issues of local autonomy and inter-governmental relations in Nigeria. Alkelegbe, Augusinte. "Civil Society, Oil and Conflict in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Ramifications of Civil Society for a Regional Resource Struggle," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 3 (2001):437470. The author outlines the Niger Delta's role of civil society in regional resource agitations. The author suggests that Niger Delta has flourished as a source of regional reliance. Aluko, Olajide. Essays in Nigerian Foreign Policy. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981. The author addresses the various political, economic and security dimensions of Nigerian foreign policy. Aminu, L. Salawu. Nigeria's Weapons Procurement Process: Its Implications for Her Defense Policy. Lagos, Nigeria: Nigeria Institute for International Affairs, 1993. This is a pioneering study on the military industrial complex in Nigeria and its links with Nigerian defense policy. The study examines the weapons policy process and weapons acquisition decision making in Nigeria, and has wider empirical implications for understanding small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons proliferation in the West African region, as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa. Arikpo, O. "Nigeria and the Organization of African Unity," Quarterly Journal of Administration vol. 1, no. 9 (October 1974):49-59. The author addresses the role and impact of Nigeria's political relations with the Organization of African Unity.

514

The West African Region

Ate, M. Bassey Eyo. Decolonization and Dependence: The Development of Nigerian-U.S. Relations. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987. The author analyzes the political development and dependency implications of U.S./Nigerian bilateral relations. Ate, M. Bassey Eyo and P.O. Adeniyi (eds.) Borderlands in Africa: A Multidisciplinary and Comparative Focus on Nigeria and West Africa. Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 1990. The edited text examines from a multidisciplinary and comparative perspective the origins, development and significance of borderland territories in Nigeria and in the West African region in general. Awolowo, Obafemi (Awo). The Strategy and Tactics of the People’s Republic of Nigeria. London, 1970. The author assesses the historical origins, major political actors and political developments of the Nigerian state. Babangida, Ibrahim Badamasi. "National Interest is National Security," Nigerian Journal of Political Science vol. 5, no. 1-2 (1987):105-110. The author briefly explores the Nigerian military's dissatisfaction with racial supremacy exhibited by states in the West (including South Africa in the 1980s) that also had strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, who all self-righteously demanded that African states stay non-nuclear and not pursue weapons of mass destruction. Badejo, Babafemi A. "Nigeria’s Economic Relationship with Brazil and India: An Assessment of South-South Cooperation," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 16, no. 1 (1990):73-89. The author outlines the economic interactions between Nigeria and the Newly Industrializing Counties (NICs) of India and Brazil. Badejo, O. "Nigeria and the Great Powers: The Impact of the Civil War on Nigerian Foreign Relations," African Affairs vol. 75, no. 298 (January 1976):14-32. The author assesses the impact of the Nigerian civil war and its strategic effects on Nigeria's relations with the great powers. Bangura, Yusuf and B. Beckman. "African Workers and Structural Adjustment: A Nigerian Case Study," in A. Olukoshi (ed.). The Politics of Structural Adjustment in Nigeria. London: James Currey: Heinemann Educational Books, 1993. The authors examine the negative impact of structural adjustment policies on workers in Nigeria.

The West African Region

515

Barchiesi, Franco. "The Social Construction of Labor in the Struggle for Democracy," The Case for Post-independence Nigeria," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 69 (September 1996):349-370. The author analyzes the historical role and political impact of the labor movement in the fight for democracy in post-independent Nigeria. Barua, Pradeep P. "Ethnic Conflict in the Military of Developing Nations: A Comparative Analysis of India and Nigeria," Armed Forces & Society vol. 19, no. 1 (Fall 1992):123-138. The author addresses the dynamics of ethnic tension within the multiethnic armies of developing countries through a comparative analysis of ethnic conflict in the armies of Nigeria and India. Bassey, Celestine O. "Defense Planning and the Nigerian Armed Forces Modernization Process (1970-1991): An Institutional Analysis," Armed Forces and Society vol. 19, Issue 2 (1993):1-25. The author investigates major facets of modernization and the augmentation of the Nigerian armed forces, including discussions on threat perception criteria and strategic decision parameters guiding Nigerian military planning since the civil war of 1970. Bassey, Celestine O. "Nigeria and Africa, Security and the Nuclear Option: A Research Note." Bodija Journal no. 2 (1990):61-70. The author evaluates Nigeria's possible pursuit of a nuclear weapons capability and its political implications for continental African security. Diamond, Larry, et al (eds.) Transition Without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida. London: Lynne Rienner, 1997. The edited text examines the history of Nigerian politics and civil society in the reign of Babangida. Diamond, Larry. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1988. The author assesses the devastating failure of the First Republic reviewing the influence of ethnic competition, class divisions and biased democratic practice. Echezona, Nduba C. "Nigeria and Nuclear Weapons," African Review vol. 12, no. 2 (1986):21-32. The author discusses reasons why Nigeria would consider the pursuit of nuclear weapons given its unstable domestic conditions and lack of power in the international system.

516

The West African Region

Egbide, Mike Deri. "Nigerian Ambassador Reaffirms Support For Kuwait," Kuwait Times (August 28, 2001). The author reports that the Nigerian ambassador in Kuwait thanked Kuwait for the support that it has given to Nigeria and explained that Nigeria is once again ready to be at the forefront of African leadership. Eke, Kenoye Kelvin. Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Under Two Military Governments, 1966-1979: An Analysis of the Gowon and Muhammed/Obasanjo Regimes. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen, 1990. The author addresses the foreign policy positions of successive Nigerian military governments between 1966-1979. Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. Conflict and Intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zaire, Basingstoke: Macmillian, 1990. The author examines political and military conflict in Angola, Zaire and Nigeria. Elaigwu, J.I. "Nigeria and Non-alignment: Rhetoric and Performance in Foreign Policy," Political Science Review (1982):165-184. The author evaluates the history and implications of the non-alignment policies of Nigeria. "Ex-Leader's Kin Repay Millions to Nigeria," Los Angeles Times (January 3, 2002):A22. The brief article outlines how the family of the late dictator Sani Abacha was forced to pay back nearly $148 million to Nigeria, after robbing their country of an estimated $1 billion dollars. Falola, Toyin, et al (eds.) The Military Factor in Nigeria, 1966-1985. Lewiston: Mellen Press, 1994. The authors investigate the negative role and devastatingly brutal impact of a corrupt Nigerian military on Nigerian national development from 1966-1985. Falola, Toyin and Julius O. Ihonvbere. The Rise and Fall of Nigeria’s Second Republic, 1979-1984. London: Zed, 1985. The author assesses the consequences of the rise and fall of Nigeria's Second Republic between 1979-1984. Fasehun, O. "Nigeria and the Issue of African High Command: Towards a Regional or Continental Defense System," African Spectrum vol. 3, no. 15 (1980):309-317. The author supports the debate on Nigeria contributing to an African High Command in order to provide either a regional or a

The West African Region

517

continental-wide defense system aimed against the apartheid regime of South Africa. Forrest, Tom. Politics and Economic Development in Nigeria. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995. The author examines politics and economic development in Nigeria. Gambari, Ibrahim A. Theory and Reality in Foreign Policy Making: Nigeria After the Second Republic. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1989. The author addresses foreign policy making in Nigeria after the Second Republic, as well as issues related to Africa's minimalist influence on the global nuclear debate and strategic weapons deployment in Europe. Gambari, Ibrahim A. Party Politics and Foreign Policy: Nigeria Under the First Republic. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University Press, 1980. The author investigates the interactive nature of party politics and foreign policy dynamics during the First Republic. Garba, Joseph Nanven. Fractured History: Elite Shifts and Policy Changes in Nigeria. Princeton: Sungai Books, 1995. The author explores military (and civilian) elite shifts and the resultant policy changes in Nigeria political system. Garba, Joseph Nanven. Diplomatic Soldiering: The Conduct of Nigerian Foreign Policy 1975-1979. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum, 1987. The author analyzes the historical origins and impact of the central elements in Nigerian foreign policy between 1975-1979. Gibor, J.W.T. "Military Intervention and Military Professionalism: The Nigerian Case," Nigerian Journal of Policy and Strategy vol. 8, no. 1-2 (1993):28-41. The author assesses the political (and ethical) conflicts between a Nigerian military caste engaged in military intervention activities to control the state and its maintenance of a minimal level of military professionalism while involved in systemic corruption events and the theft of the national treasury. Human Rights Watch/Africa. Nigeria: The Price of Oil. New York: Human Rights Watch, May 1999. The report outlines both the terrible human rights costs and the great economic poverty for Nigeria's ethnic groups residing in Nigeria's major oil field area.

518

The West African Region

Ibelema, Minabere. "America and Africa: Beyond the Double Standard," Current History vol. 99, no. 637 (May 2000):211-214. The brief article posits that growing ethnic tensions are a strategic threat to the new democratic experiment in Nigeria and asks the question of whether or not President Olusegun Obasango can prevent the fracturing of the Nation. Idang, Gordon I. Nigeria: Internal Politics and Foreign Policy, 1960-1966. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press, 1973. The author examines the history and significance of Nigerian internal politics and foreign policy decisionmaking between 1960-1966. Idang, Gordon I. "The Politics of Nigerian Foreign Policy: The Ratification and Renunciation of the Anglo-Nigerian Defense Agreement," African Studies Review vol. 13, no. 2 (September 1970):227-251. The author outlines the abrogation of the Anglo-Nigerian Defense Agreement of 1960s by the government of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa because of strong student protests. Ifeka, Caroline. "Playing Civil Society Tunes: Corruption and Misunderstanding Nigeria 'Real' Political Institutions," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 89 (September 2001):461-465. The author addresses the strategic relationship between system corruption and functional political institutions in Nigeria, and their implications for democratic governance and stability. Ihonvbere, Julius O. "How to Make an Undemocratic Constitution: The Nigerian Example," Third World Quarterly vol. 21, no. 2 (2000):343-367. The author suggests that the Nigerian constitution requires substantial revision in order for political stability and long-term security to occur, and to advance democratic governance. Ihonvbere, Julius O. "Organized Labor and the Struggle for Democracy in Nigeria," African Studies Review vol. 40, no.3 (1997):77-111. The author examines the history and political actions of organized labor and the struggle for democratic governance in Nigeria. Ihonvbere, Julius O. "Are Things Falling Apart: The Military and the Crisis of Democratization in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 2 (June 1996):193-225. The author discussed the extremely grave strategic crisis created by the military dictatorship's extremely corrupt rule and

The West African Region

519

pillaging of Nigeria, and the serious erosion of democratic rights and economic well being by its long-suffering people. Ihonvbere, Julius O. Nigeria: The Politics of Adjustment and Democracy. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction, 1994. The author investigates the role and influence of structural economic adjustment dynamics on the fragile democratic system in a military-ruled Nigeria. Ihonvbere, Julius O. and Timothy M. Shaw (eds.) Towards a Political Economy of Nigeria: Petroleum and Politics at the (Semi-) Periphery. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1988. The authors assesses the impact of the political economy of oil in Nigerian politics. Ikelegbe, Augusinte. "Civil Society, Oil and Conflict in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Ramifications of Civil Society for a Regional Resource Struggle," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 3 (2001):437-470. The author analyzes the relationship between the civil society in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria and oil wealth allocation conflict with the central government and the western oil companies. Ikoiwak, E.A. Bureaucracy in Development: The Case of the Nigerian Federal Civil Service. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, 1979. The author evaluates the contribution of the Nigerian federal civil service to national development. Ilesanmi, Simeon O. "Constitutional Treatment of Religion and the Politics of Human Rights in Nigeria," African Affairs vol. 100, no. 401 (2001):529555. The author reviews the history and the politics of human rights and the constitutional treatment of religion in the Nigerian political debate. Jacob, Haruna J. and Massoud Omar (eds.) France and Nigeria: Issues in Comparative Studies. Ibadan, Nigeria: Credu Nigeria, 1992. The author addresses political, economic and security relations between France and Nigeria. Joehn, P. "Political Access and Capital Accumulation: An Analysis of State Land Allocation Process and Beneficiaries in Nigeria," Afrique et Developpment vol. 12 (1987):163-186. The author assesses the state land allocation process with regard to issues of political access and capital accumulation in Nigeria.

520

The West African Region

Joseph, Richard. "Nigeria: Inside the Dismal Tunnel," Current History vol. 95, no. 601 (May 1996):193-200. The author outlines the strategic consequences of the overthrow of a democratically elected government by the Nigerian military on 15 January 1966, and the great damage that the Nigerian military dictators have inflicted on Nigerian democracy and on the Nigerian people. Kastfelt, Niels. "Rumors of Maitatsine: A Note on Political Culture in Northern Nigeria," African Affairs vol. 88, no. 350 (January 1989):83-90. The author examines the rise, development and significance of the political culture of the Muslim Maitatsine movement in Northern Nigeria. Klein, Axel. "Trapped in the Traffick: Growing Problems of Drug Consumption in Lagos," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 4 (December 1994):657-677. The author investigates the massive and destabilizing problem of increasing drug consumption in Lagos, Nigeria. Koehn, P.H. Public Policy and Administration in Africa: Lessons from Nigeria. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990. The author examines outstanding public policy and administration issues using Nigeria as the case study. Lewis, Peter M. "Nigeria: From Despair to Expectation," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):223-227. The author addresses the relative success of democratic elections in Nigeria for their domestic and regional implications. Lewis, Peter M. "From Prebendalism to Predation: The Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 1 (March 1996):79-103. The author reviews the collapse of the political economy of Nigeria under military rule and its consequences for the nation. Lewis, Peter M., P.J. Robinson, and P.R. Rubin. Stabilizing Nigeria: Sanctions, Incentives, and Report. New York: The Century Fund, 1998. The authors examine the strategic problem of stabilizing Nigeria in light of its political, ethnic, religious and economic problems. Munster, Jedrzej Georg Frynas. Oil and Conflict: Conflict and Litigation between Oil Companies and Village Communities. Hamburg and London: Lit Verlag, 1999. The author addresses the historical basis and the fierce (and often deadly) political and economic conflict and legal battles between

The West African Region

521

Nigeria's oil-rich village communities against western multinational oil companies. Nafziger, E. Wayne. The Economics of Political Instability: The NigerianBiafran War. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983. The author investigates the political economy forces generating the political instability of the Nigerian-Biafran war. Nigeria: Permanent Transition; Current Violations of Human Rights in Nigeria. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1996. The report provides current violations in human rights in Nigeria under severe military rule. Nweke, G. Aforka. "Nuclear Power and Nigeria’s Defense Policy," in A.E. Ekoko and M. A. Vogt (eds.) Nigerian Defense Policy: Issues and Problems Lagos: Malthouse (1990): 144-161. The author examines the relationship between Nigeria's defense policy and nuclear power in the post-cold war period. Nwokedi, E. "Strands and Strains of Good Neighborliness - Nigeria and its Francophone Neighbors," Geneve-Afrique vol. 23, no. 1 (1985):39-60. The author assesses Nigeria's relations with Francophone West African states. Nwokedi, E. "Sub-Regional Security and Nigerian Foreign Policy," African Affairs no. 84 (1984): 195-209. The author analyzes Nigerian foreign policy and its policy management of various sub-regional security issues faced by the West African region. Nzimiro, I. "Militarization in Nigeria: Its Economic and Social Consequences," International Social Science Journal vol. 35, no. 1 (1983):81-162. The author addresses the strategic economic and social consequences of militarization in Nigeria. Obiozor, George. Uneasy Friendship: Nigeria/U.S. Relations. Enugu, Nigeria: Fourth Dimension, 1992. The author examines the origins and developments in U.S./Nigerian foreign policy relations. Obiozon, George. "National Capabilities: Focus on Nigeria," Nigerian Forum (November-December 1987):311. The brief article contends that peace in Sub-Saharan Africa cannot be achieved without Nigeria.

522

The West African Region

Ogwu, U. Joy and R. Omotay Olaniyan. Nigeria’s International Economic Relations: Dimensions of Dependence and Change. Lagos, Nigeria: NIIA, 1989. The authors critique the high levels of dependency of Nigeria's international economic relations on the West and its global multilateral financial and monetary organizations. Ojo, Olatunde J. B. "Nigeria and the Formation of ECOWAS," International Organization vol. 34, no. 4 (Fall 1980):571-604. The author investigates the strategic role that Nigeria played in forming the Economic Community of West African States in 1975. Oke, Tayo. Radicalism, Political Power, and Foreign Policy in Nigeria. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1999. The author discusses the philosophical and policy dimensions in the relationship between radicalism and foreign policy decision making in Nigeria, and the role and influence of the Ministry of External Affairs, the military, the press and public opinion and intellectual elites, as well as political parties and university students on the evolving relationship. Okechukwu, R. "Peace Education in the Third World: Cultural Constraints of Peace Education in Nigeria," Bulletin of Peace Proposals vol. 4 (1979):382388. The author outlines some of the cultural constraints of peace education in Nigeria. Okek, Okechukwu. Hausa-Fulani Hegemony: The Dominance of the Muslim North in Contemporary Nigerian Politics. Enugu, Nigeria: Acena, 1992. The author addresses the historical origins and political direction of the Hausa-Fulani hegemony in the Muslim North of Nigeria. Okoli, Enukora Joe. "Nigeria's Hope of Nuclear Weapons," West Africa no. 32 (May 19, 1980):872-874. An interesting discussion by a former Nigerian defense minister on the desirability of a robust nuclear weapons capability for regional and continental security. Okolo, Julius Emeka. "Nigeria," in International Political Economy Series. Bassingstoke: Macmillian (1994):125-146. The author examines the history and the development of the political economy of Nigeria. Okolo, Julius Emeka. "Nigeria's Military Capabilities," Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies vol. 9, no. 4 (Winter 1984):413-436. The

The West African Region

523

author addresses the effectiveness of Nigeria's military capabilities in conducting both regional and continental wars. Okoosi, Antonia A. Global versus Regional Peacekeeping: A Survey of Nigeria's Involvement in the ECOWAS/ECOMOG Operation in Liberia. Ibadan, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1997. The author explores Nigerian military's involvement in peacekeeping operations in Liberia through ECOWAS/ECOMOG organizations. Olori, Toye. "Nigeria: Protesting Women Seize another Chevron Facility," Inter Press Service (July 19, 2002)1-2. The brief author outlines the determined political protest of an Ijaw women group against Chevron's policy of neglecting the social, economic, employment and educational needs of their community over many decades. Olusanya, Gabriel O., and R.A. Akindele (eds.) The Structure and Processes of Foreign Policy Making and Implementation in Nigeria 1960-1990. Lagos: NIIA and Ibadan: Vantage, 1990. The authors analyze the history and practice of foreign policy making and implementation in Nigeria between 1960-1990. Onishi, Normistu. "Nigeria Grows Disenchanted with Democracy," New York Times (February 24, 2002): 6. The brief article discusses the increasing desperation among the citizens of Nigeria with the poor democratic governance and its inability to resolve ethnic and religious tensions, economic underdevelopment, corruption and mismanagement practices in the country. Osaghae, Eghosa E. "The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State," African Affairs vol. 94 (1995):325-344. The author addresses the role of oil and minority politics in initiating the Ogoni revolt against the militarily-run Nigerian state. Osaghae, Eghosa E. "The Strengthening of Local Governments and the Operation of Federalism in Nigeria," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics vol. 27, no. 3 (1989):347-364. The author examines the history of federalism and the strengthening of local governments in Nigeria.

524

The West African Region

Osoba, S. O. "Corruption in Nigeria: Historical Perspectives," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 69 (September 1996):371-386. The author explores historical perspectives in understanding the role and significance of systemic corruption in Nigeria. Othman, Shehu. "Classes, Crises and Coup: The Demise of Shagari’s Regime," African Affairs vol. 83, no. 333 (October 1984):441-463. The author evaluates the political reasons for the end of the corrupt Shagari regime in Nigeria. Othman, Shehu. "Nigeria: Power for Profit-Class, Corporatism, and Factionalism in the Military," in Donal B. Cruise O’Brien, John Dunn, and Richard Rathbone (eds.) Contemporary West African States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1989):113-144. The author assesses the role and impact of power, corruption and influence in the Nigerian military and its negative consequences for democratic stability and order in Nigeria. Owoeye, Jide. "The Domestic Economy and Conception of International Roles in Nigeria: Any Lessons from Japan," Nigerian Journal of International Affairs vol. 17, no. 2 (1991):137-155. The author compares Nigerian experience with the domestic economy and international roles with Japan’s perception of foreign policy as a vital instrument in domestic policy making. Oyebade, Adebayo. "The Organization of African Unity and the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970: A Case Study in Mediatory Diplomacy," M.A. Thesis, University of Ife (Nigeria), 1985. The thesis addresses the role and impact of the OAU's mediatory diplomacy in dealing with the Nigeria's civil war between 1967-1970. Oyinloya, O. "Nigeria's National Defense Spending and Economic Development: An Impact Analysis," Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives vol. 12, no. 2-3 (June-September 1993):241-254. The author examines the impact of Nigerian national defense spending on national economic development. Peters, Jimi. The Nigerian Military and the State. London: Tauris, 1997. The author addresses the history of the Nigerian military's involvement in running the Nigerian state in the post-cold war period.

The West African Region

525

Peters, Jimi. From Constabulary to a National Force: The Evolution of the Nigerian National Army. (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, London: University of London, 1994. The author analyzes the historical origins and institutional development of the Nigeria's national army. Phillips Jr., Claude S. The Development of Nigerian Foreign Policy. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1964. The author provides a historical analysis of Nigerian foreign policy and developments during the early cold war period. Reddy, Sanjay. "An Independent Press Working Against Famine: The Nigerian Experience," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 2 (1988):337346. The author investigates the historical background and political impact of independent press freedoms and activities in a military-ruled Nigeria. Reno, William. "Crisis and (No) Reform in Nigeria’s Politics," African Studies Review vol. 42, no. 1 (1999):105-124. The article assesses the complex problem of political crisis and minimal political reform in Nigeria. Robert, D.A. "Nigeria: Future Nuclear Power?" Orbis vol. 25, no. 2 (1981):416422. The author outlines whether Nigeria can become a nuclear weapons state and its political implications. Saad, Hamman-Tukur. "Urban Blight and Religious Uprising in Northern Nigeria," Habitat-International vol. 12, no. 2 (1988):111-128. The author examines the history and objectives of the Muslim Maitatsine movement in Northern Nigeria from 1980-1980, and its use of violence against Christians and their property in the region Saliu, H.A. and A.A. Lipode. "Nigeria and the Commonwealth Connections," African Quarterly vol. 38, no. 3 (1998):67-93. The authors evaluate Nigeria's complex strategic political and economic relations with the Commonwealth countries. Saro-Wiwa, Ken. Genocide in Nigeria: The Ogoni Tragedy. Oxford: African Books Collective, 1992. The famous Nigerian activist outlines the history of the military government's genocide practices against the Ogoni people. Shaw, Timothy M. and Olajide Aluko (eds.) Nigerian Foreign Policy: Alternative Perceptions and Projections. London: Macmillian Press, 1983.

526

The West African Region

The authors investigate the theory, practice and implementation of Nigerian foreign policy. Sillah, Mohammed-Bassiru. "The African Response to Nuclear Proliferation: A Case Study of Nigeria," Presence Africaine 136 (1985):1-30. The author assesses Nigeria's stated policy on pursuing a nuclear weapons capability, and its strategic implications for South African security and international politics. Sklar, Richard L. "Crises and Transitions in the Political History of Independent Nigeria," Paul A. Beckett and Crawford Young (eds.) Dilemmas of Democracy in Nigeria. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press (1997):15-44. The author addresses the major constitutional crises and the rule of various military regimes in the complex and volatile political history of Nigeria. Sklar, Richard L. "Nigerian Politics: The Ordeal of Chief Awolowo, 19601965," in Gwendolyn M. Carter (ed.) Politics in Africa: Seven Cases in African Government. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World (1966): 119165. The author carefully examines the extraordinary life and political times of the great Nigerian statesman and politician Chief Awolowo, covering the period 1960-1965. Sklar, Richard L. "Contradictions in the Nigerian Political System," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 3, no. 2 (August 1965):201-213. The author provides a critical assessment of the major contradictions and flaws in the Nigerian political system. Sklar, Richard L. Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963. The author examines the historical rise and development of Nigerian political parties and political personalities and their striving for power and control in the Nigerian state. Sklar, Richard L. and Eme O. Awa (eds.) The Voting Behavior and Attitudes of Eastern Nigerians. Aba, Nigeria: Ofomatas Press, 1961. The edited text examines the various dimensions of the voting behavior and political attitudes of Eastern Nigerians.

The West African Region

527

"Soldiers Patrol Riot-Racked Kano," Los Angeles Times (October 15, 2001):A13. The brief article describes a riot between unemployed young Christians and Muslims in Kano, Nigeria. Soremekun, Kayode. "Oil and the Democratic Imperative in Nigeria," in Dele Olowu, Kayode Soremekun and Abebayo Williams (eds.) Governance and Democratization in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum (1995):97-109. The author examines the complex relationship between the Nigeria's oil policy and the real decline in democracy in the state. Soyinka, Wole. Nigeria's Political Crisis: Which Way Forward? Washington DC: National Endowment for Democracy, 1995. The famous author addresses the strategic crisis in Nigeria because of military rule, and its suspension of democratic rights for its citizens. "Stake in Nigerian Bank for Saudi Prince," New York Times (November 13, 1998):C3. The article reveals that the Saudi Prince Walid Bin Talal invested in the United Bank for Africa PLC of Nigeria and the importance of the investment for the bank and Nigeria. Suberu, Rotimi. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington DC: US Institute for Peace Press, 2001. The author addresses the serious problems in the operation of the Nigeria's federalism system in coping with reoccurring demographic, ethnic and religious crisis fracturing the country. Swatuk, Larry A. "Dead-End to Nigerian Development: An Investigation on the Social, Economic and Political Crisis in Nigeria," African Studies Review vol. 38, no. 1 (1995):103-118. The author investigates the social, economic and political crisis in Nigerian development in the military-ruled West African state. Udogu, Emmanuel Ike. "The Allurement of Ethnonationalism in Nigerian Politics," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 29, nos. 3/4 (1994): 159171. The author examines the role and impact of ethnonationalism in Nigeria. Ukaegbu, C.C. "Are Nigerian Scientists and Engineers Effectively Utilized?: Issues on the Deployment of Scientific and Technological Labor for National Development. World Development vol. 13 (1985):499-512. The author evaluates the degree of effectiveness in the utilization of Nigerian

528

The West African Region

scientists and engineers in improving national development and national economic progress. U.S. Department of State. "Nigeria: Pickering Reviews Prospects For Democracy In Nigeria," Africa News (January 6, 1999). The brief article outlines the US State Department's review of the prospects for democracy and economic stability in Nigeria. Uwazie, I.O. Albert and G.N. Uzoigwe (eds.) Inter-Ethnic and Religious Conflict Resolution in Nigeria. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 1999. The edited text investigates the historical background to and the effectiveness of religious and inter-ethnic conflict resolution in the post-cold war period. Vaughan, Olufemi. "Assessing Grassroots Politics and Community Development in Nigeria," African Affairs vol. 94, no. 377 (1995):501-519. The author evaluates the political relationship between grassroots politics and community development in Nigeria. Vogt, Margaret. and E.E. Ekoko (eds.) Nigeria in International Peacekeeping, 1960-1992. Oxford: Malthouse Press, 1993. The edited text chronicles the history of Nigeria and ECOMOG's political involvement in regional peacekeeping activities in the West African region between 1960-1992. White, Gregory and Scott Taylor. "Well-Oiled Regimes: Oil and Uncertain Transitions in Algeria and Nigeria," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 89 (September 2001):323-344. The author provides a comparative analysis on two oil regimes, Algeria and Nigeria, and the uncertain political transitions facing both states. Williams, Anthony V. "Nigeria in West Africa," in David J. Myers (ed.) Regional Hegemons: Threat, Perception and Strategic Responses. Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1991):269-303. The author assesses the historical role and strategic importance of Nigeria in the West African region and in SubSaharan Africa in general. Williams, Donald C. "Measuring the Impact of Land Reform Policy in Nigeria," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 4 (1992):587-609. The author evaluates the historical origins and the political economic impact of land reform policy in Nigeria.

The West African Region

529

Wright, Stephen. "State-Consolidation and Social Integration in Nigeria: The Military’s Search for the Elusive," in Henry Dietz and Jerold Elkin (eds.) Ethnicity, Integration and the Military. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press (1991):179-207. The author addresses the interaction of social integration and state-consolidation activities by the ruling Nigerian military elite, and the implications for stability and order.

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE "Abundance--and Poverty," Courier (March 1998):35-37. The article assesses the social conditions in Sao Tome and Principe. Ayisi, Ruth Ansah. Sao Tome and Principe: A Paradise with Challenges. Sao Tome and Principe: UNICEF, 1997. The author addresses the post-cold war political and economic challenges facing Sao Tome and Principe. Azonga, T.M. "Sao Tome and Principe: Changing Emphasis," West Africa vol. 3965 (September 20, 1993):1674. The brief article discusses Sao Tome and Principe emphasis in prioritizing relations with some of its partners. Azonga, T.M. "Sao Tome and Principe: Time for a Change," West Africa vol. 3960 (August 16, 1993):1442-1443. The author reviews the political problems facing the 1993 Congress. "Election Results," Journal of Democracy vol. 7, no. 4 (1996):181-183. The article reports various election results around the world, including Sao Tome and Principe. Eyzaguirre, Pablo B. Small Farmers and States in Sao Tome, West Africa. New York: J. Wiley, 1995. The author examines the history and issues of small farmers and agriculture in Sao Tome. Hanson, Cynthia and Abraham McLaughling. "Rebel Army Officers Freed Sao Tome and Principe President," Christian Science Monitor vol. 87, no. 188 (1995):2. The brief article reports on the accords to end the military coup in Sao Tome and Principe in the mid-1990s. Hodges Tony and Malyn Newitt. Sao Tome and Principe: From Plantation Colony to Microstate. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988. The authors review

530

The West African Region

the political and economic history of Sao Tome and Principe from a plantation colony to a microstate in the West African region. Kyle, Steve C. Agriculture in Sao Tome and Principe: Policy and Investment Options. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, 1999. The author provides a critical policy and investment assessment of agriculture productivity in Sao Tome and Principe. McLaughling, Abraham and Shelby Siems. "Rebel Military Officers Stormed," Christian Science Monitor vol. 87, no. 183 (1995):2. The brief article discusses the military coup in Sao Tome and Principe in 1995, Sao Tome and Principe. Country Presentation by the Government of Sao Tome and Principe. Geneva: United Nations, 1990. The government report outlines Sao Tome and Principe's political, economic, financial and cultural profile. Seitbert, Gerhard. Comrades, Clients, and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism, and Democratization in Sao Tome and Principe. Leiden, Netherlands: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Leiden University, 1999. The author examines the rise and fall of colonialism, socialism and the movement towards democratization in modern Sao Tome and Principe. Silverstein, Ken. "Sinking its Hope in a Small Nation," Los Angeles Times (May 24, 2003):A1-A20. The author outlines the Houston-based Environmental Remediation Holding Corporation’s aggressive acquisition of significant oil fields in Sao Tome and Nigeria estimated at over 4 billion barrels. Torp, Jens Erik, L.M. Denny, and Donald I. Ray. Mozambique, Sao Tome and Principe: Economics, Politics and Society. New York: Pinter Publishers, 1989. The authors provide a comparative economic, political and societal analysis of Mozambique and Sao Tome and Principe. United States Department of State. Sao Tome and Principe Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1997. United. States: U.S. Department of State, 1998. The U.S. governmental report chronicles human rights practices and problems for the government of Sao Tome and Principe in 1997.

The West African Region

531

Wiseman, J. "Democratic Resurgence in Black Africa," Contemporary Review vol. 259, no. 1506 (July 1991):7-13. The article discusses the democratic changes in Africa, including Sao Tome and Principe.

SENEGAL Berthelemy, Jean Claude, et al. Growth in Senegal: A Lost Opportunity? Paris: OECD, 1996. The edited text examines the economic problems facing Senegal. Buggenhagen, Beth Anne. "Prophets and Profits: Gendered and Generational Visions of Wealth and Vision in Senegalese Murid Households," Journal of Religion in Africa vol. 31, Issue 4 (2001):373-401. The author evaluates wealth, gender and generational issues in Senegal's Murid households. Clark, Andrew F. "Imperialism, Independence, and Islam in Senegal and Mali," Africa Today vol. 46, no. 3 (1999):149-157. The author analyzes the historical role and complex influence of imperialism, the African liberation movement and Islam in Mali and Senegal. Diop, Momar-Coumba (ed.) Le Senegal et Ses Voisins. Dakar, Senegal: Societes-Espaces-Temps, 1994. The edited text addresses Senegal's foreign policy in the post-cold war period. Diop, Waly. "From Government Policy to Community-Based Communication Strategies I Africa: Lessons from Senegal and Uganda," Journal of Health Communication vol. 5, Issue 2 (2000):113-117. The author examines community based strategies and government policy for HIV/AIDS prevention in Senegal and Uganda. Diof, Waly, Berry G. Sheckley, and Marijke Kerhhahn. "Adult Learning in NonWestern Context: The Influence of Culture in a Senegalese Farming Village," Adult Education Quarterly vol. 51, Issue 1 (2000):32-44. The author examines adult learning by farmers in a village in Senegal learn. Diouf, Moustapha. "State Formation and Legitimization Crisis in Senegal," Review of African Political Economy vol. 19, Issue 54 (1992):117-125. The author assesses the processes of state formation and the political legitimization crisis in Senegal.

532

The West African Region

Evans, Martin. "Briefing: Senegal: Wade and the Casamance Dossier," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 397 (2000):649-659. The author assesses the political activity of Abdoulaye Wade, the president of Senegal, and his strategy to control the violent rebellion of the Movement des Forces Democratiques de la Casamance. Fisher, Monica G., Rebecca L. Warner and William A. Masters. "Gender and Agricultural Change: Crop-Livestock Integration in Senegal," Society and Natural Resources vol. 13, Issue 3 (2000):203-222. The authors examine the role and impact of gender relations and agricultural change in modern crop-livestock integration processes in Senegal. Foley, Ellen E. "No Money, No Care: Women and Health Sector Reform in Senegal," Urban Anthropology & Studies of Cultural Systems & World Economic Development vol. 30, Issue 1 (2001):1-50. The author evaluates the weak prospects for poor women's health improvement and critical health sector reform in Senegal. Fraboulet-Jussila, Sylvie. "Water Resources Development in the Lower Senegal River Basin: Conflicting Interests, Environmental Concerns and Policy Options," International journal of Water Resources Development vol. 18, Issue 2 (2002):245-260. The author explores the various policy dimensions and economic implications of water resources development in Senegal's Lower River Basin. "Francophone Africa in Flux," Journal of Democracy vol. 12, Issue 3 (2001):3536. The brief article examines democratization in the various Francophone countries including Senegal. Galvan, Dennis. "Political Turnover and Social Change in Senegal," Journal of Democracy vol. 12, no. 3 (2001):51-63. The author addresses political turnover and social change in post-cold war Senegal. Gellar, Sheldon. Senegal: An African Nation Between Islam and the West. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1982. The authors examine the unique political problems that Senegal as an African nation has with a large Muslim population and dealing with the West in the cold war period. "Genital Mutilation of Women," Women’s International Network News vol. 26, Issue 4 (Autumn 2000):33. The brief article summarizes programs and

The West African Region

533

governmental actions taken by different countries, including Senegal, to eliminate female genital mutilation. Gouede, Nicholas N. "A Landslide for Wade," World Press Review vol. 48, Issue 8 (August 2001):29. The brief article reports on the victory of President Abdoulaye Wade in the 2001 election in Senegal. Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1968. The author assesses the role and impact of Islam and imperialism in Senegal between 1847-1914, as well as the resistance of the Africans to the Arab invasion and conquest. Kodio, Belco et al. "Levels and Causes of Maternal Mortality in Senegal," Tropical Medicine & International Health vol. 7, Issue 6 (2002):499-506. The authors provide an empirical analysis of maternal mortality rates in Senegal. Loimeier, Roman. "L’Islam ne se Vend Plus: The Islamic Reform Movement and the State in Senegal," Journal of Religion in Africa vol. 30, Issue 2 (2000):168-190. The author examines the role and influence of the growing Islamic Reform Movement and the state's political counter-reaction(s). Mortimer, Robert A. "Senegal’s Role in ECOMOG: The Francophone Dimension in the Liberian Crisis," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no .2 (1996):293-306. The author analyzes Senegal’s role in the ECOMOG peacekeeping organization, and its realist drive to influence the Liberian civil war to satisfy its state interests. Omole, Bamitale. "Bilateral Relations Between Nigeria and Senegal, 19601980: Cooperation and Conflicts," Geneve-Afrique vol. 25, no. 2 (1987):80101. The author addresses the historical basis of bilateral relations between Nigeria and Senegal from 1960-1980, as well as their bilateral influence in promoting Western African regional stability. Parker, Ron. "The Senegal-Mauritania Conflict of 1989: A Fragile Equilibrium," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 29, no. 1 (1991):155-171. The author assesses the political origins and strategic implications of the Senegal-Mauritania conflict of 1989.

534

The West African Region

Patterson, Amy S. "Reappraisal of Democracy in Civil Society: Evidence from Rural Senegal," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 3 (1998):423-441. The author examines the prospects for democracy in civil society trends among the African peasants in rural Senegal. Perry, Donna. "Microcredit and Women Moneylenders: The Shifting Terrain of Credit in Rural Senegal," Human Organization vol. 61, Issue 1 (2002):3041. The author analyzes the role and impact of African women as moneylenders and microcredit financing in promoting agricultural productivity in rural Senegal. Perry, Donna. "Rural Weekly Markets and the Dynamics of Time, Space and Community in Senegal," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 3 (2001):461-487. The article evaluates the effects of neo-liberal economic policies in rural Senegal since the 1980s, with a focus on how the new polices have strengthened inner community relations by creating an interactive political environment and allowing farmers to augment their income by trading with one another. Renders, Marleen. "An Ambiguous Adventure: Muslim Organizations and the Discourse of ‘Development’ in Senegal," Journal of Religion in Africa vol. 32, Issue 1 (2002):61-82. The author examines the influence of Muslim organizations in the debate on economic development in Senegal. Riccio, Bruno. "From ‘Ethnic Group’ to ‘Transnational Community’? Senegalese Migrants’ Ambivalent Experiences and Multiple Trajectories," Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies vol. 27, Issue 4 (2001):583-599. The author examines Senegalese migrants' views of transnational community issues.. Schraeder, Peter J. and Nefertiti Gaye. "Senegal's Foreign Policy: Challenges of Democratization and Marginalization," African Affairs vol. 96 (1997):485508. The authors evaluate Senegal's foreign policy dynamics in light of the challenges of political democratization and economic marginalization. Skurnik, W.A.E. The Foreign Policy of Senegal. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1972. The author examines the foreign policy of Senegal in the cold war period, with a specific focus on relations with France and the United States.

The West African Region

535

Thiam, Cheikh Tidane. Droit Public du Senegal (vol. 1): L'Etat et le Citoyen. Dakar, Senegal: Les Editions du CREDILA, 1993. The author assesses the powers of the National Assembly in the areas of the ratification of peace treaties and agreements with international organizations. Thioub, Ibrahima, Momar-Coumba Diop and Catherine Boone. "Economic Liberalization in Senegal: Shifting Politics of Indigenous Business Interests," African Studies Review vol. 41, no. 2 (1998): 63-90. The authors review economic liberalization process in Senegal and their political impact on domestic business interests. Vaillant, Janet G. Black, French and African: A Life of Leopold Sedar Senghor. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1990. The author investigates the life and times of Leopold Sedar Senghor, the first and longest serving president of Senegal. Vengroff, Richard and Michael Magala. "Democratic Reform, Transition and Consolidation: Evidence from Senegal’s 2000 Presidential Election," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 1 (2001):129-163. The authors evaluate Senegal’s 2000 presidential election with regard to measuring democratic reform, transition and consolidation, with regard to the central issues discusses including economic security, political culture, economic modernization, social capital, materialism, education, value change, regime performance and confidence in institutions. Villalon, Leonardo A. Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. The author addresses the strategic issues of state power in an Islamic society such as Senegal.

SIERRA LEONE Abdullah, I. "Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 2 (1998):203-235. The author examines the political origins and operational character of the limb-chopping and murderous Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone, and the political implications of its reign of terror.

536

The West African Region

Amnesty International. Sierra Leone: 1998 - A Year of Atrocities Against Civilians. London: International Secretariat of Amnesty International, November 2, 1998. The report chronicles the RUF's broad campaign of mayhem, brutality, killings and mutilations against the citizens of Sierra Leone in 1998. Amnesty International. The Extrajudicial Execution of Suspected Rebels and Collaborators. London: International Secretariat of Amnesty International, 1992. The report outlines the history and rapid growth of extrajudicial executions of suspected rebels and collaborators during the civil war in Sierra Leone. Amnesty International. Sierra Leone: Prisoners of War? Children Detained in Barracks and Prison. London: International Secretariat of Amnesty International, 1992. The report addresses the detention and the implications of children, young men and young women in maximum security prisons and military barracks in the civil war of Sierra Leone, and their horrific treatment and deaths. Appiah-Mensah, Seth. "Lessons from Liberia," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings vol. 126, no. 3 (March 2000):66-69. The brief article examines the role and influence of ECOMOG in Liberia's peacekeeping operation, as well as outlining possible U.S. military role and interventions in future intrastate military conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa given the events that occurred in Liberia. Ayam, J.A. "Nigeria and the ECOWAS Peacekeeping Initiative in Liberia," Journal of the Third World Spectrum vol. 5, no. 2 (1998):97-107. The author evaluates the strategic role and political and military influence of Nigeria during the major ECOWAS peacekeeping operation in Sierra Leone. Baker, Ashley. "Sierra Leone Teeters as Diamonds and Oil Tear Apart Africa," United Press International News (May 9,2000). The author briefly addresses the civil wars occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa, specifically in Angola (diamonds and oil) and Sierra Leone (diamonds), whose rebel factions exchange diamonds and oil for small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons systems from the United States, Western Europe, China, Russia and Eastern European states.

The West African Region

537

Bangura, Yusuf. "Strategic Policy Failure and Governance in Sierra Leone," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 4 (2000):551-578. The article examines the nine-year conflict in Sierra Leone, and the inability of the government and international diplomats to produce a workable solution for the war-ravaged state’s problems. Bangura, Yusef. "Understanding the Political and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War: A Critique of the Paul Richard's Fighting for the Rain Forest," African Development vol. 22, no. 3-4 (1997):117-148. The author analyzes the cultural and political dynamics underlying the long-running and regionally-destabilizing Sierra Leone war. Berman Eric G. and Katie E. Sams. "Sierra Leone: UN Policy Failure," Christian Science Monitor (January 20, 1999):37-47. The authors reports on the failure of the United Nations Security Council to support the peacekeeping efforts in Sierra Leone in the late 1990s; and that in general, the UN peacekeepers are either absent from the region or keep a low profile. The efforts of ECOWAS and its Cease-Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) to restore peace in the area is outlined. Best K. "The Continuing Quagmire," Africa Report vol. 36, no. 4 (July - August 1991):39-42. The article briefly assesses how the civil war in Liberia is spilling into Sierra Leone and its impact on ECOWAS’ peacekeeping role in the region. Block, Robert. "The Many Maimed in Sierra Leone War Are Feeling Cast Off," Wall Street Journal (November 19, 2001):A10. The brief article reviews the social conditions for the tens of thousands of maimed and amputated African survivors of Sierra Leone’s nightmarish civil war. Boas, Morten. "Liberia and Sierra Leone - Dead Ringers? The Logic of Neopatrimonial Rule," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 5 (October 2001):697-724. The author argues that the strategic reasons for destabilizing civil wars is because of neo-patrimonial politics and warlord governance that developed in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Bridge, T.D. "By Our African Correspondent: Coup in Sierra Leone," The Army Quarterly vol. 122, no. 2 (April 1992):230-33. The author details a major coup in war-ravaged Sierra Leone in the early 1990s.

538

The West African Region

Bridge, T.D. "Sierra Leone Under Attack: Border Conflict," The Army Quarterly vol. 122, no. 1 (January 1992):9-12. The author briefly examines the rising military conflict in the border regions of Sierra Leone. Bundu, Abass. Democracy by Force: A Study of International Military Intervention in the Conflict in Sierra Leone from 1991-2000. Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers, 2001. The author addresses the intervention of international military forces into the civil war in Sierra Leone between 1991-2000, and the implications of the foreign military intervention for the people of Sierra Leone. "Campaign to Curb Illegal Trade in Diamonds Advances." African Mining Monitor (May 29, 2000). British ministers have agreed to give more backing to a campaign to prevent smuggled diamonds from being used for buying weapons for conflicts in Sierra Leone and elsewhere in Africa. Russia has given tentative support to a British plan for strict certification of rough diamonds possibly using holograms or chemical isotopes. Clinton William J. "Memorandum on Assistance for Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, vol. 36, no. 22 (June 6, 2000):1258. Presents the text of a memorandum given by United States President Bill Clinton on May 31, 2000, which deals with the presidential determination on assistance for peacekeeping in Sierra Leone. Cole, Bernadette. "Behind the Rebel Incursions into Sierra Leone: Taylor's Hand," West Africa (August 12-18, 1991):591. The author reviews the devastatingly destructive push of Taylor's military forces into Sierra Leone to destroy Sergeant Doe and his government in the early 1990s. Conciliation Resources (1997). Gender and Conflict in Sierra Leone. The report addresses the origins and brutal impact of the civil war in Sierra Leone on women. http://www.c-t.org/occ_papers/briefing5.htm. Cornwellhead, Richard. "Sierra Leone: RUF Diamonds?" African Security Review vol. 7, no. 4 (1998):1-8. The author examines the agonizing Sierra Leone crisis. The central role of the criminal enterprise the RUF led by Liberia's Charles Taylor is discussed. The political, economic and social devastation in Sierra Leone and the brutal theft of its diamonds and natural resources has also profited international criminal networks and high-living international criminals.

The West African Region

539

Cox, T. Civil-Military Relations in Sierra Leone. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. The author examines the history and processes of civil and military relations in Sierra Leone. Crossette, Barbara. "Support for War Crimes Court is Fading, Sierra Leone Fears," New York Times (April 17, 2001):A8. The brief article outlines the deep concern of Sierra Leone's rulers that the great powers will not support a criminal tribune to bring to immediate trial leaders and members of the rebel Revolutionary United, whose extremely brutal atrocities against the people of Sierra Leone have no compare. Moreover, bringing to trial the criminal President Charles Taylor of Liberia who greatly profited from the diamonds for arms trade is also outlined. Crossette, Barbara. "Sierra Leone Asks U.N. For Role In War Court," The New York Times (June 21, 2000): p. A7. Sierra Leone has asked the United Nations to set up a war crimes tribunal to try RUC rebel leaders whose troops maimed and killed Sierra Leoneans and abducted 500 international peacekeepers, plunging the country into a new round of violence in May. Prosecutors and judges would be a mix of Sierra Leoneans and foreigners. Department of State. Sierra Leone Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996. Washington D.C.: Department of State, 1997. The report outlines the extremely poor state of human rights in Sierra Leone and the great horrors that the civilian population of that country endured in 1996, before and since. Dixon-Foyle, Mac. "Reflections on the Role of the Military in Civilian Politics: The Case of Sierra Leone," Australian Journal of Politics and History vol. 35, no. 2 (1989):211-19 The author discusses the role of the military in civilian politics in Sierra Leone. Dokubo, Charles. "An Army for Rent: Private Military Corporations and Civil Conflicts in Africa: The Case of Sierra Leone," Civil Wars vol. 3, no. 2 (Summer 2000):51-64. The author evaluates the role and impact of private military corporations in civil wars, with a specific emphasis on private military corporations and mercenaries in the extremely brutal and deadly conflict in Sierra Leone. Falola, Toyin. "Nigeria in the Global Context of Refugees: Historical and Comparative Perspective," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 32, no.

540

The West African Region

1-2 (June 1997):5-6. The brief article provides both a historical and comparative analysis of Nigeria's management of both internal and regional refugee flows with an international perspective. Faulkner, Frank. "Kindergarten Killers: Morality, Murder and the Child Soldier Problem," Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 4 (2001):491-505. The author addresses the severe psychological trauma, the personal loss of direction, the loss of face and the major rehabilitation problems that a majority of child soldiers face in militaries around the world, with a central focus on the tragedy of child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Ferme, M. "The Violence of Numbers: Consensus, Competition and the Negotiation of Disputes in Sierra Leone," Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines no. 150-152 (1998):555-580. The author investigates the extremely complex technical and empirical issues involved in the hard negotiations of political disputes in Sierra Leone, as well as their policy implications for dispute resolution. Francis, David J. "Mercenary Intervention in Sierra Leone: Providing National Security or International Exploitation?" Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 2 (1999):319-339. The author discusses the historical origins and the policy impact of sustained mercenary involvement in the extremely brutal civil war in Sierra Leone (and in the Western African sub-system in general), and rather or not the non-African and African mercenaries and their global security firm employers are exploiting the massive security vacuum in the country (and in the region generally) or providing legitimate security services in exchange for diamonds and other strategic commodities. Freedman, Alix M. and Robert Block. "How Plastic Surgery May Be Covering Up A Country’s Dark Past," Wall Street Journal (November 19, 2001):A1. The authors examine the continuing reports of the wartime activities of former members of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) in Sierra Leone and how its youth members during the brutal civil war were forcibly recruited, drugged, and branded with RUF on their chests. It also reviewed the reintegration of these child soldiers back into 'normal' society with the use of plastic surgery to remove the RUF marks, and how their families and neighbors in Sierra Leone viewed them.

The West African Region

541

Fyle, C. "The Military and Civil Society in Sierra Leone: The 1992 Military Coup d' Etat," African Development vol. 28, no. 2 (1994):127-146. The author addresses the origins and implications of the 1992 military coup d' etat in Sierra Leone and its destabilizing impact on the civil society and democratic governance. Fyle, C. The State and the Provision of Social Services in Sierra Leone Since Independence, 1961-1991. Dakar, Senegal: Codesria, 1993. The author assesses the role and effectiveness of the administrative state in the provision of social services between 1961-1991 in Sierra Leone. Harman Danna. "New Pool and Sun Deck Now, For the Tourists," Christian Science Monitor (November 11, 2001): 7. The brief article reports on the revival of the tourist industry in Sierra Leone, which has experienced years of civil war, and is now rebuilding and preparing for tourists. Hecht David. "Africa Tested by Ragtag Rebels," Christian Science Monitor (August 1, 1999):1. The brief article reviews the West African peacekeeping force in Sierra Leone; and its failure to stop the RUF from entering and slaughtering and maiming civilians in Sierra Leone's capital, Freetown. The question of whether regional armies can solve conflicts in Africa is outlined. Hecht, David. "West Wades into African War," Christian Science Monitor (January 21, 1999):38-44. The author evaluates the Western political intervention into the long-standing civil war in Sierra Leone, given the ECOMOG military presence, the support of Sierra Leone Army for the RUF rebels, and the large diamond fields in Sierra Leone beckoning to all of the political actors. Hecht, David. "Women in Sierra Leone Risk Lives to Bring Peace," Christian Science Monitor (April 25, 1996):6. The brief report contends that in Sierra Leone, women striving for peace join the Army, while other women have become guerrilla fighters and bodyguards. "Help for UN in Sierra Leone," Christian Science Monitor (May 10, 2000):8. The brief article outlines the ineffectiveness of the United Nations to establish peace in Sub-Saharan Africa in light of the violence in Sierra Leone.

542

The West African Region

Hirsch, John L. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. The author addresses the historical origins of the collapse of Sierra Leone since the 1970s culminating in May 1977 coup and impact of the brutal RUF against the people of Sierra Leone. Hirsch, John L. "War in Sierra Leone," Survival vol. 43, no. 3 (Autumn 2001): 145-162. The author analyzes the historical and political factors that drove the extremely brutal and limp-chopping war against the people of Sierra Leone. Hopper, Jim. "Sierra Leone-the War Continues," Jane's Intelligence Review vol. 8, no. 1 (January 1996):43. The brief article explores the objectives of the political actors on both sides of the brutal civil war in Sierra Leone. Hoyos, Carola and Alexander Nicoll, "British Forces Set to Take More Visible Role in Sierra Leone," Financial Times (January 8, 2001):8. The authors outline the slow expansion of British military forces in Sierra Leone to buttress the declining manpower levels of the UN Mission in Sierra Leone, with the withdrawal of Indian and Jordanian peacekeeping troops. Human Rights Watch/Africa. Getting Away with Murder, Mutilation, and Rape: New Testimony from Sierra Leone. New York: Human Rights Watch, June 1999. The report examines based on eyewitness testimony the viciousness of rape, mutilation and murder events by the RUC in Sierra Leone in 1990s. Human Rights Watch/Africa. Sowing Terror: Atrocities Against Civilians of Sierra Leone. New York: Human Rights Watch, July 1998. The report summarizes the RUF's campaign of terrorism, brutality and mayhem using indoctrinated child soldiers against the civilians of Sierra Leone, and the impact of the barbaric acts in creating instability and chaos in the country. "Interview with Foday Sankoh," National vol. 21 March 1991 (transcript of BBC program of March 6, 1991). An interview with pathological Foday Sankoh, erstwhile leader of the limb-chopping RUF child soldier rebel group which invaded and devastated Sierra Leone and its citizens in late March 1991. "Israeli Arms Merchant Reported Arrested in Sierra Leone," AFP (January 15, 1999). The report discusses the involvement of Israeli arms merchant, Colonel Yair Klein (an Israeli Defense Forces Reservist), in promoting and

The West African Region

543

consummating major arms sales in Sierra Leone, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. "Is That A Rebel Rock on Your Finger?" Economist (July 8, 2000): 42. Reports on efforts of the United Nations to end the civil war in Sierra Leone by drying up the RUF's source of revenue thought banning diamond sales. Kahn, Amadu Wurie. "Journalism and Armed Conflict in Africa: The Civil War in Sierra Leone," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (December 1998):585-598. The author examines the historical role and political impact of journalism's coverage of civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa with a case study on Sierra Leone. Kalyegira, Timothy. "West African Ministers Meet in Sierra Leone," United Press International (May 13, 2000). The West African foreign ministers of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) met in Sierra Leone to discuss the crisis in the war-torn country. The crisis has brought into question the UN's capacity to enforce peace in Sub-Saharan Africa. The UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, admitted that his peacekeeping force in Sierra Leone was badly trained and badly equipped. Kamara, Tom. "Liberia: Meaningless UN Sanctions as Liberia is Pardoned," Africa News (July 7,2000). The brief article contends that Liberia has been used as a major channel for trafficking arms and diamonds to and from Sierra Leone. While Charles Taylor of Liberia was temporarily reprimanded for his criminal actions, the great powers and the United Nations pardoned him because it was believed that applying sanctions would only encourage Charles Taylor to commit even greater atrocities in Sierra Leone. Kandeh, Jimmy D. "Ransoming the State: Elite Origins of Subaltern Terror in Sierra Leone," Review of African Political Economy vol. 81, Issue 26 (September 1999):349-367. The author examines the elite origins of armed thugs holding power who expertly practice all forms of violence, murder, pillaging, and terrorism in Sierra Leone. Kandeh, Jimmy D. "What Does ‘The Militariat’ Do When It Rules: Military Regimes: The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 69 (September 1993):387-404. The author provides a comparative assessment of military regimes' approach to brutal dictatorial rule in three African states, Gambia, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

544

The West African Region

Korama, Abdul K. Sierra Leone: The Agony of a Nation. Freetown: Andromede Publications, 1996. The author investigates the origins, history and implications of the severe civil war in Sierra Leone and regionally. Kpundeh, Sahr John. Politics and Corruption in Africa: A Case Study of Sierra Leone. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994. The author analyzes the history of politics and corruption in Sierra Leone's public bureaucracy and political class. Kpundeh, Sahr John. "Limiting Administrative Corruption in Sierra Leone," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 1 (March 1994):139-157. The author explores the issue of how to meaningfully reduce administrative corruption in the Sierra Leone civil service and public bureaucracy. Lizza, Ryan. "Sierra Leone, The Last Clinton Betrayal: Where Angels Fear to Tread," The New Republic (July 24, 2000):22-27. The brief article outlines the Clinton administration's dedicated unwillingness to commit material resources to the well being of Sierra Leone before and after the flawed and failed Lome agreement. Luke, David. "The Politics of Economic Decline in Sierra Leone," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 27, no. 1 (1989): 133-142. The author analyzes the politics and the strategic implications of economic decline in the civil war ravaged Sierra Leone. Luke, David and Stephen Riley. "Politics and Economic Decline in Sierra Leone," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 27, no. 1 (March 1989):133-142. The authors examine the politics and economic decline in Sierra Leone. Masland, Tom, Jeffrey Bartholet, Christopher Dickey and Donatella Lorch, "In Search Of Hot Rocks," Newsweek (July 10, 2000):30-33. The authors briefly examine the long-standing trading of rough diamonds for small arms, light weapons and conventional munitions by the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. Morrison Taw, Jennifer and Andrews Grant-Thomas. "U.S. Support for Regional Complex Contingency Operations: Lessons from ECOMOG," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism vol. 22, no. 1 (January-March, 1999):5378. The authors assess the potential for successful complex contingency

The West African Region

545

operations at the regional level based on the lessons learned from the ECOMOG experience, in support of potential U.S. strategic initiatives in support of regional peacekeeping activities in the West African region. Muana, P. "The Kamajoi Militia: Violence, Internal Displacement and the Politics of Counter-Insurgency," African Development vol. 22, no. 3-4 (1997):77-100. The author addresses the political role and counterinsurgency impact of the Kamajoi militia's involvement in the civil war in Sierra Leone, as well as the impact of the militia on the massive internal displacement of civilians forced to flee because of the high levels of military violence. Musa, S. and J. Lansana Musa. The Invasion of Sierra Leone: A Chronicle of Events of a Nation under Siege. Washington D.C.: Sierra Leone Institute for Political Studies, 1993. The authors discuss the RUC's invasion of Sierra Leone and its brutal effects on the civilian population. Norton-Taylor, Richard, "Cook Calls For Boycott of War Zone Diamonds," The Guardian (June 7, 2000):1. The author argues that Britain called for an international embargo on the sale of Sierra Leone diamonds, which fuelled the civil war in the West African country, enabling the RUC rebels to build up their massive arsenal of weapons. The foreign secretary wants a UN resolution banning the trade in diamonds from Sierra Leone except where they are certified as legitimate by the government. An embargo on smuggled diamonds would be difficult to police and require the voluntary cooperation of bankers, brokers and buyers in the world's three main diamond centers- Antwerp, Tel Aviv, and Bombay- as well as De Beers, which manages the world's biggest market for rough diamonds from London. Ogunleye, Bayo. Behind Rebel Line: Anatomy of Charles Taylor's Hostage Camps. Enugu: Delta, 1995. The author explores the extreme political violence and divide and conquer methods underlying Charles Taylor's rebel movement in Liberia. Olonisakin, Funmi. "Mercenaries Fill the Vacuum," The World Today vol. 54, no. 6 (June 1998):146-48. The brief article details the systematic and insidious use of foreign mercenary forces in the destabilizing civil war in Sierra Leone.

546

The West African Region

Olonisakin, Funmi. "Sierra Leone and Beyond: Nigeria and Regional Security," Jane's Intelligence Review 10:6 (June 1998):44-46. The author briefly addresses the regional security implications of the Sierra Leone civil war for Nigerian interests. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Children of War in Sierra Leone Try to Start Over," New York Times (May 9, 2002):A8. The brief article analyzes the societal adjustment and reintegration of 3400 of the 5400 child soldiers who fought with the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. Onishi, Norimitsu. "Africa Diamond Hub Defies Smuggling Rules," New York Times (January 2, 2000):Al-A8. The author examines the illegal operations of the Sierra Leone's central diamond market at Kenema, and its supply relationship to the fertile diamond fields of Tongo and Kono. The domestic smugglers include the Lebanese, Guineans, Gambians, Nigerians, Kamajors (a pro-government group of tribal hunters) and ordinary Sierra Leoneans, all working in defiance of international and regional sanctions to sell their illegal diamonds to eager diamond merchants in Israel and Belgium. Opala, J. "Ecstatic Revolution: Street Art Celebrating Sierra Leone's 1992 Revolution," African Affairs vol. 93, no. 371 (1994):195-218. The author investigates the historical origins and the political impact of revolutionary street art in celebrating Sierra Leone's 1992 revolution. Parker, Andrew. "Britain Set to Reduce Troops in Sierra Leone," Financial Times (August 28, 2001):9. The author outlines Britain's policy reasons for a significant reduction of troop levels in war-torn Sierra Leone. Parker, Andrew and Mark Huband. "UK to Call For Diamond Embargo: Move is Aimed at Starving Sierra Leone Rebels of Funds For Arms-Buying," Financial Times (June 6, 2000):1. Robin Cook, Britain's foreign secretary, believes that a United Nations embargo, backed by sanctions, and is crucial to stopping the conflict. The rebel Revolutionary United Front has bought weapons over the past decade with proceeds from illicit diamond sales. Mr. Cook wants the UN Security Council to approve an international embargo on the import of Sierra Leone diamonds within weeks. Peel, Michael. "Uphill Task for Sierra Leone’s Diamond Exports," Financial Times (May 24, 2002):3. The brief article examines the political and economic problems of rebuilding the diamond industry, critical issues

The West African Region

547

related to diamond smuggling, the need for higher ethical standards in diamond production and export in a post-conflict Sierra Leone and in the other diamond-producing states in Sub-Saharan Africa. Peel, Michael. "Peacekeepers to Stay in Sierra Leone, Says the UN," Financial Times (May 17, 2002):6. The brief article discusses the UN decision to stay in Sierra Leone to ensure democracy and stability in the war-ravaged West African state. Perlez, Jane. "G. I.’s to Be Sent to Train Africans for Sierra Leone," New York Times (September 8, 2000): A1. The brief report posits that U.S. government will send American troops to Nigeria in order to train and equip specialized West African military battalions for peacekeeping duties Sierra Leone, where many of the United Nations troops were kidnapped in May 2000. Peters, K. and Paul B. Richards. "Why We Fight: Voices of Youth Combatants in Sierra Leone," Africa vol. 62, no. 2 (1998):183-210. The authors catalogue and evaluate the political views of young soldiers fighting in the civil war in Sierra Leone. Peters, Ralph. "Sierra Leone’s Blood is on America’s Hands," Wall Street Journal (May 11, 2000):A26. The brief article suggests that the U.S. habit of working with criminals in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as forgiving the RUF leader Foday Sankoh, complicated the resolution of the civil war in a blood-stained Sierra Leone. Rahill, J. "The Military in Sierra Leone Politics: An Overview," Sierra Leone Review vol. 3, no. 1 (1994):71-78. The author provides an overview of the involvement of the military in Sierra Leone civilian politics. Reno, William. "Privatizing War in Sierra Leone," Current History vol. 96, no. 610 (May 1997):227-30. The author examines the use of mercenaries and security firms in the conduct of the civil war in Sierra Leone. Reno, William. "Ironies of Post-Cold War Structural Adjustment in Sierra Leone," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 67 (March 1996):7-18. The author assesses the political and economic ironies of postcold war structural adjustment policy in a war-torn Sierra Leone.

548

The West African Region

Reno, William. Corruption and Politics in Sierra Leone. London: Heinemann, 1995. The author addresses the historical origins and the policy impact of structural corruption in the politics of Sierra Leone. Richards, Paul B. Fighting for the Rain Forests: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1996. The author examines the political and military conflict occurring in the war-ravaged rainforests of Sierra Leone, as well as providing an in-depth study on the political origins and near-genocidal practices of the infamous RUC against the African people of Sierra Leone. Richards, Paul B. "Rebellion in Liberia and Sierra Leone: A Crisis of Youth?" in Oliver Furley (ed.) Conflict in Africa. London: I.B. Tauris, (1995):134-170. The author investigates the forced military involvement and socio-economic implications of African children in the very brutal rebellion(s) in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Richards, Paul B. "Video and Violence on the Periphery: Rambo and War in the Forests of Sierra Leone-Liberia," IDS Bulletin vol. 25, no. 2 (April 1994):88-93. The author reviews the military conflict(s) being waged in the rain forests of Liberia and Sierra Leone, and their devastating impact on the beleaguered peoples of the two countries. Richards, Paul B. "Local Strategies for Coping With Hunger: Central Sierra Leone and Northern Nigeria Compared," African Affairs vol. 89, no. 355 (1990):265-276. The author assesses various local strategies for securing food security in a comparative analysis of Central Sierra Leone and the Northern Nigeria. Riley, Stephen P. "Sierra Leone: The Militariat Strikes Again," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 72 (June 1997):287-292. The author examines the impact of the military and security forces on the civil war in Sierra Leone. Riley, Stephen P. Liberia and Sierra Leone: Anarchy or Peace in West African? London: Research Institute for the Study of Conflict and Terrorism, 1996. The authors discuss the history and implications of the political conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone.

The West African Region

549

Riley, Stephen and Max Sesay. "Sierra Leone: The Coming Anarchy," Review of African Political Economy vol. 63 (March 1995):121-126. The authors posit that the collapse of the state and of the political economy because of a devastating civil war threatens Sierra Leone with total national anarchy. Rizvi, Sajid. "Britain Seeks Liberia Aid Suspension," United Press International (June 13, 2000). The brief article outlines that Britain is seeking to block S56 million in European Union aid to Liberia, which is supplying arms to $ierra Leone's rebels in return for illicit diamonds. In May 2000, Britain rushed troops to Sierra Leone, a former British colony, to bolster President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah's defense against terrorists loyal to rebel leader Foday Sankoh, of the Revolutionary United Front. In counterattacks aided by British advisers, Sankoh was seized and is currently being held by Kabbah's forces. Shearer, Davis. "Exploring the Limits of Consent: Conflict Resolution in Sierra Leone," Millennium vol. 26, no. 3 (1997):845-60. The author assesses the history and effectiveness of conflict resolution practices in Sierra Leone. "Sierra Leone: Cutting the Link Between Diamonds and Guns," Africa News (June 1, 2000). The brief article focused on Amnesty International request that the RUC faction in Sierra Leone and Charles Taylor of Liberia take immediate action to stop the illegal trade of diamonds for small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons. "Sierra Leone: In Trouble," African Confidential (March 17, 1987). The brief article reviews PLO links to Sierra Leone expressed through the resident Lebanese community. "Sierra Leone: Lebanon's Shadow," African Confidential (August 20, 1986). The brief article outlines Arab economic and cultural influence in Sierra Leone expressed through the resident Lebanese community. "Sierra Leone's President Sweeps First Postwar Vote," Los Angeles Times (May 20, 2002):A4. The brief article discusses the election of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah in the first postwar vote in war-ravaged Sierra Leone. Smith, Alex Duval. "Secret Network Links Arms and Looted Diamonds in Sierra Leone: President Blaise Compaore of Burkina Faso is The Shameless Middleman Shipping Weapons to Foday Sankoh's Guerrilla Army," The

550

The West African Region

Independent (May 16, 2000):13. President Blaise Coampaore Burkina Faso wasted no time in positioning himself as Sub-Saharan Africa's top renegade, as the shameless arms middleman for pariah armies and rogue rebel groups. Swatuk, Larry A. "Development Strategy and the Economy of Sierra Leone," African Studies Review vol. 38, no. 1 (1995):103-118. The author evaluates alternative development strategies with regard to the civil war-ravaged political economy of Sierra Leone. "Taylor's War in Sierra Leone," New African (July 1991):17-18. The brief article summarizes Taylor's prosecution of the brutal civil war in Sierra Leone. Tejan-Cole, A. "Human Rights Under the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council in Sierra Leone: A Catalogue of Abuse," African Journal of International and Comparative Law vol. 10, no. 3 (1998):481-495. The author examines numerous human rights violations during the reign of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council in Sierra Leone. Thalif, Deen. "Diamonds A Curse For Women In War-Torn Sierra Leone," Inter Press Service (June 9, 2000). According to the Diamonds High Council, a trade group based in Antwerp, Sierra Leone officially exported only about $31 million worth of diamonds last year. However, in neighboring Liberia, which has very few diamond mines, it exported over $298 million worth of diamonds during the same year. In Sierra Leone, gender-based violence, systemic rape and forced pregnancies were strategic weapons in the war against women in the ongoing civil war. Udogu, Ike E. "Economic Community of West African States: From an Economic Union to a Peacekeeping Mission?" Review of Black Political Economy vol. 26, no. 4 (Spring 1999):55-75. The author evaluates the Economic Community of West African States' new peacekeeping mission and activities, against the policy backdrop of a massive economic crisis in the West African region. Venter, Al J. "Not RUF Enough," Soldier of Fortune vol. 20, no. 12 (December 1995):32-37. The author examines the brutal terror methods used against the civilian population by the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone. Venter, Al J. "Sierra Leone's Mercenary War Battle for the Diamond Fields," International Defense Review vol. 28, no. 11 (November 1995):61-66. The

The West African Region

551

author analyzes the conflict between the RUF and contending mercenaries and war factions for control of the diamonds fields in Sierra Leone. Weston John. “Sierra Leone,” UN Chronicle, vol. 34, no. 3 (1997):50. The brief article focuses on the statement of the United Nations Security Council on the role the military junta in Sierra Leone would play in the restoration of government of President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah. Concerns expressed by the Security Council over the breakdown of talks between the ECOWAS' Committee of Four and representatives of the military junta. Willey, Fay. "Sergeant Doe's Death Squad," Newsweek (May 5, 1980):64. The author briefly discusses Sergeant Doe's extensive death squad activities in Sierra Leone. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. "Child Soldiers in the Civil War in Sierra Leone," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 84 (June 2000):73-82. The author investigates the role and implications of the use of child soldiers by the RUF to prosecute the civil war in Sierra Leone. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. "Sierra Leone: The Political Economy of Civil War, 1991-98," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 1 (1999):143-163. The author reviews the political economy of the civil war in Sierra Leone between 1991-1998, with an emphasis on the role and impact of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in trying to stop the brutal civil war in Sierra Leone. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. "Kamajors, ‘Solbel’ and the Militartiat: Civil Society and the Return of the Military to Sierra Leonean Politics," Review of African Political Economy vol. 24, no. 73 (September 1997):373-79. The author examines the historical role and political implications of the military's brutal involvement in Sierra Leone politics. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. Tributors, Supporters and Merchant Capital: Mining and Underdevelopment in Sierra Leone. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1995. The author provides an interesting analysis of mining and underdevelopment issues and their impact on the political economy of Sierra Leone. Zack-Williams, Alfred B. and Stephen Riley. "Sierra Leone: The Coup and Its Consequences," Review of African Political Economy no. 56 (March

552

The West African Region

1993):91-97. The authors examine the origins of the military coup and its strategic consequences for Somalia. Zavis, Alexandra. "Chased by War, Sierra Leone Refugees Opt for BattleScarred Homeland," Los Angeles Sentinel (February 21, 2002):A-20. The brief article addresses the flight of tens of thousands of Sierra Leone refugees fleeing camps in Liberia, in light of the recent Klay assault against Monrovia, Liberia

TOGO Alinon, Koffi Olulumazo. Improving Tenure Security in Northern Togo: A Means to Address Desertification. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2000. The author addresses desertification mitigation through improving land tenure security in Togo. Amnesty International. Togo: Political Imprisonment and Torture. London: Amnesty International Publication, 1986. The report outlines political imprisonment, torture, and unfair treatment of government opponents in Togo. Brown, David. "Sieges and Scapegoats: The Politics of Pluralism in Ghana and Togo," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 21, no. 3 (1983):431-460. The author examines the comparative politics of political pluralism and democratic dynamics in Ghana and Togo. Cornevin, Robert. "Les Militaires au Dohomey et au Togo," Revue Francaise d’Etudes Politiques Africaines vol. 36 (1968):65-84. The author evaluates the impact of the military on the national societies of Dahomey and Togo. Doe, Lubin. "A Small Macroeconomic Model of Togo," The Nigerian Journal of Economics and Social Studies vol. 24, no. 3 (1982):335-362. The author provides a small macroeconomic model of the Togo economy in the cold war period. Ellis, Stephen. "Rumor and Power in Togo," International African Institute vol. 63, no. 4 (1993):462-476. The author describes some of the main political events that took place in 1991 and the serious opposition faced by President Gnassingbe Eyadema.

The West African Region

553

Francois, Yvonne. Le Togo. Paris: Karthala, 1993. The author examines the colonial and post-colonial history, as well as the political rise and development of Togo. Heilbrunn, John R. "Commerce, Politics, and Business Associations in Benin and Togo," Comparative Politics vol. 29, no. 4 (1997):473-492. The author addresses the history and impact of business associations, politics and commerce in Benin and Togo. Heilbrunn, John R. "Togo: The National Conference and Stalls Reform," in John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier (eds.) Political Reform in Francophone Africa Boulder, CO: Westview Press (1997):225-245. The author examines the political origins, major actors and policy implications of the National Conference and Stalls Reform in Togo, a former Francophone African state Heilbrunn, John R. "Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, no. 2 (1993):277-299. The author addresses the comparative social origins and political dynamics of national conferences in Benin and Togo. Houngnikpo, Mathurin C. "The Military and Democratization in Africa: A Comparative Study of Benin and Togo," Journal of Political & Military Sociology vol. 28, no. 2 (2000):210-230. The author provides a comparative analysis of the process of democratization and the role and impact of the military in Benin and Togo. Kjellstrom, Sven B. Institutional Development and Technical Assistance in Macro-Economic Policy Formulation: A Case Study of Togo. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1987. The report evaluates the utilization of institutional development and technical assistance in macro-economic policy formulation in Togo. International Monetary Fund. Togo, Recent Economic Developments. Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1997. The IMF report provides an interesting but technical economic update on recent political economic developments in Togo.

554

The West African Region

Togo: A New Era for Human Rights? London: Amnesty International, 1994. The report carefully outlines the potential prospects for the protection and advancement of human rights in Togo.

5

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa (by General Themes/Countries) GENERAL THEMES Abadi, Jacob and Jennifer Krischer. "Israel And The Horn of Africa: The Strategic And Political Imperatives," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies vol. 25, no. 2 (2002):26-51. The author assesses the history and operational dynamics informing Israel's interests in the Horn of Africa. Agnew, J. "Regions in Revolt," Progress in Human Geography vol. 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2001):103-111. The author reviews war in Somalia and Rwanda. Akinyemi, Nurudeen B. "Sources of Future Conflict in the Horn: Water Management and Interstate Relations among Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia," The Journal of African Policy Studies vol. 1-3 (March 1995):23-43. The author assesses the prospects of water shortages in the Horn of Africa. Bariagaber, Assefaw. "Linking Political Violence and Refugee Situations in the Horn of Africa," International Migration vol. 33, no. 2 (1995):209-234. The author analyzes political violence and refugees in the Horn of Africa region. Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins. Africa's Thirty Year War: Libya, Chad and the Sudan, 1963-1993. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. The authors evaluate war between Libya, Chad and Sudan from 1963 to 1993.

556

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Byman, D.L. "Uncertain Partners: NGOs and the Military," Survival vol. 43, no. 2 (May 24, 2001):97-114. The author reviews emergency relief agencies' operations in weak states wracked by political violence such as Somalia. Ciampi, Gabriele. "Cartographic Problems of the Eritrea-Ethiopian Border," Africa vol. 53, no. 2 (2001):155-189. The author examines colonial Italian maps and post-World War II Ethiopian maps to delineate the true border demarcations between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Clapham, Christopher. "The Political Economy of Conflict in the Horn of Africa," Survival vol. 32, no. 5 (1990):403-420. The author addresses the political economy of conflict in the Horn of Africa region. Cliffe, Lionel. "Regional Dimensions of Conflict in the Horn of Africa," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, Issue 1 (February 1999):89-112. The author analyzes the regional dimensions of political conflict between states in the region, as well as the impact of regional organizations in influencing peacemaking, economic cooperation and security dynamics in the Horn of Africa. Fukui, Katsuyoshi and John Markakis. Ethnicity and Conflict in the Horn of Africa. London: James Currey, 1994. The authors examine the history and strategic implications of ethnicity and conflict in the Horn of Africa. Henriksen, Thomas. Clinton’s Foreign Policy in Somalia, Bosnia, Haiti, and North Korea. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute Press, October 1996. The author assesses President Clinton’s foreign policy in the 1990s towards weak states, including Somalia. Henze, Paul B. Russians and the Horn of Opportunism and the Long View. Marina del Rey, CA. European American Institute for Research, 1983. The report assesses Russia's interests in the Horn of Africa region. Hills, Alice. Policing Africa: Internal Security and the Limits of Liberalization. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000. The author examines internal security within constraints of limited liberalization in Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia. "Horn of Africa," in J. Hampton. Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey London: Earthscan (1998):76-87. The article outlines the increasingly destabilizing problem of internally displaced people in the Horn of Africa region.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

557

Hyndman, Jennifer. "A Post-Cold War Geography of Forced Migration in Kenya and Somalia," The Professional Geographer vol. 51, no. 1 (February 1, 1999):104-114. The author assesses recent research in the Horn of Africa on forced migration patterns in Kenya and Somalia. International Security Council. The Horn of Africa: A Strategic Survey. New York: International Security Council, 1989. The report provides a strategic analysis of the military balance in the Horn of Africa region in the 1980. Iyob, Ruth. "The Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict: Diasporic vs. Hegemonic States in the Horn of Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 4 (2000):1-24. The author examines the creation and development of the Eritrean state following its successful resistance to the Afro-Marxist Ethiopian state. Khalil, M.I. "Conflict in Africa," Journal of African Economies vol. 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2000):295-322. The author evaluates the varied African experiences with conflict management and conflict resolution in situations of political conflict and civil war. Kingma, Kees and V. Sayers. Demobilization in the Horn of Africa: Proceedings of the IRG Workshop, Addis Ababa, December 1994, Brief 4. Bonn, Germany: BICC, 1994. The author discusses the relationship between surplus weapons and retained weapons and their security and developmental impact on the demobilization process undergone by Ethiopia and Eritrea, as well as by other African states. Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. "The United States, Ethiopia and the 1963 Somali-Soviet Arms Deal: Containment and the Balance of Power Dilemma in the Horn of Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 4 (1998):611-643. The author analyzes the implications of U.S.-Ethiopian relations and the 1963 Somali-Soviet arms deal in the Horn of Africa. Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. "Post-Cold War Clouds: The Eritrea-Sudan Crisis," Middle East Policy vol. 4 (September 1995):34-49. The author addresses the origins and potential consequences of the Eritrea-Sudan crisis in the postcold war period. Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. Arms for the Horn: US Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991.

558

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

The author examines US security policies toward Ethiopia and Somalia from 1953-1991 and at the height of the cold war period. Legum, Colin and Bill Lee (eds.) Conflict in the Horn of Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1997. The edited text analyzes the post-cold war political conflicts in the volatile Horn of Africa region. Lyons, Terrence. "The Horn of Africa Regional Politics: A Hobbesian World," in W. Howard Wriggins (ed.) Dynamics of Regional Politics: Four Systems on the Indian Ocean Rim. New York: Columbia University Press (1992):158-164. The author provides an excellent political history on the Hobbesian-type regional conflict in the Horn of Africa Makinda, S.M. "Security in the Horn of Africa," Adelphi Paper no. 269 (1992). The author evaluates the regional security events and dynamics in the Horn of Africa, and its political implications for stability and order. Markasis, John. "The Horn of Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 70 (December 1996):469-474. The article addresses the history and trends in the variation of political conflict(s) in the Horn of Africa region. Menkhaus, Ken and John Prendergast. "Conflict and Crisis in the Greater Horn of Africa," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):213-217. The authors discuss the massive problems of disease and economic underdevelopment that plagues the Horn of Africa region, threatening to destabilize the extremely poor region far into the future. Molvaer, R.K. "Environmentally-induced Conflicts: A Discussion Based on Studies in the Horn of Africa," Bulletin of Peace Proposals vol. 22, no. 2 (1991):175-182. The author assesses the implications of environmentally induced conflicts by contending African states in the Horn of Africa region. Molvaer, R.K. "Environmental Cooperation in the Horn of Africa: A UNEP Perspective," Bulletin of Peace Proposals vol. 21, no. 2 (1990):135-142. The author evaluates the degree and intensity of environmental cooperation by African states engaged in conflict in the Horn of Africa region. Nederveen, Jan. "Sociology of Humanitarian Intervention: Bosnia, Rwanda, and Somalia Compared," Sage Public Administration Abstracts vol. 25, no. 4 (January 1, 1999). The author compares all three countries' civil wars and

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

559

assesses the effectiveness of great powers' humanitarian intervention in ending these conflicts. Pateman, Roy. "Intelligence Operations in the Horn of Africa," in John Sorenson (ed.) Disaster and Development in the Horn of Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press (1995):49-71. The author evaluates intelligence operations in the Horn of Africa region in the post-cold war period. Prendergast, John. Crisis Response: Humanitarian Band-Aids in Sudan and Somalia. London: Pluto Press, 1997. The author contends that the lack of sustained political engagement by donor governments and international organizations in addressing the causes of complex humanitarian crisis exacerbates state failure and humanitarian disasters. Sanjian, Gregory. "Promoting Stability or Instability? Arms Transfers and Regional Rivalries," International Studies Quarterly vol. 43, Issue 4 (December 1999):641-671. The author addresses the political and economic effects of arms transfers on the stability of the Horn of Africa region. Schraeder, Peter J. "The Horn of Africa: US Foreign Policy in an Altered Cold War Environment," Middle East Journal vol. 46, Issue 4 (Fall 1992):571594. The author assesses the Cold War rivalry on US policy towards Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. "Some Leery of Plan to Lift Ban on Arms in Africa Horn," New York Times (January 8, 2001):A5. The premature lifting of the international arms embargo (May 2001) when confidence-building measures were not fully implemented and 4500 UN peacekeeping troops were not yet satisfactorily deployed and successfully interfacing with the military commanders from Ethiopia and Eritrea are discussed. Swain, Ashok. "Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt: The Nile River Dispute," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 675694. The author reviews territorial disputes between Ethiopia, the Sudan and Egypt over the usage and control of the Nile River system. Horn region. Tekle, Amare. "International Relations in the Horn of Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, Issue 70 (December 1996):499-510. The article explores the foreign relations in Northeast Africa region with a focus on great power politics and patterns of conflict and alliances.

560

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Tuso, Hamdesa. "Constructed on a Sand Foundation, The Crisis of U.S. Foreign Policy Toward the Horn of Africa During the Post Cold War Era: A Critical Review," Horn of Africa vol. 27 (December 1999):19-29. The author posits that the U.S. foreign policy towards the Horn of Africa is based on national interests focused on protecting Middle Eastern oil fields and access to the Red Sea, and that US support for tyrants in the Horn of Africa region is based on insuring these national interests. Woodward, Peter. The Horn of Africa: State Politics and International Relations. London: Tauris, 1996. The author examines the pressuring issues and problems of state politics and international relations in the Horn of Africa. Zelleke, Imru Lij. "The Horn of Africa: A Strategic Survey," International Security Council Journal vol. 62, Issue 14 (January 1994):13-60. The author provides a comprehensive strategic political, economic and social survey of the states and political actors in the Horn of Africa.

DJIBOUTI Kadamy, Mohamed. "Djibouti: Between War and Peace," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 70 (December 1996):511-522. The author examines the history and intensity of political conflict in Djibouti. Tholomier, Robert. Djibouti: The Pawn of the Horn of Africa. London: Scarecrow, 1981. The author addresses cold war politics within and surrounding Djibouti in the Horn of Africa region.

ERITREA Abbink, Jon. "Post-Conflict Prospects for Reconstruction and Development," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 511-549. The author reviews Eritrea's post-war economic reconstruction and development prospects. Alemseged, Abbay. Identity Jilted, or, Re-imagining Identity?: The Divergent Paths of the Eritrean and Tigrayan Nationalist Struggles. Lawrenceville,

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

561

NJ.: Red Sea Press, 1998. The author evaluates the internal political conflicts and identity crisis between the two rival liberation groups in Eritrea. Bascom, J. "The Dynamics of Refugee Repatriation: The Case of the Eritreans in Eastern Sudan," in W.T.S. Gold and A.M. Findley (eds.) Population Migration and the Changing World Order. London: John Wiley and Son, (1994):225-248. The author addresses the complex political and negotiations problem of refugee repatriation of Eritreans in the Eastern Sudan back to Eritrea. Connell, Dan. "Inside the EPLF: The Origins of the 'People's Party' and Its Role in the Liberation of Eritrea," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 89 (September 2001):345-364. The author discusses the historical role, the political dynamics and ideological importance of the EPLF in the liberation of Eritrea and in the birth of a new nation in the Horn of Africa. Connell, Dan. "The Importance of Self-Reliance: NGOs and Democracy Building in Eritrea," Middle East Research and Information Project vol. 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2000):28-32. The author examines the role and consequences of NGOs in encouraging democracy building dynamics in the Eritrean state and civil society. Connell, Dan. "Shootout in the Horn of Africa: A View from Eritrea," Middle East Research and Information Project vol. 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1999):4-5. The author briefly assesses the political conflict in the Horn of Africa from Eritrea's perspective. Connell, Dan. Against All Odds: A Chronicle of the Eritrean Revolution. Philadelphia, PA: Red Sea Press, 1993. The author provides a historical analysis of the rise, development and fulfillment of the Eritrean Revolution and the revolutionary ardor that Eritrea exhibited in its conflict with Ethiopia. Crossette, Barbara. "Arms Embargo Ordered for Eritrea and Ethiopia," New York Times (May 19, 2000):A3. The article outlines the United Nation's Security Council decision to impose an arms embargo to spur both sides toward a resumption of peace talks.

562

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Davidson, Basil et. al (eds.) Behind the War in Eritrea. Nottingham: Spokesman, 1980. The edited text addresses the protracted war in Eritrea and its individual, family and social impact on the society. Druby, S.A. "Cover the National Image Mosaic of Eritrea," International Journal of Remote Sensing vol. 18, no. 14 (September 20, 1997):2897-2898. The brief article examines the origins and the development of the national image of Eritrea. "Eritrea/Ethiopia Trench War that Buried a Dream," New Internationalist Issue 320 (January 2000):40-43. The brief article focuses on the conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia caused by a border dispute. Erlich, Haggai. The Struggle over Eritrea, 1962-1978: War and Revolution in the Horn of Africa. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute, 1983. The author examines the political and military conflict over Eritrea between 19621978. Fegley, Randall (ed.) Eritrea. Oxford; Clio Press, 1995. The author reviews the historical origins and the political dynamics involved in the development of the Eritrean state in the Horn of Africa region. Fischer, Ian. "War Dims Eritrea’s Hopes, but Clears Its Eyes," New York Times (April 24, 2001):A4. The author briefly describes the economic and social conditions in Eritrea after its two-year war with Ethiopia. Fischer, Ian. "Awful War, Real Peace: The Model of Eritrea," New York Times (April 6, 2001):A3. The author briefly outlines the cease-fire deal between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Fischer, Ian. "Eritrea’s Big Leap Falls Victim to 15 months of War," New York Times (October 11, 1999):A8. The article focuses on the military conflict between the Eritrea and Ethiopia, and the collapse of a promising Eritrean economy. Gebremedhin, Tesfa. Beyond Survival: The Economic Challenges of Agriculture and Development in Post-Independence Eritrea. Lawrenceville, NJ.: The Red Sea Press, 1996. The author examines the economic challenges of development and agriculture in a post-independent Eritrea.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

563

Iyob, Ruth. "Historical Dictionary of Eritrea," Africa Today vol. 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 196-198. The author briefly presents critical information on the history of Eritrea. Johnson, Constance. "Eritrea – Yemen Arbitration," Leiden Journal of International Law vol. 13, no. 2 (January 1, 2000):427-446. The author analyzes the arbitration history between Eritrea and Yemen in solving outstanding territorial dispute(s). Kibreah, Gaim. Refugees and Development in Africa: The Case of Eritrea. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1987. The author examines the negative externalities created when refugees are not assisting in their state's economic development, with a case study on Eritrea. Klingebiel, S., S.I. Garko, C. Kreidler, S. Lobmer, and H. Schutte. Promoting the Reintegration of Former Female and Male Combatants in Eritrea. Berlin: German Development Institute, 1995. The report addresses the reintegration in Eritrean society of both men and women combat veterans who fought the war against Ethiopia. The unique issues faced by Eritrean combat women veterans are particularly noteworthy, as they suffer a high divorce rate and related gender and social adjustment problems because of serious tensions with Eritrean men who are pressing them to revert to traditional gender roles. Kwiatkowska, Barbara. "The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation," Ocean Development and International Law vol. 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2001):l-25. The author discusses the arbitration of territorial dispute(s) in the maritime policy area by the two countries. Lacey, Marc. "Eritrea Puts a Tight Lid On Its Press," New York Times (May 5, 2002):6. The brief article discusses the Eritrean government's control on the activities of the political press. Negash, Tekeste. Brothers at War: Making Sense of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (East African Series) Ohio University Press, January 2001. The author reviews the strong ethnic ties between Eritrea and Ethiopia in the destabilizing wartime environment.

564

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Negash, Tekeste. "Eritrea and Ethiopia: the Federal Experience," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 36, no. 6 (December 1, 1999). The author examines the halting movement towards federal government structures in both countries. Okhazghi, Yohannes. Eritrea: A Pawn in World Politics. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1991. The author outlines the forced subjugation of Eritrean and other African peoples in the Ethiopian Empire, and the central role of the European colonizers in supporting these outcomes in the Horn of Africa in the mid-to-late nineteenth century. Pateman, Roy. "The Eritrean Perspective," in Discussion of the Current Border Conflict. Menlo Park, CA: Center for Strategic Decision Research, 2000. The author outlines the strategic Eritrean perspective on the continuing border conflict with Ethiopia. Pateman, Roy. "The Eritrean War," Armed Forces and Society vol. 17, Issue 1 (Fall 1990):81-99. The author examines the issues in the Horn of Africa as relating to the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea, as well as the strategy and tactics used by the Eritrean Liberation Front against Ethiopian forces. Plaut, Martin. "Yemen and Eritrea: Friends Once More?" Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 78 (December 1998):559-661. The author briefly addresses the political implications in the recent improvement in bilateral relations between Yemen and Eritrea in the post-cold war period. Plaut, Martin. and P. Gikes. Conflict in the Horn: Why Eritrea and Ethiopia are at War. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, March 1999. The authors discuss the troubled relations since the 1970s between the EPLF and the PLF, and the costly military conflict between the Eritrea and Ethiopia. Pool, David. Eritrea: Towards Unity in Diversity. London: Minority Rights Group, 1997. The author reviews politics of ethnic diversity in Eritrea. Prendergast, John and Mark Duffield, "Liberation Politics in Ethiopia and Eritrea," in Ali, Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press (1999):35-52. The authors investigate the origins and impact of the political philosophies and military policies of the ruling Eritrean People's Liberation Front and the ruling Tigrayan People's Liberation Front; and the supporting

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

565

role of external actors overthrowing the Mengistu's regime and influencing the Eritrean and Ethiopian conflict. Reid, Richard. "Eritrea: An Ethiopian View," The Journal of African History vol. 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 131-172. The author analyses the history and context of Eritrea's political, economic and military conflict with Ethiopia. Rock, June. "The Land Issue in Eritrea's Reconstruction and Development," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 84 (June 2000):221-234. The author provides a historical and political analysis of strategic land issue problems in Eritrea's reconstruction and development. Rock, June. "Relief and Rehabilitation in Eritrea: Lessons and Issues," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1999):129-143. The author discusses the complex politics and economics of international humanitarian assistance, relief and rehabilitation in Eritrea. Rothestein, Mervyn. "Eritreans and Ethiopians Sign Treaty to End Their Border War," New York Times (December 13, 2000): A12. The article outlines the peace treaty signed by Ethiopian Prime Minster Meles Zenawi and the Eritrean President Isayas Afewerki, as well as the behind-the-scenes pressure by the Organization of African Unity to end the costly conflict between the two former allies. Schorr, Daniel. "Eritrea and Ethiopia Call a Truce," Christian Science Monitor vol. 92, Issue 145 (June 19, 2000): 7-8. The report suggests that Eritrea and Ethiopia have signed a peace agreement. Selassie, Bereket. "Creating a Constitution for Eritrea," Journal of Democracy vol. 9, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 164-174. The author examines Eritrea's drive to create a strong constitution that takes into account the country's drive for self-determination and the promotion of economic development. Silkin, Trish. "Reports and Comment Research in the War Zones of Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia," Disasters vol. 21, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 166-176. The article compares the war zones in Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia and compares them to the war zones in Yugoslavia and the Balkans.

566

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Taylor, Terry. "Eritrea and Ethiopia at Doubtful Peace," Economist vol. 355, Issue 8176 (June 24, 2000):50-55. The author examines the tenuous peace achieved between warring Ethiopia and Eritrea due to continuing border disputes. Taylor, Terry. "Eritrean-Ethiopian War," Economist vol. 355, Issue 8171(May 20, 2000) 55. The progress of the war between Ethiopia and Eritrea is briefly discussed. Tekle, Amare (ed.) Eritrea and Ethiopia: From Conflict to Cooperation. Lawrenceville NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1994. The edited text addresses bilateral political and diplomatic relations between Eritrea and Ethiopia in the post-cold war period. Tronvoll, Kjetil. "The Process of Nation-Building in Post-War Eritrea: Created From Below or Directed From Above?" The Journal of Modern Africa Studies vol. 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1998):461-482. The article discusses Eritrea's approach to nation building born out its long liberation struggle with Ethiopia, and the resulting strategic difficulties in building a productive political economy and civil society. Walters, Joel. "Multilingualism and Nation Building: Language and Education in Eritrea," Journal of Multicultural Development vol. 20, no. 6 (December 1, 1999):475-493. The author discusses the complexities of educational/language policy planning and policy implementation in a new multilingual state, Eritrea.

ETHIOPIA Abate, Yohannis. "Civil-Military Relations in Ethiopia," Armed Forces and Society vol. 10, no. 3 (Spring 1984):380-400. The author examines the nature and context of cold war civil-military relations in Ethiopia. Abate, Yohannis. "The Legacy of Imperial Rule: Military Intervention and the Struggle for Leadership in Ethiopia, 1974-78," Middle Eastern Studies vol. 19 (January 1983):28-42. The author addresses the aftermath of imperial rule in Ethiopia and the rise of military rule between 1978-1978.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

567

Abbink, Jon. "Violence and The Crisis of Conciliation: Suri, Dizi and The State in Southwest Ethiopia," Africa vol. 70, Issue 4 (2000):527-550. The author examines the social and political developments in the escalating violence between ethnic groups in southwest Ethiopia, as well as the potential consequences of the crisis. Abegaz, Berhanu (ed.) Essays on Ethiopian Economic Development. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1994. The edited text addresses important economic policy and economic development issues and their strategic political and economic implications in a post-cold war Ethiopia. Agyeman-Duah, Baffour. The United States and Ethiopia: Military Assistance and the Quest for Security, 1953-1993. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994. The author explores the historical dynamics and the overall strategic context and framework in which the United States has militarily assisted Ethiopia in maintaining its national security in the Horn of Africa region. Agyeman-Duah, Baffour. "The United States and Ethiopia: The Politics of Military Assistance," Armed Forces and Society vol. 12, no. 2 (Winter 1986):287-307. The author carefully outlines the historical origins behind the militarization of Ethiopia with Emperor Haile Selassie's signing of the US Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement in 1953. Since the overthrow of Selassie in 1974 by a military d'etat, these early military assistance and access basing activities have generally defined the overall framework of US foreign security and foreign diplomatic relations toward Ethiopia, even in the post-cold war period. Alvarsson, Jan-Ake. Starvation and Peace, or Food and War? Aspects of Armed Conflict in the Lowers Omo Valley, Ethiopia. Uppsala, Sweden: University of Uppsala, 1989. The author examines the gains and losses of military conflict versus severe famine scenarios in Ethiopia, with a territorial focus on the Lowers Omo Valley. Araia, Ghelawdewos. Ethiopia: the Political Economy of Transition. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1995. The author evaluates the history and policy implications of a slow technical economic recovery because of the lack of foreign investment and the weak transition of the political economy in a post-war Ethiopia.

568

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Bailey, Glen. An Analysis of the Ethiopian Revolution. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, 1980. The author examines internal political, economic and ethnic conflict(s) in Ethiopia and the rise of the revolutionary movement in that country. Baissa, Lemmu. "The Oromo and the Quest for Peace in Ethiopia," TransAfrica Form vol. 9, no. 1 (Spring 1992):57-68. The author addresses the prospects for peace between the Oromo liberation movement and the Ethiopia's central government. Baissa, Lemmu. "United States Military Assistance to Ethiopia, 1953-1974: A Reappraisal of a Difficult Patron-Client Relationship," Northeast African Studies vol. 11, no. 3 (1989):51-70. The author discusses the history and policy developments defining U.S.-Ethiopian military technology transfers, and the colliding national security interests of the hegemon and the weak state. Bariagaber, Assefaw. "The Politics of the Cultural Pluralism in Ethiopia and Eritrea: Trajectories of Ethnicity and Constitutional Experiments," Ethnic and Racial Studies vol. 21, no. 6 (November 1998):1056-1973. The article examines the respective constitutional developments as they are influenced and conditioned by the competitive ethnic populations inside both Ethiopia and Eritrea. Bariagaber, Assefaw. "Political Violence and the Uprooted in the Horn of Africa: A Study of Refugee Flows in Ethiopia," Journal of Black Studies vol. 28, no. 1 (1997):26-42. The author examines the origins and implications of large-scale refugee flows from Ethiopia within the regional context of political violence and internal migration Berhanu, Betemariam. "War, Famine, and Female Migration in Ethiopia, 19601989," Economic Development & Cultural Change vol. 49, Issue 1 (October 2000):91-l 15. The author explores the social response to war, famine and civil strife in Ethiopia by using an aggregate model of mobility process in order to explain and understand female migration trends to urban cities. "Border Conflict Between Ethiopia and Eritrea," Statement by the Press Secretary/Director-General for Press and Public Relations, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (March 1, 1999). The brief report outlines that Japan expects Ethiopia and Eritrea to solve their

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

569

armed conflict, encouraging the United Nations Security Council and the Organization of African Unity to produce a positive outcome. "Border Conflict Between Ethiopia and Eritrea," Statement by Mr. Masahiko Koumura, Minister for Foreign Affairs. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (February 6, 1999). The brief report examines the military escalation in the border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Japan's support for a peaceful solution. Bukowski, Elizabeth. "Ethiopia Urges Congress to Fund Debt-Relief Plan," Wall Street Journal (September 18, 2000):B4. The article outlines Prime Minister Meles Zenawi's call to the US Congress to provide support and funding for debt-relief for Ethiopia and other developing countries. Bulcha, M. Flight and Integration: Causes of Mass Exodus and the Problem of Integration in Sudan. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1988. The report addresses the various causes of the mass exodus of Ethiopian refugees and their problematic integration in the Eastern Sudan region. Campbell, John. "Land or Peasants?: The Dilemma Confronting Ethiopian Resource Conservation," African Affairs vol. 90, no. 358 (1991):5-22. The author examines the dilemmas of land use and resource conservation policies and the role and impact of Ethiopian farmers in strategic resource decision-making. Clapham, Christopher. "The Horn of Africa: Consequences of Insurgency," Africa Insight vol. 23, no. 4 (1993):184-189. The author addresses the strategic consequences of political and military insurgencies in the Horn of Africa region. Clapham, Christopher. Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. The author addresses the political dynamics of transformation and continuity in revolutionary Ethiopia. Clapham, Christopher. "Ethiopia," in Timothy M. Shaw and Olajide Aluko (eds.) The Political Economy of African Foreign Policy. Aldershot, England: Gower (1984):79-93. The author critiques the political economy of a Marxist Ethiopian state.

570

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Clark, J. Ethiopia's Campaign Against Famine. London: Harney and Jones, 1989. The author examines the long-running drought and severe annual crop failures in Ethiopia, and its extremely negative impact on the Ethiopian population, especially its children, including malnutrition and starvation. Clay, J. and B. Holcomb. Politics and the Ethiopian Famine, 1984-1985. Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival Inc., 1986. The authors examine the historical and political origins and the strategic implications of the Ethiopian famine between 1984-1985. Clinton, William J. "Statement on the Signing of the Ethiopia-Eritrea Final Peace Agreement," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol. 36, Issue 50 (December 18, 2000):3068. The text outlines the speech given by President Bill Clinton, observing signing of the final peace agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Clinton, William J. "Statement on the Ethiopia-Eritrea Final Peace Agreement," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol. 36, Issue 49 (December 11, 2000):3023. A speech given by President Bill Clinton, which discusses the real political importance of a peace treaty between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Colletta, N., M. Costner and I. Wiederhofer. Case Studies in War-to-Peace Transitions: Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda. Washington DC: African Technical Department, the World Bank, 1996. The report assesses the level of success in demobilization and reintegration of former combat veterans (male and female) in the armies of Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda. Crawley, Mike. "With War on the Back Burner, Ethiopia Can Plan For Future," Christian Science Monitor vol. 92, Issue 228 (October 18, 2000):7. The author briefly examines Ethiopia's drive to solve its famine and food shortage problems. Crisp, Jeff. "The Politics of Repatriation: Ethiopian Refugees in Djibouti, 19771983," Review of African Political Economy vol. 30 (1984):73-82. The author addresses the history and politics in the negotiated repatriations of Ethiopian refugees living in Djibouti between 1977-1983. Crossette, Barbara. "U.S. Is Asking for Sanctions on Ethiopia and Eritrea," New York Times (May 16, 2000):A6. The article discusses the US request that

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

571

the Security Council impose sanctions against Ethiopia and Eritrea until the fighting between them stops. "Ethiopia and Eritrea Fight in WWI-Like Trench Battles," International Journal on World Peace vol. 16, Issue 3 (September 1999):76-78. The article summarizes the static and costly military conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia. Fischer, Ian. "With Accord Set, Ethiopia and Eritrea Pause in Fighting," New York Times (June 16, 2000):A14. The article argues that the fighting between the Ethiopia and Eritrea has given way to a cease-fire agreement. Giorgis, Wolde Dawitt. Red Tears: War, Famine and the Revolution in Ethiopia. Philadelphia, PA: Red Sea Press, 1990. The author assesses the history, development and outcomes of the political revolution in Ethiopia within the context of war and famine. Hammond, Jenny. Fire from the Ashes: A Chronicle of the Revolution in Tigray, Ethiopia, 1975-1991. Lawrenceville, NJ and Asmara, Ethiopia: The Red Sea Press, 1999. The author examines the historical, political, ideological and social roots of the revolution in the Tigray region of Ethiopia between 1975-1991. Harbeson, John W. The Ethiopian Transformation: The Quest for the PostImperial State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1988. The author addresses the political transformation in the Mengistu-ruled Ethiopia. Hendrie, B. "The Politics of Repatriation: The Tigrayan Refugee Repatriation, 1985-1987," Journal of Refugee Studies vol. 4, no. 2 (1991):200-218. The author discusses the historical origins and policy implications of the Tigrayan refugee repatriation movement between 1985-1987. Henze, Paul. Ethiopia--the Collapse of Communism and the Transition to Democracy: Adjustment to Eritrean Independence. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation No. P-7921, 1995. The author examines the fall of Communism and the movement towards democratic rule in Ethiopia given the success of the Eritrean revolution. Henze, Paul. Ethiopia and Eritrea in Transition: The Impact of Ethnicity on Politics and Development. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation No. P-

572

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

7937, 1995. The author examines the role and impact of ethnicity on politics and development in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Henze, Paul. Ethiopia: The Fall of the Derg and the Beginning of Recovery under the EPRDF, March 1990-March 1992. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation No. P-7922, 1995. The author examines the change of government in Ethiopia with the collapse of the Derg and the rise to state power of the EPRDF in 1990. Henze, Paul. Ethiopia and Eritrea: The Defeat of the Dergue and the Establishment of New Governments. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1993. The report addresses the fall of the Dergue regime of Ethiopia and its implications for the Eritrean liberation movement. Henze, Paul. The Defeat of the Derg and the Establishment of New Governments in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation No.P-7766, 1992. The author discusses the fall of Ethiopia's Derg and the rise of new governments in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Henze, Paul. Mengistu’s Ethiopian Marxist State in Terminal Crisis: How Long Can it Survive? What Will Be Its Legacy? Santa Monica, CA.: The Rand Corporation, 1990. The report addresses the problems with the Mengistu regime and its political longevity. Henze, Paul. Eritrean Options and Ethiopia’s Future. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation, 1989. The report addresses Eritrean options given Ethiopia's hegemony in the Horn of Africa region. Henze, Paul. Rebels and Separatist in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime. Washington D.C.: The Rand Corporation, 1985. The report addresses the history of democratic and separatist resistance to the Mengistu regime. Iyob, Ruth. "The Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict: Diasporic vs. Hegemonic States in the Horn of Africa," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, Issue 4 (2000): 659-683. The article assesses the political conflict between Eritrea and Ethiopia.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

573

Johnson, Pamela. "East to Ethiopia," Essence vol. 31, Issue 8 (December 2000):166-169. The author provides a brief analysis of the history and politics of Ethiopia. Keeley, James. "Knowledge, Power and Politics; the Environmental PolicyMaking Process in Ethiopia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, Issue 1 (2000): 89-121. The author examines the creation of policy discourses promoting both environmental rehabilitation and rapid agricultural intensification for food self-sufficiency in Ethiopia. Keeley, James and Ian Scoones. "Knowledge, Power and Politics: The Environmental Policy-Making Process in Ethiopia," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 1 (2000):89-121. The authors evaluate the origins and quality of environmental policy-making and environmental implementation in Ethiopia. Keller, Edmond J. (ed.). Afro-Marxist Regimes: Ideology and Public Policy. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987. The edited text examines political ideology and public policy choices in the Marxist regime of Ethiopia and elsewhere in Sub-Sahara Africa. Kinfe, Abraham. Ethiopia: From Bullets to the Ballet Box: The Bumpy Road to Democracy and the Political Economy of Transition. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1994. The author discusses the rise and impact of the democratic movement and the resulting transition on the political economy in Ethiopia. Korn, David A. "Ethiopia on the Verge of Disaster," Journal of Third World Studies vol. 7, no. 1 (Spring 1990):20-40. The author describes the growing political conflict in Ethiopia in the 1980s. Korn, David A. Ethiopia, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986. The author addresses the cold war rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in Ethiopia and in the Horn of Africa region generally. Lacey, Marc. "Front Line of Famine in Ethiopia Is the Soil," New York Times (November 4, 2001):A5. The brief article explores the lack of food security in Ethiopia because of drought, poor land use, increasing human and stock overpopulation, soil erosion and massive deforestation. These factors have

574

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

increased the severity of famine not only in Ethiopia, but also in SubSaharan Africa in general, putting at risk millions of African men, women and children in the years and decades ahead. Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. Arms for the Horn: U.S. Security Policy in Ethiopia and Somalia, 1953-1991. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1991. The author examines U.S. security and arms policy towards Ethiopia and Somalia between 1953-1991. Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. "Donor Dependency and American Arms Transfer to the Horn of Africa: The F-5 Legacy," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 25, no. 3 (September 1987):465-88. The author addresses US arms transfer policy in F-5 fighter aircraft in the Horn of Africa region in the 1980s. Lefort, Rene. Ethiopia: A Heretical Revolution? London: Zed, 1983. The author provides an analysis of the Marxist revolution in Ethiopia and its consequences for domestic and regional security. Levine, Donald N. Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multi-Ethnic Society. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press, 2000. The author addresses the historical development and the political evolution of a multi-ethnic society in Ethiopia. Lorfan, Fiona. "The Ethiopian-Eritrean Conflict: A Fragile Peace," African Security Review vol. 9, no. 4 (2000). An excellent historical account of the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict and the recent peace between the two countries. Lyons, Terrence. "The United States and Ethiopia: The Politics of a PatronClient Relationship," Northeast African Studies vol. 8, no. 2-3 (1986):5375. The author addressees the strategic relations between the United States and Ethiopia during the cold war period. Makinda, Samuel M. Superpower Diplomacy in the Horn of Africa: The Ethiopian-Somalia Border Conflict. Ph.D. Diss., Howard University, 1988. The author addresses the superpower rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Horn of Africa region with a particular reference to the Ethiopian-Somalian border conflict. Paul, J.C.N. "Human Rights and the Structure of Security Forces in Constitutional Orders: The Case of Ethiopia," Review/International

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

575

Commission of Jurists no. 60 (1998):135-166. The author evaluates human rights and the structure of security forces in constitutional orders in Ethiopia. Pausewang, Siegfried, Kjetil Tronvoll and Louise Aalen (eds.) Ethiopia Since the Derg: A Decade of Democratic Pretension and Performance. New York: Macmillan, 2003. The edited text examines the 2000-2001 elections and the rise to power of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front over the DERG, as well as assessments of environmental issues, caste and class conflict, rural and urban divisions and gender dynamics in Ethiopia. Peninou, J.L. "The Ethiopian-Eritrean Border Conflict," Boundary and Security Bulletins vol. 6, no. 2 (1998):46-50. The brief article addresses the tense border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea in the late 1990s. Perlez, Jane. "U.S. Did Little to Deter Buildup as Ethiopia and Eritrea Prepared for War," New York Times (May 22, 2000):A9. The article reviews the Clinton administration's hands-off policy in both preventing international military arms sales and stopping the political movement of Ethiopia and Eritrea towards regional war. Rothestein, Mervyn. "Ethiopia and Eritrea Exchange Over 700 Prisoners of War," New York Times (December 25, 2001):A20. The brief article reports on the prisoners of war exchange between Ethiopia and Eritrea negotiated by the International Committee of the Red Cross as of December 2000. Rothestein, Mervyn. "Ethiopia Begins Withdrawing Army from Eritrea," New York Times (February 13, 2001):A3. The brief article contends that Ethiopia has begun withdrawing its troops from Eritrea with assistance from the United Nation. Schuler, Corinna. "Ethiopians Starve as West Promises Aid," Christian Science Monitor vol. 92, Issue 116 (May 8, 2000). This report examines the severe drought in Ethiopia and the lack of immediate western humanitarian and food assistance to alleviate the great suffering. Tareke, Gerbe. Ethiopia: Power and Protest. Lawrenceville, NJ; Red Sea Press, 1996. The author examines the history of state repression and peasant protests in Ethiopia.

576

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Tareke, Gebru. "Preliminary History of Resistance in Tigrai (Ethiopia)," Africa vol. 39, no. 2 (1984):201-26. The author provides a preliminary history of the political (and military) resistance of the Tigrai Liberation Movement against the central government in Addis Ababa. Tiruneh, Andargagnew. The Ethiopian Revolution, 1974-1987: A Transformation from Aristocratic to Totalitarian Autocracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. The author addresses the origins, evolution and impact of political change from aristocratic rule to totalitarian autocracy in Ethiopia from 1974-1987. Tola, Babiie. To Kill a Generation: The Red Terror in Ethiopia. Washington D.C.: Free Ethiopia Press, 1989. The author examines the cold war reign of the Red Terror regime in Ethiopia. Turner, Mark. "Ethiopia and Eritrea Sign Peace Deal," Financial Times (December 13, 2000):5. The article discusses the peace settlement between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and the deployment of a new UN standby highreadiness brigade to enforce the peace. "U.S. Commander Visits Ethiopia," Los Angeles Times (March 17, 2002):A20. The brief article reports on the visit of General Tommy Franks to discuss regional security issues and the war on terrorism with Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and the Military Chief of Staff, Lt. General Samora Yenus and the latter's concern about Al Ittihad al Islami, a Somali fundamentalist group with alleged ties with Al Qaeda. U.S. House Select Committee on Hunger. Ethiopia and Sudan: Warfare, Politics, and Famine. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988. The report addresses the critical problems of famine, war and politics in Ethiopia and in the Sudan. Vestal, Theodore M. Ethiopia: A Post-Cold War African State. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. The author evaluates the rise and development of post-cold war Ethiopia and its consequences both domestically and for the Northeast and Horn of Africa regions. Viaud, Pierre. "Ethiopia: La Guerra Oubliee des Trois Fronts," Afrique Contemporaine no. 135 (July/September 1985):46-52. The brief article addresses the guerilla conflict in Ethiopia in the 1980s.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

577

White, Phillip. "War and Famine in Ethiopia and Eritrea," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, Issue 84 (June 2000):329-334. The study reviews the critical relationship and effects of war and famine for Ethiopia and Eritrea. Woodward, Peter. War and Peace in North-East Africa? London: The Center for Security and Conflict Studies, 1989. The author addresses the history and implications of the war and peace issues in the Northeast African region. Wubnen, Mulatu, and Yohannis Abate. Ethiopia: Transition and Development in the Horn of Africa. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press, 1988. The authors examine political dynamics and economic development issues impacting Ethiopia. Yermolin, Vladimir. "Putin Disarms Ethiopia," Current Digest of the Post Soviet Press vol. 52, Issue 35 (September 27, 2000):19-21. The author reports that the Russian President Vladimir Putin signed an agreement for Russia to comply completely with the UN Security Council resolution banning Ethiopia from receiving any high technology Russian military equipment, with the purpose of disarming Ethiopia and stabilizing the Horn of Africa region in the process. Young, John. Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People’s Liberation Front, 1975-1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. The author addresses the historical origins and political and military activities of the Tigray People's Liberation Front between 1975-1991 in fighting the central government of Ethiopia. Young, John. "Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 70 (December 1996):531-542. The author evaluates the complex and evolving relationship between ethnicity politics and power dynamics in a post-cold war Ethiopia. Young, John. "The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: A History of Tensions and Pragmatism," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 1 (1996):105-120. The author examines the political and military activities of the Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts against the central government of Ethiopia.

578

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Zegeye, Abede and Siegfried Pausewang (eds.) Ethiopia in Change: Peasantry, Nationalism and Democracy. London: British Academic Press, 1994. The edited text addresses the history and strategic interactions between the peasantry, nationalism and democracy in a post-cold Ethiopia. Zwede, Bahru. A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974. London: James Currey, 1991. The author provides an informed history of modern Ethiopia between 1855-1974.

SOMALIA Abdalla, Ismail and David Sconyers. Perspectives and Challenges in the Development of Sudanese Studies. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1993. The authors address the major problems faced by the Sudan in the areas of external financial relations, refugees, drought and famine issues, regional development programs, and Sudanese identity issues as it related to North-South dynamics. Abdi, Ali A. "Somalia at the Mercy of 'Little Leaguers': Some African States Perpetuating the Continuing De-Institutionalization of Somalia," Horn of Africa vol. 17, no. 14 (December 1999):1-18. The article examines the negative political involvement of Ethiopia, Libya, Egypt, and Eritrea in perpetuating the political conflict in Somalia. Abdi, A. Ali. "Education in Somalia: History, Destruction, and the Calls for Reconstruction," Comparative Education vol. 34, no. 3 (November 1, 1998):327-340. The author reviews how civil war has destroyed the education system in Somalia and how it has economically impacted the country. Additionally, the author discusses the strategic need for the reconstruction of the educational system as a means of coping with the past conflict. Abdi, Mohammaed Kuslow. "The Genesis of the Somali Civil War: A New Perspective," Northeast Africa Studies vol. 1, no. 1 (1994):31-46. The author provides an alternative explanation for the historical and political origins of the Somali civil war. Abdulkardir, Deriye. Somalia: the Role of the Public Sector in Developing Countries: International Research Project. Ljubljana, Yugoslavia:

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

579

International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries, 1983. This research project focused on the role and impact of the public sector on government in Somalia. Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye. "Fiasco in Somalia: US-UN Intervention," Occasional Papers of the African Institute; no. 61 (1995):37-47. The report chronicles American and United Nations involvement in Somalia during the ill-fated Operation Restore Hope program between 1992-1993. Abdurahman, Jama Barre. Salient Aspects of Somali’s Foreign Policy: Selected Speeches. Mogadishu, Somalia: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1991. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs report provides important political and strategy speeches by Somalia's leadership on regional and international issues between 1960-1991. Abir, Mordechai. The Contentious Horn of Africa. London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1991. The author evaulates the foreign relations and the political conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia during the height of the cold war period. Adam, Hussein M. "Somali Civil Wars," in Ali Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGillQueen's University Press (1999):169-192. The author examines the explosive negative interaction between the non-hierarchical Somali civil society and the state, and its strategic role in the deep Somali descent into disorder and instability. Adam, Hussein M. "Somalia: Militarism, Warlordism or Democracy?" Review of African Political Economy, no. 54 (1992): 11-26. The author addresses the political conflict in Somalia and the tension between the rise of warlordism and the residual democracy in the failing Somalian state. Adan, Amina H. "Somalia: An Illusory Political Nation State," South Asia Bulletin vol.14, no.1 (1994):99-109.The article examines the role of the U.N. and the United States in the Somalian conflict and provides an overview of the military regime of Barre from 1969-1990. Adar, Korwa. Kenyan Foreign Policy Behavior Towards Somalia. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1994. The author analyses the foreign policy behavior of Kenya toward Somalia in the post-cold war period.

580

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Adibe, Clement Emenike. Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Somalia. New York and Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1995. The author addresses the management of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons during the peace process in Somalia. Afrah, Mohamound M. The Somalia Tragedy: The Comprehensive Dossier That Recreates the Terror of Destruction in Somalia. Mombassa: Mohamed Printer, 1994. The author examines the history of tragedy for the Somalian people, as well as the strategic implications of the Somalia civil war. Afrah, Mohamound M. Mogadishu: A Hell in Earth. Nairobi, Kenya: Copos, 1993. The author chronicles the brutal civil war and the factional conflict between the various contending warlords in Mogadishu, Somalia. African Rights. Humanitarianism Unbound? Current Dilemmas Facing Multimandate Relief Operations in Political Emergencies. London: African Rights, 1994. The report assesses the problems of multi-mandate relief operations in African states involved in civil war or severe political conflict. African Rights. Somalia: Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces. London: African Rights, 1993. The report addresses human rights abuses by United Nations peacekeepers against Somalian citizens. African Rights. Land Tenure: The Creation of Famine and Prospects for Peace in Somalia. London: African Rights, 1993. The report examines the historical and policy impact of the land tenure issue on famine and peace prospects in Somalia. African Rights. The Nightmare Continues: Abuses Against Somalia Refugees in Kenya. London: African Rights, 1993. The report outlines the abuse and brutalities that Somalian refugees endure in Kenya and their political implications. African Rights. Somalia: Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces. London. African Rights, 1993. The Report reviews the human rights and physical abuses by members of the United Nations peace force against Somalians. African Rights. Somalia Operations Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment. London: African Rights, 1993. The report critically evaluates the

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

581

Operations Restore Hope operations by the United Nations, the United States and other states. African Rights and Mines Advisory Group. Violent Deeds Live on Land Mines in Somalia and Somalialand. London: African Rights and Mines Advisory Group, 1993. The report discusses the serious land mine problems in Somalia and Somalialand Africa Watch. Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People. New York: Africa Watch, 1990. The report provides critical insight into the Somalian government's war against the Somali people. Ahmed, A.I. "Somalia: Roots of Anarchy," Indian Journal of African Studies vol. 5, no. 1 (1992):14-26. The article examines the historical basis for Somalia's decline into anarchy. Ahmed, Ali Jimal. Daybreak is Near: Literature, Clans and the Nation-State in Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ.: Red Sea Press, 1996. The author assesses the role and implications of political culture, nationalism, and the oral traditions of the various clans in Somalia. Ahmed, Ali Jimal (ed.) The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press, 1995. The edited text examines the historical origins and the political development of Somalia. Ahmed, Ismail and Reginald Herbold Green. "The Heritage of War Collapse in Somalia and Somalialand: Local-Level Effects, Interventions and Reconstruction," Third World Quarterly vol. 1999):113-127. The article assesses the economic recovery Somaliland liberation war with Somalia.

and State External 120 (Fall after the

"Aideed Named," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 2 (January 15-28, 1995):9489. The brief article assesses the signing of a new peacekeeping agreement on December 26, 1994, in an effort to restore democracy and unity in Somalia. Alden, Edward and Mark Huband. "Case Still Open on Terror's Quartermasters," Financial Times (February 21, 2002):5. The authors address briefly the political and terrorist issues related to the U.S. closure of Barakat, the Somalia-domiciled hawala money-transfer unit, because of its alleged financial links with al-Qaeda.

582

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Allard, C.K. "Lessons Unlearned: Somalia and Joint Doctrine," Joint Force Quarterly vol. 9 (1995):105-109. The author assesses the real shifts in U.S. Joint Doctrine strategy because of Somalia's political and humanitarian tragedy. Allard, Kenneth. Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1995. The author examines the role and operations of US armed forces in Somalia, with a focus on the US Department of Defense's Operation Restore Hope, the peacekeeping effort designed to provide hope and material means to rebuild Somalia. Annan, Kofi. "Peacekeeping in Situations of Civil War," New York University Journal of International Laws and Politics vol. 26, no. 4 (1994):623-32. The author discusses peacekeeping modalities and outcomes in active civil war environments such as Somalia. Augelli, Enrico, and Craig N. Murphy. "Lessons of Somalia for Future Multilateral Humanitarian Assistance Operations," Global Governance vol. 1, no. 3 (September-December 1995):339-65. The author addresses future multilateral humanitarian assistance lessons learned from the Somalian case. Ayiittey, G.B.N. "The Somalia Crisis: Time for an African Solution," Policy Analysis no. 205 (1994):1-36. The author suggests that an African solution (continental wide or regionally based ) to the Somalian crisis is in order Backmann, Rene. "Les Lecons Du Derapage," Nouv Observateur (October 14, 1993):35-36. The brief article evaluates the problems that arise both politically and economically during humanitarian interventions by the United States and the United Nations in Somalia. Bariagaber, Assefaw. "The United Nations and Somalia: An Examination of a Collective Clientelist Relationship," Journal of Asian and African Studies vol. 31, no. 3-4 (December 1996):162-77. The author contends that Somalia is a weak client of the United Nations in the areas of humanitarian assistance and peace building.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

583

Bayne, E.A. Four Ways of Politics: State and Nation in Italy, Somalia, Israel, Iran: The Dynamics of Political Participation as Exhibited in Four Countries Caught up in the Process of Modernization. New York: American Universities Field Staff, 1965. The report offers historical case studies of political participation in eight developed and developing states involved in the modernization process. Baynham, Simon. "Somalia: Operation ‘Restore Hope’," African Insight vol. 23, no. 1(1993):17-23. The author examines the mission and effectiveness of Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Bell, D. Bruce. "The Desert Fax: A Research Note on Calling Home From Somalia," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 4 (August 1, 2000). The author reviews the effectiveness of the humanitarian mission in Somalia from the American perspective. Bercuson, Jay. Significant Incident: Canada’s Army, the Airborne, and the Murder in Somalia. Toronto, Canada: McClelland and Stewart, 1996. The report examines Canadian military personnel involvement in killing Somalian civilians, between 1992-1997. Besteman, Catherine. Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence and the Legacy of Slavery. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. The author examines the history of slavery, tribal violence and ethnicity to explain the current state of the political economy and politics in warlord-driven Somalia. Bilski, Andrew. "On the Attack," Maclean's vol. 106, no. 26 (June 28, 1993):1819. The brief article assesses the consequences of the military attacks by U.S. forces on target sites controlled by the warlord of Mogadishu, Mohamed Farah Aideed. Bir, Cevic. "Interoperability and Intervention Operations," RUSI Journal vol. 142, no. 6 (December 1997):22-26. The author reviews the relations between interoperability and intervention operations and the future implications of these operations by evaluating the US military intervention in Somalia.

584

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Biswas, A. "The Crisis in Somalia: The U.S./U.N. Intervention," Africa Quarterly vol. 34, no. 2 (1994):193-120. The author examines the U.S./U.N. humanitarian intervention in Somalia and its political implications. Blumenthal, Sidney. "Why Are We in Somalia?" The New Yorker (25 October 1993):48-60. The author assesses why the United States is politically and militarily involved in the Somalia conflict. Boltin, John R. "Wrong Turn in Somalia," Foreign Affairs vol. 73, no. 1 (January/February 1994): 56-66. The author explores the strategic problems with American foreign policy towards Somalia and the long-term consequences. Bongartz, Maria. The Civil War in Somalia: Its Genesis and Dynamics. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1991. The author discusses the origins and history of the civil war and state fragmentation in Somalia. Booker, B. M. "Somalia: The Roots of Today’s Conflict," Strategy and Tactics no. 171 (1994):53-61. The author addresses the political basis for the Somalia conflict. Borchini, C. and M. Borstelmann. "PSOP in Somalia: The Voice of Hope," Special Warfare vol. 7, no. 4 (1994):2-10. The author evaluates the effectiveness of U.S. psychological warfare operations in Somalia. Bradbury, Mark. The Somalia Conflict: Prospects for Peace. Oxfam Press, December 1994. The author examines the prospects for peace among the contending clan factions in Somalia. Breen, Robert. Through Aussie Eyes: Photographs of the Australian Defence Force in Somalia. Canberra: Department of Defence, 1994. The author photographs the activities of Australian Defense Force's peacekeeping in Somalia. Brons, M.H. Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State of Somalia: From Statelessness to Statelessness? Utrecht: International Books, 2001. The author investigates the background and interaction of security, sovereignty, society and state issues in maintaining and encouraging a stateless Somalia.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

585

Brune, L.H. The United States and Post-Cold War Interventions: Bush and Clinton in Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia 1992-1998. Claremont, CA: Regina Books, 1998. The author examines the political impact of the Clinton and Bush administrations' military intervention in Somalia, Haiti and Bosnia. Bryden, Matt. "Somalia: The Wages of Failure," Current History vol. 94, no. 591 (1995):145-51. The author briefly addresses the strategic problems that a failed state, Somalia, generates domestically, regionally and internationally. Bryden, Matt. "Fiercely Independent," Africa Report vol. 39 (November/December 1994):35-40. This brief article reviews the expansion of the Somali National Movement in Northern Somalia from 1978 until its secession and declaration of independence as the Republic of Somalia in 1991. Bryden, Matt. "Somalia: States Quo Ante," Africa Report vol. 39 (May 1994):18-23. The article examines the possible political and military consequences of the extraction of peacekeeping forces in Somalia by the United Nations. Burk, James. "Public Support for Peacekeeping in Lebanon and Somalia: Assessing the Causalities Hypothesis," Political Science Quarterly vol. 114, no. 1 (Spring 1999):53-79. The article assesses U.S. public opinion on American intervention and peacekeeping in Lebanon (1982-1984) and Somalia (1992-1994). Bush, George. "Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol. 28 (December 7, 1992):23292331.The brief article reviews President George Bush’s announcement of Operation Restore Hope, and the use of the armed forces to support the United Nations peacekeeping in Somalia. Bush, Kenneth D. "When Two Anarchies Meet: International Intervention in Somalia," The Journal of Conflict Studies vol. 17, no. 1 (Spring 1997):5578. The author examines the historical role and the political consequences of international humanitarian intervention into a failed anarchical state, Somalia.

586

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Calchi Novati, G. "Somalia: Storia di una Crisi," Africa e Merditerraneo vol. 2, no. 4 (1993):7-17. The author discusses the historical origins and political implications of the Somalian crisis from the Italian foreign policy perspective Casper, Lawrence E. Falcon Brigade: Combat and Command in Somalia and Haiti. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 2001. The author summarizes command and combat operations in Haiti and Somalia in the peace building and peace maintenance context. "Change of Guard," African Recorder vol.32 no.11 (May 21/June 3, 1993):8676. The brief article examines the transfer of the peacekeeping operation from the United States to the United Nations. "Child Malnutrition Reaches Alarming Rate in Somalia," Los Angeles Sentinel (January 10, 2002):A4. The brief article evaluates the increasing rate of malnutrition among African children in Somalia. Chopra, Jaret, Age Eknes, and Toralv Nordbo. Fighting for Hope in Somalia. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995. The authors examine the Somalian political crisis and the prospects for positive change. Ciabarri, Luca. "Crisi Dello Stato e Riorganizzazioni Socio-Politiche in Somalia," Politico vol. 63 no. 3 (July 1998):497-499. The author analyzes the strategic effects, both political and economic, with the fall of the dictatorship of Siad Barre with an empirical focus on the emergence of militarized parties in Somalia. Clark, Jeffrey. Frustration and Failure: International Response to the Somalia Crisis. Washington D.C.: U.S. Committee for Refugees, 1992. The author outlines the positive and negative implications of the international humanitarian response to the Somalia crisis. Clark, Walter S. Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. The author posits that there are strategic lessons that the United States has learned from its disastrous intervention in Somalia’s civil war. Clark, Walter S. Somalia: Background Information for Operation Restore Hope, 1992-93. Carlisle Barracks, Pa.: U.S. Army War College, 1992. The

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

587

author provides historical background data for Operation Restore Hope, 1992-93 on Somalia Clark, Walter S. and Jeffrey Herbst (eds.) Learning From Somalia: Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1997. The edited text discusses the various strategic political and military lessons learned regarding armed humanitarian interventions in failed states like Somalia. Clark, Walter S. and Jeffrey Herbst, "Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention," Foreign Affairs vol. 75, no. 2 (March-April 1996):70-85. The authors examine the future of humanitarian intervention given the negative experience in Somalia. Clement, Adibe. Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Somalia UNIDIR. Geneva: United Nations, 1996. The report explores small arms and light weapons disarmament politics in the negotiated peace environment of Somalia. Clinton, William J. "Address to the Nation on Somalia, October 7, 1993," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents vol. 29 (October 11, 1993):2022-2025.The article reviews the announcement by former president Bill Clinton to deploy more U.S. troops in the hope of restoring peace in Somalia. Colletta, Nat. Violent Conflict and the Transformation of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Guatemala, and Somalia. Conflict Prevention and Resolution, World Bank Press, March 2000. The author asserts that social capital can transform an internal conflict and provide the basis for a stable government in weak states. Compagnon, Daniel. "Somali Armed Units," in C. Clapham (ed.) African Guerrillas. Oxford: James Currey, 1998. The author evaluates the historical origins and the combat effectiveness of the various Somali armed units serving Somali's warlords. Crocker, Chester A. "The Lessons of Somalia: Not Everything Went Wrong," Foreign Affairs vol. 74, no. 3 (1995):2-8. The author carefully outlines the positive strategic political and military lessons painfully generated by the

588

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Somalia crisis for US foreign policy decision-makers in the Horn of Africa region. Del Boca, Angelo. "Dalla Guerra nell’Ogaden alla Bataglia per Mosgadiscio. Lo Sfacelo di una Nazione: La Somalia di Siad Barre," Studi Piacentini no. 9 (1991):35-100. The author examines the nature and implications of Somalian political conflict in the cold war period. DeLong, Kent and Steven Turkey (eds.) Mogadishu: Heroism and Tragedy. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1994. The author explores the tragic political conflict in Somalia between contending warlords and their clans. DeMont, John. "Bitter to the End: The Somalia Inquiry Takes the Best Shot and Ottowas Fires Back," Maclean's vol. 110 (July 14, 1997):12-16. The brief article reviews the investigation of the shooting of Somali people by Canadian soldiers during UN peacekeeping operation in Somalia. DeWaal, Alex. Mo Mercy in Mogadishu: The Human Cost of Conflict and Struggle for Relief. New York: Physicians for Human Rights/Africa Watch, 1992. The author addresses the humanitarian problems of Somalia and the reaction of the international community. Diehl, P.F. "With the Best of Intentions: Lessons from UNOSOM I and II," Studies of Conflict and Terrorism vol. 19, no. 2 (1994):153-77. The author briefly explores the humanitarian lessons derived from the UNOSOM I and II in Somalia. "Doctors Quit After Citing Risk," African Recorder vol. 33, no. 26 (December 17-31,1995):9467-9468. The article examines the withdrawal of Doctors Without Borders after Somalia militia kidnapped a British aid worker. Doornbos, Martin. "Somalia: Alternative Scenarios for Political Reconstruction," African Affairs vol. 101, no. 402 (2002):93-108. The article examines the different scenarios for alternative political reconstruction in a warlord-ruled Somalia, with the idea of building a democratic central government in the war-ravaged country. Doyle, Mark. "A Dangerous Place," Africa Reporter vol. 38, no. 6 (November/December 1993):38-45. The author examines the deteriorating

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

589

political conditions in Somalia and the rise of military conflict, famine, starvation and decline. Drysdale, John G. Whatever Happen to Somalia? London: Hann Associates, 1994. The author discusses the origins and consequences of the strategic crisis in Somalia in the post-cold war period. Dworken, Jonathan T. "Restore Hope: Coordinating Relief Operations," Joint Forces Quarterly vol. 8 (1995):14-20. The author outlines the humanitarian relief operations from the military perspective in Somalia. Dworken, Jonathan T. "Rules of Engagement: Lessons From Restore Hope," Military Review vol. 74, no. 9 (September 1994):26-34. The author lays out a number of rules of engagement (for failed states) learned from Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Fair, Karen V. "The Rules of Engagement to Somalia—A Judge Advocates Primer," Small War and Insurgencies vol. 8, no. 1 (Spring 1997):107-26. The author outlines the rules of engagement for a failed state, Somalia and the implications of those operational rules. Farer, T. "The UN in Somalia: Understanding the Point of Departure," Cambridge Review of International Affairs vol. 8, no. 1 (1994):55-62. The author explores the role, motives and consequences of the United Nations' humanitarian intervention in Somalia. Farrell, T. "Sliding into War: The Somalia Imbroglio and the U.S. Army Peace Operations Doctrine," International Peacekeeping vol. 2, no. 2 (1995):194214. The author addresses U.S. Army's peace operations doctrine as applied to the Somalian civil war and humanitarian intervention. Fasano, P. "Somalia: La Lunga Notte, l’ Alba Tragica," Africa e Mediterraneo vol. 2, no. 4 (1993):34-55. The author examines the political decline and humanitarian tragedy occurring in Somalia "Fighting Erupts in Mogadishu," African Recorder vol. 33, no. 26 (March 12-25, 1995):9538. The brief article evaluates the eruption of violence in South Mogadishu on February 19, 1995 after announcement of that UN troops were leaving Somalia.

590

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Fontana, Alan. "Impact of Combat and Sexual Harassment on the Severity of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Men and Women Peacekeepers in Somalia," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37 no. 6 (December 1, 2000). The study assesses the impact of combat and sexual harassment for men and women peacekeepers submerged in intense combat environments in weak states such as Somalia. Fox, John. "Approaching Humanitarian Intervention Strategically: The Case of Somalia," SAIS Review vol. 21 no. 1 (January 1, 2001):147-159. The article explores the history of humanitarian intervention relief practices in Somalia. Franks, M.J. "Examination of Foreign Involvement in Civil Wars: Somalia, 1991 and Afghanistan 1979," Peace Research Abstracts vol. 36, no. 3 (June 1, 1999). The article examines great powers' political and military involvement in weak states' civil wars and the strategic implications for the future stability of weak states. Freeman, W., R. Lambert, and J. Mims. "Operation Restore Hope: A USCENTROM Perspective," Military Review vol. 73, no. 9 (September 1993):61-72. The authors evaluate the political dynamics and military effectiveness of Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Ghalib, Joseph E. The Cost of Dictatorship: The Somalia Experience. New York: Lilian Barber Press, 1995. The author critically examines the history of dictatorships and warlordism in Somalia. Gibbs, David N. "Realpolitik and Humanitarian Intervention: The Case of Somalia," International Politics vol. 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2000):41-56. The article addresses the impact of international and regional politics and humanitarian aid intervention in the Somalian civil war. Greenfield, Richard. "Barre’s Unholy Alliance," Africa Reporter vol. 34, no. 2 (March/April 1989):65-68. The author briefly assesses the brutality of the Mohammed Barre's dictatorship in Somalia. Guleid, Abdulkarim. "Somaligate": The Decision of Suppress Democracy in Somalia. Munich: Davies Consulting GmbH, 1992. The author examines the complete collapse of the state and civil society and of democratic governance in Somalia.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

591

Guleid, Abdulkarim and Jack L. Davis. "Siyad Barre Plans a Come Back in Somalia," New Africa (April 1993):9-11. The brief article outlines the plan by the ousted president Siyad Barre to regain power and the U.S. position on the issue. Gros, Germain-Jean. "Towards a Taxonomy of Failed States in the New World Order: Decaying Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda and Haiti," Third World Quarterly vol. 17, no. 3 (September 1, 1996):455-472. The article examines weak states' lack of central government and political stability, with specific emphasis on Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda, and Haiti. Haile, Naimo. "Somalia and the Debt Forgiveness," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 3 (June 1, 2000). The author discusses the politics of debt forgiveness negotiations between the West and Somalia. Halim, Omar. "A Peacekeeper’s Perspective of Peacebuilding in Somalia," Journal of Democracy vol. 9, no. 2 (April 1998):71-86. The author reviews the effectiveness in peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities in Somalia. Harrison, J.C. "Limits of Type D Coercive Diplomacy in Somalia," Peace Research Abstracts vol. 36, no. 1 (February 1, 1999). The author reports on the political limitations of the use of coercive diplomacy by a great power in managing peacekeeping missions in weak states. Hashim, Alice. "Conflicting Identities in Somalia," Peace Review vol. 9 (December 1997):469-562. The author examines the historical origins and political impact of Somalia’s political conflict by evaluating the warlord and clan system and local self-rule dynamics. Hashim, Alice. The Fallen State: Dissonance, Dictatorship and Death in Somalia. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America 1997. The text examines how Somalia became a fallen state in the context of state failure, continuing famine, and endemic civil war. Heinreich, Wolfgang. "Building the Peace: Experience of Collaborative Peace Building in Somalia," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 36, no. 5 (October 1, 1999). The author reviews the politics and mechanics of collective peace building in war-torn Somalia.

592

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Heinreich, Wolfgang. Building the Peace: Experiences of Collaborative Peacebuilding in Somalia; 1993-1996. Uppsala: Life and Peace Institute, 1998. The report examines the effectiveness of collaborative peacebuilding in Somalia between 1993-1996. Hirsch, John L. and Robert B. Oakley. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacekeeping and Peacemaking. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1995. The authors assess the effectiveness of peacekeeping and peacemaking activities involved with Operation Restore Hope in Somalia. Hirsch, John and Robert B. Oakley. Somalia and Operation Restore Hope. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995. The authors examine the military dictatorship of Siad Barre and the coup that brought him to power through the US-inspired Operation Restore Hope. Howe, Jonathan T. "The United States and the United Nations in Somalia: The Limits of Involvement," Washington Quarterly vol. 18, no. 3 (1995):49-62. The author addresses the American and UN military involvement in Somalia and the political and military problems they faced in peacekeeping operations. Hoyos, Carola. "Ambush of US Soldiers, Attorneys Set Out Case Against Four Accused of Bombing Embassies in East Africa: US Sees bin Laden role in Somalia," Financial Times (February 6, 2001):8. The author argues that the US has directly associated the deadly 1993 ambush of US special forces members in Somalia with the terrorist activities of Osama bin Laden. Human Rights Watch. Somalia Faces the Future: Human Rights in a Fragmented Society. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1995. The report outlines the major human rights problems facing war-torn Somalia. Human Rights Watch. Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People: Testimonies about the Killings and the Conflict in the North. New York: Africa Watch, 1990. The report addresses the Somalian government's punitive operations against its citizens. Husband, Mark. "When Yankee Goes Home," Africa Report vol. 38 (March 1993):20-23. The brief article discusses the achievements of Operation

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

593

Restore Home and the preparation for the takeover of Somalia by the United Nations. Hussein, Ali Dualeh. From Barre to Aideed: The Story of Somalia and the Agony of a Nation. Nairobi, Kenya: Stellagraphics, 1994. The author examines the history and processes of political conflict and economic chaos from the Barre to the Aideed regime in Somalia, and the consequences suffered by the Somalian people. "International: The Warlords Make Peace at Last," Economist vol. 436, no. 8055 (February 14, 1998):48. The brief article reviews negotiations between the Somali National Alliance and the National Salvation Council that resulted in a peace agreement in the late 1990s. Ismail, I. Ahmed. "The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 113-127. The author reviews the impact of war on state decline in Somalia and Somaliland, past and present. Issa-Salwe, A.M. and C.M. Cissa-Salwe. The Collapse of the Somalia State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy. London: Haan, 1994. The author assesses the historical reasons for and the political consequences of the collapse of the Somalian state. Johns, Michael. "To Die for Somalia," Freedom Review vol. 24 (March/April 1993):20-23. The brief article evaluates the pros and cons of the U.S. military intervention in Somalia. Kamau, John. "Brutalized Because They Were Blacks: The U.N. Secretary General Kofi Anna Must Be Brave Enough to Say Sorry to the Somalia Nation for the Atrocities Committed by the U.N. Peacekeeping Contingents," New African (November 1997):18-19. The brief article examines the alleged injustices that were committed against the Somali people by the United Nations peacekeeping force. Kanazawa, Satoshi. "The State’s Contribution to Social Order in National Societies: Somalia as an Illustrative Case," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000). This article examines Somalia's

594

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

search for political and social order in a warlord-driven conflict environment. Korb, Lawrence J. "Somalia: Terrorists' Next Stop?" Los Angeles Times (January 7, 2002):B11. The brief article discusses the possible use of American military force in Somalia in its war against terrorism. Lacey, Marc. "Hunting for Elusive Terrorists Off Somalia's Coast," New York Times (April 2, 2002):A13. The brief article reviews the extensive German naval and aerial surveillance of Somalia's long coast line for Al-Qaeda and Taliban operatives fleeing Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the sharing of data uncovered with U.S. intelligence. In addition, the author highlights American, French, Spanish, Australian, and Dutch surveillance in the Gulf of Aden, the waterway separating the Middle East from Africa. Lacey, Marc. "Somali Leader Makes a Plea for America to Re-engage," New York Times (November 4, 2001):A4. The brief article outlines the formal request of the leader of Somalia's transitional government, Abdiqassim Salad Hassan, that the United States become actively re-engaged in uniting Somalia in the aftermath of the World Trade and Pentagon terrorist events. "Last U.S. Envoys Leave," African Recorder vol. 33, no. 21 (October 8-21, 1994):9409. The brief article discusses the departure of the last of the U.S. diplomats due to the worsening political and military conditions, and the continued fighting between the contending warlords and their clans. Lewis, I.M. Understanding Somalia: Guide to Culture, History, and Social Institutions. London: HAAN Associates, 1981. The author chronicles the complex history of social and civic institutions, political culture and history in Somalia. Lewis, I. M. A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Harlow: Longmans, 1980. The author examines the modern history and politics of Somalia during the cold war period and the impact of the superpowers on its development and existence as a nation and state in the Horn of Africa region. Logan, Carolyn J. "U.S. Public Opinion and the Intervention in Somalia: Lessons for the Future of Military-Humanitarian Interventions," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 36, no. 5 (October 1, 1999). The author

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

595

examines the role and impact of U.S. public opinion on the military intervention in Somalia and the negative implications for future humanitarian missions in Sub Saharan Africa. Lorenz, F.M. "Confronting Thievery in Somalia," Military Review vol. 74, no. 8 (August 1994):46-55. The author explores the breakdown of law and order in Somalia and the impact of theft and thievery on the social stability. Lorenz, F.M. "Weapons Confiscated Policy during the First Phases of Operations ‘Restore Hope,’" Small Wars Insurgencies vol. 5, no. 3 (1994):409-25. The author outlines the effectiveness of political steps taken to disarm clans and warlords of small arms, light weapons and conventional weapons during the Operation 'Restore Hope' Lorenz, F.M. "Law and Anarchy in Somalia," Parameters vol. 23, no. 4 (Winter 1993/94):27-41. The author evaluates the implications of the breakdown of law and order, central governance, and stability in Somalia and the dominance of anarchy throughout the fractured state. Lowe Besteman, Catherine. Unraveling Somalia: Race, Violence and the Legacy of Slavery. Pittsburgh, PA; University of Pennsylvania, June 1999. The author reviews a history of racial conflict and violence in Somalia, and traces it back to the Arabic slave trade and its institutions. Lyons, Terrance and Ahmed I. Samatar. Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, August 1995. The authors examine state collapse, outside external intervention and political strategies to redevelop Somalia after intense internal fighting and civil wars with its bordering states. Mabry, Robert L. "United States Army Rangers in Somalia: An Analysis of Combat Casualties on an Urban Battlefield," The Journal of Trauma vol. 49 no. 3 (September 1, 2000):515-529. The author analyses combat casualties of US Army Rangers on an urban battlefield in Somalia in comparison to similar Army Ranger missions. Madsen, Chris. Another Kind of Justice: Canadian Military Law from Confederation to Somalia. Montreal: University of British Columbia, May 1999. The author reviews Canadian military law and its operations with

596

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

regard to major criminal acts committed by Canadian troops in peacekeeping status in Somalia. Mahadalla, Hassan. "The Somali Conflict: Clan Rivalry or the Cabals of a Few?" Horn of Africa vol. 16, no. 14 (December 1998): 163-170. The article examines the role and impact of clan leaders in the political conflict in Somalia. Makinda, Samuel M. Seeking Peace from Chaos: Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia. Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. The author addresses the humanitarian intervention by the international community in Somalia and its strategic implications. Maren, Michael. "Somalia: Whose Failure," Current History (May 1996):201205. The brief article examines the issue of who is responsible in the postcold war period for the failure of the state and the rise of total anarchy in Somalia. "Marines Become Targets in Factual War," African Recorder vol. 32, no. 6 (March 12-25, 1993):8014-8915. The brief article outlines the attack on U.N. (and American) troops by an armed mob in Mogadishu. "Marines Killed in Firefight," African Recorder vol. 32, no. 3 (January 29February 11, 1993):8882-8883. The brief article reviews the death of a U.S. Marine on January 10, 1993 by a Somalia gunman in Mogadishu. Mayall, James. The New Interventionism, 1991-1994: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia, and Somalia. Oxford: Cambridge University Press, July 1996. The author reviews the influence of the United Nations in peacekeeping missions in the Third World. McFerson, Hazel M. "Rethinking Ethnic Conflict: Somalia and Fiji," American Behavioral Scientist vol. 41 no. 1 (September 1996):18-36. The author examines the ways in which different societies manage ethnic conflict, with Somalia and Fiji as case studies. Melander, Goran. Refugees in Somalia. Uppsala. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1980. The author addresses the history and consequences of the overwhelming refugee problem in Somalia and regionally in the cold war period.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

597

Menkhaus, Ken. "Somalia: Political Order in a Stateless Society," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):220-224. The author examines the stateless character of Somalia and the resulting anarchical nature of contending warlord ethnic factions driving the civil war in the 1990s. Menkhaus, Ken and John Prendergast. "Conflict and Crisis in the Greater Horn of Africa," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (1995):22-25. The brief article reviews the future of political violence in Southern Somalia and in the Horn of Africa. Menkhaus, Ken and John Prendergast. "The Stateless State," Africa Report vol. 40, no. 33 (1995):22-25. The authors assess the implications of a lack of a central government in Somalia, and the chaotic activities of warlords, clans, militias and other political groups in a stateless state. Merchant, D. P. "Peacekeeping in Somalia: An Indian Experience," Army Quarterly and Defense Journal vol. 126, no. 2 (1996): 134-41. The author examines India's peacekeeping experience in Somalia. Mermin, Jonathon. "Television News and American Intervention in Somalia: The Myth of a Media-Driven Foreign Policy," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000). The author examines how the American media has played an important role in the US peacekeeping mission in Somalia. Michaelson, M. "Somalia: The Painful Road to Reconciliation," Africa Today vol. 40, no. 2 (1993):53-73. The author explores the difficulties in political reconciliation between the major opposition groups and warlords in Somalia. Miller, L.L. and C. Moskos. "Humanitarians or Warriors: Race, Gender and Combat Status in Operations Restore Hope,” Armed Forces and Society vol. 21, no. 4 (1995):615-37. The author assesses the impact of race, gender, and combat status in defining the overall effectiveness of US peacekeeping operations in Somalia. Mubarak, Jamil Abdalla. From Bad Policy to Chaos in Somalia: How an Economy Fell Apart. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996. The author addresses the history and strategic consequences of the decline and destruction of the Somalian economy.

598

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Mukhar, M.H. "The Plight of the Agro-Pastoral Society of Somalia," Review of African Political Economy vol. 70 (1996):543-553. The article examines the political fragmentation of the agro-pastoral society in Somalia as a result of the civil war in Somalia. Murphy, Dwight D. "The Post Cold War American Intervention into Haiti, Somalia, Bosnia and Kosovo," The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies vol. 25, no. 4 (Winter 2000):489-510. The article examines the intervention of the United States and its military allies in Somalia, Bosnia, Haiti and Kosovo. Nasar, Adam H. "Activist Note Perspectives on a Demobilization Center in Merka, Somalia," Peace and Change vol. 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2000):282-287. The author briefly assesses a domestic political movement pursuing the promotion of peace and democracy in Merka, Somalia. Natsios, Andrew S. "Humanitarian Relief Interventions in Somalia: The Economics of Chaos," International Peacekeeping vol. 3, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 68-91. The author examines the effectiveness and implications of humanitarian relief interventions in Somalia, a failed state. Omaar, Rikiya. "The Best Chance for Peace," Africa Report vol. 38, no. 3 (May/June 1993):44-48. The author briefly outlines the possibilities of peace and stability in Somalia. Patman, Robert G. "Disarming Somalia: The Contrasting Fortunes of United States and Australian Peacekeepers during the United Nations Intervention, 1992-1993," African Affairs vol. 96 (October 1997):509-33. The author contrasts the differing American and Australian peacekeeping experience(s) in disarming Somalia between 1992-1993. Pawlick, Thomas. "Grim Sower, Grim Harvest: Somalia's Gunmen and Warlords Threaten their Country's Hope for Agricultural Recovery," Ceres vol. 25 (January/February 1993):31-38. The article examines the extremely negative effects of the civil war on Somalia's agriculture and food security. "Prelude to War?" World Press Review vol. 41, no. 2 (February 1994):32. The brief article reviews the political conflict in Somalia becoming worst due to the military pullout of the United States and the United Nations forces.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

599

Prendergast, John. Crisis Response: Humanitarian Band-Aids in Sudan and Somalia. London: Pluto Press, 1997. The author posits that the lack of sustained political engagement by donor governments and international organizations in solving the causes of complex humanitarian crisis exacerbates state failure and encouraging genocidal events. Prendergast, John. The Bones of Our Children Are Not Yet Buried: The Looming Specter of Famine and Massive Human Rights Abuse in Somalia. Washington D.C.: Center of Concern, 1994. The report outlines the origins and implications of the human rights abuse and severe famine conditions in Somalia in the early 1990s. Pendergast, John. The Gun Talks Louder Than the Voice: Somalia Continuing Cycles of Violence. Washington D.C.: Center of Concern, 1994. The author addresses the history and consequences of the grave political conflict in Somalia engineered by continuing inter-clan warfare. Rake, Alan. "Blame Aideed, Not the U.N.," New Africa (September 1993): 1415. The brief article assesses the UN's role in Somalia since 1993, and their failure to capture Mohamed Farah Aideed, a Somali warlord. "Rebels Declares Independence," African Recorder vol. 32, no. 6 (March 12/25, 1993):8915-8916. The brief article examines the Somalia National Salvation Democracy's announcement of a state independent from Somalia and declaration of a new president of the new state on February 21, 1993. Refugee Policy Group. Hope Restored? Humanitarian Aid in Somalia 19901994. Washington DC: Center for Policy Analysis and Research for Refugee Issues (November 1994). The report outlines the program effectiveness of humanitarian assistance provisioning to the beleaguered citizens of Somalia between 1990-1994. Ruhela, Satyapal. Mohammed Farah Aideed and His Vision of Somalia. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1994. The author examines the life and time of Mohammed Farah Aideed and his political perspective towards Somalia and its future. Sahnoun, Mohamed. Somalia: The Missed Opportunities. Washington: United States Institute for Peace Press, 1994. The author addresses the missed

600

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

political opportunities by foreign states and contending domestic and regional factions for peace and stability in Somalia. Salih, M.A. Mohamed and Lennart Wohlgemuth (eds.) Crisis Management and the Politics of Reconciliation in Somalia. Uppsula: Nordiska African Institute, 1994. The edited text evaluates the civil war in Somalia, and the role that crisis management is playing in promoting reconciliation in Somalia. Salih, M.A. Mohamed and Lennart Wohlgemuth. "Somalia: A State and Society in Turmoil," Review of African Political Economy vol. 21 (March 1994): The authors examine the role of the United Nations in Somalia and examines the proposal for a peaceful settlement between Somalia, Somalialand and the various ethnic groups. Samatar, Abdi. The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 18841986. Madison, Wisconsin.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. The author discusses the interaction of economic policy, social conditions and agriculture system in Northern Somalia region and how it has drastically that region changed over the last hundred years. Samatar, Ahmed I. The Somali Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994. The author assesses the prospects for solving the destabilizing political conflict in post-cold war Somalia. "Seven Killed in Factional Clashes," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 13 (June 18July 1, 1995):9624. The brief article reviews the fight that erupted at the Mogadishu Airport between Mohamed Farah Aideed's supporters and other contending clans. Shams, Feraidoon. "Somali Crisis: A Humanity in Peril," Journal of Asian and African Affairs vol. 4 (Spring 1993): 1-11. The article examines the strategic leadership crisis in Somalia and the collapse of its political, economic and social institutions and the implications for the future. Shoumatoff, Alex. "The U.S., the U.N. and Aideed: The 'Warlord Speaks," Nation vol. 258, no. 13 (April 4, 1994):442-450. The author evaluates the competition between the main families in Somalia, the Hawiye and the Darod and their quest to rule Somalia.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

601

Simons, Anna. Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1995. The author examines the warlordism and factional politics in post-cold war Somalia and the negative consequences. Simmons, Ann M. "Somalia Is More Notion Than Nation," Los Angeles Times (May 20, 2001):A4. The brief article assesses the chances of the new transitional national government of Somali President Abdiqassim Salad Hassan restoring order and stability, in light of the political and military dominance of corrupt warlords and the complete lack of infrastructure in Somalia. Smajlovic, Ljiljana. "From the Heart of the Former Yugoslavia," Wilson Quarterly vol. 19, no. 3 (Summer 1994):100-113. The brief article contends that Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda have become known as places of political anarchy and political instability. "Somali: Transition from U.S. to United Nations Command," Foreign Policy Bulletin vol. 3 (May 1993):44-48. This article discusses the transfer of U.S. peacekeeping forces to the United Nations Operation in Somalia. "Somalia," Africa Research Bulletin vol. 37, no. 11 (November 2000): 1419814199. The brief article reviews the assassination of one of the most important figures of the new government in Somalia. "Somalia and Operations other than War,” Parameters vol. 23 (Winter 1993):458. The article evaluates the U.S. intervention in Somalia including the political and military factors. "Somalia and the Peacemakers," Foreign Service Journal vol. 70 (February 1993):23-24. The brief article addresses the civil war in Somalia, as well as the military intervention by the United States and the United Nations. "Somalia Assails U.S. Terror Allegations," Los Angeles Times (January 10, 2002):A10. The brief article discusses how the U.S. propaganda campaign portraying Somalia as a possible haven for Osama bin Laden is hindering efforts for peace in that nation. "Somalia-U.S.: How Ready-made Solutions fail in Tribal Conflict," Middle East Reporter Weekly vol. 71 (October 16, 1993):11-12. The brief article

602

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

examines the risks involved in removing U.S. military forces from the conflict in Somalia. "Somalia: Transition from U.S. to United Nations Command," Foreign Policy Bulletin vol. 3 (May/June 1993):44-48. The brief article reviews U.S. military commitment to the United Nations peacekeeping operation of Somalia. "Somalia: What Went Wrong," U.S. News and World Report vol. 115 (October 18, 1993):30-32. The brief article assesses U.S. political and military operations against Mohamed Farah Aideed and the reasons for the U.S. withdrawal from Somalia. "Somaliland: An International Outkast," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 20 (September 24 - October 7, 1995):9770-9771. The brief article examines the political rejection of Somalia by the Somali National Movement, the rulers of Somaliland and international outcasts. Sommer, John G. Hope Restored? Humanitarian Aid in Somalia, 1990-1994. Washington: Refugee Policy Group, 1994. The author evaluates the effectiveness of the humanitarian aid mission to Somalia between 19901994. Spears, Ian S. "Understanding Inclusive Peace Agreements in Africa: The Problems of Sharing Power," Third World Quarterly vol. 21, no. 1 (February 2000):105-118. The article assesses the political conflict involved in the sharing of power in Sub-Saharan Africa, with case studies on Somalia, Angola, Ethiopia, and Rwanda. "Special Issues on Somalia," Refuge vol. 12 (November 1992):1-2. The brief article discusses the ethnic conflict in Somalia, as well as political and economic decline in the country. Stevenson, Jonathan. Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, April 1995. The author assesses the history of the cold war competition between the former Soviet Union and the United States over Somalia. In this context, he chronicles the political and military events initiated by the Clinton administration in Mogadishu, Somalia, which led inevitably to members of the US special forces being killed in a major ambush by local Somalia militia and gunmen.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

603

Stevenson, Jonathan. "Hope Restored in Somalia?" Foreign Policy (Summer 1993):138-154. The author evaluates both the successes and failures of the U.S. and the U.N. military intervention in Somalia. Thakur, Ramesh. "From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 3 (1994):387-410. The author assesses the effectiveness of the United Nations peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations in Somalia. "The Horn of Africa," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23 (December 1996):469-562. The article chronicles the civil war in Somalia, as well as the ethnic tension in Djibouti and the political reforms in Eritrea. "The Tribal Structure of Society in Somalia," Middle East Reporter Weekly vol. 71 (October 23, 1993):14-15. The article discusses political parties and tribes and the people they each represent in Somalia. Thomas, Lynn and Steve Spataro. "Peacekeeping and Policing in Somalia," in Robert B. Oakley, Michael J. Dziedzic, and Eliot M. Goldberg (eds.) Policing the New World Disorder: Peace Operations and Public Security. Washington DC: National Defense University Press (1998):175-214. The authors examine the history and implications of peacekeeping and policing dynamics in Somalia, with an emphasis on the utility of Auxiliary Security Forces for public security and peacekeeping functions. Towell, Pat. "Somalia Risk of Peacekeeping Shown in Battle with Warlord: United States Leads U.N. attacks in Somali Capital, but Civilian Deaths Cloud Mission," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report vol. 51 (June 19, 1993):1590. The author reviews the ambush against Pakistan soldiers by the forces of Mohammed Farah Aideed in Mogadishu. Towell, Pat. "Somalia: Operation Puts Sealift Fleet in Glare of Global Stage," Congressional Quarter Weekly Report vol. 50 (December 5, 1992):3759. The brief article assesses the U.N. Security Council's approval of the participation of the United States in the humanitarian and peacekeeping assistance in Somalia. Tripodi, Paolo. "Italy and Somalia: A Singular Relationship," International Relations vol. 14 (April 1998):51-64. The author examines the damaging

604

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

historical origins and policy effects of Italian colonialism and diplomacy towards Somalia. Tripodi, P. "Italy and the Humanitarian Intervention in Somalia," Journal for the Contemporary History/Journal Vir Eietydse Geskiedenis vol. 22, no. 2 (1997):23-36. The author examines Italy's humanitarian intervention in the Somalia crisis. Triulzi, Alessandro. "Italy and Somalia," The Journal of African History vol. 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 117-172. The author reviews the exploitative colonial and post-colonial political, economic and security relationship between Italy and Somalia. "Twenty Thousand Soldiers Restoring Hope," African Recorder vol. 32, no. 2 (January 15-28, 1993):8866-8867. The brief article assesses the role of U.S. and Canadian soldiers in the take over of the town of Belet Huen, in order to secure eight centers for food distribution to the weak and poor. United States Committee on Armed Services. House of Representatives. Administration’s Plan for Continued U.S. Military Participation in U.N. Operations in Somalia. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994. The House report examines prospects for continuing US military participation in U.N. operations in Somalia. United States Subcommittee on Africa, House Committee on Foreign Affairs. Somalia: Prospects for Peace and Stability. Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1995. The House report assesses the prospects for peace and stability in clan-fractured Somalia. “UNOSOM II Mandate Renewed, Humanitarian Aspects Stressed,” UN Chronicle vol. 31, no. 3 (September 1994):21-23. The brief article outlines the renewal of UNOSOM II operations, and its central focus on humanitarian progress in Somalia. "U.S. Marines Reach Mogadishu," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 7 (March 26, 1995):9552-9553. The brief article reviews the use of U.S. Marines in Mogadishu to protect U.N. peacekeeping troops.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

605

Walker, J. "Every Man a Sultan: Indigenous Responses to the Somalia Crisis," Telos no. 103 (1995):163-172. The article explores domestic solutions and responses to the on-going Somalia crisis. "Warlords Sign Peace Accords," African Recorder vol. 32, no. 2 (January 15-28, 1993):8866. The brief article evaluates the agreement between the two warlords, Ali Mahdi and Mohamed Aideed, to end the conflict between clans in the Somali capital. Watson, Paul and Sidhartha Barua. "Somalian Link Seen to Al Qaeda," Los Angeles Times (February 25, 2002):A1-A6. The authors suggest that Kenyabased units of Al Qaeda trained Somalians who fought against U.S. special forces in the 1993 conflict in Mogadishu, Somalia. Weil, Robert. "Somalia in Perspective: When the Saints Come Marching In," Review of African Political Economy no. 103 (1995):163-72. The author explores the history of the political conflict in Somalia and external intervention in its complex affairs. Weiss, Thomas G. "Overcoming the Somalia Syndrome -‘Operation Rekindle Hope?" Global Governance vol. 1, no. 2 (1995):171-88. The author examined the impact of the Operation Rekindle Hope on the political and humanitarian crisis in Somalia. Wirick, Gregory and Robert Miller. "Canada and Missions for Peace: Lessons from Nicaragua, Cambodia and Somalia," Peace Research Abstracts Journal vol. 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2000). The authors examine the development of each country after the peacekeeping missions and aided relief by Canada. "Women March for Peace," African Review vol. 34, no. 7 (March 26, 1995):9553. The brief article reviews the women peace march to demand peace in the streets of Mogadishu after violent confrontations by rival clans. Wren, Christopher S. "United Nations Weighs Return to Somalia to Help Fragile New Government," New York Times (January 14, 2001):9. The author suggests that the Security Council is developing a new proposal to send a peace-building mission to Somalia to restore a newly elected central government to power in Somalia and begin the slow process of nation building and nation organizing.

606

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

SOMALIALAND Bradbury, Mark. Somalialand. London: Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1997. The author examines the historical origins and political development of Somalialand. Omaar, Rikiya. "Somalialand: One Thorn Bush at a Time," Current History vol. 93, no. 583 (May 1994):232-36. The author briefly addresses the political history and future of Somalialand. Prunier, Gerald. "Somalialand Goes It Alone," Current History vol. 97, no. 619 (May 1998):225-228. The brief article outlines the strategic decision by Somaliland to develop their state and civic culture and to refrain from following the anarchical path pursued by Somalia.

SUDAN Abdalla, Ismail and David Sconyers. Perspectives and Challenges in the Development of Sudanese Studies. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1993. The authors address the major problems faced by the Sudan in the areas of external financial relations, displaced refugees, drought and famine issues, regional development programs, and Sudanese identity issues as it related to North-South dynamics. Abegunrin, Olayiwola. "The Arabs and the Southern Sudan Problem," International Affairs vol. 60, no. 1 (Winter 1983/84):97-105. The author examines the ethnic policies of the Islamic central government of the Sudan against the people of the Southern Sudan region. Adar, Korwa G. "A State of Siege: The Internationalization of the Sudanese War," African Security Review vol. 7, no. 1 (1998):44-53. The article explores the internationalization of the devastating Sudanese civil war by focusing on the strategic impact of changing U.S. foreign policies towards the Sudan. African Rights. Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. London: African Rights, 1995. The report discusses the genocidal war being waged against the Nuba

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

607

people of the Southern Sudan by the Islamic central government of the Sudan. Africa Watch. Children of Sudan: Slaves, Street Children and Children Soldiers. New York: Africa Watch, 1995. The report chronicles human rights abuses and the privations of African children soldiers, street children and slaves in the Sudan. Africa Watch. Civilian Devastation: Abuses by All Parties in the War in Southern Sudan. New York: Africa Watch, 1994. The report describes the brutality and devastation of the long-running civil war against the civilian population in the Southern Sudan region. Africa Watch. The Lost Boys: Child Solider and Unaccompanied Boys in Southern Sudan. New York: Africa Watch, 1994. The report explores the sorrows and tribulations of the African child soldiers and family-less boys in the Southern Sudan. Africa Watch. War in South Sudan: The Civilian Toll. New York: Africa Watch, 1993. The report chronicles the civilian toll for the Southern Sudanese population caused by the Islamic central government of the Sudan. Africa Watch. Eradicating the Nuba. New York: Africa Watch, 1992. The report reviews the punitive actions of the Islamic central government of the Sudan to exterminate the Nuba people. Africa Watch. The Ghost Remain: One Year After an Amnesty Is Declared, Detention and Torture Continued Unabated. New York: Africa Watch, 1992. The report describes detention and torture violations by the Islamic central government of the Sudan against the African people of the Southern Sudan. Africa Watch. Inside Bashir’s Prisons. New York: Africa Watch, 1991. The report examines the extremely deplorable conditions of Bashir's security prisons in the Sudan. Africa Watch. New Islamic Penal Code Violations for Human Rights. New York: Africa Watch, 1991. The report outlines Islamic penal code violations for human rights in the Sudan.

608

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Africa Watch. The Secret War Against the Nuba. New York: Africa Watch, 1991. The report describes the secret war being waged against the Nuba people by the Islamic central government of the Sudan. Africa Watch. "Denying the Honor of Living": Sudan, a Human Rights Disaster. New York: Africa Watch, 1990. The report outlines the human rights disaster in the Southern Sudan region crated by the genocidal policies of the Islamic central government of the Sudan. Alden, Edward. "Canadian Oil Group asked Sudan Army to 'Remove' Villagers, Document Alleges," Financial Times (March 22, 2002):5. The brief article reports that Tailisman Energy, the Canadian oil multinational with 25% invested in the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company, which is exploiting profitable oil sites ($500 million per year) in rebel-controlled areas of Southern Sudan, asked the central government of Sudan (in May 7, 1999) to "conduct cleaning up operations in all villages in the area" leading to the displacement of over 200, 000 Africans. The article suggests that the Sudanese government did (and continues to) launch large scale conventional (and ethnic cleansing) attacks on innocent African populations living in petroleum producing areas with armored gunships, helicopters, tanks and heavily armed troops. Ali, Taisier Mohammed Ahmed and Robert O. Mathews. "Civil War and Failed Peace Efforts in Sudan," in Ali, Taisier and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press (1999):193-220. The authors discuss the intractability of the civil war in the Sudan, as well as the political difficulties in the long-standing negotiations between the warring Northern and Southern Sudanese factions. Alier, A. Southern Sudan: Too Many Agreements Dishonored. Exeter: Ithaca Press, 1990. The author examines the various agreements between Sudan's central government and the African liberation movement in the Southern Sudan that have not been honored or implemented. Allen, Tim. "Full Circle?: An Overview of Sudan’s ‘Southern Problem’ Since Independence," Northeast African Studies vol. 11, no. 2 (1989):41-66. The author provides a historical overview of the plight and resistance of the Southern Sudanese people since independence.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

609

"Arms Transfers to the Government of Sudan," Human Rights Watch (November 1998). The Human Rights Watch report documents massive military arms transfers to the government of Sudan from the People's Republic of China and other Asian states. Arnold, Guy. "Sudan: North-South, an Old Pattern of Mistrust," in Guy Arnold (ed.) Wars in the Third World Since 1945. London: Cassell and Company (1991):397-406. The author outlines the distrust caused by the longstanding civil war between the Arab Northern Sudan and the African Southern Sudan. Askin, Steve and Carol J. Collins. "The Islamic Gulag," Utne Reader Issue 74 (March-April 1996):15-17. The brief article examines the Sudanese civil war and the long-standing political, economic, racial and religious struggle between Muslim Arabs and black Africans. Assefa, H. Mediation of Civil Wars: Approaches and Strategies in the Sudan Conflict. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1987. The author explores the conflictsolving value of mediation approaches and strategies in the Sudanese civil war between the Arab North and the African South. Badal, Raphael Koba. "Sudan: The Role of Religion in Conflict Situations," Horn Review vol. 1, no. 1 (1991):27-39. The author explores the impact of religion on the intensity of the civil war in the Sudan. Bashir, Mohamed Omar. The Southern Sudan: From Conflict to Peace. London: Hurst, 1975. The author addresses the struggle of African liberation group(s) in the Southern Sudan against the central government in Arab Northern Sudan, and the negotiated Accord between the two sides. Moreover, the regional influences exerted by African and Arab states are outlined, as well as the political machinations of the great powers in the region. Berger, Carol. "The War in the South," Africa Report vol. 31, no. 4 (July/August 1986):64-67. The author briefly outlines the war in the Southern Sudan region. Bradbury, Mark. "Sudan: International Responses to War in the Nuba Mountains," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 77 (September 1998):463-474. The author examines the minimal effectiveness

610

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

of the international responses to the long-running conflict against the Nuba people who are being killed and starved by the military forces of the central government of the Sudan. Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins. Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought and Disaster Relief on the Nile. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1995. The authors evaluate the strategic impact of war, drought and disaster relief on the African peoples of the Southern Sudan. Came, Barry. "Freeing the Slaves of Sudan," Maclean’s vol. 113, Issue 15 (April 10, 2000): 20-28. The article explores the history of the civil war in Sudan between Muslim Arabs in the north and African tribes in the south. Moreover, the article suggests that Sudan's support for African slavery, encouraging Canadian oil companies to invest in Southern Sudan, and geographically and violently displacing the indigenous Africans in those same oil fields are continuing strategic political problems. Carter, Nick. "At War with Its People," Africa Report vol. 37, no. 6 (November/December 1992):65-67. The author briefly describes the brutal war activities of the Arab central government against the African peoples of the South Sudan region. Chand, David D. "The Sudan Civil War: Is a Negotiated Settlement Possible?" Africa Today vol. 36, no. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 1989):55-63. The author argues that a negotiated settlement is possible in the Sudanese civil war. Clark, Colin S. "The Vanishing Famine," Africa Report vol. 32, no. 1 (January/February 1987):68-70. The brief article suggests that the enduring problem of famine in the Southern Sudan region has abated somewhat. Collins, Robert O. "Civil War in Sudan," Journal of Third World Studies vol. 5, no. 1 (Spring 1988):66-83. The author explores the history and consequences of the civil war in the Sudan. Connell, D. "Political Islam Under Attack in Sudan," Middle East Report vol. 27, no. 1 (1997):34-36. The brief article addresses the forces attacking political Islam in the Sudan.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

611

Daly, Martin W. and Ahmad Alawad Sikainga (eds.) Civil War in the Sudan. London and New York: British Academic Press, 1993. The authors examine the history and developments in the Sudanese civil war. Deng, Francis M. "Africa’s Dilemmas in the Sudan," The World Today vol. 54, no. 3 (March 1998):72-74. The brief article discusses the central problems that Sub-Saharan Africa faces in dealing with the conflict in the Sudan. Deng, Francis M. "Mediating the Sudanese Conflict: A Challenge for the IGADD," CSIS Africa Notes no. 169 (February 1995):1-7. The article examines the negotiation process between the government and the rebel groups in Southern Sudan. Deng, Frances M. "War of Visions for the Nation," Middle East Journal vol. 44, no. 4 (Fall 1990):596-610. The author posits that the long war between the Arabs and the Africans in the Sudan is based on conflicting national vision. De Waal, Alex. War in Sudan: An Analysis of Conflict. London: Peace in Sudan Group, 1990. The author explores the war in the Sudan between the African South and the Arab North. Doornbos, Martin. "Somalia: Alternative Scenarios for Political Reconstruction," African Affairs vol. 101, no. 402 (2002):93-108. The article examines various alternative scenarios for political reconstruction of a civil war fractured Somalia. El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. "The Impasse in the IGAD Peace Process for Sudan: The Limits of Regional Peacemaking?" African Affairs vol. 100, no. 401 (2001):581-610. The author evaluates the central reasons for the limits of regional peacemaking efforts in the IGAD peace process for war-torn Sudan. El-Zain. "Tribe and Religion in the Sudan," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 70 (December 1996):523-530. The author addresses the volatile political issues of tribe, ethnicity and religion in the Sudan, and the trends in the tenuous relations between the African-South and the ArabNorth.

612

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Fitzgerald, Mary Anne. "What Prospect for Peace?" Africa Report vol. 30, no. 6 (November/December 1985):11-14. The author assesses the prospects for peace between the African South and the Arab North in the Sudan. Flint, Julie. "The Unwinneable War," Africa Report vol. 38, no. 6 (November/December 1993):46-49. The brief article outlines the war between the Arab Northern and the African Southern Sudan. Garang, John. "A Historical Perspective," Horn of Africa vol. 8, no. 1 (1985):2125. The author provides a brief historical analysis of the political conflict in the Sudan. Glickson, Roger C. "Counterinsurgery in Southern Sudan: The Means to Win?" The Journal of Conflict Studies vol. 15, no. 1 (Spring 1995):45-59. The author discusses the history and problem of counterinsurgency in the Southern Sudan. Hale, S. Gender Politics in the Sudan: Islamism, Socialism, and the State. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997. The author addresses the role and impact of gender politics in a Islamic Sudan. Heraclides, Alex. "Janus or Sisyphus? The Southern Problem of the Sudan," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 25, no. 2 (1987):213-232. The author explores the various political positions of the competing African liberation movements in the Southern Sudan, and their struggle with the Arab North. House, William J. "Population, Poverty, and Underdevelopment in the Southern Sudan," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 27, no. 2 (1989):201-232. Howell, J. "Horn of Africa: Lessons from the Sudan Conflict," International Affairs vol. 54 (1978):421-436. The author examines the history of the Sudanese civil war, and its political and military consequences for the Horn of Africa region. Howell, J. "Politics in the Southern Sudan," African Affairs vol. 72 (1973):163178. The article discusses on the nature and substance of politics in the Southern Sudan and the drive for self-determination and freedom by Africans in the region.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

613

Human Rights Watch. Arms Transfers to the Government of Sudan (August 20, 2001):1-13. The report identifies the major and minor suppliers to the Sudanese government in recent years of small arms, light weapons, conventional weapons systems, technical assistance and training that are being actively used to prosecute the genocidal war against the Southern Sudanese (SPLA). The suppliers include the following states: the People's Republic of China, Iran, Iraq, the Russian Federation, former Soviet Republics and Warsaw Pact states, France, South Africa, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Jordan, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Chile and Ethiopia. Husband, Mark. "While the People Starve," Africa Report vol. 38, no. 3 (May/June 1993):36-39. The brief article outlines the prevailing condition of starvation in the Southern Sudan. Hutchinson, Sharon E. "A Curse from God? Religious and Political Dimensions of the Post-1991 Rise of Ethnic Violence in South Sudan," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 2 (2001):307-332. The author examines the religious and political dynamics and dimensions of the post-1991 developments in ethnic political violence in the Southern Sudan. Ibraham, F.A. "Sudanese Women’s Union: Strategies for Emancipation and the Counter Movement," Ufahamu vol. 24, no. 2 (1996):3-20. The author evaluates the Sudanese Women's Union, its search for a better life for Sudanese women and political emancipation, and the counter reactions by the central government of the Sudan. Johnson, Douglas H. The Southern Sudan. London: Minority Rights Group, 1988. The author discusses the history and politics of the Southern Sudan and its long-standing and violent struggle with the central government in Khartoum. Jok, Jok Madu and Sharon E. Hutchinson. "Sudan's Prolonged Second Civil War and The Militarization of Nuer and Dinka Ethnic Identities," African Studies Review vol. 42, no. 2 (1999):125-146. The authors address (1) the rapid unraveling or regional codes of warfare ethics since 1991; (2) the transformation of previous patterns of interethnic competition over scarce economic resources into politicized programs of ethnicized violence; (3) mounting public despair over the seeming unwillingness of John Garang and Riek Machar to compromise their personal ambitions for the greater

614

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

unity of the South; and (4) recent peace initiatives made by Dinka and Nuer chiefs, which have succeeded in reducing interethnic violence, despite the continuing intransigence of some military leaders. Kasfir, Nelson. One Full Revolution: The Politics of Sudanese Military Government, 1969-1985. New York: Praeger, 1987. The author chronicles the history and impact of successive military government in the Sudan between 1969-1985. Khalid, Mansour. The Government They Deserve: The Role of the Elite in Sudan’s Political Evolution. London: Kegan Paul International, 1990. The author assesses the role and impact of the Sudanese elite in the political development and evolution in the Sudan. Kok, Peter Nyott. "The Sudan: Between Radical Restructuring and Deconstruction of State Systems," Review of African Political Economy vol. 23, no. 70 (December 1996):555-562. The article addresses the political history and evolution of a changing state-system in the Sudan. Kok, Peter Nyott. Governance and Conflict in Sudan. 1989-1995: Analysis, Evolution and Documentation. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996. The author addresses the interplay of governance and conflict in the Sudan between 1989-1995. Lacey, Marc. "U.S. Urges Sudan to Divide Oil Income as Step to Peace," New York Times (May 5, 2002):6. The brief article discusses the diplomatic mission of the special Sudan envoy for the Bush administration, John C. Danforth, who has asked the Sudanese government to share oil revenues (220,000 barrels a day which is expected to double to 440,000 barrels a day in 2005) with the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (SPA) and the impoverished Southern Sudan region generated by an exploitative consortium of Canadian, Chinese, Malaysian, and Sudanese oil companies as a positive step towards peace, rejected out of hand by the SPA as unworkable. Policy suggestions offered to solve the oil wealth allocation problem includes a suspension of all oil development until a just peace was arrived at, or putting oil revenues into an internationally administered trust fund to be allocated equally to the northern and southern regions of the Sudan to meet development goals.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

615

Lacey, Marc. "Sudan's War Bars Cure for Disease Eradicated in Other Parts of Africa," New York Times (March 10, 2002):12. The brief article discusses the impact of the long-running and increasingly brutal war in the Sudan on the government's inability (or unwillingness) to eradicate the extremely painful and deadly Guinea worm disease (as well as the river blindness malady) which plagues Africans in the Southern Sudan. Lacey, Marc. "Sudan War on Agenda for Powell in Africa Visit," New York Times (May 23, 2001):A7. The brief article outlines US Secretary of State Colon Powell's visit to Sub-Saharan Africa, and his stated concern for resolving the long-running brutal civil war and growing humanitarian crisis in the Southern Sudan. Lacey, Marc. "U.S. Envoy Looks for Change in Sudan," New York Times (November 18, 2001):A8. The brief article describes the activities of the U.S. special envoy to the Sudan, John C. Danforth, in Southern Sudan, as well as outlining the strong African resistance to Arab political, economic, religious and military oppression and the search for a just peace. Land, Thomas. "The Scorpion Bites in Sudan’s Civil War," East African Journal vol. 40, no. 3 (1986):410-28. The author examines the politics of the civil war in the Sudan. Lesch, Ann Mosley. "Sudan: The Torn Country," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):218-222. The article discusses the long-standing ethnoreligious conflict between Sudan's Arab North and the African South, and the strategic implications of the conflict for the great powers and regional stability. Lesch, Ann Mosely. "Prolonged Conflict in Sudan," in Karl P. Magyar and Constantine Danopoulos (eds.) Prolonged War: A Post Nuclear Challenge. Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air University Press (1994):99-129. The author explores the origins and direction of the strategic conflict between the Arab North and the African South in the Sudan. Lesch, Ann Mosley. "A View from Khartoum," Foreign Affairs (Spring 1987):807-817. The author examines the foreign policy views of the Arab government of Sudan towards the civil war in the South, as well as the activities of the SPLA and various liberation movements.

616

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Lesch, Ann Mosley. "Confrontation in Southern Sudan," Middle East Journal vol. 40, no. 3 (1986):410-28. The author chronicles African reactions in the Southern Sudan to challenges imposed by the Sudanese government. Lusk, Gill. "Les Crises du Mouvement Armee Sud-Soudanais," Politique Africaine no. 50 (June 1993):32-44. The author examines the continuing crisis facing the African liberation movement in the Southern Sudan. Maharaj, Davan. "U.S. Suspends Peace Efforts in Sudan After Attack," Angeles Times (February 22, 2002):A3. The brief article discusses recent Sudan's military attack against innocent African men, women children at a United Nations site in the upper Nile area, and government's strategy of ruthlessly attacking and killing civilians in its against the African liberation movement in the oil-rich Southern Sudan.

Los the and the war

Mahmoud. Fatima Babiker. Calamity in Sudan. Civilian versus Military Rule. London: Institute for African Alternatives. 1998. The author reviews the impact of civilian versus military rule in the Sudan, and contends that military rule has encouraged undemocratic actions and promoted division. Majak, D.D. "Rape of Nature: The Environment Destruction and Ethnic Cleansing of the Sudan," Journal of Developing Societies vol. 13, no. 1 (1997):135-149. The author addressees the ethnic cleansing policies against Africans by the central government of the Sudan and the very high level of environmental destruction created in Southern Sudan. Makinda, Samuel M. "Sudan: Old Wine in New Bottle," Orbis vol. 31, no. 2 (1987):217-28. The author examines the contending power politics driving the Sudanese civil war between the African-South and the Arab-North. Martin, R. "Sudan's Perfect War," Foreign Affairs vol. 8, no. 12 (March-April 2002):111-127. The author examines the complex historical origins and the strategic implications of the civil war between the Arab North and the African South. Mathews, Daniel Koat and Rebecca Joshua Okwaci. "Position of the SPLM/SPLA on Peace and Conflict in the Sudan," Horn Review vol. 1, no. 1 (1991):51-55. A brief report on the political position of the SPLM and the SPLA on peace and conflict resolution in the Southern Sudan.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

617

Mawson, Andrew N.M. "War, Famine and Flight in Sudan 2: Murahaleen Raids on Dika, 1985-1989," Disasters vol. 15, no. 2 (1991):137-50. The author outlines the destabilizing effects of war, famine and out-migration of the Dika people in the Southern Sudan between 1985-1989. Megalli, Nabil. "Mahdi Warns of ‘Mother of All Wars’ over the Nile," Nicosia, Cypress: Deutsche Presse-Agentur, November 14, 2000. This article critiques the recent book “Nile Waters - the Promise and the Peril” by Mahdi, a prominent Sudanese politician, who warns that the political conflict between Egypt and its African neighbors over water rights in the Nile River could worsen. Minority Rights Group. Sudan: Conflict and Minorities. London: Minority Rights Group, 1995. The report outlines the extremely negative impact of military conflict on the life chances of minority groups in the Sudan, especially in the Southern Sudan. "Misguided Relief to Sudan," New York Times (December 6, 2000):A30. The brief article contends that the foreign policy of President Bill Clinton is wrong in solving the political, military, religious, and ethnic conflict in the war-ravaged Sudan. Mohamedali, Mohamed Abbas. "Independent Africa and Ethno-Regional Conflicts: The Case of Sudan," UFAHAMU: Journal of the African Activist Association vol. 22, no. 1-2 (Winter/Spring 1994):108-118. The author provides a historical background to the war in the Sudan between the Arab North and the African South. Mohammed, Nadir Abdel Latif. "Militarization in Sudan: Trends and Determinants," Armed Forces and Society vol. 19, Issue 3 (Spring 1993):411-434. The article examines prominent militarization trends and determinants in the Sudan between the Arab North and the African South. Mohammed, Nadir Abdel Latif. Military Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Analysis and Case Study of the Sudan. Ph.D. dissertation, Faculty of Social and Political Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1992. The author addresses military expenditures in SubSaharan Africa with an emphasis on military spending in the conflict-ridden Sudan.

618

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Niblock, Tim. "The Regional and Domestic Political Consequences of Sanctions Imposed on Iraq, Libya and Sudan," Arab Studies Quarterly vol. 23, no. 4 (2001):59-68. The author assesses the regional and domestic political consequences of externally imposed sanctions on the Sudan, as well as Iraq and Libya. O'Ballance, E. The Secret War in the Sudan, 1955-1972. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963. The author examines the history of the secret political and military conflict between the Arab North and the African South in the Sudan. Odalo, Bob. "Sudan: Combatants in Peace Breakthrough," The Nation-Kenya (July 21, 2002)1-2. The brief article outlines the breakthrough peace agreement between the Sudan's central government and the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement and the ending of the long-standing and brutal civil war, which has cost the lives of over two million Sudanese. Pirouet, M.I. "The Achievement of Peace in Sudan," Journal of East African Research and Development vol. 6 (1976):115-145. The author examines the conditions that led to the negotiated Accord between Arabs and Africans and their international and regional allies, leading to the temporary cessation of the Sudanese civil war. Prah, K.K. "African Nationalism and the Origins of War in the Sudan," Lesotho Law Journal vol. 2, no. 2 (1986): 179-96. The author examines the influence of African nationalism in the origins of the war in the Sudan. Prendergast, John. Sudanese Rebels at a Crossroads: Opportunities for Building Peace in a Shattered Land. Washington D.C.: Center of Concern, 1994. The author assesses the ability of the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement to promote peace and economic development in the Southern Sudan region while engaged in a major military conflict with the Islamic Sudanese government. "Prince Naif and The Sudanese Interior Minister hold Talks in Jeddah," Ain Al Yaqeen (July 27, 2001). The article focuses on discussions between Sudan and Saudi Arabia to promote security in Sudan. Prunier, Gerald. From Peace to War: The Southern Sudan (1972-1984). Hull: University of Hull. 1986. The author examines the Southern Sudan's

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

619

political, military and cultural resistance to the Islamic Sudanese government between 1972-1984. Reeves, Eric. "Use Oil Investment as a Lever in Sudan," Los Angeles Times (June 4, 2001):B11. The author suggests that the United States use foreign oil investment as a policy lever to force change in Sudan. Moreover, the U.S. should prevent Talisman Energy of Canada, PetroChina of the Peoples Republic of China, and Lundin Oil of Sweden from handsomely profiting from the genocidal policies against black Sudanese by the Arab North. Sahnoun, Mohamed. Somalia: The Missed Opportunities. Washington D.C.: United States Institute for Peace Press. 1994. The author examines the various problems that Somalian situation created for US foreign policy. Saleh, Heba. "Sudanese Refugees Have a Long, Hot Wait," Financial Times (August 4, 2001):4. The brief article explores the deplorable conditions that black Sudanese asylum-seekers face in dealing with the vast bureaucracy called the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and with states such as Egypt. Salih, K.O. "The Sudan, 1985-89: The Fading Democracy," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 28, no. 2 (1990):199-224. The author provides a historical analysis of exploitative resources diversions from the Africans in the Southern Sudan to the Arabs in the Northern Sudan, and the extremely deep resentment felt by Southerners. Salmon, Katy. "Sudan: The Tricky Road to Peace," Inter Press Service ((August 12, 2002):1-4. The brief article outlines the complex negotiations between the Sudan's central government and the rebels of the SPLA to end the 19year old political and military conflict. Samatar. Ahmed I. The Somalia Challenge: From Catastrophe to Renewal? Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner, 1994. The author examines the problems of governance and failed development in Somalia and the prospects for positive change. Saxena, S.C. "Peacemaking and Peacekeeping Efforts in Somalia," Africa Quarterly vol. 35, no. 3 (1995):65-73. The author assesses the effectiveness of peacemaking and peacekeeping operations n Somalia in the mid-1990s.

620

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Scott, Philippa. "The Sudan People’s Liberation Movement," Review of African Political Economy no. 33 (August 1985):69-82. The author outlines the origins, history and policies of the Sudanese People's Liberation Movement in the Sudan and its fierce liberation struggle with the Islamic Sudanese government. Shield, Todd. "A Tragedy in the Making," Africa Report vol. 36, no. 2 (March/April 1991):54-57. The article briefly outlines the course of the civil war in the Sudan and its brutal implications for the long-suffering African populations in the Southern Sudan. Shield, Todd. "Starving the South," Africa Reports vol. 34, no. 1 (January/February 1989):63-66. The author examines the use of food denial policy by the Sudanese government against the Africans in the South, to enforce starvation and hunger in the African populations. Sica, M. Operazione Somalia: La Dittatura, l’Oppositione, la Guerra Civile, Vince: Marsilio, 1994. The author discusses the political and humanitarian intervention by the international community into a failed state, Somalia, and the implications. Simons, Anna. Networks of Dissolution: Somalia Undone. Boulder, CO.: Westview Press 1996. The author examines the deep political, economic and military problem in a failed state, Somalia, and the rule of the warlords Smith, Gayle. "Terrorism? Sudan Gave Us No Help, "Los Angeles Times (December 7, 2001):B15. The brief article contends that the Sudanese government had massive intelligence files on the Al Qaeda network but did not give the files to the US State Department, while supporting terrorist training camps, and allowing high-level Al Qaeda operatives (including Osama bin Ladin) to move in and out of Khartoum. Smith, Stephen. Somalia: La Guerra Perdue de l’Humanitaire. Paris: CalmannLevy, 1993. The author addresses the political and humanitarian problems in Somalia. Stevenson, Jonathan. "Hope Restored in Somalia?" Foreign Policy no. 91 (Summer 1993):138-54. The author assesses the difficult prospects for the establishment of stability in Somalia with the UN operation in the country.

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

621

Stevenson, Jonathan. Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995. The author examines US foreign policy towards Somalia and the strategic implications of American loss of control of Mogadishu. Stratford, Trisha. Blood Money. London: Penguin Books, 1997. The author examines the historical origins and the implications of the political conflict in fracturing Somalia. "Sudan Hails Kuwait for Generous Help," Kuwait Times (August 29, 2001). The brief article reports the Sudanese government's praise for the humanitarian aid given by Kuwait to help the victims of the Nile flooding. "Sudan, Rebels OK Truce for Nuba Region," Los Angeles Times (January 20, 2002):A6. The brief article discusses the possibility of a cease-fire in the Nuba region of the Southern Sudan, possibly allowing for the traumatized Nubian people to receive international assistance. Sudan: The Forgotten Tragedy, Essays by Francis M. Deng, Kamal Osman Salih, Ali Abadalla Abbas, Peter Nyot Kok, Taiser Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Bona Malwal. Washington D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1994. The edited report addresses the strategic prospects for peace and reconciliation in wartorn Sudan. Suliman, Mohammed. Civil War in Sudan: The Impact of Ecological Degradation. Berne: Schweizerische Friedensstiftung, 1992. The author assesses the structural ecological and environmental damage caused by the long-running civil war in the Sudan. Swain, Ashok. "Ethiopia, the Sudan, and Egypt: The Nile River Dispute," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 35, no. (1997):675-695. The author evaluates the history, politics and economics driving the agreed utilization of the Nile River's water resources by Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt who largely depend on it for their water needs. Sylvester, Anthony. Sudan Under Nimeiri. London: Bodley Head, 1977. The author chronicles the rise to power of Major General Jaafar Muhammad alNumayri, leader of the Free Officers, in a bloodless coup to rule the Sudan, and his subsequent policies and complex maneuvers against domestic and foreign enemies.

622

The Northeast African Region/Horn of Africa

Thakur, Ramesh. "From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The UN Operation in Somalia," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 3 (September 1994):387-410. The author discusses the effectiveness of the UN operation in Somalia in the peacekeeping and peace enforcement domains. Thomas, Graham F. Sudan: Struggle for Survival. London: Darf Publishers, 1994. The author assesses the complex political history of the Sudan and the racial, ethnic and religious conflict between the Arab-North and the African-South. Thomas, Graham F. Sudan 1950-1985: Death of a Dream. London: Darf Publisher, 1990. The author expertly chronicles the political history of the Sudan between 1950-1985. Wakoson, Elias Nyamlell. "The Sudanese Dilemma: The South-North Conflict," Northeast African Studies vol. 9, no. 3 (1987):43-58. The author discusses the historical origins and the political direction of the South-North conflict in the Sudan, and the strategic implications for the region and the Sudan. "Warming of Ties with Kuwait," AFP Issue 12 (June 16, 1997). The brief article examines the Sudan’s policy to improve bilateral relations with Kuwait Wolfers, Michael. "Race and Class in Sudan," Race and Class vol. 32, no. 1 (1981):65-79. The author examines the combustible impact and interplay of race and class between the Africans and the Arabs in the Sudan. Wondu, Steven and Ann Lesch Mosley. Battle for Peace in Sudan: An Analysis of the Abuja Conference, 1992-1993. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1999. The authors discuss the historical origins and policy implications of the Abuja Conference of 1992-1993 on the future of the Sudan. The authors examine the 1992-93 negotiations between the Sudanese government and the Sudanese Peoples Liberation Movement on resolving issues of self-determination, security during the interim period, the relationship between religion and the state, and national identity, in order to bring an end to the bloody Sudanese civil war.

6

The Eastern Africa Region (by General Themes/Countries) GENERAL THEMES Bascom, Jonathan. Losing Place: Refugee Populations and Rural Transformations in East Africa. New York: Berghahn, 1998. The author addresses the implications of refugee population movements in transforming rural sectors of fragile Eastern African states. Bradbury, Mark. "Normalizing the Crisis in Africa," Disasters vol. 22, no. 4 (December 1, 1998):328-338. The author posits that the effectiveness of humanitarian development relief does not solve the emergencies in weak states, with case studies on Sudan, Somalia, Rwanda and Uganda. Chegie, W. "Grassroots Women’s Initiatives to Overcome Poverty: A Report of Eastern Africa Networking Experience," in N.A. Apt, Agyemang-Mensah and M. Grieco (eds.) Maintaining the Momentum of Beijing. Aldershot Ashgate, 1998. The author examines the innovative poverty reduction initiatives in Eastern Africa region by enterprising African women. Lugalia, Joe L. P. and Coletta G. Kbassa (eds.) Poverty, AIDS and Street Children in Africa. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2002. The edited text examines the role and impact of poverty, Aids, debt, health, and other

624

The Eastern Africa Region

dynamics pushing African children into the urban streets with case studies on the governmental reactions in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Parsons, Timothy H. The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of East Africa. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution Press. 2003. The author examines soldiers’ protests in Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda in 1964, right after the mutiny of Congo’s Force Public in 1960, initiating the long and bloody history of the African military’s involvement in Eastern African regional and state processes. Rwelamira, J.B. East Africa: A Moral Response. Nairobi, Kenya: Catholic University of Eastern Africa, 1998. The author addresses the major political, economic and cultural problems facing the Eastern African region. Salih, M.A.M. Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1998. The author assesses the complex relationship between issues of ethnicity and the state in the Eastern Africa region.

COMORO ISLANDS "Comoros Voters Agree to Unite," Los Angeles Times (December 26, 2001):A31. The brief article reviews Comoros voters' agreement to unify with the three islands in the Indian Ocean region in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rothestein, Mervyn. "New President for Comoro," New York Times (May 7, 1999):A8. The brief article reports that the leader of the takeover, Colonel Azaly Assoumani, was sworn in as President on May 6, 1999. Smith, Stephen. "The Colonel Who Hatched a Coup," U.S. News & World Report vol. 119, no. 15 (October 16, 1995):15-16. The brief article assesses the attempted coup by Bob Denard of the Comoro islands. Taylor, Terry. "Politics and Current Affairs," Economist vol. 337 (October 7, 1995):6-7. The brief article summarizes the six-day military coup in the Comoro Islands led by Bob Denard, a French solider of fortune. France’s President Chirac sent 600-man French invasion forces to successfully end the coup.

The Eastern Africa Region

625

KENYA Africa Watch. Kenya: Taking Liberties. New York: Africa Watch, 1991. The report reviews the human rights violations by the state against its citizens. Ajulu, Rok. "Kenya: One Step Forward, Three Steps Back," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 88 (June 2001): 197-212. The author addresses the history and political impact of the strategic situation in the Moi-ruled Kenya and the lack of participation and accountability. Akhahenda, Elijah F. When Blood and Tears Unite a Country: The Bombing of the American Embassy in Kenya. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002. The author assesses the impact of the Al-Qaeda bombing of the US Embassy in Kenya on individual families and in uniting the nation Amisi, Bertha Kadenyi. A Crisis in the Making: Conflict in the Rift Valley and Western Kenya. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame, 1997. The author investigates the political causes for ethnic conflict in the Rift Valley and Western Kenya regions, emphasizing the Moi government’s strategy to discourage democratization by creating conflict among ethnic groups. Aptekar, L. "Street Children in Nairobi," African Insight vol. 26, no. 3 (1996):250-259. The author provides a critical analysis of the problems that African street children face in Nairobi, Kenya and what policies the national government have and have not taken to assist the children. Bayham, Simon. "Kenya: Prospects for Peace and Stability," Conflict Studies (March 1997): 1-25. The author examines prospects for and peace and stability in Kenya given ethnic disturbances and the economic dislocation. Bergen, Peter L. Holy War, Inc: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001. The author analyzes Al-Qaeda attacks on the American Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Bhushan, Kul. Kenya Factbook, 1995-1996. Nairobi: Newspread International, 1995. The factbook provides data on Kenya, 1995-1996. Brown, Stephen. "Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to keep Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi in Power,"

626

The Eastern Africa Region

Third World Quarterly vol. 22, no. 5 (2001):725-740. The article examines the influence of international financial actors and foreign investors on Daniel arap Moi and the KANU re-election success in Kenya. Campbell, Patricia J. "Africa Right Monitor: Africa in Brief," Africa Today vol. 37, no. 3 (1990):75-77. The brief article assesses the human rights conditions and problems in Zambia, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Cote d’Ivoire. Cheluget, Kipyego. "Kenya and the Search for Peace in the Nile Valley," in Kipyego Cheluget (ed.) Kenya’s Quarter Century of Diplomatic Relations: Issues, Achievements and Prospects. Nairobi: Government Press (1990): 316. The author evaluates Kenya's political policy towards peace in the Nile Valley. Coleman, Sarah. "Africa," World Press Review vol. 48, Issue 9 (September 2001):28. The brief article discusses the tentative effort by Kenya’s President Daniel Moi to establish a coalition government, in light of the growing conflict between the ethnic tribes and the lack of democratization in the country. Crisp, Jeff. "A State of Insecurity: The Political Economy of Violence in Kenya’s Refugee Camps," African Affairs vol. 99, no. 397 (2000):601-633. The author addresses the central issues driving the political economy of violence in refugee camps throughout Kenya, as well as their socialeconomic implications for non-Kenyans from East Africa and the Horn of Africa/Congo regions. Dahmen, David. "Isolated Kenyan Village Gets Connected," Choices v. 10, no. 2 (2001): 12-13. The brief article reports on the activities of the UN Development Programme in funding a Kenyan village’s building of a micro hydroelectric project to provide electricity and pumped water. The longerterm plan includes Internet connection. Family Health International/AIDSCAP. Aids in Kenya: Socioeconomic Impact and Policy Implications. Washington D.C.: US Agency for International Development, 1996. The report assesses the policy implications of the growing AIDS crisis for Kenya’s socioeconomic development and population.

The Eastern Africa Region

627

Gibbon, Peter (ed.) Markets, Civil Society and Democracy in Kenya. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstituet, 1995. The edited text examines markets, civil society and the lack of democracy in Kenya, and the overall lack of political and social change in the Moi-ruled state. Haugererud, Angelique. The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. The author addresses the history and political impact of the culture of politics in modern Kenya. Hempstone, Smith. "Kenya: A Tarnished Jewel," National Interest (Winter 1996):50-57. The author investigates the severe corruption and gross mismanagement in the Moi-ruled Kenya, and the U.S. attempt to influence the democratization process in Kenya by withholding economic assistance and other financial assets. Hornsby, Charles. "The Social Structure of the National Assembly in Kenya," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 27, no. 2 (1989):275-297. The author discusses the social (class) structure of the national assembly in Kenya and the implications for national legislative policy formulation and implementation. Human Rights Watch/Africa. Divide and Rule: State-Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993. The report outlines the high level of state-sponsored ethnic violence by the Moi government against its political enemies in 1993. Jackson, Robert and Carl G. Rosberg. Personal Rule in Africa: Price, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1982. The author addresses the variations in the politics of personal undemocratic rule in Africa with reference to Kenya. Kagwanja, M. Killing the Vote: State-Sponsored Violence and Flawed Elections in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Human Rights Commission, 1998. The author discusses the systematic state-sponsored violence to prevent democratic elections in Kenya by the central government. "Kenya’s Lawless Bush," Economist vol. 351, Issue 8119 (May 15, 1999):46. The brief article examines the unrest in the tribal areas of Kenya with the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and the impact that it is having on increasing lawlessness in the country.

628

The Eastern Africa Region

"Kenya: Multipartyism Betrayed in Kenya," Human Rights Watch/Africa vol. 6, no. 5 (July 1994): 1-33. The article examines the restrictions on freedom of speech, growing ethnic violence and the harassment of the political opposition by the Moi government. Kenya: Old Habits Die Hard; Rights Abuses Follow Renewed Foreign Aid Commitments. New York: Human Rights Watch/Africa, 1995. The report addresses the continuing human rights violations in Kenya following renewed aid commitments by the United States and the West. Kirschee, Linda. "Informal Repression, Zero Sum Politics and Late Third Wave Transitions," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 3 (September 2000):383-405. The author evaluates the dynamics of informal repression, which poses a powerful barrier to democratization and democratic governance, with case studies on Kenya, Cameroon and Rwanda to test his hypothesis. Lawless, Jennifer and Richard Fox. "Women Candidates in Kenya: Political Socialization and Representation," Women and Politics vol. 20, no. 4 (1999):49-76. The author investigates gender politics in Kenya’s political representation politics, with a focus on the political status of women and the role of women in politics. Maharaj, Davan. "Kenya's Big Man in Being Belittled," Los Angeles Times (August 18, 2002):A1-A8. The brief article addresses the lame duck political status of President Moi and the growing disrespect for his attempt to self-select his successor. Makinda, Samuel M. "Kenya: Hiding Corruption and Division," World Today (October 1997):263-265. The author assesses the growing political repression and severe structural corruption in Kenya, and the prospects for even less democracy in the East African state. Makinda, Samuel M. "From Quiet Diplomacy to Cold War Politics: Kenya’s Foreign Policy," Third World Quarterly vol. 5, no. 2 (April 1983):300-319. The author outlines the important dimensions of Kenya's foreign policy and strategic diplomacy during the cold war. Maloba, Wunyabario O. Mau, Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. The author investigates the

The Eastern Africa Region

629

history and significance of the Mau Mau rebellion against the British authorities in Kenya and British colonialism. Marindany, Kurgat. "Major Concern Over the Proliferation of Small Arms," The East African Standard-Kenya (August 12, 2002):l-3. The brief article details the extremely serious and destabilizing internal threat of small arms proliferation (with high velocity military-type guns such as the AK-47 assault rifles pouring in unchecked from Somalia and the North Eastern region of Kenya) on foreign investment, gun-related crime and domestic security in Kenya and throughout the East African, Great Lakes and Horn of Africa regions. "Moi Opens Meeting in Arms Proliferation," Panafrican News Agency (14 March 2000). The brief article outlined a meeting of government officials in Nairobi to discuss the proliferation of small arms and light weapons. Kenya's President Daniel arap Moi explained the negative ripple effect that arms proliferation in Sub-Saharan Africa has had on more stable states. Mission to Repress: Torture, Illegal Detentions, and Extra-judicial Killings by the Kenyan Police. Nairobi: Kenya Human Rights Commission, 1998. The report provides a history of the most recent human rights violations by the Kenyan Police Force on the Government's political opponents and citizens. Muigai, Githu. "Kenya’s Opposition and the Crisis of Governance," Journal of Public Opinion vol. 21, no. 1 (1993):26-34. The author evaluates the crisis of governance in Kenya, and the democratic drive by Kenya’s Opposition to allow multi-party elections in order to increase political legitimacy. Murray-Brown, Jeremy. Kenyatta. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1973. The author examines the political life and times of Jomo Kenyatta in founding and building the Kenyan state. Nduati, Ruth, Jacqueline Makokha and Rachel Kamau. Assessing the Outcome of A Workshop on Women and HIV/AIDS for District-level Policymakers in Kenya. Washington DC: International Center for Research on Women, December 1997. The authors provide a policy assessment on the effectiveness of a HIV/AIDS workshop for district-level policymakers in Kenya.

630

The Eastern Africa Region

Nowrojee, Binaifer and Michael McClintock. Kenya: Old Habits Die Hard. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995. The authors examine the deterioration of human rights in Kenya as the Moi government creates divide and conquer policies among ethnic groups that have any political relations with the opposition parties. Nyang’oro, Julius E. "Post-Apartheid Kenya-South Africa Relations," Lesotho Social Science Review vol. 4, no. 2 (1998):49-63. The author addresses bilateral relations between Kenya and South Africa in the post-apartheid period. Ochieng, W. R. and R. M. Maxon. An Economic History of Kenya. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1992. The authors provide an economic history on the development of Kenya. Ododa, Harry. "Continuity and Change in Kenya’s Foreign Policy: From Kenyatta to Moi Government," Journal of African Studies vol. 13, no. 2 (Summer 1986):47-57. The author analyzes the strategic themes and perspectives framing Kenya's foreign policy from Jomo Kenyatta to Daniel Moi. Ogachi, O. "Economic Reform, Political Liberalization and Economic Ethnic Conflict in Kenya," Africa Development vol. 24, no. 1 (1999):83-107. The author investigates the interlocking policy dynamics of economic reform, political liberalization and ethnic conflict in Kenya. Ogot, B.A. and W. R. Ochieng (eds.) Decolonization and Independence in Kenya 1940-1993. London: James Currey Publishers, 1995. The edited text examines the history of the African liberation struggle in Kenya and the years following political independence under the rule of Jomo Kenyatta. Okoth, P.G. "Actors in Kenya’s Foreign Policy: An Analysis of its PostColonial Diplomatic History," African Quarterly vol. 38, no. 1 (1998):3973. The author evaluates the principal actors and major issues in Kenya's post-colonial diplomatic history. Oyugi, Walter. "Ethnic Relations in Kenya," CODESRIA Bulletin, no. 1 (1993):5. The author briefly reviews ethnic relations in Kenya after independence, suggesting that ethnic relations are distinguished by rivalry, conflict and division encouraged by the Moi government.

The Eastern Africa Region

631

Shelby, Barry. "Kenya: Eminence Blanche," World Press Review vol. 42, no. 8 (August 1995):25. The brief article posits that the Kenyan ruling elite is becoming concern with the opposition movement that threatens the hegemony of President Moi’s ruling party. Southall, Roger. "Dilemmas of Kenyan Succession," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 84 (June 2000):203-221. The author examines the historical and political dilemmas framing the Kenyan presidential and legislative succession(s) when Daniel Moi finally steps down from power. Southall, Roger. "Re-forming the State? Kleptocracy and the Political Transition in Kenya," Review of African Political Economy vol. 26, no. 79 (March 1999):93-108. The author reviews the political situation in Kenya after the national election of 1997, and the machinations of the Kenyan African National Union in seeking to maintain its control of Kenyan politics. Southall, Roger. "Moi's Flawed Mandate: The Crisis Continues in Kenya," Review of African Political Economy vol. 25, no. 75 (March 1998): 101-111. The author addresses the long-standing political crisis in Kenya with the longevity of Daniel Moi's non-democratic and corrupt regime. Turner, Mark. "Bribery Drives Up the Cost of Living in Kenya," Financial Times (January 19-20, 2002):4. The brief article analyzes the massive systemic corruption in Kenya, where over two-thirds of all personal and professional interactions involve the payment of a nominal bribe. Urban, Marion. "Moi, Envers Et Contre Tous," Croissane no. 411 (January 1998):24-25. The brief article examines the national elections of 1997 in Kenya. Verdirame, Guglielmo. "Human Rights and Refugees: The Case of Kenya," Journal of Refugee Studies vol. 12, no. 1 (March 1999):54-77. The author investigates human rights violations towards Central and Eastern African refugees in Kenya’s border areas, focusing on the role of the Kenyan police. Verdirame, Guglielmo. "Rights of Refugees in Kenya," Migration World Magazine vol. 27, no. 1 (1999):27-30. The author evaluates the human rights of refugees in Kenya and the central role of the Kenyan government in making life very difficult for African refugees from Central and Eastern African conflicts.

632

The Eastern Africa Region

Wa Mutua, Makua. "Human Rights and State Despotism in Kenya: Institutional Problems," Africa Today vol. 41, no. 4 (1995):50-56. The author contends that while Kenya is a multiparty state, it continues to act as if it were a single party state in the area of human rights and democratic governance. Wanyande, Peter. "The Media as Civil Society and its Role in Democratic Transition in Kenya," African Media Review no. 3 (1996):l-20. The author explores the role of the national media in democratic transition politics, strengthening the civil society and in the movement towards multi-party system in Kenya. Wanyande, Peter. "Mass Media-State Relations in Post-Colonial Kenya," Africa Media Review vol. 9, no. 3 (1995):54-75. The author discusses the political relations between the government and the national media, as well as strategies that the government has used to make life difficult for the national media, especially that part of the national media critical of the Moi government. Weigert, Stephen L. Traditional Religion and Guerrilla Warfare in Modern Africa. London: St. Martins Press, 1996. The author examines the relationship between traditional religion practices and guerrilla warfare and insurgencies in Sub-Saharan Africa with a case study on Kenya. Wright, Robin. "Powell Presses Kenya to Hold Free Elections," Los Angeles Times (May 27, 2001):Al-A16. The brief article outlines US Secretary of State Colin Powell's position that President Daniel arap Moi end his 23-year reign, encourage free and fair elections in Kenya, allow a stable multi-party system to develop and prosper, end the patronage system which reinforces ethnic divisions, eradicate corruption and encourage economic development.

MAURITIUS Brautigam, Deborah. "Mauritius: Rethinking the Miracle," Current History vol. 98, no. 628 (May 1999):228-231. The brief article reviews the decline in the relative level of prosperity in Mauritius and the political implications for that state's well-being.

The Eastern Africa Region

633

Chellapermal, A. The Problem of Mauritius Sovereignty Over the Chagos Archipelago and the Militarization of the Indian Ocean. Perth, Australia: University of Western Australia, 1984. The author examines Mauritius' sovereignty issues over the Chagos Archipelago and American and British involvement in the creation of the Diego Garcia as the powerful U.S. military base. Ganoo, Alan. "Electoral Reform: Seeking an End to Unrepresentative Election Victories in Mauritius," Parliamentarian vol. 80, no. 4 (October 1999):356358. The brief article reviews a political proposal by the Mauritius militant movement to fundamentally change the undemocratic electoral system in the country.

SEYCHELLES Allen, Phillip M. Security and Nationalism in the Indian Ocean: Lessons from Latin Quarter Islands. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987. The author evaluates the influence of security and nationalism in the history of the five island nations. Carlson, Tucker. "What I Sold at the Revolution," New Republic vol. 216 (June 9, 1997): 15-18. The author provides a brief historical overview of the Seychelles's political problems. "Country Report: Seychelles," Courier (July/August 1992): 31-45. The brief article assesses the consequences of transition from a single party system to a multiparty democracy in the Seychelles. Dorce, Frederic. "Les Seychelles Aspirent au Changement: la Contagion Democratique," Jeune Afrique vol. 31 (August 4-September 1991):28-30. The author examines the political opposition and the possibility of democratic rule in the Seychelles. Ellis, Stephen. "Africa and International Corruption: The Strange Case of South Africa and Seychelles," African Affairs vol. 95, no. 379 (April 1996): 165196. The author investigates the history of corruption between South Africa and the Seychelles.

634

The Eastern Africa Region

Hatchard, John. "Re-establishing a Multi-party State: Some Constitutional Lessons from the Seychelles," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, Issue 4 (December 1993):601-613. The author examines the possibility of reestablishing a multiparty system in the Seychelles. Houbert, Jean. "The Indian Ocean Creole Islands: Geo-Politics and Decolonization," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 3 (1992): 465-484. The article analyzes the political history of the Seychelles and the major powers' involvement in the island nation. Ingram, Derek. "Seychelles," Round Table, Issue 328 (October 1993):376-377. The brief article reports on the victory of President Albert Rene in the multiparty presidential and national assembly elections. MacGregor, Francis. "The Seychelles Experience: The Return of the Multiparty System," Parliamentarian vol. 78 (October 1997):331-333. The author reviews the workings of the multiparty system of the Seychelles since 1991. Metz, Helen Chaplin (ed.). Indian Ocean: Fire Island Countries. Pittsburgh, PA: Superintendent Documents, 1995. The edited text investigates the political, military and social forces affecting the Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, Comoros and the Maldives. Moine, Jacques. "Les Seychelles Et La Revolution Francaise," Afrique et l’Asie Modernes vol. 162 (1989): 104-114. The author assesses the political growth of the Seychelles during and after the French Revolution. Scarr, Deryck. Seychelles Since 1770: History of a Slave and Post-Slavery Society. London: Hurst, 2000. The author chronicles the history and the political economy of the slave and post-slavery society in the Seychelles since 1770. "Seychelles," Africa Report vol. 38, Issue 5 (September –October 1993):7. The brief article reports on the creation and results of the first multiparty elections in the Seychelles. "Seychelles," Round Table Issue 347 (July 1998): 290. The brief article describes the 1998 presidential election in the Seychelles.

The Eastern Africa Region

635

"Shadow over Paradise," Economist vol. 319, Issue 7702 (April 13, 1992):42-44. The brief article addresses the referendum to return to a multi-party democracy and the thirteen year old one party rule by President Albert Rene. Thayer, Nate. "Bounty of the Sea. Cambodia Buys Weapons from Seychelles," Far Eastern Economic Review vol. 158 (March 2, 1995):22. The brief article reports on the purchase of ammunition and weapons by Cambodia from the Seychelles. Venter, Demis. "Seychelles: An Interview with Finance Minister James Michel," Africa Insight vol. 20, no. 2 (1990):81-86. The author discusses domestic politics and foreign affairs with the Finance Minister James Michel of the Seychelles in 1990.

TANZANIA Amer, Ramses. "The United Nations’ Reactions to Foreign Military Interventions," Journal of Peace Research vol. 31 (November 1994):425444. The author examines the United Nations' response to Tanzanian military operations in Uganda, the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, the United States in Granada and Panama, Iraq in Kuwait and Vietnam in Kampuchea. Ampiah, Kweku. "Japanese Aid to Tanzania: A Study of the Political Marketing of Japan in Africa," African Affairs vol. 95 (1996): 107-124. The author evaluates Japan's political marketing strategy with Sub-Saharan Africa through rational foreign aid disbursements to strategic African states. Baregu, Mwesiga. "Political Culture and the Party-State in Tanzania," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly vol. 9, no. 1 (October 1995):31-34. The author evaluates the interaction of political culture and party-state dynamics in Tanzania. Bayham, Simon. "Tanzania 1990: Economic and Political Developments," Africa Insight vol. 20, no. 4 (1990):255-262. The author assesses important political and economic developments in Tanzania in 1990.

636

The Eastern Africa Region

Beneria, L. and S. Feldman (eds.) Unequal Burden: Economic Crises, Persistent Poverty, and Women’s Work. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992. The edited text addresses the economic problems faced by Tanzanian women. Biermann, Werner and J.H. Wagao. "The IMF and Economic Policy in Tanzania: 1980-84," Journal of African Studies vol. 14, no. 3 (Fall 1987):118-126. The authors examine the International Monetary Fund's structural adjustment relations with Tanzania between 1980-1984. Campbell, Horace. "The Political Challenges of the Second Mwinyi Administration," Southern Africa vol. 4, no. 4 (January 1991):27-29. The brief article reviews the political and economic problems faced by the second Mwinyi administration. Cooksey, Brian, David Court and Ben Makav. "Education for Self-Reliance and Harambee," in J.D. Barkan (ed.) Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (1994):201-233. The author addresses the educational planning and philosophy in Tanzania to promote both self reliance and economic productivity among its citizens. Gros, J.G. "Leadership and Democratization: The Case of Tanzania," in T.G. Gross. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century Africa: Coping With Uncertainty. Westport, CO: Greenwood Press (1998):97-112. The author investigates leadership and the democratization process in Tanzania. Hodd, M. Tanzania After Nyerere. London: Pinter, 1988. The author provides a critique of the strategic developments faced by a post-Nyerere Tanzania. Hofmeier, Rolf. "Sicherheitspolitische Kurzanalyse: Tanzania," Afrika Spectrum vol. 22, no. 2 (1992):219-228. The author analyzes the political involvement of the military in Tanzania. Hyden, Goran. "Top Down Democratization in Tanzania," Journal of Democracy vol. 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 142-155. The author examines the origins and evolution of the top-down political democratization process in Tanzania since its reintroduction in the multiparty elections in 1995. Kaiser, Paul J. "Structural Adjustment and the Fragile Nation: The Demise of Social Unity in Tanzania," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 34, no. 2 (1996):227-327. The article examines the strategic impact of structural

The Eastern Africa Region

637

adjustment policies on minimizing social unity among racial, ethnic and religious groups in Tanzania. Legum, Colin and Geoffrey Mmari (eds.) Mwalimu: The Influence of Nyerere. London, Dar es Salaam: British-Tanzania Society, 1995. The edited text investigates the life and times of the great Tanzanian statesman Mwalimu Nyerere. Lugalla, Joe. Crisis, Urbanization, and Urban Poverty in Tanzania: A Study of Urban Poverty and Survival Politics. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1995. The author addresses the role and impact of urbanization and urban poverty for ordinary Tanzanians and their prospects for survival in the fragile Tanzanian economy. Manji, A. "Gender and the Politics of the Land Reform Process in Tanzania," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 36, no. 4 (1998):645-667. The author analyzes the nature of gender relations and the politics of land reform in Tanzania. Matthews, K. and S. Mushi (eds.) Foreign Policy of Tanzania: A Reader. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Tanzania Publishing House, 1981. The edited text assesses the various dimensions of Tanzanian foreign policy during the cold war period. Meeker, Jeffery. "The Precarious Socio-Economic Position of Women in Rural Africa: The Case of the Kaguru of Tanzania," African Studies Review vol. 40, no. 1 (1997):35-59. The author outlines the origins and implications of the unstable socio-economic status and influence of women in rural Tanzania. Mgalla, Z., D. Schapink and J.T. Boerma. "Protecting Schoolgirls Against Sexual Exploitation: A Guardian Program in Mwanza, Tanzania," Reproductive Health Matters vol. 6, no. 12 (1998):19-30. The authors evaluate an innovative schoolgirl protection program against sexual exploitation in Mwanza, Tanzania. Mmuya, C.K. Tanzania Political Reform in Eclipse: Crisis and Cleavages in Political Parties. Dar Es Salaam: University Press, 1998. The author examines the role and influence of political reform and political parties in post-cold war Tanzania.

638

The Eastern Africa Region

Mmuya, Max and Amon Chaligha. Towards Multi-Party Politics in Tanzania. Dar es Saleem: Dar es Salaam University Press, 1992. The authors assess the nature and direction of political and economic changes in post-cold war in Tanzania, especially with regard to promoting real change towards a free and viable multiparty democracy. Mpangala, Gaudens P. "Tanzania: Nyerere Versus the Rest," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly vol. 9, no. 1 (October 1995):7-8. The brief article assesses Julius Nyerere’s review of the ruling party leadership in 1994. Naidoo, H.S. (ed.) Corruption and Drug Trafficking in Tanzania: A SocioEconomic Analysis. Dar Es Salaam: Popular Publications, 1995. The edited text provides a comprehensive socio-economic analysis of the relationship between systemic governmental corruption and drug trafficking in Tanzania. Nnko, Soori, Betty Chiduo, Flora Wilson, Wence Msuya and Gabriel Mwaluko. "Tanzania: AIDS Care - Learning from Experience," Review of African Political Economy vol. 27, no. 86 (December 2000):547-558. The authors evaluate the AIDS health care experience in Tanzania, and its future implications for better AIDS health care intervention strategies, nationally and regionally. Nyasongwa, Juma. "Tanzania Introduces a Multi-Party System," Review of African Political Economy no. 54 (July 1992): 111-116. The article discusses the introduction and implications of the multi-party system in Tanzania. Nzomo, Maria and M. Halfani (eds.) Toward a Reconstruction of State-Society Relations: Democracy and Human Rights in Tanzania. Montreal: International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 1995. The report outlines human rights problems in a politically fragile and democratic Tanzania. Okema, Michael. Political Culture in Tanzania. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1996. The author addresses the origins and development of Tanzania’s political culture and its manifestations and implications for its political system.

The Eastern Africa Region

639

Othman Haroub, Immanuel K. Bavu, and Michael Okema. Tanzania: Democracy in Transition. Dar es Salaam: Dar Salaam University, 1990. The authors evaluate the history and direction of the democratization process in Tanzania. Pietila, H. and J. Vickers (eds.) Making Women Matter: The Role of the United Nations. London: Zed, 1994. The edited text examines the role of the United Nations in improving the lives of women in Tanzania and elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. Pinkney, Robet. Democracy and Dictatorship in Ghana and Tanzania. London: Macmillan, 1997. The author addresses the historical origins and policy consequences of democracy and dictatorship in both countries since the late 1980s. Pratt, C. The Critical Phase in Tanzania, 1945-1968. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. The author critically analyzes the political culture, state development and democratic impulses of Tanzania between 19451968. Quigley, John. "Perestroika African Style: One Party Government and Human Rights in Tanzania," Michigan Journal of International Law vol. 13 (Spring 1992):611-652. The author assesses what forces directly led to the transition from a one-party system to a multiparty system in the early 1990s in Tanzania, and the political impact on the human rights situation in the East Africa country. "Fair Polls in Doubt," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 24 (November 19December 2, 1995):9758. The brief article summarizes Tanzania’s first multiparty election on October 29, 1996. "Parliamentary Election," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 22 (October 22November 4, 1995):9736-9737. The brief article discusses Tanzania’s first multiparty elections. "Tanzania: Utter Shambles," New African (January 1996):21. The brief article points to irregularities in Tanzania’s first multiparty elections.

640

The Eastern Africa Region

Townsend, M.K. Political Economy Issues in Tanzania: The Nyerere Years 1965-1985. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998. The author addresses the political economy issues during the Nyerere years from 1965-1985. Tripp, Aili Mari. "Gender, Political Participation and the Transformation of Associational Life in Uganda and Tanzania," African Studies Review vol. 37, no. 1 (1994):107-132. The author analyzes the role and political participation of women in the public sphere in Uganda. Walle, Nicolas van de. "Tanzania and the IMF: The Dynamics of Liberalization," African Studies Review vol. 37, no. 3 (1994): 103-118. The author examines the historical origins, the strategic relations and political negotiations between the Tanzanian government and the International Monetary Fund on both economic liberalization and structural adjustment issues.

UGANDA Amaza, Ori. Museveni's Long March from Guerrilla to Statesman. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers, 1998. The author assesses the historical rise and political development of President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Movement (NSM). Museveni's ideological program against the elected Ugandan government, the use of military force against that government to take power, and his policies towards dealing with residual ethnic, religious and religious conflicts in an NSM-ruled Uganda are also discussed. Amjaza, Ondoga Ori. "Confronting Religious, Regional and Ethnic Politics in Uganda," Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly vol. 9, no.7 (1999):33-55. The author addresses regional, religious, and ethnic politics in Uganda. Barya, J.J.B. "Democracy and the Issue of Culture in Uganda: Reflections on the (non) Restoration of the Ankole Monarchy," East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights vol. 4, no. 1 (1998): 1-14. The author examines the nonrestoration of the Ankole Monarchy in Uganda and the important issues of democracy and culture.

The Eastern Africa Region

641

Berg-Svhlosseer, Dirk and Rainer Siegler. Political Stability and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1990. The edited text examines three East African countries' political, social and economic status after becoming independent from Britain in the early 1960s. Boyd, Rosalind E. "Empowerment of Women in Uganda: Real or Symbolic," Review of African Political Economy no. 45 (1989):174-179. The brief article addresses origins and implications of the empowerment of Uganda in national politics. Braeckman, Colette. "La Republique Democratique de Congo Depecee Par Ses Voisins," Monde Diplomatique vol. 46, no. 547 (October 1999):16-17. The brief article discusses Ugandan and Rwandan troops in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Bratton, Michael and Gina Lambright. "Uganda's Referendum 2000: The Silent Boycott," African Affairs vol. 100, Issue 400 (January 2001):429-452. The author analyzes through a public attitude survey Ugandan voters' views on Uganda's referendum held in 2000, showing that there was an "extensive silent boycott" of the no-party movement system, and at the same time, a sympathy with the new multiparty pluralism. Brett, A.E. "Neutralizing the Use of Force in Uganda: The Role of the Military in Politics," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 33, no. 1 (1995):129153. The author addresses the role and impact of Ugandan military in national politics, especially with reference to the use of force issues. Brett, A.E. "Rebuilding Organization Capacity in Uganda Under the National Resistance Movement," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 32, no. 1 (1994):54-82. The author assesses the prospects for rebuilding the organizational capacity of the National Resistance Movement in Uganda. Clark, John F. "Explaining Ugandan Intervention in Congo: Evidence and Interpretations," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, no. 2 (June 2001):261-287. The author evaluates the historical and policy evidence driving the Ugandan military intervention in the Congo, and the long-term strategic implications of the intervention.

642

The Eastern Africa Region

Crisp, Jeff. "Uganda Refugees in Sudan and Zaire: The Problem of Repatriation," African Affairs vol. 85, no. 339 (1996):163-80. The author examines the complex and difficult problem of returning Ugandan refugees in the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo back to Uganda. Fitzgerald, Mary Anne. "Uganda: What Prospects for Peace?," Africa Report vol. 30 (November/December 1985):11-14. The brief article reviews the prospects for peace in Ugandan society. Flanary, Rancel and David Watt. "The State of Corruption: A Case Study of Uganda," Third World Quarterly vol. 20, no. 3 (1999):515-537. The authors address the origins and evolution of Uganda’s decision to fight structural political corruption because of the compelling influence of western aid donors and the public increasing demands for accountability from those in power. Foster, Byarugaba Emansueto. Rwandese Refugees in Uganda. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1989. The report discusses the impact and consequences of Rwandan refugees in Uganda and their reparation prospects back to war-torn Rwanda. Furley, Oliver. "Democratization in Uganda," Conflict Studies no. 317 (April 1998):1-24. The author assesses a transition towards a democratic system from a military government under President Museveni. Furley, Oliver. Uganda: A Second-Phase Bid for Legitimacy under International Scrutiny. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992. The author examines Uganda's democratic experiment after considerable political turmoil and economic retrenchment. Furley, Oliver. Uganda’s Retreat from Turmoil? London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1987. The author explores Uganda's search for order and stability after a long period of instability and conflict. Furley, Oliver and James Katalikawe. "Constitutional Reform in Uganda: The Approach," African Affairs vol. 96, Issue 383 (April 1997): 243-261. The authors evaluate the political prospects for constitutional reform in Uganda.

The Eastern Africa Region

643

Hasen, Holder Bernt and Michael Twaddle. Developing Uganda. London: James Currey Publishers, 1996. The authors discuss the economic revitalization of Uganda since Museveni came to power. Hauser, Ellen. "Uganda Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s: What Impact on Democratization?" Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 4 (1999):621-642. The author examines Uganda's relations with western donor nations and its political and economic impact on the democratization process. Human Rights Watch/Africa. The Scars of Death: Children Abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch, September 1997. The report outlines the Lord's Resistance Army's policy of abducting children and young people from educational and other sites as form of terrorism and to recruit child soldiers to fight against the military forces of Uganda. Ingram, Derek. "Uganda," Round Table vol. 350, Issue 1 (April 1999):167-169. The brief article assesses the implications in resignation of Salim Saleh as the president's advisor on defense. Kabwegyere, Tarsis. The Politics of State Formation and Destruction in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain, 1996. The author analyzes the politics of state formation and state destruction in Uganda. Kasfir, Nelson. "No-Party Democracy in Uganda," Journal of Democracy vol. 9, no. 2 (April 1998):49-64. The author reviews the historical origins and political impact of the no-party democracy movement in Uganda. Kasozi, A.B.K. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda 1964-1985. London: UCL Press, 1995. The author addresses the social origins of violence under various political regimes in Uganda between 1964-1985. Khadiagala, Gilbert M. "Uganda's Domestic and Regional Security Since the 1970s," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 31, Issue 2 (June 1993):231-256. The author outlines the major domestic and regional security issues in Uganda during the 1970s. Kirenga, Emmanuel. "A Homemade Model, Democracy in Uganda: The Role of the Military in Politics," Parliamentarian vol. 78 (January 1997):19-21. The

644

The Eastern Africa Region

author analyzes democratic governance and the role of military in Ugandan national politics since 1986. Krott, Rob. "Mayhem, Mysticism and Misery: Uganda's Lord Resistance Army," Soldier of Fortune vol. 22 (July 1977):62-65. The author examines the historical origins and political impact of the insurgency by Lord Resistance Army on Uganda. Larkin, Greg. "NRM and Uganda's Realities," UFUHAMU vol. 15, no. 3 (Winter 1986/1987):155-166. The author addresses the impact of the National Resistance Movement in its national political campaign to create a better Uganda. Mabirizi, Deogratias. "Uganda Today: People's Power?" Peace Review vol. 3 (Winter 1991/Winter 1992):15-17. The brief article provides a historical background on the National Resistance Movement. Magambwa, J. "Article 16 (2) of the 1995 Constitution of Uganda and the Protection of Private Property," East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights, vol. 4, no. 1 (1998):70-89. The author reviews the issue of private property and Uganda's 1995 constitution. Majteni, Cathy. "Insecurity in Northern Uganda: Are People Being Given the Protection they Deserve?" Refuge vol. 17, no. 6 (October 1998):22-26. The brief article explores the 12-year war by the Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda and the political response of the Ugandan government. Mamdani, Manhood. "Uganda in Transition: Two Years of the NRS/NRM," Third World Quarterly vol. 10, no. 3 (July 1988):1155-1181. The article discusses the political rule of the National Resistance Movement in Uganda in the 1980s. Mirzeler, Mustafa and Crawford Young. "Pastoral Politics in the Northeast Periphery in Uganda: AK-47 as Change Agent," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 38, no. 3 (2000):407-433. The article examines the complex and distrustful relationship between Karamoja and Northeastern Uganda. Morris, Jack. "A Lesson from the Massacre of Foreign Tourist in Uganda," America vol. 180, no. 19 (May 29, 1999):12-14. The brief article assesses the lessons learned with the killing of six foreign tourists in Uganda.

The Eastern Africa Region

645

Mugaju, J.B. (ed.) An Analytical Review of Uganda's Decade of Reforms 19861996. Kampala, Uganda: Foundation Publishers, 1996. The edited text examines the origins and consequences of President Museveni's rule, and how he came into power in the military junta in 1986. Musere, Jonathan. African Sleeping Sickness: Political Ecology, Colonialism, and Control in Uganda. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 1990. A very important multidisciplinary analysis on the impact of trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness (and other killer diseases), on humans and beasts in Uganda, and the historical and political efforts to control the disease(s) in light of traditional, colonial and post-colonial cultural, social and economic constraints. "Museveni-Bariagye Row." African Recorder vol. 33, no. 3 (January 29February 11, 1994):9197. The brief article outlines the unpleasant disagreement between President Museveni and Bariagye Row the tribal king of Ankole. Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta. Sowing the Mustard Seeds: The Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Uganda. London: Macmillan, 1997. The author addresses the history and implications of the long struggle for freedom and democracy in Uganda. Mwamba, Bapuwa. "RDC: Le Cout D' une Guerre," Jeune Afrique Economie no. 293 (August 30/ September 12, 1999):52-53. The brief article explores the large sums of money spent by Uganda, Rwanda, and Zimbabwe on their military forces engaged in conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Nkamuhayo, Pius and Gill Seidel. "The Context of Human Rights in Uganda Today," Review of African Political Economy no. 45 (1989):174-179. The brief article reviews the state of human rights in Uganda under Museveni. Nsibambi, A. (ed.) Decentralization and Civil Society in Uganda: The Quest For Good Governance Kampala Fountain Publishers, 1998. The author analyzes decentralization, civil society and good governance in Uganda. Ocitti, Jim. Political Evolution and Democratic Practice in Uganda, 1952-1996. Lewiston, New York: Mellen Press, 2000. The author examines why democratic governance and practice has not flourished in the no-party political system in Uganda, between 1952 and 1996.

646

The Eastern Africa Region

Ofcansky, Thomas P. Uganda: Tarnished Pearl of Africa. Boulder, CO.: Westview, 1996. The author addresses the contentious political history and development of Uganda in the post-cold war period. Okoth, P. Godfrey. "Uganda's Relations with OAU, 1963-1994," TransAfrican Journal of History vol. 25 (1996):194-214. The author studies the political and diplomatic relations between the OAU and Uganda (1963-1994) during the rule of Milton Obote, Idi Amin, and Yoweri Museveni. Okoth, P. Godfrey. "History of Military Intervention in Ugandan Politics," Transafrican Journal of History vol. 22 (1993):34-54. The author analyzes the history of military intervention in Ugandan politics. Oloka-Onyango, J. "The Question of Buganda in Contemporary Ugandan Politics," Journal of Contemporary African Studies vol. 15, no. 2 (July 1997):173-190. The author investigates the political role and the strategic significance of the Buganda people in post-cold war Ugandan politics. Oloka-Onyango, J. "Uganda's 'Benevolent' Dictatorship," Current History vol. 96 (May 1997):212-216.The brief article examines the historical origins and political implications of Yoweri Museveni's rule in Uganda. Oloka-Onyango, J. The Dynamics of Constitutional Politics in Uganda. Darkar, Senegal: Codesria, 1997. The author assesses constitutional politics in Uganda and its strategic implications for the future of that African states in light of the systemic war in the Central Congo/Great Lakes regions and domestic politics. Omara-Otunnu, Amii. "The Dynamics of Conflict in Uganda," in Oliver Furley (ed.) Conflict in Africa. London: I.B. Tauris (1995):223-236. The author discusses the dynamics of political and ethnic conflict in Uganda. Omara-Otunnu, Amii. "The Struggle for Democracy in Uganda," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 30, no. 3 (1992):443-463. The author reviews the history of the struggle for democratic rule in Ugandan national politics. Omara-Otunnu, Amii. "The Challenge of Democratic Pluralism in Uganda," A Journal of Opinion vol. 20, no. 1 (Winter 1991):41-49. The author addresses democratic pluralist issues in Uganda, and the hope of the

The Eastern Africa Region

647

Ugandan people for real political change when Yoweri Museveni came to power in 1986. Ottemoeller, Dan. "The Politics of Gender in Uganda; Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism," African Studies Review vol. 42, no. 2 (1999):87-105. The article addresses Ugandan women’s involvement in the national political process, as well as women’s increased role in formal Ugandan politics encouraged by power-seeking politicians sympathetic to feminist issues because of electoral advantages. Ottemoeller, Dan. "Popular Perceptions of Democracy: Elections and Attitudes in Uganda," Comparative Political Studies vol. 31 (Fall 1998):98-124. The author examines the origins and implications of Ugandan elections and political attitudes. Otunnu, Ogenda. "The Path to Genocide in Northern Uganda," Refuge vol. 17 (August 1998):4-13. The author outlines severe human right violations in Northern Uganda, and the failure of the international community to prevent a genocide event. "President Praises India for Help," African Recorder vol. 33, no. 3 (January 29February 11, 1994):9339. The brief article reviews President Museveni's thanks to India for helping Uganda after the brutal reign of Idi Amin. Putel, K.H. "Transition in Uganda: From Chaos to Stability," Africa Quarterly vol. 36, no. 2 (1996):19-27. The author assesses political developments in Uganda during the rule of the National Resistance Movement. Rake, Alan. "Who is in Charge of Uganda?," New African (April 1992):14-15. The brief article summarizes the tension between President Museveni's support for a single party and the Opposition's support for a multiparty system. Ramamurthi, T.G. "A Multi-Faceted Cooperation: Five Decades of IndiaUganda Relations," Africa Quarterly vol. 36, no. 2 (1996):11-18. The article examines the political history and cooperation between India and Uganda since 1948. Ray, Ellen. "U.S. Military and Corporate Recolonization of Congo," Convert Action Quarterly no. 69 (Spring/Summer 2000):4-13. The author addresses

648

The Eastern Africa Region

the important role that the U.S. military played in supporting Uganda's military intervention in the corporate recolonization of the Democratic Republic of Congo. "Rebels Release Four Relief Workers over $5000 Agency (August 12, 2002):1 The brief article activities of the Lords Resistance Army and raping rampages in Uganda, turning over authorities for ransom.

Ransom," Panafrican News outlines the brutally savage its kidnapping, killing and relief workers to Ugandan

Riyaga-Nsubuga, John. "Managing Political Change: Uganda Under Museveni," in Taisier Ali and Robert O. Mathews (eds.) Civil Wars in Africa: Roots and Resolution. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press (1999):1334. The author examines the rise to power in 1986 of Yoweri Museveni and the National Resistance Movement, and their central role in rebuilding Uganda after years of violent political and military struggle. Ruzindana, A., P. Langseth and A. Gakwandi. Fighting Corruption in Uganda: The Process of Building a National Integrity System Kampala Fountain Publishers, 1998. The author addresses the severe problem of corruption in Uganda. Sebunya, Crespo. "South Africa Arms Uganda," New African (May 1997):32. The brief article outlines South Africa's transfer of military arms to the Ugandan government. Sokeo, Amil. "Understanding the Violence in Uganda," TransAfrica Forum vol. 15, no. 3 (1988):17-30. The author analyzes the nature of political violence in Uganda since the late 19th century, as well as the influence of political violence on ethnic and religious groups. Swinburne, Caroline. "The Return of the Ugandan Asians," New African (July/August 1996):12-13. The brief article examines the political and economic conflicts between African and Asian businessmen in Uganda. Talame, Sylvia. When Hens Begin to Crow: Gender and Parliamentary Politics in Uganda. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999. The author addresses the emergent voice of African women in politics and public policy issues with an important case study on both the political history and policy impact of African women's involvement in Uganda's legislative and national politics.

The Eastern Africa Region

649

Taylor, Greg. "Innocence Stolen: Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda," Christianity Today vol. 44, no. 8 (July 8, 2000):26-27. The brief article examines the Lord's Resistance Army's role in kidnapping more than 12,600 children in its guerilla war against the government. Tindigarukayo, Jimmy K. "Uganda, 1979-1985: Leadership in Transition," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 26, no. 4 (1988): 607-622. The article assesses how Ugandan leaders have reestablished political order since Idi Amin was overthrown in 1979. Tripp, Aili Mari. "The Politics of Autonomy and Co-optation in Africa: The Case of the Ugandan Women's Movement," The Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 39, Issue 1 (March 2001):129-162. The article addresses the historical role and the political influence of autonomy and co-optation dynamics on the Ugandan Women's Movement. Turshen, Meredeth. "The Political Economy of Violence Against Women During Armed Conflict in Uganda," Social Research vol. 67, no. 3 (Fall 2000):803-824. The author assesses the political economy of violence against women and young girls during armed conflict(s) by both rebel groups and the government in Uganda. Twaddle, Michael. "Uganda: Prospects for Democracy and the Revival of the Kingdom," Round Table (July 1996):323-332. The author analyzes political barriers in Uganda, which prevents the establishment of multi-party democracy. "Uganda Raises Defense Spending to Take on Rebels," Jane's Defense Weekly (August 14, 1996):15. The brief article outlines the increase in defense spending by the Ugandan government to fight anti-government rebel forces. "Uganda's Three-Sided War of Attrition," Jane's Defense Weekly (September 22, 1996):41-43. The brief article reviews the military conflict between the Ugandan government and anti-government rebel forces. "Uganda: On the Ascent," Courier (July/August 1998):30-32. The brief article addresses the overall health of political discourse in Uganda since President Yoweru Museveni took over.

650

The Eastern Africa Region

Versi, Anver and David Musoke. "Reevaluating the Pearl of Africa," African Business (March 1995):8. The brief article examines the general health of the Ugandan economy since President Yoweri Museveni took over. Watt, David. "Democratization or the Democratization of Corruption? The Case Study of Uganda," Commonwealth & Comparative Politics vol. 37, no. 3 (1999):37-64. The author addresses the conflict between the democratization process and systemic corruption in public and private sectors in Uganda.

ZANZIBAR "Africa," World Press Review vol. 48, Issue 38 (January 2001):27. The brief article reviews the irregularities in the October 2000 election in Zanzibar. Bakari, Mohammed Ali. The Democratization Process in Zanzibar: A Retarded Transition. Hamburg, Germany: Institut Fuer Afrika-Kunde, 2001. The author evaluates the historical origins and the political impact of the democratization process in Zanzibar. Burgess, Thomas. "Remembering Youth: Generation in Revolutionary Zanzibar," Africa Today vol. 46, Issue 2 (Spring 1999):29-51. The author examines the important historical and political role of youth in the AfroShiraz Party and in a revolutionary Zanzibar. "Country Report: Tanzania," Courier (January-February 1999):9-32. The country review of Zanzibar assesses the constitution, political party rivalries, democratic governance, and the situation with refugees. "East Africa’s Offshore Entrepot," The Economist vol. 341 (October 5, 1996):45. A brief review of the political and economic developments in Zanzibar is provided. Hoffman, Frank G. "The U.S. Marine Corps in Review," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings vol. 125, no. 5 (May 1999):84-92. The author reviews U.S. marine operations given Al-Qaeda's terrorist attacks on the U.S. Embassies in Tanzania and Kenya.

The Eastern Africa Region

651

Ingram, Derek. "Tanzania," Round Table vol. 349, Issue 1 (January 1999): 18. The brief article describes the temporary end to the political conflict between the Zanzibar government and the Civic United Front in September of 1998. Kaiser, Paul J. "Power, Sovereignty, and International Election Observers: The Case of Zanzibar," Africa Today vol. 46, no. 1 (Winter 1999):28-46. The author examines the role of international election observers in Zanzibar's 1995 multiparty elections. Maliyamkono, T. (ed.) The Political Plight of Zanzibar. Dar es Salaam: Tema Publishers Company, 2000. The edited text addresses strategic political developments defining Zanzibar with regard to its self-determination and sovereignty. Myers, Garth A. "Political Ecology and Urbanization: Zanzibar’s Construction Materials Industry," Journal of Modern African Studies vol. 37, no. 1 (1999):83-85. The author posits that environmental protection issues can be advanced in Zanzibar by adopting a prudent regional ecology policy, with a focus on Zanzibar’s construction materials industry. "Not So Good in Zanzibar," Economist vol. 357, Issue 8195 (November 4, 2000):51. The brief article examines Zanzibar’s political elections of 2000 and the accusation that the election was not free or fair. "Polls in Zanzibar," African Recorder vol. 34, no. 23 (November 5-18, 1995):9748. The brief article evaluates the first multiparty elections in Zanzibar both for the Presidency and the Parliament. Rajab, Ahmed. "Can Zanzibar Do It Alone," African Business (September 1995):8-10. The brief article outlines the political process in Zanzibar, including the power struggle for an independent Zanzibar. "Restless in Zanzibar, Calls for Greater Independence for Zanzibar," Economist vol. 353, no. 8149 (December 11, 1999):40-41. The article discusses the multiparty elections in Tanzania in October of 2000, and the hope by the people of Zanzibar that the elections will provide them more independence and self-determination.

652

The Eastern Africa Region

Taylor, Louisa. "The 30-year Itch," Africa Report vol. 39 (May-June 1994):3033. The brief article reviews the political union of Tanzania and Zanzibar as the United Republic of Tanzania.

7

Sub-Saharan Africa Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND DICTIONARIES African Academy of Sciences. Profiles of African Scientific Institutions, 1992. Nairobi, Kenya: African Academy Science Publishers, 1992. The important report provides a complete informational overview and listing of over 186 scientific institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. African Academy of Sciences. Profiles of African Scientists. Nairobi, Kenya: African Academy of Sciences Publishers, 1991. The report provides a very useful and extensive set of bibliographic profiles on over 350 important African scientists and technologists working in Sub-Saharan Africa and worldwide. "African and Afro-American Studies: Outstanding Publications 1990-1996," Choice vol. 34, no. 6 (1997):931-936. The article provides a listing of the most prominent African and Afro-American studies publications between 1990-1996. Africa South of the Sahara 2003: Regional Surveys of the World. Independence, Kentucky: Europa Publications/Taylor and Francis, 2002. The reference text is an extremely important, fully updated, and in-depth survey of the

654

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

geography, economics and politics of Sub-Saharan Africa, providing general and country surveys and regional information on the continent. Afulezi, Uju Nkwocha and Ijeoma Owogo Afulezi. African IGBO Scholarship: A Bibliography of Doctoral Dissertations and Some Masters Degree Theses at American, Canadian, Australian, and European Universities, 1945-1999Volume 1. The text provides a comprehensive summary of important doctoral studies and master theses written by African American scholars at various elite American, Canadian, Australian, and European universities between 1945-1999. Allen, C.H. (ed.) Africa Bibliography: 1995. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 1996. The edited text compiles an informative bibliography on African political, military and economic events in 1995. Amstrong, J.C., D. Blake, and C. Travis (eds.) Periodicals from Africa. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1984. The authors compile a representative survey of major (and minor) periodicals from Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1980s. Ashikire, J. Gender and Labor in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Annotated Bibliography. Kampala, Uganda: Centre for Basic Research, 1997. The author provides a very useful and informed annotated bibliography on gender and labor issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Asiwaju, J. Borders and Border Regions, Focus on Africa: A Comparative and Multidisciplinary Bibliography. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Regional Development, 1997. The author provides a very useful and comprehensive comparative and multidisciplinary bibliography on borders and border regions issues in Africa. Bailey, A.J. "Internal Migration in Kenya: A Bibliography," Africana Journal no. 17 (1998):307-331. The author provides a critical bibliography on internal migration dynamics and trends in Kenya in the post-cold war period. Barringer, T.A. Africa Bibliography 1998. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. The author's fine bibliography covers humanities and arts, environmental and social sciences, and development studies in a majority of the states in Sub-Saharan Africa for the year 1998.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

655

Barringer, T.A. Africa Bibliography 1997. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997. The author's fine bibliography covers humanities and arts, environmental and social sciences, and development studies in a majority of the states in Sub-Saharan Africa for the year 1997. Bender, Gerald. A Political Bibliography of Angola (in English): 1975-2000. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California, 2000. The well-known American analyst of Angolan politics produces a definitive and comprehensive political bibliography on Angola from 1975-2000. Bennett, George John and Pramila Ramgulam Bennett. Seychelles. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1993. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on the Seychelles. Bennett, Pramila Ramgulam and George John Bennett. Mauritius. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1992. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Mauritius along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Binns, Margaret. "The Documentation of African Research," African Research and Documentation no. 56 (1991):1-34. The author provides a 1991 assessment of important bibliographic tools with primary focus on African materials, as well as chronicling African institutions and their production, cataloguing and accessibility of research reports and theses to researchers. Binns, Margaret and Tony Binns. Sierra Leone. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1992. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Sierra Leone along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Blench, R. Resource Conflict in Semi-Arid Africa: An Essay and Annotated Bibliography. London: ODI, 1998. The author provides an essay and annotated bibliography on resource conflict in semi-arid regions of SubSaharan Africa. Bobb, F. Scott. Historical Dictionary of Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, 1999. The text is an invaluable resource providing historical definitions for understanding the political and economic origins and development of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

656

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Bradt, Hilary and Mervyn Brown. Madagascar. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1993. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Madagascar along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Brockman, Nobert C. An African Biographical Dictionary. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford, England: ABC-Clio Ltd, 1996. The author provides informative biographical profiles on 550 of important Africans and nonAfricans involved in the 20th century events impacting Sub-Saharan Africa. Buchhikz, I, and M.C. Gei-Khoibes. Education and Gender in Namibia: An Annotated Bibliography. Windhoek: Forum of African Women Educationalists, 1998. The authors provide a very informative and useful annotated bibliography on education and gender issues in Namibia. Coger, Dalvan M. Kenya. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1996. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Kenya along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Cutter, Charles H. Africa 2002. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications, 2002. The author provides solid information on African states. Daniels, Morna. Burundi. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1992. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Burundi along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Darch, Colin. Tanzania. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1996. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Tanzania along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Decalo, Samuel. Malawi. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1995. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Malawi along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Decalo, Samuel. Togo. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1995. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Togo along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Decalo, Samuel. Burkina Faso. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1994. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Burkina Faso along with an overview analysis and an excellent index.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

657

Delancey, Mark W. Somalia. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1998. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Somalia. Delancey, Mark W. and Mark D. Delancey. Cameroon. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1999. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Cameroon along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Delancey, Mark W. and Terry M. Mays. Historical Dictionary of International Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1994. The authors provide a research and chronological guide on NGOs, international and intergovernmental organizations in Africa, and a listing personalities and events influencing the development and evolution of international and intergovernmental organizations on the continent. Delancy, Mark W., William Cyrus Reed, Rebecca Spyke, and Peter Steen. African International Relations: An Annotated Bibliography. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997. An important annotated bibliography on African International Relations covering political, economic, social, cultural, security and diplomatic issues in Africa. Dilley, Roy and Jerry Eades. Senegal. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1994. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Senegal along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Donge, Jan Kees van. Zambia. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 2000. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Zambia along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Duesterhoeft, Diane M. "Special Periodical Issues About African Women, 19721991," in Current Bibliography on African Affairs vol. 24, no. 1 (19921993):315-340. The author outlines special periodical issues on African women between 1972-1991. Duignan. Peter and Helen F. Conover. Guide to Research and Reference Works on Sub-Saharan Africa. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1971. The annotated bibliography is a pioneering work of over 32,127 citations on Africa up to 1969/1971, including serials, bibliographies and dictionaries. Dunn, D. Elwood. Liberia. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1995. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Liberia.

658

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Eades, Jerry and Chris Allen. Benin. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1996. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Benin. Fegley, Randall. Eritrea. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1995. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Eritrea. Fegley, Randall. Equatorial Guinea. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1991. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Equatorial Guinea. Galli, Rosemary E. Guinea-Bissau. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1990. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Guinea-Bissau along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Gamble, David P. The Gambia. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1988. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on the Gambia along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Gardinier, David E. Africana Journal: A Bibliographic Library Guide and Review Forum (notes. Volume xvii). New York: Holmes & Meier (Annual publication). The author provides a bibliographic guide on African issues. Gardinier, David E. Gabon. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1992. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Gabon along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Glickman, Harvey (ed.) Political Leaders of Contemporary Africa South of the Sahara: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992. The edited text provides biographical data on political leaders in Africa. Guyer, Jane I. African Studies in the United States. Atlanta, GA: African Studies Association Press, 1996. The author provides an overview of the state of African studies in the United States, as well as U.S. institutions' involvement in African studies, training and scholarship programs in African studies, statistical analysis of dissertation and report production on African issues, and a bibliography on African studies in the United States. Hall, David. African Acronyms and Abbreviations: A Handbook. London: Cassell Academic/Mansell, 1996. The author provides a comprehensive list of over 12,000 acronyms and abbreviations on Africa.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

659

Hall, David (ed.) International African Bibliography: Current Books, Articles and Papers in African Studies. London: Mansell Publishing, 1971-1992; London: Hall Zell Publishers, 1993. The multi-lingual text lists books, papers on strategic issues covering Sub-Saharan Africa. Harris, Gordon. Organization of African Unity: An Annotated Bibliography. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994. The author provides an annotated bibliography on the history of the Organization of African Unity. Hough, Michael. and Anton Du Plessis (eds.) Africa: Selected Documents on Political, Security, Humanitarian, and Economic Issues. Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Strategic Studies, University of Pretoria, 1996. The edited text provides a compilation of strategic documents on Africa. Hudson, D. and J. Isaksen. The Quality of Life in Botswana: An Annotated Bibliography on Income, Distribution, Social Indicators, Social Welfare and Natural Resources. Gaborone: Botswana Society, 1998. The authors provide an annotated bibliography on quality of life issues in Botswana. Jane's Information Group. Jane's Sentinel-Security Assessment: Central Africa, vol. 1. Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1997. The text provides security assessments on all the states in the Central African region. Jane's Information Group. Jane's Sentinel-Security Assessment: Southern Africa, vol. 1. Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1995. The text provides security assessments on all states in the Southern African region. Jane's Information Group. Foreign Military Markets: Middle East and Africa. Alexandria, VA: Jane's Information Group, 1995. The text provides a comprehensive assessment of strategic data on Sub-Saharan African states. Jauch, H. Affirmative Action in Namibia: Redressing the Imbalances of the Past. Windhoek: New Nembia, 1998. The author provides useful information on affirmative action issues in Namibia. Joffe, George and Valarie Day-Viaud. Chad. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1995. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Chad along with an overview analysis and an excellent index.

660

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Johnston, Deborah. Lesotho. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1996. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Lesotho with an overview analysis and an informative index. Kalck, Pierre. Central African Republic. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1993. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on the Central African Republic along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Kalley, Jacqueline A. South Africa's Road to Change, 1987-1990: A Select and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991. The author provides both a select and annotated bibliography on political change in South Africa between 1987-1990, with an important authors index and subject index. Karnik, S.S. "India-Africa Economic Relations: A Select Bibliography," Africa Quarterly vol. 25, no. 3-4 (1988):63-110. The author provides a wellwritten and important select bibliography on Indian-African economic relations during the cold war period. La Documentation Africaniste en Europe. Africaniste Documentation in Europe. Actes du Colloque, Paris, March 22-23, 1986. Strasbourg, France: Conseil European des Etudes Africaines, 1987. The text addresses the proceedings of the 1986 conference in Strasbourg, Germany, which produced over 17 bilingual papers (15 French and 2 English papers) on the condition of African documentation in Europe, with emphasis on library collections on African issues. Legum, Colin (ed.) African Contemporary Record. New York: Holmes & Meier (Annual reference publication). The text provides a yearly, updated and extremely important informational analysis of states in Africa. Linger-Goumaz, M. Guinea Ecuatorial: Bibliographia General. Geneva Les Editiones du tempos, 1998. The author provides an updated and quite useful general bibliography on Equatorial Guinea. Lipschutz, Mark R. and R. Kent Rasmussen. Dictionary of African Historical Biography, 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1986. The authors provide an important biographical profiles on over 850 African personalities involved in Sub-Saharan Africa's political, economic, social and cultural development.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

661

Liyai, H.A., and A. Bethwell. "A Bio-Bibliography," African Journal no. 17 (1998):332-362. The authors provide an interesting bio-bibliography on Sub-Saharan African personalities in the post-cold war period. Maja-Pearce, Adewale. Directory of African Media. Brussels: International Federation of Journalists, 1996. The author provides an important and information-rich directory on media and press addresses, personnel data, circulation levels and general operations in Sub-Saharan African states. Middleton, John (ed.) Encyclopedia of Africa South of the Sahara (4 vols.) New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1997. A very important information source on issues related to understanding of Sub-Saharan Africa. It lists over two hundred of the largest and most significant of the ethnic groups, as well as the listing of over one thousand ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. Morrison, Donald G., Robert C. Mitchell, and John N. Paden. Black Africa: A Comparative Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Paragon House and Irvington Publishers, 1989. An important compilation of comparative, statistical and narrative data on over forty-one Sub-Saharan African states in tabular and table forms in the areas of international relations, political and economic developments, ecology, pluralism, demography and social mobilization. Munro-Hay, Stuart and Richard Pankhurst. Ethiopia. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1995. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Ethiopia along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Musiker, Reuben and Naomi Musiker. Southern African Bibliography. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996. The authors provide an organized listing of all books published on Southern African states since 1945. Nyeko, Balam. Uganda. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1996. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Uganda along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Nyeko, Balam. Swaziland. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1994. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Swaziland along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Otchere, Freda E. African Studies Thesaurus: Headings for Library Users. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992. The author provides over 4,000 subject

662

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

headings, with some 600 African language headings and over 600 African peoples and ethnic groups. A very useful African Studies thesaurus for researchers. Pfister, R. Bibliography of Swiss Doctoral Dissertations on Sub-Saharan Africa, 1897-1996. Bern: Swiss Society on African Studies, 1997. The author provides a very useful and practical bibliography of Swiss doctoral dissertations on Sub-Saharan Africa, 1897-1996. Pirouet, M. Louise. Historical Dictionary of Uganda. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995. The dictionary provides important political, economic, social and cultural data on Uganda. Potts, Deborah. Zimbabwe. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1993. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Zimbabwe along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Rake, Alan. Who's Who in Africa: Leaders for the 1990s. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1992. The author provides an excellent bibliographic life histories of important and modern day African leaders throughout SubSaharan Africa. Schoeman, Elna, Jacqueline A. Kalley and Naomi Musiker. Mandela's Five Years of Freedom, South African Politics, Economics and Social Science 1990-1995: A Select and Annotated Bibliography. Johannesburg, SA: South African Institute of International Affairs, 1996. The authors provide a comprehensive select and annotated bibliography (with author and subject indexes) covering the important period between 1990-1995 with the success of the African liberation movement and the rise of Nelson Mandela and the political, economic, social, cultural, foreign relations, education and related policy issues associated with the strategic changes in South Africa. Schoeman, Stanley and Elna Schoeman. Namibia. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1997. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Namibia along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Schraeder, Peter J. and Erick J. Mann. Djibouti. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1991. The authors provide an updated annotated bibliography on Djibouti along with an overview analysis and an excellent index.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

663

Shavit, David. The United States in Africa: A Historical Dictionary. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989. The author provides important historical information on 200 years of relations between the United States and Africa. Shaw, Caroline S. Sao Tome and Principe. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1994. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Sao Tome and Principe along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Shaw, Caroline S. Cape Verde. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1991. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Cape Verde along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Shope, Virginia. Peacekeeping: A Selected Bibliography. Research and Information Services Branch, the U.S. Army War College (February 1996):1-53. The author provides a comprehensive bibliography on global peacekeeping missions with a limited focus on Sub-Saharan Africa and its major conflict areas. Soderbaum, F. Handbook of Regional Organizations in Africa. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996. The author provides an extremely useful and important annotated reference guide to the history and operations of regional organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a comprehensive emphasis on providing a complete menu of information on regional and continental organizations and other regional organizations on the continent. The Political Risk Yearbook, Volume IV: Sub-Saharan Africa. New York: Frost and Sullivan, 1998. The text provides excellent economic, political, social and governmental information on all African states. Tillema, H. International Armed Conflicts since 1945: A Bibliographic Handbook of Wars and Military Interventions. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991. The author provides a solid bibliographic handbook on armed conflicts since 1945, with an emphasis on Sub-Saharan African states. Villa-Alvarez, F. "An Annotated Bibliography of Works in Portuguese and Spanish in Lusophone Africa," Africana Journal no. 19 (1998):206-214. The author provides a useful annotated bibliography on Portuguese and Spanish works in former Lusophone Sub-Saharan African states.

664

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Westfall, Gloria. French Colonial Africa: A Guide to Official Sources. London: Hans Zell Publishers, 1992. The author provides a complete range of bibliographic information, reference methodologies, archival sources and related data tools on former French territories in Sub-Saharan Africa, with a strategic focus on cultural, social, economic and political issues. Wiseman, John A. Botswana. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1992. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Botswana along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Wiseman, John A. Political Leaders in Black Africa: A Biographical Dictionary of the Major Politicians since Independence. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1991. The author provides a bibliographical sketch of 485 prominent African leaders and politicians since the 1960s in Sub-Saharan Africa. Witherell, Julian. The United States and Sub-Saharan Africa: Guide to Official Documents and Government-Sponsored Publications, 1785-1975. Washington DC: Library of Congress, 1978. The author provides 8,800 indexed annotated citations on U.S. official documents and governmentsponsored publications on Sub-Saharan Africa between 1785-1975. Zamponi, Lynda F. Niger. Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Press, 1994. The author provides an updated annotated bibliography on Niger along with an overview analysis and an excellent index. Zell, Hans M. and Cecile Lomer. The African Studies Companion: A Resource Guide and Directory, 2nd ed. London: Hans Zell Publishers, 1997. A very important and extremely useful information guide on Sub-Saharan Africa in the areas of major general reference sources, current bibliographies and continuing sources, journals and magazines, major libraries and documentation centers, publishers with African Studies Lists, dealers and distributors of African studies materials, organizations, African Studies Associations and Societies, foundations, donor agencies, and network organizations in African studies.

DISSERTATIONS AND THESES Abasa-Nyarko, Charles. The Economic Performance of Civilian and Military Regimes-Ghana, 1957-1985. Ph.D. diss., the University of South Carolina,

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

665

1988. The author evaluates the economic performance of civilian and military regimes with an case study emphasize on Ghana. Adibe, Clement Emenike. Hegemony, Security and West African Integration: Nigeria, Ghana, and the Transformation of Ecowas. Ph.D. diss., Queen’s University at Kingston, 1995. The author analyzes the origins and development of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the movement towards regional security integration in West African region led by Nigeria and Ghana to manage the outbreak of civil wars and political conflicts in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Agambila, Gheysika A. Militarization Among the Ex-British Colonies Of West Africa. Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1993. The author examines factors contributing to militarization in Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone from the colonial period to 1985 Agwara, Liborius Ihechere. U.S. Policy Toward Democratic and Praetorian Regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case Of Nigeria. Ph.D. diss., the University of Alabama, 1993. The study examines U.S. policy toward democratic and praetorian regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa with a case study on Nigeria from 1960 to 1984. Policy indicators used to review policy changes between the two countries include the volume of trade between U.S. and Nigeria, the amount of aid given by the United States to Nigeria, investments in Nigeria, and the size of the U.S. diplomatic corps in Nigeria. Agyenim-Boateng, Nana Kwame. The Economic Community of West African States and the Liberian Crisis. Ph.D. diss., the University of Tennessee, 1993. The dissertation assesses the political developments that led to Liberia’s crisis, the civil war and the intervention of the Economic Community of West African States. Akpovi, Lucky Oba. Resistance to Change in Political and Administrative Systems: The Nigerian Experiment. Ph.D. diss., the University of Southern California, 1982. The author evaluates the difficulties associated with the institutionalization of change in political and administrative with a case study emphasis on Nigeria. Alemu, Tekeda. The Unmaking Of Ethiopia-American Military Relations: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward The Ethiopian Revolution. Ph.D. diss., the Claremont Graduate School, 1983. The author examines how the United

666

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

States lost influence in Ethiopia, the policy and historical factors that contributed to the severance of long standing U.S.-Ethiopian military relations, and the manner in which the United States responded to its loss of influence in Ethiopia. Al-Khaledi, Murdhi Awad Nassar. Coercive Diplomacy: The Nkomati Accord between Mozambique and South Africa: A Study of the Reactions of the Front Line States and the Effectiveness and Implications of the Accord. Ph.D. diss., the University of Kent at Canterbury, 1990. The author investigates the coercive diplomacy of South African government in the negotiation and implementation of the Nkomati Accords with Mozambique. Anene, John Nnamdi. Return To The Barracks: Military Withdrawal From Rule in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1960—1986. Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, 1987. The author examines the means of withdrawal by African militaries from national rule in Sub-Saharan Africa states between 1960 and 1986. Aragon, Daniel Patrick. Brazilian Foreign Policy in Africa, 1961—1976. Ph.D. diss., Auburn University, 2001. The study examines Brazilian diplomacy towards Sub-Saharan Africa from the perspective of Brazilian and American diplomatic cables, adding a new empirical dynamic to the historiography of Brazil's foreign relations with Africa. Araoye, Lasisi Ademola. Conflict and Cooperation in Central Africa: Explaining Behavioral Transformations Of States in the Post Cold War. Ph.D. diss., the Claremont Graduate University, 1999. The dissertation answers four questions: why did central and southern African countries intervened in Zaire’s internal affairs? 2) Why were foreign mercenaries involved in the war? 3) Why did the Francophone states rely on mediation? and 4) Why did negotiations fail to end the conflict? Ate, M. Bassey Eyo. Effects of Nigerian-United States Bilateral Ties on Nigeria's Decolonization Policies, 1960-66, 1970-76. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1980. The author addresses how bilateral ties with the United States might have conditioned the decolonization policy of Nigerian elites in the economic and political domains between 1960 and 1966. Moreover, bilateral ties between the United States and Nigeria are evaluated between 1970 and 1976.

Bibliographies. Dictionaries and Dissertations

667

Attah, Okon Efiong. The Role of African Soldiers in Politics: New Directions in Comparing Civilian and Military Regimes. Ph.D. diss., the Washington University, 1989. The author compares civilian and military regimes in Sub-Saharan African politics. The author answers the following the question: “Is it useful for purposes of political analysis to treat the military in Africa as a distinct category in contrast to civilians?" Aziabu, Yao Edem. Black Activism and American Foreign Policy: From South Africa to Haiti. Ph.D. diss., Duke University, 1997. The author analyzes the political and ideological influence of activist African-Americans on American foreign policy, with case study emphasize on Haiti and South Africa. Baissa, Lemmu. Foreign Policy Decision-Making: The Case of Ethiopia, 19591981. Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1988. The author reviews Ethiopia’s foreign policy decision-making between 1959 and 1981 under the leadership of Emperor Haile Selassie and Lt. Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam. The study is conducted using six foreign policy decisions, addressing how and why Emperor Haile Selassie’s regime arrived at a rapprochement with the Soviet Union. Similarly, it investigates why and how the military regime of Lt. Colonel Mengistu united with the Soviet Union. Baynard, Sally Ann. Sudanese Foreign Policy under Nimeiri, 1969-1982. Ph.D. diss., The George Washington University, 1983. The author explores Sudanese foreign policy since the coup d’etat in May 1969. This study first examines decision-making under the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) during May 1969 through July 1971. It then discusses the attempted coup d’etat in 1971 by communist officers and the resulting new foreign policy in Sudan. Foreign policy began to focus on domestic concerns for economic development and achievement, as opposed to its past ideological approach. In July 1976, Sudan became a distinctively one-man rule Black, David Ross. Australian, Canadian, and Swedish Policies toward Southern Africa: A Comparative Study of Middle Power Internationalism. Ph.D. diss., Dalhousie University, 1991. The dissertation examines the foreign policies of Australia, Canada and Sweden toward the Southern Africa region during the 1980s.

668

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Bob-Manuel, Kio Laurence. Military Intervention in Africa: External Military Interventions and Security Prospects in Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of Bradford, 1990. The author investigates the occurrences of external military interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa, with six African case studies. Burgess, Joseph Guy. Ethiopia's Diplomacy and the Struggle to Preserve its Independence, 1855-1900. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1980. This study examines Ethiopia's conduct of business with the outside world during the latter half of the nineteenth century. It focuses on Ethiopian rulers, their use of traditional and modern diplomacy in their endeavors to resist aggression and preserve national independence, efforts to unify, modernize, extend the bounds of the Empire, and survive the 'Scramble for Africa' as a free people. Butts, Kent Hughes. Resource Geopolitics: U.S. Dependence on South African Chromium. Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1985. The author reviews US dependence of chromium and ferrochromium, minerals that are abundant in South Africa. He addresses the geo-politically important variables concerning resource access and the resolve of the U.S. policy towards the mineral rich region of Southern Africa. The research also investigates the need for America and the West to understand how rising regional powers react in crisis situations, especially those that might alter the international environment. Cheatham, Marcus. Conflict-Related Famine in Africa 1967-1992: The Political Economy of Food and War. Ph.D. diss., Michigan State University, 1993. The author examines the origins and consequences of conflict-related famine in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1967-1992, with five case studies on Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Sudan. Danaher, Kevin Drew. The Political Economy of U.S. Policy toward South Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Santa Cruz, 1982. The author assesses the political economy of U.S. involvement in South Africa since the 1800s. Daramola, Olusegun-Victor Abayomi. The Realities of Military Disengagement in African States: The Prospect of the Transition to Democracy. A Comparative Perspective of Ghana and Nigeria. Ph.D. diss., University of Denver, 2001. The author investigates theoretical assumptions concerning

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

669

the relationship between ethnic differences and military disengagement with Ghana and Nigeria as case studies. Dickson, David Augustus, II. American Foreign Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Post-Independence Era: Past Approaches, Future Options: The Strategic Component. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1984. The dissertation traces the evolution of American foreign policy in Sub-Saharan Africa from the Kennedy administration to the Reagan administration, as well as the effectiveness of the various administration's policies in satisfying U.S. strategic interests in Sub-Saharan Africa. Dorsey, Ellen J. Human Rights Strategy for a Changing International Environment: The United States Anti-Apartheid Movement in Transition. Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1992. The dissertation evaluates changing U.S. anti-apartheid movement and its promotion of global human rights in South Africa. Du Plessis, Anton. South Africa and the South Atlantic Ocean: A MaritimeStrategic Analysis. Ph.D. diss., University of Pretoria, 1986. The author examines South Africa's strategic maritime role in the South Atlantic Ocean system, as well as the future threats posed by extra-regional and intraregional powers. Durosomo, Emmanuel Babatunde. The Problem of Unsustainable Development: International Development Projects and the Environmental Crisis in SubSaharan Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of Delaware, 1994. The author reviews the structural environmental crisis in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the negative impact of the practices of the Official Development Assistance in preventing sustainable development. Emery, Alan Louis. Insurgency and Democratization in South Africa: The Community Mobilization of Ideological, Military and Political Power. Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2001. The author examines the connection between South Africa's oppositional movements demanding democracy and the National Party's decision to urban those movements and democratizing negotiations. Democratization is explained in terms of mobilization of three power sources: ideological, military and political. The author interviews political and military elites to analytically narrate the events leading to the National Party’s political decision to negotiate with the opposition.

670

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Furedi, Frank. The Mau Mau Revolt in Perspective: The Betrayal of A Dream. Ph.D. diss., University of Kent at Canterbury, 1987. The research evaluates the historical origins, social composition of the leadership and activists, and the political termination of the Mau Mau movement by British military forces in 1955. Gasarasi, Charles Paulinus. The Effect Of Africa's Exiles/Refugees Upon InterAfrican State Relations: Conflict And Cooperation--1958-1988. Ph.D. diss., Tulane University, 1988. The author analyzes political concerns in African states that their national security was threatened by exiles/refugees enjoying asylum. The research explores theoretical and conceptual dynamics of African exile/refugee trends, the political conflict situations creating exiles/refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the dynamics of inter-African state relations in exile/refugee situations. Gerner, Debbie Jeanne. A Statistical Study of Arms Transfers and Domestic Conflict In 57 African and West Asian Nations, 1963-1978. Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1982. The author uses exploratory data techniques to examine the statistical association between arms imports and domestic conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East between 1963-1978. The conclusion indicates a small positive correlation between arms imports and domestic conflict. Gervais, Johan Samuel. An Analysis of Methods for the Selection of Potential Research and Development Projects in the Electronics Industry of the Republic of South Africa. D.B.A diss., University of Pretoria, 1993. The dissertation examines the evaluation methods used in R&D electronic projects and in R&D intensive electronic sectors in South Africa. Grimbeek, Christiaan Lourens. The Establishment of the Union Defence Force, With Special Reference to the Defence Acts of 1912 and 1922. Ph.D. diss., University of Pretoria, 1986. The author evaluates the defeat of the Republics in 1902, the British reactions after the defeat, and the passage of the Defence Bill, which increased tension in the Anglo-German Army Council in London. Gwaradzimba, Fadzai. The Southern African Development Coordination Conference: Search for Autonomy and Regional Security in Southern Africa, 1980-1990. Ph.D. diss., The Johns Hopkins University, 1993. The research assesses the dynamics of regional security cooperation in Southern

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

671

Africa between 1980-1990, as evaluated by the Southern African Development Coordination Conference. Halila Nee El Agrebi, Souad. The Intellectual Development and Diplomatic Career of Ralph J. Bunche: The Afro-American, Africanist, and Internationalist. Ph.D. diss., University of Southern California, 1988. The author presents an interpretive biography of Ralph J. Bunche (1940-1971). He assesses Dr. Bunche’s research in Sub-Saharan Africa, his formative years and his career in the United Nations and in the U. S. government. The study also discusses Dr. Bunch’s stance on equating European imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa to white superiority in America. Hansen, Carol Rae. South Africa as a Force for Regional Stability or Instability. Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1985. The author evaluates South Africa, Africa's preeminent power, as a force for regional stability or instability, and the requirement that the United States and the West understand how emerging regional powers respond to crises, particularly those emerging powers that have the power capabilities, which could alter either the regional or international security environments. Harris, Katherine. The United States, Liberia, and their Foreign Relations to 1847. Ph.D. diss., Cornell University 1982. The research examines bilateral foreign relations between Liberia and the United States to the declaration of independence by Liberia in 1847. Idiong, Calixtus Sampson. The Role Of Arab States In The Decolonization Of Africa, South Of The Sahara From 1955 To 1982. Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1985. The author assesses the role and impact of the Arab States in the decolonialization of Sub-Saharan Africa. Jackson, Wanda Faye. The Diplomatic Relationship between the United States and Haiti, 1862—1900. Ph.D. diss., University of Kentucky, 1999. The author examines the exploitative diplomatic relationship between the U.S. and Haiti between 1862-1900, including racial practices and unscrupulous tactics used by Americans to defraud Haiti, and the 1915 U. S. invasion of Haiti to forestall one by Germany. James, W. Martin, III. The Unita Insurgency in Angola. Ph.D. diss., The Catholic University Of America, 1987. The author evaluates the historical

672

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

background of and the various salient factors driving the UNITA insurgency in Angola. Kahana, Ephraim. Israel's Changing Policy Towards South Africa, 1948-1988. Ph.D. diss., University of South Africa, 1991. The author examines the underlying question of how Israel's policy towards South Africa sprung from its national interest (political, security, and economic) in the period 1948 to 1988. External factors influential in shaping Israel’s policy towards South Africa includes the Sub-Saharan African states and American power, and American Jewish pressure on Israel. Kanchanasuwon, Wichai. An Empirical Study of the Causes of Military Coups and the Consequences of Military Rule in the Third World: 1960-1985. Ph.D. diss., University of North Texas, 1988. The author uses a statistical approach to analyze successful and unsuccessful coup d’etats. The study also investigates the causes of military coups and the consequences of military rule in the Third World between 1960 and 1985. Kilroy, David Peter. Extending the American Sphere to West Africa: Dollar Diplomacy in Liberia, 1908-1926. Ph.D. diss., University of Iowa, 1995. The author examines the U.S. use of dollar diplomacy in Liberia from 19081926. in Kougniazonde, Christophe Codjo. Militarization and Political Violence in Tropical Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of Notre Dame, 1998. The author examines the role and impact of the military in African politics and governance and the influence politics has on the military, and it concludes with the recommendation that demilitarization is necessary for the survival of Sub-Saharan Africa. Kraus, Theresa Louise. The Establishment of United States Army Air Corps Bases in Brazil, 1938-1945. Ph.D. diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 1986. The author discusses U.S. military concerns on the protection of Brazil's northeast region against Axis aggression. n 1939, this became the focal point of American military plans for defending the Western Hemisphere. The construction of a string of military airbases along the northeastern coast of Brazil was approved and Pan American Airlines was used to undertake the military project. The airfields in place, it was possible to reinforce the Panama Canal defenses in December 1941 and the

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

673

launching of a successful anti-submarine campaign in the South Atlantic in 1942. Kruger, Lutherine Lefervre. A Public International Law Enquiry into the Attainment of Independence by South West Africa. L.L.D. diss., University of South Africa, 1986. The research examines self-determination in reference to South West Africa between 1966 and 1985. The study examines the status of South West Africa, the role and status of the United Nations on the independence issue, the present status of South Africa and the Council for Namibia, the status of SWAPO and the legality of wars pertaining to liberation, the status of parties to the initiative of the Western states, and the legal nature of Resolution 435. Lawler, Nancy Ellen. Soldiers of Misfortune; The Tirailleurs Senegalais of the Cote D'ivoire in World War Two. Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University, 1988. The dissertation examines the impact World War II on the entire French imperial system. It also evaluates the role played by the forty thousand men who served in the West African units of the Tirailleurs Senegalais. Military recruitment, training, combat capture and repatriation of Ivoirian soldiers is investigated in three major phases of France’s war: ally from 1939 to 1940, collaborating during the Vichy period 1940 through 1942, and the Gaullist period 1943 through 1945. Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan. Client Dependency and Donor Dependency: American Arms Transfers to the Horn of Africa, 1953-1986. Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1986. The dissertation investigates American arms transfers to the dependent Horn of Africa region between 1953-1986. Macaulay, Ekido Julius. U.S. Foreign Policy towards Nigeria and the Ivory Coast, 1975-1981: A Comparative Case Study of Power and Diplomacy. Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 1983. The study examines U.S. foreign policy toward Nigeria and the Ivory Coast between 1975-1981, as well as its response to the apartheid crisis in South Africa. Magagula, Petros Qambukusa. Swaziland's Relations with Britain and South Africa since 1968. Ph.D. diss., University of Durham, 1988. The author examines Swaziland's relations with Britain and South Africa since 1968 in the areas of economic development, and internal and external security.

674

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Magnusson, Bruce A. The Politics of Democratic Regime Legitimization in Benin: Institutions, Social Policy, and Security. Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1997. The author analyzes the politics of democratic regime legitimization in Benin, the first African country to peacefully remove a dictatorship and replace it with a program of successful democratic governance. Mahoney, Richard Doyle. The Kennedy Policy in the Congo 1961-1963. Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University 1980. The dissertation evaluates the Kennedy administration's role in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1961-1963. The study explores four objectives of the Kennedy administration: (1) to rally European and Afro-Asian support for the peace-keeping operations; (2) to finance and expand the UN operations; (3) to increase political alternatives within the Congo to Lumumbism and managing pro-Belgian reaction; and (4) to bring an end to the secession of Katanga, the Congo’s wealthiest province. Maloba, Wunyabari O. P. W. The Mau Mau Struggle in Kenya: An Historical Analysis of the Evolution and Impact of a Peasant Revolt. Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1988. The author provides a historical analysis of the Mau Mau revolt and the impact of the Mau Mau movement on the decolonization process in Kenya. Marais, Nel. Security And Interdependence As Determinants Of South Africa's Regional Relations. Ph.D. diss., University of Pretoria, 1987. The author examines the importance of interdependence and security as a determinant of South Africa's regional relations. Matlou, Patrick. Refugee Policy in Botswana (1958-1989): The Interaction Between State Security, Refugee Agency Interests And Refugee Needs. Ph.D. diss., University Of Essex, 1992. The author evaluates Botswana’s state security and its interaction with refugee interests and refugee requirements between 1958-1989. Metz, Steven Kent. The Anti-Apartheid Movement and the Formulation of American Policy toward South Africa, 1969-1981. Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, 1985. The author anbalyzes U.S. foreign policy towards South Africa and those who favor closer American ties with South Africa and those who believe that the U.S. should take the lead to force the reform or end of apartheid.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

675

Miller, Jean-Donald. The United States and Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa, 19391945. Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut, 1981. The research examines the evolution of American-African ties in the Second World War. It considers the impact in which the war had upon American perceptions of Africa and its peoples. Mills, Gregory J. B. South Africa: The Total National Strategy and Regional Policy during the Botha Years, 1978-1989. Ph.D. diss., University of Lancaster, 1990. The author evaluates the development of the Total National Strategy and conduct of South Africa’s regional policy during P.W. Botha’s tenure as Prime Minister and later, State President between 1978 and 1989. The study concentrates on two main areas: the Total National Strategy and South Africa's regional relations. Misawa, Buba. The Consequences Of Military Growth, Military Expenditures, and Military Political Dominance on Nigerian Foreign Policy, 1960-1990. Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh. 1992. The author assesses the role of military as an instrument of Nigerian foreign policy, and the impact of three factors including military expenditures, military expansion, and hegemonic military control of the state. The author found that Nigeria expanded its role in foreign policy by allocating large percentages of its national wealth to the military. Moorecroft, Paul Leslie. The Fall of The Republic: The Collapse of White Power in Rhodesia (1976-1980). D.Litt. University of South Africa, 1988. The author analyzes the history of the collapse of white power in Zimbabwe between 1976-1980. Munene, G. Macharia. The Truman Administration and the Decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa, 1945-1952. Ph.D. diss., Ohio University, 1985. The author addresses the Truman administration's inability to distance itself from the colonial powers, creating the impression that the United States opposed independence. Nabe, Oumar. Military Expenditures And Socioeconomic Development in Africa. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1983. The study analyzes the impact of military expenditures on industrialization and educational development in Sub-Saharan Africa.

676

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Neilson, Thomas Richard. Self-Reliance or Dependency in the Horn of Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, 1988. The author explains how refugees in Somalia arrived there, where they came from and why they continue to stay there. Nnadili, Anthony Obinale. Decision-Making in the United Nations Security Council: A Case Study of the Race Conflict in South Africa Resulting from the Policies of Apartheid. Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1984. The study examines racial conflict in South Africa and the decision-making in the United Nations Security Council on the race issue. The author addresses the dilemma of apartheid in relation to the efforts of the Security Council to resolve three key problems including domestic jurisdiction with reference to South Africa’s policies of apartheid, the issue of super power rivalry in the Security Council is addressed and the problem of attaining and maintaining consensus in the Security Council in supporting sanctions against South Africa. Nwankwo, Philip Ndubueze. Franco-African Relations: The Case of Cameroon in the Postcolonial Period, 1960-1985. Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1988. The research examines Cameroon's relations with France from 1960 to 1985. It is an effort to understand the secret of France's privileged presence in Francophone Africa during the post-colonial period. Nwaubani, Chidiebere Augustus. The United States and Decolonization in West Africa, 1950-1960. Ph.D. diss. University of Toronto, 1995. The dissertation examines the reasons behind the U. S. intervention into SubSaharan Africa’s political transformation in the post-1945 period. Ohlson, Thomas. Power Politics and Peace Policies: Intra-State Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa. Ph.D. diss., Uppsala Universitet, 1998. The author addresses conflict resolution from a statistical approach, using eight conflict resolutions processes in South Africa as variables. The objective of the study is to understand why some peace agreements fail and others succeed, in intra-state wars. Omari, Abillah Harrid. The Rise and Decline of the Front Line States (FIS) Alliance in Southern Africa: 1975-1990. Ph.D. diss, Dalhousie University, 1991. The author examines the Front Line States alliance as the most important actor in regional conflict, conflict resolution and regional cooperation. The FLS organization arose out of South Sub-Saharan Africa’s

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

677

colonial conflict and includes seven of Africa’s most powerful countries including Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe and Namibia. Opukri, Christian Odoniowei. Africa and the Superpowers: The Contextual Basis of African Policy in the United Nations. Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, 1987. The study examines the empirical validity of Western allegations of African-Soviet foreign policy convergence in the UN General Assembly. Radu, Michael Sabin. The Foreign Policy of the African People's Republics: Angola, Mozambique, Congo and Benin, 1975-1981. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1992. The study investigates the foreign policy of the Congo, Benin, Angola and Mozambique as self-proclaimed Marxist Leninist regimes. Rodrigues, Luis Nuno. To the "Top of the Mountain" and "Down to the Valley": The United States and Portugal during the Kennedy Presidency. Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin – Madison, 2000. The study examines the clash between Portugal and the United States due to Portugal’s failure to decolonize in Sub-Saharan Africa. Seegers, Annette. Revolution in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe (1965-1980). Ph.D. diss., Loyola University of Chicago, 1984. The author addresses the question of why revolution occurred in Zimbabwe. Shaw, Bryant P. Force Publique, Force Unique: The Military in the Belgian Congo, 1914-1939. Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1984. The study documents the internal role of Belgian Congo’s armed forces and the Force Publique from 1914 to 1939, as the Force Publique functioned simultaneously as an army in the military conquest of the Congo and as a police force maintaining colonial order. Sirleaf, Amos Mohammed. The Role of the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) in the Liberian Civil Conflict, 1980-1997: A Case Study of Conflict Management Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1998. The study examines the role and impact of ECOWAS in the Liberian civil conflict between 1980-1997.

678

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

Spyke, Rebecca Lynn. Japanese Foreign Aid Policy: Influences and Motivations. Ph.D. diss., University Of South Carolina, 1999. The author assesses the influences and motivations driving Japan to provide several African states with aid. The Japanese financial and economic assistance policy to Sub-Saharan Africa is used to reveal the form Japanese aid takes to non-Asian countries. Strah, Michael Sherman. An Ethical Analysis of United States Involvement in the Nigerian/Biafran Conflict. Ph.D. Boston University School of Theology, 1984. The author analyzes the nature and extent of the U.S. involvement in the Nigerian Civil War from an ethical perspective. Streeter, Christiaan Jacobus. Regional Co-Operation in Southern Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of Pretoria, 1985. The author examines structures of regional co-operation occurring in Southern Africa. Thomas, Diane Renee. Future Supply Security of U.S. Strategic Minerals. Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1993. The dissertation evaluates is the post-cold war security interests of the United States in global strategic minerals, including chromium, manganese and platinum vital to U.S. defense and industrial economy. Tiruneh, Gizachew. Democratization in Africa: A Cross-National Analysis. Ph.D. diss., State University of New York at Binghamton, 2001. The author examines the factors associated with the variation in the level of democracy in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is hypothesized that the dynamics of democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa is mainly influenced by three key factors: political leadership, the Cold War/the end of the Cold War politics, and economic development with case studies on the political dynamics in Botswana, Tunisia and Nigeria. Traxler, Elizabeth Evatt. French Relations with Francophone Africa: A Case Study of Linkage Politics in The Post-Colonial Era. Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina, 1982. The author examines the “special relationship” with France with Francophone African states at the time of their independence and post-colonial periods in the 1960s.

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

679

Udogu, Emmanuel Ike. South West Africa People's Organization of Namibia as a Non-State Actor in the Namibian Issue. Ph.D. diss., Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1980. The author analyzes the South West Africa People's Organization of Namibia as a non-state actor in the independence movement. The study concludes that the exploitation of Namibian resources by South Africa and international corporations, as well as South Africa's repressive legislation in Namibia was proof that total independence for Namibia could only be won by African Namibians through struggle. Ukiwe, Kalu E. The Pan-African Perception Of United States' Foreign Policy Toward South Africa, 1961-1983. Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1985. The research examines the reasons behind the U.S. veto of economic sanctions against South Africa by the U.N. Security Council under Article 39. Umeano, Iesha Ijeoma. Southern Africa and Superpowers: African Perspectives on Major Issues Including Security of Indian Ocean, 1960 - 1980s. Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 1984. The author addresses African interests in Southern Africa and the Indian Oceans from an African security perspective. Van Wyk, Jacobus Johannes. Elite Opinions on Selected Aspects of South Africa's Foreign Policy. D. Phil. diss., University of Pretoria, 1987. The dissertation examines the attitudes of elites regarding selected aspects of South Africa’s foreign policy. Williams, Abiodun. The United Nations and Apartheid, 1946-1985. Ph.D. diss., Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, 1987. The author investigates the UN contributions to ending apartheid, and the actions taken by the General Assembly and the Security Council from 1946 to 1985. It suggests that the United Nations has made contributions to the international anti-apartheid campaign, and assuring that the issue stays high on the international agenda. Winrow, Gareth M. The Foreign Policy of the German Democratic Republic in Africa. Ph.D. diss., University of Manchester, 1988. The dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the foreign policy of the German Democratic Republic in Sub-Saharan Africa from the early 1950s to the present day. An in-depth analysis of the significance of GDR’s involvement

680

Bibliographies, Dictionaries and Dissertations

in Africa is conducted within a broader context of the East German authority pursuit for legitimacy. Yimam, Arega. Social Development in Africa, 1950-1985: Historical and Methodological Perspectives and Indications for Future Orientations. Ph.D. diss., University of Bristol, 1988. The author assesses the nature and causes of Sub-Saharan Africa’s underdevelopment, the history of social welfare in Africa is reviewed and a conceptual framework of social development is developed. Social indicators are used to assess the performance of African countries in comparison with other regions of the world. Yousuf, Hilmi Shadi. African-Arab Relations: Political And Economic Aspects. Ph.D. diss., Howard University, 1982. The dissertation examines the need for greater political and economic coordination between the Organization of African Unity and the Arab League.

Author’s Index Aardt, M. van 265 Aalen, Louise 575 Abadi, Jacob 555 Abasa-Nyarko, Charles 664, 665 Abate, Yohannis 566, 577 Abbink, Jon 560, 567 Abdalla, Ismail 578, 606 Abdel-Fatau, Musah 189 Abdi, Ali A. 578 Abdi, Mohammed Kuslow 579 Abdulai, Napoleon 215 Abdulkardir, Deriye 578, 579 Abdullah, I. 535 Abdullahi, Mohammed Diriye 579 Abdul-Raheem, T. 1 Abdurahman, Jama Barre 579 Abegaz, Berhanu 567 Abegunrin, Olayiwola 265, 277, 512, 606 Abegunrun, Layr 278 Abena, Joyce 423, 424 Abide, Clement 579, 665 Abiew, Francis Kofi 1 Abir, Mordechai 579 Abrahamson, Hans 339

Abshire, David M. 1 Acheanpong, K.A. 265 Acland, J.H.B. 437 Adam, Heribert 357 Adam, Hussein M. 579 Adam, K. 357 Adam, Simon 357 Adamolekun, Ladipo 1 Adams, B. 2 Adams, W.M. 2 Adan, Amina H. 579 Adar, Korwa 579, 606 Addo, Michael K. 2 Adebajo, Adekeye 451, 483 Adedeji, Adebayo 2 Adefuye, Ade 512 Adekunle, A. 3 Adeleke, Ademola 451 Adeleke, T. 2 Adelman, Howard 216, 217 Adem, Seifudein 3 Adeniji, O. 3 Adeniran, T. 3 Adeniyi, P.O. 514 Adepoju, Aseranti 3 Adera, Edith Ofwona 105

682

Adesina, Kola 207 Adeya, N. 3 Adibe, Clement Emerike 322, 580, 665 Adisa, J. 451 Adjahouinou, Dominique 457 AFP 190, 542, 622 Afrah, Mohamound M. 580 African Academy of Sciences 653 African Armed Forces Journal 41, 357, 359, 371, 380, 385, 400, 403, 405, 412, 413, 421, 422 African Business 212 African Confidential 219, 549 African Energy and Mining 308 African European Institute 265, 266 African Horizons 4 African Journal of International Affairs 127 African Leadership Forum 4 African Mining Monitor 538 African National Congress 357 Africa News 277, 278, 297, 280, 307, 315, 481, 495, 549 African Recorder 187, 200, 202, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 332, 333, 335, 336, 428, 432, 433, 434, 435, 476, 477, 511, 581, 588, 589, 594, 599, 602, 604, 605, 639, 645, 647, 651 African Region, the World Bank 5 African Research Bulletin 428, 601 African Rights 5, 216, 240, 580, 581, 606, 607

Author’s Index

Africa Report 209, 215, 332, 333, 334, 465, 472, 491, 605, 634 Africa South of the Sahara 653, 654 Africa Review 207, 208 Africa Watch 197, 216, 217, 278, 339, 491, 495, 581, 607, 608, 625 Afulezi, Ijeoma Ogwogo 654 Afulezi, Uju Nkwocha 654 Agambila, Gheysika A. 665 Agence France Presse International 4 Agnew, J. 555 Agnihotri, Newal K. 352 Agwara, Liborius Ihechere 665 Agyeman, Opoku 278, 352 Agyeman-Duah, Baffour 452, 567 Agyemin-Boateng, Nana Kwame 665 Ahmad, Syed Salahuddin 508 Ahmed, A.I. 581 Ahmed, Ali Jimal 581 Ahmed, Ismail 581 Ahwireng-Obeng, Fred 357 Aicardi de Saint-Paul, Marc 473 Aina, T.A. 5 Ain, Al Yageen 618 Ainsworth, Martha 486 Aitchison, J. 358 Ajala, S.A. 38 Ajulu, Rok 358, 625 Akande, J. 5, 6 Akanni, Fred 471 Akbakoba, C.N.O. 202 Ake, Claude 6 Akhahenda, Elijah F. 625 Akiba, O. 512 Akindele, R.A. 523

Author’s Index

Akinrinade, Olusola 512 Akinrinade, Sola 6 Akinterinwa, Bola A. 464 Akinyele, R.T. 512 Akinyemi, Nurudeen B. 513, 555 Akinyeni, A.B. 513 Akol, J. 6, 108 Akosah-Sarpong, Kofi 6 Akpovi, Lucky Oba 665 Aali, Andy O. 6 Alao, Abiodun 6, 7, 115, 116, 358, 496 Alao, Charles 437, 438 Albaugh, Erika A. 7 Alberts, Donald J. 279 Albright, David 358, 359 Albright, Madeleine K. 217 Alden, Chris 7, 136, 339, 340, 409 Alden, Edward 582, 602 Alden, Kenneth 582, 608 Alemseged, Abbay 560, 561 Alemie, L. 7 Alemu, Tekeda 665, 666 Alessandrini, A.C. 8 Alexander, C. 359 Alexander, Colonel McGill 136 Alexander, Hugues 474 Alexander, J. 438 Alex-Assenoh, Y. 14 Alexiev, Alex 279 Alfred, Lisa 279 Alfred, Oryenda 8 Ali, Shanti Sadiq 505 Ali, Taisier Mohamed Ahmed 8, 608 Alier, A. 608 Alikhanova, Tamara A. 8 Alinon, Koffi Olulumazo 552 Aliyu, A.Y. 513

683

Alkelegbe, Augusinte 513 Al-Khaledi, Murdhi Awad Nassar 666 All African Conference of Churches 8 Allain, J. 8 Allard, C.K. 582 Allard, Kenneth 582 Allen, C. 452 Allen, C.H. 654 Allen Chris 9, 457, 461, 658 Allen, J. 359 Allen, Phillip M. 633 Allen, S. 9 Allen, Tim 608 Allie, N. 359 Alpine, Robin W.L. 486 Alt, Betty L. 9 Alt, William E. 9 Alter, Jonathan 218 Altman, Lawrence K. 9 Aluko, Olajide 9, 10, 279, 359, 513, 525, 526 Alvarsson, Jan-Ake 567 Alves, Péricles Gasparini 171, 172, 279 Amaza, Ori 640 Ambrose, Brendalyn P. 10 Ameh, R.K. 478 Amer, Ramses 635 America 221 Aminu, L. Salawu 513 Amisi, Bertha Kadenui 625 Amjaza, Ondoga Ori 640 Ammons, Lila 10 Amnesty International 5, 197, 202, 218, 245, 336, 359, 360, 471, 472, 508, 536, 552, 553, 554 Amoako, K.Y. 10

684

Amoo, Samual G. 10 Amouzouvi, Hippolyte 457 Amphiah, Kweku 10, 266, 635 Amponin, Kathleen F. 11 Amstrong, J.C. 654 Amstrong, Robert 478 Amuwo, Kunle. 11, 508 ANC Western Cape Science and Technology Group and the Environmental Monitoring Group 416 Anda, Michael O. 11 Andereggen, Anton 11 Andersen, Regine 219 Anderson H. 339 Anderson, Neil 340 Andrade, Elisa 469 Andranovich, Greg 418 Andrew, Christopher 11 Andriamirado, Sennen 331 Andvig, J.C. 11 Anene, John Nnamdi 11, 666 Anew, J. Anglin, Douglas 12, 360 Angolan Mission Observer 280 Angstrom, J. 491 Aning, E.K. 452, 491 Anise, L. 12 An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed 12 Annan, Kofi 12, 582 Anstee, Margaret 279, 280 Ansu-Kyeremeh, Kwasi 12 Anthony, Constance G. 12 Anthony, Ian 172 Anumonye, A. 13 Appiah-Kubi, Kojo 478 Appiah, Mensah Seth 536 Aptekar, L. 625 ArabicNews.Com 360, 373 Aragon, Daniel Patrick 666

Author’s Index

Araia, Ghelawdewos 567 Araoye, Lasisi Ademola 666 Arazanya, Victor 452, 453 Archer, J.M. 438 Argent, Tom 219 Arikpo, O. 514 Arlinghaus, Bruce 13, 172 Armed Forces of Southern Africa 421 Arms Control Today 50 Armstrong, A.K. 438 Arnold, Eric J. 508 Arnold, Guy 207, 609 Arnson, Cynthia 145 Aronson, David 13, 245, 246 Arulpragasm, Jehan 483 Ascherio, Alberto 340 Ashikire, J. 654 Ashworth, John 280, 281 Asia-Pacific BBC News 123 Asiwaju, A.I. 13 Asiwaju, J. 654 Askin, Steve 340, 609 Assante, S.K.B. 13 Assefa, H. 609 Assensoh, A.B. 14 Astill, James 246 Atampugre, Nicholas 461 Atangana, Martin R. 464 Ate, B.E. 453, 514, 666 Ate, M. Bassey Eyo 464, 514, 666 Atkinson, Dan 281 Atkinson, Philippa 491 Attah, Okon Efiong 667 Attah-Poku, Agyemang 14 Atteh, Samuel O. 136 Augelli, Enrico 582 Austin, Kathi 172, 246, 340 Austin, Ralph A. 14

Author’s Index

Australian Journal of Political Science 422, 423 Author, Paul 360 Avery, W.P. 14 Awa, Eme O. 526 Awolowo, Obafemi (Awo) 514 Ayam, J.A. 536 Ayari, Chedley 14 Ayee, J.R.A. 478 Ayiittey, G.B.N. 360, 582 Ayisi, Ruth Ansah 529 Ayittey, George 15, 360 Ayoob, Mohammed 15 Azar, E.E. 15 Azevedo, Mario 15, 473, 474 Aziabu, Yao Edem 667 Azonga, T.M. 529 Baah, Richard Amoaka 15 Babangida, Ibrahim Badamasi 514 Baberton, C. M. Blake 360 Babu, Abdul Mohammed 15 Babu, Suresh Chandra 501 Bach, D. 424 Background Notes on Countries of the World 428 Backmann, Rene 582 Badal, Baphael Koba 609 Badduel, Pierre Robert 505 Badejo, Babafemi A. 514 Badejo, D.L. 16 Badejo, O.514 Baffour, Agyeman-Duah 453 Bailey, A.J. 654 Bailey, Glen 568 Baissa, Lemmu 568, 667 Bakari, Mohammed Ali 650 Baker, Ashley 536 Baker, Bruce 16 Baker, Kathleen M. 476

685

Baker, Pauline H. 13 Bako-Arifari, Nassirou 457 Bakwesegha, C.J. 16 Bakwesegha, M. 16 Balans, Jean Louis 505 Bald, Margaret 429 Baldri, D.A.T. 501 Ball, Nicole 16, 281 Ballesteros, E. Barnles 189 Baloro, John 424 Banegas, R. 458 Bangoura, Dominique 16, 219, 246 Bangura, Yusuf 16, 17, 514, 537 Bankie, B.F. 266 Barber, James 361 Barchiesi, Franco 515 Barde, Ibrahim 508 Bardil, John 266, 238, 328 Baregu, Mwesiga 635 Bariagaber, Assefaw 555, 568, 582 Barlow, R. 508 Barnes, James F. 474 Barnes, S. 340 Barnett, M.N. 219 Barnett, Tony 17, 219 Barratt, John 361 Barrett, Christopher B. 331 Barrett, John 360, 361 Barrie, G. 361 Barringer, T.A. 654, 655 Bartholet, Jeffrey 544 Barua, Pradeep P. 515 Barua, Sidhartha 605 Barwell, J. 438 Barya, J.J.B. 640 Bascom, J. 561, 623 Bashir, Mohamed Omar 609 Basset, Mary 244, 438

686

Bassey, C.O. 17, 515 Batchelor, Peter 187, 361 Bates, Robert H. 17 Batterbury, Simon 461 Battersby, John 361 Bauer, Grethchen 351 Baum, Robert D. 6, 13, 136 Bavu, Immanuel K. 639 Bayart, Jean-Francois 17, 18, 219, 465 Baylies, Carolyn 18, 429 Baynard, Sally Ann 667 Bayne, E.A. 583 Baynham, Simon 18, 266, 362, 438, 478, 583, 625, 635 Bazargan, Darius 362 BBC Focus on Africa 215 BBC Monitoring 308, 309 Bazenguissa-Ganga, Remy 207 Beach, H. 172 Beattie, Alan 202, 362, 441 Beaudet, Pierre 281 Beaumont, Roger 19 Beauregard, J. P. 246 Becker, Heike 352 Beckett, Ian F.W. 438 Beckman, B. 514 Beese, Wade 362 Beikin, June S. 88 Bekerie, Ayele 19 Bekong, Njinkeng Julius 465 Belhaj, M. 128 Bell, D. Bruce 583 Bell, David J.H. 249 Bell, J. 505 Belsie, Lauren 172 Benchename, M. 19 Bender, Gerald J. 19, 136, 281, 282, 283, 655 Bender, William 283

Author’s Index

Beneria, L. 636 Benfica, Rui 194, 349 Benin-Heibrunn, John R. 453 Benjaminsen, Tor A. 501 Ben-Jochannan, Yosef 19, 20 Bennell, P. 20 Bennet, Mark 362 Bennett, C.H. 363 Bennett, George John 655 Bennett, John 93 Bennett, Pramila Ramgulam 655 Bennett, T.W. 20 Benson, W. 172 Beoku-Betts, J.A. 20, 23 Bercuson, Jay 583 Berdal, M. 20 Berdal, Martin 20 Bergen, Peter L. 625 Berger, Carol 609 Berger, Guy 266 Bergerol, Jane 180 Berg-Svhlosseer, Dirk 641 Berhanu, Betemariam 568 Beri, H.M.L. 202, 363 Berkeley, Bill 273, 363, 492 Berman, E. 190, 299, 341 Berman, Edward 136 Berman, Eric G. 21, 537 Bernhard, Robert 363 Bernstein, Henry 478 Bernstein, Keith 284 Berridge, Geoff R. 284 Berry, Sara 479 Berthelemy, Jean Claude 21, 295, 486, 531 Besdziek, Dirk 363 Best, K. 537 Besteman, Catherine 583 Bethwell, A. 660 Betz, Joachim 26

Author’s Index

Beyene, Asmelash Gelase Mutahaba 239, 430 Bgubeni, Kindiza 391 Bhardwaj, W. 21 Bhattachharya, Amar 21 Bhebe, Ngwabi 439 Bhushan, Kul 625 Bicego, G. 21 Bienen, Henry 21, 22, 51, 461 Bierchenk, Tomas 458 Biermann, Werner 137, 636 Biggs, David 172 Bigman, Laura 469 Billon, Phileppe Le 284 Bilski, Andrew 583 Bingen, James R. 501 Binns, Margaret 655 Binns, Tony 363, 655 Bir, Cevic 583 Birch, Carole 363, 364 Birmingham, David 22, 284 Bischoff, Paul-Henri 424 Bishop, C. 266 Biswas, A. 584 Bjellik, Robin 189, 340 Bjorck, M. 284 Bjornlund, Eric 430 Black, David Ross 667 Blackie, Malcolm J. 87 Blackshire-Belay, C. 22 Blaikie, Piers 17 Blake, Cecil 22 Blake, D. 654 Blakely, Thomas D. 22 Blanton, Shannon Lindsey 173 Blench, R. 655 Bloch, Jonathan 51 Bloch, M. 23 Block, Robert 246, 537, 540 Blomstrom, M. 23

687

Bloom, David 23 Blumberg, R.L. 23 Blumenthal, Sidney 584 Blunt, P. 23 Boas, Morten 537 Bobb, F. Scott 655 Bob-Manuel, Kio Laurence 668 Bodnarchuk, Kari 220 Boerma, J.T. 93, 637 Bogaerts, J. 9 Boister, Neil B. 364 Bojo, J. 23 Bold, Mary 508 Bolden, Laurie 221 Boltin, John R. 584 Bongartz, Maria 584 Bonner, Raymond 284 Bonyongwe, Happyton M. 24 Booker, B.M. 584 Booker, S. 24, 137 Boone, Catherine 535 Boorstein, Michele 24 Booth, Alan R. 424 Booth, Ken 266, 267 Borchini, C. 584 Bornwell, Chikulo 243 Borstelmann, M. 584 Borta, C. 246 Bosch, A. 24 Botha, P. du. T. 364 Boulden, Jane 24 Boulden, Laurie H. 341, 397 Bouquet, Christian 202, 469 Bourdet, Yves 260 Bourque, A. 247 Bourguianon, F. 486 Boustany, Nora 207 Boutwell, Jeffrey 173, 405 Bowen, Merle 341 Bowman, Larry 137

688

Boyd, Herb 203 Boyd, Rosalind E. 641 Boyne, Scan 247 Bozeman, Adda 25 Brackenbury, Andre 285 Bradbury, Mark 584, 606, 609, 610, 623 Bradt, Hilary 656 Braeckman, Colette 641 Bragança, Aquino de 285 Brandily, M. 203 Brandweek, 209 Bratton, Michael 25, 364, 430, 479, 641 Braun, Stephen 173 Brautigam, Deborah 25, 351, 632 Bray, Mark 25 Brayton, Abbott A. 26, 174 Breen, Robert 584 Brehun, L. 273, 492 Bremner, David 364 Brennan T.O. 285 Brenner, Louis 501 Brett, A.E. 641 Breuser, Mark 461 Brewer, John D. 364 Breytenbach, Cloete 285 Breytenbach, Willie 26, 149, 267, 364 Bridge, T.D. 537, 538 Bridgeland, Fred 285 Briganti, Giovani de 365 Brinkman, Inge 285, 352 British American Security Information Council 174 Brittain, Victoria 285 Brockman, Nobert C. 656 Brogden, Michael 365 Brooks, E.E. 220 Brooks, John P.J. 26

Author’s Index

Brons, M.H. 584 Broton, John 220 Brower, Scott E. 137 Brown, Chris 285 Brown, David 552 Brown, Janet Welsh 137 Brown, Lester 26 Brown, Lynn R. 501 Brown, Mervyn 656 Brown, Stephen 625, 626 Brown, V. 211, 214 Browne, Marjorie Anne 26 Brownlee, R. 365 Brummer, Stefans 424 Brune, L.H. 585 Brune, Stefan 26 Brussett, Emery 220 Bryceson, Deborah Fahy 27 Bryden, Matt 585 Bryoska, Michael 365 Brzoska, Michael 174 Buchhikz, I. 656 Buell, John 365 Bugaje, Usman Muhamad 27 Buggenhagen, Beth Anne 531 Buijtenhuijs, Roberts 27, 203 Bukarambe, Bukar 27 Bukowski, Elizabeth 569 Bulcha, M. 569 Bumoulin, A. 27 Bundu, Abass 538 Buntman, Fram Lisa 365 Buo, Sammy Kum 108, 190 Burch, William J. 247 Burchett, Wilfred 190 Burgess, Joseph Guy 668 Burgess, S.F. 27 Burgress, Stephen 404 Burgess, Thomas 650 Burk, James 585

Author’s Index

Burke, G.K. 439 Burkhalter, Holly J. 220 Burness, Don 286 Burns, Jimmy 27, 28 Burr, J. Millard 195, 555, 610 Burton-Rose, Daniel 190 Bush, George 585 Bush, Kenneth D. 585 Bush, Ray 28 Business Times (South Africa) 317 Busumtwi-Sam, James 28 Bute, E.L. 28 Butenhoof, Linda 255, 460 Buntman, Fran Lisa 365 Butts, Kent Hughes 137, 365, 396, 668 Bylka, Teresa 465 Byman, D.L. 309, 556 Cabral, Amilicar 28, 29 Cahill, M. 137 Cain, Edward P. 286 Calchi, Novati G. 586 Caldwell, J.C. 29 Callaghy, Thomas J. 29 Callahan, David 138 Came, Barry 220, 610 Camerer, Lala 365, 366 Cameron, R. 366 Cameron, Trewhalla 366 Cammack, Diana 366 Campbell, A. 182 Campbell, Bonnie 29 Campbell, Horace 286, 636 Campbell, John 138, 569 Campbell, Kathleen 281 Campbell, K.J. 220 Campbell, Kurt M. 376 Campbell, Patricia 460, 626 Campbell, Rennie 207, 208

689

Campbell, Scott 220, 247 Cannizzo, Cindy 174 Capelle, A. 29 Caragata, Warren 221 Carballo, M. 51 Carden, Lance 211 Carey, M. 29 Carlin, John 366 Carim, Xavier 366 Carlson, Tucker 633 Carlsson, Bert 138 Carmody, Padraig 29, 30 Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict 174 Carreira, Antonio 469 Carro, Msukeleni Nyathi 366 Carter, Gwendolen M. 30 Carter Jimmy 220 Carter, Nick 610 Carver, Richard 336 Cason, Jim 138 Cason, J. 30 Casper, Lawrence E. 586 Castelo, Roman 472 Catoire, Richard 138 Cauvin, Henri E. 221, 247, 287, 332, 366, 425, 439 Cawthra, Gavin 267, 367 Cefkin, Leo J. 439 Cervenka, Z. 30 Chabal, Patrick 30, 287, 341, 469, 483, 484 Chabi, Maurice 458 Chabra, Hari Sharan 453 Chachiua. M. 341 Chafer, T. 30 Chaigneau, P. 30 Chain, Stephen 341, 342 Chaisa, H. 30

690

Chaligha, Amon 638 Chambricr, Barro 474 Chan, Stephen 31, 430 Chan, Steven 439 Chand, David D. 610 Charlick, Robert B. 508 Charlton, Michael 439 Charlton, Roger 203, 439 Charmen, Karen 174 Chase, Robert 138 Chasek, Pamela S. 31 Chattopadhyay, Rupak 439 Chawla, R.L. 304 Chazan, Naomi 31, 59, 452, 453, 479, 480 Cheatham, Marcus 678 Chegie, W. 623 Chelala, Cesar 287, 471 Chellapermal, A. 633 Cheluget, Kipyego 626 Chenje, Munyaradzi 267 Cherry, Michael 367 Cheru, Fantu 367 Chesterman, Simon 31 Cheushi, C. 430 Chibesa, David 267 Chiduo, Betty 638 Chikeka, Charles O. 31, 32 Chikulo, Bornwell 436 Chimanikire, Donald P. 439 Chimutengwende, C. 32 China-African Cooperation Forum 32, 51 Chipman, John 32, 33 Chitesi, F.M. 33 Chiwewe, W.A. 439 Choi, Roo Ton 287, 288 Choice 653 Chopra, Jaret 586

Author’s Index

Chretien, Jean-Pierre 197, 198, 221 Christiaensen, Luc J. 502 Christian Century 222, 239, 244, 418 Christian Science Monitor 175, 541 Christoper, Warren 221, 222 Chuikulo, B.C. 63 Chukwuma, C. 33 Churchill, W. 138 Ciampi, Gabriele 556 Ciabarri, Luca 586 Cilliers, Jakkie 57, 267, 268, 367, 368, 369, 385, 440 Ciment, James 288, 342 Cipollone, Daiana Belinda 171, 172, 279 Cissa-Salwe, C.M. 593 Clapham, Christopher 33, 222, 492, 556, 569 Clarance, W. 222 Clark, Andrew F. 501, 531 Clark, Colin 425, 610 Clark, J. 570 Clark, Jeffrey 288, 586 Clark, John F. 33, 208, 247, 248, 641 Clark, Walter S. 586, 587 Clarke, Colin 425 Clarke, John H. 25 Clarke, Peter 25 Clarke, Roy 432 Clarke, Walter 195, 222 Claude, Jean 487 Clay, J. 570 Clayton, A. 33, 34, 492 Cleary, Sean 190 Cleaver, Gerry 34, 174, 190 Clegg, E. 273

Author’s Index

Clegg, Liz 175 Clement, Abide 587 Cliffe, Lionel 369, 556 Clifford, D. 203, 365 Clinton, Bill 139 Clinton, William J. 288, 538, 570, 587 Clough, Michael 139, 175, 288, 369, 387 Clow, Robert 34 Cobbe, James H. 328 Cochran, Edwin S. 369 Cock, Jacklyn 175, 268, 369 Cocker, Christopher 196 Coco, Michael 110 Codo, Leon 203 Coetzee, David 288 Coetzee, Gert 369 Coeur de Roy, O. 34 Coger, Dalvan M. 366, 656 Cohen, Herman J. 34, 139 Cohen, Michael A. 486 Cohen, Roberta 35 Cohen, Ronal 35 Coker, Christopher 35, 352 Cole, Bernadette 538 Cole, David 35 Coleman, Sarah 626 Coleta, N. 35 Coletta, G. Kbassa 346 Coletta, N. 570, 587 Collelo, Thomas 288 Collier, Paul 35 Collina, Tom Zamora 370 Collins, Carole J. 248, 609 Collins, C.J.L. 248 Collins, P.D. 36 Collins, Robert O. 195, 555, 610 Collomb, Jean Gael 474 Colm, Foy 469

691

Compangnon, Daniel 440, 587 Conciliation Resources 538 Congressional Digest 321 Conley, A.I. 268 Connaughton, R. M. 36, 222 Connell, Dan 36, 140, 561, 610 Conover, Helen F. 657 Conseil European des Etudes Africaines 660 Conte, B. 36 Conteh-Morgan, E. 454, 455 Conversion Survey 186 Cook, Susan E. 222, 223 Cooke, Jennifer C. 147 Cooksey, Brian 636 Cooper, Allan D. 370 Cooper, F. 36 Cooper, Mary H. 288 Copley, Greggory 425 Copson, Raymond 36 Coquery-Vidrovitch, C. 36 Cornevin, Robert 552 Cornwell, Richard 268, 273 Cornwellhead, Richard 538, 553 Corporate Council on African and Business Books International 5 Costa, P. Da 505 Costner, M. 570 Court, David 636 Courier 332, 425, 458, 469, 529, 633, 650 Cousens, Elizabeth M. 121 Covina, Henry E. 268 Cowderoy, Dudley 440 Cox, J.J.G. 203 Cox, T. 539 Coyle, R.G. 440 Cramer, Christopher 342 Crawford, Anthony 140

692

Crawford, E. 106 Crawford, Neta C. 370 Crawley, Mike 570 Criscione, Valeria 480 Crisp, Jeff 570, 571, 626, 642 Crocker, Chester A. 36, 37, 140, 150, 269, 288, 289, 370, 587, 588 Croissance 336 Crossborder Monitor 208 Crossette, Barbara 248, 561, 570, 571, 539 Crowder, Michael 100, 175 Crush, Jonathan 370, 425 Cullian, Sue 352 Culverson, Donald 140 Cummings, Gordon 37 Cutter, Charles H. 656 Czech, Kenneth P. 440 Da Costa. Emilia Viotti 37 Da Costa, Peter 476, 505 Daddah, Amel 505 Dagne, Theodros 37 Dahmen, David 209, 626 Dale, Richard 324, 353 Daley, Suzanne 289, 370 Daloz, J.P. 30 Daly, John L. 425 Daly, Martin 610 Danaher, Kevin Drew 668 Danfulani, Ahmed S. 37, 38 Dange, Theodore 223 Daniel, John 425 Daniels, E. 370 Daniels, Morna 656 Daramola, Olusegun-Victor Abayomi 668, 669 Darbon, Dominique 198 Darch, Colin 656 Dare, Olatunji 305

Author’s Index

Da Sousa, Cesar Palha 340 Datta, Surinder 289 David, J.H. Bell 249 Davidson, Basil 289, 562 Davies, A.E. 38 Davies, Desmond 289 Davies, Carol Boyce 99 Davies, Robert 269, 370, 402 Davies, Stephen M. 371 Davila, Julio D. 484 Davis, D.E. 140 Davis, D.R. 254 Davis, Dennis 371 Davis, Jack L. 591 Davis, John A. 38 Davis, John Uniack 509 Davis, Stephen 371 Davis, Zachary S. 373 Day-Vivaud, Valarie 659 D'Costa, J.A.Y. 38 Deacon, J. 371 Deacon, Richard 38 Deane, Claudia 91 Decalo, Samuel 40, 656 Deenik, K.R. 140 Deger, S. 39 DeGiorgio, Emmanuelle Moors 40 Degni-Segui, R. 223 De Jager, J.M. 371 De Kock, C. 342 Delancey, Mark D. 657 DeLancy, Mark W. 40, 465 Del Boca, Angelo 588 Delgado, Christopher L. 87 Dellali, Ali 40 Dellums, Ronald W. 41 DeLong, Kent 588 Delpeuch, F. 212 DeMont, John 588

Author’s Index

De Mowbray, Patricia 474 D'Engelbronner, M. 440 Deng, Francis M. 12, 40, 41, 611 Denny, L.M. 530 DePalo, William A. Jr. 289, 290 Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (South Africa) 289, 372 Department of Information and Publicity 196, 353 De Roy, Olivier Coeur 41 Derrick, Jonatha 466 Derryck, Vivian Lowering 458 Desai, Ashwin 380 Des Forges, Allison 223, 237 Deskin, Victor 223 Desmond, Cosmas 372 DeSouza, Leo J. 223 Destexhe, Alain 223, 224 Deuel, George Lawrence 372 Deutsch, Richard 41 Deutsche Presse Agentur 315 De Villers, F.W. 372 De Vries, R. 372 De Waal, Alexander 41, 42, 105, 237, 588, 611 Dhada, Mustafah 484 Dhanapala, Jayantha 453 Dhlomo, Oscar D. 373 Dia, Mamadou 42 Diamond, Larry 515 Diarra, Ousmane 502 Diarra, Tieman 502 Diaz-Briquets, Sergio 42 Dickson, David Augustus II 140, 669 Dickey, Christopher 544 Diebe, Robert 42 Diehl, P.F. 588 Dijkstra, Tjalling 74

693

Dilley, Roy 657 Dimbaye, Mirana 201 Dimitrious, Vougas 373 Dinar, A. 42 Diop, Cheikh Anta 42, 43 Diop, I. Gabar 43 Diop, Momar-Coumba 531, 535 Diop, Waly 531, 532 Diouf, Barthelemy 175 Diouf, Moustapha 531 Dirks, Gerald 43 Dive, G. 43 Dixon-Foyle, Mac 539 Djibo, Tahirou 509 Dodd, Normal L. 373 Doe, Lubin 552 Doezema, Jo 70 Dokubo, Charles 190, 539 Donarski, Jeff 181 Donge, Jan Kees van Donge 657 Donnelly-Roark, Paula 462 Donnelly, Warren H. 373 Donowaki, Mitsuro 176, 453 Doornbos, Martin 588, 611 Dorce, Fredric 633 Dorian, Thomas F. 373 Dorman, Sara Rich 440 Dorn, A. Walter 249 Dorsey, Ellen J. 669 Dos Santos, Daniel 310, 311 Dossou-Yovo, Noel 458 Douglas, Oronto 284, 511 Dowyaro, E.T. 453, 454 Doyle, Mark 505, 588, 589 Dreyer, Ronald 269, 290 Drogin, Bob 249 Druby, S.A. 562 Drumstra, Jeff 219, 224 Drysdale, John G. 589 Dubey, Ajay K. 43

694

Du Bois, Victor D. 43 Duce, Richard 224 Duesterhoeft, Diane M. 657 Duffield, Mark 43, 564, 565 Duffy, Gavan 44 Duignan, Peter 43, 44, 657 Duke, Lynne 141 Dukubo, Charles 540 Duly, Greg 224 Dumay, Caroline 191 Dumoulin, Andre 44 Duncan, Alex 44 Dunn, Elwood 492, 657 Dunn, Michale C. 203 Dunne, Paul 361, 373 Duodo, Cameron 458 DuPisani, Andre 353, 373 Du Plessis, Anton 373, 374, 659, 669 Du Plessis, Louis 44 Durch, William J. 44, 249, 290 Durosomo, Emmanuel Babatunde 669 Du Toit, Andre 393 Du Toit, F. 374 Du Toit, Pierre 269 Dworken, Jonathan T. 589 Dyal, R. 290 Dye, Peggy 45 Dyer, Susannah L. 100, 176 Dzidzienyo, A. 45 Eades, Jerry 657, 658 Earth Island Journal 473 Ebenkamp, Becky 209 Ebinger, Charles 290 Echevarria, Vito 290 Echezona, Nduba C. 515 Echo of Islam 37 Economist 177, 178, 187, 197, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210, 211,

Author’s Index

213, 214, 215, 219, 221, 223, 226, 227, 232, 235, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 295, 299, 309, 312, 317, 331, 332, 334, 335, 340, 360, 426, 429, 473, 543, 593, 627, 635, 650, 651,6 52 Edwards, Mike Deri 224 Edzodzomo-Ela, Martin 474 Egbide, Mike Deri 516 Ehret, Christopher 45 Eijk, Ryan Van 45 Ejakait (James), S.E. Opolot 45 Eke, Kenoye Kelvin 516 Eknes, Age 325, 586 Ekoko, E.E. 528 Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert 290, 516 El-Affendi, Abdelwahab 611 Elaigwa, J. Isawa 45, 291, 516 El-Ayouty, I. 45 Elbadawi, Ibrahim 45, 46 Eldredge, Elizabeth 328 El-Khawas, Muhammed A. 291 El-Kikhia, Mansour O. 203 Ellert, Henrik 440 Ellis, Stephen 17, 18, 42, 46, 374, 405, 492, 493, 552, 633 Ellsworth, L. 462 Elmendorf, A.E. 46 El-Zain 611 Emery, Alan Louis 371, 669 Emizet, Kisangani 140, 249, 250 Engel, Ulf 46 Engelbrecht, L. 374 Engerman, Stanley 65 Englebert, Pierre 46, 462, 466, 502 Englund, Harris 336 Engo-Tjega, R.B. 47 Enloe, Cynthia 191 Ennew, J. 47

Author’ s Index

Epprecht, M. 47, 328 Epstein, Jeffrey H. 176 Epstein, W. 47 Ercolessi, Maria Cristina 47 Eriba, F. 47 Erickson, J. 224 Erlich, Haggai 562 Espegren, Astrid 47 Esedebe, Olisanwuche P. 47 Essack, Karrim 225 Esterhuysen, Pieter 355, 391 Etherington, Norman 375 Evan, Michale 440, 441 Evans, D.B. 48 Evans, Glynne 225 Evans, Graham 353, 354, 375 Evans, Malcolm 48 Evans, Martin 532 Evans, Michael 48, 224, 375 Everson, John 353 Eviatar, Daphne 48 Eyinla, Bolade M. 48 Eyoh, Dickson 466 Eyzaguirre, Pablo B. 529 Ezell, Virginia Hart 176 Fa, John 472 Facts on File 226, 232, 240, 243 Fage, J.D. 48 Fair, Dennis 48 Fair, Karen V. 589 Fair, T. J. D. 269 Falaiye, Muyiwa 48, 49 Faligot, Roger 49 Falk, Pamela 49, 291 Falola, Toyin 49, 516, 540 Fall, Y. 49 Family, Health International/AIDSCAP 626 Fanon, Frantz 49 Farah, Douglas 493

69 5

Farer, T. 589 Farley, Maggie 49, 325 Farrell, T. 589 Fasano, P. 589 Fasehun, Orobola 116, 166, 516, 517 Fatton, Robert Jr. 50 Faulkner, Frank 50, 540 Fayemi, J. Kayode 189 Feachem, Richard G. 50 Federal News Service 275, 308 Fegley, Randall 472, 562, 658 Feil, Scott R. 225 Feinstein, Adam 425 Feldman, S. 635, 636 Felton, John 291 Ferreiga, P. M. 50 Ferguson, James 183 Ferguson-Brown, Kevin 364 Ferme, M. 540 Fierce, Mildred C. 50 Filho, Alfredo Saad 190, 342 Financial Mail 328, 386 Financial Times 176, 328, 386 Financial Times 175 Finan, Timothy J. 470 Finkel, Vicki R. 291 Finnegar, William 342 Fischer, Buder 269 Fischer, David 50, 375 Fishel, John 50 Fisher, Ian 51, 250, 562, 571 Fisher, Monica G. 532 Fituni, Leonard 291 Fitzgerald, Mary Anne 612, 642 Fitzgerald, Patrick 51 Flanary, Raneel 642 Fleishman, Janet 51, 493 Flint, Julie 612 Flournoy, Michaela 376

696

Flower, Ken 441 Foden, Giles 225 Fogui, Jean-Pierre 466 Foley, Ellen E. 532 Foltz, William J. 51, 204 Fonatana, Alan 590 Fontaine, Yves J. 225, 226 Ford, Christopher A. 120, 291 Ford, N. 214 Foreign Affairs of Japan 279 Foreign Policy Bulletin 601, 602 Foreign Service Journal 601 Forman, J.M. 51 Forman, Shepard 51, 52 Forrest, Joshua Bernard 353, 484 Forrest, Tom 517 Forster, Peter G. 336 Fortna, Virginia Page 292 Foster, Byarugaba, Emansucto 642 Fowler, Alan 269 Fox Jr., C. William. 141 Fox, John 590 Fox, Richard 628 Foy, Colm 470 Fraboulet-Jussila, Sylvie 532 Francis, David J. 540 Francois, Yvonne 553 Frankel, Phillip H. 376 Franklin, Anita 52 Franklin, John Hope 52 Franks, M.J. 590 Frazer, Jendayi 52 Freedman, Alix M. 540 Freeman, Charles W. 292 Freeman, W. 590 Fregeat, Bernard 332 Freidberg, Susanne 462 French, Howard W. 292, 487 Frere, Marie-Soleil 509

Author’s Index

Frese, Michael 52 Friedman, Townsend 226 Frimpong-Amsah, Jonathan 479 Fukui, Katsuyoshi 556 Furedi, Frank 670 Furley, Oliver 52, 642 Fyle, C. 541 Gaillard, Phillipe 52, 53 Gajusz, William D. 53 Gakwandi, A. 648 Gall, Gregor 376 Galli, Rosemary E. 292, 470, 484, 485, 658 Galvan, Dennis 532 Galvez, William 53 Gamba, V. 270 Gambari, Ibrahim A. 517 Gamble, David P. 658 Gann, Lewis H. 441 Ganoo, Alan 633 Garang, John 612 Garba, Joseph Nanven 517 Gardiner, David E. 33, 474, 509, 658 Garko, S.I. 563 Garner, Robert C. 376 Garrity, M. 104 Garuba, Chris 53 Garvey, Marcus 53 Gary, Ian 479 Gasarasi, Charles Paulinus 670 Gatta, Gali Ngothe 204 Gaudio, Attilio 502 Gautron, Jean-Claude 204 Gaye, Nefertiti 534 Gebe, B.Y. 53 Gebremedhin, Tesfa 562 Geekie, Russell 209, 260 Gei-Khoibes, M.C. 656 Geibel, Adam 209

Author’s Index

Geisler, Giscla 376 Geiss, Immanuel 53 Geist, H. 53 Gellar, Sheldon 532 Gellen, K. 54 George, Alexander 292 Gerner, Debbie Jeanne 670 Gersoni, R. 342 Gershoni, Y. 54, 454, 493 Gervais, Johan Samuel 670 Gervais, Myriam 509 Ghalib, Joseph E. 590 Gibbon, Peter 627 Gibbs, David 250, 590 Gibor, J.W.T. 517 Gibson, Carmen 235 Gibson, Clark 430 Gibson, Samantha 132 Gifford, Prosser 54 Gikes, P. 564 Giliomee, Haermann 376, 377 Gill, Stephen 183, 328 Giorgis, Wolde Dawitt 571 Girshick, Paul Ben-Amos 458, 459 Gitelson, Susan 54, 55 Gladwin, Christina H. 54 Glasse, Jennifer 210 Gleen, John 141 Gleijeses, Piero 54, 55, 250, 485 Glewwe, Paul 487 Glickman, Harvey 55, 56, 377, 658 Glickson, Roger C. 250, 612 Godschalk, S. 377 Godwin-Gill, Guy 55 Goebel, Allison 328 Goetz, Anne Marie 55 Goff, Peter 430 Golan, Tamar 56

697

Goldblat, J. 56 Goldman, Anthony 250 Goldring, Natalie J. 176 Goldsborough, James O. 56 Goldsmith, Arthur A. 56 Gomes, Solomon 57 Gomes, S. Da Camara Santa Clara 198, 226 Gonçalves, Fernando 292 Gonzalez, Gustavo 251 Good, Kenneth 325, 430, 431 Goodhew, David 377 Goose, S. 226, 227 Gordon, April A. 57 Gordon, Chris 246, 293, 297 Gordon, Donald L. 57 Gordon, Jacob U. 57 Gordon, N.M. 57 Gorman, Robert F. 57, 353, 354 Goucha, M. 57 Gouede, Nicholas N. 533 Gourevitch, Philip 227 Gouws, A. 60 Gow, Bonar A. 333 Gowan, Susan Jean 293 Graaf, Henny J. Van Der 176 Graham, Robert 293 Grant-Thomas, Andrew 544 Gray, Andy 377 Gray, Christopher J. 475 Graybeal, N.L. 509 Graybill, Lyn 377 Greene, O. 176, 270 Greene, Sandra E. 479 Green, Reginald Herbold 177, 581 Greenberg, J.H. 57 Greenfield, Richard 590 Gregoire, Luc-Joel 69 Gregory, Martyn 246, 441

698

Gregory, Shaun 57 Grest, Jeremy 377 Grey, Robert D. 57 Grichaova, Andre 112 Griffiths, I. 57 Griffths, Robert J. 270, 354, 378 Griggs, R.A. 251, 378 Grill, Bartholomaus 191 Grimbeck, Christiaan Lourens 670 Grobbelaar, J. 378 Grootaert, Christian 487 Gros, Germain-Jean 591 Gros, J.G. 636 Gross, G.J. 57 Gruhn, Isebill V. 57, 58, 176, 270 Grundy, Kenneth W. 293, 378, 379 Guichaoua, Andre 197 Guimaraes, Fernando Andresen 293 Guleid, Abdulkarim 590, 591 Gumende, Antonio 270 Gunn, Gillian 294, 342 Gunzinger, Mark A. 58 Gupta, Amit 177 Gupta, Vijay 294 Gurtov, Melvin 142 Gutteridge, William 58, 379, 380 Guy, Martin 58 Guyer, Jane I. 58, 658 Gwaradzimba, Fadzai 670, 671 Gyimah-Boadi, E. 58, 479 Haar, Ter 46 Habib, Adam 380 Hadden, Bernadette R. 380 Hafkin, N. 58, 59 Haile, Naimo 591 Haines, R. 195, 351 Hale, S. 612

Author’s Index

Halfani, Okema 638 Halila Nee El Agrebi, Souad 671 Halim, Omar 591 Halisi, C.R.D. 58, 380 Hall, David 658, 659 Hall, P. 227 Hall, Ruth 381 Hallam, Alistar 220 Hallett, Robin 294 Halperin, Morton 210 Hamalengwa, Munyonzwe 240, 431 Hamani, Abdou 509 Hamber, Brandon 381 Hamill, James 294 Hamilton, Heather B. 227 Hamilton, Kimberly A. 59 Hamilton, Russell G. 294 Hammer, Joshua 227 Hammond, Jenny 571 Hammond-Tooke, David 381 Hampton, J. 556 Hanekom, H. 381 Hanlon, Joseph 381 Hansen, Carol Rae 671 Hansen, Emmanuel 59 Hansen, William 113 Hanson, Cynthia 529 Harbeson, John W. 5, 59, 142, 571 Harding, Jeremy 191 Hare, Paul 294 Harkavy, Robert E. 177 Harman, Danna 541 Harmer, H.J.P. 28 Harris, David 493, 659 Harris, Gordon 381, 382, 659 Harris, Katherine 671 Harris, William M. 59 Harrison, David 237, 426

Author’s Index

Harrison, Graham 343 Harrison, J.C. 591 Harrison, Paul 60 Harsch, Ernest 227, 459, 462, 487 Harshe, Rajen 487 Hartung, William D. 142, 177, 251 Hartzeli, Caroline 309 Hasen, Holder Bernt 643 Hashim, Alice 591 Hassim, S. 60, 382 Hastings, Chris 192 Hatchard, John 60, 634 Haugererud, Angelique 627 Hauser, Ellen 643 Hawk, Beverly G. 60 Hawker, Geoffrey 382 Hawkins, Tony 251, 441, 442 Hayes, Joseph 476 Hazell, P. 431 Hazelton, R. 500 Hearn, Julie 60, 382 Hecht, David 472, 541, 542 Heidenrich, John G. 60 Heilbrunn, John R. 553 Heimer, Franz-Wilhelm 295 Heinecken, Lindy 382, 383 Heinreich, Wolfgang 591, 592 Heitman, Helmoed-Aömer 295, 383 Helizer-Allen, Deborah 337 Helleiner, Gerald 60 Helman, Gerald B. 61 Hempstone, Smith 627 Henderson, Errol 61 Henderson, Helen K. 470 Henderson, Lawrence W. 295 Hendrie, B. 571 Henk, Dan 142, 143

699

Henriksen, Thomas H. 295, 441, 556 Hentz, James Jude 383 Henze, Paul B. 61, 556, 571, 572 Heraclides, Alex 612 Herbert, M.H. 383 Herbst, Jeffery 21, 22, 61, 143, 479, 587 Herbstein, Dennis 353 Herikson, Thomas 441 Hermans, Quill 325 Hernes, H. 383 Hernuld, Y. 117 Heymann, Phillip 394 Heywood, Linda M. 295 Hibb, Mark 358 Hibou, Beatrice 17, 18 Hickey, Dennis 144 Higgott, Richard A. 509, 510 Hill, Emily 138 Hill, Howard 210 Hill, John Raven 31 Hill, Sylvia 343 Hill, S.M. 343 Hilliard, Robert L. 108 Hills, Alice 62, 383, 556 Hilmi,Yousuf S. 62 Hilsum, Lindsey 228 Hines, Noam 376 Hirchmann, D. 62 Hirsch, John L. 542, 592 Hirschmann, D. 62, 383 Hitchings, Diddy R.M. 480 Hjort, AF Ornas A. 62 Hlanze, Zakhe 426 Hlophe, D. 390 Hochschild, Adam 251 Hodd, M. 636 Hodges, Tony 529, 530 Hoeffler, Anke 35

700

Hoffman, Frank G. 650, 651 Hofmeier, Rolf 62, 636 Hogot, P. 204 Hoijati, B. 431 Holcomb, B. 570 Holland, Jeremy 90 Holloway, K.A. 383, 384 Holm, John D. 325 Holman, Michael 75, 442 Holness, Marga 296 Homer-Dixon, T. 237 Honwana, Joao 270 Hope, K.R. 62, 63 Hopper, Jim 542 Horne, Gerald 63 Horner, Daniel 365 Hornsby, Charles 627 Horton, Lt. Colonel Roy 384 Hoskins, Eric 112 Houbert, Jean 634 Hough, Michael 44, 270, 271, 384, 659 Hounam, Peter 214 Houngbedji, Adrien 459 Houngnipko, Mathurin C. 459, 553 House, William J. 337, 612 Howe, Herbert M. 63, 191, 384, 493, 494 Howe, Jonathan T. 592 Howell, John 44, 612 Howland, Nina D. 296 Howlett, Daryl 384, 385 Hoyos, Carola 75, 177, 480, 494, 542, 592 Huband, Mark 63, 144, 494, 546, 581 Hudson, D. 659 Hudson, Heidi 271 Hughes, Arnold 84

Author’s Index

Hughes, David McDermott 271 Hughes, Neil 472 Hughes, Skye 325 Hughes, Tom 397 Huliaras, A.C. 63, 228 Hull, Richard W. 246, 442 Human Rights Watch 198, 226, 228, 229, 251, 252, 271, 296, 343, 385, 494, 505, 517, 521, 542, 592, 609, 613, 627, 628, 643 Hume, Cameron 343, 344 Hunt, C. W. 63 Hunt, Simon 283 Huntington, Richard 35 Hunwick, John 63 Husain, Tariq 2 Husband, Mark 143, 592, 593, 613 Hussein, Ali Dualeh 593 Hussein, S. 385 Hutchful, E. 63 Hutchinson, Sharon 614 Hyden, Goran 64, 636 Hyndman, Jennifer 557 Ibelema, Minabere 518 Ibraham, F.A. 613 Ibraham, Jibrin 510 Idang, Gordon I. 518 Idiong, Calixtus Sampson 671 Ifeka, Caroline 518 Ihonvbere, Julius O. 64, 516, 431, 518, 519 Ijomah, P.I.C. 64 Ikelegbe, Augusinte 519 Ikoiwak, E.A. 519 Ilesanmi, Simeon O. 519 Imperato, Pascal James 502 Imobighe, T.A. 64, 65 Inama, Koussou 475

Author’s Index

Inegbedion, E. John 454 Ingram, Derek 426, 634, 643, 651 Inikori, Joseph E. 65 Innocenti, Nicol Degil 325, 344, 385, 442, 443 Insoll, Timothy 65 Institute for African Alternatives 65 International Action Network of Small Arms 457 International Affairs 356 International Committee of the Red Cross 178 International Crisis Group 438 International Defense and Aid Fund 353 International Herald Tribune 303, 304 International Institute for Strategic Studies 296 International Journal of African Historical Studies 426 International Journal of World Peace 3, 401, 571 International Monetary Fund 470, 485, 487, 553 International Peace Academy 66, 67 International Security Council 557 IPI Report 201, 458 Irogbe, Kema 144 Isaacman, Allen 344 Isaacman, Barbara 344 Isaksen, J. 659 Isenberg, David 191 Ishemo, Shubi L. 66 Ismail, I. Ahmed 593 Israeli, Raphael 66 Issa-Salwe, A.M. 593

701

Itano, Nicole 66 Iyob, Ruth 557, 563, 572 Jackson, Henry F. 144 Jackson, Richard 144 Jackson, Robert H. 43, 44, 66, 67, 109, 627 Jackson, Wanda Faye 671 Jacob, Haruna J. 519 Jacobs, Nancy 386 Jacobson, Ruth 344 Jacqmin, Marc 144 Jaeger, W.K. 66 Jallow, Tamsir 476 James, Alan 252 James, Martin W. 296 James, W. Martin III 671, 672 Jamison, Dean T. 50 Jane’s Defense Weekly 208, 209, 331, 649 Jane’s Information Group 659 Jane’s Intelligence Review 212, 214, 386 Jardine, Roger 372 Jaspreet, Kindra 296, 297 Jaster, Robert S. 271, 354, 386, 387, 442 Jauch, H. 659 Jaumain, Yves 235 Jeffries, R. 480 Jenkins, J.C. 67 Jenkins, J.W. 387 Jennings, Christian 49 Jennings, Keith 494 Jenrleson, Bruce W. 144 Jensen, Mike 67 Jinadu, B.A. 6 Joehn, P. 519 Joffe, George 659 Joffee, E.G.H. 204 Johansson, R. 284

702

Johns, Michael 593 Johnson, Constance 563 Johnson, Craig A. 19 Johnson, Deborah 366, 660 Johnson, Douglas 211, 613 Johnson, Joel L. 178 Johnson, Pamela 573 Johnson, Phyllis 267, 387, 444 Johnson, R.W. 387 Johnson-Thomas, Brian 192 Johnson, Thomas H. 87 Johnston, Anton 344 Johnston, Deborah 659 Johnstone, Ian 67 Jok Jok, Madu 613, 614 Jokonya, T.J.B. 443 Jones, Bruce 229 Jones, Eldred Durosimi 67, 68 Jones, Jocelyn 485 Jones, Marjorie 67, 68 Jones, M.L. 23, 68 Jones, Trevor 48 Jordan, Kobus 431 Joseph, K. 97 Joseph, Richard 520 Jourdan, Paul 297 Journal of Democracy 208, 215, 471, 529, 532, 533 Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 374 Journal of Modern African Studies 482, 484 Joyce, James E. 494 Joyce, Joyce Ann 68 Jowitt, Kenneth 68 July, Robert W. 68 Juma, Lawrence 454 Kabwegyene, Tarsis 643 Kadamy, Mohamed 560 Kafando, Talata 462

Author’s Index

Kagwanja, M. 627 Kahana, Ephraim 672 Kahn, Amadu Wurie 543 Kahn, Owen Ellison 271, 354 Kaiser, Paul J. 58, 636, 637, 651 Kakole, O.H. 68 Kakwenzire, Joan 229 Kalb, Madeline G. 252 Kalck, Pierre 660 Kale, Oladele 68, 69 Kalipeni, Ezekiel 69 Kalley, Jacquieline A. 660, 662 Kalyegira, Timothy 543 Kamara, Tom 543 Kamau, John 593 Kamau, Rachel 629 Kambudzi, A.M. 69 Kamukama, Dixon 229, 230 Kanazawa, Satoshi 593, 594 Kanbur, S.M. Ravi 488 Kanchanasuwon, Wichai 672 Kandeh, Jimmy D. 454, 543 Kanet, Roger E. 72 Kanji, N. 284 Kankwenda, Mbaya 69 Kansteiner, Walter 144 Kantowicz, E. 69 Kanyongolo, Fidelis Edge 337 Kaplan, F.E.S. 69 Karis, Thomas G. 387 Karnik, S.S. 660 Karp, Aaron 178, 179 Kasfelt, Niels 520 Kasfir, Nelson 614, 643 Kashimani, Mabia Eric 431, 432 Kasozi, A.B.K. 643 Kaspin, D. 337 Kasrils, R. 387 Kassimir, Ronald 29 Kassimiri, Ron 69

Author’s Index

Katajaviv, Peter H. 354 Katalikawe, James 642 Kaufert, Joseph 480 Kaufman, Michael T. 297 Kauppi, Mark Veblen 388 Kayizzi-Mugeroa, Steve 70 Kbassa, Colletta G. 623, 624 Keeley, James 573 Keller, Edmond J. 69, 70, 388, 573 Keller, William W. 179 Kelley, Michael P. 204 Kellow, C.L. 230 Kelly, Michael 230 Kelly, Sean 145, 252 Kelly, V. 106 Kemarsky, A. 302 Kemp, Jack 297 Kempadoo, Kamala 70 Kempster, Norman 70 Kempton, Daniel R. 388 Kennedy, James H. 485 Kennedy, Paul 70, 138 Kent, R.C. 235 Kentridge, M. 388 Kenya Human Rights Commission 629 Kerhhahn, Marijke 531 Kernegay Jr., France A. 145 Kethusegile, Bookie M. 272 Keto, C. Tsehloane 70 Khadiagala, Gilbert M. 70, 71, 272, 388, 643 Khalid, Mansour 614 Khalil, M.I. 557 Khan, Shaharye M. 230 Khanyile, M.B. 388 Khazanov, A.M. 297 Khobe, Mitikishe Maxwell 403, 454

703

Khosa, M.M. 388, 389 Kibreah, Gaim 71, 563 Kieh-Klay Jr., George 71, 495 Kihne, Winrich 26 Kilborn, Robert 211 Killingray, David 46 Kilroy, David Peter 672 Kimaro, Sadikiel 40 Kindiki, K. 71 Kinfe, Abraham 573 King, Jeremy 179 Kingma, Kees 71, 557 Kirenga, Emmanuel 643, 644 Kirk-Greene, Anthony 72, 107, 108 Kirschee, Linda 628 Kitchen, Helen 144, 297, 389 Kitchen, J. Coleman 389 Kjellstrom, Sven B. 553 Klare, Michael T. 145, 173, 179, 180 Klasen, Stephen 132 Klein, Axel 520 Klein, Martin A. 533 Klen, Michel 72, 333 Klingebiel, S. 563 Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay 230, 297 Klitgaard, Robert E. 472 Klotz, Audie 389, 443 Knauder, Stefanie 344 Knife, Abraham 72, 573 Knudsen, Christine M. 298 Kodio, Belco 533 Koehn, P.H. 72, 513, 520 Koelble, T. 389 Koening, Dolores 502 Kohnert, Dirk 459 Kok, Peter Nyott 614 Kokole, Omari H. 72 Koopman, J. 72

704

Korama, Abdul K. 544 Korb, Lawrence J. 594 Korn, David A. 573 Korner, P. 230 Koshemiakin, Alexander V. 72 Kossomi, Aboubacar B. 509 Kostner, M. 35 Kotze, H. 360 Kouame, Aka 488, 489 Koudawo, Fafali 485 Kougniazonde, Christophe Codjo 672 Kovsted, Jens 485 Kozel, Valerie 488 Kposowa, A.J. 67 Kpundeh, Sahr John 73, 544 Krause, Keith 180 Kraus, Theresa Louise 672, 673 Kreidler, C. 563 Krenn, Michael 73 Krennerich, Michael 432 Krieger, Milton 466, 468 Kriger, Norma 443, 444 Krischer Jennifer 555 Krop, Pascal 49 Krott, Rob 298, 644 Kruger, Lutherine Leferve 673 Kruks, Sonia 344 Kuanda, Jonathon 337 Kuhne, Winrich 73 Kulende, Yonny 145 Kulindwa, K. 73 Kull, Steven 145 Kum, J.M. 73 Kumar, Krishna 73 Kumaranayake, L. 74 Kuperus, Tracy 272, 389 Kuppel, Robert 46 Kupperman, Alan J. 231 Kuzwe, C.N. 231

Author’s Index

Kuwait Times/Global News Wire 411,621 Kwarteng, Charles 74 Kwiatkowska, Barbara 145, 563 Kwiatkowski, Karen U. 145 Kyle, Steve C. 530 Kynoch, Gary 389 Laan, H. Laurens van der 74 Lacey, Marc 231, 252, 253, 563, 573, 574, 594, 614, 615 Ladin, A.M. 74 Laffin, John 231 La Grange, T. 326 Lall, S. 74 Lamb, Guy 270 Lambert, R. 590 Lambright, Gina 641 Lamont, James 74, 75, 289, 298, 326, 389, 390, 432, 442, 443, 444 Lancaster, Carol 75 Land, Thomas 615 Landgren, Signe 390 Landsberg, Chris 390, 394 Lane, Christopher E. 488 Lange, John E. 231 Langseth, P. 648 Lanne, Bernard 204 Lardner Jr., Tunji 333 Laremont, Ricardo Rene 75 Larkin, Bruce D. 75, 76 Larkin, Greg 644 Latham, Robert 29 Laurance, Edward J. 180, 181, 329 Laurence, P. 329 Lavergne, R. 454 Lawler, Nancy Ellen 673 Lawless, Jennifer 628 Lazarus, M. 275

Author’s Index

Learmount, J.H. 444 Leathley, Arthur 224 Lecaillon, Jacques 463 Ledeen, Michael 272 Lee, Bill 558 Lefebvre, Jeffrey Alan 557, 558, 574, 673 Lefevre, Eric 205 Lefort, Rene 459, 574 Legros, Dominique 211, 214 Legros, Hughes 69 Legum, Colin, I. 76, 272, 298, 558, 660, 637 Legwaila, E. 326 Leidenberg, Ian 120 Leistner, Erich 273, 355, 391 Le Jeune, Gabriel 197 Lellouche, Pierre 76 Lemarchand, Rene 76, 77, 145, 196, 198, 205, 232, 237 Lenzi, Guido 73 Leogrande, Wm. M. 298 Leonard, D.K. 76 Leonard, Richard 391 Leppard, David 192 Lesch, Ann Mosely 615, 616, 622 Leslie, Michael 64 Levey, Z. 76 Levin, Nadia 391 Levine, Donald N. 574 Levine, Paul 181 LeVine, Victor T. 76, 480 Levitt, Jeremy 77 Levtzion, Nehemia 77 Lewis, Bernard 77 Lewis, I.M. 594 Lewis, Peter M. 77, 479, 520 Leys, Collins 355 L'Hoiry, Philipee 198 Licklider, Roy 77

705

Liebenberg, Ian 120, 365, 391 Liebenow, J. Gus 77, 495 Lieber, Robert J. 148 Lienart, I. 77 Lileyev, I. 78 Liniger-Goumaz, Max 472, 473, 660 Lipode, A.A. 525 Lipschutz, Mark R. 660 Little, Douglas 333 Liu, J. 214 Livingstone, Neil 298 Liyai, H.A. 606, 661 Lizza, Ryan 544 Lloyd, John 232 Lloyd, Timberlake 78 Lobban, Richard A. 470 Lobe, Jim 211 Lobmer, S. 563 Lock, Peter 181, 192 Lodgaard, Sverre 181 Lodge, Tom 391 Lofchie, Michael F. 78 Logan, Carolyn J. 594, 595 Loimeier, Roman 533 Lokongo, Antonie 253 Lomasney, Kristen 210 Lomer, Cecile 664 London International Defense and Aid Fund 364 Longman, Timothy P. 196, 232 Longwe, Sarah 432 Looney, R.E. 78 Lopez, Carlos 485 Lorch, Donatella 544 Lorenz, F.M. 595 Lorfan, Fiona 574 Los Angeles Senteniel 10, 39, 62, 504, 527

706

Los Angeles Times 132, 183, 184, 549, 516, 527, 576, 601, 621, 624 Louis, William Roger 54, 104 Lourenco, Anthony 486 Lourenco, Maria 486 Louw, R. 392 Love, Roy 52 Lovgren, Stephen 211 Lowe Besteman, Catherine 595 Lubeck, Paul M. 488 Luckman, Robin 78, 79 Lugalia, Joe L.P. 623, 624 Lugalla, Joe 637 Luke, David 544 Luke, Timothy W. 298 Lumpe, Lora 145, 181 Lumumba-Kasongo, Tukumbi 253 Lund, Christian 463, 510 Lundalh, M. 23 Lungu, Gatain F. 432, 433 Lunnon, J. 506 Lurdin, Irae Baptista 345 Lusk, Gill 616 Lwanda, John L. 337 Lynch, Hollis 79 Lyons, Terrence 40, 71, 495, 496, 558, 574, 595 Maathai, Wangari 79 Mabririzi, Deogratias 644 Mabry, Marcu 211 Mabry, Robert L. 595 Macaulay, Ekido Julius 673 MacDonald, M. 392 MacFarlane, Neil 79, 298 MacGregor, Francis 634 MacKinley, J. 444, 496 MacKinnon, Michael G. 145 MacLaughlin, Janice 444

Author’s Index

MacLaughlin, Peter 445 MacLean, Sandra J. 116 Maclean, S.J. 444 Maclean’s 215, 216, 510 MacQueen, Norman 79, 299 MacQueen, Norrie 299 Madsen, Chris 595, 596 Madsen, Wayne 79, 190 Madhavan, Sangeetha 502 Madison, Christopher 299 Magala, Michael 535 Magagula, Petros Qambukusa 673 Magambwa, J. 644 Magistro, John V. 506 Magnant, J.P. 205 Magnarella, Paul J. 233 Magnusson, Bruce A. 459, 674 Magyar, Karl P. 146, 454, 455 Mahadalla, Hassan 596 Maharaj, Davan 81, 233, 299, 496, 616, 628 Mahmoud, Fatima Babiker 616 Mahoney, Kathleen 460 Mahoney, Richard Doyle 674 Maier, Karl 80, 299 Maignan, Jean-Claude 510 Mail and Guardian/SAPA-South Africa 407 Majak, D.D. 616 Maja-Pearce, Adewale 181, 182, 661 Majteni, Cathy 644 Makav, Ben 636 Makenna, Joseph C. 334 Makhubu, L.B. 80 Makinda, Samuel M. 81, 558, 574, 596, 616, 628 Makkozzi, Jennifer 211 Makoa, F.K. 329

Author’s Index

Makokha, Jacqueline 629 Maksoud, Clovis 299 Makumbe, M. 81 Malakpa, S. 496 Malan, Mark 81, 82, 392 Malaquais, A.V. 82, 300 Malcolm, Ian 444 Maliyamkono, T. 651 Mall and Guardian/SAPA-South Africa 407 Maloba, Wunyabario O. P.W. 628, 629, 674 Malone, Andrew 192 Malvern, Linda 233 Mamdani, Mahmood 81, 233, 644 Mamit, Deme 455 Mandaza, Ibbo 273 Mandela, Nelson 81, 392 Manganyi, N. Chabani 393 Maniruzzaman, Talukder 82 Manji, Ambreena 82, 637 Mann, Erick J. 662 Mann Paul 393 Manning, Carrie 300, 345 Manuh, T. 82 Marais, Etienne 393 Marais, Nel 674 Maren, Michael 596 Marindany, Kurgal 629 Marcelle, G. 82 Marcum, John 300, 393 Marcus, Richard R. 334 Marcus, Ruth 233, 234 Marden, Peter 488 Mare, L. 393, 394 Maren, Michael 596 Marindanu, Kurgat 629 Markasis, John 556, 558 Market Africa Mideast 475

707

Marks, Monique 394 Marks, Susan Collin 394 Marishane, Jeffrey 146 Marley, Anthony D. 82 Marquez, Gabriel Garcia 301 Marrack, Goulding 82 Martin, Bill 138, 146 Martin, David 387, 444 Martin, Guy 83, 205, 463 Martin, James W. 301 Martin, Michael 83 Martin, Phyllis 83, 301 Martin-Prevel, Y. 212 Martin, R. 616 Martin, Tony 84 Masiza, Zondi 394 Masland, Tom 234, 544 Masolo, D.A. 84 Masquelier, Adeline 510 Massiah, G. 219 Masters, William A. 532 Mataure, Priscilla 450 Mather, C. 394 Mathews, Anthony S. 394 Mathews, Daniel Koat 616 Mathews, M.L. 394 Mathews, Robert O. 43, 608 Mathiak, L. 301 Matloff, Judith 301, 395 Matlosa, Khabele 273, 329, 330, 426 Matlou, Patrick 674 Matsebula, Jabunale S.M. 426 Matthews, K. 637 Matthews, Robert O. 43 Maxey, Kees 445 Maxon, R.M. 630 Maxwell, David J. 444, 445 Mawson, Andrew N.M. 617 May, R. 341

708

May, Roy 34, 52, 84, 203 Mayall, James 596 Mayer, Jean 301 May, Terry M. 85, 205, 657 Mays, Terry 234 Mazrui, Ali A. 85, 85, 99 Mazula, Brasao 345 Mbaku, John Mukum 85 M'Bayo, Ritchard Tamba 85 Mbeki, Moeletsi 387 Mbome, Francois Xavier 466 McAlesse, Dermotet 85 McBride, D. 85 Mbogo, Stephen 146 McCann, James C. 86 McCarrair, Andrew R. 395 McCarthy, Shaun 395 McCarthy-Arnold, Eileen 86 McClafferty, Bonnie 501 McClintock, Michael 630 McConnell, Malcolm 234 McCurry, Mike 510 McDougall, Gay J. 395 McFadden, Gavin 427 McFadden, Patricia 86 McFaul, Michael 301, 302 McFerson, Hazel M. 596 McGarth, R. 182 McGill, Alexander 395 McGowan, Patrick 86, 357 McGregor, JoAnn 345, 445 McHugh, Matthew F. 302 McKay, Vernon 87 McKenzie, P. 369 McLaughling, Abraham 529, 530 McLean, Andrew 273, 395 McMillian, Della E. 463 McMillin, Penny 182 McNamara, Francis Terry 87

Author’s Index

McNeil Jr., Donald G. 87, 395, 396 McNulty, M. 234 McQuillan, Steve 384 McWilliams, James P. 396 Meditz, Sandra W. 253 Meek, S. 396 Meeker, Jeffery 637 Meeks, Sarah 183 Megalli, Nabil 617 Mehler, Andreas 466, 467 Meintel, Deidre 470 Meisler, Stanley 253 Meister, U. 475 Melander, Goran 596 Melber, Henning 87 Meldrum, Andrew 182, 302, 324 Mellon, John N. 87 Melvern, Linda 234, 235 Mendes, Maria Clara 302 Mendy, Karibe 485 Menkhaus, Ken 87, 558, 597 Merchant, D.P. 597 Merinov, S. 302 Mermin, Jonathan 597 Merrill, Tim 253 Mesa-Lago, Carmelo 88 Messiant, Christine 302, 303 Messner, F. 88 Metz, Helen Chaplin 334, 634 Metz, Steven 88, 143, 146, 235, 357, 365, 396, 674 Meyer, B. 480 Meyns, Peter 433, 470 Mgalla, Z. 637 Mhone, Guy Z. 338 Michael, Peter 485 Michaels, Marguerite 146 Michaelson, M. 597 Michand, Paul R. 212, 459, 460

Author’s Index

Michel, Gilles 488 Middleton, John 661 Mideast Mirror-Kuwait 411 Middle East Reporter Weekly 601, 602, 603 Mijere, Nsolo J. 88 Mijoro, Rakotomanga 334 Mikell, G. 88 Milan, Visley 88 Miles, Greg 192 Milimo, John T. 433 Military and Arms Transfers New 411 Millar, C.J. 440 Millennium 549 Miller, Jake C. 146, 303 Miller, Jean-Donald 675 Miller, L.L. 597 Miller, Norman 88 Miller, Robert 605 Mills, Greg 89, 266, 267, 275, 396, 397, 406 Mills Gregory J.B. 675 Mims, J. 590 Minear, L. 235 Mines Advisory Group 581 Mining Journal 248 Ministry of Foreign Affairs-Japan 449, 568, 569 Ministry of Foreign RelationsBrazil 345 Minnaar, A. 397 Minnis, J.R. 89 Minority Rights Group 617 Minter, William 89, 90, 147, 303, 345 Minty, Abdul 397 Mirzeler, Mustafa 644 Misawa, Buba 675 Miskel, James F. 89

709

Misser, Francois 90, 212, 235, 253, 254, 257 Mitchell, Robert C. 661 Mitchell, Janice L. 147 Mitchell, Ron 147 Miti, Katabaro 303 Mittelman, James H. 346 Mizeler, Mustafa 644 Mkabela, Lobo 426 Mkandawire, Thandika 90 Mlambo, Norman 445 Mmari, Geoffrey 637 Mmuya, C.K. 638 Mmuya, Max 638 Modi, J.A. 77 Modise, J. 398 Mohamedali, Mohamed Abbas 617 Mohamed, Salih M.A. 90 Mohammed, Nadir Abdel Latif 90, 147, 617 Mohan, Giles 90 Mohanty, Gills 304 Moine, Jacques 634 Moisi, Dominique 76 Moix, Bridget 142, 251 Mokoli, Mondonga M. 254 Moleah, Alfred T. 354, 398 Mollins, Carl 235, 236 Molokomme, Athalia 272 Molomo, Mpho G. 310, 329, 330 Molvaer, R.K. 558 Mondlane, Eduardo 346 Monga, Celestin 90 Monga, Yvette D. 90 Mongbo, Roch 458 Montgomery, J.D. 273 Montgomery, Mark 488, 489 Montiel, Peter J. 21 Moodley, Kogila 357

710

Moodie, Michael 182 Moon, Chung-in 15 Moore, John Davey Lewis 398 Moore, Robert C. 433 Moore, S.F. 91 Moore, W.H. 254 Moorecroft, Paul L. 273, 346, 398, 445, 675 Moosa, J.M. 91 Moose, George E. 236 Mordani, Dario 236 Morgan, Glenda 346 Morgan-Conteh, Earl 91 Morikawa, Jun 91 Morin, Richard 91 Morna, Colleen L. 304 Morris, Jack 644 Morris, R. 398 Morris, S. 91 Morrison, David C. 236 Morrison, Donald G. 661 Morrison, J. Stephen 147, 304, 346 Morrison, Jennifer Taw 544 Mortimer, J.M. 398, 399 Mortimer, Robert 91, 31, 533 Moskos, C. 147, 597 Moss, Alfred A. 52 Moss, Todd J. 147 Moszynski, Peter 183 Mothibe, T.H. 330 Motumi, T. 399 Mouiche, Ibrahim 467 Moyiga, Ndura 212, 213, 304 Mpangala, Gaudens P. 638 Mphaisha, Chisepo J. 433 Msuya, Wence 638 Mtango, E.E. 92 Mthomboni, B. 399 Muana, P. 545

Author’s Index

Mubarak, Jamil Abdalla 597 Muchena, Olivia 445 Mudenda, Dilbert 433 Mudimbe, V.Y. 17 Muepu, K. 399 Mugaju, J.B. 645 Mugo, B. 92 Muigai, Githy 629 Mukamuhirwa, I. 236 Mukenge, Ida Rousseau 71 Mukhar, M.H. 598 Mukonoweshuro, Eliphas G. 334 Mukund, B. 304 Mulder, S. 399 Muliktia, Nakatiwa 432 Muluzi, Bakili 338 Muller, Marie 399, 400 Muna, Bernard A. 467 Munene, M. 92 Munene, G. Macharia 675 Munro-Hay, Stuart 661 Munslow, Barry 274, 304, 306 Munster, Jedrzej Georg Frynas 520, 521 Murphy, Craig N. 471, 582 Murphy, Dwight D. 598 Murray, Andrew 455 Murray-Brown, Jeremy 629 Murray, Jocelyn 92 Murray, Rachel 48, 92 Musa, J. Lanasana 545 Musa, S. 545 Musere, Jonathan 645 Museveni, Yoweri Kaguta 645 Mushi, S. 637 Mushingeh, Chiponde 434 Musiker, Naomi 661, 662 Musiker, Reuben 661 Musoke, David 650 Mussington, David 183

Author’s Index

Mutere, Absalom 119, 199 Muthien, Y.G. 388, 389 Mutua, Makau wa 92 Mutukwa, Kasuka S. 434 Muyunda, Petros 434 Mwaluko, Gabriel 638 Mwamba, Baptuwa 645 Mwaura, P. 255 Mwiinga, Jowie 434 Myers, Dee 236 Myers, Garth A. 651 Myers, Mary 502 Mytelka, Lynn K. 76 Nabe, Oumar 675 Nafziger, E. Wayne 521 Naidoo, H.S. 638 Naing, S. 92 Nanda, Ved P. 460 Naniuzeyi, Mabiengwa Emmanuel 255 Nanon 427 Napper, Larry C. 305 Nasar, Adam H. 598 Nash, John 93 Nathan, Laurie 93, 94, 400 Nation 184, 355, 473 National 542 National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 467 Natsios, Andrew S. 598 Natsoulas, Theodore 305 Nattrass, Nicoli 400 Naval Postgraduate School 146 Navias, Martin 400 Na'wesheni, Japheth 93 Naylor, Rachel 480 Ndagijimana, F. 236 Ndarishkanye, B. 236 Ndarishikanye, L. 199 Ndegwa, Stephen N. 58

711

N'Diaye, Boubacar 93, 460, 489 NDIIA 467 Ndikumana, Leonce 199 Ndovi, Victor 205 Nduati, Ruth 629 Nduaye, M. 128 Ndubuike, Darlington I.I. 94 Nederlof, Suzanne 461 Nederveen, Jan 558, 559 Neethling, T.G. 401 Negash, Tekeste 563, 564 Neilson, Thomas Richard 676 Nel, Etienne 363 Nel, Philip 401 Nelson, Daniel N. 183 Nesbit, Roy C. 440 Nesbitt, Francis 274 Nesbitt, Prexy 305 Nessman, Ravi 255 Nest, Michael 445 Nester, William R. 94 Neuman, Stephanie G. 183, 184, 185 New African 214, 239, 252, 450, 550, 639 Newberry, D. 236, 237 Newbury, Catharine 237 Newell, J. 338 New Internationalist 562 Newitt, Malyn 346, 529, 530 Newman, David 147 Newman, James L. 94 New Republic 219 New Statesman and Society 243 Newsweek 313 New Vision 239 New York Times 187, 359, 487, 495, 527, 559, 617 Neyin, Tom 427 Ngangoue, Nana Rosine 212, 213

712

Ngansop, Guy Jeremie 205 Ngniman, Z. 467 Ngolet, Francois 255, 475 Ngunyi, Mutahi 94 Ngwane, George 45 Ngwane, M.G. 95 Ngwa-Nyamboli, Richard 467 Ngwenya, K. 401 Ng’weshemi, J. 94 Niblock, Tim 618 Nickerson, Colin 192 Nicoll, Alexander 542 Nielson, Waldermar 95 Niemann, Michael 326 Nijhar, P. 365 Nikoi, G. 94 Nilson, Anders 339, 346 Nindi, B.C. 95 Ninetieth American Assembly 136 Nissman, David 401 NISAT Projects 457 Nkamuhayo, Pius 645 Nkeita, Tazuary 305 Nkiwane, S.M. 274, 445, 446 Nkosi, Morley 387 Nkrumah, Kwame 95 Nmona, Veronica 496 Nnadili, Anthony Obinale 676 Nnko, Soori 638 Nnoli, Okwudiba 199 Nolutshungu, Sam 205 Nordbo, Torlav 586 North, Richard J. 90 Norton-Taylor, Richard 545 Norval, Morgan 355 Norway Information Ministry of Foreign Affairs 171 Nothling, F.J. 274 Notshulwana, M. 274

Author’s Index

Novicki, Margaret A. 305 Nowrojee, Binaifer 630 Nsibambi, A. 645 Nugent, Paul 480 Nuko, Soori 638 Nutt, Samantha 198 Nwanko, Nwafo 85 Nwankwo, PHilip Ndubeze 676 Nwaubani, Chidiebere Augustus 676 Nwaubani, Ebere 148 Nweke, G. Aforka 95, 96, 148, 521 Nwokedi, E. 521 Nwolise, Osisioma B.C. 496 Nwomonoh, Jonathan 95 Nwuneli, Onuora E. 305 Nxumalo, Simon Sishayi 427 Nyambuya, Michael 446 Nyangoni, Wellington 95 Nyang'oro, Julius E. 96, 97, 630 Nyankanzi, E.L. 199 Nyasongwa, Juma 638 Nyathi, CM. 401 Nyeko, Balam 661 Nyerere, Julius 96 Nyong'o, P. Anyang’ 96, 255 Nzambazamariya, V. 237 Nze-Nguema, Fidele-Pierre 475 Nzenza, S. 96 Nzimiro, I. 522 Nziranasanga, Mudziviri 434 Nzomo, Maria 638 Nzongola-Ntalaja, G. 255, 256 Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel 97, 503 Oakley, Robert B. 592 O'Ballance, Edgar 256, 618 O'Barr, Jean 17 Obasanjo, Olusegun 97

Author’s Index

Obaseki, Nosakhere O. 97 Obi, Cyril 97 Obidegwu, Chukwuma F. 434 Obijiofor, L. 97 Obinne, C. 126 Obiozon, George 521 O'Brien, D.C. 455 O'Brien, Kevin A. 97, 193, 402 Observatory 416 Obsevatorie Geopolitique des Drogues 402 O'Callaghan, Geraldine 97, 183 Ochieng, W.R. 630 Ocitti, Jim 645, 646 O'Conner, Gillian 305 Odalo, Bob 618 Odedokun, M.O. 97 Odetola, Olatunde 98 Ododa, Harry O. 306, 467, 630 Odom, Thomas P. 256 Oelbaum, R. 482 Ofcanshy, Thomas P. 646 Oferi, Ruby 496, 497 Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense 127, 148 Off Our Backs 338 Ogachi, O. 630 Ogallo, Laban A. 98 Ogendo, H.W.O. Okoth 64 Ogot, B.A. 630 Ogunbadejo, Oye 98, 306 Ogundimu, Foluf 64 Ogunleye, Bayo 497, 545 Ogunsanwo, Alaba 98 Ogwu, U. Joy 522 O'Hanlon, Michael 120 Ohlson, Thomas 306, 402, 676 Ojo, Bamidele A. 47, 98 Ojo, M. Adeleye 506

713

Ojo, Olantunde J. B. 452, 522 Ojo, Olusola 116 Okafor, Victor Oguejiofor 98, 99 Okane, R.H.T. 99 Oke, Tayo 522 Okechukwu, R. 522 Okek, Okechukwu 522 Okema, Michael 638 Okhazghi, Yohannes 564 Okoli, Enukora Joe 522 Okolo, Julius Emeka 522, 523 Okonta, Ike 511 Okoosi, Antonia, A. 523 Okoth, P.Godfrey 630, 646 Okpewho, Isidore 99 Okwaci, Rebecca Joshua 616 Ola, George 213 Ola-Davies, George 213 Olaniyan, R. Omotay 522 O'Laughlin, B. 347 Oliver, David 306 Oliver, Raylynn 488, 489 Olivier, BJ. 306 Oloka-Onyango, J. 123, 646 Olonisakin, Funmi 7, 99, 100, 545, 546 Olori, Toye 523 O’Loughlin, Ed. 326, 402 Olowu, Bamidele 99 Olowu, Dele 64, 133, 455 Olsen, G.R. 99 Olukoshi, Abedayo 90 Olusanya, Gabriel O. 100, 523 Oluwu, D. 100 Omaar, Rikiya 237, 598, 606 Omach, Paul 100 Omar, D. 402 Omar, R. 51 Omar, Massoud 519 Omara-Otunnu, Amii 646, 647

714

Omari, Abillah Harrid 676, 677 O'Meara, D. 269 O'Meara, Patrick 30, 83 Omole, Bamitale 533 Onadipe, Abiodun 427, 460 O'Neil, William 497 O'Neill, Kathryn 274, 306 Oniang'o, R.K. 100 Onimode, B. 100 Onishi, Normitsu 100, 256, 473, 489, 497, 523, 546 Onwumechili, Chuka 85, 101 Oosthuysen, Glenn 274, 397 Opala, J. 546 O'Prey, Kevin P. 53 Opukri, Christian Odoniowei 677 Orme Jr., William A. 101, 402 Orogun, Paul S. 256, 257 Orr, Katie E. 116 Osagahe, Eghosa 101, 497, 523 Osarhieme, Osadolor 455 Osei-Hwedie, Bertha 274, 275, 434 Osei-Mensah, Michael Nana 481 Osei, Philip D. 481 Osoba, S.O. 524 Otayek, Rene 206, 463 Otchere, Freda E. 661, 662 Othman, Haroub 639 Othman, Shehu 524 O'Toole, Thomas 201 Ottaway, David 306, 307 Ottaway, Marina 101, 148, 306, 307, 347, 402 Ottemoeller, Dan 647 Otunnu, Ogenda 647 Ouedraogo, Harouna 69 Ouedtraogo, Jean-Baptiste 463 Ould-Abadallah, Ahmedou 199, 200, 506

Author’s Index

Ould-Mey, Mohammeden 506 Outram, Quentin 497, 498 Owoeye, Jide 102, 524 Owolabi, Ajamu Olayiwola 307, 467 Owusu, A.A. 481 Owusu, Maxwell 481 Oye, Kenneth A. 148 Oyebade, Adebayo 102, 524 Oyinloya, O. 524 Oyugi, Walter 630 Pabian, Frank V. 402 Packman, Eric S. 257 Padayachee, Vishnu 403 Paddack, Jean-Paul 110 Paden, John N. 661 Palmer, Valarie S. 102 Panafrican News Agency 170, 307, 629, 648 Panizzo, Enny 347 Pankhurst, Richard 661 Parameters 601 Parkenham, Thomas 102, 103 Parker, Andrew 546, 547 Parker, Christopher 184 Parker, Ron 455, 506, 533 Parliamentarian 427 Parmar, Pratibha 129 Parpart, Jane L. 103 Parson, Timothy H. 624 Pascoe, Wm. W. 307 Pasternak, Judy 173 Patel, Preeti 103 Pateman, Roy 559, 564 Patman, Robert G. 598 Patrick, Stewart 52 Patman, Robert G. 103 Pateman, Roy 103 Paterson, Chris A. 103 Patterson, Amy S. 534

Author’s Index

Paul, J.C.N. 574, 575 Pauseway, Siegfried 575, 578 Pawlick, Thomas 598 Payne, Tony 236, 425 Pazzanita, Anthony G. 307, 506 Peace Research Abstracts Journal 371, 376 Pearn, John 237 Pearson, Frederic S. 174 Pech, Khareen 193 Peel, Michael 546, 547 Peleman, Johan 189 Pellow, Deborah 481 Peltzer K. 103 Peninou, J.L. 575 Penna, David 460 Pepetela, Mayombe 307 Percival, V. 237 Pereira, Anthony W. 140, 307, 471 Perkins, Mike 355 Perlez, Jane 547, 575 Perry, Donna 534 Petchenkine, Youry 481 Peters, Jimi 524, 525 Peters, Joel 103 Peters, K. 547 Peters, Ralph 547 Petlane, Tsoeu 330 Pfister, Roger 104, 662 Pheko, M. 104 Phillips Jr., Claude S. 525 Phillips, Earl H. 482 Phillips, Mark 403 Phillips-Howard, Kevin 403, 404 Phiri, Biseck Jube 434, 435 Phiri, Isaic 435 Picard, L.A. 14, 104, 326, 388, 509 Pierce, Richard 307, 308

715

Pierre, A. 184 Pierre, Andrew J. 308 Pietila, H. 639 Pillay, Devan 380 Pincus, D. 399 Pinkney, Robert Louise 482, 639 Pirouet,M. I. 618, 622, 662 Pison, G. 104 Pistorius, C.W.I. 403 Pitcher, M. Anne 347 Pityana, N. Barney 403 Plaut, Martin 564 Plummer, Brenda Gayle 104 Pol Internat 333 Political Risk Yearbook 663 Pontara, Nicola 342 Pool, David 564 Porter, Andrew 403 Porter, Gina 403, 404 Posner, Daniel N. 338, 435 Potgieter, D.G.C. 404 Potgieter, Jackie 187, 268 Poettier, Johan 237 Potts, Deborah 662 Pourtier, Roland 213 Pouwls, Randal L. 77 Power, Samantha 413 Prah, K.K. 618 Pratt, C. 639 Prendergast, John 104, 257, 259, 308, 314, 558, 559, 564, 565, 597, 599, 618 Presidents and Prime Ministers 214 Preston, R. 355 Pretorius, J. 404 Price, Robert M. 148, 275 Program on International Conflict Analysis and Resolution, Harvard University 200

716

Prosser, Gilford 104 Prouzet, Michel 482 Prunier, Gerald 196, 238, 606, 618, 619 Pryor, David 184 Puchner, Laurel 503 Puplampu, Korba P. 105 Purkitt, Helen E. 404 Puri, Shamlal 476 Putel, K.H. 647 Pycroft, Christopher 308 Quashigah, Kofi 105 Quigley, John 639 Quill 428 Quin, Deborah 362 Rabayiza, F. 238 Radelet, S. 476, 477 Radio France International 308, 309 Radloff, Sarah 419 Radu, Michael Sabin 461, 677 Rahill, J. 547 Rajab, Ahmed 651 Rake, Alan 193, 257, 290, 599, 662, 647 Rakgoadi, Pakiso Sylvester 404 Ramamurthi, T.G. 105, 647 Ramano, G. 404 Ramaswamy, S. 112 Ramchandani, R.R. 105 Rana, Swadesh 185 Ranchod-Nilsson, Sita 446 Randall, Vicky 435 Ranger, Terence O. 439, 446 Ransdell, Eric 238, 239 Rapley, John 489 Rapp, Geoffrey 404 Rashidi, Runoko 115 Raskin, P. 275 Rasmussen, R. Kent 447, 660

Author’s Index

Rathgeber, Eva M. 105 Ratner, S.R. 61 Rauf, Tariq 43 Ravenhill, J. 29 Ray, Charles A. 149 Ray, Donald I. 530 Ray, Ellen 149, 257, 258, 647, 648 Raynal, Jean-Jacques 460 Razis, Vic 404 Reanda, Laura 106 Reardon, T. 106 Redding, Sean 405 Reddy, Sanjay 525 Reed, Laura W. 173 Reed, M.C. 475 Reed, Williams Cyrus 239, 657 Reeve, Ross 405 Reeves, Eric 619 Refugee 602 Refugee Policy Group 599 Refugees International 258 Regan, Patrick M. 149 Regional Economic Research and Documentation Center 512 Reid, Richard 565 Reid-Daly, Ron 447 Reiss, Mitchell 372 Rekue, P. 348, 349 Renders, Marleen 534 Renner, Michael 185, 309, 405 Reno, William 106, 107, 498, 525, 547, 548 Renou, X. 106 Ress, David 200 Review of African Political Economy 603 Revue Juridique et Politique 333 Revol, Didier 213, 258 Reynolds, Andrew 389, 435

Author’s Index

Reynolds, Maura 498 Reynolds, Pamela 447 Reyntjens, Feilip 239, 258 Riccio, Bruno 534 Rice, Susan E. 107 Rich, Paul B. 498 Richards, Paul B. 107, 547, 548, 549 Richards, Y. 107 Richman, Naomi 347 Riddell, Roger 107 Riddell-Dixon, Elizabeth 43 Rigby, Andrew 107 Rijnierse, E. 27 Rikhye, Indar Jit 258 Riley, Stephen P. 107, 498, 544, 548, 549, 551, 552 Rimmer, Douglas 107, 108 Rivlin, Benjamin 108 Riyaga-Nsuba, John 648 Rizvi, Sajid 549 Robbins, Carla Anne 309 Robert, Bernhard 405 Robert, D.A. 525 Roberts, Andrew 108 Roberts, Steven V. 239 Robins, Melinda B. 109 Robinson, P.J. 520 Robinson, Pearl T. 206, 511 Robinson, Tyler 405 Robson, Paul 471 Rock, June 565 Rodney, Walter 108 Rodrigues, Luis Nuno 677 Roebuck, Derek 190 Roesch, Otto 193, 347 Roger, Ben F. 108 Rogerson, C.M. 406 Rogge, J. 108 Roherty, James M. 406

717

Romero, P. 406 Ros, Enrique 109 Rosander, Eva Evers 109 Rosberg, Carl G. 6, 66, 67, 109, 627 Rosenblum, Peter 206, 258 Rotberg, Robert I. 109, 110, 275, 406, 447 Roth, Michael 476 Rothestein, Mervyn 565, 575, 624 Rothchild, Donald 31, 40, 58, 59, 69,70, 110, 121, 132, 142, 149, 309, 482 Rothchild, Emma 132 Round Table 428, 634 Rouvez, Alain 110 Roux, A. 406 Rovine, Victoria 503 Rozes, Antonie 310 Rubert, Steven C. 447 Rubin, Barnett R. 111 Rubin, E. 111 Rubin, P.R. 520 Rudebeck, Lars 485, 486 Rueda-Sabater, Enrique 489 Rugalema, Gabriel 275 Ruggie, John 111 Ruhela, Satyapal 599 Ruiz, Hiram A. 499 Rupiah, Martin R. 447, 448 Rushing, Andrea Benton 124 Rusk, John D. 310 Rutinwa, B. 200 Rutsch, Horst 200 Ruzindana, A. 648 Rwelamira, J.B. 624 Rwomire, Apollo 111 Ryall, David 407 Saad, Hamman-Tukur 525

718

Saadia, Touval 111 Saal, David 361 SACDI Defence Digest 412, 413 SADC Newsletter 111 Sadiqual, Shanti 310 Sahel, E.G. 455 Sahn, David E. 483, 489 Sahnoun, Mohamed 599, 600, 619 Sahu, Manendra 310 Saime, Abdoulaye 477 Sala-Diakanda, M. 104 Salbbert, Mana 371 Saleh, Heba 619 Salignon, P. 214 Salih, K.O. 619 Salih, M.A.M. 62, 600, 624 Salim, Salim A. 111, 112 Saliou, Mohamed Yessoufou 214 Saliu, H.A. 525 Sall, Birane 477 Sallah, Tijan M. 477 Sallot, Jeff 240 Salmon, Katy 619 Salut 371, 412, 416, 417, 421 Sá Machado, Victor 310 Samatar, Abdi 600 Samatar, Ahmed I. 595, 600, 619 Sambanis, Nicholas 46, 47 Sam-Kubam, Patrick 467 Sampson, P. 247 Sams, Katie E. 21, 537 Samuels, Michael A. 1 Sandbrook, Richard 355, 482 Sanders, J.H. 112 Sanders, Tod 460 Sanjian, Gregory 185, 559 Sankara, Thomas 463 Santoir, C. 506 Santoro, Lara 310

Author’s Index

Santos, Daniel dos 281, 310, 311 Sarkin, Jeremy 240 Saro-Wiwa, Ken 525 Sato, Makoto 112, 347 Saul, John S. 275, 311, 347, 348, 355 Savimbi, Jonas 311 Savvides, A. 112 Sawadogo, Filiga Michel 464 Sawyer, Amos 499 Saxena, S.C. 507, 619, 620 Sayagues, Mercedes 311 Sayers, V. 557 Sayigh, Yezid 112 Scarr, Deryck 634 Scarrit, James R. 435 Schaap, William 149 Schaffer, J. 348 Schapink, Dick 93, 637 Schatzberg, Michael G. 258, 259 Scheepers, L. 407 Schefer, David 259 Schemo, Diana Dean 112, 113 Scherrer, Christian P. 196 Schilder, Kees 467, 468 Schissel, Howard 507 Schlichte, K. 230 Schmidth, Erwin A. 149, 259 Schnabel, Albrecht 124 Schoeman, Elna 662 Schoeman, Stanley 427, 662 Schoffelers, Matthew 338 Schorr, Daniel 565 Schmidl, Erwin A. 149 Schneidman, Witney W. 149 Schrader, Esther 185 Schraeder, Peter J. 113, 149, 150, 534, 559, 662 Schuler, Corinna 575 Schulz, Brigitte 113

Author’s Index

Schulz, Dorothea 503 Schutte, H. 563 Schutz, Barry M. 150 Schwab, Peter 113 Sconyers, David 578, 606 Scoones, Ian 573 Scott, Carey 192, 499 Scott, Catherine V. 311, 312 Scott, Guy 435, 436 Scott, Leda 448 Scott, Philippa 620 Sebunya, Crespo 648 Seck, J. 456 Seddon, David 113, 114, 150, 507 Seegers, Annette 407, 408, 677 Seekings, Jeremy 400 Seely, Jennifer C. 503 Segal, Aaron 114 Segal, Ronald 114 Segell, Glen 114 Seidel, Gill 645 Seidman, G.W. 448 Seitbert, Gerhard 530 Seitz, S.T. 114 Sekatle, P. 330 Selassie, Bereket 565 Selebi, J. 408 Selfe, J. 408 Sen, S. 39 Sendall, N. 408 Serageldian, Ismail 114 Seraphin, Gilles 468 Serapiao, Luis Benjamin 448 Sertima, Ivan Van 115 Serufilira, A. 9 Sesay, Amadu 6, 115, 116, 206 Sesay, Max 499, 549 Shaffer, P. 483 Shams, Feraidoon 600

719

Shapiro, B.I. 112 Shapiro, K. 462 Sharma, Sunil 21 Sharms, Feraidoon 600 Shastri, Ravi 408 Shattuck, John 241 Shavit, David 663 Shaw, Bryant P. 677 Shaw, Caroline M. 663 Shaw, Mark 186, 408, 409 Shaw, Timothy M. 116, 117, 200, 519, 525, 526 Shawcross, William 150 Shaxson, Nicholas 298, 312, 473 Shea, Dorothy 409 Shearer, David 259, 260, 549 Shearing, Clifford D. 365, 409 Sheckley, Berry G. 531 Shelby, Barry 631 Sheldon, Kathleen 348 Shell-Duncan, Bettina 117 Shelton, Garth 409 Sheriffdeen, A. Tella Shevedov, A. 335 Shield, Todd 620 Shiji, Issa G. 117 Shillington, Kevin 482 Shiner, Cindy 260, 312 Shisanya, C.R.A. 117 Shope, Virginia 663, Shoumatoff, Alex 241, 600 Showers, Kate B. 117 Shuttle worth, Graham 335 Siame, Mercy 432 Sibanda, E. 448 Sibomana, Andre 241 Sica, M. 620 Sicard, S.V. 338 Sichone, Owen Ben 436 Sidaway, James 313

720

Siddiqui, R.A. 117 Sidler, Peter 313 Sidley, Pat 409 Sieff, M. 117 Siegler, Rainer 641 Siems, Shelby 530 Sijm, Johannes P. 503 Sikainga, Ahmad Alawad 611 Siklo, Tim 499 Siko, M. 409 Silkin, Trish 565 Silla, Eric 503 Sillah, Mohammed-Bassiru 526 Silverstein, Ken 206, 530 Sim’A, Leyla El Awad 117 Simeland, Hamilton Sipho 427, 428 Simons, Anna 118, 119, 137, 601, 620 Simmons, Ann M.118, 260, 261, 313, 409, 410, 436, 448, 482, 489, 490, 601 Simmonds, R. 260 Simon, D. 313, 356, 410 Simon, David J. 313, 435 Simpson, Chris 313 Simpson, Graeme 391, 410 Simpson, John 384, 385 Simpson, Mark 339, 340 Sindima, Harvey J. 118, 340 Sing, Jasjit 186 Singer, David J. 61 Singer, Rena 428 Singh, Dinesh 118, 314 Singh, Harjinder 448 Sirleaf, Amos Mohammed 677 Sisk, Timothy 149, 410 Sislin, John 186 Sjolander, Clair Turenne 43 Skard, Torild l l 8

Author’s Index

Skinner, Eliot A. 109, 118 Sklar, Richard L. 118, 119, 507, 526 Skons, Elisabeth 186 Skurnik, W.A.E. 456, 534 Slade, Celena 494 Smajlovic, Ljiljana 601 Smaldone, Joseph P. 184, 185 Smillie, L. Giberie 500 Smirnov, Gleb V. 119, 120 Smit, Jenni 377 Smit, S.J. 410 Smith, Alex Duval 549, 550 Smith, Christopher 186, 187, 276 Smith, Dexter J. 187 Smith, Gayle 620 Smith, R. 410 Smith, Ron 181 Smith, Stephen 620, 624 Smith, Stewart 150 Smith, Wayne 314 Smith Zeric Kay 503, 504 Smock, David R. 119, 150, 257, 314 Smoke, J. 100 Smyke, R.J. 120 Smyth, Frank 140, 226, 227, 241, 411 Snow, Philip 120 Snyder, W. 508 Soares, Benjamin F. 504 Soderbaum, F. 663 Sokeo, Amil 648 Solarz, Stephen J. 120 Sollenberg, Margareta 260 Solomon, Hussein 120, 268, 314 Sommerville, Keith 120, 314, 461 Sommer, John G. 602 Somolekan, Gloria 325 Soremekun, Fola 314, 315

Author’s Index

Soremekun, Kayode 455, 527 Sorsa, Piritta 120 Sotumbi, Abiodun Olufemi 315 Sousa, Cesar Palhadas 340 South African Communication Service 411 South African Journal of Higher Education 106 Southern Africa Polititical and Economic Monthly 208, 427 Southall, Roger 330, 411, 412, 631 Southall, Tony 436 Southgate, Minoo 151 Sow, Moussa 502 Soyinka, Wola 527 SPA 249, 254, 256 Spaar, Pamela 120 Sparks, Allister 413 Spartacus, Colonel 206 Spatoro, Steve 603 Spears, Annie 464 Spears, Ian S. 602 Spector, Leonard S. 373 Speirs, Mike 464 Spence, John E. 413 Spencer, Peter S. 102 Spies, S.B. 366 Spijker, G. 242 Spikes, Daniel 315 Spyke, Rebecca Lynn 657, 678 Stainforth, Charles 12o Stamp, P. 121 Stanger, Theodore 242 Stanglin, Douglas 413 Staniland, Martin 121 Stanley, Elizabeth 414 Starr, J.R. 151 Staudt, Kathleen A. 103

721

Stedman, Stephan John 121, 402, 449 Steen, Peter 657 Steenkamp, Willem 315, 316, 414 Stein, Judith 121 Stemmet, A. 121 Stengers, J. 260 Stephan, Morrison J. 288 Stephen, Philip 122 Stephens, David 25 Stevenson, Jonathan 602, 603, 620, 621 Stevenson, Richard W. 122 Steeves, H.L. 230 Stewart, B.A. 511 Stewart, Charles C. 507 Steyn, Pierre 414, 415 Stiff, Peter 447 Stockwell, John 316 Stoller, Paul 511 Storey, A. 242 Strah, Michael Sherman 678 Strandberg, Peter 261 Strategic Studies Institute 151 Stratford, Trisha 621 Streeter, Christiaan Jacobus 678 Strege, Mark 507 Strenm R.E. 122 Strenlau, J. 192 Stewart, Charles C. 507 Stumpf, Waldo 415 Styan, David 122 Subasast, T. 130 Suberu, Rotimi 527 Suhrke, Astri 216, 242 Suliman, Mohammed 621 Sultam, A. 348 Summerfield, D. 415 Sunada, A. 122

722

Sunday Nation 509 Sundiata, Ibrahim K. 473 Swain, Ashok 559, 621 Swarms, Rachel L. 122, 316, 317, 415, 416, 449 Swatuk, Larry A. 276, 527, 550 Swillings, Mark 376 Swinburne, Caroline 648 Switer, Les 416 Sylvester, Anthony 621 Synder, M.C. 123 Synge, R. 348 Szeftel, Morris 123, 416, 429, 436 Tabachnick, B.R. 23 Tabaroff, June 114 Tadesse, M. 123 Takongana, Joseph 468 Talame, Sylvia 648, 649 Talentino, Andrea Kathryn 242 Tall, Emmanuelle Kadya 460 Tamala, S. 123 Tamba, Ritchard 85 Tandeka, Nkiwane 67 Tanner, Fred 121 Tanner, V. 500 Tapa, Louise 468 Tareke, Gerbe 575, 576 Tarp, Finn 485 Taungara, Jeanne Maddox 490 Taylor, Greg 649 Taylor, Ian 123, 326, 401, 416, 429 Taylor, Louisa 652 Taylor, Scott 528 Taylor, Terry 123, 566, 624 Taylor, V. 123 Teal, Francis 490 Tejan-Cole, A. 550 Tekle, Amare 559, 566

Author’s Index

Tekle-Mikael, Mogus 72 Teku, Tesfaye 127 Tella, Sheriffdeen 98, 99, 124 Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn 124 Tesi, Moses K. 124 Tettey, Wisdom J. 105 Thakur, Ramesh 124, 603, 622 Thalif, Deen 550 Thayer, Nate 635 The African Review 210 The Daily Star 5 The Lancet 210 Theodopoulos, C. 417 The Nation 185, 257 The Political Risk Yearbook 663 The Star and South Africa Times 280 Thiam, Cheikh Tidane 535 Thiart, G. 417 Thielke, Thilo 261 Thioub, Ibrahima 535 Thiuri, Philio 69 Tholomier, Robert 560 Thom, William G. 124 Thomas, Caroline 125 Thomas, Darryl 85 Thomas, David L. 58 Thomas, Diane Renee 678 Thomas, Gerald E. 125 Thomas, Graham F. 622 Thomas, Lynn 603 Thomas, Martin 335 Thomas, S. 417 Thomas, Tony 460 Thompson, Carol B. 276, 348, 449 Thorton, John 458, 459 Tichagwa, W. 449 Tiepolo 214 Tilburg, Aad van 74

Author’s Index

Tillema, H. 663 Tindigarukayo, Jimmy K. 649 Tiruneh, Andargagnew 576 Tiruneh, Gizachew 678 Tiuray, Omar 477 Tlou, Thomas 327 Toase, Francis 356 Tola, Babiie 576 Tolen, Aaron 468 Tome, V. 276 Tomric, Agency 125 Tongue, A. 13 Tongue, E. 13 Topouzis, Daphne 125, 304, 317 Torbey, Abbas 507 Tordoff, William 48, 125, 475 Torp, Jews Erik 348, 349, 530 Toubia, Nahid 125, 126 Toulmin, Camilla 504 Touval, Saadia 126, 511 Towell, Pat 603 Townsend, M.K. 640 Traissac, P. 212 Traore, Amadou 317 Travis, C. 654 Traxler, Elizabeth Evatt 678 Triay-Kone, Philippe 214 Tripp, Aili Mari 640, 649 Tripodi, Paolo 103, 603, 604 Triulzi, Alessandro 604 Tromp, Martha 450 Tronvoll, Kjetil 566, 575 Tschirley, David L. 349 Tuck, Christopher 500 Turkey, Steven 588 Turner, John W. 261 Turner, Mark 126, 261, 339, 436, 576, 631 Turner, Thomas 263, 264

723

Turshen, Meredeth 126, 243, 456, 649 Tuso, Hamdesa 560 Tvedten, Inge 317 Twaddle, Michael 643, 649 Twagiramariya, Clotilde 126, 243 Twes, B.S. 456 Udogu, Emmanuel Ike 456, 527, 550, 679 Ugwuanyi, J.U. 126 UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office 418 Ukaegbu, C.C. 527 Ukiwe, Kalu E. 679 Umeano, Iesha Ijeoma 679 Umeh, O.J. 418 United Nations 185, 193, 530 United Nations Chroncilc 5, 41, 201, 212, 213, 215, 228, 234, 237, 238, 244, 429, 604 United Nations Council for Namibia 356 United Nations Development Fund for Women and African American Institute (UNIFEMAAI) 126 UNICEF 349 United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network 277 United Nations Security Council 261 United Press International 543 UPM 349 Urban, Marion 631 Urdang, Stephanie 486 Urquhart, Brian 126 US Army Peacekeeping Institute 135 US Army War College 151

724

US Committee for Refugees 200, 232, 239 US Department of Defense 140, 151 United States Department of State 136,140, 187, 188, 261, 460, 507, 528, 531, 539 US Department of State Dispatch 239,321 US House Committee on Armed Services 604 US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Permanent Select Committee, 319, 320 US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa 151, 152, 153, 318, 319, 320 US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa and International Operations 152 US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights 154 US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 604 US House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on International Operations and Human Rights 159, 160, 165 US House Committee on International Relations,

Author’s Index

Subcommittee on International Resources, Food, and Energy 321 US House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights 154 US House Select Committee on Hunger 576 US Institute for Peace 141, 349, 621 US News and World Report 191, 602 US Senate Foreign Relations Committee 318, 319, 321, 349 US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommitee on African Affairs 165, 166, 167, 168, 169 US Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Subcommittee on International Economic Policy, Export, and Trade Promotion 169 Uttley, Garrick 418 Uvin, Peter 243 Uwazie, I.O. Albert 528 Uzoigwe, G.N. 528 Vaillant, Janet G. 535 Vale, Peter 276, 418 Van Biema, David 244 Van Binsbergen, Wim 436, 437 Van Braun, Joachim 127 Van Dassen, Lars 260 Van de Coor, L.L.P. 127 Van de Perre 9 Van de Walle, E. 104 Van de Walle, Nicholas 25, 127, 640

Author’s Index

Van der Drift, Roy 486 Van der Graaf, Henny J. 127 Van der Waag, I.J. 418 Van de Walk, E. 104 Van de Walle, Nicolas 127, 128, 640 Van der Walt, Janis 419 Van der Westhuizen, Janis 401, 419 Van Donge, Jan Kees 437 Van Hensbroek, Pieter Boele 127, 128 Van Meter, Karl 149 Van Rheenen, Teunis Van Rooyen, Johann 419 Van Tilburg, Aad 74 Van Walraven, K. 128 Van Wyk, J.A.K. 330 Van Wuk, Koos 419 Van Wyk, Jacobus Johannes 679 Varga, C. 419, 420 Vasconcelos, Alvaro 73 Vasset, Phillipe 128 Vaughn, Olufemi 170, 528 Vayrnen, Raimo 128 Vedeld, Trond 504 Vegar, Jose 188 Venancio, Moises 341, 342 Vengroff, R. 128, 504, 535 Venter, Alex J. 93, 188, 193, 194, 196, 197, 321, 322, 420, 550, 551 Venter, J. 261 Venter, Dennis 128, 635 Verdirmae, Gugliemo 631 Verrier, Anthony 449 Verschuur, Christine 349 Versi, Anver 650 Vesperimi, Helen 215 Vestal, Theodore M. 576

725

Viaud, Pierre 576 Vib-Sanziri, F. 128 Vickers, J. 639 Vieth, Warren 128, 129 Vilane, Johnson 425 Viljoen, F. 129 Villa-Alvarez, F. 663 Villalon, Leonard A. 512, 535 Vines, Alex 276, 277, 322, 350, 351, 420, 437 Virmani, K.K. 322 Vittin, Theo 461 Vo, Minh T. 188, 189 Vogt, Margaret 500, 528 Volman, Daniel 500 Von Hippel, Karin 170 Von Nordheim, Manfred 298 Voskoboi, A. 335 Vuuren, Ian Ivan 420 Wafula, John 189 Wagao, J.H. 636 Wakano, Katambo 200, 201 Wakoson, Elias Nyamlell 622 Waldmeir, Patti 421 Walker, Alice 129 Walker, J. 605 Walker, Peter 339 Wallace, Bruce 244 Wallis, William 261, 262, 456 Wall Street Journal 393 Walters, Joel 566 Walters, Ronald W. 322, 421 Wa Mutua, Makua 632 Wang, T.Y. 129 Wanyande, Peter 632 Warner, Rebecca 532 Washington Post 240 Washington, Shirley 129, 322 Watson, Paul 322, 605 Watt, David 642, 650

726

Watts, C. 74, 450 Watts, Michael 490 Wautheir, Claude 336 Weaver, Tony 421 Webb Jr., James L.A. 477 Webb, Patrick 127 Webber, Mark 129 Weber, M. T. 349 Webster, E.C. 421 Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 229, 238 Weekly Mail (South Africa) 4 Weeks, J. 130 Weiderhofer, I. 35 Weigert, Stephen L. 336, 632 Weil, Robert 605 Weimer, Bernhard 327 Weimer, Claus 327 Weinstein, Brian 475 Weinstein, Jeremy 130 Weinstein, Warren 201 Weisbord, Robert 130 Weiss, Herbert 262 Weiss, Ruth 450 Weiss, Thomas G. 110, 605 Weiss, Thomas Lothar 468 Weissman, Stephen R. 262, 322, 323 Weitz, R. 323 Weller, Marc 500 Welsh, D. 130 West Africa 66, 183 West, Dave 444 Westerlund, David 109, 110 Westfall, Gloria 644 Weston, John 551 Whann, Christopher A. 471 Wheeler, Douglas L. 323 Wheeler, Jack 323

Author’s Index

Whitaker, C.S. 130 Whitaker, J. 130 White, Cynthia 512 White, Gregory 528 White, Phillip 577 White, R.R. 130 Whitelaw, Kevin 211 Whiteman, Kaye 207, 461 Widner, Jennifer A. 130, 131 Wiederhofer, I. 570 Wilkin, Peter 125 Wilkins, Michael 464 Wilkinson, A.R. 450 Willame, J.C. 262 Willers, David 323 Willett, Susan 277, 361, 422 Willey, Fay 551 Williams, Abedayo 445 Williams, Abiodun 679 Williams, Anthony V. 528 Williams, Chancellor 131 Williams, Donald C. 528 Williams, Eric 131 Williams, G. 131 Williams, R. 422 Wilson, Flora 638 Wilson, K.B. 351 Wilson, Richard A. 422 Windrich, Elaine 323, 324 Winkates, James 422 Winrock International 131 Winrow, Gareth M. 131, 679, 680 Winter, Gordon 422 Winter, William 340 Wirick, Gregory 605 Wise, Christopher 464 Wiseman, John 131, 461, 477, 478, 531, 664 Witherell, Julian 664 Woelk, Godfrey 450

Author’s Index

Wohlgemuth, Lennart 132, 600 Woldring, Klass 437 Wolf, Louis 149 Wolfers, Michael 324, 622 Wolff, Robert A. 490 Women International Network News 208, 337, 428, 532, 533 Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children 244 Wondu, Steven 622 Wonkenyor, Edward L. 170 Wood, Brian 183, 189, 281, 357 Wood, Geoffrey 351, 422, 423 Woodhouse, Tom 132 Woods, Anthony 339 Woods, D. 490 Woods, F. 147 Woodward, Peter 560, 577 Work in Progress 324 World Bank 5, 64, 132, 133 World Heath 472 World Press Review 215, 405, 465, 598, 650 World Tibet Network News 423 Woronoff, Jon 132 Worthington, Peter 324 Wren, Christopher S. 605 Wright, George 324 Wright, J. 207 Wright, Robin 632 Wright, Stephen 132, 133, 529 Wrong, Michela 262, 263 Wubnen, Mulatu 577 Wulf, Herbert 186 Wunsch, J.S. 133 Wurst, J. 351 Wylie, Kenneth C. 144 Xinhua General Overseas News Service 308, 312

727

Xuetong, Yan 133 Yakemtchouk, Romain 263 Yates, Douglas 133, 207, 476 Yengeni, T. 423 Yermolin, Vladimir 577 Yeros, Paris 133 Yimam, Arega 680 Yoded, Arye 133 Yoder, John 263 Yoder, Stanley P. 283 Yoroms, G.J. 491 Youker, R. 133, 134 Young, Crawford 134, 263, 264, 644 Young, E.T. 351 Young, John 577 Young, Tom 324, 351 Yousef, Hilmi Shadi 680 Yuste, Juan E. 472 Zack-Williams, Alfred B. 134, 551, 552 Zaffiro, James 327 Zaki, Laidi 134 Zalot, Jozef D. 135 Zamara, T. 359 Zamora, Tom 423 Zamponi, Lynda F. 664 Zartman, I. William 40, 45, 76, 135, 170, 207, 298 Zavis, Alexandra 500, 552 Zegeye, Abede 578 Zell, Hans M. 664 Zelleke, Imru Lij 560 Zepeda, Lydia 476 Zimalirana, George 337 Zimmerman, Jonathan 135 Zinn, Kenneth S. 421 Zulu, L. 423 Zunes, Stephen 423 Zwede, Bahru 423, 578

About the Author MICHAEL J. SILER is Associate Professor of Political Science at California State University, Los Angeles. He has worked in the federal and state legislative arenas, think tanks, and the public sector. His intellectual focuses include comparative nuclear proliferation studies, American foreign policy, and African studies.