Sore Throat - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

SORE

THROAT A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Sore Throat: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84220-5 1. Sore Throat-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on sore throat. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SORE THROAT ........................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Sore Throat.................................................................................... 8 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 10 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 11 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SORE THROAT ................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding Nutrition Studies on Sore Throat .................................................................................. 49 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 50 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SORE THROAT ........................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 53 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 General References ....................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SORE THROAT ............................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Sore Throat ....................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SORE THROAT ........................................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Patents on Sore Throat................................................................................................................. 73 Patent Applications on Sore Throat............................................................................................. 83 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SORE THROAT ........................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 89 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 90 Chapters on Sore Throat .............................................................................................................. 91 CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SORE THROAT.............................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 93 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 95 Academic Periodicals covering Sore Throat................................................................................. 96 CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 99 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 99 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 99 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 100 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 105 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 105 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 107 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 109 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 111 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 122 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 125 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 125

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Preparation................................................................................................................................. 125 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 125 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 125 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 131 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 131 SORE THROAT DICTIONARY ................................................................................................. 133 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 179

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with sore throat is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about sore throat, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to sore throat, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on sore throat. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to sore throat, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on sore throat. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON SORE THROAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on sore throat.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and sore throat, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Nonbladder Related Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis Source: Journal of Urology. 166(2): 557-562. August 2001. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-3030 or (301) 714-2334. Fax: (301) 824-7290. Website: www.lippincott.com. Summary: Clinical experience and epidemiological studies suggest that patients with interstitial cystitis (IC) have multiple nonbladder related symptoms. This article reports on a study undertaken to test this hypothesis. The authors used the University of Wisconsin scale to compare the scores for patients with IC to those for control subjects. This validated questionnaire includes 7 bladder and 18 reference symptoms not related to the bladder. The study included a total of 35 female patients with IC and 35 age

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matched female controls. For the 7 bladder symptoms, the difference between IC and control groups was extremely significant. Patients with IC had higher scores than controls for 9 reference symptoms, including other pelvic discomfort, backache, dizziness, chest pain, aches in joints, abdominal cramps, nausea, heart pounding, and headache. However, they did not have higher scores for blind spots or blurred vision, numbness or tingling in fingers or toes, swollen ankles, feeling of suffocation, sore throat, cough, flu, nasal congestion, and ringing in ears (tinnitus). The majority of patients with IC had a 0 score for all but 2 of the reference symptoms (backache and aches in joints). Patients with IC had increased scores for 9 reference symptoms, but did not indiscriminately report high scores for generalized complaints. This result suggests that in some cases of IC, the pathophysiology may affect other organ systems besides the bladder. Alternatively, some of these symptoms may result from changes in sleep pattern or other factors associated with IC. An editorial commentary is appended to the article. 5 tables. 16 references. •

Head and Neck Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: American Family Physician. 60(3): 873-880. September 1, 1999. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disease. Besides the typical presentation of heartburn and acid regurgitation, either alone or in combination, GERD can cause atypical symptoms. This article reviews the head and neck manifestations of GERD. An estimated 20 to 60 percent of patients with GERD have had and neck symptoms without any appreciable heartburn. While the most common head and neck symptom is a globus sensation (a lump in the throat), the head and neck manifestations can be diverse and may be misleading in the initial workup. Thus, a high index of suspicion is required. Laryngoscopy can confirm the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Erythema of the posterior larynx may be seen, and the true vocal cords may be edematous. Treatment should be initiated with a histamine H2 receptor blocker or proton pump inhibitor. Lifestyle changes are also beneficial. Untreated, GERD can lead to chronic laryngitis, dysphonia, chronic sore throat, chronic cough, constant throat clearing, granuloma of the true vocal cords, and other problems. 5 figures. 3 tables. 24 references.

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New Options for Persistent Heart Burn Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 3(3): 24-27. May-June 2001. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Website: www.dhnonline.org. Summary: Heartburn is now recognized as an important clinical symptom, most notably for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). This article describes two new clinical therapies that are available for use: the Stretta procedure, which involves endoscopically tightening the lower esophageal sphincter (LE), the muscle that serves as a trap door between the esophagus and stomach; and the Bard EndoCinch Suturing System, which uses tiny tissue pleats stitched near the LES that are tied to tighten the valve. These procedures provide new potential treatment options for the small percentage of GERD patients who do not find adequate relief from medications and those who find long term drug therapy, or surgery, unappealing. Both of these procedures are performed endoscopically, on an outpatient basis (day surgery), and are minimally invasive. The

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bulk of the article considers the limited research that has been done on these procedures, including patient selection, equipment and techniques used, long term success, and complications. Complications can include the cautery method in the Stretta procedure going too deep, despite the perfusion of water to control heat so that injury is selective and minimal; and discomfort (sore throat) caused by the tube used to pass the endoscopic instruments into the stomach. Other concerns, including the fear of surgery so close to the heart and pleural cavity (around the lungs), are disputed by physicians who contend that the techniques are shallow and confined to the stomach, not causing any safety risk. The author reports on the experiences of two patients who have each undergone one of the procedures. Appended to the article is a list of websites and resource organizations for readers wishing to obtain additional information. •

Early Tooth Loss Due to Cyclic Neutropenia: Long-Term Follow-Up of One Patient Source: SCD. Special Care in Dentistry. 20(5): 187-190. September-October 2000. Contact: Available from Special Care Dentistry. 211 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2660. Fax (312) 440-2824. Summary: In young patients (infants and children) with abnormal loosening of teeth and periodontal breakdown, dental professionals should consider a wide range of etiological factors or diseases, analyze the differential diagnoses, and make appropriate referrals. In this article, the authors present the long term oral and dental follow up of a female patient diagnosed in early infancy with cyclic neutropenia (CN). CN is an inherited condition leading to a periodic failure of neutrophil production in the bone marrow; manifestations include fever, malaise, apthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers), skin infections, pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx, causing sore throat), and lymphadenitis (inflammation of the lymph nodes). Because neutrophils are the body's first line of defense against infection, their depletion can be fatal, although the child may appear healthy between cycles. The case report presented here follows the patient from early infancy through adulthood. The authors review problems with early tooth loss, impaired resistance to bacterial infection, the importance of oral hygiene, the development of fungal infections (particularly candidiasis), and the use of various drug therapies in this patient and in others with CN. The authors stress that cooperation from the patients and their caregivers must be very high for the outcome to be successful. 3 figures. 21 references.

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Clinical Epidemiology of Otitis Media Source: Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 19(5 Supplement): S31-S36. May 2000. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 637-3030. Fax (301) 824-7390. Website: www.lww.com. Summary: The impact of otitis media (OM, middle ear infection) on public health is considerable. This article explores the clinical epidemiology of OM. OM, with its peak incidence in the first 2 years of life, is the most commonly diagnosed pediatric disease. Between 1993 and 1995, OM was the most common diagnosis during office visits among 1 to 4 year olds. OM constituted 18 percent of physician visits, compared with 14 percent of visits for well child care, 11 percent of visits for upper respiratory infection, 8 percent of visits for injury, and 5 percent of visits for sore throat and tonsillitis. Thirty percent of children younger than 24 months in a large managed care organization were treated with tympanostomy (ventilation) tubes in 1994, and cost of OM treatment in the United States was estimated at $3.8 billion in 1995. Additionally, OM was one of the most common reasons for postponing vaccination for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio,

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measles, mumps, and rubella; postponement of the vaccine increases a child's risk for these preventable diseases. The authors conclude that identified host characteristics are useful in targeting high risk children, and well defined environmental factors present potential avenues of primary prevention. Vaccines currently being field tested offer promise for primary prevention, and strategies for risk factor reduction should be tested and implemented. 33 references. •

Uncovering Lesser-Known Symptoms of GERD Source: Digestive Health and Nutrition. 4(2):6. March-April 2002. Contact: Available from American Gastroenterological Association. 7910 Woodmont Avenue, 7th Floor, Bethesda, MD 20814. (877) DHN-4YOU or (301) 654-2055, ext. 650. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This article describes some of the lesser known symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which are usually separated into three groups: pulmonary (asthma and chronic bronchitis); ear, nose and throat (cough, hoarseness, changing of the voice); and other, including chest pain. The author emphasizes that any chest pain indicates the need for a complete work up, to eliminate the possibility of heart disease. In addition to heartburn, the most common symptoms of GERD are chronic cough, hoarseness, sore throat, frequent clearing of the throat in the morning, and asthma. Some studies suggest that up to 80 percent of adult onset asthma that is not allergy related may be caused by acid reflux, especially if the episodes are frequent at night. The author also notes that an endoscopy performed on a patient with extraesophageal symptoms will usually come back normal, and more sophisticated testing will need to be done to prove a connection. 1 reference.

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Why Your Yearly Flu Shot Matters Source: Diabetes Forecast. 54(2): 85-86. February 2001. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article explains why people who have diabetes can benefit from getting a yearly flu shot. Influenza is a viral disease that causes fever, cough, chills, headache, sore throat, and muscle pain. Types of flu virus are A, B, and C. Each type has many strains, and the virus strains change from year to year. Once people have had a particular strain, they usually remain resistant to it for the remainder of their life; however, they are still susceptible to other strains. There is no cure for the flu, and new drugs that can treat the flu reduce symptoms by only a day or two. Therefore, the flu shot is the best bet for staying healthy during the flu season. Each year, health authorities examine patterns of flu around the world and make a guess about which types and strains are most likely to hit the following winter. The flu vaccine is then developed to act against those strains. If health authorities have guessed correctly, people who get the flu vaccine either do not catch the flu or get a mild case. However, if they have guessed incorrectly, people who have received the vaccine may get the flu. Side effects from the flu vaccine are minor, and people cannot get the flu from receiving a flu shot. The American Diabetes Association recommends that everyone who has diabetes who is at least 6 months old, except for people who are allergic to eggs, should get a flu shot in the fall.

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Uncommon Cause of Oral Ulcers Source: Hospital Practice. 33(8): 11-12,14. August 15, 1998. Summary: This article presents a case with an uncommon cause of oral ulcers. A 25 year old Hispanic woman presented with painful oral ulcers, a sore throat, and dysphagia (swallowing difficulty) of two weeks' duration. She was treated empirically with acyclovir for presumed herpes simplex stomatitis and esophagitis and sent home. A week later, she returned with complaints of worsening sore throat, fever (as high as 38.9 degrees Celcius), and cough producing yellow green sputum. She had not had chills, shortness of breath, burning on urination, or a change in bowel habits. The final diagnosis was Behcet's syndrome. The oral ulcers were treated with topical corticosteroids and the genital ulcers (nonpainful vaginal ulcers) healed without treatment. The authors note that the key to diagnosis was finding acyclovir resistant oral ulcers in conjunction with genital ulcers. Behcet's syndrome is a multisystem disorder of uncertain etiology; there is some evidence to suggest an autoimmune component to the disease. 1 figure. 7 references.

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Historical Perspective on Gestational Diabetes Source: Diabetes Care. 21(Supplement 2): B3-B4. August 1998. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article presents a historical perspective on gestational diabetes. Extreme fetal macrosomia occurred in the first recorded case of diabetes in pregnancy in November 1823. A German woman was admitted to a Berlin hospital at 7 months into her fifth pregnancy with unquenchable thirst, excessive urination, weakness, dry skin, cold face, and back pain. From about 32 to 36 weeks, she had a recurrent sore throat and increased abdominal distention. In late December, the woman had an obstructed labor, and the child, who weighed 12 pounds, died intrapartum. Postpartum, the woman's strength improved daily, and sugar disappeared from her urine. The belief that the diabetic condition was in some way a symptom of the pregnancy, which dates to this first report, has led to the more recent concept of gestational diabetes. Lesser degrees of maternal hyperglycemia were also recognized to be a risk to the baby, and early studies of carbohydrate intolerance in pregnancy in Boston, MA, and Los Angeles, CA, have set the stage for the worldwide interest in this interaction between mother and fetus. 18 references. (AA-M).

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Dousing Your Heartburn Source: Healthline. p. 15. November-December 2000. Contact: Available from Sickbay Health Media, Inc. Healthline, 510 Broadhollow Road, Suite 300, Belville, NY 11747. (631) 694-0040. Fax (631) 694-2234. Website: www.healthline.com. Summary: This article reviews strategies to treat heartburn, the burning sensation behind the breastbone, often accompanied by a sour taste in the back of the mouth. Heartburn is the result of stomach acid flowing up into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). Frequent heartburn is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); people with GERD may also experience nausea, sore throat, hoarseness, wheezing, and a cough. The article reviews the causes and incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and summarizes the levels of treatment. Risk factors for GERD include being over 65 years of age, use of certain medications, obesity,

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pregnancy, a high fat diet, and use of caffeine, alcohol, or tobacco. Most people with GERD have a mild disease and a low risk for long term complications. However, untreated, GERD can lead to inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) or to a precancerous condition called Barrett's esophagus. The article focuses on behavioral strategies to help prevent heartburn: control weight, avoid foods or beverages that can trigger heartburn, minimize fat in the diet, avoid lying down for 2 hours after eating, do not smoke, and do not drink alcohol. Drug therapy can include nonprescription drugs such as antacids and H2 blockers, then prescription medications such as stronger H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors. Finally, surgery to improve the functioning of the muscular valve between the stomach and the esophagus may be required in the worst cases. •

Recognizing Extraesophageal Manifestations of GERD Source: IM. Internal Medicine. 19(10): 40-47. October 1998. Contact: Available from Medical Economics. 5 Paragon Drive, Montvale, NJ 07645. (800) 432-4570. Summary: This article reviews the techniques of recognizing the extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Only recently have a range of pulmonary and ENT (ear, nose, throat) symptoms been recognized as possible presentations of GERD. The pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of the extraesophageal manifestations of GERD that physicians are most likely to see in everyday practice are described. Two pathogenic mechanisms of reflux-related asthma are suggested. Induction of bronchoconstriction by a vagal reflex may be triggered by the reflux of stomach acid into the distal esophagus. Direct aspiration of refluxed acid may irritate the respiratory epithelium, thereby stimulating inflammatory mediators. The authors discuss a variety of diagnostic tests that may be of value in patients with asthma when reflux is suspected. These include barium esophagography, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Most patients in whom GERD might be exacerbating asthma should be started on a proton pump inhibitor, namely omeprazole and lansoprazole as initial therapy. An important finding was that although asthma symptoms improved most after the first month of therapy, improvement continued for up to 3 months on therapy. The role of reflux in various ENT scenarios, including hoarseness, chronic laryngitis and difficult-to-treat sore throat, chronic cough, and globus sensation is considered. The authors remind readers to maintain a high index of suspicion for GERD, particularly in asthmatic conditions and persistent ENT distress. 2 figures. 3 tables. 30 references.

Federally Funded Research on Sore Throat The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to sore throat. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions.

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to sore throat. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore sore throat. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for sore throat: •

Project Title: REFLUX SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

DISEASE

IN

PATIENTS

WITH

THROAT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Vaezi, Michael F.; Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): This application is designed to provide Michael F. Vaezi, M.D., Ph.D., with a program of mentored, patient-oriented research that will facilitate his development as an independent physician scientist. This proposal outlines a series of studies designed to address the study hypothesis: there is a causal relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and laryngeal symptoms and signs in patients with laryngitis. This award will allow Dr. Vaezi the unique opportunity to acquire cross-training in clinical design, epidemiology and biostatistics while pursuing a multidisciplinary, patient-oriented research project in better understanding an important clinical area. Laryngoscopic examination of patients with symptoms of hoarseness, sore throat, throat clearing and chronic cough commonly shows laryngeal abnormalities including laryngitis and vocal cord lesions including polyps, granuloma and carcinoma. Gastroesophageal reflux disease often is proposed as the etiology of these abnormalities. However, aggressive acid suppression improves symptoms and laryngeal findings in only some of these patients, highlighting the uncertainty of the relationship between acid reflux and laryngeal pathology. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic role of non-acidic gastric contents in the those whose acid reflux is suppressed with medication is unknown. The advent of new technologic advancement in the field of monitoring acidic and non-acidic reflux in an ambulatory setting will allow Dr. Vaezi to better understand the role of these potential gastric refluxates in causing laryngeal symptoms and injury. Therefore, to better understand the relationship between GERD and laryngeal injury, we propose three in-depth research protocols addressing the following aims: Aim #1: Identify specific laryngoscopic signs associated with GERD. Specific laryngeal signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease will be determined by identifying the signs found in normal subjects and comparing these subjects to reflux patients whose signs improve or resolve with acidsuppressive therapy. In 100 subjects with suspected acid-related laryngeal pathology, the response to aggressive acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors with and without H2-receptor antagonists will be tested with special interest in identifying potential predictors of response, optimum acid-suppressive regimen, dosing and duration of therapy. Aim #2: Identify potential pre-therapy predictors of successful response to GERD related ENT abnormalities. There are currently no data on predictors of response in this group of patients. A major reason for this has been the lack of a large scale trial in which different physiologic tests are performed prior to treatment. In this proposal, in addition to identifying demographic features, we will also perform esophageal manometry, esophageal and hypopharyngeal pH monitoring and multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) pre- and post-therapy in order to identify potential predictors of successful response. Aim #3: Clarify the role of acidic and non-

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acidic esophageal reflux in causing laryngeal mucosal injury in patients with ENT complaints. This will be achieved using the state-of-the-art techniques of ambulatory multichannel intraluminal esophageal impedance and pH monitoring. These methods will be employed pre- and post-therapy on all patients to assess their potential clinical utility, especially in those unresponsive to medical therapy after aggressive acid suppression. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for sore throat in the PubMed Central database: •

Clinical and psychosocial predictors of illness duration from randomised controlled trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat. by Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Warner G, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL.; 1999 Sep 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28225

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Cluster randomised controlled trial of tailored interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections in women and sore throat. by Flottorp S, Oxman AD, Havelsrud K, Treweek S, Herrin J.; 2002 Aug 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117890

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Identifying barriers and tailoring interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections and sore throat: a pragmatic study using qualitative methods. by Flottorp S, Oxman AD.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150569

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Penicillin for acute sore throat in children: randomised, double blind trial. by Zwart S, Rovers MM, de Melker RA, Hoes AW.; 2003 Dec 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=286321

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Penicillin for acute sore throat: randomised double blind trial of seven days versus three days treatment or placebo in adults. by Zwart S, Sachs AP, Ruijs GJ, Gubbels JW, Hoes AW, de Melker RA.; 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27262

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The validity of a sore throat score in family practice. by McIsaac WJ, Goel V, To T, Low DE.; 2000 Oct 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=80502

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Understanding the culture of prescribing: qualitative study of general practitioners' and patients' perceptions of antibiotics for sore throats. by Butler CC, Rollnick S, Pill R, Maggs-Rapport F, Stott N.; 1998 Sep 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28658

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Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? Grounded theory interview study. by Kumar S, Little P, Britten N.; 2003 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=140007

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with sore throat, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for sore throat (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 31-year-old man with fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing. Author(s): O'Brien S. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1992 June; 18(3): 285-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1602720&dopt=Abstract

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A 32-year-old woman with fever, sore throat, jaundice and pulmonary infiltrates. Author(s): Loupa C, Voyatzoglou D, Papadaki H, Kouppari G, Saroglou G. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2000 June; 6(6): 325-6, 340. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11168141&dopt=Abstract

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A 32-year-old woman with fever, sore throat, neck swelling, and difficulty swallowing. Author(s): Hohenhaus SA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1992 October; 18(5): 423-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1474739&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A 35-year-old man with persistent cough, fever, and sore throat. Author(s): Noppen M, Bervoets K, Velkeniers B, Goossens A, Lamote J, Vincken W. Source: Chest. 1999 July; 116(1): 248-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10424535&dopt=Abstract

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A 47-year-old man with a sore throat. Author(s): Zapor M, Fraser SL. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2001 July; 68(7): 605-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11453077&dopt=Abstract

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A 52-year-old man with a cough and a sore throat. Author(s): Molitor L. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2001 December; 27(6): 612-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11712022&dopt=Abstract

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A 55-year-old woman with a sore throat. Author(s): Malone SI, Archer TP, Mazzaferri EL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 2000 September 15; 35(9): 87-8, 91. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11004929&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. Author(s): McIsaac WJ, White D, Tannenbaum D, Low DE. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 1998 January 13; 158(1): 75-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9475915&dopt=Abstract

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A comparative study of the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway. Author(s): Dingley J, Whitehead MJ, Wareham K. Source: Anaesthesia. 1994 March; 49(3): 251-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8147523&dopt=Abstract

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A difficult diagnosis of a child's sore throat. Author(s): Miller I. Source: Jaapa. 2002 January; 15(1): 10-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11845627&dopt=Abstract

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A management strategy for sore throat. Author(s): Komaroff AL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 April 3; 239(14): 1429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=633552&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized controlled trial of antibiotics on symptom resolution in patients presenting to their general practitioner with a sore throat. Author(s): Howe RW, Millar MR, Coast J, Whitfield M, Peters TJ, Brookes S. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 May; 47(418): 280-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219402&dopt=Abstract

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A simple sore throat? Author(s): Maher B, Carey P, Pirmohamed M. Source: Hosp Med. 2000 June; 61(6): 435. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10962664&dopt=Abstract

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A simple sore throat? Retropharyngeal emphysema secondary to free-basing cocaine. Author(s): Riccio JC, Abbott J. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1990 November-December; 8(6): 709-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2096167&dopt=Abstract

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A sore throat in a dialysis patient. Author(s): Williams S. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 March; 58(3): 285. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603462&dopt=Abstract

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A sore throat with a difference. Author(s): Atia WA. Source: Br J Vener Dis. 1976 December; 52(6): 417-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=827328&dopt=Abstract

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A study on sore throat and beta haemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis among rural school children in Varanasi, with reference to age and season. Author(s): Sarkar S, Biswas R, Gaur SD, Sen PC, Reddy DC. Source: Indian J Public Health. 1988 October-December; 32(4): 190-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3271768&dopt=Abstract

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A young man with sore throat, acute abdomen and respiratory failure. Author(s): Isaac A, Baker N, Wood MJ. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2003 April-June; 49(2): 166-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12867697&dopt=Abstract

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A young woman with a sore throat, septicaemia, and respiratory failure. Author(s): Vohra A, Saiz E, Ratzan KR. Source: Lancet. 1997 September 27; 350(9082): 928. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9314872&dopt=Abstract

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A young woman with hepatitis after a sore throat. Author(s): Aceti A, Mura MS, Babudieri S, Bacciu SA. Source: Lancet. 1995 December 16; 346(8990): 1603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7500754&dopt=Abstract

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Accuracy of clinical assessment of the microbial etiology of sore throat. Author(s): Ross PW. Source: The Practitioner. 1971 November; 207(241): 659-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5134815&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture in the treatment of sore throat symptomatology. Author(s): Gunsberger M. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 July; 1(2): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4590189&dopt=Abstract

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Acute epiglottitis in adults: a potentially lethal cause of sore throat. Author(s): Solomons N, Rowe-Jones J. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1993 August; 38(4): 265. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7693936&dopt=Abstract

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Acute epiglottitis in adults: a potentially lethal cause of sore throat. Author(s): Denholm S, Rivron RP. Source: Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. 1992 October; 37(5): 3335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1282553&dopt=Abstract

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Acute nephritis and streptococcal sore throat: a prospective study in general practice. Author(s): Higgins PM, Abbot BA, James PM, Dillon S, MacMonagle PJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1965 November 13; 5471: 1156-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5319403&dopt=Abstract

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Acute sore throat and bronchitis. How effective are antibiotics? Author(s): Mant A. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2000 September; 29(9): 860, 879. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008390&dopt=Abstract

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Acute sore throat. Author(s): Parikh JN. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1990 December; 19(12): 1877. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2275671&dopt=Abstract

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Acute sore throat. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1990 July; 19(7): 1111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2222302&dopt=Abstract

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Acute sore throat. Author(s): Benjamin B, Dorman D. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1977 April 2; 1(14): 487-490. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=325343&dopt=Abstract

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Acute supraglottitis: when a sore throat becomes severe. Author(s): Donnelly TJ, Crausman RS. Source: Geriatrics. 1997 March; 52(3): 65-6, 69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9068624&dopt=Abstract

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Aetiologic agents of septic sore throat in Thai children. Author(s): Jayanetra P, Vorachit M, Pienthaweechai K, Pongpanich B, Niemsiri S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1978 December; 9(4): 549-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=375407&dopt=Abstract

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Amoxicillin for fever and sore throat due to non-exudative pharyngotonsillitis: beneficial or harmful? Author(s): Leelarasamee A, Leowattana W, Tobunluepop P, Chub-upakarn S, Artavetakun W, Jarupoonphol V, Varangphongsri K, Leelarasamee I. Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases : Ijid : Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2000; 4(2): 70-4. Erratum In: Int J Infect Dis 2000; 4(3): 177. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10737842&dopt=Abstract

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Ampicillin and “sore throat”. Author(s): Mandal BK, Baumgard G. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 March 11; 1(801): 687. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4259360&dopt=Abstract

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Ampicillin for sore throat. Author(s): Robertson AA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 August 11; 3(5875): 352. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4579403&dopt=Abstract

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Ampicillin for sore throat. Author(s): Stokes EJ. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 July 14; 3(5871): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4717839&dopt=Abstract

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Ampicillin for sore throat. Author(s): Turk DC. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 July 7; 3(5870): 47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4541530&dopt=Abstract

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Ampicillin for sore throat. Author(s): Robertson AA. Source: British Medical Journal. 1973 June 9; 2(5866): 614. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4713999&dopt=Abstract

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An approach to diagnosing the acute sore throat. Author(s): Perkins A. Source: American Family Physician. 1997 January; 55(1): 131-8, 141-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9012273&dopt=Abstract

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An evaluation of the gum elastic bougie. Intubation times and incidence of sore throat. Author(s): Nolan JP, Wilson ME. Source: Anaesthesia. 1992 October; 47(10): 878-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1443483&dopt=Abstract

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An outbreak of streptococcal sore throat and rheumatic fever in a Royal Air Force training camp; significance of serum antibody to M-associated protein. Author(s): Widdowson JP, Maxted WR, Newrick CW, Parkin D. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1974 February; 72(1): 1-12. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4593739&dopt=Abstract

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An unusual method of diagnosing postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Sanders M. Source: Anaesthesia. 2001 March; 56(3): 296. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251472&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic management of sore throat. Author(s): Lewis DM. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 September; 47(422): 593. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406502&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic management of sore throat. Author(s): Spence D, Baillie D, Byford D, Briggs C. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 September; 47(422): 592-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406501&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic management of sore throat. Author(s): Pathak S. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 September; 47(422): 592. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9406500&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic prescribing for sore throat. Author(s): Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD000023 Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 September; 49(446): 754. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11034668

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Antibiotic treatment of adults with sore throat by community primary care physicians: a national survey, 1989-1999. Author(s): Linder JA, Stafford RS. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 September 12; 286(10): 1181-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11559262&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic treatment of adults with sore throat. Author(s): Iwata K, Blum CM. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2001 December 19; 286(23): 2942-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11743827&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotic treatment of sore throat in Edinburgh children. Author(s): Ross PW. Source: The Practitioner. 1972 July; 209(249): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5041748&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics and the adult sore throat--an unnecessary ceremony. Author(s): Herz MJ. Source: Family Practice. 1988 September; 5(3): 196-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3224785&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics for sore throat. Author(s): Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Source: Nurs Times. 2001 August 9-15; 97(32): 42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11957685&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics for sore throat. Author(s): Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (4): Cd000023. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11034668&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics for sore throat. Author(s): Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000023. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796471&dopt=Abstract

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Antibiotics for sore throat: impact of feedback to patients on the probability of bacterial infection. Author(s): Macnamara J, Harrington P, Walsh M, Walsh M, Burke M, Walsh N. Source: Ir Med J. 2000 October; 93(7): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11142957&dopt=Abstract

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Bacterial flora in patients presenting with sore throat in Dutch general practice. Author(s): Dagnelie CF, Touw-Otten FW, Kuyvenhoven MM, Rozenberg-Arska M, de Melker RA. Source: Family Practice. 1993 December; 10(4): 371-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8168671&dopt=Abstract

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Bacteriological monitoring in penicillin treatment of streptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Ross PW. Source: J Hyg (Lond). 1971 September; 69(3): 355-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4937853&dopt=Abstract

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Beclomethasone prevents postoperative sore throat. Author(s): el Hakim M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1993 April; 37(3): 250-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8517099&dopt=Abstract

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Beta hemolytic streptococci in sore throat infections. Author(s): Srivastava SP, Kumar A, Mishra AC, Bharti LK. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1997 June; 34(6): 560-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9357218&dopt=Abstract

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Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. A double-blind study comparing aspirin with caffeine to aspirin and placebo in patients with sore throat. Author(s): Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Lane AC, Thoden WR, Baybutt RI. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1991 April; 151(4): 733-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2012456&dopt=Abstract

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Case records of the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center: a nine year old with a sore throat and anxiety regarding his breathing. Author(s): Dowd MD, Striegel PG, Steward D. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1997 February; 13(1): 57-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061740&dopt=Abstract

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Chloraseptic liquid in sore throat. Author(s): Valle-Jones JC. Source: The Practitioner. 1983 June; 227(1380): 1037-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6193506&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical and psychosocial predictors of illness duration from randomised controlled trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat. Author(s): Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Warner G, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 September 18; 319(7212): 736-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10487997&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical findings in patients presenting with sore throat. A study on inter-observer reliability. Author(s): Donner-Banzhoff N, Beck C, Meyer F, Werner JA, Baum E. Source: Family Practice. 2002 October; 19(5): 466-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356695&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical microbiological case: sore throat and painful bilateral cervical lymph nodes. Author(s): Blanco JR, Gutierrez C, Zabalza M, Salcedo J, Erdozain I, Oteo JA. Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2001 November; 7(11): 637-8, 654-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11737089&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical revision series. 15. Susan's sore throat. Author(s): Farnsworth S. Source: Nurs Mirror. 1985 August 14; 161(7): 36-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2410869&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical score card for diagnosis of group A streptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Nandi S, Kumar R, Ray P, Vohra H, Ganguly NK. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2002 June; 69(6): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139130&dopt=Abstract

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Clinicopathological conference. Sixteen year old Caucasian female with sore throat, fatigability and cervical lymphadenopathy of one month duration. Author(s): Fisher SE, Barlow JF. Source: S D J Med. 1980 December; 33(12): 13-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7013067&dopt=Abstract

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Cluster randomised controlled trial of tailored interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections in women and sore throat. Author(s): Flottorp S, Oxman AD, Havelsrud K, Treweek S, Herrin J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 August 17; 325(7360): 367. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183309&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation of endotracheal tube size with sore throat and hoarseness following general anesthesia. Author(s): Stout DM, Bishop MJ, Dwersteg JF, Cullen BF. Source: Anesthesiology. 1987 September; 67(3): 419-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3307536&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-effective management of sore throat: it depends on the perspective. Author(s): Pichichero M. Source: Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 1999 July; 153(7): 672-4. Erratum In: Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000 May; 154(5): 452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401798&dopt=Abstract

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Cultures for children with sore throat. Author(s): Huchton P. Source: Tex Med. 1983 December; 79(12): 4-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6362057&dopt=Abstract

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Demonstration of dose response of flurbiprofen lozenges with the sore throat pain model. Author(s): Schachtel BP, Homan HD, Gibb IA, Christian J. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2002 May; 71(5): 375-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011823&dopt=Abstract

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Developing a new line of patter: can doctors change their consultations for sore throat? Author(s): Rollnick S, Seale C, Kinnersley P, Rees M, Butler C, Hood K. Source: Medical Education. 2002 July; 36(7): 678-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12109991&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic considerations in the evaluation and treatment of sore throat. Author(s): Muhrer JC. Source: The Nurse Practitioner. 1991 September; 16(9): 33-8, 41, 45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1945075&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic labels, treatment and outcome in acute sore throat. Author(s): Pitts J, Vincent SH. Source: The Practitioner. 1988 March 22; 232(1445): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3217342&dopt=Abstract

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Differences in teaching about the acute sore throat within one medical faculty. Author(s): Brooker C, Kamien M, Ward AM. Source: Medical Education. 2000 April; 34(4): 269-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10733723&dopt=Abstract

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Do gastrointestinal symptoms accompanying sore throat predict streptococcal pharyngitis? An UPRNet study. Upper Peninsula Research Network. Author(s): Kreher NE, Hickner JM, Barry HC, Messimer SR. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1998 February; 46(2): 159-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9487323&dopt=Abstract

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Do patients with sore throat benefit from penicillin? A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with penicillin V in general practice. Author(s): Dagnelie CF, van der Graaf Y, De Melker RA. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1996 October; 46(411): 589-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8945796&dopt=Abstract

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Double-blind study of benzydamine hydrochloride, a new treatment for sore throat. Author(s): Wethington JF. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 1985; 7(5): 641-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3902241&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of an explicit decision-support tool on decisions to prescribe antibiotics for sore throat. Author(s): McIsaac WJ, Goel V. Source: Medical Decision Making : an International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making. 1998 April-June; 18(2): 220-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9566455&dopt=Abstract

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Effect on antibiotic prescribing of repeated clinical prompts to use a sore throat score: lessons from a failed community intervention study. Author(s): McIsaac WJ, Goel V, To T, Permaul JA, Low DE. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2002 April; 51(4): 339-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11978257&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. Author(s): Eccles R, Loose I, Jawad M, Nyman L. Source: Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.). 2003 June; 4(2): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873261&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of ambroxol hydrochloride lozenges in sore throat. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials regarding the local anaesthetic properties. Author(s): Fischer J, Pschorn U, Vix JM, Peil H, Aicher B, Muller A, de Mey C. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2002; 52(4): 256-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040968&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of chamomile-extract spray for prevention of post-operative sore throat. Author(s): Kyokong O, Charuluxananan S, Muangmingsuk V, Rodanant O, Subornsug K, Punyasang W. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188410&dopt=Abstract

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Endotracheal tube cuff design and postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Loeser EA, Orr DL 2nd, Bennett GM, Stanley TH. Source: Anesthesiology. 1976 December; 45(6): 684-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=984490&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemic streptococcal sore throat following a community picnic. Author(s): McCormick JB, Hayes P, Feldman R. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976 August 30; 236(9): 1039-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=787568&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of a standard lozenge in sore throat treatment. Author(s): Rashkind W. Source: Eye Ear Nose Throat Mon. 1970 May; 49(5): 221-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4098117&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of the patient with sore throat, earache, and sinusitis: an evidence based approach. Author(s): Stewart MH, Siff JE, Cydulka RK. Source: Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 1999 February; 17(1): 153-87, Ix. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10101345&dopt=Abstract

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Evidence based case report. Sore throat: diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Author(s): Graham A, Fahey T. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 17; 319(7203): 173-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10406759&dopt=Abstract

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Failure of hydrocortisone to prevent postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Thomas DV. Source: Anaesthesia. 1991 June; 46(6): 512-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1878071&dopt=Abstract

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Fever, rash, swollen joints, and sore throat in a young man. Author(s): Arun CS, Abbas MA, Henderson EB, Gorsuch AN. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2001 March; 77(905): 207-8, 211. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11222837&dopt=Abstract

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Fever, sore throat, and pulmonary infiltrates in a 20-year-old man. Author(s): Venkataraman MT, Policar M. Source: Chest. 1997 July; 112(1): 268-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9228388&dopt=Abstract

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Food-borne outbreak of group G streptococcal sore throat in an Israeli military base. Author(s): Cohen D, Ferne M, Rouach T, Bergner-Rabinowitz S. Source: Epidemiology and Infection. 1987 October; 99(2): 249-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3678389&dopt=Abstract

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Group A streptococcal infection in patients presenting with a sore throat at an accident and emergency department: prospective observational study. Author(s): Wong MC, Chung CH. Source: Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi / Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2002 April; 8(2): 92-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937663&dopt=Abstract

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Group A streptococcal sore throat in a periurban population of northern India: a oneyear prospective study. Author(s): Nandi S, Kumar R, Ray P, Vohra H, Ganguly NK. Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001; 79(6): 528-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11436474&dopt=Abstract

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Heterophil antibody in adults with sore throat: frequency and clinical presentation. Author(s): Aronson MD, Komaroff AL, Pass TM, Ervin CT, Branch WT. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1982 April; 96(4): 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6895981&dopt=Abstract

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History of recurrent sore throat as an indication for tonsillectomy. Predictive limitations of histories that are undocumented. Author(s): Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Bachman RZ, Karantonis G, Smith IH, Saez CA, Colborn K, Bernard BS, Taylor FH, Schwarzbach RH, Felder H, Stool SE, Fitz AM, Rogers KD. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1978 February 23; 298(8): 409-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=622117&dopt=Abstract

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Hoarseness and sore throat after tracheal intubation. Small tubes prevent. Author(s): Thomas DV. Source: Anaesthesia. 1993 April; 48(4): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8494161&dopt=Abstract

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How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? Author(s): Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2000 October; 50(459): 817-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127175&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying barriers and tailoring interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections and sore throat: a pragmatic study using qualitative methods. Author(s): Flottorp S, Oxman AD. Source: Bmc Health Services Research [electronic Resource]. 2003 February 04; 3(1): 3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622873&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and management of sore throat in general practice. Author(s): Hoffmann S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1986 September; 4(3): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3775137&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and treatment of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness following endotracheal intubation. Author(s): Fung KP, Mei WC, Lee TY, Tso HS. Source: Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi. 1988 March; 26(1): 41-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3405047&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence of sore throat and patient complaints after intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery. Author(s): Owall A, Stahl L, Settergren G. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 1992 February; 6(1): 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1543845&dopt=Abstract

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Interview method affects incidence of postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Harding CJ, McVey FK. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 October; 42(10): 1104-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3688395&dopt=Abstract

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Is that sore throat subacute thyroiditis? Author(s): Croxson M. Source: N Z Med J. 1986 January 22; 99(794): 23. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3456103&dopt=Abstract

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Issues in the development, dissemination, and effect of an evidence-based guideline for managing sore throat in adults. Author(s): Sonnad SS, Harrison RV, Standiford CJ, Bernstein SJ. Source: Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 1999 December; 25(12): 630-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10605653&dopt=Abstract

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Letter: Prescription for “sore throat”. Author(s): Tubbs HA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1974 July 8; 229(2): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4406808&dopt=Abstract

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Lidocaine in the endotracheal tube cuff reduces postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Navarro RM, Baughman VL. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1997 August; 9(5): 394-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9257206&dopt=Abstract

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Local anaesthetic properties of ambroxol hydrochloride lozenges in view of sore throat. Clinical proof of concept. Author(s): Schutz A, Gund HJ, Pschorn U, Aicher B, Peil H, Muller A, de Mey C, Gillissen A. Source: Arzneimittel-Forschung. 2002; 52(3): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11963647&dopt=Abstract

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Lubrication of tracheal tubes to prevent sore throat from intubation. Author(s): Stock MC, Downs JB. Source: Anesthesiology. 1982 November; 57(5): 418-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7137622&dopt=Abstract

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Magill versus Mallinckrodt tracheal tubes. A comparative study of postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Sprague NB, Archer PL. Source: Anaesthesia. 1987 March; 42(3): 306-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3578733&dopt=Abstract

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Making decisions at the point of care: sore throat. Author(s): Ebell MH. Source: Family Practice Management. 2003 September; 10(8): 68-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526746&dopt=Abstract

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Management of a sore throat. Antibiotics are no longer appropriate. Author(s): Wolter JM. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1998 April; 27(4): 279-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9581337&dopt=Abstract

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Management of acute sore throat. Author(s): Booker JJ 3rd, Bryan HD. Source: Va Med Mon (1918). 1973 February; 100(2): 135-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4683949&dopt=Abstract

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Management of sore throat. Author(s): Komaroff AL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1979 January 19; 241(3): 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=758524&dopt=Abstract

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Management of sore throat. Author(s): Le CT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 September 1; 240(9): 827. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=671720&dopt=Abstract

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Management of the ambulatory patient with a sore throat. Author(s): Hayden GF, Hendley JO, Gwaltney JM Jr. Source: Curr Clin Top Infect Dis. 1988; 9: 62-75. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3077292&dopt=Abstract

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Managing sore throat: a literature review. I. Making the diagnosis. Author(s): Del Mar C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 April 20; 156(8): 572-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1565052&dopt=Abstract

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Managing sore throat: a literature review. II. Do antibiotics confer benefit? Author(s): Del Mar C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 May 4; 156(9): 644-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1625619&dopt=Abstract

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Microbiological and epidemiological study of streptococcal sore throat at a children's clinic: a one-year study. Author(s): Gharagozloo R, Jamshidi MS, Ghadimi H. Source: Pahlavi Med J. 1976 July; 7(3): 334-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=787894&dopt=Abstract

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Minimizing sore throat. Author(s): Lindholm CE. Source: Anesthesiology. 1979 November; 51(5): 487-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=496079&dopt=Abstract

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Multidose flurbiprofen 8.75 mg lozenges in the treatment of sore throat: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in UK general practice centres. Author(s): Blagden M, Christian J, Miller K, Charlesworth A. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 March; 56(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926713&dopt=Abstract

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Nasal provocation with bradykinin induces symptoms of rhinitis and a sore throat. Author(s): Proud D, Reynolds CJ, Lacapra S, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM, Naclerio RM. Source: Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 March; 137(3): 613-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3345041&dopt=Abstract

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No increased incidence of postoperative sore throat after administration of suxamethonium in endotracheal anaesthesia. Author(s): Joorgensen LN, Weber M, Pedersen A, Munster M. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1987 November; 31(8): 768-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3434169&dopt=Abstract

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Not just a sore throat. Author(s): Stewart CE. Source: Emerg Med Serv. 2000 July; 29(7): 56, 59-66; Quiz 112. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11183096&dopt=Abstract

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Office evaluation and management of the sore throat. Author(s): Goldstein MN. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1992 August; 25(4): 837-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1470442&dopt=Abstract

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On a simple method of preventing sore throat. Author(s): Knaggs HV. Source: Pediatrics. 1967 August; 40(2): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5006582&dopt=Abstract

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Open randomised trial of prescribing strategies in managing sore throat. Author(s): Little P, Williamson I, Warner G, Gould C, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 March 8; 314(7082): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9116551&dopt=Abstract

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Parental treatment of children with sore throat. Author(s): Ross PW. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1971 May; 21(106): 296-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5580452&dopt=Abstract

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Penicillin for acute sore throat in children: randomised, double blind trial. Author(s): Zwart S, Rovers MM, de Melker RA, Hoes AW. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 December 6; 327(7427): 1324. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14656841&dopt=Abstract

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Penicillin for acute sore throat in children: randomised, double blind trial. Commentary: More valid criteria may be needed. Author(s): Little P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 December 6; 327(7427): 1327-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14656842&dopt=Abstract

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Penicillin for acute sore throat: randomised double blind trial of seven days versus three days treatment or placebo in adults. Author(s): Zwart S, Sachs AP, Ruijs GJ, Gubbels JW, Hoes AW, de Melker RA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2000 January 15; 320(7228): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10634735&dopt=Abstract

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Penicillin in sore throat. Author(s): Whitfield MJ, Hughes AO. Source: The Practitioner. 1981 February; 225(1352): 234-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6791155&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent oral ulcers and sore throat. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV). Author(s): Sang CN, Joyce JP, Farmer ER. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1991 June; 127(6): 887-8, 890-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2036037&dopt=Abstract

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Pharyngeal packs and the incidence of post-operative sore throat. Author(s): Griffiths DP, Lindop MJ, Samuels SI, Roberts GD. Source: Anaesthesia. 1973 May; 28(3): 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4713954&dopt=Abstract

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Photo quiz. Sore throat and difficulty breathing. Author(s): Dinelli DL. Source: American Family Physician. 2001 June 1; 63(11): 2255-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11417779&dopt=Abstract

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Post-intubation sore throat. A new aspect. Author(s): Burman AL. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1965 July 17; 39(26): 590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5825493&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat after ambulatory surgery. Author(s): Higgins PP, Chung F, Mezei G. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 April; 88(4): 582-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066737&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat after routine oral surgery: influence of the presence of a pharyngeal pack. Author(s): Tay JY, Tan WK, Chen FG, Koh KF, Ho V. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 February; 40(1): 60-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11883973&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat and hoarseness following tracheal intubation using air or saline to inflate the cuff--a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Bennett MH, Isert PR, Cumming RG. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2000 August; 28(4): 408-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969368&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat in children and the laryngeal mask airway. Author(s): Splinter WM, Smallman B, Rhine EJ, Komocar L. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1994 November; 41(11): 1081-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7828256&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat related to the use of a Guedel airway. Author(s): Browne B, Adams CN. Source: Anaesthesia. 1988 July; 43(7): 590-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3414926&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat related to tracheal tube cuff design. Author(s): Stenqvist O, Nilsson K. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1982 July; 29(4): 384-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7104809&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Cozanitis DA. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1982 May; 29(3): 285-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7074411&dopt=Abstract

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Post-operative sore throat. Author(s): Youngberg JA. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1980 September; 27(5): 512-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7448617&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat. A comparison after premedication with papaveretum/hyoscine or temazepam. Author(s): Valentine S, McVey FK, Coe A. Source: Anaesthesia. 1990 April; 45(4): 306-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2186647&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat: cause, prevention and treatment. Author(s): McHardy FE, Chung F. Source: Anaesthesia. 1999 May; 54(5): 444-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10995141&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat: due to intubation or reflux disease? Author(s): Roffey P, Thangathurai D, Riad M, Mogos M. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 June; 98(6): 1523. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766678&dopt=Abstract

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Post-operative sore throat: effect of lignocaine jelly and spray with endotracheal intubation. Author(s): Klemola UM, Saarnivaara L, Yrjola H. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1988 November; 5(6): 391-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3240760&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat: effect of oropharyngeal airway in orotracheally intubated patients. Author(s): Monroe MC, Gravenstein N, Saga-Rumley S. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1990 May; 70(5): 512-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2331067&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat: incidence and severity after the use of lidocaine, saline, or air to inflate the endotracheal tube cuff. Author(s): Porter NE, Sidou V, Husson J. Source: Aana Journal. 1999 February; 67(1): 49-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488276&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat: influence of tracheal tube lubrication versus cuff design. Author(s): Loeser EA, Stanley TH, Jordan W, Machin R. Source: Can Anaesth Soc J. 1980 March; 27(2): 156-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7363144&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat: topical hydrocortisone. Author(s): Stride PC. Source: Anaesthesia. 1990 November; 45(11): 968-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2252196&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative sore throat--importance of endotracheal tube conformity versus cuff design. Author(s): Loeser EA, Machin R, Colley J, Orr D 2nd, Bennett GM, Stanley TH. Source: Anesthesiology. 1978 December; 49(6): 430-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=727546&dopt=Abstract

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Post-thyroidectomy sore throat following endotracheal intubation. Author(s): Hisham AN, Roshilla H, Amri N, Aina EN. Source: Anz Journal of Surgery. 2001 November; 71(11): 669-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11736830&dopt=Abstract

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Practice tips. Incorporating a rapid group A streptococcus assay with the sore throat score. Author(s): Greiver M. Source: Can Fam Physician. 1999 May; 45: 1181-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10349060&dopt=Abstract

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Prescribing practices in childhood sore throat. Author(s): Singh S, Kumar L, Kumar V. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 1988 December; 25(12): 1149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3251827&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in patients with sore throat. Author(s): Talukder MA. Source: Trop Geogr Med. 1986 March; 38(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3515703&dopt=Abstract

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Prevention of sore throat after nasotracheal intubation. Author(s): Fine J, Kaltman S, Bianco M. Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 1988 November; 46(11): 946-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3183808&dopt=Abstract

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Prophylactic laryngo-tracheal aerosolized lidocaine against postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Herlevsen P, Bredahl C, Hindsholm K, Kruhoffer PK. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1992 August; 36(6): 505-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1514331&dopt=Abstract

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Quality assurance: the sore throat. Author(s): Madlon-Kay DJ. Source: Family Medicine. 1990 May-June; 22(3): 180. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2347441&dopt=Abstract

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Rating scales for analgesics in sore throat. Author(s): Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Beiter DJ, Lane AC, Schwartz LA. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1984 August; 36(2): 151-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6744773&dopt=Abstract

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Rational decisions in managing sore throat: evaluation of a rapid test. Author(s): Burke P, Bain J, Lowes A, Athersuch R. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1988 June 11; 296(6637): 1646-9. Erratum In: Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 July 9; 297(6641): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3293699&dopt=Abstract

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Re: postoperative sore throat after routine oral surgery. Br J Oral and Maxillofac Surg 2002; 40: 60-63. Author(s): Winstanley RP. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 December; 40(6): 520-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12464217&dopt=Abstract

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Reattendance and complications in a randomised trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat: the medicalising effect of prescribing antibiotics. Author(s): Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Warner G, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 August 9; 315(7104): 350-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9270458&dopt=Abstract

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Recruitment of general practitioners and patients in a sore throat study. Author(s): Kuyvenhoven MM, Dagnelie CF, de Melker RA. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 February; 47(415): 126-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9101682&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing antibiotics for respiratory tract symptoms in primary care: 'why' only sore throat, 'how' about coughing? Author(s): Coenen S, van Royen P, Denekens J. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1999 May; 49(442): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10736896&dopt=Abstract

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Reducing the incidence of sore throat with the laryngeal mask airway. Author(s): Nott MR, Noble PD, Parmar M. Source: European Journal of Anaesthesiology. 1998 March; 15(2): 153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9587720&dopt=Abstract

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Reduction of postoperative sore throat with new endotracheal tube cuffs. Author(s): Loeser EA, Bennett GM, Orr DL, Stanley TH. Source: Anesthesiology. 1980 March; 52(3): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7369513&dopt=Abstract

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Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Author(s): Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J, Charlesworth A, Speight J, Miller K. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2000 October; 54(8): 490-6. Erratum In: Int J Clin Pract 2000 December; 54(10): 686. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11198725&dopt=Abstract

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Reported management of patients with sore throat in Australian general practice. Author(s): Carr NF, Wales SG, Young D. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1994 November; 44(388): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7748648&dopt=Abstract

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Sensible prescribing. III. Acute otitis media and sore throat. Author(s): O'Grady FW, Lambert HP, Begent RH. Source: The Practitioner. 1975 March; 214(1281): 421-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1096124&dopt=Abstract

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Sensitivity of serological tests and the diagnosis of streptococcal sore throat in children. Author(s): Kaplan O, Halfon ST, Ever-Hadani P, Davies AM. Source: Health Lab Sci. 1974 July; 11(3): 178-81. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4366248&dopt=Abstract

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Serious consequences of a sore throat. Author(s): Clarke MG, Kennedy NJ, Kennedy K. Source: Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 2003 July; 85(4): 242-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12855025&dopt=Abstract

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Severe sore throat as a presenting symptom of adult onset Still's disease: a case series and review of the literature. Author(s): Nguyen KH, Weisman MH. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1997 March; 24(3): 592-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9058672&dopt=Abstract

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Severe sore throat in a patient with AIDS. Author(s): Zuger A. Source: Aids Clin Care. 1996 January; 8(1): 7, 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11363058&dopt=Abstract

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Should routine throat cultures be done in hospital personnel complaining of a sore throat? Author(s): Watanakunakorn C. Source: Infect Control. 1985 May; 6(5): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3888901&dopt=Abstract

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Should young adults with sore throat be treated with antibiotics? Author(s): van Wyk M, van Rensburg AJ, Schoeman HS. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1983 April 23; 63(17): 647-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6845069&dopt=Abstract

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Socio-economic factors and rheumatic fever occurrence. Differences between patients with and without frequent sore throat. Author(s): Vlajinac H, Adanja B, Jarebinski M. Source: J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1989; 33(4): 471-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2625554&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after central venous cannulation. Author(s): Strickland NH, Weir J. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 July; 92(7): 386. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10615287&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after central venous cannulation. Author(s): Ho AM. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 April; 92(4): 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10450202&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after endotracheal intubation. Author(s): Mandoe H, Nikolajsen L, Lintrup U, Jepsen D, Molgaard J. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1992 June; 74(6): 897-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1595921&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after intubation of the trachea. Author(s): Shah MV, Mapleson WW. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1984 December; 56(12): 1337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6498042&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after operation: influence of tracheal intubation, intracuff pressure and type of cuff. Author(s): Jensen PJ, Hommelgaard P, Sondergaard P, Eriksen S. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1982 April; 54(4): 453-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7066143&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after sore throat after sore throat. Are you asking the critical questions? Author(s): Pichichero ME. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1997 January; 101(1): 205-6, 209-12, 215-8, Passim. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9008698&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after suxamethonium. Author(s): Collier CB. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 November; 71(5): 774-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8251300&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat after suxamethonium. Author(s): Deacock SJ. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1993 July; 71(1): 164. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8110223&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat and a rash. Author(s): Golledge C. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1999 April; 28(4): 379. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10330768&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat and acute myositis of the sternocleidomastoid muscles. Author(s): Roston S. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1967 November; 60(11): 1222 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6061190&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat and antibiotics. Author(s): Telian SA. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1986 February; 19(1): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3951866&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat and hyperferritinaemia. Author(s): Kelly J, Chowienczyk P, Gibson T. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2001 August; 94(8): 400-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11461984&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat and pharyngeal trauma after extratracheal airway placement: does the literature help practitioners? Author(s): Casati A, Casaletti E. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1999 July; 89(1): 263. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10389829&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat and weakness in an injection drug user. Author(s): Cohen MA, Hern G. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2000 June; 7(6): 679-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10905648&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat following nasal and oropharyngeal bradykinin challenge. Author(s): Rees GL, Eccles R. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 1994 May; 114(3): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8073865&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat following short term endotracheal intubation. Author(s): Koay CK, Lim EK, Chan WY, Chin MK. Source: Singapore Med J. 1988 June; 29(3): 296-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3187584&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat following tracheal intubation. Author(s): Kloub R. Source: Middle East J Anesthesiol. 2001 February; 16(1): 29-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11281045&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat in children: its causation and incidence. Author(s): Ross PW, Chisty SM, Knox JD. Source: British Medical Journal. 1971 June 12; 2(762): 624-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4325610&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat in family practice: comparison of blood agar throat culture with a rapid enzyme immunoassay test for diagnostic purposes. Author(s): Hasin M, Furst A. Source: J R Coll Gen Pract. 1989 August; 39(325): 332-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2556561&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat in the young adult. Author(s): Murray C, Anderson V, Mackie RN, Porter IA. Source: Br J Clin Pract. 1974 November; 28(11): 383-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4461039&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat management in general practice. Author(s): Little P, Williamson I. Source: Family Practice. 1996 June; 13(3): 317-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8671142&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat management practices of Canadian family physicians. Author(s): McIsaac WJ, Goel V. Source: Family Practice. 1997 February; 14(1): 34-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9061342&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat management--decision analysis using pleasant hour equivalents. Author(s): Murphy JF. Source: Computers and Biomedical Research, an International Journal. 1979 June; 12(3): 203-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=455943&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat pain in the evaluation of mild analgesics. Author(s): Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Thoden WR, Lane AC, Baybutt RI. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 1988 December; 44(6): 704-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3197368&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat postoperatively from topical anesthesia. Author(s): Menias OM. Source: Anesthesiology. 1977 June; 46(6): 438. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=860851&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat presentation and management in general practice. Author(s): Kljakovic M. Source: N Z Med J. 1993 September 8; 106(963): 381-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8367095&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat therapy. Author(s): Zacharski LR, Davis AJ. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1970 March; 29(3): 356-60. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4189838&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat with the laryngeal mask: does the lubricant matter? Author(s): De Vlieger J, Soetens M, Van der Donck A. Source: Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 1996; 47(4): 195-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9093647&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat, a first symptom in laryngeal cicatricial pemphigoid. Author(s): van Joost T, Knegt P. Source: Archives of Dermatology. 1986 February; 122(2): 136-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3511855&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat, antibiotics and rheumatic fever. Author(s): Foggo BA. Source: Family Practice. 1985 June; 2(2): 101-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3891481&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat, antibiotics, and progression to meningococcal disease. Author(s): Domingo P, Barquet N, Cayla JA. Source: Lancet. 1995 February 18; 345(8947): 460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7853983&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat, dysphagia, stiffness in back of neck, and dyspnea following tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Author(s): Irwin RS. Source: Chest. 2003 October; 124(4): 1533-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14555590&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat, tonsillitis, and adenoiditis. Author(s): Richardson MA. Source: The Medical Clinics of North America. 1999 January; 83(1): 75-83, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9927961&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat. Author(s): Moore M, Little P, Warner G. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 October; 47(423): 661. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9474839&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat. Author(s): Hickman J. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1997 December; 47(425): 835-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9463992&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat. Author(s): Bridges-Webb C, Darvas G, Miller L. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1981 July; 10(7): 510-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7283860&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat. Author(s): Bulteau V. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1966 November 26; 2(22): 1053-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5925752&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat. Author(s): Burke P. Source: The Practitioner. 1993 November; 237(1532): 854-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8255877&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat. Principles of diagnosis and treatment. Author(s): Hansen JG, Schmidt H, Bitsch N. Source: The Practitioner. 1983 June; 227(1380): 937-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6412226&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat: more than strep vs. non-strep. Author(s): Kuritzky L. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1994 December 15; 29(12): 37-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7989425&dopt=Abstract

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Sore throat: to culture or not to culture. Author(s): Hedges JR, Lowe RA. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1986 March; 15(3): 312-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3946880&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous pneumomediastinum. An unusual cause of a sore throat. Author(s): Frenkel MA, Lyons LL. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1991 January; 89(1): 257-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1985316&dopt=Abstract

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STAR complexes: febrile illnesses associated with sore throat, arthritis, and rash. Author(s): Jundt JW, Creager AH. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1993 May; 86(5): 521-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8488398&dopt=Abstract

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Strategies for treating sore throat in adults. Author(s): Centor RM. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 1987 October; 25(4): 335-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3309130&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal pyomyositis following a sore throat. Author(s): Mattingly PC, Mowat AG. Source: Rheumatol Rehabil. 1981 August; 20(3): 151-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7025174&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat followup program in a hospital clinic, New York City. Author(s): Kaufman A, Murray D, Starita L, Brickner PW. Source: Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974). 1975 July-August; 90(4): 369-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=808824&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat in general practice--a controlled study. Author(s): Feery BJ, Forsell P, Gulasekharam M. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1976 June 26; 1(26): 989-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10509&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Olivier L, de Graad G. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1978 December 23; 54(26): 1082. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=371029&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Wang RM. Source: The American Journal of Nursing. 1977 November; 77(11): 1796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=243361&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Hughes MH. Source: British Medical Journal. 1972 August 5; 3(822): 349. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4558308&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Burton J. Source: N Z Med J. 1994 February 9; 107(971): 42-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8302507&dopt=Abstract

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Streptococcal sore throat--status of the streptococcal vaccine. Author(s): Kossmann CE. Source: J Tenn Med Assoc. 1981 April; 74(4): 269-74, 276. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7253646&dopt=Abstract

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Subjective and objective features of sore throat. Author(s): Schachtel BP, Fillingim JM, Beiter DJ, Lane AC, Schwartz LA. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984 March; 144(3): 497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6703820&dopt=Abstract

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Succinylcholine-induced postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Capan LM, Bruce DL, Patel KP, Turndorf H. Source: Anesthesiology. 1983 September; 59(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6881585&dopt=Abstract

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Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as a recurrent sore throat and oral ulceration: a case report. Author(s): O'Neill SM, Thomson J, Strong AM, Lang W. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 1977 February; 96(2): 211-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=843458&dopt=Abstract

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Taking another look at the acute sore throat. Author(s): Bradley CP. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2000 October; 50(459): 780-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11127165&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical management of sore throat: a comparison of three ambulatory settings. Author(s): O'Malley MS, Frey JJ, Hoole AJ. Source: N C Med J. 1984 May; 45(5): 291-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6374474&dopt=Abstract

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The contribution of pharyngeal suction devices to sore throat after endotracheal anaesthesia. Author(s): Fuller J, Lu G, Dain S. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1990 May; 37(4 Pt 2): S157. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2193739&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat. Author(s): Soltani HA, Aghadavoudi O. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 2002 February; 14(1): 15-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880016&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of glycopyrrolate premedication on postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Stratelak PA, White W, Wenzel D. Source: Aana Journal. 1996 December; 64(6): 545-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9204790&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of laryngeal mask cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat incidence. Author(s): Burgard G, Mollhoff T, Prien T. Source: Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 1996 May; 8(3): 198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8703453&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of intravenous lidocaine in the prevention of postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Cox K, Lee P. Source: Crna. 1996 May; 7(2): 103-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8704669&dopt=Abstract

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The evolution of Web-based medical information on sore throat: a longitudinal study. Author(s): Curro V, Buonuomo PS, De Rose P, Onesimo R, Vituzzi A, D'Atri A. Source: Journal of Medical Internet Research [electronic Resource]. 2003 June 13; 5(2): E10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12857666&dopt=Abstract

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The Fielding H. Garrison lecture: An American clerical crisis: ministers' sore throat 1830-1860. Author(s): Cassedy JH. Source: Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1979 Spring; 53(1): 23-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=387132&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of endotracheal tube cuff design and cuff lubrication on postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Loeser EA, Kaminsky A, Diaz A, Stanley TH, Pace NL. Source: Anesthesiology. 1983 April; 58(4): 376-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6837979&dopt=Abstract

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The management of sore throat: adjusting to success. Author(s): Dans PE. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1986 December 26; 256(24): 3392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3537350&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in ambulatory patients with nonstreptococcal sore throat. Author(s): Williams WC, Williamson HA Jr, LeFevre ML. Source: Family Medicine. 1991 February; 23(2): 117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1903744&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of potential pathogenic bacteria in nasopharyngeal samples from individuals with a respiratory tract infection and a sore throat--implications for the diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis. Author(s): Gunnarsson RK, Holm SE, Soderstrom M. Source: Family Practice. 2001 June; 18(3): 266-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11356732&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between preintubation lidocaine and postanesthesia sore throat. Author(s): Fuller PB. Source: Aana Journal. 1992 August; 60(4): 374-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1523952&dopt=Abstract

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The sore throat. Author(s): Murtagh J. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1986 December; 15(12): 1604-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3800779&dopt=Abstract

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The sore throat. Pharyngitis and epiglottitis. Author(s): Todd JK. Source: Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1988 March; 2(1): 149-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3074105&dopt=Abstract

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The sore throat. When to investigate and when to prescribe. Author(s): Lang SD, Singh K. Source: Drugs. 1990 December; 40(6): 854-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2079000&dopt=Abstract

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The sore throat: a clinical research challenge for the family physician. Author(s): Blake RL Jr. Source: Family Medicine. 1989 November-December; 21(6): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2612795&dopt=Abstract

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The uninflamed sore throat. Author(s): Everett MT. Source: The Practitioner. 1979 June; 222(1332): 835-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=482234&dopt=Abstract

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The validity of a sore throat score in family practice. Author(s): McIsaac WJ, Goel V, To T, Low DE. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2000 October 3; 163(7): 811-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11033707&dopt=Abstract

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Tolerability of ibuprofen, aspirin and paracetamol for the treatment of cold and flu symptoms and sore throat pain. Author(s): Moore N, Le Parc JM, van Ganse E, Wall R, Schneid H, Cairns R. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2002 December; 56(10): 732-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510944&dopt=Abstract

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Tonsillectomy for sore throat? Author(s): Del Mar CB. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 1998 August; 48(433): 1527. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10024718&dopt=Abstract

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Topical tenoxicam from pharyngeal pack reduces postoperative sore throat. Author(s): Elhakim M, Siam A, Rashed I, Hamdy MH. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2000 July; 44(6): 733-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10903018&dopt=Abstract

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Tracheal intubation and sore throat: a mechanical explanation. Author(s): Chandler M. Source: Anaesthesia. 2002 February; 57(2): 155-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11871952&dopt=Abstract

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Treating the patient with sore throat. Theory v practice. Author(s): Bisno AL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 November 4; 250(17): 2351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6632134&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sore throat in light of the Cochrane verdict: is the jury still out? Author(s): Danchin MH, Curtis N, Nolan TM, Carapetis JR. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2002 November 4; 177(9): 512-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12405896&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of sore throat. Author(s): Ravenel SD. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1978 July 28; 240(4): 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=351229&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of streptococcal sore throat. Beware glandular fever trap. Author(s): Airey NJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 12; 306(6892): 1611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329930&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of streptococcal sore throat. Immunoassays for rapid diagnosis. Author(s): Arya SC. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 12; 306(6892): 1612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329932&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of streptococcal sore throat. Stick to penicillin or nothing. Author(s): Little P, Morgan S, Williamson I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1993 June 12; 306(6892): 1611-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8329931&dopt=Abstract

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Triage decisions: a 15-year-old boy with shortness of breath, hoarseness, and sore throat. Author(s): Nacey KA. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 1993 December; 19(6): 556-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8309155&dopt=Abstract

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Trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat. Complications of sore throat are not rare. Author(s): Simo R, Pahade A, Belloso A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1998 February 21; 316(7131): 631-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9518940&dopt=Abstract

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Trial of prescribing strategies in managing sore throat. Failure to show antibiotic effectiveness was due to inclusion of cases of sore throat of viral origin. Author(s): McIsaac WJ. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 June 28; 314(7098): 1905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9224150&dopt=Abstract

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Trial of prescribing strategies in managing sore throat. Penicillin had no effect in patients negative for group A beta haemolytic streptococci. Author(s): De Meyere M, Bogaert M, Verschraegen G, Mervielde I. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1997 June 28; 314(7098): 1904-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9224149&dopt=Abstract

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Tuberculosis of the tonsil. Extensive pulmonary tuberculosis presenting as a sore throat. Author(s): Sanford DM, Becker GD. Source: Arch Otolaryngol. 1966 September; 84(3): 343-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5946818&dopt=Abstract

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Twenty-nine-year-old man with sore throat and anorexia: a clinicopathologic correlation conference from the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. Author(s): Byers M, Walter MG, Clark K, Sienko A. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 1998 August; 91(5): 292-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9714971&dopt=Abstract

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Two lozenges containing benzocaine assessed in the relief of sore throat. Author(s): Kagan G, Huddlestone L, Wolstencroft P. Source: J Int Med Res. 1982; 10(6): 443-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7152085&dopt=Abstract

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Understanding variation for clinical governance: an illustration using the diagnosis and treatment of sore throat. Author(s): Marshall T, Mohammed MA, Lim HT. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2002 April; 52(477): 277-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11942443&dopt=Abstract

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What are the real factors associated with postoperative sore throat? Author(s): Youngberg JA. Source: Anesthesiology. 1981 February; 54(2): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7469095&dopt=Abstract

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Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? Grounded theory interview study. Author(s): Kumar S, Little P, Britten N. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 January 18; 326(7381): 138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531847&dopt=Abstract

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Why treat sore throat? Author(s): Bett BJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1995 May 15; 30(5): 18. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7744972&dopt=Abstract

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Widespread application of topical steroids to decrease sore throat, hoarseness, and cough after tracheal intubation. Author(s): Ayoub CM, Ghobashy A, Koch ME, McGrimley L, Pascale V, Qadir S, Ferneini EM, Silverman DG. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1998 September; 87(3): 714-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9728859&dopt=Abstract

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Young boy presenting with swollen glands and sore throat. Author(s): Sheer B. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 2000 September-October; 4(5): 524-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11933442&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND SORE THROAT Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and sore throat.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Sore Throat The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “sore throat” (or a synonym): •

Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. A double-blind study comparing aspirin with caffeine to aspirin and placebo in patients with sore throat. Author(s): Medical Department, Whitehall Laboratories, New York, NY 10017-4076. Source: Schachtel, B P Fillingim, J M Lane, A C Thoden, W R Baybutt, R I Arch-InternMed. 1991 April; 151(4): 733-7 0003-9926

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Efficacy of chamomile-extract spray for prevention of post-operative sore throat. Author(s): Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Source: Kyokong, O Charuluxananan, S Muangmingsuk, V Rodanant, O Subornsug, K Punyasang, W J-Med-Assoc-Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S180-5 0125-2208

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Incidence and treatment of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness following endotracheal intubation. Source: Fung, K P Mei, W C Lee, T Y Tso, H S Ma-Zui-Xue-Za-Zhi. 1988 March; 26(1): 41-8 0254-1319

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Postoperative sore throat: topical hydrocortisone. Author(s): Department of Anaesthetics, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Source: Stride, P C Anaesthesia. 1990 November; 45(11): 968-71 0003-2409

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Powerful peppermint calms indigestion, sore throat, and nausea. Source: Ciesinski, T. Org-gard. [Emmaus, PA : Rodale Press, c1988-. May/June 2001. volume 48 (4) page 18. 0897-3792

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition

•

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to sore throat; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Vitamin A Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10066,00.html Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,904,00.html

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Minerals Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html •

Food and Diet Blackberries Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,142,00.html Burdock Alternative names: Arctium lappa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Garlic Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,786,00.html Pomegranates Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,216,00.html Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND SORE THROAT Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to sore throat. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to sore throat and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to sore throat: •

A primary health care project in Sarawak. Author(s): Chen PC, Tan YK. Source: Med J Malaysia. 1982 March; 37(1): 25-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7121343&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture in the treatment of sore throat symptomatology. Author(s): Gunsberger M. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 July; 1(2): 337-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4590189&dopt=Abstract

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Acute hypersensitivity to ingested processed pollen. Author(s): Prichard M, Turner KJ.

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Source: Aust N Z J Med. 1985 June; 15(3): 346-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3864427&dopt=Abstract •

An evaluation of the management of patients with sore throats by practice nurses and GPs. Author(s): Cox C, Jones M. Source: The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 2000 November; 50(460): 872-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11141872&dopt=Abstract

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Beliefs and perceptions of ear, nose and throat-related conditions among residents of a traditional community in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author(s): Lasisi AO, Ajuwon AJ. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2002 March; 31(1): 45-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518929&dopt=Abstract

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Cellular pharmacology studies of shikonin derivatives. Author(s): Chen X, Yang L, Oppenheim JJ, Howard MZ. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2002 May; 16(3): 199-209. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164262&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic fatigue syndrome: new insights and old ignorance. Author(s): Evengard B, Schacterle RS, Komaroff AL. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1999 November; 246(5): 455-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10583715&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of matrine and oxymatrine in Sophora subprostata by CE. Author(s): Ku YR, Chang LY, Lin JH, Ho LK. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2002 June 1; 28(5): 1005-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12039644&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of Andrographis paniculata, Nees for pharyngotonsillitis in adults. Author(s): Thamlikitkul V, Dechatiwongse T, Theerapong S, Chantrakul C, Boonroj P, Punkrut W, Ekpalakorn W, Boontaeng N, Taechaiya S, Petcharoen S, et al. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 1991 October; 74(10): 437-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1797953&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of chamomile-extract spray for prevention of post-operative sore throat. Author(s): Kyokong O, Charuluxananan S, Muangmingsuk V, Rodanant O, Subornsug K, Punyasang W.

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Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 June; 85 Suppl 1: S180-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12188410&dopt=Abstract •

Evaluation of antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Strobilanthes cusia leaf extract in male mice and rats. Author(s): Ho YL, Kao KC, Tsai HY, Chueh FY, Chang YS. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2003; 31(1): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12723755&dopt=Abstract

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Health behaviour of rural mothers to acute respiratory infections in children in Gondar, Ethiopia. Author(s): Teka T, Dagnew M. Source: East Afr Med J. 1995 October; 72(10): 623-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8904039&dopt=Abstract

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Hot tub legionellosis. Author(s): Tolentino A, Ahkee S, Ramirez J. Source: J Ky Med Assoc. 1996 September; 94(9): 393-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8855593&dopt=Abstract

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Improvement of laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms after laparoscopic Hill repair. Author(s): Wright RC, Rhodes KP. Source: American Journal of Surgery. 2003 May; 185(5): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727567&dopt=Abstract

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International integrative primary care outcomes study (IIPCOS-2): an international research project of homeopathy in primary care. Author(s): Heger M, Riley DS, Haidvogl M. Source: Br Homeopath J. 2000 July; 89 Suppl 1: S10-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10939775&dopt=Abstract

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Managing sore throat: a literature review. II. Do antibiotics confer benefit? Author(s): Del Mar C. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1992 May 4; 156(9): 644-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1625619&dopt=Abstract

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Mucosal metastases in malignant melanoma. Author(s): Fink W, Zimpfer A, Ugurel S. Source: Onkologie. 2003 June; 26(3): 249-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845209&dopt=Abstract

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Renal papillary necrosis as first presentation of a Nigerian sickle cell patient. Author(s): Alebiosu CO. Source: West Afr J Med. 2002 April-June; 21(2): 168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403047&dopt=Abstract

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Safety and efficacy of a traditional herbal medicine (Throat Coat) in symptomatic temporary relief of pain in patients with acute pharyngitis: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Brinckmann J, Sigwart H, van Houten Taylor L. Source: Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2003 April; 9(2): 285-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804082&dopt=Abstract

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Severe uvular angioedema caused by intranasal administration of Ecbalium elaterium. Author(s): Eray O, Tuncok Y, Eray E, Gunerli A, Guven H. Source: Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999 December; 41(6): 376-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10592944&dopt=Abstract

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Studies on the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti pyretic effects of Isatis indigotica root. Author(s): Ho YL, Chang YS. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 2002 July; 9(5): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12222662&dopt=Abstract

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The burden of disease among preschool children from rural Tanzania. Author(s): Neuvians D, Mtango FD, Kielmann AA. Source: Trop Med Parasitol. 1988 March; 39(1): 9-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3387832&dopt=Abstract

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The Iowa follow-up of chemically sensitive persons. Author(s): Black DW, Okiishi C, Schlosser S. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2001 March; 933: 48-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000035&dopt=Abstract

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Toluene diisocyanate exposure induces laryngo-tracheal eosinophilia, which can be ameliorated by supplementation with antioxidant vitamins in guinea pigs. Author(s): Gu H, Itoh M, Matsuyama N, Hayashi S, Iimura A, Nakamura Y, Miki T, Takeuchi Y. Source: Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 2003 October; 123(8): 965-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14606601&dopt=Abstract

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Traditional healers in the Qazvin region of the Islamic Republic of Iran: a qualitative study. Author(s): Asefzadeh S, Sameefar F. Source: East Mediterr Health J. 2001 May; 7(3): 544-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690778&dopt=Abstract

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Use of visual analogue scale measurements (VAS) to asses the effectiveness of standardized Andrographis paniculata extract SHA-10 in reducing the symptoms of common cold. A randomized double blind-placebo study. Author(s): Caceres DD, Hancke JL, Burgos RA, Sandberg F, Wikman GK. Source: Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 1999 October; 6(4): 217-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10589439&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to sore throat; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Allergies and Sensitivities Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bronchitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colds and Flus Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Common Cold Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Common Cold/Sore Throat Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Dysphagia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epstein-Barr Virus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flu Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heartburn Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Influenza Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Measles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Mononucleosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pharyngitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinus Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sinusitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep Apnea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sore Throat Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Herbal Medicine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urine Therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,744,00.html

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Chinese Medicine Baifuzi Alternative names: Giant Typhonium Rhizome; Rhizoma Typhonii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baniangen Alternative names: Isatis Root; Radix Isatidis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Baokening Keli Alternative names: Baokening Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Beidougen Alternative names: Asiatic Moonseed Rhizome; Rhizoma Menispermi Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Bimazi Alternative names: Castor Seed; Semen Ricini Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bingpeng San Alternative names: Bingpeng Powder Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Bingpian Alternative names: Borneol; Bingpian (Bing Pi An); Borneolum Syntheticum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Bohe Alternative names: Peppermint; Herba Menthae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chansu Alternative names: Toad Venom; Venenum Bufonis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chantui Alternative names: Cicada Slough; Periostracum Cicadae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Daochi Wan Alternative names: Daochi Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Dihuang Alternative names: Digitalis Leaf; Yangdihuangye; Folium Digitalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Erdong Gao Alternative names: Erdong Concentrated Decoction; Erdong Gao (Er Dong Gao) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Ertong Qingfei Wan Alternative names: Ertong Qingfei Pills; Ertong Qingfei Wan (Er Tong Qing Fei Wan) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China

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Fuzi Alternative names: Beivedere Fruit; Difuzi; Fructus Kochiae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Hezi Alternative names: Medicine Terminalia Fruit; Fructus Chebulae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jiegeng Alternative names: Platycodon Root; Radix Platycodi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jindengiong Alternative names: Franchet Groundcherry Fruit; Calyx seu Fructus Physalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Jinguolan Alternative names: Tinospora Root; Radix Tinosporae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Kanggan Keli Alternative names: Kanggan Granules Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Lingyang Qingfei Wan Alternative names: Lingyang Qingfei Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Luohanguo Alternative names: Grosvenor Momordica Fruit; Fructus Momordicae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Mabo Alternative names: Puff-ball; Lasiosphaera seu Calvatia Source: Chinese Materia Medica Muhudie Alternative names: Indian Trumpetflower Seed; Semen Oroxyli Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niubangzi Alternative names: Great Burdock Achene; Fructus Arctii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Niuhuang Alternative names: Cow-bezoar; Calculus Bovis Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Niuhuang Jiedu Pian Alternative names: Niuhuang Jiedu Tablets Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Pangdahai Alternative names: Boat-fruited Sterculia Seed; Semen Sterculiae Lychnophorae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Pugongying Alternative names: Dandelion; Herba Taraxaci Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfei Yihuo Wan Alternative names: Qingfei Yihuo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingguo Alternative names: Chinese White Olive; Fructus Canarii Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qinghouyan Heji Alternative names: Qinghouyan Mixture Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Qingning Wan Alternative names: Qingning Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Reyanning Keli Alternative names: Reyanning Granules; Reyanning Keli (Rey Yan Ning Ke Li) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Rougui Alternative names: Cassia Bark; Cortex Cinnamomi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shandougen Alternative names: Vietnamese Sophora Root; Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shegan Alternative names: Blackberrylily Rhizome; Rhizoma Belamcandae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Shengma Alternative names: Largetrifoliolious Bugbane Rhizome; Rhizoma Cimicifugae Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Shexiang Alternative names: Musk; Moschus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Siwei Tumuxiang San Alternative names: Siwei Tumuxiang Powder; Siwei Tumuxiang San (Si Wei Tu Mu Xiang San) Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Xuanmingfen Alternative names: Exsiccated Sodium Sulfate; Natrii Sulfas Exsiccatus Source: Chinese Materia Medica Xuanshen Alternative names: Figwort Root; Radix Scrophulariae Source: Chinese Materia Medica Yuganzi Alternative names: Emblic Leafflower Fruit; Fructus Phylianthi Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhuyazao Alternative names: Chinese Honeylocust Abnormal Fruit; Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormalis Source: Chinese Materia Medica •

Herbs and Supplements Agrimony Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,833,00.html Althaea Officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Andrographis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Arnica Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,753,00.html Asian Ginseng Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Astragalus Alternative names: Astragalus membranaceus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bilberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10007,00.html Blackberry Alternative names: Rubus fructicosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Blackberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,837,00.html Bloodroot Alternative names: Sanguinaria canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bloodroot Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blueberry Alternative names: Vaccinium spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boneset Alternative names: Eupatorium perfoliatum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Camellia Sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cat's Claw Alternative names: Uncaria tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cayenne Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,765,00.html

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Coltsfoot Alternative names: Tussilago farfara Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,775,00.html Echinacea Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Elderberry Alternative names: Sambucus nigra Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eleuthero Alternative names: Eleutherococcus senticosus, Acanthopanax senticosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eyebright Alternative names: Euphrasia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fenugreek Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ginger Alternative names: Zingiber officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Ginger Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Glycyrrhiza Glabra Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenrod Alternative names: Solidago virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Goldenseal Alternative names: Hydrastis canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenseal Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Goldenseal Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,791,00.html Green Tea Alternative names: Camellia sinensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hawthorn Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horseradish Alternative names: Cochlearia armoracia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hydrastis Canadensis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyssop Alternative names: Hyssopus officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hyssop Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Licorice Alternative names: Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Licorice Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,801,00.html Marshmallow Alternative names: Althea officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Marshmallow Alternative names: Althaea officinalis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Marshmallow Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Marshmallow Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10042,00.html Menthol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mullein Alternative names: Verbascum thapsus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mullein Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Myrrh Alternative names: Commiphora molmol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oak Alternative names: Quercus spp. Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oak Bark Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10108,00.html Phenothiazine Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Prickly Ash Alternative names: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Zanthoxylum americanum Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raspberry Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Raspberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,1061,00.html Red Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Red Raspberry Alternative names: Rubus idaeus Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sage Alternative names: Salvia officinalis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Schisandra Alternative names: Schisandra chinensis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Slippery Elm Alternative names: Ulmus rubra, Ulmus fulva Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Slippery Elm Alternative names: Ulmus fulva, Red Elm, Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Slippery Elm Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Slippery Elm Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10056,00.html Solidago Virgaurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spanish Licorice Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Sweet Elm Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tanacetum V Alternative names: Tansy; Tanacetum vulgare (L.) Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Thyme Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Ulmus Fulva Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uncaria Tomentosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Usnea Alternative names: Usnea barbata Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Indigo Alternative names: Baptisia tinctoria Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wild Indigo Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Witch Hazel Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Yarrow Alternative names: Achillea millefolium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zingiber Officinale Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON SORE THROAT Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to sore throat. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “sore throat” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on sore throat, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Sore Throat ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to sore throat. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Prevention and Treatment of Streptococcal Sore Throat and Rheumatic Fever -- A Decision Theoretic Approach by Giauque, William Cannon, DBA from Harvard University, 1972, 303 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/7310499

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON SORE THROAT Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “sore throat” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on sore throat, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Sore Throat By performing a patent search focusing on sore throat, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on sore throat: •

Anti-inflammatory composition comprising tetracycline Inventor(s): Gardner; Wallace J. (1791 Mass Ave., Cambridge, MA 02140) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 6,610,274 Date filed: December 18, 2001 Abstract: Therapeutic composition having anti-infective activity. The therapeutic composition is a formulation comprising an antibiotic, preferably a tetracycline, most preferably doxycycline, which has not been chemically modified to eliminate antimicrobial efficacy. The antibiotic is preferably in a liquid vehicle, most preferably one that contains at least 20% alcohol by volume. The therapeutic composition is preferably in local delivery form and is self-administered orally or via the nasal cavity. Administration of the therapeutic composition of the present invention treats diseases that originate from the oral cavity or that do not originate in the oral cavity, but are affected by contaminants, such as viruses or bacteria, in the oral cavity entering the bloodstream including but not limited to periodontal disease, sinusitis, gingivitis, the common cold, sore throat, influenza, allergies (particularly to tree pollen), resistant pneumonia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, ulcers, heart disease, etc. Excerpt(s): The accumulation bacteria in the oral cavity, such as on the teeth or tongue has been identified as a contributor or cause of various inflammatory conditions, including gingivitis, periodontitis and other gum diseases. Treatment of the oral cavity with antibiotics to reduce or eliminate the effects of bacteria is known. For example, broad spectrum antibiotics such as tetracyclines and metronidazole have been used in the treatment of periodontal disease to reduce oral cavity microflora. Typically such use has been systemic, which can result in various undesirable side effects, including the threat or danger or building allergies or immunity to the antibiotic, overgrowth of opportunistic yeast and fungi and intestinal disturbances. Many other common inflammatory diseases, such as sinusitis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (including those that manifest themselves in stomach and bowel problems), the common cold, influenza, allergies, halitosis, pneumonia, etc., also may be caused by viruses and/or bacteria. Often the source of the bacteria and viruses is the oral cavity, especially the ear, nose and throat passages, and the sinuses. Once the bacteria and/or viruses are resident in the oral cavities or sinuses (e.g., the maxillary, frontal and ethmoid), they can continually cause infection through circulation in the blood stream. Continual reduction or elimination of these bacteria and viruses would reduce chronic infection in the body. The problems of the prior art have been overcome by the present invention, which provides a therapeutic composition having anti-infective activity. In a preferred embodiment, the therapeutic composition is a formulation comprising an antibiotic, preferably a tetracycline, most preferably doxycycline, which has not been chemically modified to eliminate antimicrobial efficacy. The antibiotic is preferably in a liquid vehicle, most preferably one that contains at least 20% alcohol by volume. The therapeutic composition is preferably in local delivery form and is preferably selfadministered orally or via-the nasal cavity. The therapeutic composition most preferably is a self-delivered formulation in local delivery form that consists essentially of a tetracycline, most preferably doxycline, which has not been chemically modified to

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eliminate antimicrobial efficacy, and a liquid vehicle, more preferably one which contains at least 20% alcohol by volume, and most preferably one which consists essentially of sterile water or Listerine or the like, which tetracyline is preferably present in the formulation in the amount of between 50 to 100 mgs per ounce of liquid vehicle. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610274__ •

Antiviral and antimicrobial herbal complex Inventor(s): Yng-Wong; Quing Non (5524 MacArthur Blvd., Washington, DC 20016) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 5,834,000 Date filed: April 11, 1997 Abstract: A pharmacologically effective composition of herbs is provided which is antiviral, antibacterial, and symptom relieving for colds, flu, sinus infections, stomach infections, blocked ears due to infection, bronchitis, genital herpes, and herpes simplex. The composition does not contain any undesirable stimulants or other ingredients, such as caffeine and chlorohydrate. The preferred composition includes Isatis leaf and root, as well as other anti-microbial herbal agents, along with herbs for aches, pains, sore throat, and to reduce fever. Excerpt(s): Colds and influenza are major causes of illness and loss of productivity throughout the United States and the rest of the world. For example the National Center for Health Statistics estimates that in 1992 62 million cases of the common cold in the United States required medical attention, and that colds caused 157 million days of restricted activity and 15 million days lost from work. Approximately 10-15% of adult colds are caused by viruses also responsible for other serious illnesses, including influenza A & B viruses. It has long been considered desirable to provide an effective treatment for a wide variety of illnesses caused by viruses and bacterium, that are potent antiviral and antimicrobial agents, but also can relieve symptoms. Some traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas can be at least somewhat effective in this regard, but they typically contain caffeine, chlorohydrate, or other components undesirable to a large segment of the population. It is desirable to provide effective herbal compositions without caffeine or other stimulants, and without chlorohydrate or like compositions. According to the present invention a pharmacologically effective composition which is a broad spectrum antiviral and antimicrobial is provided which is completely herbal in nature and does not contain caffeine, chlorohydrate, or like undesirable components. Isatis leaf and root are the major ingredients, comprising collectively a majority of the composition. The composition may be used in the treatment of colds, infections, mumps, hepatovirus, chronic fatigue, influenza, sinus infections, stomach infections, blocked ears due to infection, bronchitis, genital herpes, and herpes simplex. The compositions according to the present invention are antiviral, antibacterial, and symptom relieving. Chrysanthemem indici flos 3-7% (e.g. about 5%). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05834000__

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Apparatus and method of determining fertility status Inventor(s): Schneider; Howard (149 Finchley Rd., Montreal, Quebec, CA) Assignee(s): None Reported Patent Number: 4,465,077 Date filed: November 12, 1981 Abstract: A fertility computer is disclosed having the ability to store information about a users past menstrual cycle history, basal body temperature, gynecological disorders, which along with certain prediction indicators is used to statistically predict when ovulation will occur. The prediction indicators are based on information concerning the current status of certain body indicators such as mucus change, spotting in the middle of a cycle or a sore throat. This information is processed in accordance with a predetermined program which ascribes certain values to the above parameters to predict the present fertility status of the user. Excerpt(s): This invention is in the field of prediction, detection and diagnosis of ovulation in female mammals and more particularly human females. Ovulation prediction is important both from the viewpoint of birth control and enhancing fertility. Although much research has been done in the area of birth control and enhancing fertility, very few safe, easy to use and reliable methods or procedures, free of side effects, have resulted to date. In respect to enhancing fertility, presently, a woman classified as infertile who wishes to become pregnant has two main alternatives. She can take fertility drugs which have significant undesirable side effects or she can attempt to predict her time of ovulation. One method of detecting and timing ovulation is the recording of waking temperature at basal conditions, i.e., basal body temperature. A rise in temperature indicates that ovulation has occurred, thereby signifying that this is the time that sexual intercourse may result in a conception. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04465077__

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Gargle method to reduce the duration of common cold symptoms Inventor(s): Brown; Amy Christine (Honolulu, HI) Assignee(s): Love Lives (honolulu, Hi) Patent Number: 6,641,801 Date filed: March 28, 2001 Abstract: The common cold is caused by a virus. Antiviral compounds that kill viruses would then be most likely to serve as a remedy for the common cold. This invention seeks to offer a unique use of an antiviral agent, ethanol (with or without additional homeopathic and/or herb ingredients) through the unique topical application of a mouthwash to a sore throat that is often the first symptom of a common cold. The sore throat is caused by the virus setting up to enter the body after which a cascade of immune response symptoms will occur. Current cold remedies do nothing but treat these immune response symptoms. This invention is unique in that it destroys the virus directly, blocking the cold virus at its point of entry, and the remaining cold symptoms never appear. It does not matter how many cold viruses exist, because the antiviral nature of ethanol kills viruses upon contact. This is the first time that treatment of a sore-throat with antiviral agents (ethanol with or without additional homeopathic and/or herb ingredients) is being used to effectively block the common cold. Research

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testing this common cold remedy have shown it to be effective in 18 out of 20 case studies, and a double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial is being conducted. Excerpt(s): Eby et al. Antimicrobrial Agents and Chemother 1984;25:20-24. Garland M L, O Hagmeyer K. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:63-69. Godfrey J C et al. J Intl Med Res 1992;20:234-246. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06641801__ •

Masticatory soft elastic gelatin capsules and method for the manufacture thereof Inventor(s): Ebert; William R. (Clearwater, FL), Hom; Foo S. (Clearwater, FL), Kindt; Warren W. (Clearwater, FL) Assignee(s): R. P. Scherer Corporation (troy, Mi) Patent Number: 4,428,927 Date filed: May 7, 1982 Abstract: A chewable, filled, one-piece soft elastic gelatin (SEG) capsule. The capsule includes a shell which is formed from a formulation of gelatin, water, a plasticizer, and a masticatory substance. The masticatory substance is present in the shell in an amount of about 1-75 percent by weight and the gelatin is present in the shell in an amount of about 10-90 percent by weight. A fill material is contained within the shell. The fill may be selected from a variety of materials, including candy, various confectionaries, antacids, cough and cold preparations, sore throat remedies, antiseptics, dental preparations, such as fluorides, breath fresheners, and the like. In manufacturing the SEG capsules, a molten gel mass is prepared with a dispersion of a molten masticatory substance therein. A suitable fill material is also prepared. The gelatin formulation containing the masticatory substance dispersed therein is formed as a shell around the fill material. The capsules are dried until the desired chewing characteristics are attained. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a unique gelatine capsule formulation and a method for its manufacture and it particularly relates to a soft elastic gelatin capsule (SEG) formulation, usually containing a fill material, wherein the formulation may be chewed in the mouth over an extended period of time. Filled, one-piece, SEG capsules have been widely known and used for many years for a variety of purposes. These SEG capsules have properties which are quite different from two-piece telescoping hard shell capsules. The SEG capsules usually have a fill material, which is normally a liquid. The fill may be any of a variety of materials, such as industrial or cosmetic, non-consumable products, such as bath oils and adhesives. More commonly, SEG capsules are used to encapsulate consumable materials such as vitamins and pharmaceuticals. With reference to the application of William R. Ebert, et al., dated Oct. 24, 1980, Ser. No. 200,475, (now abandoned) there is disclosed a method and capsule, having no added masticatory substance, wherein the characteristic and sometimes unpleasant flavor of gelatin is masked with maltol or ethyl malthol. The avoidance of an unpleasant taste is particularly important when the capsule shell is chewed or otherwise broken in the oral cavity in order to release the fill. This is the case, for example, with a chewable cough, cold, antacid, analgesic, or candy type of product. With respect to providing a chewable, SEG capsule product, there is generally a significant problem because the SEG capsule generally dissolves rapidly in the mouth, thereby leaving little or no residue for further chewing. A chewable SEG capsule product should not only be non-toxic, but it should also be of a suitable size and leave a chewable, insoluble residue in the mouth and this

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residue should not change significantly in size upon continued chewing; at all times, the insoluble residue should retain a generally normal chewing texture or consistency. In addition, it has generally been considered a problem to prepare a SEG capsule containing an insoluble masticatory substance because the masticatory substance and the gelatine shell formulation itself are not considered to be compatible when using conventional formulations and SEG capsule manufacturing techniques. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04428927__ •

Nutritional supplement and methods of using it Inventor(s): Rosenbloom; Richard A. (Elkins Park, PA) Assignee(s): The Quigley Corporation (doylestown, Pa) Patent Number: 6,596,313 Date filed: April 15, 2002 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for promoting the health of salivary glands and supporting the normal or healthy swallowing in a person includes ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and horseradish. The nutritional supplement may also be used to treat symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, arthritis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea is disclosed. This nutritional supplement can be orally administered a person. The nutritional supplement may further include optional ingredients such as ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea, as well as other optional ingredients. This nutritional supplement may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration. A method of promoting the health of salivary glands, supporting the normal or healthy swallowing and/or treating sialorrhea in a person involves administering the nutritional supplement orally to a person one to six times daily, as needed. A method of treating symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, sialorrhea, arthritis and mucous membrane inflammation involves administering the nutritional supplement of the present invention orally to a patient one to fifteen times daily, as needed. To achieve the best effect, the nutritional supplement should be held in the mouth of a patient for 5 to 60 minutes. A method of administering this nutritional supplement to a carrier carrying viruses to inhibit or exterminate the viruses includes the step of administering the nutritional supplement to the carrier. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplement useful for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or to support normal or healthy swallowing, and to methods for administering the nutritional supplement for at least these purposes. Sialorrhea, a symptom related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other causes such as achalasia, acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hypocalcemia, Ludwig's angina, mental retardation, motor-neuron disease, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, paralytic poliomyelitis, polymyositis, Parkinson's disease, Radical Cancer surgery, Seventh-nerve palsy, ShyDrager syndrome, and Wilson's disease, is the excessive drooling due to salivary gland dysfunction such as overproduction of saliva from the salivary glands. Sometimes, sialorrhea may also be induced by drugs such as clonazepam, ethionamide, haloperidol, and transdermal nicotine among others. People have made much effort to treat Sialorrhea. Newall et al reported using beta antagonists to control the excessive

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secretions of the oral salivary glands and achieve 75% success rates (J. Neurol. Sci., 1996, 139, 43-4). Mier et al have found that ingestion of glycopyrrolate is effective in treating sialorrhea in children. However, 20% of the children being treated with glycopyrrolate experienced substantial adverse effects, enough to require discontinuation of medication (Arch. Pediatr. Adolese. Med., 2000, 154, 1214-1218). Sialorrhea may also be caused by abnormal or unhealthy swallowing by a patient suffering from diseases such as ALS. According to a recent study by Rettori et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 2000; 917; 258-67), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decrease stimulated salivary secretions whereas donors of NOS potentiate stimulated salivary secretions. This indicates that nitric oxide exerts a stimulatory role on salivary secretion. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06596313__ •

Pogostemon cablin extract for inhibiting H. influenzae adhesion and treating otitis media or sore throat Inventor(s): Hwang; Shie-Ming (Columbus, OH), Tsai; Hsiu-Hsien (Chang-Huah, TW) Assignee(s): Sage R&d, a Partnership (columbus, Oh) Patent Number: 5,776,462 Date filed: December 10, 1996 Abstract: The attachment of H. influenzae to human cells such as oropharyngeal cells, is inhibited by aqueous extracts of the plants known as Pogostemon cablin and Agastache rugosa. The composition obtained from the aqueous extraction of the plants Pogostemon cablin, Agastache rugosa or mixtures thereof is also effective in preventing or treating Otitis media and sore throat. The plant extract may be contained in a liquid enteral product such as an infant formula or may be incorporated into lozenges, candies, chewing gums and the like. The plant extract may also be administered as a throat spray or nasally using drops or a spray. A process for the production of a medicinal product is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the inhibition of Haemophilus influenzae (hereinafter "H. Influenzae") attachment to human cells, more specifically the nasopharynx system, and thereby provide for the prevention and treatment of Otitis media and sore throat in humans. In this invention an aqueous extract from the plant Pogostemon cablin or the plant Agastache rugosa is disclosed to treat and to effectively relieve humans from H. Influenzae infections, Otitis media and sore throat. The extracts of the plants have shown good anti-H. Influenzae activity in human trials and a neonatal rat model. H. Influenzae is a bacteria known to cause Otitis media and sore throat in humans. Modern medical science is constantly searching for new and more powerful agents to prevent, treat or retard bacterial and viral infections and cure the diseases they cause. Bacterial and viral infections of humans and domestic animals cost billions of dollars annually. Vast sums of money are spent each year by pharmaceutical companies to identify, characterize and produce new antibiotics and anti-virals to combat the emerging drug resistant strains which have become a serious problem. Reliable prophylactic treatments for disease prevention are also of major interest. Otitis media is the second most common cause for outpatient visits by the pediatric population of the United States, following upper respiratory tract infections. Antibiotic and surgical approaches have been used for treatment. Non-typable H. Influenzae is associated with many cases of Otitis media and is considered the leading causative agent of chronic Otitis media with effusion.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05776462__ •

Sore throat spray Inventor(s): Coyne; James H. (Blaine, WA), Watkins; Mary Beth (Bellingham, WA) Assignee(s): Botanical Laboratories, Inc. (ferndale, Wa) Patent Number: 6,159,473 Date filed: June 24, 1998 Abstract: A novel throat spray composition is provided that is useful for topical application to sore throats. The throat spray composition contains Piper methysticum (Kava Kava) as its main active ingredient, and is a suitable alternative to phenol-based over-the-counter throat sprays. Piper methysticum is used for its little known or utilized analgesic property, which provides a soothing and numbing effect to the throat. Additional ingredients include Echinacea angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Thymus vulgaris, Lycopodium clavatum, Phytolacca decandra, Capsicum annum, Mentha piperita, and Phosphorus, which, together with Piper methysticum, offer temporary relief of sore throat pain, irritation, difficulty swallowing, and symptoms of hoarseness or laryngitis. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to non-prescription, homeopathic remedies, and, more particularly, to a throat spray free of phenol for sore throats. The over-the-counter (OTC) market has offered spray products for the treatment of sore throats for many years. The majority of these products utilize phenol as their active ingredient. Phenol is the simple alcohol derivative of benzene. Both of these chemicals are listed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as extremely carcinogenic. A natural, non-carcinogenic throat spray that is an alternative to phenol is thus desired. Such a throat spray must work quickly and provide superior sore throat relief while at the same time have a taste that is acceptable to consumers. In addition to the technical difficulties in formulating such a product, it is important that the product meet the regulatory requirements of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) and Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) as a homeopathic drug product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06159473__

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Suckable flurbiprofen lozenges for treatment of sore throat Inventor(s): Barrett; David Michael (Nottingham, GB), Smith; Carl Simon (Nottingham, GB), Thurgood; David Michael (Nottingham, GB) Assignee(s): The Boots Company, Plc (nottingham, Ca) Patent Number: 6,166,083 Date filed: January 4, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a sugar based or sugar alcohol-based suckable lozenge of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug flurbiprofen for the treatment of soar throat. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a new medical use of flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen [2-(2-fluoro4-biphenylyl)propionic] acid is a well known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which also has analgesic and antipyretic activity. The flurbiprofen molecule exists in two enantiomeric forms and the term flurbiprofen as

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used herein is intended to embrace the individual enantiomers and mixtures thereof in any proportion including a 1:1 mixture which is herein referred to as racemic flurbiprofen. Flurbiprofen can exist in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts or in the form of derivatives such as esters and such salts or esters are embraced by the term "flurbiprofen" as used herein. Flurbiprofen and its S(+) enantiomer have been proposed for treating medical conditions of the gums. Both these documents specifically describe the treatment of the gums and do not relate to any other part of the oral cavity. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06166083__ •

Treating inflammatory diseases of the head and neck with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors Inventor(s): Dannenberg; Andrew J. (New York, NY) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (ithaca, Ny) Patent Number: 6,486,203 Date filed: February 7, 2001 Abstract: A patient with an inflammatory disease of the head and neck is treated with a therapeutic amount of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 or a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor from a natural source. In one embodiment, a patient with a sore throat caused by tonsillitis or pharyngitis is treated with the topical application of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor from a natural source. In other embodiments, patients with sore throat caused by tonsillitis or pharyngitis or a patient with sinusitis are treated by systemic administration of a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2. In another embodiment, a patient with periodontitis is treated by administration of a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor from a natural source. Excerpt(s): The invention herein is directed to an expansion of the use of selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 and of natural substances which inhibit cyclooxygenase2. Prostaglandins are important mediators of inflammation that are produced at elevated levels in inflamed tissues. The increased amounts of prostaglandins produced in inflamed tissues reflect enhanced synthesis, which occurs by cyclooxygenasecatalyzed metabolism of arachidonic acid. Two different isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) designated cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been identified. COX-1 is a constitutive isoform present in most tissues. COX-2 is not detectable in most normal tissues, but it is induced by cytokines, growth factors, oncogenes and tumor promoters. The increased production of prostaglandins in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been attributed to elevated levels of COX-2. Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin inhibit the activities of COX-1 and COX-2 and therefore the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins. NSAID-mediated inhibition of COX-1 is believed to be responsible for side effects such as peptic ulcer disease. Selective inhibitors of COX-2 have been developed in an effort to decrease the side effects of traditional NSAIDs. In fact, selective inhibitors of COX-2 do appear to be very effective inhibitors of rheumatoid arthritis while causing fewer gastrointestinal side effects than traditional NSAIDs. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06486203__

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Water-soluble pressure-sensitive mucoadhesive and devices provided therewith for emplacement in a mucosa-lined body cavity Inventor(s): Biegajski; James E. (Foster City, CA), Scott; Ann M. (Mountain View, CA), Venkatraman; Subbu S. (Palo Alto, CA) Assignee(s): Cygnus, Inc. (redwood City, Ca) Patent Number: 5,700,478 Date filed: August 3, 1995 Abstract: Water-soluble pressure-sensitive adhesives include a water-soluble polymer that is made tacky at room temperature by addition of a water-soluble plasticizer that is miscible with the polymer. Suitable polymers are solid at room temperature; and have a hydrophilicity as measured by water uptake greater than about 25%; they are liquid at room temperature and have a boiling point higher than about 80.degree. C. The adhesives according to the invention may conveniently be provided in dry film form. Preferred water-soluble pressure-sensitive adhesives of the invention adhere both to mucosal surfaces and to a variety of materials that may constitute a part of a device or prosthesis to be held in a body cavity that has a mucosal lining. Also, a laminated device for the controlled release of a substance within a mucosa-lined body cavity includes the substance dissolved or dispersed in either or both of a water-soluble pressure-sensitive adhesive layer and optionally one or more water-soluble polymer layers. Also, devices for administering a substance over an extended time for relief of sore throat or cough, or for administering a breath freshening agent, particularly a mint odorant, include a water soluble polymer film layer containing the active ingredient, and a water soluble pressure sensitive mucoadhesive layer. Excerpt(s): This application is a 371 of PCT/US94/09305 filed Aug. 19, 1994. This invention relates to mucoadhesives and to mucoadhering devices. Additionally and particularly this invention relates to compositions that adhere both to mucosal surfaces and to a variety of materials that may constitute a part of a device or prosthesis to be held in a body cavity, such as the oral cavity or the vagina or the rectum, that has a mucosal lining. Additionally this invention relates to mucoadhering devices useful for controlled release of substances within a body cavity that has a mucosal lining, such as for example the oral cavity, and particularly to such devices that are provided with adhesives suitable for fixation of the device within the oral cavity. Additionally and particularly this invention relates to administering breath-freshening agents, and particularly mint odorants, into the oral cavity of a person over extended time periods, for freshening the person's breath. And additionally this invention relates to administering agents into a person's oral cavity over extended times for relief of sore throat pain and cough. For a number of practical purposes, it can be useful to affix a device within a mucosa-lined body cavity, such as the oral cavity, the vaginal cavity, or the rectal cavity. Devices that may usefully be positioned within a mucous-lined body cavity include, for example, denture prostheses and devices for controlled release of medicaments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05700478__

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Patent Applications on Sore Throat As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to sore throat: •

Composition for inhibition of H. influenzae and treatment of otitis media and sore throat Inventor(s): Hwang, Shie-Ming; (Columbus, OH) Correspondence: Donald O. Nickey; 8765 Colvin Drive; Plain City; OH; 43064; US Patent Application Number: 20020106416 Date filed: January 30, 2002 Abstract: The attachment of H. influenzae to human cells such as oropharyngeal cells, is inhibited by aqueous extracts of the plants known as Pogostemon cablin and Agastache rugosa. The composition obtained from the aqueous extraction of the plants Pogostemon cablin, Agastache rugosa or mixtures thereof is also effective in preventing or treating Otitis media and sore throat. The plant extract may be contained in a liquid enteral product such as an infant formula or may be incorporated into lozenges, candies, chewing gums and the like. The plant extract may also be administered as a throat spray or nasally using drops or a spray. A process for the production of a medicinal product is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/344,445 filed Feb. 13, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. ______; which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/761,321 filed Dec. 10, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,462. This invention relates to a composition for the inhibition of Haemophilus influenzae (hereinafter "H. Influenzae") attachment to human cells, more specifically the nasopharynx system, and thereby provide for the prevention and treatment of Otitis media and sore throat in humans. In this invention, a composition from an aqueous extract from the plant Pogostemon cablin or the plant Agastache rugosa has been isolated to treat and to effectively relieve humans from H. Influenzae infections, Otitis media and sore throat. The compositions have shown good anti-H. Influenzae activity in human trials and a neonatal rat model. H. Influenzae is a bacteria known to cause Otitis media and sore throat in humans. Modern medical science is constantly searching for new and more powerful agents to prevent, treat or retard bacterial and viral infections and cure the diseases they cause. Bacterial and viral infections of humans and domestic animals cost billions of dollars annually. Vast sums of money are spent each year by pharmaceutical companies to identify, characterize and produce new antibiotics and anti-virals to combat the emerging drug resistant strains which have become a serious problem. Reliable prophylactic treatments for disease prevention are also of major interest. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Double-headed, closed-mouth cough suppressant and cold relief device Inventor(s): Huntley, James Benjamin; (Washington, DC) Correspondence: Arent Fox Kintner Plotkin & Kahn, Pllc; Suite 400; 1050 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036-5339; US Patent Application Number: 20030077319 Date filed: October 18, 2001 Abstract: A double-headed, closed-mouth cough suppressant and cold relief device in which an individual having the symptoms of a cough is able to suppress the cough by inserting the device into an open mouth, and by sucking on one end of the device, is able to release a menthol medicament disposed within the device to thereby suppress a cough. Additionally, by sucking on another end of the device a eucalyptus medicament is released to thereby relieve a sore throat. By suppressing the cough, the device prevents the spread of germs to the immediate environment. Excerpt(s): Coughing is the body's way of getting foreign substances, phlegm and mucus out of the respiratory tract. Coughs are generally useful and preferably not eliminated. However, in many instances, coughs can be severe enough to impair breathing or prevent rest. Water and other liquids, such as fruit juice, have been traditionally used to soothe an irritated throat as a result of severe coughing. Liquids also moisten and thin the mucus in the throat so that it can be coughed up and expelled more easily. The cough suppressant controls or suppresses an irritating or nagging cough as it subdues the body's coughing reflex. Cough suppressants of the prior art include freestanding lozenges that can be removed from a wrapper and placed in the mouth. However, when a cough arises during the course of releasing the substance from the lozenge, the mouth naturally opens. As a result, the lozenge may be abruptly expelled from the mouth during a cough. In addition, germs are also released from the mouth during the resulting open-mouthed cough. Thus, current cough suppressants have the disadvantage of not preventing the spread of germs, and the tendency to be abruptly released from the mouth, and thereby becoming unsanitary and no longer usable. Liquid cough suppressants are contained within a bottle and contain a medicament in a fluid. The liquid is dispensed by means of cups or spoons. The bottle generally is available with a cap and a small cup into which a small dosage of the liquid is poured. After use, the bottle must be capped and the cup must be cleaned and placed back on the cap in an inverted position. As a result of the dispensable liquid cough suppressant of the prior art, it is generally difficult to make use of the bottle and liquid cough suppressant in an urgent situation, because a number of steps must be performed before and after the use of the liquid cough suppressant. It is also difficult to make use of the bottled liquid cough suppressant in a public venue as the user must be able to clean the cup, or risk the remaining fluid in the cup running down the side of the bottle when placed back in the designated location. Furthermore, those bottles that do not come with cups require spoons to dispense the medicament, also leading to an unsanitary and messy situation when used away from sanitizing facilities. Moreover, the liquid medicaments are prone to accidental spilling. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Herbal formulation for stimulating the immune system to prevent colds and the flu and method of using same Inventor(s): Shaner, Edward O.; (Ocean City, MD) Correspondence: Lowe Hauptman Gilman & Berner, Llp; 1700 Diagonal Road, Suite 310; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20010018077 Date filed: December 19, 2000 Abstract: A herbal formulation that is orally administered and which affects colds or the flu in a human subject comprises beta glucans, olive leaf extract, echinacea, goldenseal, una de gato, pao d'arco, elderberry dried berries and cayenne pepper. The formulation can also include zinc lozenges if symptoms of a sore throat are present in the subject. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation-in-part of applicant's pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/488,590 filed Jan. 24, 2000. The present invention relates generally to a method of and/or formula for reducing the effects of colds and the flu and, more particularly, to a combination of herbs for reducing the effects of colds and the flu. The most powerful and versatile biological defense system in humans is the immune system. It is the system humans depend upon to protect against winter colds and the flu. Cold and flu viruses are predators that enter the cells that line the nose and throat, proliferate, and inflame the host cell. The immune defense system consists of specialized cells called lymphocytes which have the unique ability to recognize, evaluate, and destroy foreign invaders. With advancing age, the immune system declines in effectiveness. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Medicinal composition and method of using it Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard Allen; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida, Llc; Eight Penn Center, Suite 1350; 1628 John F. Kennedy BLVD.; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030031737 Date filed: August 6, 2001 Abstract: A novel composition for treating symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea is disclosed. The composition includes ingredients to obtainable from turmeric extract, ginger root powder, and horseradish root powder. This composition can be orally administered a patient. The composition may further include ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea. This composition may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration.A method of administering this composition orally to a patient to treat symptoms of a common cold, a sore throat, congestion, laryngitis, mucositis, sialorrhea and mucous membrane inflammation is also disclosed. To treat these symptoms, the composition is administered to a patient suffering one to fifteen times daily, as needed. To achieve the best effect, the composition should be held in the mouth of a patient for 5 to 60 minutes. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a medicinal composition and method of using it. In modern non-herbal medicine, there are two major categories of antiinflammatory medicines: steroidal and non-steroidal. Steroidal anti-inflammatory

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medicines are powerful medications, which are based on hormonal substances, such as cortisone. These medications have a stronger anti-inflammatory response than the nonsteroidal medicines. They can be taken as pills, injected into the bloodstream, or injected directly into a joint space. There are many non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen are the most common ones. There are side effects to both of these groups of medicines. They include stomach upset, stomach bleeding or ulcers, kidney problems, hearing problems and ankle swelling. Additionally, the steroidal anti-inflammatory medications can have more serious side effects including: loss of bone mass, cataracts, reduced ability to fight infection, swelling and weight gain, mood changes, high blood pressure, and problems with the bone marrow where blood cells are produced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Nutritional supplements and methods of using same Inventor(s): Rosenbloom, Richard A.; (Elkins Park, PA) Correspondence: Knoble & Yoshida; Eight Penn Center; Suite 1350, 1628 John F Kennedy Blvd; Philadelphia; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20030185918 Date filed: April 23, 2003 Abstract: A nutritional supplement for providing, and for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or supporting normal or healthy swallowing includes ingredients obtainable from turmeric, ginger, and horseradish. The nutritional supplement may also be used to treat symptoms such as symptoms of a common cold, sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea, as well as inflammation and viral infectin, or to inhibit or exterminate a virus. This nutritional supplement can be orally administered a person. The nutritional supplement may further include optional ingredients such as ingredients obtainable from slippery elm bark powder and green tea, as well as other optional ingredients. This nutritional supplement may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for oral administration.Also disclosed are methods of providing nutrition, for promoting the health of salivary glands and/or supporting normal or healthy swallowing, as well as methods for treating symptoms of a common cold, sore throat, congestion, mucositis, laryngitis, mucous membrane inflammation and sialorrhea. Methods of treating inflammation, and viral infections, as well as inhibiting or exterminating viruses are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a nutritional supplement and methods of using it. More particularly, the present invention relates to a nutritional supplement useful for promoting various health effects and to methods for administering the nutritional supplement for at least these purposes. Sialorrhea, a symptom related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other causes such as achalasia, acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome, hypocalcemia, Ludwig's angina, mental retardation, motor-neuron disease, muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, paralytic poliomyelitis, polymyositis, Parkinson's disease, Radical Cancer surgery, Seventh-nerve palsy, Shy-Drager syndrome, and Wilson's disease, is the excessive drooling due to salivary gland dysfunction such as overproduction of saliva from the salivary glands. Sometimes, sialorrhea may also be induced by drugs such as clonazepam, ethionamide, haloperidol, and transdermal nicotine among others.

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Sialorrhea may also be caused by abnormal or unhealthy swallowing by a patient suffering from diseases such as ALS. Much effort has been made to treat Sialorrhea. Newall et al. reported using beta antagonists to control excessive secretions of the oral salivary glands and reported a 75% success rate (J. Neurol. Sci., 1996, 139, 43-4). Mier et al have found that ingestion of glycopyrrolate is effective in treating sialorrhea in children. However, 20% of the children treated with glycopyrrolate experienced substantial adverse effects, enough to require discontinuation of the medication (arch. Pediatr. Adolese. Med., 2000, 154, 1214-1218). According to a recent study by Rettori et al. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2000; 917; 258-67), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decrease stimulated salivary secretions whereas donors of NOS potentiate stimulated salivary secretions. This indicates that nitric oxide exerts a stimulatory role on salivary secretion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Topical and oral administration of a composition containing Pelargonium Graveolens for diagnosis and treatment of various neuralgias and other conditions Inventor(s): Frome, Bruce Marshall; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: Bruce M. Frome; PO Box 15157; Beverly Hills; CA; 90209; US Patent Application Number: 20030224072 Date filed: May 28, 2003 Abstract: This present invention describes a method of diagnosing and treating neuropathic pain, Bell's palsy, viral sore throat, pain due to burns, including sunburn, and pain and itching due to insect bites with compositions of essential aromatic oils, all of which contain Pelargonium graveolens (also called geranium oil bourbon or GOB). This invention discloses compositions of one or more of five other essential aromatic oils, particularly lavender, bergamot, blue chamomile, eucalyptus and tea tree, which when added to GOB acts synergistically with the GOB. These compositions can be used alone or in a composition with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in topical or oral dosage form. The present invention is an improvement in the methods and expansion of uses as stated in the previous United States Patent issued in 1993 entitled "Diagnosis and Treatment of Various Neuralgias" (Frome)--U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,313. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional utility application claims the benefits of the earlier provisional application No. 60/385,081 filed on Jun. 3, 2002. The present invention is a) an improvement in the methods as stated in the previous United States Patent issued in 1993 entitled "Diagnosis and Treatment of Various Neuralgias" (Frome)--U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,313 and b) by improving the method as stated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,313, the present invention expands the uses of the invention as stated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,313. The method of the present invention differs from the method of the invention described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,313 in that this invention is a composition of two or more aromatic essential oils as the active therapeutic or diagnostic agent while the invention detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,313 utilizes a single aromatic essential oil, specifically Pelargonium Graveolens, as the active therapeutic or diagnostic agent. This invention relates to the topical and oral administration of various compositions of essential aromatic oils, all of which contain Pelargonium Graveolens, also called geranium oil bourbon and hereinafter sometimes referred to as GOB. This invention is used for diagnosis and treatment of pain that is neuropathic (nerve tissue injury) in origin and treatment of other miscellaneous conditions such as burns, viral sore throat, insect bites and Bell's palsy. Neuropathic pain encompasses various pain syndromes associated with disorders

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due to injuries of the peripheral, sympathetic and central nervous system. Not only are curative measures for these neural abnormalities generally unavailable but symptomatic treatments are often ineffective causing an enormous problem for clinicians in treatment and management of neuropathic pain. Distinguishing neuropathic pain from somatic or visceral pain is often difficult. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with sore throat, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on sore throat. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning sore throat. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 6. BOOKS ON SORE THROAT Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to sore throat. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on sore throat include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on sore throat: •

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Sourcebook Source: Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc. 1998. 576 p. Contact: Available from Omnigraphics, Inc. Penobscot Building, Detroit, MI 48226. (800) 234-1340. Fax (800) 875-1340. PRICE: $78.00. ISBN: 0780802063. Summary: This reference book provides information about some of the most common disorders of the ears, nose, and throat. The text describes diseases and their accompanying symptoms, as well as treatment options and current research initiatives. The book's 67 chapters are arranged in six parts: introduction, disorders of the inner and outer ear, vestibular disorders, disorders of the nose and sinuses, disorders of the throat, and cancers related to the ears, nose, and throat. Specific disorders and topics include otitis externa, otitis media, allergy, perforated eardrum, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, tinnitus, hyperacusis, ear surgery, dizziness, BPPV (benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, perilymph fistula, sinusitis, rhinitis,

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antihistamines, nosebleeds, smell and taste problems, sore throats, hoarseness, swallowing disorders, salivary glands, snoring, sleep apnea, spasmodic dysphonia, laryngeal diseases and disorders, smoking cessation, head and neck cancer, cancer of the oral cavity and upper throat, esophageal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer. Simple line drawings illustrate some of the anatomical concepts discussed. The book also includes a glossary of terms and an annotated directory of organizational resources with addresses, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, and web site locations.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “sore throat” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “sore throat” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “sore throat” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

Breaking the Antibiotic Habit: A Parent's Guide to Coughs, Colds, Ear Infections, and Sore Throats by Paul A. Offit (Author), et al; ISBN: 0471319821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471319821/icongroupinterna

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Geoffrey's Sore Throat by Maria Sutherland, Terry J.C. Walsh (Illustrator); ISBN: 187254715X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/187254715X/icongroupinterna

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Mom's Sore Throat : The "I Love to Read" Collection by Maya Nahum-Valens, et al; ISBN: 0895658070; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895658070/icongroupinterna

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Plays: One: Christie in Love, Magnificence, the Churchill Play, Weapons of Happiness, Epsom Downs, Sore Throats (World Dramatists) by Howard Brenton; ISBN: 0413404307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0413404307/icongroupinterna

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Pointers to the Common Remedies: Colds, Influenza, Sore Throats, Coughs, Croup, Acute Chests, Asthma by M.L. Tyler; ISBN: 0946717265; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0946717265/icongroupinterna

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Smog Sore Throats and Me (150133 Teachers Edition); ISBN: 9990825696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9990825696/icongroupinterna

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Sore Throats and Sonnets of Love and Opposition by Harold Brenton; ISBN: 0413465802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0413465802/icongroupinterna

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Sore Throats and Tonsillitis (My Health) by Alvin, Dr Silverstein, et al; ISBN: 0531165086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0531165086/icongroupinterna

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The Complete Homeopathy Handbook : Safe and Effective Ways to Treat Fevers, Coughs, Colds and Sore Throats, Childhood Ailments, Food Poisoning, Flu, and a

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Wide Range of Everyday Complaints by Miranda Castro (Author); ISBN: 0312063202; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0312063202/icongroupinterna •

The Respiratory Solution: How to Use Natural Cures to Reverse Respiratory Ailments: Finally, Relief from Asthma, Bronchitis, Mold, Sinus Attacks, Allergies, Sore Throats, cold by Cassim Igram, Cass, Dr Ingram; ISBN: 1931078025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1931078025/icongroupinterna

Chapters on Sore Throat In order to find chapters that specifically relate to sore throat, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and sore throat using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on sore throat: •

Getting a Diagnosis Source: in Lydiatt, W.M. and Johnson, P.J. Cancers of the Mouth and Throat: A Patient's Guide to Treatment. Omaha, NE: Addicus Books, Inc. 2001. p. 22-33. Contact: Available from Addicus Books, Inc. P.O. Box 45327, Omaha, NE 68145. (402) 330-7493. Fax (402) 330-1707. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.AddicusBooks.com. PRICE: $14.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1886039445. Summary: This chapter on diagnosis of cancers of the mouth and throat is from a book that is designed to help patients and their families better understand cancers of the head and neck. The authors note that cancers of the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), sinuses, thyroid, and salivary glands (collecting known as head and neck cancers) involve the most basic aspects of one's humanity, the ability to speak and eat, even one's appearance. This book supports the idea that the better informed the patient is, the better questions they can ask and the more they can be involved in their own treatment. The authors explain in nontechnical terms the process of diagnosis, the emotional ups and downs that may be involved as the patient waits for test results, and the symptoms. Specific topics include the warning signs and symptoms of hoarseness, sore throat, mouth sore or lesion, lump in the mouth, throat, neck or cheek, change in speech quality, difficulty swallowing, nosebleeds, hearing loss and earache, facial numbness, asymmetry, or changes in eyesight; choosing a doctor; the preliminary patient evaluation, including medical history and physical examination; diagnostic tests, including biopsy, imaging, CT scan (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), ultrasound, and PET (positron-emission tomography) scan; the team approach to patient care; and the typical time frame for cancer therapy. Brief, relevant quotes from cancer patients are included in the chapter.

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Esophageal Symptoms and Their Clinical Importance Source: in Brandt, L., et al., eds. Clinical Practice of Gastroenterology. Volume One. Philadelphia, PA: Current Medicine. 1999. p. 12-20.

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Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887. (800) 545-2522. Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445. Website: www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $235.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0443065209 (two volume set); 0443065217 (volume 1); 0443065225 (volume 2). Summary: This chapter on esophageal symptoms and their clinical importance is from a lengthy textbook that brings practitioners up to date on the complexities of gastroenterology practice, focusing on the essentials of patient care. The author stresses that the medical history is still the most important part of the patient evaluation and diagnostic workup. As cost containment becomes increasingly important and the use of therapeutic trials as diagnostic tools becomes more prevalent in the management of suspected esophageal disease, the history is even more crucial to the accurate evaluation of patients. Three symptoms (heartburn, dysphagia, and chest pain) are classically associated with esophageal disease. The increasing prevalence of HIV related infectious disease has made a fourth symptom, odynophagia (painful swallowing), increasingly important. Regurgitation and respiratory and otolaryngologic symptoms such as wheezing, cough, hoarseness, laryngitis, and sore throat may be indicative of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The author also discusses globus, the sensation of a lump in the throat, and its association with GERD (no true correlation has been reported in the literature). However, the author stresses that globus sensation should not be presumed to be an indication of a psychologic disorder until a thorough evaluation of the larynx and proximal esophagus has been performed. 9 figures. 5 tables. 43 references. •

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders Source: in Norris, J., et al., eds. Handbook of Diseases. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corporation, Inc. 1996. p. 501-542. Contact: Available from Springhouse Corporation. 1111 Bethlehem Pike, P.O. Box 908, Springhouse, PA 19477-0908. (800) 346-7844 or (215) 646-8700; Fax (215) 646-4508. PRICE: $27.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0874348382. Summary: This chapter, from a layperson's handbook of diseases, presents information on ear, nose, and throat disorders. Disorders covered include adenoid enlargement, hearing loss, infectious myringitis, inflammation of the mastoid, labyrinthitis, laryngitis, Meniere's disease, middle ear infection, motion sickness, nasal papillomas, nasal polyps, nosebleed, otosclerosis, septal perforation and deviation, sinus infection, sore throat, swimmer's ear, throat abscess, tonsillitis, vocal cord nodules and polyps, and vocal cord paralysis. For each disorder, the handbook provides a definition and then discusses its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Numerous sidebars provide additional information on how to remove earwax, preventing congenital hearing loss, noiseinduced hearing loss and its prevention, coping with laryngitis, the anatomy of the inner ear in Meniere's disease, guarding against middle ear infection, teaching a child how to stop a nosebleed, dealing with a perforated or deviated septum, sinus surgeries, coping with sore throat, how to prevent swimmer's ear, and recovering from vocal cord surgery.

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CHAPTER 7. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON SORE THROAT Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover sore throat.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on sore throat is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to sore throat. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “sore throat” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for sore throat: •

Penicillin doesn't help sore throat in children Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 05, 2003

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Penicillin does not accelerate resolution of sore throat in children Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 04, 2003

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Novartis employee gets Swiss fine over sore throat product Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 31, 2002

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Deadly sore throat aliment on the rise in UK Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 09, 2002

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MDs often misdiagnose cause of cough, sore throat Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: January 09, 2002

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Antibiotics overprescribed for sore throat Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 12, 2001 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “sore throat” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to sore throat, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and

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search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “sore throat” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on sore throat: •

What Else Can We Attribute to GERD? Source: Digestive Health Matters. 3(4): 1-2. Fall 2001. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. Website: www.iffgd.org. Summary: This health newsletter article reviews some seldom discussed complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is characterized by the return (reflux) of gastric (stomach) acid backwards into the esophagus. The common symptoms of GERD include heartburn, unexplained chest pain, and inflammation and scarring of the lower esophagus (esophageal stricture) leading to swallowing difficulty. In this article, the author discusses other symptoms associated with GERD which may be common and can cause great distress. These symptoms are sore throat and cough, nocturnal choking, aspiration pneumonia, asthma, acid laryngitis, dental erosions, and reflux dyspareunia (heartburn during sexual intercourse). The author also considers problems with misdiagnosis and treatment options for these lesser-known complications of GERD. Treatment is focused on the rigorous prevention of reflux (drug therapy, lifestyle and dietary changes). 3 references.

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Adult-Onset Still's Disease Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 49(6): 1-4. 2000. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Summary: This newsletter article provides health professionals with information on the etiology, epidemiology, onset, symptoms, laboratory and radiographic abnormalities, diagnosis, treatment, clinical course, and prognosis of adult onset Still's disease (AOSD). Although no etiologic trigger has been proven for AOSD, a viral infection has been

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inferred based on symptom complex. AOSD has been described in nearly all countries and races and is typically a disease of young adults. It often begins with a sore throat and other constitutional symptoms. This may be followed by various constitutional features. A quotidian fever pattern occurs in most patients. The characteristic AOSD rash occurs in more than 92 percent of patients. Other common features include arthritis, carpal or carpometacarpal ankylosis, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pleuritis, and pericarditis. Laboratory findings reflect the degree of inflammatory and cytokine activity present. Other major laboratory findings include elevation of hepatic enzymes, hypoalbuminemia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. The differential AOSD diagnosis includes viral syndromes, Reiter's syndrome, dermatomyositis, hemophagocytic syndrome, Kikuchi's syndrome, or a systemic febrile onset of rheumatoid arthritis. The diagnosis of AOSD requires a comprehensive, noninvasive evaluation. The initial treatment of choice is usually nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy. Glucocorticoids and methotrexate may also be used. Most patients demonstrate a pattern of recurrent systemic disease with or without chronic articular disease. 1 table and 6 references. •

Non-Allergic Rhinitis Source: Fibromyalgia Frontiers. 9(1): 6-8. 2001. Contact: Available from National Fibromyalgia Partnership, Inc. 140 Zinn Way, Linden, VA 22642-5609. (866) 725-4404 toll-free. Fax (540) 622-2998. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.fmpartnership.org. Summary: This newsletter article provides people who have fibromyalgia (FM) with information on nonallergic rhinitis. People who have FM exhibit many similar symptoms, including a chronic runny nose, a congested head, a throat clearing cough, or a postnasal drip. FM can cause muscular pain and spasm in the face and head, so tight muscles can press on fluid passages, thereby narrowing them and causing a backup in the sinuses. Myofascial trigger points in the sternocleidomastoid muscles can cause nasal discharge, congestion in the maxillary sinuses, a chronic sore throat or cough, and even dizziness and disequilibrium. In addition, many people who have FM become sensitive to various elements in the environment, including perfumes, tobacco smoke, odors, fumes, foods, medications, and climatic changes. This reaction is termed irritant rhinitis. The symptoms of irritant rhinitis are annoying, debilitating when severe, and difficult to treat. The only obvious antidote to irritant rhinitis is avoidance of the offending stimulus. However, environmental sensitivity is now being taken more seriously by the medical community, and several studies have been funded to investigate irritant rhinitis. 11 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Sore Throat Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to sore throat. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering sore throat that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the

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name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 8. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for sore throat. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with sore throat. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to sore throat: Anesthetics •

Dental - U.S. Brands: Anbesol Maximum Strength Gel; Anbesol Maximum Strength Liquid; Anbesol Regular Strength Gel; Anbesol Regular Strength Liquid; Anbesol, Baby; Benzodent; Chloraseptic Lozenges; Chloraseptic Lozenges, Children's; Dentapaine; Dent-Zel-Ite; Hurricaine; Numzi http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202038.html

Chloramphenicol •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Chloromycetin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202127.html

Lamivudine and Zidovudine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Combivir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203386.html

Oseltamivir •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tamiflu http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500062.html

Zanamivir •

Inhalation--Systemic - U.S. Brands: Relenza http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500004.html

Zidovudine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Retrovir http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202602.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information

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adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

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National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

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National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 5383 See Details 989 64 3 6439

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “sore throat” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on sore throat can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to sore throat. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to sore throat. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “sore throat”:

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Other guides Mouth Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mouthdisorders.html Streptococcal Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/streptococcalinfections.html Throat Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/throatdisorders.html Voice Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/voicedisorders.html

Within the health topic page dedicated to sore throat, the following was listed: •

General/Overviews Sore Throat: Easing the Pain of a Sore Throat Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/163.xml Sore Throats Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/throat/sore_throat.cfm

•

Diagnosis/Symptoms Strep Screen/Throat Culture Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=nemours&article_set=22876&lic=16&c at_id=128 Strep Throat Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/strep/test.html Throat Problems: Self-Care Flowcharts Source: American Academy of Family Physicians http://familydoctor.org/515.xml

•

Treatment Cleaning of Portable Humidifiers and Vaporizers at Home Source: National Jewish Medical and Research Center http://www.nationaljewish.org/medfacts/cleaning.html

•

Specific Conditions/Aspects Doctor, Why am I Hoarse? Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/throat/hoarse.cfm Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/glossopharyngeal_neu

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Laryngeal Papillomatosis: Quick Facts Source: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/laryngeal.asp Laryngitis Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00366 Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC, Thrush) Source: National Center for Infectious Diseases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/candidiasis_opc_g.htm Post-Nasal Drip Source: American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/healthinfo/nose/nasal.cfm Sore or Irritated Mouth or Throat Source: American Cancer Society http://www.cancer.org/docroot/MBC/content/MBC_6_2x_Sore_or_Irritated_Mo uth_or_Throat.asp?sitearea=MBC Strep Throat Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00260 Wallenberg's Syndrome Source: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/wallenbergs.htm •

Children Croup Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00312 Epiglottitis Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ43C0NDDC&sub_ cat=199 Hoarse Voice in a Child Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00015 Sore Throats (Viral and Bacterial Sore Throats) Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/medlb/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ4LP9BH4C& sub_cat=107 Strep Throat (Group A Streptococci Infections) Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/strep_throat.html

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Organizations American Academy of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery http://www.entnet.org/ National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/

•

Teenagers Strep Throat Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/teen/infections/bacterial_viral/strep_throat.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on sore throat. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Biologic Therapies for Psoriasis and Psoriatic Artritis Source: National Psoriasis Foundation. 2003. 16 p. Contact: Available from National Psoriasis Foundation. 6600 SW 92nd Avenue, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97223-7195. (800) 723-9166. Website: www.psoriasis.org. Summary: This brochure discusses the use of Amevive, Enbrel, Raptiva, and Remicade to treat psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. These drugs are biologic drugs, made from living human or animal proteins, and are used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis. They work by blocking the action of overactive immune cells. Amevive blocks and reduces the action of immune T cells. This drug is administered by a physician and injected into the muscles of a patient weekly for 12 weeks. Most patients experience a 75 percent improvement in their psoriasis and after treatment maintain this improvement for 3.5 months. Minor side effects include sore throat, dizziness, cough, headache, nausea, itching, muscle aches, and chills. Serious but rare side effects of Amevive are lymphophenia, malignancies, and allergic reactons. Raptiva also works by blocking T cells and the migration of these cells into the skin. Raptiva is self-administered weekly under the skin. Patients experienced a 75 percent improvement in their psoriasis, but the drug must be taken continuously to maintain improvement. Side effects include headache, chills, pain, fever, and colds. Enbrel works by blocking tumor necrosis factor-

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alpha. Enbrel is self-administered twice a week and must be taken continuously to maintain improvement. Patients with compromised immune systems, a past history of tuberculosis, or multiple sclerosis should not take Enbrel. The most common side effect of this medication is a reaction at the injection site. Remicade is a promising drug that also works by blocking tumor necrosis factor-alpha and is currently being tested in clinical trials. Based on studies, Remicade has provided patients with a 50 to 75 percent improvement in their symptoms. The initial treatment consists of three injections over six weeks given by a physician. Patients with compromised immune systems or active infections should not be given Remicade. Side effects include upper respiratory tract infections, rash, headache, pain, fatigue, fever, and muscle pain. These drugs are expensive and out-of-- pocket costs may occur depending upon the patient's health insurance coverage. Some of the drug manufacturers have programs to help patients work with their insurance and contact information is provided. •

Help on the Way: Antibiotics Source: Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates. 1997. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from ETR Associates. 4 Carbonero Way, Scotts Valley, CA 950664200. (800) 321-4407. Fax (800) 435-8433. Website: www.etr.org. PRICE: Single copy free; $16.00 for 50 copies, discounts for larger orders. Summary: This brochure explains how antibiotics work, how they are used, the problem of antibiotic resistance, and treatment options for resistant bacterial infections. Most antibiotics are discovered in fungi. Fungi produce antibiotics because they compete with all kinds of bacteria for food; antibiotics kill bacteria cells, but not other types of cells. Antibiotics sometimes have side effects. These side effects may include mild nausea or diarrhea, greater risk of yeast infections, or increased sensitivity to the sun. The brochure outlines symptoms that indicate a call to a health care provider is necessary, including a cut that becomes swollen, tender, hot, or red; any injury that develops red streaks extending from it; a puncture wound or very deep or dirty cut; an illness that starts as a cold or flu and develops these symptoms: a cough with pain in the chest, a fever of 101 degrees that persists for more than 2 days, a sore throat that lasts more than 3 days, sinus pressure with dark mucus that does not improve within 5 days, ear pain that worsens or lasts more than a few days, severe headache with fever, or symptoms that worsen after starting to get better. One sidebar explains how resistance happens: some bacteria cells have an extra loop of genes called a plasmid; plasmids carry genes that allow the bacteria to survive exposure to antibiotics. The author cautions that bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics can arise partly due to patients ending treatment too soon. Strains of tuberculosis, gonorrhea, and pneumonia have developed resistance to antibiotics. The brochure also outlines strategies to avoid problems when taking antibiotics, the differences between viruses and bacteria, and guidelines for the administration and use of antibiotics. 1 figure.

•

Penicillamine Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1998. 8 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above.

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Summary: This brochure for people with arthritis or related conditions uses a question and answer format to provide information on penicillamine. This medication is related to penicillin, but instead of fighting infection it produces significant improvement in joint pain, swelling, and stiffness in those with various forms of arthritis. The brochure explains how long it takes for penicillamine to become effective, describes its forms, discusses its use in combination with other medications, offers guidelines for making up a missed dose, and outlines its side effects. These include fever, chills, and rash; taste disturbances; sores in the mouth or a sore throat; gastrointestinal difficulties; muscle weakness; and easy bruising or bleeding. In addition, the brochure provides information on the Arthritis Foundation and its services. •

Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis Source: Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 1997. 16 p. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. http://www.arthritis.org. PRICE: Single copy free from local Arthritis Foundation chapter (call 800-283-7800 for closest local chapter); bulk orders may be purchased from address above. Summary: This brochure for people with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA) uses a question and answer format to provide information about these conditions. It states that PMR is a joint disease causing stiffness and aching in the neck, shoulder, and hip areas, and that stiffness, a major feature of PMR, and may cause other symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and slight fever. The brochure explains how a diagnosis is reached and states that the gene HLA-DR4 makes people more susceptible to developing PMR. It discusses the medicines most often used to treat PMR, and the importance of exercise and rest in treatment. The brochure also describes GCA, a condition in which certain arteries become inflamed, and that often occurs with PMR. It describes the symptoms of GCA as pain in the jaw muscles when eating or talking, severe headaches, vision problems, tenderness of the scalp or temples, persistent sore throat or difficulty swallowing, cough, and PMR. The brochure explains how GCA is diagnosed and that it is treated with glucocorticoid drugs. Both PMR and GCA may last 1 to 2 years. The brochure also includes sources of additional information.

•

Your Child and Antibiotics: Unnecessary Antibiotics CAN Be Harmful Source: Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). 1997. [2 p.].AV.Available from American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098. (800) 433-9016 (members) or (888) 227-1773 (nonmembers). Fax (847) 434-8000. Website: www.aap.org. PRICE: $24.95 per 100 copies (100 copies minimum); $29.95 per 100 copies (non-members). Contact: Available from American Academy of Pediatrics. Division of Publications, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, P.O. Box 927, Elk Grove Village, IL 60009-0927. (800) 4339016 or (847) 228-5005; Fax (847) 228-1281; http://www.aap.org. PRICE: $24.95 per 100 copies (100 copies minimum); $29.95 per 100 copies (non-members). Summary: This brochure from the American Academy of Pediatrics informs parents about the over-use of antibiotics, the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains to develop, and how to determine when antibiotics are needed and when they are not. The brochure stresses that repeated and improper use of antibiotics are some of the main causes of the increase in resistant bacteria. Some of these resistant bacteria can be treated with more powerful medicines, which may need to be given intravenously in the

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hospital, and a few resistant bacteria are already untreatable. The brochure lists common diagnoses and the likelihood that antibiotics are indicated. These include ear infections, sinus infections, cough or bronchitis, sore throat, and colds. Although viral infections may sometimes lead to bacterial infections, treating viral infections with antibiotics to prevent bacterial infections does not work, and may lead to infection with resistant bacteria. The brochure concludes with the answers to a brief list of commonly asked questions. The brochure is illustrated with full-color photographs of children. •

Understanding EUS: Endoscopic Ultrasonography Source: Manchester, MA: American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2001. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 13 Elm Street, Manchester, MA 01944. (508) 526-8330. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure offers information for readers who have been referred to have an endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), to help evaluate or treat their condition. The brochure answers frequently asked questions about the procedure. Topics include a definition of the test, why EUS may be indicated, how EUS is used in patients with cancer, how to prepare for the EUS, when antibiotics may be recommended before the EUS, what to expect during the test itself, postprocedure recovery, and the complications of EUS. EUS allows the physician to examine the stomach lining, the walls of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, and internal organs that lie next to the gastrointestinal tract, such as the gall bladder and pancreas. Although complications can occur with EUS, they are rare. Possible complications can be bleeding at the biopsy site, a sore throat, reaction to the sedatives used, aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs, infections, perforation, or complications from heart or lung diseases.

•

All About GERD: How It's Caused, How It's Treated, and How You Can Help Prevent Its Return Source: Deerfield, IL: TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. 1997. 6 p. Contact: Available from TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc. Medical Services, Bannockburn Lake Office Plaza, 2355 Waukegan Road, Deerfield, IL 60015. (800) 478-9526. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure provides basic information about the cause, treatment, and prevention of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a term used for several digestive conditions caused by regurgitation, or reflux, of acid and partly digested food from the stomach into the esophagus. The stomach is protected from acid, but the esophagus is not. The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn; swallowing difficulties are also common. With reflux esophagitis, the lower end of the esophagus near the stomach becomes inflamed and sore. A more serious kind of esophagitis is called erosive esophagitis, in which a section of the lower esophagus is eroded by gastric acid. Causes of GERD include weak muscles between the esophagus and stomach, strongly acidic gastric juices, and pregnancy. Complications of GERD include sore throat or laryngitis, respiratory problems such as asthma or pneumonia, and esophageal strictures. Diagnosis is usually done with endoscopy. The brochure outlines dietary and lifestyle changes that may help ease GERD, and medications that may be prescribed, including antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors. The brochure concludes with a summary of the information covered and space for readers to take notes. (AA-M).

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Do You Know the Symptoms of Early HIV Infection? Contact: African Services Committee, 429 W 127th St 2nd Fl, New York, NY, 10027, (212) 222-3882, http://www.africanservices.org. Summary: This brochure provides information about the symptoms of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and HIV care to Africans in New York City. Symptoms of HIV may appear within a few weeks of engaging in unprotected sex without a condom. The symptoms of HIV include fever; headache; sore throat; swelling in the neck, armpits, or groin; skin rash; diarrhea; nausea; painful urination; muscle aches; genital sores; and fatigue. Individuals who aren't experiencing these symptoms should still be tested. Individuals infected with HIV in the past ninety days may be eligible for free health monitoring and medications. The brochure provides a description of and contact information for the African Services Committee, an organization that provides services in a variety of African languages, and the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center.

•

Heartburn Source: Bethesda, MD: American Gastroenterological Association. 1996. 3 p. Contact: Available from GIDH-AGA Patient Education Center. P.O. Box 1274, West Caldwell, NJ 07007-9562. PRICE: 25 copies free to health care professionals for distribution to patients. Summary: This brochure provides patients with basic information about heartburn, the most common symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). When the lower esophageal sphincter (a muscle located between the esophagus and stomach that normally opens after swallowing) either relaxes inappropriately or is very weak, the highly acidic contents of the stomach can back up, or reflux, into the esophagus. In addition to heartburn, symptoms of GERD may include persistent sore throat, laryngitis, nighttime or chronic cough, asthma, and a feeling of a lump in the throat. The author discusses how heartburn occurs, the symptoms of heartburn, tips to control heartburn, diagnostic tests used to confirm chronic disease, the interrelationship of hiatal hernia and heartburn, treatment options for heartburn, and the complications of longterm reflux and heartburn. The brochure concludes with a glossary of terms. 2 figures. 2 references. (AA-M).

•

Nonprescription Drugs: Bayer Care Health Facts Source: Tarrytown, NY: Bayer Corporation. 2000. [7 p.]. Contact: Available from Bayer Corporation. Diagnostics Division, 511 Benedict Avenue, Tarrytown, NY 10591-5097. (800) 445-5901. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure uses a question and answer format to provide people who have diabetes with information on nonprescription drugs. People who have diabetes should check with their health care team about nonprescription drug choices that are best for them. The brochure explains how various nonprescription drugs may affect a person or his or her blood glucose, focusing on alcohol, aspirin, caffeine, cold medicines, and tobacco. This is followed by a list of tips for choosing nonprescription drugs, herbals, supplements, or self treatment items. In addition, the brochure identifies pain and fever relievers, cough medicines, cough and cold medicines, cold and allergy medications, sore throat products, vitamins, antacids, antidiarrheals, laxatives, motion sickness medicines, and appetite suppressants that contain no sugar and little or no alcohol.

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Usted Puede Prevenir el CMV: Guia Para Personas Infectadas Con el VIH Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This brochure, for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), provides information on the cytomegalovirus (CMV). It discusses the consequences of this virus including blurred vision and blindness, painful swallowing, diarrhea, pain and weakness, and numbness in the legs; how CMV is transmitted from person to person through saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, blood, urine, and breast milk, during sexual contact, breastfeeding, blood transfusions, and organ transplants; how it can be prevented by frequent hand washing, using condoms, talking to a doctor before undergoing a blood transfusion; and its symptoms including fatigue, swollen glands, fever, and sore throat; testing; and treatment. The brochure makes recommendations for individuals who work in day care centers including frequent hand washing after contact with urine or saliva, avoiding oral contact with saliva or objects covered with saliva, and talking to a doctor about whether to continue working in a day care center. Sources for locating referrals, materials, and information on HIV/AIDS treatment, clinical trials, and social security benefits are provided.

•

Gonorrhea : What You Need to Know Contact: California Family Health Council Incorporated, Education Programs Associates Division, Health Education Resource Center, 1 W Campbell Ave Ste 45, Campbell, CA, 95008, (408) 374-3720, http://epa.cfhc.org. Summary: This brochure, for the general public, discusses the sexually transmitted disease (STD), gonorrhea. The symptoms of gonorrhea include pain during urination, yellow discharge from the penis or vagina, pain or tenderness in the abdomen, and sore throat. Gonorrhea is treated with antibiotic shots or pills. Individuals with gonorrhea need to protect themselves by ensuring that partners are treated, taking all of the prescribed medication even if symptoms disappear, avoiding sex during treatment, reporting any drug side effects or new symptoms immediately to a health care provider, and undergoing follow-up treatment after the antibiotic regimen has been completed. If left untreated, gonorrhea can cause pain and swelling in the sex organs, inability to have children, heart problems, and swelling around the spinal cord. Pregnant women with gonorrhea can infect their infants. To help to prevent STDs, individuals should practice safer sex with condoms and foam during each sexual encounter. The brochure provides contact information for services from which individuals can learn more about gonorrhea.

•

Roseola Infantum Source: KidsHealth. 2001. 2 p. Contact: Available online from KidsHealth. Website: www.kidshealth.org. Summary: This fact sheet discusses roseola infantum, a viral disease affecting children between the ages of 6 months and 3 years old. This illness is caused by herpes type 6 and type 7 viruses and is characterized by high fever; a pink, raised rash on the trunk of the body; mild upper respiratory symptoms; irritability; sore throat; and swollen neck glands. The virus is spread through the respiratory fluids and saliva of infected children with an incubation period of 5 to 15 days after exposure. There is no way to prevent

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getting this illness. Treatment includes fever-- reducing medications and keeping the child cool and hydrated. •

Connecting the Dots: How Allergies Affect Your Child's Ears, Nose, and Throat Source: Alexandria, VA: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2003. Contact: Available from American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. One Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3357. (703) 836-4444. TTY: (703) 519-1585. Web site: www.entnet.org/kidsent. PRICE: Available free online. Summary: This fact sheet explains how allergies can lead to additional ear, nose, and throat problems in a child, such as ear infections, sore throats, snoring, and pediatric sinusitis, or sinus infection. It also describes appropriate treatment for both seasonal and year-round cases.

•

Esophageal Candidiasis Contact: Community AIDS Treatment Information Exchange, PO Box 1104, Toronto, (416) 203-7122, http://www.catie.ca. Summary: This fact sheet, for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), discusses the infection esophageal candidiasis, an AIDS-defining illness, which is caused by an overgrowth of candida. It discusses symptoms, which can include difficulty swallowing, a sore throat, and chest pain behind the breastbone; its diagnosis; and its prevention through using antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS, reducing intakes of sugars and starchy foods, and eating unsweetened yogurt with live bacteria culture. It discusses the medical treatments of fluconazole, itraconazole, intravenous fluconazole, and amphotericin B.

•

Acute HIV Infection Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet addresses acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Acute infection refers to the period within two to four weeks after HIV infection when the amount of HIV in the blood is very high. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, achiness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and night sweats. Individuals experiencing symptoms and who may have been exposed to HIV should get tested. The sheet discusses the type of test that should be used during acute infection, the high risk of infecting others during the acute stage, and the pros and cons of treating acute HIV or waiting until the immune system shows signs of damage.

•

Candidiasis Contact: University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, New Mexico AIDS Education and Training Center, New Mexico AIDS InfoNet, PO Box 810, Arroyo Seco, NM, 87514-0810, (505) 776-8032, http://www.aidsinfonet.org. Summary: This information sheet discusses candidiasis (thrush), a fungal infection caused by common yeast and the most common opportunistic infection (OI) in people whose immune system has been damaged by the human immunodeficiency virus

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(HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Candidiasis can infect the mouth, throat, or vagina. In the mouth, the infection is called thrush and looks like white patches similar to cottage cheese or red spots. It can cause sore throat, pain when swallowing, nausea, and loss of appetite. There is no way to prevent exposure to this fungus, and there is no way to prevent an outbreak of it. Treatments for candidiasis can be local or systemic. The fact sheet lists the local anti-fungal treatments for candidiasis and describes systemic and natural treatments for this infection. •

You Can Prevent CMV (Cytomegalovirus): A Guide for People With HIV Infection Contact: CDC National Prevention Information Network, PO Box 6003, Rockville, MD, 20849-6003, (800) 458-5231, http://www.cdcnpin.org. Summary: This pamphlet, for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), provides information on the cytomegalovirus (CMV). It discusses the consequences of CMV infection for people with HIV/AIDS including blurred vision and blindness, painful swallowing, diarrhea, pain, weakness, and numbness in the legs; how CMV is transmitted from person to person through saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, blood, urine, and breast milk, during sexual contact, breastfeeding, blood transfusions, and organ transplants; how it may be prevented by frequent hand washing, using condoms, talking to a doctor before undergoing a blood transfusion; and its symptoms including fatigue, swollen glands, fever, and sore throat; testing; and treatment. The pamphlet makes recommendations for individuals who work in day care centers including frequent hand washing after contact with urine or saliva, avoiding oral contact with saliva or objects covered with saliva, and talking to a doctor about whether to continue working in a day care center. Sources for locating referrals, materials, and information on HIV/AIDS treatment, clinical trials, and social security benefits are provided.

•

Diabetes Can Affect Your Stomach Source: Clinical Diabetes. 18(4): 152. Fall 2000. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This patient education fact sheet describes the interplay between diabetes mellitus and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The authors stress that because diabetes can affect many parts of the GI tract in different ways, symptoms may vary greatly, which often leads to difficulty in diagnosing and treating the specific problem(s). Common complaints in this population may include dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), early satiety (fullness after eating), reflux (return of gastric acid from the stomach up the esophagus, resulting in heartburn or sore throat), constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. As with other complications of diabetes, the duration of the disorder and poor glycemic control seem to be associated with more severe GI problems. Included in the fact sheet is an eight item questionnaire for screening patients for GI problems associated with their diabetes. Patients are advised to consult with their health care provider if they answer 'yes' to any of the eight questions. The fact sheet is published in the same issue as an article for health care providers on the same topic.

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The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “sore throat” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Management of sore throat and indications for tonsillectomy. A national clinical guideline Source: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network - National Government Agency [Non-U.S.]; 1999 January; 23 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=1841&nbr=1067&a mp;string=sore+AND+throat The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to sore throat. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to sore throat. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with sore throat.

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The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about sore throat. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “sore throat” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “sore throat”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “sore throat” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “sore throat” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

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Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

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Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

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California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

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California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

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California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

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California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

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California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

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California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

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California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

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California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

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California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

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California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

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California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

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California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

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Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

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Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

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Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

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Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

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Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

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Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

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Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

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Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

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Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

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Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

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Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

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Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

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Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

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Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

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Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

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Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

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Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

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Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

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Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

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Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

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Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

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Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

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Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

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Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

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Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

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Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

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Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

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Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

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Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

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Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

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Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

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Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

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Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

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Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

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Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

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Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

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Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

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Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

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National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

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National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

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National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

Finding Medical Libraries

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Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

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New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

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New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

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New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

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New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

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New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

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New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

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New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

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New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

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Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

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Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

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Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

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Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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SORE THROAT DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Cramps: Abdominal pain due to spasmodic contractions of the bowel. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyclovir: Functional analog of the nucleoside guanosine. It acts as an antimetabolite, especially in viruses. It is used as an antiviral agent, especially in herpes infections. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes

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occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Ambroxol: A metabolite of bromhexine that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride. [NIH] Amebiasis: Infection with any of various amebae. It is an asymptomatic carrier state in most individuals, but diseases ranging from chronic, mild diarrhea to fulminant dysentery may occur. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Ampulla: A sac-like enlargement of a canal or duct. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH]

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Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]

Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidiarrheals: Miscellaneous agents found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. They have no effect on the agent(s) that cause diarrhea, but merely alleviate the condition. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU]

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Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Aspergillosis: Infections with fungi of the genus Aspergillus. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied

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in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringents: Agents, usually topical, that cause the contraction of tissues for the control of bleeding or secretions. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. [NIH] Benzydamine: An analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent used to reduce postsurgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of rheumatic disease and inflammation of the mouth and throat. [NIH] Bezoar: A ball of food, mucus, vegetable fiber, hair, or other material that cannot be digested in the stomach. Bezoars can cause blockage, ulcers, and bleeding. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Pigments: Pigments that give a characteristic color to bile including: bilirubin, biliverdine, and bilicyanin. [NIH]

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Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Blastomycosis: A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1) a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2) chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung. [NIH] Blind spot: (1) A small area of the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye; occurs normally in all eyes.(2) Any gap in the visual field corresponding to an area of the retina where no visual cells are present; associated with eye disease. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a

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neurotransmitter. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchiseptica: A small, gram-negative, motile bacillus. A normal inhabitant of the respiratory tract in man, dogs, and pigs, but is also associated with canine infectious tracheobronchitis and atrophic rhinitis in pigs. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bronchus: A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Candidiasis: Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. [EU] Candidosis: An infection caused by an opportunistic yeasts that tends to proliferate and become pathologic when the environment is favorable and the host resistance is weakened. [NIH]

Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;

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called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Cataracts: In medicine, an opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye obstructing partially or totally its transmission of light. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw

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material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like species native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia. The dried flower-heads of two species, Anthemis nobilis (Chamaemelum nobile) and Matricaria recutita, have specific use as herbs. They are administered as tea, extracts, tinctures, or ointments. Chamomile contains choline, coumarins, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, salicylate derivatives, tannins, and volatile oils. [NIH] Chest cavity: Space in body surrounding the lungs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Child Care: Care of children in the home or institution. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesteatoma: A non-neoplastic keratinizing mass with stratified squamous epithelium, frequently occurring in the meninges, central nervous system, bones of the skull, and most commonly in the middle ear and mastoid region. [NIH] Choline: A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Cicatricial: Ectropion due to scar tissue on the margins or the surrounding surfaces of the eyelids. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other

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medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of gaba receptor responses. [NIH] Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collagen disease: A term previously used to describe chronic diseases of the connective tissue (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and systemic sclerosis), but now is thought to be more appropriate for diseases associated with defects in collagen, which is a component of the connective tissue. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the

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classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU]

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Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH] Coumarins: Synthetic or naturally occurring substances related to coumarin, the deltalactone of coumarinic acid. Coumarin itself occurs in the tonka bean. The various coumarins have a wide range of proposed actions and uses including as anticoagulants, pharmaceutical aids, indicators and reagents, photoreactive substances, and antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH]

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Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Day Care: Institutional health care of patients during the day. The patients return home at night. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diphtheria: A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. Diphtheria toxin, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH]

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Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Distention: The state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. [EU] Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Domesticated: Species in which the evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs. [NIH] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Doxycycline: A synthetic tetracycline derivative with a range of antimicrobial activity and mode of action similar to that of tetracycline, but more effective against many species. Animal studies suggest that it may cause less tooth staining than other tetracyclines. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dyspepsia: Impaired digestion, especially after eating. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Dysphonia: Difficulty or pain in speaking; impairment of the voice. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Earache: Pain in the ear. [NIH] Eardrum: A thin, tense membrane forming the greater part of the outer wall of the tympanic cavity and separating it from the external auditory meatus; it constitutes the boundary between the external and middle ear. [NIH] Echinacea: A genus of perennial herbs used topically and internally. It contains

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echinacoside, glycosides, inulin, isobutyl amides, resin, and sesquiterpenes. [NIH] Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Endoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on interior parts of the body. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] Endotracheal intubation: Insertion of an airtube into the windpipe. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

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Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epiglottis: Thin leaf-shaped cartilage, covered with mucous membrane, at the root of the tongue, which folds back over the entrance to the larynx, covering it, during the act of swallowing. [NIH] Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erythema: Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophageal Manometry: A test to measure muscle tone inthe esophagus. [NIH] Esophageal Stricture: A narrowing of the esophagus often caused by acid flowing back from the stomach. This condition may require surgery. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ethmoid: An unpaired cranial bone which helps form the medial walls of the orbits and contains the themoidal air cells which drain into the nose. [NIH] Eucalyptus: A genus of Australian trees of the Myrtaceae family that yields gums, oils, and resins which are used as flavoring agents, astringents, and aromatics, and formerly to treat diarrhea, asthma, bronchitis, and respiratory tract infections. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU]

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Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Facial Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetal Macrosomia: A complication of several conditions including diabetes mellitus and prolonged pregnancy. A macrosomic fetus is defined as weighing more than 4000 grams. [NIH]

Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so

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that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]

Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal candidiasis and cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS. [NIH] Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungus: A general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. [EU] GABA: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastroenterology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of the physiology and diseases of the digestive system and related structures (esophagus, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids,

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pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Giardiasis: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan Giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact. [NIH] Ginger: Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (oils, volatile). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glandular fever: A highly contagious disease of rodents caused by Pasteurella (Francisella) tularensis which may infect farm animals. It is spread mechanically either by flies or ticks, or by direct inoculation. It is characterized by fever and tubercle-like nodule formations. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glottis: The vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). [NIH] Glucans: Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen

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frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics. [NIH] Gonorrhea: Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, was isolated by Neisser in 1879. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Guinea Pigs: A common name used for the family Caviidae. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research. [NIH]

Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods. [NIH] Haloperidol: Butyrophenone derivative. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced: Hearing loss from exposure to noise. The loss is often in the

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frequency range 4000-6000 hertz. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatomegaly: Enlargement of the liver. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH] Hiatal Hernia: A small opening in the diaphragm that allows the upper part of the stomach to move up into the chest. Causes heartburn from stomach acid flowing back up through the opening. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Hoarseness: An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrocortisone: The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation,

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allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperacusis: An abnormally disproportionate increase in the sensation of loudness in response to auditory stimuli of normal volume. Cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; facial nerve diseases; stapes surgery; and other disorders may be associated with this condition. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Ibuprofen: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic properties used in the therapy of rheumatism and arthritis. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusion: A false interpretation of a genuine percept. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH]

effects

of

foreign

Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

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Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Incubation period: The period of time likely to elapse between exposure to the agent of the disease and the onset of clinical symptoms. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Influenza: An acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH]

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Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Itraconazole: An antifungal agent that has been used in the treatment of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcal meningitis, and aspergillosis. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]

Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Labyrinthitis: Inflammation of the inner ear. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large

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intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Laryngeal Diseases: General or unspecified disorders of the larynx. [NIH] Laryngeal Mucosa: The mucous lining of the larynx; mainly stratified squamous epithelium in the upper part and ciliated columnar in the lower part of the larynx. [NIH] Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx. This condition presents itself with dryness and soreness of the throat, difficulty in swallowing, cough, and hoarseness. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Legionellosis: Infections with bacteria of the genus Legionella. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified

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who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lubrication: The application of a substance to diminish friction between two surfaces. It may refer to oils, greases, and similar substances for the lubrication of medical equipment but it can be used for the application of substances to tissue to reduce friction, such as lotions for skin and vaginal lubricants. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphadenitis: Inflammation of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphadenopathy: Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malaise: A vague feeling of bodily discomfort. [EU] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Manifest: Being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. [EU] Mannans: Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units. [NIH] Manometry: Tests that measure muscle pressure and movements in the GI tract. [NIH]

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Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. [EU] Maxillary Sinus: One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. [NIH] Meatus: A canal running from the internal auditory foramen through the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It gives passage to the facial and auditory nerves together with the auditory branch of the basilar artery and the internal auditory veins. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. [EU] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU]

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Metronidazole: Antiprotozoal used in amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and as treponemacide in livestock. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed). [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mouth Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucociliary: Pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, .): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucosal Lining: The lining of GI tract organs that makes mucus. [NIH] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness,

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numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myositis: Inflammation of a voluntary muscle. [EU] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Nasal Cavity: The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the nasal septum, lined with ciliated mucosa, extending from the nares to the pharynx. [NIH] Nasal Mucosa: The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity. [NIH] Nasal Polyps: Focal accumulations of edema fluid in the nasal mucosa accompanied by hyperplasia of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be neoplasms, foci of inflammation, degenerative lesions, or malformations. [NIH] Nasal Septum: The partition separating the two nasal cavities in the midplane, composed of cartilaginous, membranous and bony parts. [NIH] Nasopharynx: The nasal part of the pharynx, lying above the level of the soft palate. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephritis: Inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors

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which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve. [NIH] Neuroma: A tumor that arises in nerve cells. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicotine: Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Observational study: An epidemiologic study that does not involve any intervention, experimental or otherwise. Such a study may be one in which nature is allowed to take its course, with changes in one characteristic being studied in relation to changes in other characteristics. Analytical epidemiologic methods, such as case-control and cohort study designs, are properly called observational epidemiology because the investigator is observing without intervention other than to record, classify, count, and statistically analyze results. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU]

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Odynophagia: A painful condition of the esophagus. [NIH] Office Visits: Visits made by patients to health service providers' offices for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. [NIH] Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oncogenes: Genes which can potentially induce neoplastic transformation. They include genes for growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. When these genes are constitutively expressed after structural and/or regulatory changes, uncontrolled cell proliferation may result. Viral oncogenes have prefix "v-" before the gene symbol; cellular oncogenes (protooncogenes) have the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Ossicles: The hammer, anvil and stirrup, the small bones of the middle ear, which transmit the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. [NIH] Otitis: Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. [EU] Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. [NIH] Otosclerosis: The formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule. The ossicles can become fixed and unable to transmit sound vibrations, thereby causing deafness. [NIH] Outer ear: The pinna and external meatus of the ear. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

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Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palsy: Disease of the peripheral nervous system occurring usually after many years of increased lead absorption. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Paranasal Sinuses: Air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary cranial bones. They vary in size and form in different individuals and are lined by the ciliated mucous membranes of the nasal cavity. [NIH]

Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Patient Selection: Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease. [NIH] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH]

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Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]

Perilymph: The fluid contained within the space separating the membranous from the osseous labyrinth of the ear. [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Pertussis: An acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the throat. [NIH]

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Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH]

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Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Premalignant: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called precancerous. [NIH] Premedication: Preliminary administration of a drug preceding a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure. The commonest types of premedication are antibiotics (antibiotic prophylaxis) and anti-anxiety agents. It does not include preanesthetic medication. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or

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severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proton Pump: Integral membrane proteins that transport protons across a membrane against a concentration gradient. This transport is driven by hydrolysis of ATP by H(+)transporting ATP synthase. [NIH] Proton Pump Inhibitors: Medicines that stop the stomach's acid pump. Examples are omeprazole (oh-MEH-prah-zol) (Prilosec) and lansoprazole (lan-SOH-prah-zol) (Prevacid). [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogenes: Normal cellular genes homologous to viral oncogenes. The products of proto-oncogenes are important regulators of biological processes and appear to be involved in the events that serve to maintain the ordered procession through the cell cycle. Protooncogenes have names of the form c-onc. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH]

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Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH]

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Respiratory Physiology: Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Salivation: 1. The secretion of saliva. 2. Ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). [EU] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Septal: An abscess occurring at the root of the tooth on the proximal surface. [NIH]

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Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Septicaemia: A term originally used to denote a putrefactive process in the body, but now usually referring to infection with pyogenic micro-organisms; a genus of Diptera; the severe type of infection in which the blood stream is invaded by large numbers of the causal. [NIH] Septum: A dividing wall or partition; a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. [EU] Septum Pellucidum: A triangular double membrane separating the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain. It is situated in the median plane and bounded by the corpus callosum and the body and columns of the fornix. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sinusitis: An inflammatory process of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses that occurs in three stages: acute, subacute, and chronic. Sinusitis results from any condition causing ostial obstruction or from pathophysiologic changes in the mucociliary transport mechanism. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sleep apnea: A serious, potentially life-threatening breathing disorder characterized by repeated cessation of breathing due to either collapse of the upper airway during sleep or absence of respiratory effort. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Snoring: Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH]

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Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen. [NIH] Spotting: A slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. [EU] Sputum: The material expelled from the respiratory passages by coughing or clearing the throat. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous Epithelium: Tissue in an organ such as the esophagus. Consists of layers of flat, scaly cells. [NIH] Stapes: One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the internal ear. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on

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muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stomatitis: Inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. [EU]

Streptococcal: Caused by infection due to any species of streptococcus. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sunburn: An injury to the skin causing erythema, tenderness, and sometimes blistering and resulting from excessive exposure to the sun. The reaction is produced by the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Suppressive: Tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatic treatment: Therapy that eases symptoms without addressing the cause of disease. [NIH]

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Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Temazepam: A benzodiazepinone that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-anxiety agent. [NIH]

Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetracycline: An antibiotic originally produced by Streptomyces viridifaciens, but used mostly in synthetic form. It is an inhibitor of aminoacyl-tRNA binding during protein synthesis. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH]

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Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Ticks: Blood-sucking arachnids of the order Acarina. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tips to control heartburn: Avoid lying down 2 to 3 hours after eating. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tome: A zone produced by a number of irregular spaces contained in the outermost layer of denture of the root of a tooth. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonsil: A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the pharynx situated on each side of the fauces, between the anterior and posterior pillars of the soft palate. [NIH] Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. It is often caused by a bacterium. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent. [NIH] Tooth Loss: The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH]

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Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trichomoniasis: An infection with the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ulceration: 1. The formation or development of an ulcer. 2. An ulcer. [EU] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Uvula: Uvula palatinae; specifically, the tongue-like process which projects from the middle

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of the posterior edge of the soft palate. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginitis: Inflammation of the vagina characterized by pain and a purulent discharge. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventilation: 1. In respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. In psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertigo: An illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. [EU] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH]

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Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vocal cord: The vocal folds of the larynx. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Whooping Cough: A respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath. [NIH] Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH]

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INDEX A Abdomen, 13, 119, 133, 138, 148, 152, 156, 157, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178 Abdominal, 4, 7, 121, 133, 145, 164 Abdominal Cramps, 4, 133 Abdominal Pain, 121, 133 Abscess, 92, 133, 170 Acetylcholine, 133, 141, 162 Acoustic, 78, 86, 133, 177 Acute renal, 133, 153 Acyclovir, 7, 133 Adenosine, 133, 139 Adhesives, 77, 82, 133 Adjuvant, 19, 50, 133, 151 Adrenal Cortex, 133, 153 Adverse Effect, 79, 87, 133, 171 Agar, 38, 133, 145, 154 Agonist, 133, 146, 162 Airway, 12, 30, 31, 34, 37, 133, 171, 178 Alertness, 133, 139 Algorithms, 134, 138 Alimentary, 134, 165 Alkaline, 134, 137, 139 Alkaloid, 134, 142, 162 Alternative medicine, 94, 134 Alveoli, 134, 177 Ambroxol, 22, 26, 134 Amebiasis, 134, 160 Ameliorated, 56, 134 Amine, 134, 153 Amino Acids, 134, 165, 168 Amphetamines, 134, 142 Ampulla, 134, 147 Anaesthesia, 12, 13, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 43, 45, 50, 134 Anaesthetic, 22, 26, 134 Anal, 134, 149, 157 Analgesic, 19, 50, 77, 80, 134, 137, 150, 154 Analog, 133, 134 Analogous, 135, 166, 176 Analytes, 112, 135 Anatomical, 90, 135, 155, 170 Anesthesia, 20, 25, 31, 36, 37, 38, 43, 48, 133, 135, 167 Anesthetics, 100, 135, 152 Angina, 78, 86, 135 Ankle, 86, 135 Anorexia, 47, 134, 135

Antagonism, 135, 139 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 135, 167 Antibacterial, 75, 135, 172 Antibiotic, 12, 17, 22, 47, 74, 79, 90, 115, 116, 119, 135, 164, 167, 172, 174 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 135, 167 Antibodies, 135, 155 Antibody, 16, 24, 135, 136, 142, 154, 155 Anticonvulsant, 135, 142 Antidepressant, 39, 135 Antidiarrheals, 118, 135 Antidote, 96, 135 Antifungal, 136, 150, 156 Antigen, 135, 136, 143, 154, 155 Anti-infective, 74, 136 Anti-inflammatory, 34, 55, 56, 74, 80, 81, 85, 136, 137, 150, 151, 154, 170 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 136 Antimetabolite, 133, 136 Antimicrobial, 74, 75, 136, 146 Antioxidant, 56, 136 Antipyretic, 55, 80, 136, 137, 150 Antispasmodic, 136, 152 Antiviral, 75, 76, 133, 136 Antiviral Agents, 76, 136 Anus, 134, 136, 169 Anxiety, 19, 135, 136, 174 Apnea, 59, 136 Aqueous, 79, 83, 136, 137, 147, 157 Arachidonic Acid, 81, 136, 157, 168 Arginine, 136, 162 Aromatic, 87, 136 Arteries, 116, 136, 138, 144, 160, 174 Arteriolar, 136, 138 Arteritis, 116, 136, 167 Articular, 96, 136 Aspergillosis, 136, 156 Aspiration, 8, 95, 117, 136 Aspirin, 19, 45, 50, 81, 86, 118, 136 Assay, 32, 137, 154 Astringents, 137, 148 Atypical, 4, 137 Auditory, 137, 146, 154, 159, 177 Autoimmune disease, 137, 161 B Back Pain, 7, 137 Bacterial Infections, 115, 117, 137, 141 Bactericidal, 137, 148

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Sore Throat

Bacterium, 75, 137, 153, 175 Barium, 8, 137 Base, 23, 137, 156, 174 Benign, 89, 137, 152, 161 Benzene, 80, 137 Benzocaine, 47, 137 Benzydamine, 22, 137 Bezoar, 61, 137 Bilateral, 19, 137 Bile, 137, 150, 156, 157, 172 Bile Acids, 137, 150, 172 Bile Pigments, 137, 156 Biological therapy, 138, 152 Biopsy, 91, 117, 138 Biosynthesis, 136, 138 Biotechnology, 10, 11, 94, 107, 138 Bladder, 3, 117, 138, 145, 161, 176 Blastocyst, 138, 143 Blastomycosis, 138, 156 Blind spot, 4, 138 Bloating, 138, 155 Blood Glucose, 118, 138 Blood pressure, 86, 138, 154 Blood transfusion, 119, 121, 138 Blood vessel, 138, 140, 141, 147, 151, 153, 158, 165, 171, 173, 174, 177 Bone Marrow, 5, 86, 137, 138, 154, 158 Bowel, 7, 74, 133, 134, 138, 145, 156, 157 Bradykinin, 28, 37, 138, 156, 162 Branch, 24, 129, 139, 151, 158, 159, 164, 168, 172, 174 Breakdown, 5, 139, 145, 150 Bronchi, 139, 175 Bronchial, 139, 153 Bronchiseptica, 139, 165 Bronchitis, 6, 14, 58, 75, 91, 117, 139, 148 Bronchoconstriction, 8, 139 Bronchus, 139 Buccal, 139, 158, 173 Bupivacaine, 139, 157 Burns, 87, 139 Burns, Electric, 139 C Caffeine, 8, 19, 50, 75, 118, 139 Calcium, 139, 143 Candidiasis, 5, 113, 120, 139, 150 Candidosis, 139 Capillary, 138, 139, 140 Capillary Permeability, 138, 140 Capsules, 77, 140, 151 Carbohydrate, 7, 140 Carbon Dioxide, 140, 145, 149, 150

Carcinogen, 140, 160 Carcinogenic, 80, 137, 140, 172 Carcinoma, 9, 140 Cardiac, 25, 139, 140, 147, 150, 157, 161, 172 Case report, 5, 23, 42, 140, 142 Case series, 35, 140, 142 Cataracts, 86, 140 Catheterization, 140, 156 Caudal, 140, 167 Causal, 9, 140, 171, 174 Cell Division, 137, 140, 152, 166 Cell proliferation, 140, 163 Cell Survival, 140, 152 Cellulose, 140, 150, 166 Central Nervous System, 88, 133, 134, 137, 139, 141, 142, 150, 152, 157, 160, 163 Central Nervous System Infections, 141, 152 Cerebral, 78, 86, 141, 148 Cerebral Palsy, 78, 86, 141 Cerebrovascular, 78, 86, 141 Cerebrum, 141 Cervical, 19, 20, 141 Cervix, 141 Chamomile, 22, 50, 54, 87, 141 Chest cavity, 141, 166 Chest Pain, 4, 6, 92, 95, 120, 141 Child Care, 5, 141 Chlorophyll, 141, 150 Cholesteatoma, 89, 141 Choline, 141 Cholinergic, 141, 162 Chromosomal, 141, 166 Chronic Disease, 118, 141, 142 Cicatricial, 39, 141 Clinical study, 141, 144 Clinical trial, 9, 107, 115, 119, 121, 142, 144, 146, 164, 169 Clonazepam, 78, 86, 142 Clonic, 142 Cloning, 138, 142 Coal, 137, 142 Coca, 142 Cocaine, 13, 142 Cochlea, 142, 155 Cochlear, 142, 154, 175, 177 Cochlear Diseases, 142, 175 Collagen, 133, 142, 151, 154, 166 Collagen disease, 142, 154 Collapse, 139, 142, 171 Complement, 142, 143

Index 181

Complementary and alternative medicine, 53, 69, 143 Complementary medicine, 53, 143 Computational Biology, 107, 143 Computed tomography, 91, 143 Computerized axial tomography, 143 Computerized tomography, 143 Conception, 76, 143, 149 Condoms, 119, 121, 143 Congestion, 4, 78, 85, 86, 96, 143, 148 Conjunctiva, 144, 155 Connective Tissue, 138, 142, 144, 149, 151, 158, 161, 170 Consciousness, 134, 135, 144 Constipation, 121, 144 Constitutional, 96, 144, 161 Constriction, 144, 178 Contamination, 144, 153 Contraindications, ii, 144 Control group, 4, 144 Controlled clinical trial, 21, 77, 144 Controlled study, 27, 34, 41, 56, 144 Coordination, 144, 161 Coronary, 144, 160 Coronary Thrombosis, 144, 160 Corpus, 144, 164, 171 Corticosteroids, 7, 144, 151 Cortisone, 86, 144 Coumarins, 141, 144 Cranial, 144, 148, 149, 152, 156, 162, 163, 164, 165, 177 Craniocerebral Trauma, 144, 152, 175 Culture Media, 133, 145 Curative, 88, 145, 174 Cutaneous, 138, 139, 145, 158 Cyclic, 5, 139, 145, 152, 162 Cystitis, 3, 145 Cytokine, 96, 145 Cytomegalovirus, 119, 121, 145 D Databases, Bibliographic, 107, 145 Day Care, 119, 121, 145 Decarboxylation, 145, 153 Degenerative, 145, 153, 161 Diabetes Mellitus, 121, 145, 149, 152 Diagnostic procedure, 73, 94, 145 Diaphragm, 145, 153, 166 Diarrhea, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121, 134, 135, 145, 148 Digestion, 134, 137, 138, 145, 146, 155, 156, 157, 165, 173 Digestive system, 145, 150, 160

Dilation, 138, 145 Diphtheria, 5, 145 Diploid, 145, 166 Direct, iii, 8, 99, 146, 151, 169 Disinfectant, 146, 148 Distal, 8, 146, 151, 168 Distention, 7, 146 Diuresis, 139, 146 Dizziness, 4, 89, 96, 114, 146, 177 Domesticated, 146, 152 Dopamine, 142, 146 Dorsal, 146, 167 Double-blinded, 56, 146 Doxycycline, 74, 146 Drip, 96, 113, 146 Drug Interactions, 100, 101, 146 Duct, 134, 140, 146, 148, 170 Duodenum, 137, 146, 147, 164, 173 Dyspareunia, 95, 146 Dyspepsia, 146, 155 Dysphagia, 7, 39, 58, 92, 121, 146 Dysphonia, 4, 90, 146 Dyspnea, 39, 146 Dystrophy, 78, 86, 146 E Earache, 23, 91, 146 Eardrum, 89, 146 Echinacea, 65, 80, 85, 146 Echocardiography, 25, 147 Edema, 137, 147, 156, 161 Efficacy, 22, 34, 50, 54, 56, 74, 147 Effusion, 79, 147 Ejaculation, 147, 170 Electrons, 136, 137, 147, 156, 163, 169 Embryo, 138, 147, 166 Emphysema, 13, 147 Emulsion, 147, 150 Endocarditis, 139, 147 Endometrium, 147, 159 Endoscope, 147 Endoscopic, 5, 117, 147 Endoscopy, 6, 8, 117, 147 Endothelium, 147, 162 Endothelium-derived, 147, 162 Endotoxin, 147, 176 Endotracheal intubation, 25, 31, 32, 36, 37, 50, 147 Environmental Health, 106, 108, 147 Enzymatic, 139, 143, 148, 153 Enzyme, 38, 148, 152, 164, 165, 167 Eosinophilia, 56, 148 Eosinophils, 148, 157

182

Sore Throat

Epidemiological, 3, 27, 148 Epigastric, 148, 164 Epiglottis, 148 Epiglottitis, 14, 44, 113, 148 Epithelial, 148, 153 Epithelial Cells, 148, 153 Epithelium, 8, 147, 148, 150 Erectile, 148, 164 Erythema, 4, 148, 173 Erythrocytes, 138, 148, 169 Esophageal, 4, 8, 9, 90, 91, 92, 95, 117, 120, 148, 151 Esophageal Manometry, 8, 9, 148 Esophageal Stricture, 95, 117, 148 Esophagitis, 7, 8, 117, 148, 151 Esophagus, 4, 7, 8, 92, 95, 117, 118, 121, 145, 148, 150, 151, 153, 158, 163, 166, 169, 172, 173 Ethanol, 76, 148 Ethmoid, 74, 148, 164 Eucalyptus, 80, 84, 87, 148 Evacuation, 144, 148, 157 Evoke, 148, 173 Exocrine, 148, 164 Extensor, 149, 168 Extraction, 79, 83, 149 F Facial, 91, 149, 154, 159 Facial Nerve, 149, 154 Facial Nerve Diseases, 149, 154 Family Planning, 107, 149 Family Practice, 10, 18, 19, 21, 22, 26, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45, 149 Fat, 8, 136, 138, 149, 157, 161, 170, 171 Fatigue, 54, 58, 75, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 149 Fatty acids, 149, 168, 174 Febrile, 41, 96, 149 Feces, 144, 149 Fetal Macrosomia, 7, 149 Fetus, 7, 149, 176 Fibrosis, 149, 170 Fistula, 89, 149 Fixation, 82, 149 Flavoring Agents, 148, 150 Fluconazole, 120, 150 Flurbiprofen, 21, 27, 34, 80, 150 Forearm, 138, 150 Fovea, 150 Friction, 150, 158 Fungi, 74, 115, 136, 150, 160, 178 Fungus, 121, 139, 150

G GABA, 142, 150, 174 Gallbladder, 133, 145, 150 Gas, 140, 150, 154, 155, 162, 169, 173, 177 Gas exchange, 150, 169, 177 Gasoline, 137, 150 Gastric, 9, 95, 117, 121, 150, 153, 165 Gastric Acid, 117, 121, 150 Gastric Juices, 117, 150, 165 Gastric Mucosa, 150, 165 Gastroenterology, 91, 92, 150 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 58, 92, 95, 117, 118, 150, 151 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 58, 92, 95, 117, 118, 151 Gastrointestinal, 8, 21, 74, 81, 95, 116, 117, 121, 138, 148, 151, 152, 157, 173 Gastrointestinal tract, 74, 117, 148, 151, 152, 157 Gelatin, 77, 145, 151, 173 Gene, 116, 138, 151, 163 General practitioner, 11, 13, 33, 48, 151 Genital, 7, 75, 118, 151, 176 Gestational, 7, 151 Giardiasis, 151, 160 Ginger, 65, 66, 78, 85, 86, 151 Gland, 78, 86, 133, 144, 151, 158, 164, 170, 173, 174 Glandular fever, 46, 151 Glomerulus, 151, 161 Glottis, 151, 165 Glucans, 85, 151 Glucocorticoid, 116, 151, 153 Glucose, 138, 140, 145, 151 Glucose Intolerance, 145, 151 Glycoprotein, 152, 176 Glycopyrrolate, 43, 79, 87, 152 Gonorrhea, 115, 119, 152 Governing Board, 152, 167 Graft, 152, 153 Gram-positive, 152, 173 Granuloma, 4, 9, 152 Gravis, 78, 86, 152 Groin, 118, 152 Growth, 81, 135, 136, 140, 145, 152, 158, 161, 163, 166, 174, 177 Growth factors, 81, 152, 163 Guanylate Cyclase, 152, 162 Guinea Pigs, 56, 152 H Hair follicles, 152, 178 Halitosis, 74, 152

Index 183

Haloperidol, 78, 86, 152 Haploid, 152, 166 Headache, 4, 6, 114, 115, 118, 120, 139, 152, 155 Headache Disorders, 152 Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced, 92, 152 Heartburn, 4, 6, 7, 58, 92, 95, 117, 118, 121, 153, 155 Hemolytic, 19, 153 Hemorrhage, 144, 152, 153, 173 Hepatic, 96, 153 Hepatitis, 14, 153 Hepatitis A, 14, 153 Hepatocytes, 153 Hepatomegaly, 96, 153 Hepatovirus, 75, 153 Heredity, 151, 153 Herpes, 7, 75, 119, 133, 153 Herpes Zoster, 153 Heterotrophic, 150, 153 Hiatal Hernia, 118, 153 Histamine, 4, 153 Histidine, 153 Hoarseness, 6, 7, 8, 9, 20, 24, 25, 30, 46, 48, 50, 80, 90, 91, 92, 153, 157 Homeopathic remedies, 80, 153 Hormonal, 86, 153 Hormone, 144, 153, 159, 170, 174 Host, 6, 85, 139, 153, 154, 157, 177 Hydrocortisone, 23, 32, 50, 153 Hydrogen, 134, 137, 140, 154, 160, 163, 168 Hydrolysis, 154, 168 Hyperacusis, 89, 149, 154 Hyperbilirubinemia, 154, 156 Hyperglycemia, 7, 154 Hyperplasia, 154, 161 Hypersensitivity, 53, 154, 157, 170 Hypertension, 154, 156 I Ibuprofen, 45, 86, 154 Id, 51, 57, 112, 113, 122, 128, 130, 154 Illusion, 154, 177 Immune response, 76, 133, 136, 137, 144, 154, 173, 177, 178 Immune system, 85, 115, 120, 138, 153, 154, 155, 157, 161, 177, 178 Immunity, 74, 154 Immunization, 154, 167 Immunoassay, 38, 154 Immunodeficiency, 118, 119, 120, 121, 154 Immunodiffusion, 133, 154, 155 Immunoelectrophoresis, 133, 155

Immunologic, 154, 155 Immunology, 133, 155 Immunosuppressive, 151, 155 Impairment, 146, 155, 159 Implantation, 143, 155 Incision, 155, 156 Incompetence, 151, 155 Incubation, 119, 155, 165 Incubation period, 119, 155, 165 Indicative, 90, 92, 155, 164, 177 Indigestion, 50, 155 Infancy, 5, 155 Infarction, 144, 155, 160 Influenza, 6, 58, 74, 75, 90, 155 Infusion, 155, 176 Ingestion, 79, 87, 152, 155, 166 Inner ear, 92, 142, 155, 156 Inorganic, 156, 160 Insulator, 156, 161 Internal Medicine, 8, 19, 24, 42, 54, 150, 156 Interstitial, 3, 156, 161 Intestinal, 74, 156 Intestine, 138, 146, 151, 153, 156, 173 Intracellular, 139, 155, 156, 159, 162 Intracranial Hypertension, 152, 156, 175 Intravenous, 43, 120, 155, 156 Intubation, 16, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 45, 48, 140, 156 Inulin, 147, 156 Invasive, 4, 154, 156, 158 Involuntary, 156, 161, 169, 171, 172 Ions, 137, 154, 156, 160 Itraconazole, 120, 156 J Jaundice, 11, 154, 156 Joint, 86, 116, 136, 156, 167 K Kallidin, 138, 156 Kb, 106, 156 L Labyrinth, 142, 155, 156, 163, 165, 170, 177 Labyrinthitis, 89, 92, 156 Laceration, 156, 174 Large Intestine, 145, 156, 169 Laryngeal, 9, 12, 30, 34, 39, 43, 90, 113, 157 Laryngeal Diseases, 90, 157 Laryngeal Mucosa, 10, 157 Laryngitis, 4, 8, 9, 78, 80, 85, 86, 92, 95, 113, 117, 118, 157 Larynx, 4, 91, 92, 148, 151, 157, 175, 177, 178

184

Sore Throat

Laxative, 133, 157 Legionellosis, 55, 157 Lens, 140, 157 Lesion, 91, 138, 152, 157, 160, 176 Lethal, 14, 137, 157 Leukocytes, 138, 148, 157, 176 Leukotrienes, 136, 157 Library Services, 128, 157 Lidocaine, 25, 31, 32, 43, 44, 157 Life cycle, 150, 157 Linkages, 151, 157, 165 Lipid, 140, 141, 157, 161 Liver, 133, 136, 137, 145, 147, 149, 150, 153, 157 Localized, 145, 149, 155, 157, 160, 166, 174, 176 Locomotion, 157, 166 Longitudinal study, 43, 157 Loop, 115, 158 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 4, 118, 151, 158 Lubricants, 158 Lubrication, 26, 31, 44, 158 Lumbar, 137, 158 Lupus, 42, 142, 158 Lymph, 5, 19, 20, 96, 120, 141, 147, 158 Lymph node, 5, 19, 141, 158 Lymphadenitis, 5, 158 Lymphadenopathy, 20, 96, 158 Lymphatic, 147, 155, 158, 172 Lymphatic system, 158, 172 Lymphoid, 135, 144, 158, 175 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 91, 158 Malaise, 5, 158 Malignant, 55, 158, 161 Manifest, 74, 158 Mannans, 150, 158 Manometry, 158 Maxillary, 74, 96, 159, 164 Maxillary Sinus, 96, 159 Meatus, 146, 159, 163, 177 Medial, 148, 159 Medical Staff, 146, 159 Medicament, 84, 159, 173 MEDLINE, 107, 159 Melanocytes, 159 Melanoma, 55, 159 Membrane, 78, 85, 86, 143, 144, 146, 148, 157, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171 Membrane Proteins, 159, 168

Memory, 135, 159 Meninges, 141, 144, 159 Meningitis, 150, 156, 159 Menstrual Cycle, 76, 159 Menstruation, 159 Mental Disorders, 159, 167, 168 Mental Health, iv, 8, 106, 108, 159, 167, 168 Mental Retardation, 78, 86, 159 Menthol, 67, 84, 159 Metabolite, 134, 159 Metronidazole, 74, 160 MI, 89, 131, 160 Microbiological, 19, 27, 160 Microbiology, 11, 19, 137, 160 Micro-organism, 160, 171 Migration, 114, 160 Miscible, 82, 160 Mitochondrial Swelling, 160, 161 Modulator, 160, 174 Molecular, 107, 109, 138, 143, 156, 160, 176 Molecular Structure, 160, 176 Molecule, 80, 136, 137, 140, 143, 147, 154, 160, 163, 166, 169 Mononuclear, 152, 160, 176 Morphological, 147, 150, 159, 160 Motion Sickness, 92, 118, 160, 161 Mouth Ulcer, 5, 160 Mucins, 160, 170 Mucociliary, 134, 160, 171 Mucosa, 82, 150, 158, 160, 161, 173 Mucosal Lining, 82, 160 Mucositis, 78, 85, 86, 160 Mucus, 76, 84, 115, 137, 160 Multiple sclerosis, 115, 160 Muscular Dystrophies, 146, 161 Myalgia, 155, 161 Myasthenia, 78, 86, 161 Myelin, 161 Myocarditis, 145, 161 Myocardium, 160, 161 Myositis, 36, 161 Myotonic Dystrophy, 78, 86, 161 N Nasal Cavity, 74, 159, 161, 164 Nasal Mucosa, 155, 161 Nasal Polyps, 92, 161 Nasal Septum, 161 Nasopharynx, 79, 83, 161 Nausea, 4, 7, 50, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 155, 161 Necrosis, 56, 115, 155, 160, 161

Index 185

Need, 3, 6, 89, 91, 95, 116, 119, 123, 161, 175 Neonatal, 79, 83, 161 Neoplasms, 161 Neoplastic, 141, 154, 161, 163 Nephritis, 14, 161 Nerve, 78, 86, 87, 135, 137, 149, 161, 162, 163, 167, 170, 173, 177 Nerve Endings, 137, 161 Nerve Fibers, 137, 162 Nervous System, 141, 161, 162, 165, 174 Neural, 88, 162 Neuralgia, 78, 86, 112, 113, 162 Neuroma, 78, 86, 162 Neurons, 142, 161, 162, 174, 177 Neutropenia, 5, 162 Neutrophil, 5, 162 Nicotine, 78, 86, 162 Nitric Oxide, 79, 87, 162 Nitrogen, 134, 149, 162 Nuclear, 147, 161, 162, 163 Nuclei, 147, 149, 158, 162, 163, 168, 177 Nucleus, 145, 148, 160, 162, 168, 177 O Observational study, 24, 162 Odour, 136, 162 Odynophagia, 92, 163 Office Visits, 5, 163 Ointments, 141, 163 Oncogenes, 81, 163, 168 Opacity, 140, 163 Ophthalmology, 149, 163 Optic Nerve, 138, 163, 170 Oral Health, 163 Oral Hygiene, 5, 152, 163 Ossicles, 163, 172 Otitis, 5, 34, 79, 83, 89, 163 Otitis Media, 5, 34, 79, 83, 89, 163 Otosclerosis, 89, 92, 163 Outer ear, 89, 163 Outpatient, 4, 79, 163 Ovary, 163, 166 Overdose, 39, 163 Ovulation, 76, 163 Oxidation, 136, 163 P Palate, 161, 164, 171, 173, 175, 177 Palliative, 164, 174 Palsy, 78, 86, 87, 164 Pancreas, 117, 133, 145, 150, 164 Pancreatic, 151, 164 Pancreatic Juice, 151, 164

Papilla, 164 Papillary, 56, 164 Paralysis, 92, 164 Paranasal Sinuses, 159, 164, 171 Parietal, 164, 166 Paroxysmal, 152, 164, 165, 178 Patch, 164, 176 Pathogen, 155, 164 Pathologic, 138, 139, 144, 154, 164, 168, 169 Pathophysiology, 4, 8, 164 Patient Education, 114, 118, 121, 126, 128, 131, 164 Patient Selection, 5, 164 Pelvic, 4, 164 Penicillamine, 115, 116, 164 Penicillin, 10, 18, 21, 28, 29, 46, 47, 93, 116, 135, 164, 177 Penis, 119, 143, 147, 164, 165 Pepsin, 164, 165 Pepsin A, 165 Peptic, 81, 165 Peptic Ulcer, 81, 165 Peptide, 165, 168 Perennial, 146, 165, 176 Perforation, 92, 117, 165 Perfusion, 5, 165 Pericarditis, 96, 165 Pericardium, 165 Perilymph, 89, 165 Periodontal disease, 74, 150, 165 Periodontitis, 74, 81, 165 Peripheral Nervous System, 164, 165, 173 Pertussis, 5, 165, 178 Phallic, 149, 165 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 141, 148, 151, 165 Pharmacologic, 135, 165, 175 Pharyngitis, 5, 13, 21, 44, 56, 59, 81, 165 Pharynx, 5, 151, 155, 161, 166, 175, 177 Phospholipids, 149, 166 Physical Examination, 91, 166 Physiologic, 9, 133, 138, 156, 159, 166, 169 Physiology, 150, 166 Pigment, 159, 166 Plants, 79, 83, 134, 140, 141, 142, 151, 156, 166, 175, 176 Plasma, 135, 151, 166, 170 Plasmid, 115, 166 Platelet Aggregation, 162, 166, 174 Platelets, 162, 166 Platinum, 158, 166 Pleura, 166

186

Sore Throat

Pleural, 5, 166 Pleural cavity, 5, 166 Poisoning, 90, 161, 166 Pollen, 53, 74, 166 Polymerase, 136, 167 Polymers, 82, 167, 168 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 116, 167 Posterior, 4, 134, 137, 146, 164, 167, 175, 177 Postoperative, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 167 Post-traumatic, 137, 152, 167 Potentiate, 79, 87, 167 Practice Guidelines, 108, 122, 167 Precancerous, 8, 167 Precursor, 136, 141, 146, 148, 167, 177 Premalignant, 167 Premedication, 31, 43, 167 Prevalence, 32, 44, 92, 167 Primary Prevention, 6, 167 Procaine, 157, 167 Progression, 39, 167 Progressive, 152, 161, 167 Prone, 84, 168 Prophylaxis, 136, 168, 177 Prospective study, 14, 24, 157, 168 Prostaglandins, 81, 136, 168 Prosthesis, 82, 168 Protein Kinases, 163, 168 Protein S, 136, 138, 168, 174 Proteins, 114, 134, 136, 142, 155, 159, 160, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 175, 176 Proton Pump, 4, 8, 9, 117, 168 Proton Pump Inhibitors, 8, 9, 117, 168 Protons, 154, 168, 169 Proto-Oncogenes, 163, 168 Protozoa, 160, 168 Proximal, 92, 146, 161, 167, 168, 170 Psoriasis, 114, 168 Psychiatry, 149, 168, 177 Public Health, 5, 13, 15, 41, 108, 168 Public Policy, 107, 169 Publishing, 10, 169 Pulmonary, 6, 8, 11, 23, 47, 138, 157, 169, 177 Pulmonary Artery, 138, 169 Purulent, 133, 169, 177 Pyogenic, 169, 171 R Race, 81, 160, 169 Radiation, 160, 169, 173, 178

Randomized, 13, 21, 30, 56, 57, 147, 169 Receptor, 4, 9, 136, 142, 146, 169 Rectal, 82, 169 Rectum, 82, 136, 145, 150, 156, 169, 173 Red blood cells, 148, 153, 169 Refer, 1, 139, 142, 146, 149, 150, 153, 157, 158, 169, 171, 177 Reflex, 8, 84, 169 Reflux, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 31, 55, 95, 117, 118, 121, 150, 151, 169 Refraction, 169, 172 Regimen, 9, 119, 147, 169 Regurgitation, 4, 92, 117, 151, 153, 169 Reliability, 19, 169 Resorption, 150, 169 Respiratory failure, 13, 14, 169 Respiratory Physiology, 170, 177 Retina, 138, 157, 163, 170 Rheumatism, 154, 170 Rheumatoid, 74, 81, 96, 142, 170 Rheumatoid arthritis, 74, 81, 96, 142, 170 Rhinitis, 28, 89, 96, 139, 170 Rigidity, 166, 170 Risk factor, 6, 7, 168, 170 Rod, 137, 170 Rubella, 6 S Salicylate, 141, 170 Saline, 30, 31, 170 Saliva, 78, 86, 119, 121, 170 Salivary, 78, 86, 90, 91, 145, 149, 170 Salivary glands, 78, 86, 90, 91, 145, 149, 170 Salivation, 152, 170 Sclerosis, 78, 86, 142, 161, 170 Screening, 121, 142, 170 Sebaceous, 170, 178 Secretion, 79, 87, 153, 160, 170 Seizures, 142, 164, 170 Semen, 60, 61, 62, 119, 121, 147, 170 Semicircular canal, 155, 170 Sensibility, 134, 170 Septal, 92, 170, 171 Septic, 15, 171 Septicaemia, 14, 171 Septum, 92, 171 Septum Pellucidum, 171 Serologic, 154, 171 Serum, 16, 142, 171, 176 Shock, 154, 171, 176 Side effect, 6, 74, 76, 81, 86, 99, 114, 115, 116, 119, 133, 138, 171, 175

Index 187

Signs and Symptoms, 91, 171 Sinusitis, 23, 59, 74, 81, 89, 120, 171 Skeletal, 161, 171, 172 Skeleton, 156, 171 Skull, 141, 144, 171, 174 Sleep apnea, 90, 171 Smooth muscle, 134, 139, 153, 171, 172, 173 Sneezing, 165, 171 Snoring, 90, 120, 171 Soft tissue, 138, 171 Solvent, 137, 148, 171 Soma, 171, 172 Somatic, 88, 165, 172, 177 Spasm, 96, 136, 172 Spasmodic, 90, 133, 165, 172 Spatial disorientation, 146, 172 Specialist, 123, 145, 172 Species, 141, 146, 152, 160, 169, 172, 173, 176 Spectrum, 74, 75, 172 Sperm, 166, 172 Spermatozoa, 170, 172 Sphincter, 157, 172 Spinal cord, 119, 141, 159, 162, 165, 169, 172 Spleen, 145, 158, 172 Splenomegaly, 96, 172 Spotting, 76, 172 Sputum, 7, 172 Squamous, 141, 157, 172 Squamous Epithelium, 141, 157, 172 Stapes, 154, 172 Sterile, 75, 172 Steroid, 144, 172 Stimulant, 139, 153, 156, 172, 177 Stimulus, 96, 169, 173 Stomatitis, 5, 7, 173 Streptococcal, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 34, 41, 42, 46, 71, 112, 173 Streptococci, 19, 47, 113, 173 Streptococcus, 32, 173 Stress, 5, 121, 161, 170, 173 Stroke, 78, 86, 106, 112, 113, 173 Subacute, 25, 155, 171, 173 Subarachnoid, 152, 173 Subclinical, 155, 170, 173 Substance P, 159, 170, 173 Suction, 43, 173 Sunburn, 87, 173 Supplementation, 56, 173 Suppositories, 151, 173

Suppression, 9, 173 Suppressive, 9, 173 Symptomatic, 56, 88, 135, 173 Symptomatic treatment, 88, 135, 173 Symptomatology, 14, 53, 174 Synaptic, 162, 174 Synaptic Transmission, 162, 174 Systemic, 42, 74, 81, 96, 100, 121, 138, 139, 142, 145, 155, 156, 173, 174 Systemic disease, 96, 174 T Temazepam, 31, 174 Temporal, 149, 152, 159, 167, 174 Tetani, 174 Tetanic, 174 Tetanus, 5, 174 Tetracycline, 74, 146, 174 Therapeutics, 21, 22, 33, 38, 101, 174 Thigh, 152, 174 Thoracic, 137, 145, 166, 174, 178 Thorax, 133, 158, 174, 177 Thrombosis, 168, 173, 174 Thromboxanes, 136, 174 Thyroid, 91, 174, 175 Thyroid Gland, 174, 175 Thyroiditis, 25, 175 Ticks, 151, 175 Tin, 4, 166, 175 Tinnitus, 4, 89, 163, 175, 177 Tips to control heartburn, 118, 175 Tolerance, 142, 151, 175 Tome, 64, 69, 175 Tomography, 91, 175 Tonic, 142, 175 Tonsil, 47, 175 Tonsillitis, 5, 39, 81, 90, 92, 175 Tooth Loss, 5, 175 Topical, 7, 32, 38, 45, 48, 50, 76, 80, 81, 87, 137, 148, 175 Toxic, iv, 77, 137, 145, 154, 162, 175 Toxicity, 146, 175 Toxicology, 108, 175 Toxins, 136, 155, 175 Trace element, 175 Trachea, 36, 139, 157, 166, 174, 175 Transcription Factors, 163, 176 Transdermal, 78, 86, 176 Transfection, 138, 176 Transfusion, 119, 121, 176 Trauma, 37, 148, 161, 176 Trees, 148, 176 Trichomoniasis, 160, 176

188

Sore Throat

Tricyclic, 39, 176 Tubercle, 151, 176 Tuberculosis, 47, 115, 158, 176 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 114, 176 U Ulcer, 165, 176 Ulceration, 42, 176 Ultrasonography, 117, 176 Unconscious, 135, 154, 176 Ureters, 176 Urethra, 164, 176 Urinary, 10, 20, 24, 145, 176 Urinary tract, 10, 20, 24, 176 Urinary tract infection, 10, 20, 24, 176 Urine, 7, 59, 119, 121, 138, 146, 176 Urogenital, 152, 176 Uterus, 141, 144, 147, 159, 176, 177 Uvula, 171, 176 V Vaccination, 5, 177 Vaccine, 6, 42, 133, 177 Vagal, 8, 177 Vagina, 82, 119, 121, 139, 141, 159, 172, 177 Vaginal, 7, 82, 119, 121, 158, 177 Vaginitis, 139, 177 Vagus Nerve, 177 Valine, 164, 177 Vascular, 25, 147, 152, 155, 162, 174, 177 Vasodilator, 138, 146, 153, 177 Vein, 156, 162, 177 Venous, 35, 168, 177 Ventilation, 5, 177

Vertebrae, 172, 177 Vertigo, 89, 163, 177 Vestibular, 89, 177 Vestibule, 142, 155, 170, 177 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 154, 175, 177 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 154, 175, 177 Veterinary Medicine, 107, 178 Viral, 6, 47, 79, 83, 86, 87, 95, 113, 114, 117, 119, 136, 155, 163, 168, 178 Virus, 6, 58, 76, 86, 118, 119, 120, 121, 136, 141, 178 Virus Diseases, 136, 178 Viscera, 172, 178 Visceral, 88, 177, 178 Visual field, 138, 178 Vocal cord, 4, 9, 92, 151, 178 Vulgaris, 29, 64, 80, 178 W Weight Gain, 86, 178 Wheezing, 7, 92, 178 White blood cell, 135, 157, 158, 160, 162, 178 Whooping Cough, 165, 178 Windpipe, 139, 147, 166, 174, 178 X X-ray, 143, 162, 178 Y Yeasts, 139, 150, 178 Z Zygote, 143, 178

Index 189

190

Sore Throat

Index 191

192

Sore Throat