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0UBLISHED BY !"$/ 0UBLISHING #OMPANY 6IKING $RIVE 3UITE %DINA -INNESOTA #OPYRIGHT Ú BY !BDO #ONSULTING 'ROUP )NC )NTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHTS RESERVED IN ALL COUNTRIES .O PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHER !"$/ $AUGHTERS IS A TRADEMARK AND LOGO OF !"$/ 0UBLISHING #OMPANY 0RINTED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES %DITOR 0AUL *OSEPH 'RAPHIC $ESIGN *OHN (AMILTON #OVER $ESIGN .EIL +LINEPIER #OVER )LLUSTRATION )LLUSTRATION FROM 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS #ORBIS )NTERIOR 0HOTOS AND )LLUSTRATIONS P CARICATURE OF *ULES 6ERNE -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY P ILLUSTRATION FROM "EOWULF -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4HE 4EMPEST -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY P -ARY 3HELLEY #ORBIS P SCENE FROM "RIDE OF &RANKENSTEIN 'ETTY )MAGES P %DGAR !LLAN 0OE #ORBIS P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4HE 0IT AND THE 0ENDULUM -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY P ILLUSTRATION FROM &ROM THE %ARTH TO THE -OON #ORBIS P *ULES 6ERNE 'ETTY )MAGES P *ULES 6ERNE 'ETTY )MAGES P COLLECTION OF 6ERNES BOOKS 'ETTY )MAGES P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4WENTY 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES 5NDER THE 3EA #ORBIS P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4WENTY 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES 5NDER THE 3EA #ORBIS P SCENE FROM -YSTERIOUS )SLAND COURTESY #ROWN -EDIA P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4WENTY 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES 5NDER THE 3EA 'ETTY )MAGES P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS #ORBIS P ( ' 7ELLS 'ETTY )MAGES P TOP YOUNG ( ' 7ELLS -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY P BOTTOM ,ONDON "RIDGE #ORBIS P SCENE FROM 4HINGS TO #OME 'ETTY )MAGES P ( ' 7ELLS IN LIBRARY 'ETTY )MAGES P SCENE FROM 4HE )NVISIBLE -AN #ORBIS P LOBBY POSTER FOR 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS 'ETTY )MAGES P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS #ORBIS P !RTHUR #ONAN $OYLE 'ETTY )MAGES P ILLUSTRATION FROM 4HE ,OST 7ORLD -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY P %DGAR 2ICE "URROUGHS 'ETTY )MAGES P COVER OF ISSUE OF !MAZING 3TORIES -ARY %VANS 0ICTURE ,IBRARY
,IBRARY OF #ONGRESS #ATALOGING IN 0UBLICATION $ATA
(AMILTON *OHN 0IONEERS OF SCIENCE lCTION *OHN (AMILTON P CM
4HE WORLD OF SCIENCE lCTION )NCLUDES INDEX )3". )3". 3CIENCE lCTION %NGLISH
(ISTORY AND CRITICISM
*UVENILE LITERATURE 3CIENCE lCTION !MERICAN
(ISTORY AND CRITICISM
*UVENILE LITERATURE !UTHORS %NGLISH
"IOGRAPHY
*UVENILE LITERATURE !UTHORS !MERICAN
"IOGRAPHY
*UVENILE LITERATURE ) 4ITLE )) 3ERIES 02(
DC ;"=
&217(176 4HE 0IONEERS -ARY 3HELLEY %DGAR !LLAN 0OE *ULES 6ERNE ( ' 7ELLS !RTHUR #ONAN $OYLE %DGAR 2ICE "URROUGHS 'LOSSARY )NDEX
7KH 3LRQHHUV 3CIENCE lCTION AS THE GREAT WRITER AND TEACHER *AMES 'UNN ONCE SAID IS THE lCTION OF IDEAS /THER KINDS OF lCTION GET THEIR STRENGTH FROM PLOTS AND CHARACTERS /F COURSE PLOTS AND CHARACTERS ARE IMPORTANT IN SCIENCE lCTION "UT SCIENCE lCTION IS A FORWARD LOOKING GENRE OR CATEGORY OF LITERATURE 7ERE INTERESTED IN THESE STORIES BECAUSE WE WANT TO SEE HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WILL AFFECT US IN THE FUTURE 7ILL WE EVER DISCOVER ALIENS 7ILL ROBOTS OUTGROW THEIR MASTERS AND RULE THE EARTH 7ILL PEOPLE SOMEDAY LAND ON OTHER PLANETS SUCH AS -ARS )N SCIENCE &ACING PAGE !RIEL lCTION THE IDEA IS KING A WINGED SPRITE 7RITERS HAVE BEEN THINKING ABOUT THESE KINDS OF IDEAS FOR PINCHES THE EAR MANY YEARS ! FEW SCHOLARS THINK THE EARLIEST SCIENCE lCTION WAS OF THE CREATURE WRITTEN CENTURIES AGO 4HEY SAY THAT STORIES SUCH AS 7ILLIAM #ALIBAN IN THIS SCENE FROM 7ILLIAM 3HAKESPEARES 4HE 4EMPEST OR EVEN THE ANCIENT .ORSE SAGA "EOWULF HAVE FANTASTIC ELEMENTS THAT QUALIFY THEM AS SCIENCE 3HAKESPEARES 4HE 4EMPEST WITH ART BY lCTION )N 4HE 4EMPEST A SORCERER NAMED 0ROSPERO AND HIS DAUGHTER ARE SHIPWRECKED ON AN ISLAND IN THE !DRIATIC 3EA 4HE !RTHUR 2ACKHAM "ELOW 4HE $ANISH PLAY HAS MAGIC SPRITES AND FAIRIES WITCHES AND A DEFORMED CREATURE CALLED #ALIBAN 4HE EPIC POEM "EOWULF WHICH MAY BE WARRIOR "EOWULF MORE THAN YEARS OLD IS ABOUT A GROUP OF .ORSE ADVENTURERS BATTLES A DRAGON WHO TRAVEL TO $ENMARK AND DO BATTLE WITH A HIDEOUS MONSTER IN THIS SCENE FROM THATS TERRORIZING THE COUNTRYSIDE "EOWULF "OTH "EOWULF AND 4HE 4EMPEST ARE OUT OF THIS WORLD STORIES THAT RELY STRONGLY ON FANTASY 4ALES LIKE THIS ARE SOMETIMES CALLED PROTO SCIENCE lCTION 0ROTO MEANS hTHE lRST v OR hPRIMITIVEv "UT SCIENCE lCTION IS MORE THAN JUST FANTASY 4HATS WHY MOST PEOPLE WHO STUDY LITERATURE REJECT THESE EARLY TALES AS SCIENCE lCTION 3CIENCE lCTION NEEDS SCIENCE TO MAKE ITS MAGIC )T NEEDS AN IDEA A SPECULATION OF HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECT OUR SOCIETY 4HATS THE REASON WHY SCIENCE lCTION IS OFTEN CALLED SPECULATIVE lCTION 4RUE SCIENCE lCTION WOULD COME LATER WHEN SCIENCE AND HUMAN CULTURE BEGAN TO COLLIDE WITH EARTH SHAKING RESULTS
6
0DU\ 6KHOOH\ "Y THE EARLY TH CENTURY THE )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION WAS IN FULL SWING !FTER THOUSANDS OF YEARS OF FARMING AND MANUAL LABOR SOCIETY BEGAN TO CHANGE 3CIENTIlC ADVANCESSTEAM POWER FOR EXAMPLEMADE INDUSTRY AND MANUFACTURING MUCH MORE IMPORTANT -ANY PEOPLE LOST THEIR JOBS OR WERE TRAPPED IN NIGHTMARISH FACTORIES THAT TREATED WORKERS MORE LIKE ANIMALS THAN HUMAN BEINGS 0EOPLE BEGAN REALIZING HOW IMPORTANT SCIENCE WAS TO THEIR LIVES -ANY WORRIED ABOUT HOW THEY WOULD BE AFFECTED )T SEEMED THAT SCIENCE WAS MOVING AT BREATHTAKING SPEED 4HE FUTURE MIGHT BE WONDROUS BUT MANY FEARED INSTEAD THAT IT WOULD LEAD TO DISASTER )N %NGLISH NOVELIST -ARY 7OLLSTONECRAFT 3HELLEY WROTE A BOOK CALLED &RANKENSTEIN OR 4HE -ODERN 0ROMETHEUS )T WAS A TALE OF TERROR THAT MANY SCHOLARS AND AUTHORS SAY WAS THE lRST TRUE SCIENCE lCTION NOVEL 3HELLEY WROTE &RANKENSTEIN WHEN SHE WAS ONLY YEARS OLD 3HE AND HER FUTURE HUSBAND THE FAMOUS %NGLISH POET 0ERCY 3HELLEY WERE STAYING AT A VILLA NEAR 'ENEVA 3WITZERLAND WITH ANOTHER POET ,ORD 'EORGE "YRON AND HIS PERSONAL PHYSICIAN 7ILLIAM 0OLIDORI ! LONG STRETCH OF COLD AND DREARY WEATHER HAD FORCED THE GROUP INDOORS WHERE THEY ENTERTAINED THEMSELVES BY READING GHOST STORIES /NE NIGHT THEY DECIDED TO HAVE A CONTEST TO SEE WHO COULD WRITE THE SCARIEST STORY -ARY 3HELLEY GOT HER INSPIRATION FROM A NIGHTMARE IN WHICH SHE SAW A TROUBLED MAN KNEELING BESIDE A CREATURE A HORROR
% "ELOW -ARY 3HELLEY AUTHOR OF &RANKENSTEIN
CREATED BY HIS OWN TWO HANDS 7ITH THIS SEED OF AN IDEA 3HELLEY FEVERISHLY WROTE HER NOVEL 4HE STORY IS ABOUT A DERANGED SCIENTIST 6ICTOR &RANKENSTEIN WHO USES MODERN TECHNOLOGY TO CREATE LIFE 7IELDING THIS 'OD LIKE POWER HE ANIMATES THE SHELL OF A CREATURE COBBLED TOGETHER FROM DEAD BODY PARTS h)T WAS ON A DREARY NIGHT OF .OVEMBER THAT ) BEHELD THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF MY TOILS x )T WAS ALREADY ONE IN THE MORNING THE RAIN PATTERED DISMALLY AGAINST THE PANES AND MY CANDLE WAS NEARLY BURNT OUT WHEN BY THE GLIMMER OF THE HALF EXTINGUISHED LIGHT ) SAW THE DULL YELLOW EYE OF THE CREATURE OPEN IT BREATHED HARD AND A CONVULSIVE MOTION AGITATED ITS LIMBSv 4HE SCIENTIST RECOILS IN HORROR AT HIS CREATION 0ANIC STRICKEN &RANKENSTEIN RUNS AWAY 4HE CREATURE ABANDONED AND UNLOVED BY EVERYONE IT MEETS lNALLY SEEKS REVENGE AGAINST ITS CREATOR -ARY 3HELLEYS WRITING WAS INmUENCED BY MANY SOURCES ESPECIALLY THE 'OTHIC GLOOMY LITERATURE OF HER TIME )TS ALSO POSSIBLE THAT SHE SUFFERED FROM DEPRESSION AFTER GIVING BIRTH TO A STILLBORN BABY THE YEAR BEFORE 7HATEVER THE CAUSE THE NIGHTMARE VISION THAT STIRRED HER TO WRITE &RANKENSTEIN BECAME ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR STORIES OF ITS TIME -ORE THAN TWO CENTURIES LATER WRITERS AND lLMMAKERS CONTINUE TO PRODUCE COUNTLESS REMAKES AND SEQUELS 0EOPLE IDENTIFY WITH &RANKENSTEINS MAIN THEME )T IS A WARNING TO MANKIND NOT TO hOVERREACH v NOT TO BLINDLY USE NEW TECHNOLOGY WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING THE CONSEQUENCES ,IKE ANY GOOD SCIENCE lCTION STORY &RANKENSTEIN IS ABOUT AN IDEA SCIENCE CAN DO GREAT HARM WHEN USED IN THE BLIND PURSUIT OF POWER
!BOVE ! SCENE FROM S "RIDE OF &RANKENSTEIN STARRING "ORIS +ARLOFF AS THE CREATURE
(GJDU $OODQ3RH %DGAR !LLAN 0OE WAS BORN *ANUARY IN "OSTON -ASSACHUSETTS "Y THE TIME HE WAS TWO HIS FATHER HAD ABANDONED THE FAMILY AND HIS MOTHER HAD DIED OF TUBERCULOSIS 9OUNG 0OE WENT TO LIVE WITH *OHN AND &RANCES !LLAN OF 2ICHMOND 6IRGINIA 0OES MIDDLE NAME IS TAKEN FROM HIS FOSTER PARENTS !T DIFFERENT POINTS IN HIS LIFE 0OE LIVED IN ,ONDON "ALTIMORE AND .EW 9ORK #ITY (E ALSO SERVED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES !RMY ATTENDING THE 53 -ILITARY !CADEMY AT 7EST 0OINT !S A YOUNG MAN IN "ALTIMORE 0OE WROTE lCTION TO SUPPORT HIMSELF (IS STORIES BECAME VERY POPULAR -UCH OF HIS WORK HAD A hMACABREv STYLE THAT EXPLORED THEMES OF DEATH AND DREAD 3HORT STORIES AND POEMS SUCH AS 4HE 2AVEN 4HE &ALL OF THE (OUSE OF 5SHER AND 4HE 0IT AND THE 0ENDULUM CEMENTED HIS REPUTATION AS A GREAT lGURE OF !MERICAN LITERATURE )N ADDITION TO HIS TALES OF HORROR AND SUSPENSE 0OE IS ALSO ONE OF THE hFOUNDING FATHERSv OF SCIENCE lCTION 3TORIES SUCH AS (ANS 0FAALL SPACE mIGHT AND ! 4ALE OF 2AGGED -OUNTAINS TIME TRAVEL WERE SCIENTIlCALLY SERIOUS BASED ON A RATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF OUR WORLD )N (ANS 0FAALL THE HERO TAKES A JOURNEY TO THE MOON 0OE WASNT THE lRST WRITER TO DESCRIBE A TRIP INTO SPACE "UT OTHER WRITERS OF THE TIME USED FANCIFUL METHODS SUCH AS HITCHING A RIDE ON A HIGH mYING GOOSE 0OE ON THE OTHER HAND AVOIDED THE SUPERNATURAL (E INSTEAD USED THE BEST UNDERSTANDING OF ASTRONOMY AT THAT TIME (IS SCIENCE lCTION STORIES THOUGH FANTASTIC HAD THE APPEARANCE OF BEING TRUE )N LITERATURE THIS IS CALLED hVERISIMILITUDEv 6ERISIMILITUDE IS A VERY IMPORTANT PART OF MOST SCIENCE lCTION SEPARATING IT FROM PURE FANTASY 0OE INmUENCED MANY SCIENCE lCTION WRITERS WHO WOULD COME LATER INCLUDING *ULES 6ERNE AND ( ' 7ELLS %DGAR !LLAN 0OE DIED /CTOBER 4HE EXACT CAUSE OF HIS DEATH IS UNKNOWN A lNAL PUZZLE TO THIS FASCINATING MAN OF MYSTERY
( !BOVE %DGAR !LLAN 0OE ONE OF THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF SCIENCE lCTION &ACING PAGE !N !RTHUR 2ACKHAM ILLUSTRATION FROM A EDITION OF 0OES 4HE 0IT AND THE 0ENDULUM SHOWING WALLS OF BURNING IRON DRIVING A PRISONER TOWARDS THE CENTER OF HIS CELL AND THE DEADLY BRINK OF THE BOTTOMLESS PIT
-XOHV 9HUQH *ULES 6ERNE WAS ONE OF SCIENCE lCTIONS MOST IMPORTANT AUTHORS (E lRMLY ESTABLISHED SCIENCE lCTION AS A CATEGORY A GENRE OF LITERATURE EVEN MORE SO THAN %DGAR !LLAN 0OE !ND EVEN THOUGH 6ERNE ADMITTED HE WAS HEAVILY INmUENCED BY 0OE MOST PEOPLE TODAY THINK OF 6ERNE AS THE hFATHERv OF SCIENCE lCTION )N HIS STORIES HE PREDICTED THE INVENTION OF MANY MODERN DEVICES INCLUDING MISSILES AIRPLANES AND TELEVISIONS (IS TALES OF ADVENTURE TOOK READERS ALL OVER THE EARTH EVEN FAR BELOW AND ABOVE IT (E WAS WILDLY POPULAR AND REMAINS SO TODAY (IS MANY BOOKS HAVE BEEN TRANSLATED INTO MORE THAN LANGUAGES *ULES 'ABRIEL 6ERNE WAS BORN ON &EBRUARY IN THE HARBOR CITY OF .ANTES &RANCE (E WAS THE OLDEST OF lVE CHILDREN !S A BOY 6ERNES IMAGINATION RAN WILD AS HE WATCHED SHIPS NAVIGATING THE ,OIRE 2IVER CLOSE TO HIS HOME /NE STORY THAT IS OFTEN TOLD ABOUT 6ERNE CLAIMS THAT WHEN HE WAS HE WANTED TO BE A SAILOR SO HE STOWED AWAY ON A SHIP BOUND FOR !SIA (IS FURIOUS FATHER HOWEVER WAS WAITING FOR HIM WHEN THE SHIP REACHED THE NEXT PORT 6ERNE WAS PUNISHED BUT HE NEVER LOST HIS THIRST FOR ADVENTURE (E PROMISED FROM THEN ON THAT HE WOULD TRAVEL ONLY IN HIS IMAGINATION 6ERNE KEPT HIS PROMISE WRITING MORE THAN BOOKS IN HIS LIFETIME
-
,EFT !N ILLUSTRATION FROM 6ERNES NOVEL &ROM THE %ARTH TO THE -OON &ACING PAGE *ULES 6ERNE THE FATHER OF SCIENCE lCTION
!BOVE *ULES 6ERNES lRST BIG SUCCESS CAME AFTER &IVE 7EEKS IN A "ALLOON WAS PUBLISHED IN
7HEN HE WAS A YOUNG MAN 6ERNE STUDIED IN 0ARIS &RANCE TO BECOME A LAWYER 7HAT HE REALLY WANTED TO DO HOWEVER WAS WRITE ESPECIALLY TALES OF EXPLORATION 6ERNE KNEW A LOT ABOUT GEOGRAPHY AND THE LATEST SCIENTIlC INVENTIONS 4HIS KNOWLEDGE MADE HIS lCTION SEEM MORE REALISTIC LIKE A REAL LIFE ADVENTURE 0UBLISHERS HOWEVER KEPT REJECTING HIS STORIES 6ERNE WORKED AS A STOCKBROKER TO EARN MONEY WHILE LEARNING HIS CRAFT OF WRITING (E ALSO WROTE STAGE PLAYS )N 6ERNE MET 0IERRE *ULES (ETZEL AN IMPORTANT &RENCH PUBLISHER (ETZEL LIKED 6ERNES STORIES BUT THOUGHT THEY NEEDED SOME CHANGES 6ERNE WAS HAPPY TO TAKE (ETZELS ADVICE (E PUT A LITTLE COMEDY INTO HIS PLOTS CHANGED HIS ENDINGS TO MAKE THEM HAPPIER AND LEFT OUT A LOT OF THE POLITICS THAT OFFENDED PREVIOUS EDITORS 4HAT YEAR (ETZEL PUBLISHED 6ERNES &IVE 7EEKS IN A "ALLOON )T WAS AN ADVENTURE NOVEL ABOUT A SCIENTIST AND TWO COMPANIONS WHO EXPLORE !FRICA IN A HYDROGEN lLLED BALLOON )T WAS AN INSTANT HIT WITH THE READING PUBLIC 0IERRE *ULES (ETZEL WAS SO DELIGHTED THAT HE OFFERED THE YOUNG WRITER A HEFTY SALARY FOR YEARS IN EXCHANGE FOR PRODUCING TWO NOVELS A YEAR TO lRST BE PUBLISHED IN MONTHLY INSTALLMENTS IN A MAGAZINE PRODUCED BY (ETZEL -AGAZINE D%DUCATION ET DE 2£CR£ATION FOLLOWED LATER IN BOOK FORM )T WAS A VERY SUCCESSFUL ARRANGEMENT FOR BOTH MEN !FTER &IVE 7EEKS IN A "ALLOON 6ERNE WAS FREE TO WRITE THE KINDS OF STORIES THAT INTERESTED HIM THE MOST WHICH INCLUDED 6ERNES PREDICTIONS OF NEW SCIENTIlC INVENTIONS -ANY PEOPLE IN THE LATE TH CENTURY WERE OPTIMISTIC THAT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WOULD LIFT MANKIND TO NEW HEIGHTS AND A BRIGHTER FUTURE 6ERNE TOUCHED A NERVE WITH READERS )N 6ERNES TIME THE TERM hSCIENCE lCTIONv HADNT BEEN INVENTED YET 0IERRE *ULES (ETZEL CALLED 6ERNES STORIES hNOVELS OF A NEW TYPE v AND ADVERTISED THEM AS VOYAGES EXTRAORDINAIRES EXTRAORDINARY VOYAGES 4HE PUBLIC COULDNT GET ENOUGH OF HIS WRITING WHICH MADE 6ERNE RICH AND WILDLY POPULAR
)N 6ERNE PUBLISHED ! *OURNEY TO THE #ENTER OF THE %ARTH )N THIS SCIENCE lCTION NOVEL 0ROFESSOR /TTO ,IDENBROCK LEADS AN EXPEDITION DOWN A SHAFT FORMED BY A VOLCANO IN )CELAND 4HE GROUP TRAVELS TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH ENCOUNTERING BOTTOMLESS CAVERNS AND DANGEROUS GEYSERS 2AFTING UPON AN OCEAN WITHIN THE EARTH THEY DODGE PREHISTORIC BEASTS AND GIANT INSECTS &INALLY THEY ARE SENT VIOLENTLY UPWARDS IN A MAGMA lLLED ROCK CHIMNEY !FTER A TERRIFYING RIDE THEY ARE EJECTED BACK ON THE SURFACE THROUGH HOLE IN THE SIDE OF A VOLCANOIN )TALY 4HEY HAVE INDEED TRAVELED THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE EARTH EMERGING ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WORLD FRAZZLED BUT SAFE &OR HIS NEXT NOVEL 6ERNE TOOK HIS lCTIONAL ADVENTURERS IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION INTO OUTER SPACE )N HE PUBLISHED &ROM THE %ARTH TO THE -OON 4HE NOVEL IS ABOUT A GROUP OF ADVENTURERS WHO BUILD AN ENORMOUS CANNON THAT CAN lRE A SPACESHIP TO THE MOON 6ERNE PREDICTED MANY THINGS ABOUT SPACE TRAVEL THAT WOULD BE PROVEN CORRECT NEARLY YEARS AFTER THE BOOK WAS WRITTEN (E DESCRIBED THE WEIGHTLESSNESS OF SPACE !LSO HIS lCTIONAL SPACESHIP BLASTED OFF FROM &LORIDA JUST LIKE .!3! SPACESHIPS DO TODAY
!BOVE ! COLLECTION OF 6ERNES BOOKS ADVERTISED WITH THE SLOGAN 6OYAGES %XTRAORDINAIRES
-ANY READERS THINK 4WENTY 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES 5NDER THE 3EA IS *ULES 6ERNES GREATEST WORK OF SCIENCE lCTION 4HE NOVEL TELLS THE UNDERWATER ADVENTURE OF MARINE BIOLOGIST 0ROFESSOR !RONNAX TOGETHER WITH HIS TRUSTY SERVANT #ONSEIL AND WHALING HARPOONER .ED ,AND /N AN EXPEDITION TO INVESTIGATE THE MYSTERIOUS SINKING OF SEVERAL OCEAN GOING SHIPS THE TRIO ARE THEMSELVES SHIPWRECKED 4HEY ARE SOON TAKEN ABOARD AN ADVANCED FUTURISTIC SUBMARINE CALLED .AUTILUS 4HE SHIPS CREATOR IS THE MYSTERIOUS FANATICAL #APTAIN .EMO .EMO MEANS hNO ONEv IN ,ATIN .EMO REVEALS TO THEM THAT .AUTILUS IS ELECTRICALLY POWERED 4HE SECRETIVE CAPTAIN AND HIS CREW ROAM THE OCEAN DEPTHS CONDUCTING MARINE BIOLOGY RESEARCH #APTAIN .EMO IS A BROODING COMPLEX CHARACTER (E HAS A THIRST FOR SCIENTIlC KNOWLEDGE (E IS A RENEGADE A !BOVE 4HE GENIUS INVENTOR MUSICIAN AND BOOK COLLECTOR "UT HE ALSO HATES MYSTERIOUS #APTAIN CIVILIZATION (E SINKS SURFACE SHIPS BY RAMMING THEM WITH THE .EMO OBSERVES AN STEEL REINFORCED BOW OF THE .AUTILUS 4HE NOVEL NEVER REVEALS OCTOPUS FROM INSIDE .EMOS PAST OR THE DARK SECRET THAT lLLS HIM WITH SUCH HATRED HIS SUBMARINE THE AND MADNESS "UT THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT HE IS IN FULL COMMAND OF .AUTILUS HIS UNDERWATER WORLD h) AM THE LAW ) AM JUSTICE v HE DECLARES TO &ACING PAGE 0ROFESSOR !RONNAX #APTAIN .EMO .EMO TELLS HIS GUESTS THEY CAN NEVER LEAVE .AUTILUS (E FEARS AND HIS CREW WALK THAT IF THEY RETURN TO CIVILIZATION THEY WILL REVEAL THE STRANGE ON THE BOTTOM OF CAPTAINS EXISTENCE 4HE REST OF THE BOOK IS lLLED WITH UNDERWATER THE OCEAN IN THIS ADVENTURE HUNTING FOR FOOD AT THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN VISITING ILLUSTRATION FROM THE SUBMERGED LOST CITY OF !TLANTIS SAILING UNDER THE !NTARCTIC ICE THE EDITION SHELVES AND EVEN A BURIAL WITHIN A CORAL WILDERNESS !T ONE POINT OF 6ERNES 4WENTY THE CREW OF THE .AUTILUS BATTLES A GIANT SQUID A DEVILlSH 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES h"Y THEN THE .AUTILUS HAD RETURNED TO THE SURFACE OF THE WAVES 5NDER THE 3EA 3TATIONED ON THE TOP STEPS ONE OF THE SEAMEN UNDID THE BOLTS OF THE HATCH "UT HE HAD SCARCELY UNSCREWED THE NUTS WHEN THE HATCH mEW UP WITH TREMENDOUS VIOLENCE OBVIOUSLY PULLED OPEN BY THE SUCKERS ON A DEVILlSHS ARM
h)NSTANTLY ONE OF THOSE LONG ARMS GLIDED LIKE A SNAKE INTO THE OPENING AND TWENTY OTHERS WERE QUIVERING ABOVE 7ITH A SWEEP OF THE AX #APTAIN .EMO CHOPPED OFF THIS FEARSOME TENTACLE WHICH SLID WRITHING DOWN THE STEPS h*UST AS WE WERE CROWDING EACH OTHER !BOVE ! SCENE FROM TO REACH THE PLATFORM TWO MORE ARMS LASHED THE AIR SWOOPED ON THE THE (ALLMARK SEAMAN STATIONED IN FRONT OF #APTAIN .EMO AND CARRIED THE FELLOW #HANNEL TELEVISION AWAY WITH IRRESISTIBLE VIOLENCE ADAPTATION OF *ULES h#APTAIN .EMO GAVE A SHOUT AND LEAPED OUTSIDE 7E RUSHED AFTER 6ERNES -YSTERIOUS HIMv )SLAND !FTER BATTLING THE SQUID THE TRIO OF ADVENTURERS EVENTUALLY &ACING PAGE MANAGE TO MAKE IT HOME SAFELY BUT THE FATE OF #APTAIN .EMO #APTAIN .EMO AND THE .AUTILUS ARE NOT REVEALED UNTIL 6ERNES SEQUEL 4HE AND HIS CREW BATTLE -YSTERIOUS )SLAND IN A GIANT SQUID IN !T THE TIME 6ERNE WROTE 4WENTY 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES 5NDER THIS ILLUSTRATION THE 3EA SUBMARINES WERE A BRAND NEW TECHNOLOGY .OTHING YET BY :DENEK "URIAN EXISTED LIKE 6ERNES .AUTILUS A MACHINE POWERED OCEAN GOING FROM 4WENTY SUBMERSIBLE THAT COULD STAY UNDERWATER FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES ROAM THE SEAS AND ATTACK ENEMY SURFACE SHIPS )N ADDITION TO 5NDER THE 3EA lRING THE IMAGINATION OF MILLIONS OF READERS 6ERNES POPULAR BOOK INSPIRED SUBMARINE INVENTORS TO EXPERIMENT WITH MORE ADVANCED DESIGNS !S TIME WENT BY 6ERNE CONTINUED WRITING HIS NOVELS OF VOYAGES EXTRAORDINAIRES !FTER YEARS WHEN 6ERNES CONTRACT EXPIRED HIS PUBLISHER 0IERRE *ULES (ETZEL EAGERLY RENEWED IT %VEN AFTER (ETZELS DEATH THE PUBLISHERS SON CONTINUED THE ARRANGEMENT WITH 6ERNE *ULES 6ERNE WROTE FOR MORE THAN YEARS UNTIL HIS DEATH ON -ARCH 4HE SCIENCE lCTION PIONEERS BOOKS ARE STILL POPULAR TODAY MORE THAN YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH
+*:HOOV ( ' 7ELLS WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST SCIENCE lCTION WRITERS OF ALL TIME (IS FORWARD THINKING TALESHE CALLED THEM hSCIENTIlC ROMANCESvOPENED NEW WORLDS TO THE READING PUBLIC 3CIENCE lCTION AUTHOR AND TEACHER *AMES 'UNN CALLED 7ELLS hTHE MAN WHO INVENTED TOMORROWv 3OME OF 7ELLS MOST IMPORTANT NOVELS4HE 4IME -ACHINE 4HE )SLAND OF $R -OREAU 4HE )NVISIBLE -AN 4HE &IRST -EN IN THE -OON 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDSEXPLORE IDEAS THAT WERE CALLED GENIUS AND VISIONARY WHEN THEY WERE lRST WRITTEN 3O MANY AUTHORS HAVE FOLLOWED 7ELLS IN THE PAST HALF CENTURY IMITATING AND BUILDING UPON HIS THEMES THAT HIS IDEAS ARE NOW COMMONPLACE 7HERE WOULD SCIENCE lCTION BE TODAY WITHOUT 7ELLS AND HIS UNIQUE VISIONS OF THE FUTURE (ERBERT 'EORGE 7ELLS WAS BORN ON 3EPTEMBER IN "ROMLEY +ENT SOUTHEAST OF ,ONDON (E WAS THE YOUNGEST OF FOUR CHILDREN BORN TO 3ARAH AND *OSEPH 7ELLS 4HEY NICKNAMED THEIR YOUNGEST SON h"ERTIEv 7ELLS GREW UP IN NEAR POVERTY (IS FATHER WAS A FAILED SHOPKEEPER HIS MOTHER A MAID 7HEN HE WAS SEVEN YEARS OLD 7ELLS BROKE HIS LEG )T WAS A BAD INJURY AND IT TOOK MANY WEEKS FOR HIM TO RECOVER 4O PASS THE TIME YOUNG "ERTIE READ BOOKSLOTS OF THEM (E SOON FELL IN LOVE WITH THE WORLDS GREAT WORKS OF lCTION AND DREAMED OF SOMEDAY BEING A WRITER HIMSELF 7ELLS LATER WROTE THAT HIS BROKEN LEG WAS hONE OF THE LUCKIEST EVENTS OF MY LIFEv
+
,EFT !N ILLUSTRATION FROM 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS SHOWING A MAN ENCOUNTERING AN INVADING -ARTIAN &ACING PAGE 3CIENCE lCTION LEGEND ( ' 7ELLS
!BOVE (ERBERT 'EORGE 7ELLS AT THE AGE OF NINE "ELOW ,ONDON "RIDGE IS CLOGGED WITH PEDESTRIANS AND TRAFlC IN THIS PHOTOGRAPH FROM
7HEN HE WAS A TEENAGER HIS PARENTS SENT 7ELLS TO WORK AS A DRAPERS APPRENTICE )T WAS A JOB HE WAS ILL SUITED FOR (E ESCAPED A LIFE OF LOWER MIDDLE CLASS DRUDGERY BY BECOMING A TEACHER AND STUDYING SCIENCE 7ITHIN A FEW YEARS 7ELLS FULlLLED HIS LIFELONG DREAM BY BECOMING A JOURNALIST AND A WRITER 7ELLS WAS A SKILLFUL AUTHOR A MASTER OF HIS CRAFT )N HIS NOVELS ESPECIALLY HIS EARLY WORKS HE WOVE DEEP SYMBOLISM INTO EXCITING STORIES 7ELLS WROTE ABOUT TWO BROAD THEMES HOPE FOR A BETTER FUTURE COUPLED WITH A FEAR THAT SOMEDAY MANKIND WOULD DESTROY ITSELF 7ELLS WAS OFTEN CALLED THE h%NGLISH *ULES 6ERNEv "UT UNLIKE 6ERNES STORIES 7ELLS POPULATED HIS NOVELS WITH SEEMINGLY ORDINARY PEOPLE THRUST INTO FRIGHTFUL SITUATIONS *ULES 6ERNE WROTE ADVENTURE STORIES lLLED WITH TECHNOLOGICAL MARVELS "Y CONTRAST 7ELLS FOCUSED ON HOW THE FUTURE WOULD AFFECT MANKIND (E FORESAW HOW THE WORLD OF THE TH CENTURY WOULD CHANGE SOCIETY (E WORRIED ABOUT OVERCROWDING AND POLLUTION AND HE FELT UNEASY ABOUT THE RAPID RISE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENTIlC KNOWLEDGE 7ELLS WAS A DIDACTIC AUTHOR WHICH MEANS HE LIKED TO TEACH THROUGH HIS WRITING (IS STORIES DAZZLED READERS IMAGINATIONS BUT THEY ALSO CONTAINED A WARNING THERE WILL BE HIDDEN CONSEQUENCES TO THE GREAT SCIENTIlC ACHIEVEMENTS OF OUR AGE
!BOVE ! SCENE FROM 4HINGS TO #OME THE MOVIE VERSION OF ( ' 7ELLS NOVEL 4HE 3HAPE OF 4HINGS TO #OME
"ELOW ( ' 7ELLS IN ,ATE IN HIS CAREER HE WROTE ABOUT SOCIAL CHANGE AND WORLD PEACE
4HE 4IME -ACHINE PUBLISHED IN WAS 7ELLS lRST NOVEL )TS THE BOOK THAT MADE HIM FAMOUS AND REMAINS POPULAR EVEN TODAY 4HE STORYS NARRATOR IDENTIlED ONLY AS THE hTIME TRAVELER v CREATES A TIME MACHINE MADE OF EXOTIC METALS AND CRYSTALLINE BARS %AGER TO SEE WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS THE TIME TRAVELER INCREASES THE SPEED OF HIS MACHINE SO THAT DAYS PASS IN THE BLINK OF AN EYE 3OON HE lNDS HIMSELF IN A WORLD THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN THE FUTURE 4HE TIME TRAVELER LEARNS THAT MANKIND HAS EVOLVED INTO TWO SEPARATE SPECIES THE %LOI AND THE -ORLOCKS 4HE %LOI ARE BEAUTIFUL AND CHILDLIKE WHILE THE -ORLOCKS ARE DEFORMED BEASTS WHO LIVE BENEATH THE EARTH $ESCENDING INTO THE -ORLOCKS UNDERGROUND LAIR TO RETRIEVE HIS STOLEN TIME MACHINE THE TIME TRAVELER LEARNS THAT THE LIGHT SENSITIVE -ORLOCKS ARE CANNIBALS WHO FEED ON THE %LOI ABOVE
7ELLS GREW UP AS A LOWER CLASS %NGLISH CITIZEN LOOKED DOWN UPON BY PEOPLE WHO HAD MORE MONEY OR STATUS 4HROUGH HIS WRITING 7ELLS WANTED TO TEACH PEOPLE THE EVIL OF THIS KIND OF CLASS SYSTEM 4HE 4IME -ACHINE WAS A WILD ADVENTURE STORY THAT PEOPLE LOVED BUT IT ALSO SPOKE HARSH TRUTHS OF HOW CLASS SYSTEMS CAN LEAD TO HORROR AND MISERY 4HE FOLLOWING YEAR IN 7ELLS PUBLISHED 4HE )SLAND OF $R -OREAU 4HE NOVEL TELLS THE STORY OF A MAN SHIPWRECKED ON AN ISLAND ITS ANIMAL LIKE INHABITANTS THE RESULT OF CRUEL EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED BY THE MYSTERIOUS $R -OREAU 7ELLS USED THE BOOK TO EXPLORE THEMES OF SOCIETY AND HUMAN NATURE )T WAS ALSO A STERN WARNING ABOUT THE DANGERS OF RECKLESS SCIENTIlC RESEARCH 7ELLS SHORT NOVEL 4HE )NVISIBLE -AN WAS PUBLISHED IN 4HE BOOKS MAIN CHARACTER IS A SCIENTIST WHO DEVISES A WAY TO MAKE THE HUMAN BODY COMPLETELY TRANSPARENT (E CONDUCTS AN EXPERIMENT ON HIMSELF AND BECOMES INVISIBLE !N UNFORTUNATE SIDE EFFECT HOWEVER IS THAT ANYONE BECOMING INVISIBLE ALSO mIRTS WITH INSANITY
"ELOW ! SCENE FROM THE lLM 4HE )NVISIBLE -AN STARRING #LAUDE 2AINS
&ACING PAGE !N ILLUSTRATION FROM A EDITION OF 7ELLS NOVEL 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS SHOWING -ARTIAN lGHTING MACHINES ATTACKING HUMANS "ELOW ! LOBBY POSTER FOR THE MOVIE VERSION OF 7ELLS CLASSIC ALIEN INVASION STORY
4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS IS AN ALIEN INVASION NOVEL lRST PUBLISHED IN -ANY CONSIDER IT 7ELLS BEST WORK )T IS A TERRIFYING BOOK ABOUT -ARTIANS LANDING ON %ARTH AND ATTACKING PEOPLE WITH THEIR SUPERIOR TECHNOLOGY 4HE GREAT CITIES OF THE WORLD INCLUDING ,ONDON FALL UNDER THE SCORCHING DESTRUCTION OF THE -ARTIAN hHEAT RAYSv 4HE HUMAN RACE IS ON THE VERGE OF EXTINCTION WHEN IN ONE OF THE GREAT PLOT TWISTS OF SCIENCE lCTION THE -ARTIANS BEGIN DYING OUT 4HE INVADERS HAVE BEEN INFECTED BY %ARTH GERMS OF WHICH THEY HAVE NO NATURAL DEFENSE (UMANITY IS SAVED BY THE SMALLEST HUMBLEST OF CREATURES ,ATER IN HIS CAREER 7ELLS CONCENTRATED LESS ON SCIENCE lCTION AND MORE ON ISSUES OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND WORLD PEACE (E WAS VERY INmUENTIAL BUT TODAY HE IS REMEMBERED MAINLY FOR HIS BRILLIANT TALES OF SCIENCE lCTION ( ' 7ELLS DIED ON !UGUST (IS SYMPATHY FOR ORDINARY PEOPLE AND HIS OPTIMISM ABOUT THE FUTURE OF MANKIND DESPITE THE DANGERS MAKE HIS STORIES ENTERTAINING AND IMPORTANT EVEN TODAY
$UWKXU &RQDQ'R\OH 3IR !RTHUR #ONAN $OYLE WAS A 3COTTISH WRITER BORN ON -AY (E LIVED MOST OF HIS LIFE IN 'REAT "RITAIN UNTIL HIS DEATH ON *ULY $OYLE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR HIS STORIES ABOUT MASTER DETECTIVE 3HERLOCK (OLMES BUT HE ALSO WROTE MANY OTHER KINDS OF NOVELS INCLUDING SCIENCE lCTION /F ALL HIS CREATIONS $OYLES FAVORITE CHARACTER WAS NOT 3HERLOCK (OLMES )NSTEAD HE WAS MORE FOND OF 0ROFESSOR 'EORGE #HALLENGER A SINCERE MAN OF SCIENCE BIG AS A BULL YET GOOD HUMORED 4HE CHARACTER lRST APPEARED IN 4HE ,OST 7ORLD PUBLISHED IN )N THE BOOK 0ROFESSOR #HALLENGER ORGANIZES AN EXPEDITION TO A REMOTE 3OUTH !MERICAN PLATEAU WHERE HE BELIEVES LIVE PREHISTORIC CREATURES SUCH AS DINOSAURS *OINING THE PROFESSOR ON THIS DANGEROUS JOURNEY ARE 0ROFESSOR 3UMMERLEE ADVENTURER ,ORD *OHN 2OXTON AND JOURNALIST %D -ALONE !FTER A LONG VOYAGE #HALLENGER AND HIS COMPANIONS CLIMB UP THE PLATEAU 4HEY DISCOVER A HIDDEN WORLD FULL OF WONDERS AND STRANGE BEASTS 4HEY ARE NEARLY EATEN BY DINOSAURS AND ALSO DISCOVER A RACE OF HOSTILE APE MEN !FTER A SERIES OF HARROWING ADVENTURES THE EXPLORERS BARELY ESCAPE THE PLATEAU WITH THEIR LIVES 4HEY RETURN HOME TO ,ONDON WITH A SMALL PTERODACTYL AS PROOF OF THEIR ADVENTURE BUT THE WINGED DINOSAUR ESCAPES )T IS LAST OBSERVED mYING ACROSS THE LIGHT OF THE MOON NEVER TO BE SEEN AGAIN $OYLE CONTINUED THE CHARACTER OF 0ROFESSOR #HALLENGER WITH S 4HE 0OISON "ELT IN WHICH %ARTHS ATMOSPHERE IS CONTAMINATED BY A HUGE CLOUD OF POISONOUS GAS FROM OUTER SPACE
6 "ELOW 3IR !RTHUR #ONAN $OYLE AUTHOR OF 4HE ,OST 7ORLD
#HALLENGER AND HIS COMPANIONS SEAL THEMSELVES IN AN AIRTIGHT ROOM IN HIS HOUSE UNTIL THE CLOUD PASSES THEN EMERGE TO lND THEMSELVES THE SOLE SURVIVORS ,IKE ( ' 7ELLS 4HE 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS HOWEVER 4HE 0OISON "ELT CONTAINS A SURPRISE ENDING $OYLES MESSAGE WAS SIMPLE AND DIRECT PEOPLE NEED TO APPRECIATE THE SHORT TIME WE HAVE ON THIS %ARTH FOR THE END MAY COME AT ANY TIME WITH NO WARNING )N LATER YEARS !RTHUR #ONAN $OYLE WOULD WRITE THREE MORE 0ROFESSOR #HALLENGER NOVELS 3HERLOCK (OLMES WILL ALWAYS BE $OYLES BIGGEST LEGACY BUT HE WILL ALSO BE REMEMBERED FOR HIS FANTASTIC SCIENCE lCTION ADVENTURES
,EFT ! PTERODACTYL SEIZES DINNER FROM A GROUP OF EXPLORERS IN THIS ILLUSTRATION OF !RTHUR #ONAN $OYLES 4HE ,OST 7ORLD
(GJDU5LFH %XUURXJKV
"ELOW %DGAR 2ICE "URROUGHS AT WORK IN HIS OFlCE
%DGAR 2ICE "URROUGHS WAS AN !MERICAN WRITER BEST KNOWN AS THE CREATOR OF 4ARZAN OF THE !PES (E WAS ALSO FAMOUS FOR HIS WILDLY POPULAR h"ARSOOMv SERIES OF SCIENCE lCTION BOOKS WHICH TAKE PLACE ON THE PLANET -ARS "URROUGHS WAS BORN 3EPTEMBER IN #HICAGO )LLINOIS "Y THE TIME HE WAS HE CONSIDERED HIMSELF A FAILURE (ED BEEN FRUITLESS AT MANY JOBS INCLUDING WORK AS A SALESMAN A GOLD MINER AND A COWBOY "Y HE WAS WORKING AS A PENCIL SHARPENER WHEN HE DECIDED TO TRY WRITING lCTION (E DECLARED hx IF PEOPLE WERE PAID FOR WRITING ROT SUCH AS ) READ IN SOME OF THOSE
(
MAGAZINES THAT ) COULD WRITE STORIES JUST AS ROTTEN !S A MATTER OF FACT ALTHOUGH ) HAD NEVER WRITTEN A STORY ) KNEW ABSOLUTELY THAT ) COULD WRITE STORIES JUST AS ENTERTAININGx v "URROUGHS lRST NOVEL 5NDER THE -OONS OF -ARS WAS PUBLISHED IN FOR THE SUM OF 4HE BOOK WAS LATER RE TITLED ! 0RINCESS OF -ARS 5NDER THE -OONS OF -ARS TOLD THE STORY OF #APTAIN *OHN #ARTER WHO IS MYSTERIOUSLY TRANSPORTED TO "ARSOOM "ARSOOM WAS "URROUGHS NAME FOR THE 2ED 0LANET #ARTER IS THRUST INTO A SERIES OF FANTASTIC ADVENTURES (E BATTLES 4ARS 4ARKAS A HOSTILE GREEN -ARTIAN WHO STANDS FEET M TALL HAS FOUR ARMS WHITE TUSKS AND EYES ON THE END OF LONG ANTENNAE #ARTER EVENTUALLY BECOMES 7ARLORD OF -ARS AND MARRIES THE BEAUTIFUL PRINCESS $EJA 4HORIS 4HAT SAME YEAR "URROUGHS BECAME FAMOUS FOR 4ARZAN MAKING HIM ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR AUTHORS IN THE COUNTRY 4ARZAN WAS HIS MAIN CLAIM TO FAME BUT "URROUGHS SCIENCE lCTION STORIES WERE SO WELL LIKED THAT HE CONTINUED TO REVISIT -ARS IN MORE BOOKS (E ALSO WROTE A SERIES OF BOOKS THAT TAKE PLACE ON 6ENUS AS WELL AS TWO BOOKS SET ON %ARTHS MOON )N "URROUGHS WROTE THE SCIENCE lCTION CLASSIC 4HE ,AND 4HAT 4IME &ORGOT ABOUT A SUBMARINE CREW THAT STUMBLES UPON A HIDDEN ISLAND IN WHICH DINOSAURS AND OTHER PRIMITIVE CREATURES ROAM FREE %DGAR 2ICE "URROUGHS WAS AN EXTRAORDINARY STORYTELLER (E WROTE MORE THAN BOOKS ENTERTAINING MILLIONS OF READERS -ANY OF HIS SCIENCE lCTION STORIES HAVE BEEN TURNED INTO (OLLYWOOD MOVIES "URROUGHS DIED ON -ARCH AT THE AGE OF 2IGHT 4HE COVER OF THE &EBRUARY ISSUE OF !MAZING 3TORIES FEATURED A SCENE FROM "URROUGHS 4HE ,AND 4HAT 4IME &ORGOT BY ARTIST &RANK 2 0AUL
*/266$5< !342/./-9 4HE SCIENTIlC STUDY OF THE UNIVERSE INCLUDING THE STARS AND PLANETS HOW THEY WERE FORMED HOW THEY MOVE AND THEIR COMPOSITION AND SIZE $)$!#4)# )NTENDING TO TEACH ESPECIALLY GIVING MORAL INSTRUCTION &OR EXAMPLE ( ' 7ELLS IS OFTEN CALLED A DIDACTIC WRITER (IS STORIES ARE THRILLING ADVENTURES BUT 7ELLS ALSO INTENDED TO TEACH HIS READERS ABOUT THE HIDDEN DANGERS OF THE RAPID RISE OF TECHNOLOGY '%.2% ! TYPE OR KIND OR A WORK OF ART )N LITERATURE A GENRE IS DISTINGUISHED BY A COMMON SUBJECT THEME OR STYLE 3OME GENRES INCLUDE SCIENCE lCTION FANTASY AND MYSTERY '/4()# ! TYPE OF LITERATURE WHICH WAS ESPECIALLY POPULAR IN THE LATE TH AND TH CENTURIES THAT USES REMOTE SETTINGS AND SINISTER ATMOSPHERE TO SUGGEST HORROR AND MYSTERY -ARY 7OLLSTONECRAFT 3HELLEY WAS HEAVILY INmUENCED BY THE 'OTHIC STYLE OF LITERATURE WHEN SHE WROTE &RANKENSTEIN IN ).$5342)!, 2%6/,54)/. 4HE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY THAT HAPPENED IN THE LATE TH AND EARLY TH CENTURIES ESPECIALLY IN 'REAT "RITAIN AND OTHER 7ESTERN COUNTRIES 4HE )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION IS USUALLY CHARACTERIZED BY STEAM POWER THE GROWTH OF FACTORIES AND MASS MANUFACTURED GOODS 3CIENCE lCTION BECAME POPULAR AS SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING BECAME MORE AND MORE IMPORTANT IN PEOPLES LIVES -!#!"2% 3OMETHING GRUESOME AND HORRIBLE -ACABRE LITERATURE IS HORRIFYING BECAUSE OF ITS DEPICTION OF DEATH OR INJURY %DGAR !LLAN 0OE OFTEN WROTE MACABRE STORIES
.!3! 4HE .ATIONAL !ERONAUTICS AND 3PACE !DMINISTRATION .!3! IS THE 5NITED 3TATES MAIN SPACE AGENCY RESPONSIBLE FOR PROGRAMS SUCH AS THE 3PACE 3HUTTLE AND UNMANNED SPACE PROBES ./23% 4HE PEOPLE LANGUAGE OR CULTURE OF 3CANDINAVIA ESPECIALLY MEDIEVAL 3CANDINAVIA 4HE 6IKINGS WERE FAMOUS .ORDIC PEOPLE 02/-%4(%53 0ROMETHEUS WAS A 'REEK DEMIGOD ONE OF THE 4ITANS WHO STOLE lRE FROM :EUS IN HEAVEN AND BROUGHT IT BACK TO %ARTH TO BENElT MANKIND !S PUNISHMENT :EUS HAD 0ROMETHEUS CHAINED TO A ROCK WHERE A VULTURE CAME EACH DAY TO EAT HIS LIVER WHICH GREW BACK EVERY NIGHT (E WAS EVENTUALLY RESCUED BY (ERCULES 7HEN -ARY 3HELLEY NAMED HER NOVEL &RANKENSTEIN OR THE -ODERN 0ROMETHEUS SHE MEANT THAT $R &RANKENSTEIN LIKE ALL OF MANKIND CAN DO GREAT HARM IN THE BLIND PURSUIT OF POWER 3!'! ! LONG INVOLVED STORY WHERE A HERO ACHIEVES SOMETHING IMPORTANT 4HEY ARE OFTEN SEEN IN MEDIEVAL .ORSE STORIES SUCH AS OLD 6IKING SAGAS 30%#5,!4)/. 4O GUESS OR FORM A THEORY ABOUT WHAT WILL HAPPEN WITHOUT lRM EVIDENCE 3CIENCE lCTION IS OFTEN CALLED SPECULATIVE lCTION BECAUSE ITS AUTHORS ARE MAKING GUESSES ABOUT THE FUTURE USUALLY BASED ON TRENDS THEY SEE HAPPENING TODAY 6%2)3)-),)45$% 3OMETHING THAT HAS THE APPEARANCE OF BEING TRUE OR REAL
,1'(; ! !DRIATIC 3EA !FRICA !LLAN &RANCES !LLAN *OHN !RONNAX 0ROFESSOR !SIA !TLANTIS " "ALTIMORE -$ "ARSOOM "EOWULF "OSTON -! "ROMLEY +ENT %NGLAND "URROUGHS %DGAR 2ICE "YRON ,ORD 'EORGE # #ALIBAN #ARTER #APTAIN *OHN #HALLENGER 0ROFESSOR 'EORGE #HICAGO ), #ONSEIL $ $ENMARK $OYLE 3IR !RTHUR #ONAN % %ARTH %LOI & &ALL OF THE (OUSE OF 5SHER 4HE &IRST -EN IN THE -OON 4HE &IVE 7EEKS IN A "ALLOON &LORIDA &RANKENSTEIN OR 4HE -ODERN 0ROMETHEUS &RANKENSTEIN 6ICTOR &ROM THE %ARTH TO THE -OON ' 'ENEVA 3WITZERLAND 'REAT "RITAIN 'UNN *AMES
( (ANS 0FAALL (ETZEL 0IERRE *ULES (OLMES 3HERLOCK
2 2AVEN 4HE 2ICHMOND 6! 2OXTON ,ORD *OHN
) )CELAND )NDUSTRIAL 2EVOLUTION )NVISIBLE -AN 4HE )SLAND OF $R -OREAU 4HE )TALY
3 3HAKESPEARE 7ILLIAM 3HELLEY -ARY 3HELLEY 0ERCY 3OUTH !MERICA 3UMMERLEE 0ROFESSOR
* *OURNEY TO THE #ENTER OF THE %ARTH !
4 4ALE OF 2AGGED -OUNTAINS ! 4ARKAS 4ARS 4ARZAN 4ARZAN OF THE !PES 4EMPEST 4HE 4HORIS $EJA 4IME -ACHINE 4HE 4WENTY 4HOUSAND ,EAGUES 5NDER THE 3EA
, ,AND .ED ,AND 4HAT 4IME &ORGOT 4HE ,IDENBROCK /TTO ,OIRE 2IVER ,ONDON %NGLAND ,OST 7ORLD 4HE -AGAZINE D%DUCATION ET DE 2£CR£ATION -ALONE %D -ARS -OREAU $R -ORLOCKS -YSTERIOUS )SLAND 4HE . .ANTES &RANCE .!3! .AUTILUS .EMO #APTAIN .EW 9ORK .9 0 0ARIS &RANCE 0IT AND THE 0ENDULUM 4HE 0OE %DGAR !LLAN 0OISON "ELT 4HE 0OLIDORI 7ILLIAM 0RINCESS OF -ARS ! 0ROSPERO
5 5NDER THE -OONS OF -ARS 5NITED 3TATES !RMY 5NITED 3TATES -ILITARY !CADEMY 6 6ENUS 6ERNE *ULES 7 7AR OF THE 7ORLDS 4HE 7ELLS (ERBERT 'EORGE ( ' 7ELLS *OSEPH 7ELLS 3ARAH 7EST 0OINT
