Malignant Mesothelioma - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Malignant Mesothelioma: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00702-9 1. Malignant Mesothelioma-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on malignant mesothelioma. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA ................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 Federally Funded Research on Malignant Mesothelioma .............................................................. 3 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA ....................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 Finding Nutrition Studies on Malignant Mesothelioma............................................................. 57 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 58 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA ................................. 61 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 61 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 61 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA.................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 69 Academic Periodicals covering Malignant Mesothelioma ........................................................... 71 CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS .................................................................................... 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 73 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 74 Researching Orphan Drugs ......................................................................................................... 74 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 79 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 79 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 79 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 81 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 83 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 85 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 85 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 85 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 89 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 89 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 89 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 95 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 95 MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA DICTIONARY................................................................... 97 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 129

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with malignant mesothelioma is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about malignant mesothelioma, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to malignant mesothelioma, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on malignant mesothelioma. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to malignant mesothelioma, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on malignant mesothelioma. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on malignant mesothelioma.

Federally Funded Research on Malignant Mesothelioma The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to malignant mesothelioma. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to malignant mesothelioma. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore malignant mesothelioma. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for malignant mesothelioma: •

Project Title: A NOVEL ONCOGENE IN MESOTHELIOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Boylan, Alice M.; Assistant Professor; Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina P O Box 250854 Charleston, Sc 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-SEP-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The occupational cancer malignant mesothelioma is newly diagnosed in up to 3,000 persons per year in the US and most of these patients will die within 12 months of diagnosis regardless of treatment. Millions remain at risk in the US and the number at risk is expected to climb in developing nations where asbestos continues to be used, often without protection. In order to significantly impact this disease more needs to be known about the molecular mechanisms required for the initiation and maintenance of the malignant state in the mesothelial cell. Although a number of investigators have described increases in expression of some genes in mesothelioma cells, no oncogenes have been shown to have functional importance. Studies preliminary to this work show that a unique oncogene named CaSm, which is likely to transform cells through its role in RNA message destabilization, has high levels of expression of message and protein in virtually all mesothelioma cell lines and the majority of mesothelioma tumors examined. Further preliminary studies show that antisense CaSm inhibits growth of mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Antisense CaSm inhibition of growth is associated with cell-specific cell cycle alterations and increased expression of specific cell cycle-associated proteins. From this work we formed the hypothesis that: elevated CaSm expression plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the malignant phenotype in asbestos-induced malignant mesothelioma To establish the role of CaSm expression in the malignant phenotype of mesothelioma cells, a series of loss of function and gain of function experiments will be performed using sense and antisense strategies, as well as small inhibitory RNAs. Important gain of function experiments will also be performed in vivo through the development of a transgenic mouse which will conditionally express CaSm in a tissue-specific manner. Focus will be placed upon the role of CaSm in regulation of expression of cell cycle proteins. Actinomycin chase and mutation analysis experiments will then be performed to determine if CaSm exerts its effect on cell cycle by destabilizing messages for these proteins. Finally experiments will determine whether asbestos specifically induces the expression of CaSm, and if it does so via reactive oxygen species or via other known mechanisms such as integrin adhesion. We believe these studies will provide exciting information and important insight into this cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENE THERAPY FOR MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Albelda, Steven M.; Professor; Medicine; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-MAY-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) This application is the competitive renewal of a P01 whose goal was to develop and evaluate approaches for gene therapy in the treatment of localized malignancies, using malignant mesothelioma as the paradigm. The rationale for this proposal came from studies showing that tumor cells transduced with an adenoviral vector containing the Herpes Simplex thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene were killed after exposure to the normally non-toxic anti-viral drug ganciclovir (GCV) and that a powerful "bystander effect" existed. Accordingly, a phase I Clinical Trial was conducted in 26 patients with mesothelioma using an Ad. HSVtk virus. Intrapleural administration of Ad. HSVtk was safe and resulted in consistent, dose-related, gene transfer that was detectable by immunohistochemical analysis. The goals of this new P01 are to continue these studies by conducting additional clinical and scientific studies aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of the gene transfer achieved, to evaluate approaches to augment gene transfer, and to develop non-invasive techniques to monitor gene transfer. The long term goal is to move to phase II trials. Each of three

Studies

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highly interactive Projects, will focus on this goal. In the Mesothelioma Clinical Trials project, new phase I clinical trials are proposed that are designed to test hypotheses related to use of a new E1/E4-deleted vector, administration of vector in an adjuvant setting, and administration of increased doses of GCV. This project will also evaluate non-invasive gene transfer imaging developed and test the most promising new therapeutic approach developed in Project 2. The Pharmacokinetics and Imaging project will focus on ways to optimize the delivery of ganciclovir and on the development and use of a radioactively-labeled GCV analog that can be used as a tool to allow noninvasive assessment of gene transfer using positron emission tomography. The Vector Development & Preclinical Studies project will develop new scientific approaches to augment the efficacy of the HSVtk that is introduced into the tumor cells and/or to increase the amount of gene transfer. This will be accomplished by developing improved suicide genes, replicating adenoviral vectors, and augmentation of anti-tumor immune responses. These projects will be supported by four cores: Administrative, Pathology, Translational Services, and Biostatistics/Data Management. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MESOTHELIOMA CLINICAL TRIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kaiser, Larry R.; The John Rhea Barton Professor and Chair; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) An initial phase I Clinical Trial was performed using an E1/E3-deleted adenoviral vector containing the Herpes Simplex Thymidine Kinase (HSVtk) gene in 26 patients with unresectable malignant mesothelioma. The results demonstrated that intratumoral HSVtk gene transfer was possible at high titers of vector, but was primarily limited to the superficial cell layers immediately below the pleural space. At current doses of this vector and with large tumors, gene transfer is thus not likely to be effective from a therapeutic standpoint. The primary goals of this project are 1) to optimize gene therapy approaches before proposing to move on to phase II trials, 2) evaluate new imaging techniques to assess therapeutic efficacy and gene transfer in collaboration with another Project optimize ganciclovir administration in collaboration with another Project to test new therapeutic approaches. To achieve these goals, five specific aims are proposed. In the first aim, the phase I clinical trial dose escalation trial will be continued using an E1/E4-deleted adenoviral vector (H5.001RSV.tk). This El/E4 "third generation" adenoviral vector appears to be less hepatotoxic and has a much lower incidence of recombination allowing it to be produced at a substantially lower cost. In addition, information will be collected about the validity of PET-labeled 18F-GCV. In the second aim, a phase I clinical trial of intrapleural Ad.tk after tumor debulking will be performed in order to maximize the vector: tumor cell ratio and improve gene transfer efficiency. In addition, this protocol will be used to obtain information about the pharmacokinetics of GCV administration by measuring GCV levels within tissues after administering varying single intravenous doses of GCV to patients at defined times before their surgical debulking. In the third aim, a clinical trial involving an alternate ganciclovir dosing regimen is proposed. Based on the results of Specific Aims 1 and 2 and Project 2, the best new GCV dosing regimen will be tested in a phase I trial. This will likely involve increased doses of GCV delivered intravenously. In the fourth aim, the toxicity, gene transfer efficacy, and immune responses following the repeated administration of H5.001RSV.tk will be determined. Finally, a phase I Clinical trial using the most promising newly developed vector or vector approach from Project 3 will be implemented. These studies should provide a

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great deal of valuable information about the use of adenoviral gene therapy for localized malignancy and will hopefully lead to a phase II multi-centered trial aimed at the treatment of mesothelioma. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR MESOTHELIOMA

GENETIC

ALTERATIONS

IN

MALIGNANT

Principal Investigator & Institution: Testa, Joseph R.; Fox Chase Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pa 191112434 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 29-SEP-1987; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant) Exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of malignant mesotheliomas (MMs), highly invasive tumors that arise from the mesothelial cell lining of the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. MMs exhibit frequent mutation of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene (TSG) and homozygous deletion of the INK4a/ARF locus, which encodes the TSG products p16INKa and p14ARF. The tumorigenic potential of p16INK4a alterations has been previously demonstrated in MM cells, whereas evidence in support of a pathogenetic role for p14ARF loss in MM is less well established. Another putative TSG, GPC3, is markedly down regulated in many MMs. The hypothesis is that alterations of NF2, p14ARF and GPC3 are manifestations of key disturbances in cellular physiology that collectively contributes to the development and/or progression of MM. Characterization of the involvement of these TSGs in MM will contribute to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this malignancy, which is the broad, long-term objective of this project. The specific aims are: 1) Characterize mechanisms by which NF2 inactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of MM. Evaluate the effect of merlin expression on the invasive/metastatic potential of MM cells in vivo and on substrate adherence, membrane ruffling, motility and invasiveness in vitro. To discern oncogenic mechanisms associated with NF2 inactivation, determine how merlin function is modulated by phosphorylation as an effector of Rac/Cdc42/Pak1 signaling and whether merlin expression/phosphorylation alters downstream signaling involving JNK and AP-1. 2) Determine the involvement of GPC3 down regulation in the malignant phenotype of MM cells and delineate the potential role of GPC3 in the transduction of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R)-mediated signaling. Assess the effect of GPC3 on MM cell growth/survival, adhesion, and invasiveness. Elucidate mechanisms by which GPC3 may contribute to oncogenesis through participation in IGF signaling. 3) Ascertain if ARF (+/-) and Nf2 (+/-) knockout mice are predisposed to the induction of MM by asbestos. Asbestos-treated ARF (+/-) and NJ2 (+/-) mice will be evaluated with regard to the incidence and invasive/metastatic potential of MMs observed in these two mouse models and the requirement for biallelic inactivation of the predisposing TSG and/or cooperation of oncogenes or other TSGs. Overall, these studies are expected to provide insights regarding mechanisms by which specific TSGs contribute to the pathogenesis of MM and delineate potential avenues for therapeutic intervention. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ONCONASE VS DOXORUBICIN IN MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Robert, Francisco; University of Alabama at Birmingham Uab Station Birmingham, Al 35294 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: There is no text on file for this abstract.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHOGENESIS OF MESENCHYMAL TUMORS INDUCED BY ASBESTOS Principal Investigator & Institution: Kane, Agnes B.; Professor and Chair; Pathology and Lab Medicine; Brown University Box 1929 Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUN-1985; Project End 30-APR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Asbestos fibers persist in the lungs and cause chronic inflammation, pulmonary and pleural fibrosis, lung cancer, and malignant mesothelioma after latent periods of 20-40 years. Recent experimental evidence based on animal models using genetically engineered mice have provided new insight about the mechanistic links between chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. Recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells in response to biopersistent fibers is accompanied by release of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidant stress, DNA damage, and mutations. Inflammatory cells can release cytokines and growth factors that stimulate stromal remodeling and angiogenesis. It is hypothesized that reciprocal activation of tumor and stromal cells results in local release of matrix metalloproteinases that facilitate growth and invasion of diffuse malignant mesothelioma. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays using well characterized, transplantable murine mesothelial cell lines will be used to test this hypothesis. The specific aims of the proposed research are: 1) To determine whether induction of matrix metalloproteinases in murine peritoneal macrophages is correlated with exposure to biopersistent, carcinogenic fibers; 2) To assess the contribution of macrophages to growth and invasion of neoplastic mesothelial cells in vivo; 3) To determine whether asbestos-activated macrophages stimulate invasion of preneoplastic and neoplastic mesothelial cells; 4) To determine whether overexpression of MMP9 leads to autonomous invasion of neoplastic mesothelial cells; and 5) To assess the contribution of stromal macrophages to growth and invasion of human neoplastic mesothelial cells. Newly developed technologies including laser capture microdissection and quantitative analysis of gene expression provide powerful tools for this experimental approach. Pharmacologic modulation of persistent inflammation triggered by biopersistent, carcinogenic fibers may provide a new strategy to prevent progression of malignant mesothelioma in exposed populations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHARMACOKINETICS AND IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Blair, Ian A.; A.N. Richards Prof. of Pharmacology; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The overall goal of this project is to optimize the suicide gene therapy approach to achieve maximum clinical benefit. This will be accomplished through the development of non-invasive imaging techniques and by devising the most efficient method for delivery of ganciclovir to the tumors of human subjects transfected with Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Pharmacokinetic models will be constructed using analytical methodology based on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry as the foundation for non-invasive imaging strategies for use in patients being treated with suicide gene therapy. We hypothesize that there is a relationship between systemic exposure of ganciclovir and concentrations that are found in tumors. Initial experiments will be performed using animal tumor models so that this hypothesis can be tested. In addition, all optimal dosing strategy will

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be defined, and the relationship between plasma and tumor concentrations will be determined. The n vivo metabolism of ganciclovir will be studied in order to ensure that it is not altered in the animal tumor models when compared with control animals. Ganciclovir metabolites that are found in tumor tissue will also be characterized and quantified. The experiments with animal models will lay the groundwork for phase I pharmacokinetic studies in patients with ovarian cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Extensive modeling will be performed in order to provide parameter estimates that describe the experimental data. These should permit predictions of, for example, likely dosing regimens and probable plasma drug levels using different dosing schedules or different routes of administration. An important component of this proposal involves the development of non-invasive methodology to assess the duration and distribution of gene expression. We propose to develop imaging methodology so that we can monitor HSVtk activity and thereby provide information that can be used to further improve this strategy. These studies will be performed using a new PET imaging technique to measure the thymidine kinase enzymatic activity. This study will have important implications for suicide gene therapies in general, and will validate novel technique for assessing gene transfer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RIBONUCLEASES IN CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Raines, Ronald T.; Professor; Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 10-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (from applicant's abstract): The overall goal of the proposed research is to reveal how homologs and variants of ribonuclease A (RNase A) promote tumor cell death. Onconase, which is an amphibian homolog of RNase A, is now undergoing Phase III human clinical trials for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma and Phase I/II trials for the treatment of metastatic renal carcinoma. In contrast to onconase, RNase A is not cytotoxic. In the initial funding period, variants of RNase A were created that, like onconase, were able to evade the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) that resides in the cytosol of mammalian cells. These variants were toxic to tumor cells. This finding portends the development of a new class of cancer chemotherapeutics based on homologs and variants of RNase A. The specific aims of the proposed research are: (1) to determine how RNase A homologs bind to the cell surface, (2) to discover the route taken by RNase A homologs to cytosolic RNA, (3) to reveal fundamental information about the subcellular localization and intracellular function of RI, and (4) to create a human homolog of RNase A that is more toxic to tumor cells than onconase. Relevant properties of RNase A homologs and variants will be assessed in comparison to onconase (positive control) and wild-type RNase A (negative control). These properties include cytotoxicity, RI evasion, ribonucleolytic activity, and conformational stability. Finally, the three-dimensional structures of RNase A homologs and variants with notable cytotoxicity will be determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The proposed research is designed to reveal new insights into the basis of ribonuclease cytotoxicity, and could lead to new cancer chemotherapeutics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SELECTION OF CHEMICAL INHIBITORS OF ONCOPROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Bocchetta, Maurizio; Ob, Gyn, and Reproductive Med; Loyola University Chicago Lewis Towers, 13Th Fl Chicago, Il 60611

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-MAY-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant) Human Papilloma Viruses (HPVs) have been conclusively proven as causative agents of ano-genital tumors, and some tumors of the head and neck. A growing body of evidence relates Simian Virus 40 (SV40) with tumors of the mesothelium, brain, and bone. Both HPV and SV40 deregulate the p53 and pRb tumor suppressors pathways through binding of virus-encoded oncoproteins to the cellular p53 and pRb. Antisense technology targeting the HPV and SV40 oncoproteins leads to growth inhibition and apoptosis in cell lines derived from HPV-positive cervical cancers, and from SV40-positive malignant mesotheliomas, respectively. This evidence suggest that the HPV and SV40 oncoproteins represent valuable targets for the treatment of specific types of human cancer. Accordingly, both immuno-therapy and gene-therapy approaches to target HPV E6 and E7 are subjects of pre-clinical or clinical trials for the treatment of cervical cancer, and similar strategies have been proposed for the treatment of SV40-positive mesotheliomas. So far, immuno-therapy approaches have failed to provide a sufficient response in vivo, and genetic approaches are hampered by the lack of an efficient delivery system. We propose an alternative approach: the screening of chemical libraries to identify molecules capable of interfering with the binding of SV 40 and HPV oncoproteins to cellular p53 and pRb in vitro. These strategies require the analysis of a large panel of chemicals, a task feasible only if highthroughput assays to study the interactions of the viral oncoproteins with their cellular targets are available. These assays would require relatively high amounts of viral oncoproteins and tumor suppressors with proper post-translational modifications to ensure biological activity. Such requirement can be fulfilled if the protein substrates are expressed in human cells. However, human cell systems for protein over-expression are presently unavailable. We discovered that SV40-transformed human mesothelial cells (HM) can be used to obtain mg amounts of the SV40 large tumor antigen (Tag) in complex with cellular p53 and pRb. We propose to take advantage of this cell system to identify chemical inhibitors of the SV40 Tag-cellular tumor suppressors interactions. Moreover SV40-transformed mesothelial clones can be used as a basis to propagate "high copy number", episomal expression vectors in actively replicating human mesothelial ce!ls. Such vectors may allow over-expression of proteins requiring posttranslational modifications for proper biological activity in human cells. We propose to use this experimental system to overproduce and purify carrier-conjugable HPVl6 E6 and E7. Recombinant E6 and E7 will be subsequently used to develop ELISA-based in vitro assays to study the HPVl6 E6 and E7 binding to p53 and pRb, respectively. Finally, we propose to employ the latter assays for the screening of chemical libraries in order to find inhibitors of the HPV E6 and E7. The identification of putative inhibitors of the SV 40 and HPV oncoproteins may lead to the development of novel anticancer drugs. Furthermore, the experiments proposed may contribute novel technology for the overexpression and purification of potentially any protein in actively replicating human mesothelial cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SV40 SEQUENCES IN HUMAN TUMORS: ANALYSIS & BIOLOGIC* Principal Investigator & Institution: Carbone, Michele; Ob, Gyn, and Reproductive Med; Loyola University Chicago Lewis Towers, 13Th Fl Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Simian virus 40 (SV40 is a DNA virus which specifically induces mesotheliomas, ependymomas, sarcomas and osteosarcomas in rodents. These same tumor types contain SV40 sequences in humans, but the role of

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SV40 in human carcinogenesis is unknown. We are investigating if SV40 contributes to the development of human mesothelioma, a very aggressive tumor of the pleura whose incidence continues to increase. Mesothelioma is strongly associated with asbestos exposure, but only 5-10 percent of workers exposed to high levels of asbestos develop this tumor, and about 20 percent of mesotheliomas patients have not been exposed to asbestos. It would be very important to find the co-factor/s that render some workers more susceptible to asbestos or that cause mesothelioma in individuals who have not been exposed to asbestos. We propose to investigate the mechanisms that make mesothelial cells very susceptible to SV40-mediated transformation, and their possible relevance to human malignant mesothelioma. During the previous grant period, we established the possible biological significance of SV40 when present in some human mesotheliomas, and the utility of an in vitro SV40-human mesothelial cell system for studying this association. We propose to build on these studies to identify: 1) the natural history of SV40 infection in humans, 2) the mechanisms that cause the frequent immortalization of mesothelial cells following infection with SV40, 3) the mechanisms which may account for the presence of the more rapidly replicating non-archetypal SV40 in mesotheliomas, compared to the less rapidly replicating archetypal SV40 in ependymomas and bone tumors, and whether these mechanisms are related to oncogenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TARGETING BCL-XL EXPRESSION IN MESOTHELIOMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Smythe, W Roy.; Chairman, Department of Surgery; Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surg; University of Texas Md Anderson Can Ctr Cancer Center Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Malignant mesothelioma is an example of a solid tumor extremely unresponsive to conventional therapy, with few patients surviving for more than 12 months regardless of treatment. We postulate that this treatment unresponsiveness is due to apoptosis resistance. BCL-XL is an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 protein family, and is over-expressed in mesothelioma. Attenuated expression of other anti-apoptotic proteins and normal pro-apoptotic protein expression is noted in this tumor. Data from our laboratory suggests that constitutive transcriptional activation of the bcl-xl gene is responsible for protein over-expression. We have demonstrated bcl-xl down-regulation in human mesothelioma cells at the protein and mRNA level by both antisense oligonucleotide and full-length adenoviral antisense constructs leads to apoptotic human cell death in vitro. Down-regulation of bcl-xl also sensitizes mesothelioma cells to subsequent in vitro chemotherapy exposure leading to additive or synergistic cellular death. Pilot studies evaluating in vivo downregulation of bcl-xl utilizing an adenoviral vector antisense construct or antisense oligonucleotides demonstrate inhibition of mesothelioma tumor growth. These experimental results suggest the following hypotheses: (1) bcl-xl expression is abnormal in mesothelioma due to up-regulation of constitutive transcriptional activity, (2) bcl-xl over-expression is in part responsible for mesothelioma clinical treatment resistance, (3) down-regulation of bcl-xl expression will lead to a bcl-2 family protein "imbalance" favoring apoptosis, (4) in vivo administration of bcl-xl antisense oligonucleotides will lead to BCL-XL down-regulation and apoptotic death of mesothelioma tumor cells, and (5) down-regulation of BCL-XL expression in vivo will sensitize mesothelioma tumor cells to conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. We will test the hypotheses regarding constitutive transcriptional activation by evaluation of the

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known transcriptional pathways and promoter function for bcl-xl. In vivo treatment hypotheses will be tested by use of established animal xenograft treatment models of mesothelioma. Our goals are to understand the mechanism of transcriptional upregulation of the bcl-xl gene in this tumor, and to find a more effective clinical treatment for malignant mesothelioma. A more complete knowledge of bcl-xl constitutive upregulation mechanisms could be of therapeutic import for a number of solid tumors that have a similar bcl-2 family phenotype. Upstream targets regulating bcl-xl expression for use in future therapeutic paradigms may be identified. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: UPCC 5598: GENE THERAPY OF MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA USING EL/E4 DELETED ADENOVIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sterman, Daniel; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for malignant mesothelioma in the PubMed Central database: •

Primary malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium. Case report and literature review. by Thomason R, Schlegel W, Lucca M, Cummings S, Lee S.; 1994; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325154

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Primary malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium. by Kumar AS.; 1994; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=325199

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with malignant mesothelioma, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for malignant mesothelioma (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A cluster of familial malignant mesothelioma with del(9p) as the sole chromosomal anomaly. Author(s): Musti M, Cavone D, Aalto Y, Scattone A, Serio G, Knuutila S. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2002 October 1; 138(1): 73-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12419589

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A multicentre phase II study of cisplatin and gemcitabine for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Nowak AK, Byrne MJ, Williamson R, Ryan G, Segal A, Fielding D, Mitchell P, Musk AW, Robinson BW. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 August 27; 87(5): 491-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12189542

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A one-generation cluster of malignant mesothelioma within a family reveals exposure to asbestos-contaminated jute bags in Naples, Italy. Author(s): Ascoli V, Carnovale-Scalzo C, Nardi F, Efrati C, Menegozzo M. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2003; 18(2): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12733840

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A randomised trial of single-dose radiotherapy to prevent procedure tract metastasis by malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Bydder S, Phillips M, Joseph DJ, Cameron F, Spry NA, DeMelker Y, Musk AW. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 July 5; 91(1): 9-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15199394

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A vitamin E analogue suppresses malignant mesothelioma in a preclinical model: a future drug against a fatal neoplastic disease? Author(s): Tomasetti M, Gellert N, Procopio A, Neuzil J. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 May 1; 109(5): 641-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14999768

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Abdominal malignant mesothelioma following autologous bone marrow transplantation: a case report. Author(s): Miniero R, Tardivo I, De Simone M, Gubetta L, Orecchia S, Cacciotti P, Gorzegno G. Source: Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. 2003 December; 20(8): 583-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14578027

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Absence of SV-40 large T antigen (Tag) in malignant mesothelioma effusions: an immunocytochemical study. Author(s): Simsir A, Fetsch P, Bedrossian CW, Ioffe OB, Abati A. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2001 October; 25(4): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11599101

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Activity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy on malignant mesothelioma: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. Author(s): Berghmans T, Paesmans M, Lalami Y, Louviaux I, Luce S, Mascaux C, Meert AP, Sculier JP. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 November; 38(2): 111-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399121

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Ad-IFN gamma induces antiproliferative and antitumoral responses in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Gattacceca F, Pilatte Y, Billard C, Monnet I, Moritz S, Le Carrou J, Eloit M, Jaurand MC. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002 October; 8(10): 3298-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12374702

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Advances in the management of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Khalil MY, Mapa M, Shin HJ, Shin DM. Source: Current Oncology Reports. 2003 July; 5(4): 334-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12781077

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Alpha-tocopheryl succinate and TRAIL selectively synergise in induction of apoptosis in human malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Tomasetti M, Rippo MR, Alleva R, Moretti S, Andera L, Neuzil J, Procopio A. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2004 April 19; 90(8): 1644-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15083198

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Angiogenesis is an independent prognostic factor in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Edwards JG, Cox G, Andi A, Jones JL, Walker RA, Waller DA, O'Byrne KJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 September 14; 85(6): 863-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11556838

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Antisense therapy for malignant mesothelioma with oligonucleotides targeting the bcl-xl gene product. Author(s): Smythe WR, Mohuiddin I, Ozveran M, Cao XX. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2002 June; 123(6): 1191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12063468

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Asbestos and man-made vitreous fibers as risk factors for diffuse malignant mesothelioma: results from a German hospital-based case-control study. Author(s): Rodelsperger K, Jockel KH, Pohlabeln H, Romer W, Woitowitz HJ. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 March; 39(3): 262-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11241559

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Asbestos exposure in malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: a survey of 557 cases. Author(s): Bianchi C, Brollo A, Ramani L, Bianchi T, Giarelli L. Source: Ind Health. 2001 April; 39(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341546

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Asbestos fibers contributing to the induction of human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Yuen SR. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 December; 982: 160-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12562635

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Asbestos tissue burden study on human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Suzuki Y, Yuen SR. Source: Ind Health. 2001 April; 39(2): 150-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341545

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Assessment of cell cycle state may facilitate the histopathological diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Sington JD, Morris LS, Nicholson AG, Coleman N. Source: Histopathology. 2003 May; 42(5): 498-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12713628

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Assessment of the mutations of p53 suppressor gene and Ha- and Ki-ras oncogenes in malignant mesothelioma in relation to asbestos exposure: a study of 12 American patients. Author(s): Kitamura F, Araki S, Suzuki Y, Yokoyama K, Tanigawa T, Iwasaki R. Source: Ind Health. 2002 April; 40(2): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12064559

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Benign pleural lesion and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Klima M, Gyorkey F. Source: Virchows Arch a Pathol Anat Histol. 1977 November 25; 376(3): 181-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=145715

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Ber-EP4 antibody as a discriminant in the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma versus adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Sheibani K, Shin SS, Kezirian J, Weiss LM. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1991 August; 15(8): 779-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2069213

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Beta-catenin inhibits cell growth of a malignant mesothelioma cell line, NCI-H28, with a 3p21.3 homozygous deletion. Author(s): Usami N, Sekido Y, Maeda O, Yamamoto K, Minna JD, Hasegawa Y, Yoshioka H, Imaizumi M, Ueda Y, Takahashi M, Shimokata K. Source: Oncogene. 2003 September 11; 22(39): 7923-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12970740

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Bilateral pleural effusion due to malignant mesothelioma, diagnosed by means of immunostaining. Author(s): Mannes GP, Gouw AS, Postmus PE. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1990 July; 3(7): 833-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2261973

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Biological and immunological aspects of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Garlepp MJ, Leong CC. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 April; 8(4): 643-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7664867

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Biphasic malignant mesothelioma (malignant adenomatoid tumor) of paratesticular tissue. Author(s): Khan AR, Min B, Chai SW, Englander LS. Source: Urology. 1984 July; 24(1): 82-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6740857

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Biphasic malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis. Author(s): Saw KC, Barker TH, Khalil KH, Gaches CG. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1994 September; 74(3): 381-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7953275

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Blood group antigens, Lewisx and Lewisy in the diagnostic discrimination of malignant mesothelioma versus adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Jordon D, Jagirdar J, Kaneko M. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1989 November; 135(5): 931-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2817084

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Bone metastases in malignant mesothelioma are not uncommon. Author(s): Dejmek A. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 1992; 20(1): 86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1727217

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Brain metastasis from malignant mesothelioma--case report. Author(s): Kitai R, Kabuto M, Kawano H, Uno H, Kobayashi H, Kubota T. Source: Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1995 March; 35(3): 172-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7770113

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Bronchoesophagopleural fistula after photodynamic therapy for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Luketich JD, Westkaemper J, Sommers KE, Ferson PF, Keenan RJ, Landreneau RJ. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 1996 July; 62(1): 283-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8678664

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Cadherins, catenins and APC in pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Abutaily AS, Collins JE, Roche WR. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 2003 November; 201(3): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14595746

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Caelyx in malignant mesothelioma: a phase II EORTC study. Author(s): Baas P, van Meerbeeck J, Groen H, Schouwink H, Burgers S, Daamen S, Giaccone G. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2000 June; 11(6): 697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942058

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Calretinin and other mesothelioma markers in synovial sarcoma: analysis of antigenic similarities and differences with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Miettinen M, Limon J, Niezabitowski A, Lasota J. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 May; 25(5): 610-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11342772

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Calretinin promoter for suicide gene expression in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Inase N, Miyake S, Yoshizawa Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 March-April; 21(2A): 1111-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11396148

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Capecitabine in malignant mesothelioma: a phase II trial by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (39807). Author(s): Otterson GA, Herndon JE 2nd, Watson D, Green MR, Kindler HL; Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2004 May; 44(2): 251-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084390

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Cardiac tamponade as the initial manifestation of primary pericardial malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Gopez EV, Carey M, Klatt E. Source: Acta Cytol. 2002 November-December; 46(6): 1171-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12462105

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Cell cycle checkpoint status in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines: response to gamma radiation. Author(s): Vivo C, Lecomte C, Levy F, Leroy K, Kirova Y, Renier A, Kheuang L, Piedbois P, Chopin D, Jaurand MC. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 February 10; 88(3): 388-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12569381

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Challenging and unusual cases: Case 4. Malignant mesothelioma presenting as an anterior mediastinal mass. Author(s): Featherstone C, Scolyer R, Hruby G, Tin M, Wills EJ, Hendel PN. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 April 1; 21(7): 1420-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12663739

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Changing clinical course of patients with malignant mesothelioma: implications for FNA cytology and utility of immunocytochemical staining. Author(s): Yu GH, Soma L, Hahn S, Friedberg JS. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2001 May; 24(5): 322-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11335961

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c-Kit is not expressed in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Horvai AE, Li L, Xu Z, Kramer MJ, Jablons DM, Treseler PA. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 2003 August; 16(8): 818-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12920227

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Combination of raltitrexed and oxaliplatin is an active regimen in malignant mesothelioma: results of a phase II study. Author(s): Fizazi K, Doubre H, Le Chevalier T, Riviere A, Viala J, Daniel C, Robert L, Barthelemy P, Fandi A, Ruffie P. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 January 15; 21(2): 349-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12525529

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Concurrent LOH at multiple loci in human malignant mesothelioma with preferential loss of NF2 gene region. Author(s): Pylkkanen L, Sainio M, Ollikainen T, Mattson K, Nordling S, Carpen O, Linnainmaa K, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K. Source: Oncol Rep. 2002 September-October; 9(5): 955-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168054

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Concurrent malignant mesothelioma of the pleura and hepatocellular carcinoma in the same patient: a report of five cases. Author(s): Bianchi C, Ramani L, Bianchi T. Source: Ind Health. 2002 October; 40(4): 383-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12502242

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Current controversies regarding the role of asbestos exposure in the causation of malignant mesothelioma: the need for an evidence-based approach to develop medicolegal guidelines. Author(s): Marchevsky AM, Wick MR. Source: Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2003 October; 7(5): 321-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14571437

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Current therapy for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Smythe WR. Source: Current Oncology Reports. 2002 July; 4(4): 305-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12044240

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Cutaneous toxicity after intradermal vaccination with Mycobacterium vaccae against lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Pandha HS, Mortimer P, Souberbeille B, McCoubrie P, O'Brien ME. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2001 March; 144(3): 648-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11260047

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Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is a novel prognostic factor in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Edwards JG, Faux SP, Plummer SM, Abrams KR, Walker RA, Waller DA, O'Byrne KJ. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002 June; 8(6): 1857-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12060628

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Cytologic differential diagnosis among reactive mesothelial cells, malignant mesothelioma, and adenocarcinoma: utility of combined E-cadherin and calretinin immunostaining. Author(s): Kitazume H, Kitamura K, Mukai K, Inayama Y, Kawano N, Nakamura N, Sano J, Mitsui K, Yoshida S, Nakatani Y. Source: Cancer. 2000 February 25; 90(1): 55-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10692217

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del(6q) as a possible primary change in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Meloni AM, Stephenson CF, Li FP, Sandberg AA. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1992 March; 59(1): 57-61. Review. Erratum In: Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1992 July 1; 61(1): 110. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1555192

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Deletions at 14q in malignant mesothelioma detected by microsatellite marker analysis. Author(s): Bjorkqvist AM, Wolf M, Nordling S, Tammilehto L, Knuuttila A, Kere J, Mattson K, Knuutila S. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 December; 81(7): 1111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10584869

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Deletions of chromosome 4 at multiple sites are frequent in malignant mesothelioma and small cell lung carcinoma. Author(s): Shivapurkar N, Virmani AK, Wistuba II, Milchgrub S, Mackay B, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999 January; 5(1): 17-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9918198

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Desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma masquerading as sclerosing mediastinitis: a diagnostic dilemma. Author(s): Crotty TB, Colby TV, Gay PC, Pisani RJ. Source: Human Pathology. 1992 January; 23(1): 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1544676

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Desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: autopsy reveals asbestos exposure. Author(s): Ishikawa R, Kikuchi E, Jin M, Fujita M, Itoh T, Sawa H, Nagashima K, Kikuchi H. Source: Pathology International. 2003 June; 53(6): 401-6. Erratum In: Pathol Int. 2003 September; 53(9): 652. Kikuchi H [corrected to Kikuchi E]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12787316

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Desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma: a review of 17 cases. Author(s): Wilson GE, Hasleton PS, Chatterjee AK. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1992 April; 45(4): 295-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1577967

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Desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma: two cases and a literature review. Author(s): Hirano H, Maeda H, Sawabata N, Okumura Y, Takeda S, Maekura R, Ito M, Maeda T, Nakane S, Uematsu K. Source: Medical Electron Microscopy : Official Journal of the Clinical Electron Microscopy Society of Japan. 2003 September; 36(3): 173-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14505061

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Detection of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 7 and 9 in cytologic specimens of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Shin HJ, Shin DM, Tarco E, Sneige N. Source: Cancer. 2003 August 25; 99(4): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12925985

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Detection of SV40 DNA sequences in malignant mesothelioma specimens from the United States, but not from Turkey. Author(s): De Rienzo A, Tor M, Sterman DH, Aksoy F, Albelda SM, Testa JR. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2002; 84(3): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813251

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Diagnosis of diffuse malignant mesothelioma: experience of a US/Canadian Mesothelioma Panel. Author(s): McCaughey WT, Colby TV, Battifora H, Churg A, Corson JM, Greenberg SD, Grimes MM, Hammar S, Roggli VL, Unni KK. Source: Modern Pathology : an Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 1991 May; 4(3): 342-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2068061

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Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma by fine needle aspiration of a cervical lymph node. A case report. Author(s): Ansari NA, Derias NW. Source: Acta Cytol. 2000 January-February; 44(1): 70-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10667164

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Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration. Author(s): Bruno C, Minniti S, Procacci C. Source: Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : Jcu. 2002 March-April; 30(3): 181-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11948575

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Dietary intake and the risk of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Muscat JE, Huncharek M. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 May; 73(9): 1122-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8624274

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Differential immunohistochemical staining for retinoblastoma protein with the antibodies C15 and 1F8 in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Ramael M, Segers K, Van Marck E. Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1994 February; 190(2): 138-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7520164

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Differentiation of adenocarcinoma of the lung and malignant mesothelioma: predictive value and reproducibility of immunoreactive antibodies. Author(s): Skov BG, Lauritzen AF, Hirsch FR, Skov T, Nielsen HW. Source: Histopathology. 1994 November; 25(5): 431-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7868083

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Diffuse malignant mesothelioma arising in a paracolostomy hernial sac. Author(s): Bethwaite PB, Evans R, Naik DK, Delahunt B, Teague CA. Source: Histopathology. 1996 September; 29(3): 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8884360

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Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum following abdominal radiotherapy. Author(s): Amin AM, Mason C, Rowe P. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2001 March; 27(2): 214-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11289763

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Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleural space and its management. Author(s): Zellos LS, Sugarbaker DJ. Source: Oncology (Huntingt). 2002 July; 16(7): 907-13; Discussion 916-7, 919-20, 925. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12164558

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Diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the uterus. Author(s): Miyamoto T, Hayashi H, Sengoku K, Ojima H, Tokusashi Y, Yaginuma Y, Takuma N, Hasuike S, Miyokawa N, Ishikawa M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2000 February; 79(2): 154-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10696970

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Dihydro-5-azacytidine in malignant mesothelioma. A phase II trial demonstrating activity accompanied by cardiac toxicity. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Author(s): Yogelzang NJ, Herndon JE 2nd, Cirrincione C, Harmon DC, Antman KH, Corson JM, Suzuki Y, Citron ML, Green MR. Source: Cancer. 1997 June 1; 79(11): 2237-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9179072

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Edatrexate (10-ethyl-deaza-aminopterin) (NSC #626715) with or without leucovorin rescue for malignant mesothelioma. Sequential phase II trials by the cancer and leukemia group B. Author(s): Kindler HL, Belani CP, Herndon JE 2nd, Vogelzang NJ, Suzuki Y, Green MR. Source: Cancer. 1999 November 15; 86(10): 1985-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10570422

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Effects of glycosaminoglycans on proliferation of epithelial and fibroblast human malignant mesothelioma cells: a structure-function relationship. Author(s): Syrokou A, Tzanakakis G, Tsegenidis T, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Source: Cell Proliferation. 1999 April-June; 32(2-3): 85-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10535355

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Efficacy of CD40 ligand gene therapy in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Friedlander PL, Delaune CL, Abadie JM, Toups M, LaCour J, Marrero L, Zhong Q, Kolls JK. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2003 September; 29(3 Pt 1): 321-30. Epub 2003 April 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12676804

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Effusion cytology after extrapleural pneumonectomy for treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Renshaw AA, Nappi D, Swanson S, Sugarbaker DJ. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 February; 107(2): 206-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9024069

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Emerging insights into the biology and therapy of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Vogelzang NJ. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2002 December; 29(6 Suppl 18): 35-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12571809

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Endometrial involvement by intra-abdominal diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kir G, Kir M, Karateke A, Ozkan F. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 2004; 25(3): 387-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15171327

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Environmental malignant mesothelioma in southern Anatolia: a study of fifty cases. Author(s): Zeren EH, Gumurdulu D, Roggli VL, Zorludemir S, Erkisi M, Tuncer I. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2000 November; 108(11): 1047-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11102295

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Establishment and characterization of a human malignant mesothelioma cell line (HMMME). Author(s): Ishiwata I, Ishiwata C, Anzo M, Minami R, Kiguchi K, Tachibana T, Ishikawa H. Source: Hum Cell. 2003 December; 16(4): 231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15147043

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Establishment and preliminary characterization of human malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Author(s): de Cupis A, Pirani P, Favoni RE. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1998 April; 53(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689807

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Evaluation of tumour angiogenesis as a prognostic marker in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kumar-Singh S, Vermeulen PB, Weyler J, Segers K, Weyn B, Van Daele A, Dirix LY, Van Oosterom AT, Van Marck E. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1997 June; 182(2): 211-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9274533

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Exposure to brake dust and malignant mesothelioma: a study of 10 cases with mineral fiber analyses. Author(s): Butnor KJ, Sporn TA, Roggli VL. Source: The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2003 June; 47(4): 325-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12765873

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Expression and activity of matrix metalloproteases in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Author(s): Liu Z, Ivanoff A, Klominek J. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 March 1; 91(5): 638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11267973

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Expression and prognostic significance of catalase in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kahlos K, Soini Y, Sormunen R, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Paakko P, Linnainmaa K, Kinnula VL. Source: Cancer. 2001 April 1; 91(7): 1349-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11283936

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Expression of GPC3, an X-linked recessive overgrowth gene, is silenced in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Murthy SS, Shen T, De Rienzo A, Lee WC, Ferriola PC, Jhanwar SC, Mossman BT, Filmus J, Testa JR. Source: Oncogene. 2000 January 20; 19(3): 410-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10656689

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Expression of hyaluronan synthases and hyaluronan in malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Liu Z, Dobra K, Hauzenberger D, Klominek J. Source: Anticancer Res. 2004 March-April; 24(2B): 599-603. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15161000

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Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Ruco LP, de Laat PA, Matteucci C, Bernasconi S, Sciacca FM, van der Kwast TH, Hoogsteden HC, Uccini S, Mantovani A, Versnel MA. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1996 July; 179(3): 266-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8774481

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Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in healthy pleura and in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Soini Y, Kahlos K, Puhakka A, Lakari E, Saily M, Paakko P, Kinnula V. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2000 October; 83(7): 880-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10970689

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Expression of matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, collagens, and Ki67 antigen in pleural malignant mesothelioma: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Author(s): Hirano H, Tsuji M, Kizaki T, Sashikata T, Yoshi Y, Okada Y, Mori H. Source: Medical Electron Microscopy : Official Journal of the Clinical Electron Microscopy Society of Japan. 2002 March; 35(1): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12111403

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Expression of the nerve growth factor receptors TrkA and p75 in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Davidson B, Reich R, Lazarovici P, Florenes VA, Risberg B, Nielsen S, Sert B, Bedrossian C. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2004 May; 44(2): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15084380

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Factors influencing the outcome of radiotherapy in malignant mesothelioma of the pleura--a single-institution experience with 189 patients. Author(s): de Graaf-Strukowska L, van der Zee J, van Putten W, Senan S. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 1999 February 1; 43(3): 511-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078630

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Familial clustering of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Risberg B, Nickels J, Wagermark J. Source: Cancer. 1980 May 1; 45(9): 2422-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7379039

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Familial malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Saracci R, Simonato L. Source: Lancet. 2001 November 24; 358(9295): 1813-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11734267

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Familial pleural malignant mesothelioma: clustering in three sisters and one cousin. Author(s): Ascoli V, Scalzo CC, Bruno C, Facciolo F, Lopergolo M, Granone P, Nardi F. Source: Cancer Letters. 1998 August 14; 130(1-2): 203-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9751275

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Fatal primary mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumour initially diagnosed as malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Lavery BA. Source: Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1994; 6(6): 409-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7873490

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Fiber concentration in lung tissue of patients with malignant mesothelioma. A casecontrol study. Author(s): Mowe G, Gylseth B, Hartveit F, Skaug V. Source: Cancer. 1985 September 1; 56(5): 1089-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4016698

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Fine needle aspiration cytology of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Sterrett GF, Whitaker D, Shilkin KB, Walters MN. Source: Acta Cytol. 1987 March-April; 31(2): 185-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3469852

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Finger clubbing in malignant mesothelioma and benign asbestos pleural disease. Author(s): McGavin C, Hughes P. Source: Respiratory Medicine. 1998 April; 92(4): 691-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9659538

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Flow cytometric analysis of a localized malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Gomez-Roman JJ, Mons-Lera R, Olmedo IS, Val-Bernal JF. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 April; 73(4): 1292-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11996274

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Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Absy M, Gazzawi B, Amoah E. Source: Nephron. 1992; 60(2): 250. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1553020

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Four cases of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Author(s): Alp C, Karadeniz A. Source: Int Surg. 1967 February; 47(2): 150-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6034440

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Frequent mutations of NF2 and allelic loss from chromosome band 22q12 in malignant mesothelioma: evidence for a two-hit mechanism of NF2 inactivation. Author(s): Cheng JQ, Lee WC, Klein MA, Cheng GZ, Jhanwar SC, Testa JR. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1999 March; 24(3): 238-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10451704

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Further analyses of the evolutionary characteristics of a sequentially studied human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Mark J, Olofsson K, Mansson T, Stenman G. Source: Hereditas. 1989; 110(1): 85-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2777632

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Further evidence of an excess of risk of pleural malignant mesothelioma in textile workers in Prato (Italy). Author(s): Paci E, Zappa M, Paoletti L, Buiatti E, Chellini E, Merler E, Seniori Costantini A. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1991 August; 64(2): 377-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1892768

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Gains and losses of DNA sequences in malignant mesothelioma by comparative genomic hybridization. Author(s): Kivipensas P, Bjorkqvist AM, Karhu R, Pelin K, Linnainmaa K, Tammilehto L, Mattson K, Kallioniemi QP, Knuutila S. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1996 July 1; 89(1): 7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8689616

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Gemcitabine and cisplatin: second-line chemotherapy for malignant mesothelioma? Author(s): Vogelzang NJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1999 August; 17(8): 2626-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10561332

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Gemcitabine for malignant mesothelioma: A phase II trial by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Author(s): Kindler HL, Millard F, Herndon JE 2nd, Vogelzang NJ, Suzuki Y, Green MR. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001 February-March; 31(2-3): 311-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11165412

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Gemcitabine-induced erysipeloid skin lesions in a patient with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kuku I, Kaya E, Sevinc A, Aydogdu I. Source: Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : Jeadv. 2002 May; 16(3): 271-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12195570

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Gender-related differences in the distribution of thoracic versus abdominal malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Delfino RJ, Anton-Culver H, Saltzstein SL. Source: Cancer Detection and Prevention. 1995; 19(4): 301-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7553671

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Gene expression profiling identifies matriptase overexpression in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Hoang CD, D'Cunha J, Kratzke MG, Casmey CE, Frizelle SP, Maddaus MA, Kratzke RA. Source: Chest. 2004 May; 125(5): 1843-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15136399

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Gene expression profiling of malignant mesothelioma cell lines: cDNA array study. Author(s): Kettunen E, Nissen AM, Ollikainen T, Taavitsainen M, Tapper J, Mattson K, Linnainmaa K, Knuutila S, El-Rifai W. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2001 February 15; 91(4): 492-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11251971

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Gene expression profiling of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Singhal S, Wiewrodt R, Malden LD, Amin KM, Matzie K, Friedberg J, Kucharczuk JC, Litzky LA, Johnson SW, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Source: Clinical Cancer Research : an Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003 August 1; 9(8): 3080-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12912960

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Gene therapy for malignant mesothelioma: a novel approach for an incurable cancer with increased incidence in Louisiana. Author(s): Schwarzenberger P, Harrison L, Weinacker A, Gaumer R, Theodossiou C, Summer W, Ye P, Marrogi AJ, Ramesh R, Freeman S, Kolls J. Source: J La State Med Soc. 1998 April; 150(4): 168-74. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9610071

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Gene therapy of experimental malignant mesothelioma using adenovirus vectors encoding the HSVtk gene. Author(s): Esandi MC, van Someren GD, Vincent AJ, van Bekkum DW, Valerio D, Bout A, Noteboom JL. Source: Gene Therapy. 1997 April; 4(4): 280-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9176512

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Gene therapy using adenovirus carrying the herpes simplex-thymidine kinase gene to treat in vivo models of human malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer. Author(s): Hwang HC, Smythe WR, Elshami AA, Kucharczuk JC, Amin KM, Williams JP, Litzky LA, Kaiser LR, Albelda SM. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 1995 July; 13(1): 716. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7598939

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Genetic alteration of the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) in human lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma and identification of a new 3p21.3 homozygous deletion. Author(s): Shigemitsu K, Sekido Y, Usami N, Mori S, Sato M, Horio Y, Hasegawa Y, Bader SA, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Hida T, Yoshioka H, Imaizumi M, Ueda Y, Takahashi M, Shimokata K. Source: Oncogene. 2001 July 12; 20(31): 4249-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11464291

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Genetic factors in the aetiology of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Huncharek M. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1995 October; 31A(11): 1741-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8541092

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Genetic susceptibility and familial malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Ascoli V, Mecucci C, Knuutila S. Source: Lancet. 2001 June 2; 357(9270): 1804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11407390

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Genetic-susceptibility factor and malignant mesothelioma in the Cappadocian region of Turkey. Author(s): Roushdy-Hammady I, Siegel J, Emri S, Testa JR, Carbone M. Source: Lancet. 2001 February 10; 357(9254): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11273069

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Glutathione S-transferase expression in malignant mesothelioma and non-neoplastic mesothelium: an immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Segers K, Kumar-Singh S, Weyler J, Bogers J, Ramael M, Van Meerbeeck J, Van Marck E. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1996; 122(10): 619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8879260

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Glycosaminoglycans from two human malignant mesothelioma cell lines: determination, distribution, and effect of platelet-derived growth factor on their synthesis. Author(s): Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK, Klominek J, Hjerpe A. Source: Biochemistry and Cell Biology = Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire. 1995 JanuaryFebruary; 73(1-2): 59-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7662316

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Granulocyte colony stimulating factor-producing diffuse malignant mesothelioma of pleura. Author(s): Ohbayashi H, Nosaka H, Hirose K, Yamase H, Yamaki K, Ito M. Source: Intern Med. 1999 August; 38(8): 668-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10440505

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HBME-1 and antithrombomodulin in the differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of pleura. Author(s): Kennedy AD, King G, Kerr KM. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1997 October; 50(10): 859-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9462271

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Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor stimulates chemotaxis and growth of malignant mesothelioma cells through c-met receptor. Author(s): Klominek J, Baskin B, Liu Z, Hauzenberger D. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1998 April 13; 76(2): 240-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9537587

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High frequency of immune dysfunctions in asbestos workers and in patients with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Lew F, Tsang P, Holland JF, Warner N, Selikoff IJ, Bekesi JG. Source: Journal of Clinical Immunology. 1986 May; 6(3): 225-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2424930

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High frequency of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes as index of susceptibility to pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Bolognesi C, Filiberti R, Neri M, Perrone E, Landini E, Canessa PA, Simonassi C, Cerrano PG, Mutti L, Puntoni R. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 October 1; 62(19): 5418-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12359747

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High levels of MDM2 are not correlated with the presence of wild-type p53 in human malignant mesothelioma cell lines. Author(s): Ungar S, Van de Meeren A, Tammilehto L, Linnainmaa K, Mattson K, Gerwin BI. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1996 November; 74(10): 1534-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8932331

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High-dose doxorubicin, dexrazoxane, and GM-CSF in malignant mesothelioma: a phase II study-Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9631. Author(s): Kosty MP, Herndon JE 2nd, Vogelzang NJ, Kindler HL, Green MR. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2001 November; 34(2): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11679188

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High-dose ifosfamide with mesna and granuloctye-colony-stimulating factor (recombinant human G-CSF) in patients with unresectable malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Talbot SM, Rankin C, Taub RN, Balcerzak SP Jr, Bhoopalam N, Chapman RA, Baker LH, Middleman EL, Antman KH. Source: Cancer. 2003 July 15; 98(2): 331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12872353

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High-dose methotrexate in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. A phase II study. Author(s): Solheim OP, Saeter G, Finnanger AM, Stenwig AE. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1992 June; 65(6): 956-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1616870

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Higher doses of alpha-interferon do not increase the activity of the weekly cisplatininterferon combination in advanced malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Trandafir L, Ruffie P, Borel C, Monnet I, Soulie P, Adams D, Cvitkovic E, Armand JP. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 1997 October; 33(11): 19002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9470855

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High-performance capillary electrophoretic analysis of hyaluronan in effusions from human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Karamanos NK, Hjerpe A. Source: J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997 September 12; 697(1-2): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9342681

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Histological types of malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure. Author(s): Wright WE, Sherwin RP. Source: Br J Ind Med. 1984 November; 41(4): 514-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6498114

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HLA antigen expression and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Christmas TI, Manning LS, Davis MR, Robinson BW, Garlepp MJ. Source: American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 1991 September; 5(3): 213-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1910807

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Human malignant mesothelioma cell growth: activation of janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1alpha for inhibition by interferon-gamma. Author(s): Buard A, Vivo C, Monnet I, Boutin C, Pilatte Y, Jaurand MC. Source: Cancer Research. 1998 February 15; 58(4): 840-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9485044

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Human malignant mesothelioma cell lines express PDGF beta-receptors whereas cultured normal mesothelial cells express predominantly PDGF alpha-receptors. Author(s): Versnel MA, Claesson-Welsh L, Hammacher A, Bouts MJ, van der Kwast TH, Eriksson A, Willemsen R, Weima SM, Hoogsteden HC, Hagemeijer A, et al. Source: Oncogene. 1991 November; 6(11): 2005-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1658707

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Human malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: new perspectives for diagnosis and therapy. Author(s): Procopio A, Strizzi L, Giuffrida A, Scarpa S, Giuliano M, Iezzi T, Mutti L, Modesti A. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1998 April; 53(2): 241-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689815

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Hyaluronan in serum as an indicator of progressive disease in hyaluronan-producing malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Thylen A, Wallin J, Martensson G. Source: Cancer. 1999 November 15; 86(10): 2000-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10570424

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Hyaluronan receptors are expressed on human malignant mesothelioma cells but not on normal mesothelial cells. Author(s): Asplund T, Heldin P. Source: Cancer Research. 1994 August 15; 54(16): 4516-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7519123

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Hyaluronic acid content of effusions as a diagnostic aid for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Roboz J, Greaves J, Silides D, Chahinian AP, Holland JF. Source: Cancer Research. 1985 April; 45(4): 1850-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3978644

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Hydrocortisone-induced increase of PDGF beta-receptor expression in a human malignant mesothelioma cell line. Author(s): Versnel MA, Bouts MJ, Langerak AW, van der Kwast TH, Hoogsteden HC, Hagemeijer A, Heldin CH. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 1992 May; 200(1): 83-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1314190

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Identification of a differential expression of two cDNAs between malignant mesothelioma and normal mesothelial cells using the RNA fingerprint method. Author(s): Frank S, von Specht BU, Sendt W, Farthmann EH, Hirsch T. Source: Tumour Biology : the Journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine. 1998; 19(3): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9591041

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Ifosfamide in malignant mesothelioma: a phase II study. Author(s): Andersen MK, Krarup-Hansen A, Martensson G, Winther-Nielsen H, Thylen A, Damgaard K, Olling S, Wallin J. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1999 April; 24(1): 39-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10403693

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Images in cardiology. Rapid progression of pericardial malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Tjeerdsma G, Brouwer J, Van Veldhuisen DJ. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 1998 June; 79(6): 618. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10078094

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Immunohistochemical differences between hyaluronan- and non-hyaluronanproducing malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Thylen A, Levin-Jacobsen AM, Hjerpe A, Martensson G. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1997 February; 10(2): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9042640

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Immunohistochemical panels for differentiating epithelial malignant mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma: a study with logistic regression analysis. Author(s): Carella R, Deleonardi G, D'Errico A, Salerno A, Egarter-Vigl E, Seebacher C, Donazzan G, Grigioni WF. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2001 January; 25(1): 43-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11145250

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Immunohistochemical phenotype of malignant mesothelioma: predictive value of CA125 and HBME-1 expression. Author(s): Bateman AC, al-Talib RK, Newman T, Williams JH, Herbert A. Source: Histopathology. 1997 January; 30(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9023557

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Immunohistochemistry in the distinction between malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a critical evaluation of new antibodies. Author(s): Abutaily AS, Addis BJ, Roche WR. Source: Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2002 September; 55(9): 662-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12194995

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Immunotherapy-based treatment strategies for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Schwarzenberger P, Byrne P, Kolls JK. Source: Curr Opin Mol Ther. 1999 February; 1(1): 104-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11249674

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Implementation of a molecular epidemiology approach to human pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Puntoni R, Filiberti R, Cerrano PG, Neri M, Andreatta R, Bonassi S. Source: Mutation Research. 2003 November; 544(2-3): 385-96. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644341

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Inactivation of p16INK4a expression in malignant mesothelioma by methylation. Author(s): Wong L, Zhou J, Anderson D, Kratzke RA. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 November; 38(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399123

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Incidence rates of malignant mesothelioma in Denmark and predicted future number of cases among men. Author(s): Kjaergaard J, Andersson M. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000 April; 26(2): 112-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10817376

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Increased but low incidence and poor survival of malignant mesothelioma in the southeastern part of The Netherlands since 1970: a population-based study. Author(s): Janssen-Heijnen ML, Damhuis RA, Klinkhamer PJ, Schipper RM, Coebergh JW. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1999 August; 8(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10493306

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Increased risk of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura after residential or domestic exposure to asbestos: a case-control study in Casale Monferrato, Italy. Author(s): Magnani C, Dalmasso P, Biggeri A, Ivaldi C, Mirabelli D, Terracini B. Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001 September; 109(9): 915-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11673120

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Increasing role of immunopathology in diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Sheibani K. Source: Human Pathology. 1997 June; 28(6): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9190995

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Intensity-modulated radiotherapy following extrapleural pneumonectomy for the treatment of malignant mesothelioma: clinical implementation. Author(s): Forster KM, Smythe WR, Starkschall G, Liao Z, Takanaka T, Kelly JF, Vaporciyan A, Ahamad A, Dong L, Salehpour M, Komaki R, Stevens CW. Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2003 March 1; 55(3): 606-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12573747

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Interleukin 8: an autocrine growth factor for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Galffy G, Mohammed KA, Dowling PA, Nasreen N, Ward MJ, Antony VB. Source: Cancer Research. 1999 January 15; 59(2): 367-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9927048

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Interleukin-2 induces cell cycle perturbations leading to cell growth inhibition and death in malignant mesothelioma cells in vitro. Author(s): Porta C, Danova M, Orengo AM, Ferrini S, Moroni M, Gaggero A, Libener R, Betta PG, Ferrari S, Procopio A, Strizzi L, Mutti L. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2000 October; 185(1): 126-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10942526

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Intrapleural interleukin-2 induces nitric oxide production in pleural effusions from malignant mesothelioma: a possible mechanism of interleukin-2-mediated cytotoxicity? Author(s): Porta C, Rizzo V, Zimatore M, Sartore-Bianchi A, Danova M, Mutti L. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2002 November; 38(2): 159-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12399127

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Is serum hyaluronic acid level useful for evaluating the clinical course of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis? Author(s): Haga K, Shinohara N, Harabayashi T, Demura T, Koyanagi T. Source: Bju International. 1999 October; 84(6): 729-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10510125

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Kaposi's sarcoma following malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Ascoli V, Scalzo CC, Andreoni M, Manente L, Pistilli A, Lo Coco F. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 1999 December; 435(6): 612-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10628804

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Karyotypic changes in the preclinical and subsequent stages of malignant mesothelioma: a case report. Author(s): Hansteen IL, Hilt B, Lien JT, Skaug V, Haugen A. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1993 October 15; 70(2): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7694791

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Keratin protein immunoreactivity of sarcomatoid and mixed types of diffuse malignant mesothelioma: an immunoperoxidase study of 30 cases. Author(s): Montag AG, Pinkus GS, Corson JM. Source: Human Pathology. 1988 March; 19(3): 336-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2450061

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Lack of apparent excess of malignant mesothelioma but increased overall malignancies of peritoneal cavity in Japanese autopsies with Thorotrast injection into blood vessels. Author(s): Ishikawa Y, Mori T, Machinami R. Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 1995; 121(9-10): 567-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7559738

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Lepidic intrapulmonary growth of malignant mesothelioma presenting as recurrent hydropneumothorax. Author(s): Wu H, Tino G, Gannon FH, Kaiser LR, Pietra GG. Source: Human Pathology. 1996 September; 27(9): 989-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8816899

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Leptomeningeal infiltration of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Oksuzoglu B, Yalcin S, Erman M, Dagdelen S. Source: Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2002; 19(3): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12482127

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Lipid-rich diffuse malignant mesothelioma: a case report. Author(s): Chang HT, Yantiss RK, Nielsen GP, McKee GT, Mark EJ. Source: Human Pathology. 2000 July; 31(7): 876-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10923929

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Localised malignant mesothelioma of visceral pleura. Author(s): Roy GC, Saha DK, Chandra A. Source: J Indian Med Assoc. 1994 October; 92(10): 339, 344. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7822851

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Localized malignant mesothelioma of the epithelial type occurring as a primary hepatic neoplasm: a case report with review of the literature. Author(s): Imura J, Ichikawa K, Takeda J, Iwasaki Y, Tomita S, Kubota K, Fujimori T. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2002 November; 110(11): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12588419

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Localized malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Author(s): Okamura H, Kamei T, Mitsuno A, Hongo H, Sakuma N, Ishihara T. Source: Pathology International. 2001 August; 51(8): 654-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11564223

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Localized malignant mesothelioma: a case report. Author(s): Ojeda HF, Mech K Jr, Hicken WJ. Source: The American Surgeon. 1998 September; 64(9): 881-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731819

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Localized pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Erkilic S, Sari I, Tuncozgur B. Source: Pathology International. 2001 October; 51(10): 812-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11881736

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Long survival after extrapleural pneumonectomy for pleural malignant mesothelioma with metastasis to infradiaphragmatic lymph node. Author(s): Nomori H, Horio H, Kobayashi R, Morinaga S. Source: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal : Scj. 1997; 31(4): 237-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9291544

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Loss of heterozygosity analysis defines a 3-cM region of 15q commonly deleted in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): De Rienzo A, Balsara BR, Apostolou S, Jhanwar SC, Testa JR. Source: Oncogene. 2001 September 27; 20(43): 6245-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11593434

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Loss of heterozygosity analysis defines a critical region in chromosome 1p22 commonly deleted in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Lee WC, Balsara B, Liu Z, Jhanwar SC, Testa JR. Source: Cancer Research. 1996 October 1; 56(19): 4297-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8813110

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Loss of heterozygosity analysis of 13q and 14q in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): De Rienzo A, Jhanwar SC, Testa JR. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 2000 July; 28(3): 337-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10862040

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Lovastatin induces apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Rubins JB, Greatens T, Kratzke RA, Tan AT, Polunovsky VA, Bitterman P. Source: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 1998 May; 157(5 Pt 1): 1616-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9603146

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Low molecular weight hyaluronan induces malignant mesothelioma cell (MMC) proliferation and haptotaxis: role of CD44 receptor in MMC proliferation and haptotaxis. Author(s): Nasreen N, Mohammed KA, Hardwick J, Van Horn RD, Sanders K, Kathuria H, Loghmani F, Antony VB. Source: Oncology Research. 2002; 13(2): 71-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12392154

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Lung cancer * 8: Management of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Parker C, Neville E. Source: Thorax. 2003 September; 58(9): 809-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12947146

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Lung carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma in patients exposed to Thorotrast: incidence, histology and p53 status. Author(s): Andersson M, Wallin H, Jonsson M, Nielsen LL, Visfeldt J, Vyberg M, Bennett WP, De Benedetti VM, Travis LB, Storm HH. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1995 November 3; 63(3): 330-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7591226

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Lung surfactant protein-A and carcinoembryonic antigen in pleural effusions due to lung adenocarcinoma and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Shijubo N, Honda Y, Fujishima T, Takahashi H, Kodama T, Kuroki Y, Akino T, Abe S. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1995 March; 8(3): 403-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7789485

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Lymphohistiocytoid mesothelioma. An often misdiagnosed variant of sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Khalidi HS, Medeiros LJ, Battifora H. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2000 May; 113(5): 649-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10800396

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Malignant mesothelioma does not demonstrate overexpression or gene amplification despite cytoplasmic immunohistochemical staining for c-Erb-B2. Author(s): Horvai AE, Li L, Xu Z, Kramer MJ, Jablons DM, Treseler PA. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 April; 127(4): 465-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12683876

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Malignant mesothelioma due to environmental exposure to asbestos: follow-up of a Turkish cohort living in a rural area. Author(s): Metintas S, Metintas M, Ucgun I, Oner U. Source: Chest. 2002 December; 122(6): 2224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12475867

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Malignant mesothelioma in Australia, 1945-2002. Author(s): Leigh J, Driscoll T. Source: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health : Official Journal of the International Commission on Occupational Health. 2003 July-September; 9(3): 206-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12967156

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Malignant mesothelioma in Italy, 1997. Author(s): Nesti M, Marinaccio A, Chellini E. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2004 January; 45(1): 55-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14691969

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Malignant mesothelioma in Rome and Latium region, 1993-2001. Author(s): Ascoli V, Belli S, Carnovale-Scalzo C, Corzani F, Facciolo F, Lopergolo M, Nardi F, Pasetto R, Comba P. Source: Tumori. 2003 July-August; 89(4): 377-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14606638

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Malignant mesothelioma of testicular tunica vaginalis. Author(s): Abe K, Kato N, Miki K, Nimura S, Suzuki M, Kiyota H, Onodera S, Oishi Y. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2002 October; 9(10): 602-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445242

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Malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium: case reports and immunohistochemical studies including Ki-67 expression. Author(s): Hirano H, Maeda T, Tsuji M, Ito Y, Kizaki T, Yoshii Y, Sashikata T. Source: Pathology International. 2002 October; 52(10): 669-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12445141

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Malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum presenting as an inflammatory lesion: a report of four cases. Author(s): Kerrigan SA, Cagle P, Churg A. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 2003 February; 27(2): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12548173

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Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis. Report of a case without risk factors and review of the literature. Author(s): Garcia de Jalon A, Gil P, Azua-Romeo J, Borque A, Sancho C, Rioja LA. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2003; 35(1): 59-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14620285

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Malignant mesothelioma presenting as stroke--a case report. Author(s): Krishnaraj N, Leen GL, Kane P, Edge CJ, Murphy SA, Gribbin HR. Source: European Journal of Cancer Care. 2003 December; 12(4): 365-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14982316

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Malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Buesing-Fedorow JE. Source: Can Oncol Nurs J. 2002 Fall; 12(4): 237-9. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12518475

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Malignant mesothelioma: experience at the Singapore General Hospital. Author(s): Chan K, Tan KL, Lee HS, Eng P. Source: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2003 May; 32(3): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854383

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Malignant mesothelioma: morphological variants. Author(s): Attanoos RL. Source: Pathologica. 2003 October; 95(5): 302-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989038

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Malignant mesothelioma: options for management. Author(s): Singhal S, Kaiser LR. Source: The Surgical Clinics of North America. 2002 August; 82(4): 797-831. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12472131

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Malignant mesothelioma: PAS-diastase positivity and inversion of polarity in intravascular tumour. Author(s): Adams SA, Sherwood AJ, Smith ME. Source: Histopathology. 2002 September; 41(3): 260-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12207788

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Malignant mesothelioma: risk factors and current management. Author(s): Dunleavey R. Source: Nurs Times. 2004 April 20-26; 100(16): 40-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15132064

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Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (gelatinases A and B) expression in malignant mesothelioma and benign pleura. Author(s): Edwards JG, McLaren J, Jones JL, Waller DA, O'Byrne KJ. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2003 May 19; 88(10): 1553-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12771921

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Molecular mechanisms and signal transduction involved in the genesis of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Gaudino G. Source: Pathologica. 2003 October; 95(5): 297-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989033

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Molecular pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma and its relationship to simian virus 40. Author(s): Gazdar AF, Carbone M. Source: Clinical Lung Cancer. 2003 November; 5(3): 177-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14667274

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Natural history and epidemiology of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Antman KH. Source: Chest. 1993 April; 103(4 Suppl): 373S-376S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8462328

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Natural history and staging of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Antman KH. Source: Chest. 1989 July; 96(1 Suppl): 93S-95S. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2737005

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Nephrotic syndrome associated with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Tanaka S, Oda H, Satta H, Takizawa T, Tochikubo O, Takagi N, Ishii M, Kaneko T. Source: Nephron. 1994; 67(4): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7969700

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Neurofibromatosis 2 and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Baser ME, De Rienzo A, Altomare D, Balsara BR, Hedrick NM, Gutmann DH, Pitts LH, Jackler RK, Testa JR. Source: Neurology. 2002 July 23; 59(2): 290-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12136076

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New strategies are needed in diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Sridhar KS, Doria R, Raub WA Jr, Thurer RJ, Saldana M. Source: Cancer. 1992 December 15; 70(12): 2969-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1451080

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Newly marketed tissue markers for malignant mesothelioma: immunoreactivity of rabbit AMAD-2 antiserum compared with monoclonal antibody HBME-1 and a review of the literature on so-called antimesothelioma antibodies. Author(s): Donna A, Betta PG, Chiodera P, Bellingeri D, Libener R, Zorzi F, Tassi GF. Source: Human Pathology. 1997 August; 28(8): 929-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9269829

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No relationship between tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and overall survival is seen in malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Author(s): Mudhar HS, Fisher PM, Wallace WA. Source: European Journal of Surgical Oncology : the Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. 2002 August; 28(5): 564-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12217312

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Node status has prognostic significance in the multimodality therapy of diffuse, malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Sugarbaker DJ, Strauss GM, Lynch TJ, Richards W, Mentzer SJ, Lee TH, Corson JM, Antman KH. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1993 June; 11(6): 1172-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8501504

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Nodular thickening of interlobar fissures: an early manifestation of malignant mesothelioma: a case report. Author(s): Bandoh S, Fujita J, Fukunaga Y, Ohtsuka S, Susaki K, Yang Y, Kobayashi S, Takahara J. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2001 February; 31(2): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11302347

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Non-asbestos related diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Huncharek M. Source: Tumori. 2002 January-February; 88(1): 1-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12004841

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Non-asbestos-related malignant mesothelioma. A review. Author(s): Peterson JT Jr, Greenberg SD, Buffler PA. Source: Cancer. 1984 September 1; 54(5): 951-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6331632

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Non-occupational exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma in females. Author(s): Vianna NJ, Polan AK. Source: Lancet. 1978 May 20; 1(8073): 1061-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=77365

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Non-occupational exposure to asbestos and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): McCullagh SF. Source: Lancet. 1978 September 2; 2(8088): 521-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=79885

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Nonrandom chromosome alterations in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Popescu NC, Chahinian AP, DiPaolo JA. Source: Cancer Research. 1988 January 1; 48(1): 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3334988

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Occupational and geographical factors in the epidemiology of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Ross D, McDonald JC. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1995 December; 50(6): 459-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8834957

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Occupational asbestos exposure, lung-fiber concentration and latency time in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Mowe G, Gylseth B, Hartveit F, Skaug V. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1984 October; 10(5): 293-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6523093

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Occupational exposure and regional variation of malignant mesothelioma in Norway, 1970-79. Author(s): Mowe G, Gylseth B. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1986; 9(4): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3706307

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Optimal management of malignant mesothelioma after subtotal pleurectomy: revisiting the role of intrapleural chemotherapy and postoperative radiation. Author(s): Sauter ER, Langer C, Coia LR, Goldberg M, Keller SM. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1995 October; 60(2): 100-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7564374

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OV632 as a possible marker for malignant mesothelioma: high expectations; low specificity. Author(s): Abati A, Fetsch PA. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 1995 February; 12(1): 81-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7789255

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Overexpression of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Jarvinen K, Soini Y, Kahlos K, Kinnula VL. Source: Human Pathology. 2002 July; 33(7): 748-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12196927

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Overexpression of peroxiredoxins I, II, III, V, and VI in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kinnula VL, Lehtonen S, Sormunen R, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Kang SW, Rhee SG, Soini Y. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 2002 March; 196(3): 316-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11857495

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p27(kip1) immunoreactivity correlates with long-term survival in pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Bongiovanni M, Cassoni P, De Giuli P, Viberti L, Cappia S, Ivaldi C, Chiusa L, Bussolati G. Source: Cancer. 2001 September 1; 92(5): 1245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11571739

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p53 autoantibodies in patients with malignant mesothelioma: stability through disease progression. Author(s): Creaney J, McLaren BM, Stevenson S, Musk AW, de Klerk N, Robinson BW, Lake RA. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2001 January 5; 84(1): 52-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11139313

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Palliative surgical debulking in malignant mesothelioma. Predictors of survival and symptom control. Author(s): Martin-Ucar AE, Edwards JG, Rengajaran A, Muller S, Waller DA. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2001 December; 20(6): 1117-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11717014

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Pathology of human malignant mesothelioma--preliminary analysis of 1,517 mesothelioma cases. Author(s): Suzuki Y. Source: Ind Health. 2001 April; 39(2): 183-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11341549

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Percutaneous image-guided cutting needle biopsy of the pleura in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Adams RF, Gray W, Davies RJ, Gleeson FV. Source: Chest. 2001 December; 120(6): 1798-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11742904

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Phosphatase and tensin analog gene overexpression engenders cellular death in human malignant mesothelioma cells via inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. Author(s): Mohiuddin I, Cao X, Ozvaran MK, Zumstein L, Chada S, Smythe WR. Source: Annals of Surgical Oncology : the Official Journal of the Society of Surgical Oncology. 2002 April; 9(3): 310-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11923140

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Photodynamic therapy for malignant mesothelioma: preclinical studies for optimization of treatment protocols. Author(s): Schouwink H, Ruevekamp M, Oppelaar H, van Veen R, Baas P, Stewart FA. Source: Photochemistry and Photobiology. 2001 April; 73(4): 410-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11332037

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Preclinical evaluation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent celecoxib on malignant mesothelioma chemoprevention. Author(s): Catalano A, Graciotti L, Rinaldi L, Raffaelli G, Rodilossi S, Betta P, Gianni W, Amoroso S, Procopio A. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2004 April 10; 109(3): 322-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14961568

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Primary epithelial malignant mesothelioma of the pericardium with deciduoid features: cytohistologic and immunohistochemical study. Author(s): Reis-Filho JS, Pope LZ, Milanezi F, Balderrama CM, Serapiao MJ, Schmitt FC. Source: Diagnostic Cytopathology. 2002 February; 26(2): 117-22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11813331

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Primary malignant mesothelioma of the liver: MR imaging findings. Author(s): Leonardou P, Semelka RC, Kanematsu M, Braga L, Woosley JT. Source: Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2003 November; 21(9): 1091-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14684216

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Primary malignant mesothelioma of the penis: case report and review of the literature. Author(s): Polsky EG, Lele SM, Holley P, Geissler R, Rowland RG. Source: Urology. 2003 September; 62(3): 551. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12946769

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Primary malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum. Author(s): Svorcan P, Djordjevic J, Colic N, Jojic N, Vukcevic V, Bojovic S, Dapcevic B. Source: Rom J Gastroenterol. 2003 June; 12(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12854001

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Primary thymic epithelial tumours of the pleura mimicking malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Attanoos RL, Galateau-Salle F, Gibbs AR, Muller S, Ghandour F, Dojcinov SD. Source: Histopathology. 2002 July; 41(1): 42-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12121236

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Progesterone induces apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Horita K, Inase N, Miyake S, Formby B, Toyoda H, Yoshizawa Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 November-December; 21(6A): 3871-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11911261

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Prognostic factors for malignant mesothelioma in 142 patients: validation of CALGB and EORTC prognostic scoring systems. Author(s): Edwards JG, Abrams KR, Leverment JN, Spyt TJ, Waller DA, O'Byrne KJ. Source: Thorax. 2000 September; 55(9): 731-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10950889

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Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and expression of cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 in human pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Baldi A, Santini D, Vasaturo F, Santini M, Vicidomini G, Di Marino MP, Esposito V, Groeger AM, Liuzzi G, Vincenzi B, Tonini G, Piccoli M, Baldi F, Scarpa S. Source: Thorax. 2004 May; 59(5): 428-33. Erratum In: Thorax. 2004 June; 59(6): 543. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=15115874

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Proliferation, apoptosis, and manganese superoxide dismutase in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kahlos K, Soini Y, Paakko P, Saily M, Linnainmaa K, Kinnula VL. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2000 October 1; 88(1): 37-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10962437

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Pulmonary adenocarcinoma simulating malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Tang P, Vatsia SK, Teichberg S, Kahn E. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2001 December; 125(12): 1598600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11735699

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Quinidine impairs proliferation of neurofibromatosis type 2-deficient human malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Utermark T, Alekov A, Lerche H, Abramowski V, Giovannini M, Hanemann CO. Source: Cancer. 2003 April 15; 97(8): 1955-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12673723

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Radicular involvement and medullary invasion from a malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Rojas JL, Alfageme I, De la Cruz I, Reyes N, Munoz J. Source: Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases. 2001; 68(1): 106-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11223742

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Radiotherapy for the palliation of high-volume pleural effusion in malignant mesothelioma: case report. Author(s): Chin YS, Yeghaian-Alvandi R, Noel M. Source: Palliative Medicine. 2002 January; 16(1): 63-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11963454

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Re: Malignant mesothelioma from neighborhood exposure to anthophyllite asbestos. Author(s): Kottek M, Kilpatrick D. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 June; 41(6): 514. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12173377

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Reappraisal of the strong association between simian virus 40 and human malignant mesothelioma of the pleura (Belgium). Author(s): Hubner R, Van Marck E. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2002 March; 13(2): 121-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11936818

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Recent advances in the molecular analysis of human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): De Rienzo A, Testa JR. Source: Clin Ter. 2000 November-December; 151(6): 433-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11211478

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Recurrent chromosome 6 abnormalities in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Ribotta M, Roseo F, Salvio M, Castagneto B, Carbone M, Procopio A, Giordano A, Mutti L. Source: Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1998 April; 53(2): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9689813

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Recurrent DNA copy number changes in 1q, 4q, 6q, 9p, 13q, 14q and 22q detected by comparative genomic hybridization in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Bjorkqvist AM, Tammilehto L, Anttila S, Mattson K, Knuutila S. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1997; 75(4): 523-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9052404

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Reduced Fhit protein expression in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Pylkkanen L, Wolff H, Stjernvall T, Knuuttila A, Anttila S, HusgafvelPursiainen K. Source: Virchows Archiv : an International Journal of Pathology. 2004 January; 444(1): 43-8. Epub 2003 October 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14569398

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Resection and IORT followed by three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Jablons DM, Roach M 3rd, Jahan T, Cameron RB. Source: Front Radiat Ther Oncol. 1997; 31: 140-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9263808

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Role of PCNA in differentiating between malignant mesothelioma and mesothelial hyperplasia: prognostic considerations. Author(s): Esposito V, Baldi A, De Luca A, Paciocco G, Groger A, Sgaramella G, Claudio PP, Giordano GG, Baldi F, Caputi M, Kaiser H, Giordano A. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 January-February; 17(1B): 601-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9066586

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Serum anti-p53 autoantibodies in pleural malignant mesothelioma, lung cancer and non-neoplastic lung diseases. Author(s): Neri M, Betta P, Marroni P, Filiberti R, Cafferata M, Mereu C, Ivaldi G, Montanaro F, Puntoni R, Paganuzzi M. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 February; 39(2): 165-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12581569

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Simian virus 40 and malignant mesothelioma (Review). Author(s): Cerrano PG, Jasani B, Filiberti R, Neri M, Merlo F, De Flora S, Mutti L, Puntoni R. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2003 January; 22(1): 187-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12469203

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Specificity of MOC-31 and HBME-1 immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and malignant mesothelioma: a study on environmental malignant mesothelioma cases from Turkish villages. Author(s): Gumurdulu D, Zeren EH, Cagle PT, Kayasel uk F, Alparslan N, Kocabas A, Tuncer I. Source: Pathology Oncology Research : Por. 2002; 8(3): 188-93. Epub 2003 January 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12515999

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Suicide gene therapy using keratin 19 enhancer and promoter in malignant mesothelioma cells. Author(s): Ishiwata N, Inase N, Fujie T, Tamaoka M, Yoshizawa Y. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 March-April; 23(2B): 1405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12820402

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Suramin inhibits the growth of malignant mesothelioma in vitro, and in vivo, in murine flank and intraperitoneal models. Author(s): Cook JW, Sterman DH, Singhal S, Smythe WR, Kaiser LR. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2003 December; 42(3): 263-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14644513

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Survival after conservative (palliative) management of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Merritt N, Blewett CJ, Miller JD, Bennett WF, Young JE, Urschel JD. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2001 November; 78(3): 171-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11745800

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Survival after pleural malignant mesothelioma: a population-based study in Italy. Author(s): Magnani C, Viscomi S, Dalmasso P, Ivaldi C, Mirabelli D, Terracini B. Source: Tumori. 2002 July-August; 88(4): 266-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12400973

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SV40 replication in human mesothelial cells induces HGF/Met receptor activation: a model for viral-related carcinogenesis of human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Cacciotti P, Libener R, Betta P, Martini F, Porta C, Procopio A, Strizzi L, Penengo L, Tognon M, Mutti L, Gaudino G. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001 October 9; 98(21): 12032-7. Epub 2001 September 25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11572935

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Synchronous diffuse malignant mesothelioma and carcinomas in asbestos-exposed individuals. Author(s): Attanoos RL, Thomas DH, Gibbs AR. Source: Histopathology. 2003 October; 43(4): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14511258

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The expression of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 2 (MRP1 and MRP2) in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Soini Y, Jarvinen K, Kaarteenaho-Wiik R, Kinnula V. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 September; 12(9): 1239-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11697834

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The present role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Betta P, Orecchia S, Schillaci F, Salvio M, Libener R. Source: Pathologica. 2003 October; 95(5): 299-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14989035

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The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999. Author(s): Hilliard AK, Lovett JK, McGavin CR. Source: Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England). 2003 May; 53(3): 209-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12724555

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The role of gemcitabine in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kindler HL, van Meerbeeck JP. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2002 February; 29(1): 70-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836671

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The use of CDKN2A deletion as a diagnostic marker for malignant mesothelioma in body cavity effusions. Author(s): Illei PB, Ladanyi M, Rusch VW, Zakowski MF. Source: Cancer. 2003 February 25; 99(1): 51-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12589646

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The value of Wilms tumor susceptibility gene 1 in cytologic preparations as a marker for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Hecht JL, Lee BH, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS. Source: Cancer. 2002 April 25; 96(2): 105-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11954027

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Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), hyaluronan and CA 125 as serum markers in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Hedman M, Arnberg H, Wernlund J, Riska H, Brodin O. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 January-February; 23(1B): 531-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12680141

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Transforming growth factor-beta released by PPD-presenting malignant mesothelioma cells inhibits interferon-gamma synthesis by an anti-PPD CD4+ T-cell clone. Author(s): Valle MT, Porta C, Megiovanni AM, Libener R, Mele L, Gaudino G, Strizzi L, Guida R, Toma S, Mutti L. Source: International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2003 February; 11(2): 161-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12525871

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Treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Jaklitsch MT, Grondin SC, Sugarbaker DJ. Source: World Journal of Surgery. 2001 February; 25(2): 210-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11338024

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Tumor necrosis correlates with angiogenesis and is a predictor of poor prognosis in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Edwards JG, Swinson DE, Jones JL, Muller S, Waller DA, O'Byrne KJ. Source: Chest. 2003 November; 124(5): 1916-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14605068

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Ultrastructurally "invasive" microvilli in an aggressively metastasizing biphasic malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Zu Y, Sidhu GS, Wieczorek R, Cassai ND. Source: Ultrastructural Pathology. 2002 November-December; 26(6): 403-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12537765

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Ultrastructure of diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. An analysis of ten cases. Author(s): Wasilewska A, Rys J, Niezabitowski A. Source: Patol Pol. 1993; 44(2): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8367214

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Unusual granular reactivity for carcinoembryonic antigen in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Stirling JW, Henderson DW, Spagnolo DV, Whitaker D. Source: Human Pathology. 1990 June; 21(6): 678-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2351394

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Unusual presentations of thoracic tumors: Case 2. Malignant mesothelioma mimicking rheumatoid pleurisy. Author(s): Nanke Y, Akama H, Hebisawa A, Suzuki M, Akagawa S, Tateishi M, Yamagata H, Kawai T, Kamatani N. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001 September 1; 19(17): 3782-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11533103

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Urokinase receptor in human malignant mesothelioma cells: role in tumor cell mitogenesis and proteolysis. Author(s): Shetty S, Kumar A, Johnson A, Pueblitz S, Idell S. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1995 June; 268(6 Pt 1): L972-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7611439

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Use of a "replication-restricted" herpes virus to treat experimental human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Kucharczuk JC, Randazzo B, Chang MY, Amin KM, Elshami AA, Sterman DH, Rizk NP, Molnar-Kimber KL, Brown SM, MacLean AR, Litzky LA, Fraser NW, Albelda SM, Kaiser LR. Source: Cancer Research. 1997 February 1; 57(3): 466-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9012475

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Utility of AgNOR technique in distinguishing reactive mesothelial hyperplasia, malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Ramesh K, Gahukamble L, al Fituri O. Source: Cent Afr J Med. 1994 September; 40(9): 265. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7834719

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Utility of hyaluronic acid in pleural fluid for differential diagnosis of pleural effusions: likelihood ratios for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Atagi S, Ogawara M, Kawahara M, Sakatani M, Furuse K, Ueda E, Yamamoto S. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1997 October; 27(5): 293-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9390204

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Utility of surfactant protein B precursor and thyroid transcription factor 1 in differentiating adenocarcinoma of the lung from malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Khoor A, Whitsett JA, Stahlman MT, Olson SJ, Cagle PT. Source: Human Pathology. 1999 June; 30(6): 695-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10374779

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Utility of the antibodies CA 19-9, HBME-1, and thrombomodulin in the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma in cytology. Author(s): Fetsch PA, Abati A, Hijazi YM. Source: Cancer. 1998 April 25; 84(2): 101-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9570213

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Value of morphometry, texture analysis, densitometry, and histometry in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Weyn B, Van De Wouwer G, Koprowski M, Van Daele A, Dhaene K, Scheunders P, Jacob W, Van Marck E. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1999 December; 189(4): 581-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10629562

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Value of serum and effusion fluid CEA levels for distinguishing between diffuse malignant mesothelioma and carcinomatous pleural metastases. Author(s): Mezger J, Calavrezos A, Drings P, Gatzemeier U, Kaukel E, Konietzko N, Koschel G, Lamerz R, von Pawel J, Romer W. Source: Lung. 1994; 172(3): 183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8201832

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Vascular endothelial growth factor is an autocrine growth factor in human malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Strizzi L, Catalano A, Vianale G, Orecchia S, Casalini A, Tassi G, Puntoni R, Mutti L, Procopio A. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 2001 April; 193(4): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11276005

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VEGF and VEGF type C play an important role in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in human malignant mesothelioma tumours. Author(s): Ohta Y, Shridhar V, Bright RK, Kalemkerian GP, Du W, Carbone M, Watanabe Y, Pass HI. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 1999 September; 81(1): 54-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10487612

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Verification of the histologic diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in relation to the binding of an antimesothelial cell antibody. Author(s): Donna A, Betta PG, Jones JS. Source: Cancer. 1989 April 1; 63(7): 1331-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2646006

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Wilms' tumor 1 susceptibility (WT1) gene products are selectively expressed in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Amin KM, Litzky LA, Smythe WR, Mooney AM, Morris JM, Mews DJ, Pass HI, Kari C, Rodeck U, Rauscher FJ 3rd, et al. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 1995 February; 146(2): 344-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7856747

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WT1 mutation in malignant mesothelioma and WT1 immunoreactivity in relation to p53 and growth factor receptor expression, cell-type transition, and prognosis. Author(s): Kumar-Singh S, Segers K, Rodeck U, Backhovens H, Bogers J, Weyler J, Van Broeckhoven C, Van Marck E. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1997 January; 181(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9072005

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and malignant mesothelioma.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Malignant Mesothelioma The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “malignant mesothelioma” (or a synonym): •

Effect of insulin and epidermal growth factors on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans in cultured human malignant mesothelioma cells of different phenotypic morphology. Author(s): Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology & Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden. Source: Tzanakakis, G N Karamanos, N K Syrokou, A Hjerpe, A APMIS. 1996 October; 104(10): 718-28 0903-4641

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Effectiveness of cisplatin, paclitaxel, and suramin against human malignant mesothelioma xenografts in athymic nude mice. Author(s): Division of Neoplastic Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA. Source: Chahinian, A P Mandeli, J P Gluck, H Naim, H Teirstein, A S Holland, J F JSurg-Oncol. 1998 February; 67(2): 104-11 0022-4790

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In vitro sensitivity of normal human mesothelial and malignant mesothelioma cell lines to four new chemotherapeutic agents. Author(s): Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki. [email protected] Source: Ollikainen, T Knuuttila, A Suhonen, S Taavitsainen, M Jekunen, A Mattson, K Linnainmaa, K Anticancer-Drugs. 2000 February; 11(2): 93-9 0959-4973

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Multicenter randomized controlled trial of the management of unresectable malignant mesothelioma proposed by the British Thoracic Society and the British Medical Research Council. Author(s): Medical Research Council, Clinical Trials Unit, Cancer Division, London, United Kingdom. Source: Girling, David J Muers, Martin F Qian, Wendi Lobban, Dawn Semin-Oncol. 2002 February; 29(1): 97-101 0093-7754

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Results of a phase II trial of combined chemotherapy for patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Author(s): Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital la Conception, Mediterranean University Medical School, Marseille, France. Source: Kasseyet, S Astoul, P Boutin, C Cancer. 1999 April 15; 85(8): 1740-9 0008-543X

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Treatment of malignant mesothelioma with methotrexate and vinblastine, with or without platinum chemotherapy. Author(s): Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, USA. Source: Hunt, K J Longton, G Williams, M A Livingston, R B Chest. 1996 May; 109(5): 1239-42 0012-3692

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

Nutrition

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to malignant mesothelioma. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to malignant mesothelioma and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to malignant mesothelioma: •

A case of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma showed complete remission with chemotherapy. Author(s): Ito H, Imada T, Kondo J, Amano T, Maehara T, Rino Y, Takahashi M, Shiozawa M, Hatori S, Suzuki Y. Source: Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 1998 February; 28(2): 145-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9544832

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A case of repetitive intrapleural cancer chemotherapy using INFUSE-A-PORT for malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Omasa M, Hirata T, Shoji T, Bando T, Hasegawa S, Inui K, Wada H. Source: The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon. 2001 August; 49(4): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11505321

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A phase II study of vincristine in malignant mesothelioma--a negative report. Author(s): Martensson G, Sorenson S. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 1989; 24(2): 133-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2731313

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A phase II study of VP-16 and cisplatin in patients with unresectable malignant mesothelioma. An NCI Canada Clinical Trials Group Study. Author(s): Eisenhauer EA, Evans WK, Murray N, Kocha W, Wierzbicki R, Wilson K. Source: Investigational New Drugs. 1988 December; 6(4): 327-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3229945

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Analysis of factors associated with outcome in patients with malignant peritoneal mesothelioma undergoing surgical debulking and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Author(s): Feldman AL, Libutti SK, Pingpank JF, Bartlett DL, Beresnev TH, Mavroukakis SM, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, Kleiner DE, Alexander HR. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003 December 15; 21(24): 4560-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14673042

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BTS randomised feasibility study of active symptom control with or without chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma: ISRCTN 54469112. Author(s): Muers MF, Rudd RM, O'Brien ME, Qian W, Hodson A, Parmar MK, Girling DJ; British Thoracic Society Mesothelioma Group. Source: Thorax. 2004 February; 59(2): 144-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14760156

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Chemotherapy for malignant mesothelioma: from doxorubicin to vinorelbine. Author(s): Baas P. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2002 February; 29(1): 62-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836670

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Chemotherapy for malignant mesothelioma; CAMEO. Author(s): Jett JR, Eagan RT. Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 1982 August; 5(4): 429-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7051806

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Chemotherapy of malignant diffuse mesothelioma. Author(s): Kucuksu N, Thomas W, Ezdinli EZ. Source: Cancer. 1976 March; 37(3): 1265-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1260651

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Chemotherapy of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Spremulli E, Wampler G, Regelson W, Borochovitz D, Hardy T. Source: Cancer. 1977 November; 40(5): 2038-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=336176

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Clinical and immunological assessment of Mycobacterium vaccae (SRL172) with chemotherapy in patients with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Mendes R, O'Brien ME, Mitra A, Norton A, Gregory RK, Padhani AR, Bromelow KV, Winkley AR, Ashley S, Smith IE, Souberbielle BE. Source: British Journal of Cancer. 2002 February 1; 86(3): 336-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11875694

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Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and/or doxorubicin in malignant mesothelioma. A retrospective study [corrected from prospective]. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Primikirios N, Mylonakis N, Varouchakis G, Dosios T, Pavlidis N, Skarlos D, Tasopoulos T, Dritsas J, Kosmidis P. Source: Anticancer Res. 1997 September-October; 17(5B): 3799-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9427783

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Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin-vinblastine in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Tsavaris N, Mylonakis N, Karvounis N, Bacoyiannis C, Briasoulis E, Skarlos D, Pavlidis N, Stamatelos G, Kosmidis P. Source: Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1994 September; 11(3-4): 299-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7812707

•

Comparison of silver-staining nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) counts and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in reactive mesothelial hyperplasia and malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Bethwaite PB, Delahunt B, Holloway LJ, Thornton A. Source: Pathology. 1995 January; 27(1): 1-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7603742

•

Effect of insulin and epidermal growth factors on the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycans in cultured human malignant mesothelioma cells of different phenotypic morphology. Author(s): Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK, Syrokou A, Hjerpe A. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1996 October; 104(10): 718-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8980622

•

Effectiveness of cisplatin, paclitaxel, and suramin against human malignant mesothelioma xenografts in athymic nude mice. Author(s): Chahinian AP, Mandeli JP, Gluck H, Naim H, Teirstein AS, Holland JF.

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Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1998 February; 67(2): 104-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9486781 •

Good symptom relief with palliative MVP (mitomycin-C, vinblastine and cisplatin) chemotherapy in malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Middleton GW, Smith IE, O'Brien ME, Norton A, Hickish T, Priest K, Spencer L, Ashley S. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1998 March; 9(3): 269-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9602260

•

High-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor and vincristine in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Dimitrov NV, Egner J, Balcueva E, Suhrland LG. Source: Cancer. 1982 October 1; 50(7): 1245-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6980698

•

High-dose paclitaxel plus G-CSF for malignant mesothelioma: CALGB phase II study 9234. Author(s): Vogelzang NJ, Herndon JE 2nd, Miller A, Strauss G, Clamon G, Stewart FM, Aisner J, Lyss A, Cooper MR, Suzuki Y, Green MR. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1999 May; 10(5): 597-600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10416012

•

In vitro sensitivity of normal human mesothelial and malignant mesothelioma cell lines to four new chemotherapeutic agents. Author(s): Ollikainen T, Knuuttila A, Suhonen S, Taavitsainen M, Jekunen A, Mattson K, Linnainmaa K. Source: Anti-Cancer Drugs. 2000 February; 11(2): 93-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10789591

•

Indomethacin augments lymphokine-activated killer cell generation by patients with malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Manning LS, Bowman RV, Davis MR, Musk AW, Robinson BW. Source: Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology. 1989 October; 53(1): 68-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2788546

•

Localized pleural malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Hirano H, Takeda S, Sawabata Y, Okumura Y, Maeda H, Hanibuchi M, Ito M, Nakagawa M, Uematsu K.

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Source: Pathology International. 2003 September; 53(9): 616-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=14507319 •

Malignant mesothelioma after environmental exposure to blue asbestos. Author(s): Hansen J, de Klerk NH, Eccles JL, Musk AW, Hobbs MS. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 1993 June 19; 54(4): 578-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8390408

•

Malignant mesothelioma growth inhibition by agents that target the VEGF and VEGF-C autocrine loops. Author(s): Masood R, Kundra A, Zhu S, Xia G, Scalia P, Smith DL, Gill PS. Source: International Journal of Cancer. Journal International Du Cancer. 2003 May 1; 104(5): 603-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12594815

•

Malignant mesothelioma of the pleura: a study of 52 treated and 64 untreated patients. Author(s): Law MR, Gregor A, Hodson ME, Bloom HJ, Turner-Warwick M. Source: Thorax. 1984 April; 39(4): 255-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6426072

•

Malignant mesotheliomas and chemotherapy. Author(s): Karakousis CP, Seddiq M, Moore R. Source: Journal of Surgical Oncology. 1980; 15(2): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7421277

•

Multicenter randomized controlled trial of the management of unresectable malignant mesothelioma proposed by the British Thoracic Society and the British Medical Research Council. Author(s): Girling DJ, Muers MF, Qian W, Lobban D. Source: Seminars in Oncology. 2002 February; 29(1): 97-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11836674

•

New chemotherapeutics in malignant mesothelioma: effects on cell growth and IL-6 production. Author(s): McLaren BR, Robinson BW, Lake RA. Source: Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 2000; 45(6): 502-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10854139

•

Oral etoposide in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma. A phase II study. Author(s): Tammilehto L, Maasilta P, Mantyla M, Salo J, Mattson K.

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Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 1994 December; 5(10): 949-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7696167 •

Phase II trial of a single weekly intravenous dose of ranpirnase in patients with unresectable malignant mesothelioma. Author(s): Mikulski SM, Costanzi JJ, Vogelzang NJ, McCachren S, Taub RN, Chun H, Mittelman A, Panella T, Puccio C, Fine R, Shogen K. Source: Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002 January 1; 20(1): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11773179

•

Phase II trial of five day intravenous infusion vinblastine sulfate in patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Author(s): Cowan JD, Green S, Lucas J, Weick JK, Balcerzak SP, Rivkin SE, Coltman CA, Baker LH. Source: Investigational New Drugs. 1988 September; 6(3): 247-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3192391

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Proteoglycan synthesis induced by transforming and basic fibroblast growth factors in human malignant mesothelioma is mediated through specific receptors and the tyrosine kinase intracellular pathway. Author(s): Tzanakakis GN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Source: Biochimie. 1997 June; 79(6): 323-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9310181

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Proteoglycans in human malignant mesothelioma. Stimulation of their synthesis induced by epidermal, insulin and platelet-derived growth factors involves receptors with tyrosine kinase activity. Author(s): Syrokou A, Tzanakakis GN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Source: Biochimie. 1999 July; 81(7): 733-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10492020

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Regulation of matrix metalloprotease activity in malignant mesothelioma cell lines by growth factors. Author(s): Liu Z, Klominek J. Source: Thorax. 2003 March; 58(3): 198-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12612292

•

Results of a phase II trial of combined chemotherapy for patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma of the pleura. Author(s): Kasseyet S, Astoul P, Boutin C.

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Source: Cancer. 1999 April 15; 85(8): 1740-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10223568 •

Statement on malignant mesothelioma in the UK. Author(s): Robinson M, Wiggins J. Source: Thorax. 2002 February; 57(2): 187. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11828056

•

Treatment of malignant mesothelioma with methotrexate and vinblastine, with or without platinum chemotherapy. Author(s): Hunt KJ, Longton G, Williams MA, Livingston RB. Source: Chest. 1996 May; 109(5): 1239-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8625674

•

Vindesine in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma: a phase II study. Author(s): Kelsen D, Gralla R, Cheng E, Martini N. Source: Cancer Treat Rep. 1983 September; 67(9): 821-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6883358

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

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General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover malignant mesothelioma.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on malignant mesothelioma is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to malignant mesothelioma. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for malignant mesothelioma: •

Celecoxib shows antitumor properties in malignant mesothelioma model Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: May 06, 2004

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•

Lovastatin induces apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cells Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 22, 1998

•

Gene Therapy For Malignant Mesothelioma Begins Phase I Trial Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 02, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to malignant mesothelioma, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Malignant Mesothelioma Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to malignant mesothelioma. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering malignant mesothelioma that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 5. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for malignant mesothelioma. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP).

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Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/.

PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.

Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to malignant mesothelioma by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for

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marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for malignant mesothelioma: •

SS1(dsFv)-PE38 (trade name: NONE Assigned) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1255

•

SS1(dsFv)-PE38 http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=1290

•

5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=500

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CT-2584 mesylate http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=974

•

Liposomal-cis-bis-neodecanoat o-trans-R,R-1,2 -dia http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=993

If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute8: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

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National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

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National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

8

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

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National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

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National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

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National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

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National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

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Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.9 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:10 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

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Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

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Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

9

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 10 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway11 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.12 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 4553 29 763 1 36 5382

HSTAT13 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.14 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.15 Simply search by “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

11

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

12

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 13 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 14 15

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists16 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.17 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.18 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

16 Adapted 17

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 18 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on malignant mesothelioma can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to malignant mesothelioma. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to malignant mesothelioma. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “malignant mesothelioma”:

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Asbestos http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/asbestos.html Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/cancer.html Cancer Alternative Therapy http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/canceralternativetherapy.html Head and Neck Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/headandneckcancer.html Lung Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lungcancer.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to malignant mesothelioma. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to malignant mesothelioma. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with malignant mesothelioma. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about malignant mesothelioma. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “malignant mesothelioma” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “malignant mesothelioma”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “malignant mesothelioma” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “malignant mesothelioma” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.19

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

19

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)20: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

20

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

95

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

97

MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine. [NIH] Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenovirus: A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene. [NIH] Adhesions: Pathological processes consisting of the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-helix: One of the secondary element of protein. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy,

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magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Aminopterin: N-(4-(((2,4-Diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid. A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic. [NIH] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anthracycline: A member of a family of anticancer drugs that are also antibiotics. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH]

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Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antiproliferative: Counteracting a process of proliferation. [EU] Antiserum: The blood serum obtained from an animal after it has been immunized with a particular antigen. It will contain antibodies which are specific for that antigen as well as antibodies specific for any other antigen with which the animal has previously been immunized. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autologous bone marrow transplantation: A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. [NIH] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most

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important. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Marrow Transplantation: The transference of bone marrow from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal

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functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinoembryonic Antigen: A glycoprotein that is secreted into the luminal surface of the epithelia in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the feces and pancreaticobiliary secretions and is used to monitor the respone to colon cancer treatment. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Celecoxib: A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied for cancer prevention. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Cycle Proteins: Proteins that control the cell division cycle. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including cyclin-dependent kinases, mitogen-activated kinases, cyclins, and phosphoprotein phosphatases (phosphoprotein phosphatase) as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and transcription factors. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain

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functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemoprotective: A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapeutic agent: A drug used to treat cancer. [NIH] Chemotherapeutics: Noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. [EU]

Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic

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engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clubbing: A proliferative change in the soft tissues about the terminal phalanges of the fingers or toes, with no constant osseous changes. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques

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for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. [NIH]

Cyclophosphamide: Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Infections: Infection with Cytomegalovirus, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults. [NIH]

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Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]

Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Daunorubicin: Very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of leukemias and other neoplasms. [NIH]

Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dexrazoxane: A drug used to protect the heart from the toxic effects of anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin. It belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diaphragm: The musculofibrous partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the volume of the thoracic cavity aiding inspiration. [NIH] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Doxorubicin: Antineoplastic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces peucetics. It is a hydroxy derivative of daunorubicin and is used in treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Effusion: The escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. [EU]

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Elastic: Susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Ependymal: It lines the cavities of the brain's ventricles and the spinal cord and slowly divides to create a stem cell. [NIH] Ependymal tumors: A type of brain tumor that usually begins in the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal cord. Also called ependymomas. [NIH] Ependymomas: Brain tumors that usually begin in the central canal of the spinal cord. Ependymomas may also develop in the cells lining the ventricles of the brain, which produce and store the special fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) that protects the brain and spinal cord. Also called ependymal tumors. [NIH] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6 kD polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine

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based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and epithelial cells. [NIH] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erysipeloid: An infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is almost wholly restricted to persons who in their occupation handle infected fish, shellfish, poultry, or meat. Three forms of this condition exist: a mild localized form manifested by local swelling and redness of the skin; a diffuse form that might present with fever; and a rare systemic form associated with endocarditis. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Etoposide: A semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin that exhibits antitumor activity. Etoposide inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA. This complex induces breaks in double stranded DNA and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding. Accumulated breaks in DNA prevent entry into the mitotic phase of cell division, and lead to cell death. Etoposide acts primarily in the G2 and S phases of the cell cycle. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Eye Infections: Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which

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occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibroblast Growth Factor: Peptide isolated from the pituitary gland and from the brain. It is a potent mitogen which stimulates growth of a variety of mesodermal cells including chondrocytes, granulosa, and endothelial cells. The peptide may be active in wound healing and animal limb regeneration. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fistula: Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gamma Rays: Very powerful and penetrating, high-energy electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength than that of x-rays. They are emitted by a decaying nucleus, usually between 0.01 and 10 MeV. They are also called nuclear x-rays. [NIH] Ganciclovir: Acyclovir analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gelatinases: A class of enzymes that catalyzes the degradation of gelatin by acting on the peptide bonds. EC 3.4.24.-. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]

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Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Amplification: A selective increase in the number of copies of a gene coding for a specific protein without a proportional increase in other genes. It occurs naturally via the excision of a copy of the repeating sequence from the chromosome and its extrachromosomal replication in a plasmid, or via the production of an RNA transcript of the entire repeating sequence of ribosomal RNA followed by the reverse transcription of the molecule to produce an additional copy of the original DNA sequence. Laboratory techniques have been introduced for inducing disproportional replication by unequal crossing over, uptake of DNA from lysed cells, or generation of extrachromosomal sequences from rolling circle replication. [NIH] Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Gene Therapy: The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulosclerosis: Scarring of the glomeruli. It may result from diabetes mellitus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis) or from deposits in parts of the glomerulus (focal segmental glomerulosclerosis). The most common signs of glomerulosclerosis are proteinuria and kidney failure. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycosaminoglycans: Heteropolysaccharides which contain an N-acetylated hexosamine in a characteristic repeating disaccharide unit. The repeating structure of each disaccharide involves alternate 1,4- and 1,3-linkages consisting of either N-acetylglucosamine or Nacetylgalactosamine. [NIH]

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Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Graft Rejection: An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Hemoglobinopathies: A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatotoxic: Toxic to liver cells. [EU] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time

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unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Ifosfamide: Positional isomer of cyclophosphamide which is active as an alkylating agent and an immunosuppressive agent. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunosuppressive therapy: Therapy used to decrease the body's immune response, such as drugs given to prevent transplant rejection. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins,

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intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH] Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU]

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Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionizing: Radiation comprising charged particles, e. g. electrons, protons, alpha-particles, etc., having sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization by collision. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Latency: The period of apparent inactivity between the time when a stimulus is presented and the moment a response occurs. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Latent period: A seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. [EU] Least-Squares Analysis: A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters. [NIH] Linear Models: Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together

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from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Logistic Models: Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphokine: A soluble protein produced by some types of white blood cell that stimulates other white blood cells to kill foreign invaders. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the

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major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]

Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs. [NIH] Mediastinum: The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. [NIH] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Mesentery: A layer of the peritoneum which attaches the abdominal viscera to the abdominal wall and conveys their blood vessels and nerves. [NIH] Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from antineoplastic agents, such as ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide. [NIH] Mesothelioma: A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methotrexate: An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH]

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Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Micronuclei: Nuclei, separate from and additional to the main nucleus of a cell, produced during the telophase of mitosis or meiosis by lagging chromosomes or chromosome fragments derived from spontaneous or experimentally induced chromosomal structural changes. This concept also includes the smaller, reproductive nuclei found in multinucleate protozoans. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Microvilli: Minute projections of cell membranes which greatly increase the surface area of the cell. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multidrug resistance: Adaptation of tumor cells to anticancer drugs in ways that make the drugs less effective. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United

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States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Occupational Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or

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allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overall survival: The percentage of subjects in a study who have survived for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. Often called the survival rate. [NIH] Oxaliplatin: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds. [NIH] Paclitaxel: Antineoplastic agent isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Paclitaxel stabilizes microtubules in their polymerized form and thus mimics the action of the proto-oncogene proteins c-mos. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilloma: A benign epithelial neoplasm which may arise from the skin, mucous membranes or glandular ducts. [NIH] Parietal: 1. Of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. Pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. [EU] Partial remission: The shrinking, but not complete disappearance, of a tumor in response to therapy. Also called partial response. [NIH] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Particle Accelerators: Devices which accelerate electrically charged atomic or subatomic particles, such as electrons, protons or ions, to high velocities so they have high kinetic energy. [NIH] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]

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Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photodynamic therapy: Treatment with drugs that become active when exposed to light. These drugs kill cancer cells. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelet-Derived Growth Factor: Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alphagranules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form.

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Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Platinum Compounds: Inorganic compounds which contain platinum as the central atom. [NIH]

Pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Pleura: The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity. [NIH] Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Pleural Effusion: Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself. [NIH] Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in which a copious exudation of serum occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united by adhesions, which are usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side. [EU] Pneumonectomy: An operation to remove an entire lung. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Podophyllotoxin: The main active constituent of the resin from the roots of may apple or mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum and P. emodi). It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU]

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Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Progressive disease: Cancer that is increasing in scope or severity. [NIH] Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen: Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. PCNA is required for the coordinated synthesis of both leading and lagging strands at the replication fork during DNA replication. PCNA expression correlates with the proliferation activity of several malignant and non-malignant cell types. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins: Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity. [NIH] Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos: Cellular proteins encoded by the c-mos genes. They function in the cell cycle to maintain maturation promoting factor in the active state and have protein-serine/threonine kinase activity. Oncogenic transformation can take place when c-mos proteins are expressed at the wrong time. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of

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pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radioimmunotherapy: Radiotherapy where cytotoxic radionuclides are linked to antibodies in order to deliver toxins directly to tumor targets. Therapy with targeted radiation rather than antibody-targeted toxins (immunotoxins) has the advantage that adjacent tumor cells, which lack the appropriate antigenic determinants, can be destroyed by radiation cross-fire. Radioimmunotherapy is sometimes called targeted radiotherapy, but this latter term can also refer to radionuclides linked to non-immune molecules (radiotherapy). [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Raltitrexed: An anticancer drug that inhibits tumor cells from multiplying by interfering with cells' ability to make DNA. Also called ICI D1694. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to crossing-over. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regression Analysis: Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see linear models) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and least-squares analysis is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see logistic models) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and likelihood functions are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable. [NIH]

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Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoblastoma Protein: Product of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. It is a nuclear phosphoprotein hypothesized to normally act as an inhibitor of cell proliferation. Rb protein is absent in retinoblastoma cell lines. It also has been shown to form complexes with the adenovirus E1A protein, the SV40 T antigen, and the human papilloma virus E7 protein. [NIH]

Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Retroviral vector: RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rhusiopathiae: Causal agent of the anthropozoonosis called erysipeloid. [NIH] Ribonuclease: RNA-digesting enzyme. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Scleroproteins: Simple proteins characterized by their insolubility and fibrous structure. Within the body, they perform a supportive or protective function. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Segmental: Describing or pertaining to a structure which is repeated in similar form in successive segments of an organism, or which is undergoing segmentation. [NIH] Segmentation: The process by which muscles in the intestines move food and wastes through the body. [NIH]

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Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow. [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU]

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Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Submaxillary: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]

Survival Rate: The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamponade: The inserting of a tampon; a dressing is inserted firmly into a wound or body cavity, as the nose, uterus or vagina, principally for stopping hemorrhage. [NIH] Telophase: The final phase of cell division, in which two daughter nuclei are formed, the cytoplasm divides, and the chromosomes lose their distinctness and are transformed into chromatin networks. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH]

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Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymidine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tumor debulking: Surgically removing as much of the tumor as possible. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumorigenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH]

Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

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Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Unresectable: Unable to be surgically removed. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricles: Fluid-filled cavities in the heart or brain. [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinorelbine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU]

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Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH]

129

INDEX A Abdominal, 13, 22, 23, 28, 97, 105, 112, 115, 118, 119 Acatalasia, 97, 101 Acceptor, 97, 126 Acetylcholine, 97, 117 Acetylgalactosamine, 97, 109 Acetylglucosamine, 97, 109 Adaptability, 97, 101, 102 Adenocarcinoma, 15, 16, 19, 22, 34, 39, 48, 50, 53, 54, 97, 110 Adenovirus, 29, 97, 123 Adhesions, 97, 120 Adjuvant, 5, 49, 97, 108 Adverse Effect, 97, 124 Aetiology, 30, 97 Algorithms, 97, 100 Alpha Particles, 97, 122 Alpha-helix, 97, 113 Alternative medicine, 70, 97 Amino acid, 98, 99, 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 127 Amino Acid Sequence, 98 Aminopterin, 23, 98 Anaesthesia, 98, 111 Analog, 5, 46, 98, 108 Angiogenesis, 7, 14, 24, 52, 55, 98, 114 Animal model, 7, 8, 98 Anions, 98, 125 Anthracycline, 98, 105 Antibiotic, 98, 105 Antibodies, 21, 22, 34, 43, 54, 98, 99, 111, 114, 119, 122 Antibody, 15, 43, 55, 98, 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116, 122, 124 Antidote, 98, 113 Antigen, 9, 13, 25, 32, 52, 98, 99, 103, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 123 Anti-inflammatory, 46, 98, 101 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 99, 101 Antimetabolite, 99, 115 Antineoplastic, 99, 104, 105, 115, 118, 120, 125, 127 Antineoplastic Agents, 99, 115, 127 Antiproliferative, 13, 99 Antiserum, 43, 99 Apoptosis, 9, 10, 14, 38, 47, 48, 70, 99 Arginine, 99, 117

Arterial, 99, 121 Arteries, 99, 100, 104, 115 Arterioles, 99, 100, 101 Asbestos, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 27, 31, 32, 35, 40, 43, 44, 48, 51, 65, 86, 99, 115 Asbestosis, 99 Aspiration, 21, 26, 99 Autoantibodies, 45, 50, 99 Autoantigens, 99 Autologous, 13, 99 Autologous bone marrow transplantation, 13, 99 Autopsy, 20, 99 B Bacteria, 98, 99, 107, 108, 116, 119, 122, 126, 127 Bacteriophage, 99, 126 Benign, 15, 27, 42, 100, 115, 117, 118, 122 Bile, 100, 108, 114 Biological therapy, 100, 110 Biopsy, 100 Biotechnology, 11, 12, 70, 81, 100 Biphasic, 16, 52, 100 Blood Coagulation, 100, 101, 125 Blood pressure, 100, 116 Blood vessel, 37, 98, 100, 106, 107, 109, 114, 115, 124, 125, 127 Bone Marrow, 99, 100, 109, 111, 114, 124 Bone Marrow Transplantation, 100 Bowel, 100, 119 Bradykinin, 100, 117 C Calcium, 99, 100, 103, 113, 114 Capillary, 32, 100, 101, 127 Carcinoembryonic Antigen, 39, 53, 101 Carcinogenesis, 10, 51, 101 Carcinogenic, 7, 101, 112, 118, 121, 126 Carcinogens, 101, 118 Carcinoma, 8, 20, 39, 101 Cardiac, 17, 22, 34, 101, 106, 107, 116 Cardiology, 34, 101 Case report, 11, 13, 21, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 47, 48, 101 Catalase, 24, 97, 101 Celecoxib, 46, 69, 101 Cell Cycle, 4, 15, 36, 48, 101, 102, 104, 107, 121

130

Malignant Mesothelioma

Cell Cycle Proteins, 4, 101 Cell Death, 8, 10, 99, 101, 107, 117 Cell Division, 99, 101, 107, 110, 115, 116, 119, 124, 125 Cell membrane, 101, 116 Cell proliferation, 101, 123 Cell Survival, 101, 110 Cerebrospinal, 102, 106 Cerebrospinal fluid, 102, 106 Cervical, 9, 21, 102 Cervix, 102 Chemoprevention, 46, 102 Chemoprotective, 102, 105 Chemotaxis, 31, 102 Chemotherapeutic agent, 58, 64, 102 Chemotherapeutics, 8, 65, 102 Chemotherapy, 10, 13, 28, 45, 49, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 102 Chondrocytes, 102, 108 Chromatin, 99, 101, 102, 125 Chromosomal, 12, 102, 116, 119 Chromosome, 20, 27, 38, 44, 49, 102, 109, 113, 116, 124 Chronic, 7, 102, 112, 120, 124 CIS, 75, 102 Cisplatin, 12, 28, 32, 58, 62, 63, 64, 102 Clinical Medicine, 102, 121 Clinical trial, 3, 5, 8, 9, 81, 102, 121, 122 Clone, 52, 102 Cloning, 100, 102 Clubbing, 27, 103 Cofactor, 103, 121, 125 Collagen, 98, 103, 107, 108, 114, 119 Colon, 101, 103 Complement, 103 Complementary and alternative medicine, 61, 68, 103 Complementary medicine, 61, 103 Computational Biology, 81, 103 Connective Tissue, 100, 103, 104, 108, 114, 115, 123, 124 Contraindications, ii, 104 Conventional therapy, 10, 104 Conventional treatment, 10, 104 Coronary, 104, 115 Coronary Thrombosis, 104, 115 Corpus, 104, 118, 128 Crossing-over, 104, 122 Curative, 104, 125 Cyclic, 104, 110, 117 Cyclin, 101, 104 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, 101, 104

Cyclophosphamide, 104, 111, 115 Cytokines, 7, 104 Cytomegalovirus, 104, 108 Cytomegalovirus Infections, 104, 108 Cytoplasm, 99, 101, 105, 125 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 101, 105 Cytotoxic, 8, 105, 122 Cytotoxicity, 8, 36, 102, 105 D Daunorubicin, 105 Deletion, 6, 15, 29, 52, 99, 105 Dexrazoxane, 31, 105 Diabetes Mellitus, 105, 109 Diagnostic procedure, 70, 105 Diaphragm, 105, 120 Diethylcarbamazine, 105, 125 Diffusion, 105, 112 Digestion, 100, 105, 114, 124 Direct, iii, 102, 105, 122 Discrimination, 16, 105 Doxorubicin, 31, 62, 63, 105 Drug Interactions, 74, 105 Dyspnea, 105, 120 E Effector, 6, 97, 103, 105 Efficacy, 5, 23, 105 Effusion, 23, 54, 105, 120 Elastic, 106, 125 Electrons, 106, 113, 118, 122 Embryo, 106, 111 Enamel, 106, 113 Endocarditis, 106, 107 Endogenous, 8, 99, 106, 126 Endothelial cell, 106, 108, 125 Endothelium, 106, 117 Endothelium-derived, 106, 117 Enhancer, 50, 106 Environmental Exposure, 40, 65, 106, 118 Environmental Health, 23, 35, 40, 80, 82, 106 Enzymatic, 8, 98, 101, 103, 104, 106 Enzyme, 101, 105, 106, 109, 110, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128 Ependymal, 106 Ependymal tumors, 106 Ependymomas, 9, 106 Epidermal, 58, 63, 66, 106 Epidermal Growth Factor, 58, 63, 106 Epidermis, 106, 107, 113 Epinephrine, 107, 127 Epithelial, 23, 34, 37, 47, 97, 107, 118 Epithelial Cells, 107

131

Erectile, 107, 118 Erysipeloid, 28, 107, 123 Escalation, 5, 107 Etoposide, 65, 107 Exogenous, 106, 107 Extracellular, 104, 107, 114 Extracellular Matrix, 104, 107, 114 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 107, 114 Exudate, 107, 120 Eye Infections, 97, 107 F Family Planning, 81, 108 Fat, 100, 108, 114, 123, 124, 125 Feces, 101, 108 Fetus, 108, 127 Fibroblast Growth Factor, 66, 108 Fibrosis, 7, 108 Fine-needle aspiration, 21, 108, 117 Fistula, 16, 108 Folic Acid, 98, 108, 113 Foramen, 108, 119 G Gallbladder, 97, 108 Gamma Rays, 108, 122 Ganciclovir, 4, 5, 7, 108 Gas, 105, 108, 110, 117 Gastric, 107, 108 Gastrointestinal, 99, 100, 101, 107, 108 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 99, 108 Gastrointestinal tract, 101, 108 Gelatin, 108 Gelatinases, 42, 108 Gemcitabine, 12, 28, 51, 108 Gene, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 39, 46, 50, 52, 55, 70, 97, 100, 109, 117, 124 Gene Amplification, 39, 109 Gene Expression, 7, 8, 17, 109 Gene Therapy, 4, 5, 7, 23, 29, 50, 70, 97, 109 Genital, 9, 109 Genotype, 109, 119 Germ Cells, 109, 115, 118, 125 Gland, 109, 114, 118, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126 Glomeruli, 109 Glomerulosclerosis, 27, 109 Glomerulus, 109 Glucose, 105, 109, 112 Glutamic Acid, 98, 108, 109 Glycoprotein, 51, 101, 109, 125

Glycosaminoglycans, 23, 30, 58, 63, 107, 109 Governing Board, 110, 120 Graft, 110, 111 Graft Rejection, 110, 111 Growth factors, 7, 66, 110 Guanylate Cyclase, 110, 117 H Hemoglobinopathies, 109, 110 Hemorrhage, 110, 124, 125 Hepatic, 37, 110 Hepatocellular, 18, 110 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 18, 110 Hepatotoxic, 5, 110 Hereditary, 110, 123 Heredity, 109, 110 Herpes, 4, 5, 7, 29, 53, 110 Herpes virus, 53, 110 Herpes Zoster, 110 Histology, 39, 110 Homologous, 104, 109, 110, 124 Hormone, 107, 110, 112, 119, 126 Hybrid, 102, 110 Hydrogen, 97, 101, 107, 110, 116, 117, 121, 125 Hydrogen Peroxide, 101, 110, 125 Hydrolysis, 102, 111, 120 Hyperplasia, 49, 53, 63, 111 Hypertrophy, 111 I Ifosfamide, 31, 34, 111, 115 Immune response, 5, 97, 98, 99, 110, 111, 127 Immune system, 100, 111, 114, 128 Immunization, 111 Immunoglobulin, 98, 111, 116 Immunohistochemistry, 34, 50, 51, 111 Immunologic, 111, 122 Immunology, 31, 58, 64, 97, 111 Immunosuppressant, 111, 115 Immunosuppressive, 104, 111 Immunosuppressive therapy, 111 Immunotherapy, 13, 34, 100, 111 In vitro, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 36, 50, 58, 64, 109, 111 In vivo, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 29, 50, 109, 111 Incision, 111, 113 Induction, 6, 7, 14, 111 Infarction, 104, 111, 115 Infection, 10, 100, 104, 107, 111, 114, 125, 126, 128 Infiltration, 37, 112

132

Malignant Mesothelioma

Inflammation, 7, 98, 99, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 120, 123 Infusion, 66, 112 Initiation, 4, 112, 126 Inorganic, 102, 112, 120 Insight, 4, 7, 112 Insulin, 6, 58, 63, 66, 112 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 112 Insulin-like, 6, 112 Interferon, 32, 52, 112 Interferon-alpha, 112 Interleukin-2, 36, 112 Intestines, 97, 108, 112, 123 Intracellular, 8, 66, 112, 117 Intraperitoneal, 50, 62, 112 Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, 62, 112 Intravascular, 41, 112 Intravenous, 5, 66, 112, 113 Invasive, 4, 6, 7, 52, 113 Ionization, 113 Ionizing, 10, 97, 106, 113, 114, 122 K Kb, 80, 113 Keratin, 36, 50, 113 Kinetic, 113, 118 L Latency, 44, 113 Latent, 7, 113 Latent period, 7, 113 Least-Squares Analysis, 113, 122 Lesion, 15, 40, 113, 114 Leucovorin, 23, 113 Leukemia, 17, 22, 23, 28, 31, 105, 109, 113 Leukocytes, 100, 104, 112, 113 Life cycle, 100, 113 Likelihood Functions, 113, 122 Linear Models, 113, 122 Linkages, 109, 113 Lipid, 37, 112, 114 Liver, 47, 97, 100, 104, 108, 110, 114 Localization, 8, 111, 114 Localized, 4, 6, 27, 37, 38, 64, 107, 112, 114, 119 Logistic Models, 114, 122 Lymph, 21, 38, 102, 106, 114, 115, 120, 125 Lymph node, 21, 38, 102, 114, 115 Lymphatic, 106, 112, 114, 115, 124 Lymphatic system, 114, 124 Lymphocyte, 98, 114, 115 Lymphoid, 98, 114 Lymphokine, 64, 114

M Malignancy, 6, 114 Man-made, 14, 114 Matrix metalloproteinase, 7, 25, 42, 114 Meat, 107, 114 Mediastinitis, 20, 115 Mediastinum, 115 Mediator, 112, 115 Medical Records, 115, 123 MEDLINE, 81, 115 Medullary, 48, 115 Meiosis, 115, 116 Melanin, 115, 119, 127 Membrane, 6, 101, 103, 107, 115, 116, 120, 126, 128 Mesenchymal, 107, 115 Mesentery, 115, 119 Mesna, 31, 115 Meta-Analysis, 13, 115 Metabolite, 113, 115 Metastasis, 12, 16, 38, 114, 115 Metastatic, 6, 8, 115, 123 Methotrexate, 32, 58, 64, 67, 115 MI, 95, 115 Microbe, 116, 126 Micronuclei, 31, 116 Microorganism, 103, 116, 128 Microtubules, 116, 118 Microvilli, 52, 116 Mitochondrial Swelling, 116, 117 Mitosis, 99, 116 Mitotic, 107, 116, 127 Modeling, 8, 116 Molecular, 4, 6, 23, 29, 32, 35, 39, 42, 49, 52, 81, 83, 100, 104, 116, 125 Molecule, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 116, 119, 122, 127 Monitor, 4, 8, 101, 116, 117 Monoclonal, 43, 116 Morphological, 41, 106, 116 Morphology, 58, 63, 116 Motility, 6, 116 Mucosa, 116, 124 Mucositis, 116, 126 Multidrug resistance, 51, 116 Myocardium, 115, 116 N NCI, 1, 15, 62, 79, 102, 116 Necrosis, 52, 99, 111, 115, 117 Needle biopsy, 46, 108, 117 Neoplasia, 117 Neoplasm, 37, 117, 118, 123, 126

133

Neoplastic, 7, 13, 30, 50, 58, 117 Nerve, 25, 115, 117, 124, 127 Nerve Growth Factor, 25, 117 Nervous System, 97, 109, 115, 117 Neurons, 117 Neutrons, 97, 117, 122 Nitric Oxide, 25, 36, 117 Nuclear, 106, 108, 114, 117, 121, 123 Nuclei, 97, 106, 109, 116, 117, 121, 125 Nucleus, 99, 102, 104, 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 121 O Occupational Exposure, 44, 117 Oncogene, 4, 15, 25, 29, 32, 38, 117 Oncogenic, 6, 118, 121 Ovary, 118, 124 Overall survival, 43, 118 Oxaliplatin, 18, 118 P Paclitaxel, 58, 63, 64, 118 Palliative, 46, 48, 50, 64, 118, 125 Pancreas, 97, 112, 118 Papilloma, 9, 118, 123 Parietal, 118, 119, 120 Partial remission, 118, 123 Particle, 114, 118, 126 Particle Accelerators, 114, 118 Pathogenesis, 6, 42, 118 Pathologic, 99, 100, 104, 118 Pathologic Processes, 99, 118 Pelvis, 118, 127 Penis, 47, 118 Peptide, 98, 108, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121 Peripheral blood, 31, 112, 118 Peritoneal, 6, 7, 37, 61, 62, 112, 118, 119 Peritoneal Cavity, 37, 112, 119 Peritoneum, 22, 40, 47, 115, 118, 119 Pharmacokinetic, 7, 119 Pharmacologic, 7, 119, 126 Phenotype, 4, 6, 11, 34, 119 Phenylalanine, 119, 127 Phosphorus, 100, 119 Phosphorylation, 6, 46, 104, 119 Photodynamic therapy, 16, 46, 119 Physiologic, 119, 122 Physiology, 6, 15, 34, 36, 39, 53, 101, 119 Pituitary Gland, 108, 119 Plants, 109, 116, 119, 126 Plasma, 8, 98, 101, 108, 119 Plasma cells, 98, 119 Plasmid, 109, 119, 127 Platelet Aggregation, 117, 119

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, 30, 66, 119 Platelets, 117, 119 Platinum, 58, 67, 102, 118, 120 Platinum Compounds, 118, 120 Pleated, 113, 120 Pleura, 10, 14, 18, 20, 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 46, 47, 49, 53, 58, 65, 66, 120 Pleural cavity, 120 Pleural Effusion, 15, 36, 39, 48, 54, 120 Pleurisy, 53, 120 Pneumonectomy, 23, 35, 38, 120 Pneumonia, 104, 120 Podophyllotoxin, 107, 120 Polypeptide, 52, 98, 103, 106, 120 Polysaccharide, 98, 120, 121 Postoperative, 45, 120 Post-translational, 9, 120 Practice Guidelines, 82, 120 Preclinical, 5, 13, 36, 46, 120 Precursor, 54, 104, 105, 106, 119, 121, 127 Prognostic factor, 14, 19, 47, 121 Progression, 6, 7, 34, 45, 98, 104, 121 Progressive, 33, 107, 117, 121, 126 Progressive disease, 33, 121 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, 63, 121 Promoter, 11, 17, 50, 121 Prophylaxis, 121, 127 Protein S, 9, 100, 121 Proteinuria, 109, 121 Proteoglycans, 58, 63, 66, 107, 121 Protocol, 5, 121 Protons, 97, 110, 113, 118, 121, 122 Proto-Oncogene Proteins, 118, 121 Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mos, 118, 121 Public Policy, 81, 121 Publishing, 11, 121 Pulmonary, 7, 34, 48, 53, 100, 121, 125 Pulse, 116, 121 R Radiation, 10, 17, 26, 35, 45, 106, 108, 113, 114, 122, 128 Radioactive, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122, 126 Radioimmunotherapy, 122 Radiotherapy, 12, 22, 26, 35, 48, 49, 122 Raltitrexed, 18, 122 Randomized, 58, 65, 105, 122 Reactive Oxygen Species, 4, 7, 122 Receptor, 6, 31, 33, 39, 51, 53, 55, 98, 122

134

Malignant Mesothelioma

Recombinant, 9, 31, 122, 127 Recombination, 5, 109, 122 Recurrence, 102, 122 Reductase, 115, 122 Refer, 1, 103, 110, 114, 117, 122 Regeneration, 108, 122 Regimen, 5, 18, 105, 122 Regression Analysis, 34, 122 Remission, 61, 122, 123 Respiration, 48, 116, 123 Retinoblastoma, 21, 123 Retinoblastoma Protein, 21, 123 Retrospective, 63, 123 Retrospective study, 63, 123 Retroviral vector, 109, 123 Rheumatism, 123 Rheumatoid, 53, 123 Rhusiopathiae, 107, 123 Ribonuclease, 8, 123 Risk factor, 14, 41, 114, 123 S Sarcoma, 17, 36, 123 Scatter, 31, 123 Scleroproteins, 113, 123 Screening, 9, 102, 123 Secondary tumor, 115, 123 Secretion, 107, 112, 123 Segmental, 27, 109, 123 Segmentation, 123 Segregation, 122, 124 Semisynthetic, 107, 124 Serous, 106, 120, 124 Serum, 33, 36, 50, 52, 54, 99, 103, 120, 124 Side effect, 73, 75, 97, 100, 104, 124, 126 Signs and Symptoms, 123, 124 Soft tissue, 100, 103, 124 Solid tumor, 10, 98, 105, 124 Specialist, 87, 124 Species, 107, 110, 115, 116, 122, 124, 127, 128 Specificity, 45, 50, 124 Sperm, 102, 124 Spinal cord, 102, 106, 117, 124 Sporadic, 123, 124 Staging, 42, 124 Stimulus, 113, 124 Stomach, 97, 108, 110, 112, 119, 124 Stress, 7, 124 Stroke, 41, 80, 124 Stromal, 7, 124 Stromal Cells, 7, 124 Subacute, 112, 124

Subclinical, 112, 125 Submaxillary, 106, 125 Substrate, 6, 125 Superoxide, 48, 125 Superoxide Dismutase, 48, 125 Suramin, 50, 58, 63, 125 Surfactant, 39, 54, 125 Survival Rate, 118, 125 Synergistic, 10, 125 Synovial, 17, 125 Systemic, 7, 100, 107, 112, 125 T Tamponade, 17, 125 Telophase, 116, 125 Teratogenic, 98, 125 Testicular, 40, 125 Testis, 16, 21, 125 Therapeutics, 74, 125 Thermal, 99, 117, 125 Thoracic, 10, 14, 16, 27, 28, 46, 48, 53, 58, 61, 62, 65, 105, 120, 125, 128 Thrombin, 119, 125 Thrombomodulin, 54, 125 Thrombosis, 121, 124, 125 Thymidine, 4, 5, 7, 29, 126 Thymidine Kinase, 4, 5, 7, 29, 126 Thyroid, 54, 126, 127 Tomography, 5, 126 Toxic, iv, 4, 8, 102, 105, 106, 110, 120, 126 Toxicity, 5, 19, 22, 105, 115, 126 Toxicology, 58, 82, 126 Toxins, 98, 111, 122, 126 Trachea, 115, 126 Transcription Factors, 101, 126 Transduction, 6, 42, 126 Transfection, 100, 109, 126 Translational, 5, 9, 126 Trauma, 117, 126 Trypanosomiasis, 125, 126 Tumor debulking, 5, 126 Tumor suppressor gene, 6, 123, 126 Tumorigenic, 6, 126 Tumour, 24, 26, 33, 41, 43, 126 Tunica, 16, 21, 36, 40, 41, 116, 126 Tyrosine, 66, 127 U Unresectable, 5, 31, 58, 62, 65, 66, 127 Urethra, 118, 127 Urine, 106, 121, 127 Uterus, 22, 102, 104, 125, 127 V Vaccination, 19, 127

135

Vaccines, 127 Vagina, 102, 125, 127 Vascular, 54, 106, 111, 112, 117, 127 Vasodilators, 117, 127 Vector, 4, 5, 10, 126, 127 Vein, 113, 117, 127 Venous, 121, 127 Ventricles, 102, 106, 127 Venules, 100, 101, 127 Veterinary Medicine, 81, 127 Vinblastine, 58, 63, 64, 66, 67, 127 Vinca Alkaloids, 127 Vincristine, 62, 64, 127 Vinorelbine, 62, 127 Viral, 4, 9, 51, 118, 126, 127 Virulence, 126, 127

Virus, 4, 7, 9, 42, 49, 50, 99, 106, 112, 123, 126, 127 Visceral, 37, 119, 127 Vitreous, 14, 128 Vitreous Body, 128 Vitro, 9, 10, 128 Vivo, 4, 7, 8, 10, 17, 32, 128 W White blood cell, 98, 113, 114, 119, 128 Windpipe, 126, 128 Womb, 127, 128 Wound Healing, 108, 114, 128 X Xenograft, 11, 98, 128 X-ray, 8, 108, 114, 117, 122, 128 Y Yeasts, 119, 128

136

Malignant Mesothelioma