Magnesium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

MAGNESIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. ...

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MAGNESIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Magnesium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84026-1 1. Magnesium-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on magnesium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MAGNESIUM ............................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Magnesium ................................................................................... 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 60 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 66 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MAGNESIUM ................................................................................. 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Finding Nutrition Studies on Magnesium ................................................................................ 111 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 117 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 117 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MAGNESIUM ........................................................... 127 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 127 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 127 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 142 General References ..................................................................................................................... 159 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON MAGNESIUM ............................................................................. 161 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 161 Dissertations on Magnesium ..................................................................................................... 161 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 168 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND MAGNESIUM........................................................................ 169 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 169 Recent Trials on Magnesium ..................................................................................................... 169 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 173 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON MAGNESIUM ........................................................................................ 175 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 175 Patents on Magnesium .............................................................................................................. 175 Patent Applications on Magnesium .......................................................................................... 214 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 254 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON MAGNESIUM ........................................................................................... 255 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 255 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 255 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 256 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 264 Chapters on Magnesium ............................................................................................................ 265 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON MAGNESIUM ................................................................................. 267 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 267 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 267 Bibliography: Multimedia on Magnesium................................................................................. 268 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MAGNESIUM .............................................................. 269 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 269 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 269 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 274 Academic Periodicals covering Magnesium............................................................................... 277 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 279 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 279 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 279 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 280 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 285 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 285

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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 285 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 287 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 290 The Genome Project and Magnesium ........................................................................................ 290 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 295 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 295 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 295 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 297 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 301 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 301 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 301 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 301 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 301 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 307 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 308 MAGNESIUM DICTIONARY .................................................................................................... 311 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 401

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with magnesium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about magnesium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to magnesium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on magnesium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to magnesium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on magnesium. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on magnesium.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and magnesium, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Magnesium Chloride Slows Gastric Emptying, But Does Not Affect Digestive Functions Source: Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 16(8): 1571-1577. August 2002. Contact: Available from Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 OEL, UK. +44(0)1865 206206. Fax +44(0)1865 721205. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.blackwell-science.com. Summary: An inverse relationship has been established between serum magnesium and serum lipid levels. This article reports on a study in which, by means of breath tests, the authors tested the hypothesis that magnesium inhibits intraluminal lipid digestion and subsequently causes changes in lipid metabolism. The authors also investigated the influence of the administration of magnesium chloride on protein digestion and gastric

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emptying. Five healthy volunteers performed simultaneous breath tests for gastric emptying and intraluminal lipid digestion, and six others for gastric emptying and protein digestion. Each test was performed in basal conditions and after the intake of 800 milligrams of magnesium chloride dissolved in water. The oral administration of a single dose of magnesium chloride resulted in a diminished rate of intraluminal lipid and protein digestion. The most pronounced effect of magnesium chloride, however, was a decreased gastric emptying rate of both test meals. After correction for gastric emptying, no differences were noted in intraluminal lipid or protein digestion. Therefore, the lower lipid levels noted after magnesium supplementation are unlikely to be the result of altered lipid assimilation. The authors conclude that magnesium chloride slows gastric emptying but does not influence lipid digestion. 8 figures. 2 tables. 20 references. •

Magnesium and Diabetes Source: Practical Diabetology. 10(2): 1-5. March-April 1991. Summary: Despite the frequency with which magnesium deficiency occurs in diabetes mellitus, symptoms are rarely present. This article describes the case example of a patient with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and magnesium deficiency. Focal neuromuscular irritability, characterized by involuntary rhythmic myoclonic contractions, was caused by magnesium deficiency. The problem was resolved after magnesium repletion. Magnesium deficiency and its relationship to diabetes is reviewed within the context of this case. The author also discusses the clinical usefulness of a magnesium-loading test and gives a therapeutic outline. 2 tables.

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Magnesium and Diabetes: A Call for Concern Source: Practical Diabetology. 14(1): 7-11. March 1995. Contact: Available from R.A. Rapaport Publishing, Inc. 150 West 22nd Street, New York, NY 10011. (800) 234-0923. Summary: In this article, the authors call attention to the problem of inadequate magnesium levels in people with diabetes mellitus. Topics covered include a description of magnesium and its role in the body's metabolism; magnesium deficiency; magnesium and glycemia; macrovascular disease, diabetes and magnesium; microvascular disease and magnesium; and magnesium intake. The author concludes that subtle magnesium deficiency may play a significant role in diabetes and its complications. The article concludes with an editorial comment by Dr. Joel Zonszein, who focuses on determining which patients with diabetes should receive magnesium replacement or supplementation. 2 tables. 16 references.

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Magnesium Deficiency and Diabetes Source: Diabetes Educator. 18(1): 17-19. January-February 1992. Summary: Magnesium plays a key role in many enzyme systems in the body and is required for all enzymatic reactions involving the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate. This article discusses magnesium deficiency and diabetes. The authors report that magnesium deficiency is seen in as much as 25 percent of the diabetes population. The authors discuss magnesium loss and diabetes-associated complications, including hypertension, retinopathy, dyslipidemia, focal seizures, and reduced release of insulin. In addition, they note that magnesium deficiency may influence the binding of insulin to peripheral tissue and has been associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden

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cardiac death. Two final sections cover hypomagnesemia with hypokalemia and magnesium repletion. 1 figure. 25 references. •

Serum and Dietary Magnesium and the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 159(18): 2151-2159. October 11, 1999. Contact: Available from American Medical Association. Subscriber Services Center, P.O. Box 10946, Chicago, IL 60610-0946. (800) 262-2350. Fax (312) 464-5831. E-mail: [email protected]. Summary: This article describes a prospective cohort study that examined the association between serum magnesium level and dietary magnesium intake and the subsequent risk for incident type 2 diabetes in a cohort of 12,128 middle aged adults without diabetes from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study during 6 years of followup. Fasting serum magnesium level, categorized into six levels, and dietary magnesium intake, categorized into quartiles, were measured at the baseline examination. Incident type 2 diabetes was defined by self report of physician diagnosis, use of diabetic medication, fasting glucose level of at least 7.0 mmol/liter, or nonfasting glucose level of at least 11.1 mmol/liter. The study found that, among white participants, a graded inverse relationship between serum magnesium levels and incident type 2 diabetes was observed. From the highest to the lowest serum magnesium levels, there was an approximately two fold increase in incidence rate. This graded association remained significant after simultaneous adjustment for potential confounders, including diuretic use. Compared with individuals with serum magnesium levels of 0.95 mmol/liter or greater, the adjusted relative odds of incident type 2 diabetes rose progressively across the following lower magnesium categories: 1.13, 1.20, 1.11, 1.24, and 1.76. In contrast, little or no association was observed in African American participants. No association was detected between dietary magnesium intake and the risk for incident type 2 diabetes in African American or white participants. The article concludes that, among white participants, low serum magnesium was a strong, independent predictor of incident type 2 diabetes. That low dietary magnesium intake did not confer risk for type 2 diabetes implies that compartmentalization and renal binding of magnesium may be important in the relationship between low serum magnesium levels and the risk for type 2 diabetes. 1 figure. 5 tables. 52 references. (AAM).

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In Review: Magnesium Deficiency and Celiacs Source: Celiac Disease Foundation Newsletter. 3(4): 1. Winter 1993. Contact: Celiac Disease Foundation. 13251 Ventura Boulevard, Number 3, Studio City, CA 91604. (818) 990-2354. Summary: This brief article reviews the role of magnesium deficiency in people with celiac disease. Topics addressed in the article include the metabolism of magnesium and how it is used by the body; current research; diagnostic tests used to determine magnesium absorption; and the role of magnesium in the prevention of osteoporosis, particularly in people with celiac disease. The article concludes with a description of a research study to establish baseline data on people with celiac disease, confirming that there is an increased incidence of osteoporosis in celiacs. The article includes the telephone number of the Celiac Disease Foundation for readers who are interested in obtaining more information about this study.

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Role of Magnesium in Diabetes Mellitus: A Possible Mechanism for the Development of Diabetic Complications Source: Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications. 6(2): 143-149. April-June 1992. Summary: This review article investigates the role of magnesium as a possible mechanism for the development of complications in diabetes mellitus. Topics include magnesium homeostasis; hypomagnesium, insulin resistance, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease; hypomagnesemia and diabetes complications; possible mechanisms for the action of magnesium; mechanisms linking hypomagnesemia and diabetes complications; and magnesium and inositol transport. The authors conclude that the recognition that hypomagnesemia is associated with essential hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and ischemic heart disease may provide mechanistic support for the currently proposed theory that the association of these conditions constitutes a distinct clinical syndrome. 72 references.

Federally Funded Research on Magnesium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to magnesium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to magnesium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore magnesium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for magnesium: •

Project Title: ANALYSIS & CONTROL OF NONSYNAPTIC EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Durand, Dominique M.; Professor; Biomedical Engineering; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 04-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Epilepsy is characterized by the abnormal synchronization of large numbers of neurons. The synchronization and propagation of epileptic seizures are thought to rely on synaptic transmission. However, non-synaptic mechanisms such as neuronal swelling, electric field effects, potassium diffusion, gap junctions and glial cell function also contribute to the generation and spread of epileptiform activity. Non-synaptic epilepsy is generated by lowering calcium in the extracellular space thereby eliminating synaptic transmission. As a result, the clinical relevance of non-synaptic mechanisms has been questioned. We have recently generated

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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novel models of non-synaptic activity in the presence of normal calcium and normal synaptic transmission. We propose to analyze the role of non-synaptic mechanisms in neuronal synchronization in order to understand and potentially develop novel therapies to prevent abnormal neural activity. We have recently shown that the frequency, amplitude and duration of non-synaptic epileptiform events can be controlled independently suggesting that different mechanisms are responsible. In particular, preliminary experiments show that gap junctions are not responsible for the propagation of non-synaptic events generated in zero-calcium medium, but that potassium diffusion (potentially mediated by the activity of glial cells) plays a crucial role. The goal of this proposal is to analyze and control non-synaptic epileptiform activity. Specifically, we propose to 1) determine the common mechanisms underlying three models of non-synaptic epilepsy, 2) establish the conditions sufficient for the generation of non-synaptic epileptogenesis, 3) analyze the mechanisms underlying the propagation of non-synaptic epileptiform activity, 4) develop a computer model of nonsynaptic propagation to test hypotheses not directly testable by experimentation, and 5) develop methods for controlling epileptiform activity. Multi-disciplinary experimental approaches such as computer simulation and fluorescence imaging will be combined with pharmacology and in-vitro slice electrophysiology to achieve these goals. Current therapeutic agents are not capable of controlling seizure activity in 25 percent of all epileptic patients. The results of our studies should provide valuable insight into mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis as well as new tools for the control and suppression of epileptic seizures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ANALYSIS OF A KINASE DOMAIN WITHIN A NOVEL ION CHANNEL Principal Investigator & Institution: Nadler, Monica J.; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, Ma 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: Little is known of calcium channels underlying flux in lymphocytes and other non-excitable cells. I have recently cloned a novel ion channel, designated LTRPC7, that is expressed in many types of non-excitable cells including all immune system tissues. This channel is a member of the LTRPC TRP sub-family and is unique in that it contains a catalytic kinase domain homology to eEF-2K at its C-terminus. Preliminary data indicate that this protein is bi-functional: it is a cation channel that is permeable to calcium and magnesium, and it has kinase activity. We have observed that the ion permeability of LTRPC7 is sensitive to and suppressed by Mg-ATP. These data suggest that the kinase activity and/or changes in conformation of the kinase domain upon phosphorylation could be critical to the gating and/or modulation of this channel. Experiments are proposed to fully characterize the enzymatic potential of this domain (Aim 1). In addition, experiments are proposed to explore the regions of LTRPC7 that mediate and influence the Mg- ATP suppression effect (Aim 2). Finally, preliminary functional characterization of LTRPC7 demonstrates that over-expression of it in HEK293 cells is toxic and/or induces growth arrest. In addition, production of a double allele LTRPC7 knockout cell line in the DT-40 B-cell system results in lethality. These results suggest that LTRPC7 function is linked to basic cellular processes required for cell survival. Experiments to address the unique structural features of LTRPC7 that could account for these functional effects and assessment of its ability to affect intracellular calcium are also proposed (Aim 3). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RELEVANCE

AROMATIC

AMINE

DNA

STRUCTURES--MUTAGENIC

Principal Investigator & Institution: Broyde, Suse B.; Professor; Biology; New York University 15 Washington Place New York, Ny 10003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1997; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant) The human population is routinely exposed to a large number of environmental chemicals: some of them may initiate cancer while others, only slightly different in structure, are harmless. One prominent route by which carcinogens exert their effects is to react with DNA in a way that leads to a mutation in a vital cellular target. Insight into the mechanism by which a carcinogen-damaged DNA produces mutations is needed in order to identify potentially hazardous substances. In this project, intensive computer modeling is used to explore this process. Our efforts here are targeted particularly to frameshift mutations, whose contribution to carcinogenesis has perhaps been underemphasized. In particular, we will attempt to relate chemical structure to mutagenic effectiveness within the framework of the slippage/misalignment theory. This theory has successfully explained the sequence dependence of many frameshift mutations. We will work with four aromatic amines, members of a chemical class that has demonstrated an exceptional ability to induce frameshifts. Our selection includes acetylaminofluorene (AAF), chosen because of the extensive data based concerning its mutagenicity, 2-amino-1-methyl-6phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo(4,5-f)quinoline (IQ), carcinogens that are formed during the cooking of protein-rich foods, and 1aminopyrene (AP), the transformation product of a common pollutant present in diesel engine exhaust, urban air particulates, and a number of other sources. We will follow the behavior of modified DNA primer-template complexes as they proceed through the steps of extension, blockage, and/or misalignment within the active sites of selected polymerases for which suitable crystal structures are available. Our methods include the use of the programs DUPLEX (for molecular mechanics with modified DNA) and AMBER for molecular dynamics simulations with DNA in solution or in a polymerase. DUPLEX permits an extensive search of conformation space without the use of assumptions concerning the final structure. The molecular dynamics studies include explicit solvent and salt, and provide animation, but are more restricted in their search. Molecular dynamics trajectories yield ensembles of structures that will be used to compute free energy differences between conformers in solution, and binding free energies of polymerase-primer-template complexes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ASSEMBLY OF HIGHER ORDER STRUCTURE IN GROUP I RIBOZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Doudna, Jennifer A.; Professor; Molecular Biophysics & Biochem; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: The three-dimensional structure of RNA is critical to its cellular function. Catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes, fold into complex globular structures to produce active sites that promote chemical reactions independent of protein facilitation. Although the molecular basis for such structures is currently unknown, their formation involves the assembly of short helical elements via direct RNA-RNA and metalmediated contacts. An understanding of the molecular interactions that give to correctly

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folded RNAs is fundamental to understanding the structural and mechanistic principles of RNA catalysis. A detailed knowledge of the principles of higher order folding in RNA will enable rational design of efficient ribozymes for therapeutic purposes and will illuminate the role of RNA in such fundamental biological processes as protein biosynthesis and messenger RNA splicing. Like proteins, large catalytically active RNA molecules are often composed of independently folding structural domains. In the wellstudied group I self-splicing introns, the catalytic core is comprised of helical components residing in two separate domains. The crystal structure of one of these, the independently folding P4-P6 domain, revealed that conserved helices of the core lie parallel to helices in an extended subdomain. In addition to two specific sets of tertiary contacts, divalent metal ions and 2' hydroxyl groups of riboses in the RNA backbone stabilize this remarkably close helical packing. This exciting structure also provides tantalizing clues to the organization of the complete intron catalytic core, and is thus the basis for probing structural interactions both within the P4-P6 domain and between P4P6 and the rest of the intron. The specific aims of this proposal are threefold: 1. Determine the affinity and specificity of magnesium ion binding sites clustered in an adenosine-rich corkscrew motif, the A-rich bulge, that is central to P4-P6 domain folding. 2. Define the classes of divalent metal ion binding sites in the P4-P6 crystal structure, and correlate them with functional data for P4-P6 folding and intron catalysis. 3. Measure the energetic contributions of individual tertiary contacts within the P4- P6 domain, involving magnesium ions, ribose 2' hydroxyl groups and nucleotide bases, to domain structure and global intron folding and catalysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BICARBONATE REGULATED ADENYLYL CYCLASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Buck, Jochen; Pharmacology; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: Mammalian soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is structurally, biochemically, and physiologically distinct from G protein coupled transmembrane adenylyl cyclases. sAC activity is not regulated by the known modulators of transmembrane adenylyl cyclases activity, such as G proteins and forskolin, but it is directly stimulated by the bicarbonate- ion. Multiple physiological processes (i.e., breathing, blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid and aqueous humor formation, spermatocyte development) are modulated by carbon dioxide and/or bicarbonate. With this grant application we plan to test the hypothesis that sAC is the physiological bicarbonate/carbon dioxide sensor in biological systems. Aim 1 will study the direct interactions of bicarbonate with purified recombinant sAC protein using enzyme kinetics, binding assays, and limited proteolysis studies. Aim 2 will study whether bicarbonate activated sAC activity is present in bicarbonate/carbon dioxide regulated physiological systems. Aim 3 will determine with the help of sAC knockout studies in mice whether SAC activity is essential for bicarbonate/carbon dioxide regulated physiological systems in vivo. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: BIOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF P-GLYCOPROTEIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Senior, Alan E.; Professor; Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Rochester Orpa - Rc Box 270140 Rochester, Ny 14627 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1994; Project End 31-DEC-2004

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Summary: Multidrug-resistance is a situation encountered in cancer patients in which the tumor becomes resistant to a variety of cytotoxic anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agents. It often involves enhanced expression of P- glycoprotein (Pgp), a plasma membrane protein. Involvement of Pgp in resistance to anti-AIDS drugs is also stronglyindicated. Pgp consists of 1280 amino acids, arranged in two repeated halves, each of which contains six predicted transmembrane helices and one ATP-binding site. It acts in an ATP-dependent manner to exclude drugs and a wide range of other hydrophobic compounds from cells, displays substantial drug- stimulated ATPase activity, and is now widely-believed to act as an ATP- driven drug-efflux pump. A catalytic cycle involving alternating catalytic sites and a mechanism for coupling of ATP-hydrolysis to drug-transport, presented by our laboratory, has become widely-adopted as a working model. We recently made a breakthrough, namely the development of a large- scale method for preparation of pure, detergent-soluble, mouse and human Pgp, using Pichia. Not only wild-type but also mutant Pgp may now be obtained in quantity, facilitating a broader range of structural, biophysical and biochemical approaches. The aim of this proposal is to characterize structure and function of Pgp. Structure will be determined by electron-microscopy and X-ray crystallography. Catalytic mechanism will be studied by specific insertion of fluorescent probes to monitor nucleotide binding parameters and occupancy of catalytic sites, and by mutagenesis of critical catalytic site residues. Coupling of ATP hydrolysis to drug transport will be investigated. The two halves of Pgp will be purified separately and reconstituted, to facilitate understanding of interactions between catalytic sites and membrane domains. Basic knowledge of this kind will be invaluable in devising ways to disable P-glycoprotein and overcome drugresistance in patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOCHEMICAL METABOLISM

MECHANISMS

OF

POLYPHOSPHATE

IN

Principal Investigator & Institution: Kornberg, Arthur; Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry; Biochemistry; Stanford University Stanford, Ca 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Inorganic polyphosphate (poly P), a polymer of hundreds of phosphate residues linked by high-energy bonds, is found in every cell in Nature-bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. Among poiy P functions are: kinase donor to glucose and nucleoside diphosphates, phosphate (P1) reservoir, divalent metal (Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) chelator and component of a membrane complex in bacterial transformation. Our recent studies have disclosed three major roles: 1) "alarmone" in response to stresses and deficiencies, 2) adaptations for survival in the stationary phase and 3) virulence in some pathogens. Thus, poly P has a variety of functions depending on the cell and circumstances. The multiplicity of functions and the plasticity of microbial organisms has complicated the search for the biochemical mechanisms responsible for each action. The proposed research will focus on mechanisms of metabolic regulation. Based on promising preliminary studies, we intend to pursue two major lines: 1) Regulation of protein synthesis and turnover by the supply of amino acids by biosynthesis and protein turnover, and 2) Operations of phosphate uptake and efflux and concomitant divalent metal ion transport. In addition, we will be mindful of control of in vitro transcription of genes known to be activated by poly P in vivo and a possible role for poly P as a donor for protein kinases. The widespread conservation of the enzyme, poly P kinase (PPK), responsible for poiy P synthesis in bacteria, including many of the major pathogens, has led us to knockout ppk in several of these pathogens.

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In Pseudomonas aeruginosa poly P is essential for motility, quorum sensing, bioflim formation and virulence in mice. We expect that the proposed biochemical studies will reveal mechanisms that will assist in the current search for antimicrobial drugs aimed at PPK as a target. The research may also provide clues to the biosynthesis and metabolism of poly P in eukaryotes about which little is known. In view of the ubiquity of poly P in animal cells and subcellular organelles (particularly nuclei), it seems likely that poly P serves multiple functions in human metabolism that affect growth, differentiation and disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: BIOMATERIALS (MG/ZN/F-BCPS)FOR OSTEOPOROSIS THERAPY Principal Investigator & Institution: Legeros, Racquel Z.; Biomaterials and Biomimetics; New York University 15 Washington Place New York, Ny 10003 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Osteoporosis is a 'silent' progressive and debilitating disease characterized by bone loss, thinning cortical bone and disorganized trabecular bone leading to bone fragility and fracture. Osteoporosis results when the processes of bone formation and bone resorption become uncoupled and the rate of bone resorption becomes much greater than that of bone formation. FDA-approved pharmaceutical interventions have antiresorptiive properties. Some of these drugs have serious side effects. Fluoride (F) therapy as sodium fluoride is the only one shown to consistently increase bone mass, but was also reported to increase fracture risk. The goal of the proposed research is to develop novel materials incorporating magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), F ions in a calcium (Ca) phosphate system (Mg/Zn/F-BCP). Separately, these ions have been associated with bone formation, biomineralization and osteoporosis therapy. Specific aims are to: (1) prepare and characterize the crystallographic, morphologic, and chemical properties of a series of Mg/Zn/F-BCP materials; (2) determine the short and long term initial dissolution rates and release of Ca, Mg, Zn, P and F ions of the materials prepared in Aim 1; (3) determine in vitro response of bone forming (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing (osteoclasts) cells to Mg/Zn/F-BCPs of various compositions using human osteoblast-like cells and rat osteoclast-like cells; (4) determine the effect of orally administered various Mg/Zn/F-BCPs on (a) bone properties (mechanical strength, density, quality, composition, and histomorphometric parameters and bone mineral (crystallinity, composition and dissolution) of adult and aged female and male rats; and (b) on the development of osteoporosis (deficient-diet induced) in adult rats; and (5) determine therapeutic effect of various injected Mg/Zn/F-BCPs on ovariectomized rats using biomechanical, histomorphometric measurements and chemical analyses on bone and plasma analyses. Hypothesis: Biomaterials with Zn, Mg and F ions in a calcium phosphate matrix (used as dietary supplement and ion releasing injectible 'implants') will improve bone health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CA2+DEPENDENT K+CHANNELS: ALLOSTERIC GATING Principal Investigator & Institution: Cui, Jianmin; Biomedical Engineering; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term objective of this research is to understand the molecular mechanism of the voltage, Ca2+, and Mg2+ dependent activation of large-conductance K+ channels (BK channels). BK channels have road

12

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physiological functions, including the modulation of neurotransmitter release and the control of blood vessel diameters. As a consequence of these physiological functions BK channels are of significant clinical importance. For example, abnormal activity of BK channels has been associated with hypertension in animal models; their increased activity may reduce the incidence of ischemia- reperfusion-induced cardiac arrhythmia. In the activation of BK channels voltage induces movements of the voltage sensor in the channel, Ca2+ or Mg2+ binds to the channel to cause conformational changes in the channel protein to open he activation gate. Now the structure of the K+ channel pore has been solved; protein sequences underlying he activation gate, the voltage sensor, and the Ca2+ binding site have been identified. However, the manner n which voltage sensor movements, Ca2+ or Mg2+ binding are coupled to the opening of the activation gate remains unknown. Until the structural and energetic basis of these couplings is elucidated, how voltage, Ca2+ and Mg2+ sensitivities are modulated in various BK channels to subserve their physiological functions cannot be understood. Based on previous studies, we hypothesize that a structural domain of the channel protein that is physically close to the activation gate (the RCK domain for Regulating the conductance of K+ channels) is central in these couplings. Recently, the X-ray crystal structure of the RCK domain has been solved. Guided by the structural data we will perturb the channel structure using molecular biology and determine its impact on the energetic contribution of Ca2+, Mg2+, or voltage to channel opening using our recently developed electrophysiological approaches. We will also use approaches of protein biochemistry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to map specific intramolecular protein interactions that nay be altered during channel activation and hence control channel function. These experiments will provide a foundation for understanding how various BK channels play their role in physiological processes and define targets on BK channels for therapeutic purposes. They will also contribute to our understanding of ion channel gating in general. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CALCIUM ACTIVATED MEMBRANE TARGETING BY THE C2 DOMAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Falke, Joseph J.; Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: Description (applicant's description): The conserved C2 domain has been recognized in over 500 proteins, where it plays a central role in targetting proteins to new cellular locations during Ca2+ signals. The most common type of targetting driven by this ubiquitous motif is Ca2+-triggered membrane docking, which initiates critical signaling processes including neurotransmitter and hormone release, activation or inactivation of phosphorylation and G protein signaling cascades, inflammation, and cell cycle control. The present new research proposal aims to develop a molecular picture of C2 domain function, mechanism and structure. The five broad goals of the research are as follows. (i) Distinct classes of C2 domains, differing in their Ca2+ activation parameters and even their mechanisms, will be resolved by comparative equilibrium and kinetic studies of isolated C2 domains from functionally diverse proteins. (ii) The mechanisms by which these different C2 domain classes dock to membranes will be elucidated, and residues essential for membrane docking will be identified. (iii) A medium resolution structure of the protein-membrane interface will be determined via a novel strategy. (iv) The mechanism by which Ca2+ triggers membrane docking will be investigated. Finally, (v) activation parameters and mechanistic models

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developed by studies of isolated C2 domains will be tested in multi-domain proteins and in living cells. To achieve these goals, a range of methods will be employed. Equilibrium dialysis, fluorescence titrations and stopped flow kinetics will be used to quantitate the equilibrium and kinetic features of selected C2 domains. Scanning cysteine mutagenesis and careful solution measurements will identify critical residues and forces that drive membrane docking. A novel combination of EPR distance measurements and constraint-based modelling will reveal the structure of the proteinmembrane interface, and will probe the Ca2+ triggering mechanism. Finally, hypotheses arising from in vitro studies of isolated C2 domains will be tested in multi-domain proteins and in living cells. Overall, this research will provide the first detailed molecular portrait of one of the most prevalent signaling motifs in nature, and will develop new methods to probe the challenging protein-membrane interface. Furthermore, comparative studies of C2 domains will provide information crucial to genomic analyses of many signaling pathways. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CELLULAR MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM ION HOMEOSTASIS IN HEART Principal Investigator & Institution: Scarpa, Antonio; Professor and Chairman; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: Despite the abundance of Mg2+ in the body and within tissues in the body and within tissues, little is known about the regulation of cellular and plasma Mg2+ homeostasis. Studies conducted during the last nine years of finding to this Project, as well as those many other laboratories, have shown that cellular Mg2+ homeostasis is very active, has sophisticated and multiple forms of regulation and may provide, directly or indirectly, a novel role in regulating cell function and metabolism. Specific hormonal stimulation and changes in intracellular second messenger level induce the transport of large and rapid amounts of Mg2+ from heart into the extracellular milieu and ultimately into the bloodstream, or vice versa. This proposal continues to use a large variety of models (perfused hearts, myocytes, other isolated cells, permeabilized cells, isolated organelles, purified proteins) and experimental approaches (31P NMR, Electron Probe, Microanalysis, cell imaging, isotopic potentiometric techniques to acquire or integrate the knowledge on MG1+ homeostasis in heart. The objective of this application is o test several major hypothesis: That in myocytes there is a multiplicity of Mg2+ transporters mediating Mg2+ uptake and release, as well as a redundancy of signaling pathways activating and inhibiting Mg2+ transport. That cellular Mg2+ release may be a major part of the alpha1 or beta adrenergic response. That Mg2+ efflux from myocytes increases interstitial Mg2+ concentration in the myocardium and stimulates adenosine production. That in the heart a fraction of the large efflux of Mg2+ is coupled to Ca2+ uptake through a novel Mg2+-Ca2+ anti-porter Hence, Mg2+ efflux stimulated by catecholamines may be an additional pathway of Ca2+ entry. That the accumulation of Mg2+ in heart and other tissues is unaffected by extracellular Mg2+ but is independently regulated by specific signaling pathways through protein kinase C. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CELLULAR MAGNESIUM DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES Principal Investigator & Institution: Romero, Jose R.; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115

14

Magnesium

Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 20-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This small grant application has been prepared by a new investigator in order to obtain the preliminary data necessary to prepare a competitive RO1 grant application on endothelial cell dysfunction in insulin resistantstates. The objective of this application is to identify the regulatory mechanisms involved in insulin-stimulated Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity in cells from normal and diabetic patients. Our long-term goal is to define the cellular mechanisms that lead to insulin resistance and diabetes. The central hypothesis for the proposed research is that low levels of Mg2+ attenuate the intracellular signal generated following insulin binding to its receptor or antagonize binding of insulin to the receptor. This hypothesis is based on preliminary findings obtained in human microvascular endothelial cells and red blood cells. We propose to test our central hypothesis and accomplish the overall objectives of this proposal through the following specific aims: Aim 1: Identify the role of insulin in cellular Mg2+ regulation in human microvascular endothelial cells. On the basis of our preliminary data, we hypothesize that insulin regulates cellular Mg2+ levels via activation of the exchanger, which in turn regulates nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells. We will characterize the intracellular signaling pathways that are downstream of PI3-kinase activation and modulate the activity of the exchanger as well as nitric oxide production in these cells Aim 2: Identify the mechanisms for insulinregulated Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity in ex vivo human red cells from normal subjects. Erythrocytes have been used as ex vivo models of what may occur in target tissue of insulin resistance's pathophysiology. We hypothesize that the insulin receptor is functionally coupled to the exchanger in human red cells via PI3-kinase activation. Therefore, our studies are designed to characterize PI3-kinase activity as well as phosphorylated Akt levels in erythrocytes upon activation with insulin. Aim 3: Identify the mechanisms for regulation of Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity in ex vivo human red cells from Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. We hypothesize that elevated Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity in the red cells of diabetic patients in comparison to normal subjects explains the low cellular Mg2+ levels observed in patients with diabetes. This suggests an uncoupling between the insulin receptor and the exchanger in these patients. Therefore, we hypothesize that PI3-kinase activity is altered in diabetic red cells when compared to normal. We will compare PI3-kinase activity and phosphorylated Akt levels in erythrocytes from normal and diabetic subjects. We expect that these studies will identify novel cellular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance as well as characterize cellular Mg2+ regulatory mechanisms. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DMP2 Principal Investigator & Institution: George, Anne; Associate Professor; Oral Biology; University of Illinois at Chicago 1737 West Polk Street Chicago, Il 60612 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2002; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: The proper mineralization of bones and teeth has great importance in normal human growth and development including musculo-skeletal functions. The mineral phase in these tissues contributes to the hardness and comprehensive strength of the structure and also has a major physiological role as the metabolic reservoir of calcium and magnesium. Problems in the mineralization process are evident in a number of skeletal pathologies. One of the most interesting questions in mineralized tissue research is how, within the physiological environments, circulating calcium and phosphate and other mineral phase ions can be concentrated in specific, localized organs or tissues. Up

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until this point we have defined little about the process by which this cascade is initiated and regulated. However, the organic matrix has been implicated to have a major role in regulating the mineralization process. We have focussed our efforts primarily on dentin mineralization because it is a simpler system than bone, but the two mechanisms are probably closely related. Our basic hypothesis for matrix-mediated mineralization, is that acidic macromolecules first bind within the collagen matrix and these are responsible for nucleating and starting the mineralization cascade. Probably these acidic macromolecules also regulate the size of carbonated hydroxyapatite crystals. In the search for the gene encoding for the principle acidic noncollagenous protein (NCP) of dentin, namely phosphophoryn (PP) we identified 2 clones one representing phosphophoryn now named DMP2 (dentin matrix protein 2) and the other DMP3 (dentin matrix protein 3) which is a compound of dentin sialoprotein and a mini "phosphophoryn"like domain. The amino acid sequence deduced from the partial DMP2 cDNA is of special interest because it clearly represents an aspartic acid and serine rich acidic protein of the type to be expected of a dentin matrix component. This gene has been tightly localized to mouse chromosome 5q21, equivalent to human chromosome 4Q21. This chromosome location is especially interesting because of the linkage of human chromosome 4q13-21 with the dentin mineralization disorder dentinogenesis imperfecta type II. In order to expand our understanding of the DMP2 gene structure and its function we propose the following specific aims: (1) To determine the complete primary structure of rat DMP2 (2) To delineate DMP2 promoter sequences and identify elements involved in tissue -specific regulation (3) To clone the human DMP2 gene in order to ultimately identify gene alterations in patients with Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type II (4) To examine the temporal and spatial patterns of DMP2 expression during tooth development (5) To determine the calcium binding property of DMP2. The longterm goal is to understand the regulatory mechanism of DMP2 in dentin mineralization. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CINCINNATI COMPREHENSIVE SICKLE CELL CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Joiner, Clinton H.; Professor; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The Cincinnati Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, based in the Division of Hematology/Oncology. at Children's Hospital Medical Center and affiliated with the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, provides a full range of clinical services to people affected by sickle cell disease. Building on the finding that elevated homocysteine (Hcy) in sickle cell patients is associated with pyridoxine deficiency, an inter-Center collaborative research proposal examines the correlation of elevated Hey with activation of coagulation and endothelial cells in patients, and tests whether pyridoxine supplementation corrects these abnormalities. An interactive research team with expertise in molecular biology, membrane transport, in vivo cell kinetics, and clinical research will pursue projects focused on SS RBC dehydration, a key factor in sickle cell pathology, which results from two abnormal transport pathways, KCl cotransport (KCC) and sickling-induced cation leaks. The clinical study of Project 2 tests the therapeutic potential of dipyridamole, which inhibits sickling-induced cation leaks, and magnesium, which inhibits KCC, to improve SS RBC hydration in vivo. Project 3 examines the rate and mechanisms of hydration changes of SS RBC in vivo, using biotin label techniques unique to this Center. Project 4 explores the molecular basis of posttranslational regulation of KCC by cell volume in normal and SS RBC. Project 5 focuses on the erythroid isoforms of KCC and their transcriptional regulation. A Clinical Core

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includes Pediatric and Adult Progra ms to provide comprehensive services to over 375 patients, to support basic and clinical research efforts, and to participate in inter-Center collaborative trials. An Education and Patient Services Core provides educational and psychosocial support for patients and families, and includes a Transition Program bridging the Pediatric and Adult Clinical Programs, in collaboration with the Sickle Cell Awareness Group and the Urban League of Cincinnati. An Administrative Core provides overall fiscal and programmatic management and serves as the focal point for Center activities, programs, and communication. The projects and cores in this proposal will be integrated with independently funded programs of newborn hemoglobinopathy screening follow-up, education and counseling, a Hemoglobin Diagnostic Laboratory, and other basic science and clinical research projects. The Cincinnati comprehensive Sickle Cell Center is poised to lead in the national effort to develop and test new therapies for sickle cell disease to improve the lives of affected individuals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLINICAL RESEARCH IN PEDIATRIC SICKLE CELL DISEASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Mueller, Brigitta U.; Pediatrics; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Clinical research in cell disease (SCD) has reached a new developmental milestone. Ironically, the recent success of hydroxyurea and other new treatments makes the work of clinical investigation harder. In order to move the field forward, we now need to develop clinical investigators who excel in the arenas of clinical investigation and sickle cell disease. Dr. Brigitta U. Mueller is an ideal person to grow into this role. She is a pediatric hematologist/oncologist who early on focused on clinical trials related to pediatric HIV disease at the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) intramural program. We have recruited her to Children's Hospital so that she can shift her attention to sickle cell disease while expanding her training and experience in clinical investigation. The goal of our five-year development plan is for her to become an independent investigator - lead sickle cell clinical research at our institution, and direct multi-institutional studies. Dr. Mueller will pursue her career development under the mentorship of Dr. Orah S. Platt, an experienced investigator in sickle cell disease, and Dr. Carlo Brugnara, an expert in design of innovative therapies in sickle cell disease. She will focus her efforts in four major areas: 1) Throughout the 5 years she will see and discuss patients with Dr. Platt, and meet with Dr. Brugnara to discuss research ideas and review data. 2) She will conduct and analyze the proposed clinical trial - evaluating the effect of Mg, a known inhibitor of K-Cl cotransport, in patients with Hb SC disease. Our hypothesis is that oral Mg will block K- Cl cotransport, prevent cell dehydration, and reduce polymerization-induced vasoocclusive complications. 3) She will design and implement a research infrastructure that will be used as a resource for future proposals. 4) She will do course work at the Harvard School of Public Health and obtain the MPH degree, concentrating on research design, implementation; and analysis. The trial of Mg for the prevention of pain crises in patients with Hb SC disease that we propose, will serve as a template for bringing a variety of treatments designed in basic laboratories to clinical trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: CONTROL OF CALCIUM RELEASE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Martin F.; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1985; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The overall objective of this project is to gain deeper understanding of the mechanism controlling Ca/2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in skeletal muscle. Depolarization of the transverse tubules (TT) in a muscle fiber activates SR Ca/2+ release channels at triad junctions. We have recently used the Ca/2+ indicator dye fluo-3 with laser scanning confocal microscopy to detect discrete SR Ca/2+ release events ("Ca/2+ sparks"), which may arise from the opening of a few SR Ca/2+ channels or perhaps even from a single channel in functioning muscle fibers. These events, which originate at triad junctions and can be discerned at low levels of SR release activation, can be gated either by fiber depolarization or by physiological cytosolic ligands. They thus offer a unique window into the operation of SR Ca/2+ release channels within the normal structural and molecular environment in the muscle. We will characterize the frequency and pattern of occurrence of Ca/2+ sparks under either ligand- or voltageactivation in order to determine the effects of cytosolic [Mg/2+] and [Ca/2+], which are major physiological modulators of both voltage- and ligand-gated events. By determining the concentration dependence and interaction of these two divalent cations on event frequencies and patterns we will develop and test gating schemes for both types of activation and determine whether the same mechanistic steps underlie both ligand- and voltage-gated events. Determining the frequency of sparks under various conditions in these studies will provide the first characterization of the opening rates of SR channels in functioning muscle fibers. We will also use a diffusion and binding model, including diffusion of Ca/2+, CaDye and the sarcomeric distribution of Ca/2+ binding sites, to stimulate sparks and to estimate the amount of Ca/2+ related in a spark. Finally, we will determine whether a spark is generated by the opening of more than one SR Ca/2+ channel. These studies will provide deeper insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of Ca/2+ release in skeletal muscle in various physiological states as well as under possible pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CONTROL OF NEMATODE DEVELOPMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Lambie, Eric J.; Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1993; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The general goal of this work is to understand how cell division, differentiation and survival are regulated in response to extracellular and intracellular signals. The specific focus of this work is to determine how these phenomena are regulated within the gonad of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The work described in this proposal will focus on a set of genes that mediate the response of the somatic gonad progenitor cells to growth regulatory signals. Two genes, gon-2 and gon-11, have been identified that are required for gonadal cell divisions, beginning in the first larval stage. gon-2 encodes a predicted protein of the TRP cation channel family. The molecular identity of gon-11 is not yet known. In addition, four different gem (gon-2 extragenic modifier) loci have been identified by screening for revertants of the temperature-sensitive allele, gon-2(q388). A convergent line of work has resulted in the discovery of a new gene, neg-1, mutation of which leads to pleiotropic defects that include necrotic death of the gonadal precursor cells. neg-1 and weak alleles of gon-2 can be suppressed by increasing the level of magnesium in the medium. However, gon-11 and strong alleles of gon-2 show little or no suppression by increased magnesium levels. gon-2 is proposed to be expressed within the somatic gonadal cells, where it is activated in response to developmental signals and mediates

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the influx of Mg2+ and Ca2+ These cations would then act in combination to promote cell division and maintain cell viability. The activity and downstream effects of gon-2 are regulated by the gem loci, gon-11 and neg-1. There has been no genetic analysis of how LTRP channels are regulated or how they control cell proliferation/viability. Similarly, there has been no genetic analysis of the regulation of metazoan development in response to the increases in intracellular Mg2+ and Ca2t Therefore, this work will provide a framework for understanding which cellular components are involved in the regulation of LTRP activity and how cells respond to increases in intracellular Mg2+ and Ca2+. The molecules that regulate cell division in response to extracellular signals have been well conserved evolutionarily and aberrancies in their regulation contribute to the onset of cancer in humans. Therefore, the results of this work are likely to be highly significant with regard to the etiology of human disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CORE--INTER CENTER COLLABORATIVE CLINICAL RESEARCH Principal Investigator & Institution: Steinberg, Martin H.; Proofessor of Medicine and Pediatrics; Boston Medical Center Gambro Bldg, 2Nd Fl, 660 Harrison Ave, Ste a Boston, Ma 02118 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: At birth, about 1 in 830 African Americans has HbSC disease. These patients have the same vasoocclusive complications as sickle cell anemia---only less often. Clinical descriptions of HbSC disease abound and substantial insights into its distinct pathophysiology have been gained. Nevertheless, few published trials of its treatment exist. Perhaps this is clue to the mistaken perception that HbSC disease is benign or that its rarity precludes conclusive therapeutic trials. We submit that: HbSC disease complications often merit acute treatment; a safe preventive treatment might forestall the disease complications that develop with age; novel means of reversing the pathophysiology of this disorder are available; sufficient patients exist to carry out a successful therapeutic trial. HbSC disease exhibits a characteristic erythrocyte dehydration compared with sickle cell trait or HbC trait erythrocytes. Cell dehydration plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of HbSC disease because it allows for the intracellular HbS to reach concentrations that induce clinically significant HbS polymerization and cell sickling. K-CI cotransport is highly expressed in HbSC erythrocytes and determines their characteristic microcytosis and dehydration. Thus, HbSC disease represents the ideal target for therapies aimed at preventing K-CI cotransport mediated cell dehydration. Pilot studies showed that hydroxyurea and Mg affect erythrocyte hydration in HbSC disease. Our hypothesis is that oral Mg and hydroxyurea will increase intracellular Mg, block K-CI cotransport, prevent cell dehydration, and reduce polymerization-induced vasoocclusive complications. Accordingly, we propose a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of hydroxyurea, magnesium pidolate and hydroxyurea + magnesium pidolate in reducing cell density in HbSC disease. As a secondary endpoint, because of the required brevity of this trial, we will examine the effectiveness of this treatment in preventing sickle cell disease-related vasoocclusive episodes. Other secondary endpoints include HbF level, F-cell numbers and hematologic measurements. The cellular effects of hydroxyurea and magnesium should modulate favorably the course of this disorder and the results of this study will provide the framework for a definitive efficacy trial. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROTEINS

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC

STUDIES

OF

ELECTRON

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TRANFER

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rees, Douglas C.; Professor; None; California Institute of Technology Mail Code 201-15 Pasadena, Ca 91125 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Nitrogen fixation, the reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase, is the sole biological process for replenishing the nitrogen that is used in the biosynthesis of cellular materials. This enzyme system consists of two metalloproteins, the Fe-protein and MoFe-protein, that mediate the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to substrate reduction. Nitrogenase is a prototypic example of an enzyme with multiple and varied iron-sulfur clusters that participate in electron transfer and substrate reduction, as well as providing an excellent model for energy transduction of ATP hydrolysis. We will utilize crystallographic, biochemical and spectroscopic approaches to investigate the enzymatic and metallocluster assembly mechanisms of nitrogenase. Special emphasis will be placed on establishing the atomic identity and mechanistic significance of the light-atom ligand we recently observed in the center of the FeMo-cofactor, and in assessing the structural framework for the nucleotide-mediated gating of electron transfer processes in nitrogenase. Towards these objectives, we will address: 1. Very high resolution (<1.2A) structures of the nitrogenase proteins, and particularly the associated metalloclusters, in defined oxidation states. This will include not only establishing the metric parameters of the clusters, but also the use of diffraction-based methods to assign the oxidation states to individual metal sites within each cluster, and to determine the orientation of the relevant EPR g-tensors with respect to the metallocluster structures. Intermediates in the incorporation of the FeMo-cofactor into the MoFe-protein will also be studied to address aspects of the biosynthetic mechanism of the nitrogenase metalloclusters. 2. The interactions of Fe-protein with MgATP and the site(s) of binding to the physiological electron donors for the reduction of substrates, ferredoxin and flavodoxin. 3. The mode of substrate and inhibitor binding to nitrogenase under turnover conditions, initially through spectroscopic methods and ultimately by crystallography. From these studies, we seek to establish molecular details of mechanistically relevant states of the nitrogenase proteins that are essential to defining a chemically explicit mechanism for substrate reduction. Broader implications will address nucleotide dependent transduction processes based on the similarities between Fe-protein and other nucleotide switch proteins involved in signal and energy transduction processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DEVELOPMENT OF LOW-COST MGB2/SOLID N2 MRI MAGNETS Principal Investigator & Institution: Iwasa, Yukikazu E.; Research Professor; None; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The specific aim of this program is to demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of a low-cost, i.e., commercially viable, superconducting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnet system specifically targeted for use in small hospitals, rural communities, and underdeveloped nations. The MRI system incorporates Magnesium Diboride (MgB2) composite conductor and an innovative cryogenic design/operation concept. We achieve this specific aim by building and operating a 0.5 Tesla (T)/80 cm bore demonstration magnet that, except for its lack of an

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MRI-grade spatial homogeneity, satisfies key operational requirements of 0.5 T/80 cm MRI magnet systems. We are confident that commercial MRI magnet manufacturers will base their design for such MRI magnets on the demonstration system proposed herein. The demonstration system introduces two important firsts to MRI superconducting magnet technology, both benefiting the operation of the next generation low-cost MRI magnet systems: 1) a trend-setting MgB2 magnet for the next-generation of MRI magnets; and 2) an innovative cryogenic design/operation concept that introduces a volume of solid nitrogen in the magnet housing. The presence of solid nitrogen in the system, maintained by a cryocooler, enhances the magnet's heat capacity enormously, enabling the magnet to maintain its operating field over a limited time period even with its cryocooler shut off as would be in case of a power outage, an event not rare in rural communities and underdeveloped nations. Only during this shut off period, the magnet and the solid nitrogen, otherwise kept at a nominal operating temperature of 10 K by its cryocooler, will warm up to a design limit of 15 K over a period of one day. These specific temperatures and shut off duration are for the proposed demonstration magnet and a full-scale MRI magnet, a reference design of which is included in the application. The significance of this proposed demonstration magnet system is that its successful operation is expected to spur commercial production (and demand) of low-cost MgB2based MRI systems. The innovative cryogenic design/operation concept coupled to this low-cost magnet enables the MRI system to perform reliably even under working conditions much less reliable than those tacitly assumed for standard MRI systems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIET SALT, CALCIUM KIDNEY STONES, BONE IN STONE FORMERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Massey, Linda K.; Professor; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, Wa 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's description): Increases in dietary salt, i.e. sodium chloride (NaCI), increase urinary calcium over the range of intakes commonly consumed. Both salt loading studies and reports of within-population correlations find that increased urinary calcium losses are approximately 1 mmol (40 mg) for each 100 mmol (2300 mg) increase in dietary NaC1. Individuals with hypercalciuria and/or a history of calcium kidney stones appear to have 2 times greater proportional increases in urinary calcium per 100 mmol increase in salt intake. Thirty-two subjects with a history of at least one calcium oxalate kidney stone will be recruited; 16 with hypercalciuria, 16 normocalciuria. This study consists of two, seven-day periods. For all seven days of both dietary treatments, each participant will eat only the foods provided by the investigators, a nutritionally adequate diet prepared from common foods containing 50 mmol/d salt. The first five days of each treatment (adaptation), the participant will be free-living, the sixth and seventh in the WSU metabolic unit. One of the two weeks, 150 mmol supplemental salt will be added as tablets taken with each meal; the total of 200 mmol is the average consumption measured in previous studies of stone formers. The major outcome measures are urinary oxalate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and citrate, and two measures of calcium salt saturation as indicators of risk of calcium salt precipitation. The two measures of calcium salt precipitability will be the Tiselius risk index, a measure of calcium oxalate precipitability from solution which includes the effects of volume, magnesium and citrate concentrations as well as calcium and oxalate, and Ap (CaP), a measure of calcium phosphate precipitability from solution, which includes the effects of volume, citrate and pH as well as calcium and phosphate. Because

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increased urinary calcium loss from adding salt occurs, bone breakdown may be increased in compensation, so 4 markers of bone turnover will be measured, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline, and N-telopeptide. We will also compare the responsiveness of hypercalciuric vs normocalciuric participants for all the outcome variables, because the literature suggests that hypercalciuric stoneformers may be more sensitive to dietary salt effects on urinary calcium. Reduction of dietary NaC1 from typical intakes of 200 mmol/day to an intake of 50 mmol/day may decrease the risk of recurrence of calcium-containing kidney stones and slow rates of bone loss, thus reducing risk of osteoporosis as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DIPYRIDAMOLE/MAGNESIUM TO IMPROVE SICKLE CELL HYDRATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kalinyak, Karen A.; Medical Director; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, Oh 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 11-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Vaso-occlusivc episodesare common among patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA), causing pain and chronic organ damage. SCA is characterized by the presence of dense, dehydrated sickle red blood cells (SS RBC), which are rheologically abnormal and are selectively trapped during vaso-occlusion. Strategies to prevent cellular dehydration would offer important therapeutic options that might decrease vaso-occlusive episodes. SS RBC dehydration results from cation depletion mediated by two cation transport systems, a sickling-induced (SI) leak pathway and the KCI cotransporter (KCC). Previous work at this Center has shown that di-pyridamole inhibits the SI fluxes of Na, K and Ca in vitro. Increasing cellular magnesium inhibits KCC activity and increases cellular hydration in animal models of SCA. A small clinical study in SCA patients demonstrated that Mg supplementation increased cellular Mg, reduced KCC activity and improved red cell hydration. This study will test the hypothesis that significant reduction in SS RBC dehydration will be seen in patients with SCA treated with either dipyridamole or magnesium. An additive, and possibly synergistic, effect on dense cell formation is hypothesized in patients treated simultaneously with both agents. A prospective, randomized, crossover, repeated measures design will be conducted among 48 patients with SCA, ages 12 years and older. Patients will be recruited from the Cincinnati Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center and the Sickle Cell Program at Wayne State University in Detroit. This design will allow for efficient comparison of the three treatment options; dipyridamole alone, magnesium alone or a combination of both. We anticipate that these therapies will be well tolerated by the patients. Primary outcome measures include the number of dense cells, assessed by automated cell counting and phthalate density gradients, cellular cation content, cell volume and hemoglobin concentrations. Using the biotin label technique pioneered in Cincinnati, measurements of red cell survival and rate of dense cell formation will be made in six patients in each treatment group, and will shed light on the mechanisms underlying SS RBC dehydration and its postulated inhibition by dipyridamole and Mg. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: EFFECTS OF VITAMIN B3 ON TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoane, Michael R.; Psychology; East Carolina University 1000 E 5Th St Greenville, Nc 27858 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2005

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Summary: (provided by applicant): Annually, approximately 2 million Americans suffer a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). These injuries produce enduring disabilities that include cognitive, sensory, motor, and emotional impairments. The associated health care costs from these injuries are staggering. Confounding this major public health issue is the fact that currently there are very few pharmacological treatment options for patients who have suffered TBI. In part, this occurs because many newly synthesized drugs fail in various stages of efficacy testing. Given the fact that newly synthesized drugs fail in clinical trials it seems reasonable to begin to examine the potential efficacy of more natural substances. It has recently been demonstrated that administration of vitamin B3 (B3) following experimentally induced stroke reduces the size of the infarct and can improve behavioral outcome in rats. In addition, the preclinical efficacy of magnesium pharmacotherapy has been well established. The proposed research will investigate the potential preclinical efficacy of B3 to lessen the physiological consequences of brain injury and improve behavioral outcome. We will use the rodent bilateral frontal cortical contusion injury model, which is similar to a frontal head injury sustained in a car accident. The specific aims of this study are to: 1) determine if administration of B3 following injury can significantly reduce the cognitive and sensorimotor impairments seen following TBI; 2) determine the best injections parameters (i.e., window of opportunity and dose response) for B3 pharmacotherapy following TBI; 3) determine if administration of B3 following injury can significantly decrease the amount of injury-induced edema and injury-induced magnesium depletion; 4) determine the effect of B3 pharmacotherapy on apoptosis and reactive gliosis following TBI. The research proposed here will determine if B3 holds any preclinical efficacy for the treatment of TBI and begin to define the parameters for the development of B3 as a clinical treatment for TBI. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: F1 ATPASE CHEMICAL MECHANICAL COUPLING MECHANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Frasch, Wayne D.; Professor; Botany and Microbiology; Arizona State University P.O. Box 873503 Tempe, Az 852873503 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Applicant's Description) The relationship between the chemistry of ATP hydrolysis and the mechanical events that result in rotation of the gamma subunit of the F1-ATPase will be examined. Catalytic function of F1 derives from the asymmetry of the catalytic sites that, in turn, depends on the gamma subunit and the Mg2+ cofactor. The driving force for gamma rotation is believed to result from the initial binding energy of the Mg2+-ATP complex and from the release of phosphate which is a Mg2+ ligand. The ability of the gamma subunit of F1 to rotate will be measured using a fluorescent microsphere attached to the gamma subunit as recorded using a CCD camera. The torque generated during gamma rotation as well as the dwell time between rotations will be as assessed with F1 that contains site-directed mutants or other treatments at locations that may affect the coupling between hydrolysis and gamma rotation. Three loci are targeted for investigation that include: (a) Switch 3, the gamma subunit Cterminus and the beta subunit greasy bearing which is close to the site of Mg2+ binding and phosphate release; (b) Switch 2, the interface between the gamma subunit and the beta subunit DELSEED sequence; and (c) Switch 1, where hydrogen bonds form between the gamma subunit and the betaE subunit catch loop. Experiments will examine the possibility that Switch 1 is part of an escapement mechanism that only allows gamma rotation when the catalytic sites are filled with metal-nucleotide complex.

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Experiments are also designed to identify changes in metal ligands at the catalytic sites that are specifically associated with conformational changes linked to gamma rotation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FACTORS

FUNCTIONAL

SPLICEOSOME

AND

EXTRINSIC

SPLICING

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lin, Ren-Jang; Beckman Research Inst of City of Hope Helford Building Duarte, Ca 910103000 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-1988; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): The majority of messenger RNA sequences in eukaryotes are in fragments that need to be correctly spliced in order to be translated into functional proteins. Defects in pre-mRNA splicing have been linked to many human diseases including neurological dysfunction and cancer. The broad, long-term objectives of this grant are to understand the structure and function of the large ribonucleoprotein complex, called the spliceosome, that carries out the pre-mRNA splicing reaction. The spliceosome field has made tremendous progress since its conception almost 20 years ago; however, it is still not clear what factors exist in the core of the spliceosome and how the core is activated or remodeled for catalysis. This proposal will investigate the role of the U6 small nuclear RNA in spliceosome catalysis as well as the function of extrinsic splicing protein factors at the spliceosome core. Specific aim 1 is to study the 3' intramolecular stem-loop (ISL) of yeast U6 snRNA, which binds a magnesium ion required for the first transesterification reaction. We will test whether the magnesium at the U6/3'ISL is at the 5' splice site of the pre-mRNA by using double sulfur substitutions and rescuing with a thiophilic metal ion. We will use crosslinking strategies to test whether the U6/3'ISL is held in the spliceosome core by RNA or by protein. Specific aim 2 is to study how an RNA helicase called Prp2 remodels the core of the spliceosome. We will investigate how a prp2-suppressor protein or an intermolecular U2/U6 helix RNA contributes to the spliceosome recognition by Prp2. We will also use crosslinking and yeast genetics approaches to test the interaction between Prp2 and the spliceosomal RNAs. The specific aim 3 is to investigate whether the activation of the spliceosome by Prp2 is conserved in human. We will inhibit DBP2 by expressing a small interference RNA (siRNA) or a dominant-negative mutant targeting DBP2 in human cells. We will analyze the splicing machinery when DBP2 function is impaired in vivo or in vitro. The proposed study shall reveal the dynamic features and the remodeling of the spliceosome core in yeast and human. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENOMIC ENZYMOLOGY: OMP DECARBOXYLASE SUPRAFAMILY Principal Investigator & Institution: Gerlt, John A.; Professor & Head; Biochemistry; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): We want to understand the structural origins of functional diversity in the (beta/alpha)8 barrel fold, the most commonly observed fold in enzymes. We have identified a group of homologous (beta/alpha)8-barrel fold enzymes that catalyze reactions with unrelated substrates and mechanisms in different metabolic pathways. Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) is the best characterized member of this "suprafamily." We propose to determine structure/function relationships for other members of the OMPDC suprafamily so that

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we can understand the structural strategies for using a homologous scaffold to catalyze unrelated reactions. These studies significantly expand the scope of functional diversity beyond those found in mechanistically diverse enzyme superfamilies, e.g., the enolase and crotonase superfamilies, in which homologous enzymes catalyze different reactions that share a common partial reaction. The four Specific Aims integrate mechanistic and structural studies: the mechanistic studies will be performed in Dr. Gerlt's laboratory at Illinois (P.I.); the structural studies will be performed in Dr. Rayment's laboratory at Wisconsin (Co-P.I.): 1) Structure/function relationships will be established for 3-keto-Lgulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase that catalyzes Mg2+-dependent decarboxylation of beta-ketoacids via an enediolate intermediate. 2) Structure/function relationships will be established for D-arabino-hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate synthase that catalyzes Mg2+dependent aldol condensation via an enediolate intermediate. 3) Structure/function relationships will be established for D-ribulose 5-phosphate 3-epimerase that catalyzes divalent metal-independent 1,1-proton transfer via an enediolate intermediate. 4) A structural blueprint for functional diversity in the ((beta/alpha)8-barrel fold will be tested. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HIGH TOUGHNESS TEXTURED DENTAL GLASS CERAMICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Denry, Isabelle L.; Associate Professor; Restorative/Prosthetic Dentrsy; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Dental ceramics are chemically durable, biocompatible and have the greatest potential for achieving superior esthetics. They are currently gaining new interest while metal-based restorative products are progressively being eliminated from the oral environment. During the past five years, a novel technique has been introduced in dentistry for fabricating all-ceramic dental restorations: hot-pressing. However, most of the currently available pressable ceramics have low fracture toughness, implying possible failure of all-ceramic restorations. The overall objective of the proposed research is to develop high-toughness textured glass-ceramics for hot-pressed allceramic restorations. The texture will be obtained during hot-pressing of the nucleated glass. This unique microstructure will be associated with an anisotropic increase in fracture toughness, due to the alignment of the plate-shaped crystals in the direction of pressing. The strategy is to investigate the effect of magnesium oxide on the thermal and mechanical properties of a glass-ceramic in the system Li2O-Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgOSiO2-F. The hypothesis to be tested is that increasing concentrations of magnesium will increase the fluidity of the glass and its working range. The nucleation and crystallization behavior of the glasses will be studied by x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The thermal properties will be analyzed by differential thermal analysis and dilatometry. The biaxial flexural strength and fracture toughness will also be investigated. The study of thermal and mechanical properties will allow material selection for hot-pressing. Hotpressing studies will be divided in two steps, first a simplified, low fusing version of the glass-ceramic material studied will be hot-pressed as control. Second, the glass ceramic material itself will be hot-pressed. The optical scattering and absorption coefficients will be calculated from reflectance measurements. The mechanical properties of both materials will be tested in both the direction of pressing and the normal direction, the degree of texture will be characterized by SEM. The effect of annealing on the crack

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healing behavior and flexural strength of the glass-ceramic developed will be investigated last. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HU AND MG COMBINATION THERAPY OF SCD--PHASE I /II TRIAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Winfred C.; Member; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tn 381052794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: The use of combination chemotherapy has been developed successfully over several decades for the treatment of cancer and, more recently, HIV infection. However, the principles of treatment with multiple drugs that have distinct and additive or synergistic mechanisms of action and non-overlapping toxicity have not been applied to the treatment of sickle cell disease. We propose the combination ofhydroxyurea, which stimulates fetal hemoglobin synthesis, and magnesium, which improves red cell hydration, in Phase I and Phase II trials in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. Patients eligible for this trial will have been treated with hydroxyurea for a minimum of 6 months before they are begun on oral magnesium pidolate. In Specific Aim 1, the Phase I trial, we will determine the maximum tolerated dose 0VITD) of magnesium pidolate, beginning at a dose of 0.5 mEq/kg/day. Specific Aim 2 is to determine the effect of combination treatment including magnesium at the previously determined MTD, on prevention or reversal of CNS complications in a preselected population of patients identified in a screening phase to have a silent infarct on MR/or a stenotic lesion on MRA. Patients in the Phase II study will be followed for 3 years, which will allow statistical power to detect decreases in the rate of new or more extensive silent infarcts and new overt strokes and improvement in stenotic lesions in the respective populations. In Specific Aim 3 we will determine the effect of the combination of hydroxyurea and magnesium on hematologic parameters and red cell characteristics by distributing serial blood samples to 4 investigators whose research laboratories will examine red cell metabolism, ionized magnesium levels, red cell adhesion, and whole blood viscosity. In particular, the studies of Dr. Carlo Brugnara will elucidate the combined effects ofhydroxyurea and magnesium on red cell K and Mg content, K-CI co-transport, and the fraction of dense red cells. In Specific Aim 4 we will examine the effect of the combination of hydroxyurea and magnesium on nutritional status looking at measures of dietary intake, growth, strength and endurance, protein metabolism, and in particular, resting energy expenditure (REE), which is consistently abnormal in sickle cell patients. In summary, through Phase I and II studies, Project 1 will determine the MTD of magnesium when used in combination treatment with hydroxyurea and will assess the efficacy of this combination on CNS and nutrition status and red cell physiology. These data in conjunction with Project N, the proposed Network study, will establish the feasibility and efficacy of combination drug treatment in patients with sickle cell disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: IVMT FOR FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME: A PILOT STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Katz, David L.; Director of Medical Studies; Griffin Hospital 130 Division St Derby, Ct 06418 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2004

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Magnesium

Summary: (provided by applicant): Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a prevalent and debilitating condition for which definitive therapy is lacking and urgently needed. Characterized by widespread pain and muscle tenderness, the syndrome affects roughly 6 million people in the United States alone. Conventional therapies targeting a variety of theories regarding etiology and pathogenesis have largely proved ineffective. As a result, the great majority of FMS sufferers seek complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) therapies for palliation of their symptoms, but often with limited success. Intravenous micronutrient therapy (IVMT) with the Myer's Cocktail has emerged as a popular treatment for fibromyalgia. While the theoretical rationale for this treatment approach is limited, a therapeutic effect is plausible, and the empirical evidence supporting it appears to be strong. An on-line survey of treatment clinics representing 12,000 patient experiences with IVMT conducted exclusively in support of this application suggests that the therapy is very safe and often (60-80%) effective. Despite its popularity, and the increasing prevalence of its use, IVMT has not been subjected to formal investigation. We therefore propose a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled pilot study of IVMT for fibromyalgia with validated functional and pain measures as the outcomes of interest. The study will be conducted in 4 phases over a 12month period with assessment of treatment effect based primarily on the tender point index (TPI) derived from the examination of a dedicated, board-certified research rheumatologist blinded to the subjects' treatment status. The study will be conducted out of the Yale-Griffin Prevention Research Center, in collaboration with the Integrative Medicine Center in Derby, CT, a partnership already actively involved in CAM outcomes research with CDC funding. The proposed pilot study is designed to demonstrate feasibility and safety, and is adequately powered to provide evidence of treatment efficacy. Follow-up study will be indicated if pilot data are encouraging as anticipated; a consortium of sites (the Northeast Regional CAM Consortium) in which the applicant is a member has already expressed interest in participating in follow-up study pending results of the pilot. The identification of an effective, safe, inexpensive therapy for fibromyalgia would represent a great advance, and a major contribution to the public health. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: KINETIC/THERMODYNAMIC/STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF RNA FOLDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Pan, Tao; Associate Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Chicago 5801 S Ellis Ave Chicago, Il 60637 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: The biological function of RNA is intimately related to its three-dimensional structure. How an RNA sequence specifies its tertiary structure is an ultimate goal of RNA structural biology. In order to understand how RNA folding is accomplished, it is essential to elucidate the thermodynamic stability of the RNA structure and the kinetic folding pathway. The long-term objective of this proposal is to determine the thermodynamics and the folding kinetics of two highly structured RNAs. In the first two aims, the ribozyme component from bacterial RNase P will be studied to understand folding of a large RNA containing multiple domains. The compactness and tertiary structure of two known thermodynamic/kinetic intermediates will be evaluated. The role of the domain-domain interactions in folding will be examined. Folding will also be studied during transcription under simulated cellular conditions to determine how large RNAs may fold in vivo. In addition, RNase P RNA variants will be isolated, whose folding pathway may be altered from that of the wild-type ribozyme. In

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the third aim, transfer RNA will be studied as a model system to understand folding of a single, isolated tertiary structure. The tRNA studies will not only elucidate how tRNAs fold, but also more importantly, generate a conceptual framework in physico-chemical analysis for folding of all RNAs. The results from this proposal will deepen our understanding in how an RNA folds into a particular tertiary structure and establish the fundamental principles of RNA folding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: EFFECT ON BONE AND MINERAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Rude, Robert K.; Medicine; University of Southern California 2250 Alcazar Street, Csc-219 Los Angeles, Ca 90033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: The objective of this proposal is to increase our understanding of the role of magnesium (Mg) deficiency in the etiology of osteoporosis. While sex steroid deficiency is a major factor in postmenopausal osteoporosis, nutrition is also important. Dietary Mg intake has been associated with bone mass in aging and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Disorders in which Mg deficiency is common such as alcoholism, malabsorption syndrome and diabetes also have an increased risk of osteoporosis. The average dietary Mg intake in women is 68 percent of the RDA indicating that a large proportion of our population have substantial dietary Mg deficits. Severe Mg deficiency in the rat results in impaired bone growth, osteopenia and skeletal fragility. The level of dietary Mg intake that results in osteoporosis in rat or human is unknown. In our proposal, we will employ dietary Mg deprivation in the rat at 10 percent, 25 percent, and 50 percent of recommended nutrient requirement. This reduction in Mg intake reflects levels of dietary Mg inadequacy in our population. Our first specific aim is to determine the dietary intake that will result in Mg deficiency as assessed by bone Mg content. Another specific aim is directed at assessing the effect of these dietary Mg intakes on bone histology, histomorphometry and bone turnover; ie. at what level of Mg intake does osteoporosis occur and is it reflected by alteration in osteoblast and osteoclast activity. The mechanism for the previously observed osteoporosis in severe Mg deficiency is unclear but may involve systemic hormones or local factors regulating bone cell activity. Severe Mg deficiency in humans and rats result in low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D which may contribute to reduced bone formation. We will quantify the effects of low Mg intake on calcium homeostasis by determining serum calcium, PTH and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D levels. The cause of increased osteoclastic bone resorption in severe Mg deficiency is unclear. Cytokines can increase osteoclastic bone resorption and are implicated in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Mg deficiency in the rat results in an increase in serum substance P which in turn stimulates production of various cytokines. We will therefore measure serum substance P, TNFalpha, IL1beta, and IL6 in the Mg deficient rat and perform immunohistochemical staining of bone for these cytokines. Parallel studies will be performed in which a specific substance P receptor inhibitor will be administered to directly test whether generation of these cytokines are responsible for Mg deficiencyinduced bone loss. These studies should substantiate our hypothesis that Mg depletion contributes to osteoporosis and provide mechanistic explanations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY: GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION STUDY Principal Investigator & Institution: Schultheis, Patrick J.; Biological Sciences; Northern Kentucky University University Dr Highland Heights, Ky 41076

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Magnesium

Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Magnesium (Mg2+) is the second most abundant cation in cells. Because Mg2+ serves as a cofactor in hundreds of enzymatic reactions, it has a profound influence on many biological activities including DNA and protein synthesis, ion transport, intracellular signal transduction, and cell growth and differentiation. Consequently, it is not surprising that Mg2+ deficiency has been implicated in various disease states such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, asthma, and alcoholism. Yet, our understanding of Mg2+ homeostasis lags far behind that of other cations such as Ca2+, Na+, K+, and H+, largely because the transporters of Mg2+ have not been identified at the molecular level. In addition, little work has been conducted concerning the effects of Mg2+ deficiency on gene expression, especially with respect to its role in various pathological conditions. Gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays represents a powerful method for identifying genes involved in specific cellular or disease processes. We propose to use this technology to identify genes involved in magnesium homeostasis and to elucidate the mechanisms by which magnesium deficiency leads to various disease states. By comparing global gene expression patterns of select organs of normal mice to their counterparts in magnesiumdeficient mice, it should be possible to identify genes involved in magnesium homeostasis, such as those encoding magnesium transporters. Genes that are aberrantly expressed under magnesium-deficient conditions should also be identified. This should lead to a better understanding of magnesium's role in health and disease. In Aims 1 and 2 commercial cDNA microarrays will be used to investigate the effects of acute and chronic magnesium deficiency on gene expression, respectively. In Aim 3 suppression subtraction hybridization libraries will be constructed from various organs of magnesium-replete and magnesium-deficient mice. Clones from the library will then be used to construct custom cDNA microarrays for gene expression profiling. This combination of techniques should lead to the identification of all genes that are differentially expressed during magnesium deficiency. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAGNESIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN MICROORGANISMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Maguire, Michael E.; Professor; Pharmacology; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, Oh 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1991; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Mg2+ is the most abundant intracellular divalent cation. Its chemistry is unique among the biological cations. Likewise, its various transport systems are also unique or are highly unusual members of existing families. Mg2+ also plays a fundamental regulatory role in prokaryotic cells and especially in bacterial pathogenesis. Our long-term goal is to understand both Mg2+ transport processes and Mg2+ regulation of gene expression to formulate an overall picture of Mg2+ homeostasis. CorA represents a new family of transport proteins lacking similarity to other known proteins. It is ubiquitous in the Bacteria and Archaea with homologs in yeast. Phylogenetic and structural studies suggest the various members of the family may differ in both function and membrane topology. All CorA's contain a large soluble N-terminal domain and a small C-terminal membrane domain, facilitating study of its structure through treatment as two separable structural domains. CorA has been shown to be oligomeric, the soluble domain has been purified and retains secondary structure, and a partial pathway for Mg2+ movement through the membrane has been identified. This renewal outlines continuing studies to define the functional structure of CorA. The 23 kDa MgtC protein is encoded by the first gene of a two gene operon along with the P-

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type ATPase Mg2+ transporter MgtB. Operon transcription is controlled by extracellular Mg2+ concentration through the PhoPQ two component regulatory system. PhoPQ is an essential regulator of virulence in S. typhimurium. Insertional mutagenesis of the mgtCB operon renders S. typhimurium essentially avirulent, with the large majority of this decrease in virulence due to loss of mgtC. Expression of MgtC is unusual. Transcription of the operon is increased several thousand fold at low extracellular Mg2+ concentrations, but only MgtB protein is expressed. In contrast, if the mgtB gene is insertionally inactivated, MgtC is expressed in large amounts. MgtC has been purified to homogeneity and appears to be an oligomeric membrane protein. Preliminary data suggest that it alters cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. This renewal proposal seeks to determine the basis for its unusual expression and to investigate its possible role in Ca2+ homeostasis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAGNESIUM SULFATE FOR NEUROPROTECTION AFTER BRAIN TRAUMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Winn, H Richard.; Professor and Chairman; Neurological Surgery; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract): Traumatic brain injuries represent an important health problem; they occur with high frequency, the population affected contains many previously healthy young people, and they are associated with high mortality and morbidity. The proposed study continues on our 16 years of experience in conducting clinical trials evaluating treatments for preventing seizures following head injury (Dilantin Prophylaxis of Post-traumatic Seizures, Valproate for Prophylaxis of Post-traumatic Seizures) and in examining neurobehavioral outcome after head injury. Our previous trials showed that Dilantin prevents early seizures but is ineffective in preventing epilepsy following head trauma and that Valproate is possibly associated with higher mortality that short-term Dilantin. The trials and outcome studies found that epileptic seizures, serious cognitive difficulties, high unemployment, and inability to live independently are common among survivors of moderate or severe head injury. Using a randomized, double-blind design, the present study will evaluate magnesium sulfate as a neuroprotectant and anti-epileptogenic agent following head injury. Magnesium sulfate is a widely used, well-tolerated compound that has been shown in the laboratory to be effective in reducing seizures and also in limiting neuronal damage and in improving functional outcome following experimental head injury. Specifically, the study will test the hypothesis that magnesium sulfate, when given within 8 hours of a moderate or severe head injury, a) increases survival, b) decreases seizures, and c) improves neurobehavioral functioning. Additionally, the study will: assess the effects of timing of dosage (e.g. <4 hours vs. 4-8 hours), gender, and race; determine the rate of adverse events: and evaluate the time course and correlates of total and ionized magnesium concentrations. Patients with moderate or severe head injury (postresuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale 3-12) will be randomized to receive high doses of magnesium sulfate or placebo. Treatment will be started as soon as possible, and definitely within 8 hours of injury. The initial bolus of magnesium sulfate will be followed by a 7 day infusion to keep magnesium levels high during the period when secondary damage from the head injury is most likely. Patients will be closely monitored for survival and seizures over the first six months after injury and will have a comprehensive neurobehavioral assessment at six months after injury. In summary, this placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial will determine the effects of magnesium

30

Magnesium

sulfate on survival, post-traumatic seizures, and the patients behavioral functioning following head injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAGNESIUM SULFATE FOR NEUROPROTECTION AFTER BRAIN TRAUMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Temkin, Nancy R.; Associate Professor; Neurological Surgery; University of Washington Seattle, Wa 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUL-1983; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Traumatic brain injuries represent an important health problem: they occur with high frequency, the population affected contains many previously healthy young people, and they are associated with high mortality and morbidity. This study continues on our 20 years of experience in conducting clinical trials evaluating treatments for preventing seizures following head injury (Dilantin Prophylaxis of Post-traumatic Seizures. Valproate for Prophylaxis of Post-traumatic Seizures) and in examining neurobehavioral outcome after head injury. The trials and outcome studies found that epileptic seizures, serious cognitive difficulties, high unemployment, and inability to live independently are common among survivors of moderate or severe head injury the ongoing trial tests whether these consequence can be ameliorated by magnesium sulfate. Using a randomized, double-blind design, the present study evaluates magnesium sulfate as a neuroprotectant and anti-epileptogenic agent following head injury. Magnesium sulfate is a widely used, well tolerated compound that has been shown in the laboratory to be effective in reducing seizures and also in limiting neuronal damage and in improving functional outcome following experimental head injury. Specifically, the study will test the hypothesis that magnesium sulfate, when given 8 hours of a moderate or severe head injury, a) increases survival b) decreases seizures, and c) improves neurobehavioral functioning. Additionally, the study will: assess the effects of timing of dosage (e.g. <4 hours vs. 4-8 hours), gender, and race; determine the rate of adverse events; and evaluate the time course and correlates of total and ionized magnesium concentrations. Patients with moderate or severe head injury (post-resuscitation Glasgow Coma Scale 3-12 or having an early craniotomy) are randomized to receive moderate doses of magnesium sulfate or placebo. Treatment is started as soon as possible, and definitely within 8 hours of injury. The initial bolus of magnesium sulfate is followed by a 5 day infusion to keep the magnesium levels elevated during the period when secondary damage from the head injury is most likely. Patients are closely monitored for survival and seizures over the first six months after injury and have a brief neurobehavioral assessment at I and 3 months and a comprehensive neurobehavioral assessment at six months after injury. In summary, this placebo-controlled, randomized double-masked clinical trial will determine the effects of magnesium sulfate on survival, post-traumatic seizures, and the patients' functional status and neurobehavioral functioning following traumatic brain injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION TO PREVENT BONE LOSS Principal Investigator & Institution: Ryder, Kathryn M.; Medicine; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Health Science Center Memphis, Tn 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006

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Summary: PROPOSAL (Adapted from the applicant's abstract): The candidate is Assistant Professor of Medicine at the UTSM, Memphis. UTSM has a Clinical Research Center that provides resources through which the candidate can perform patientoriented clinical research. The Departments of Internal and Preventive Medicine have numerous ongoing experimental and observational trials. This provides opportunities for the candidate to collaborate with faculty. The candidate has proposed a five-year training plan, with the long- term goal of practicing medicine, performing patientoriented research and teaching residents and students. The candidate also plans to serve as a resource and mentor for faculty who wish to learn research design and literature interpretation. The candidate will complete a Master's degree in epidemiology and take advanced courses beyond the degree. She will attend research meetings in the Metabolic Bone Center, the Department of Preventive Medicine, and the St. Jude-LeBonheurUTSM Bone Coalition. Finally, the candidate will investigate the effect of magnesium (Mg) on bone loss in healthy older adults. Mg supplementation has attractive but unproven benefits in bone health. In uncontrolled and unblinded trials, Mg supplementation leads to large gains in bone density. The mechanism of action is not known. Severe Mg deficiency has an impact on calciotropic hormones, and changes in these hormones may have a direct effect on bone as well as an effect on gut calcium absorption. Whether Mg supplementation affects calciotropic hormones in healthy subjects without severe Mg deficiency is not known. Mild Mg deficiency may be common, since as many as 75% of the elderly do not meet the estimated average requirement for Mg. This study will test the following hypotheses: 1) Mg supplementation reduces bone resorption in healthy adults; 2) Mg supplementation increases gut calcium absorption; and 3) The increase in calcium absorption occurs through changes in circulating levels of calciotropic hormones. This will be a doubleblinded placebo-controlled trial of Mg (500 mg/day) in 92 healthy men and women between the ages of 55-75. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHANNEL

MAGNESIUM-NUCLEOTIDE

DEPLETION

ACTIVATED

ION

Principal Investigator & Institution: Fleig, Andrea; Queen's Medical Center 1301 Punchbowl St Honolulu, Hi 96813 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Metal ions contribute to fundamental biological processes, including maintenance of protein architecture, determination of enzyme catalytic activity and signal transduction. Transport mechanisms for trace metal ions are not well characterized, and no ion channel with the ability to permeate significant amounts of these ions has yet been described. Recently, a superfamily of the putative calcium-permeable cation channel family TRPC (transient receptor potential channels) has been identified. Our data characterize a novel and widely expressed ion channel of this superfamily, LTRPC7, which has an intriguing selectivity profile for trace metal ions. LTRPC7 is regulated by intracellular levels of Mg.ATP and is non-redundantly essential for cell viability. The current proposal characterizes this novel ion channel using electrophysiological and molecular biology techniques. Specific Aim 1 focuses on the biophysical characterization of recombinant and native LTRPC7. First, the channel?s selectivity profile for trace metal ions will be analyzed. Second, since LTRPC7 is dependent on nucleotide triphosphates, these findings will be extended to include other phospho-nucleotides. Third, the involvement of phosphorylation in channel function will be tested. Specific Aim 2 concentrates on the functional and molecular analysis of

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Magnesium

LTPRC7 and introduces targeted point mutations to evaluate the structural requirements that determine the selectivity and modulation of LTRPC7. Specific Aim 3 addresses the physiological significance of LTRPC7 currents. It is hypothesized that endogenous LTRPC7 contributes to calcium influx pathways normally attributed to the ICRAC conductance in immune cells. Therefore, experiments have been designed addressing the dissociation of these two currents. Finally, the role of enhanced LTRPC7 expression and metal ion entry in pro-apoptotic events and cell death is assessed. The studies proposed above are based on the unique ion channel LTRPC7. By virtue of this channel?s sensitivity to Mg ATP levels and unusual selectivity to divalent ions, LTRPC7 seems to link fundamental processes that adjust plasma membrane divalent cation fluxes according to the metabolic state of the cell. Disturbing this delicate balance may induce LTRPC7-dependent cell death. These features predestine LTRPC7 to be a prominent player in pathophysiological situations mediating the detrimental divalent ion entry in ischaemic events. Detailed understanding of LTRPC7 physiological function will open new and fascinating possibilities to influence cell survival. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAGNESIUM'S ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECTS IN PREECLAMPSIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Standley, Cynthia A.; Physiology; Midwestern University 555 31St St Downers Grove, Il 60515 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-AUG-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Preeclampsia consists of hypertension and proteinuria in pregnancy and is the most common cause of maternal mortality if left untreated. Hypertension in preeclampsia is implicated in the constellation of symptoms including seizures, glomerular damage and intrauterine growth retardation. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in pregnant rats is an established model of preeclampsia, as it replicates these symptoms. Magnesium sulfate is the standard treatment for preeclampsia. However, magnesium's anti-hypertensive effects remain poorly understood. Magnesium acts as a vasodilator, an action customarily attributed to its ability to antagonize calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Emerging evidence suggests that magnesium may also regulate vascular nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, magnesium may mediate vascular relaxation and reduction of blood pressure by activating the vascular NO/cGMP/protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway. We hypothesize that magnesium and NO act synergistically at the level of the vasculature to cause vasodilation and a reduction in blood pressure. Specifically, magnesium's ability to reduce blood pressure in the nitric oxide-inhibited animal model of preeclampsia is due to its ability to upregulate vascular NO/cGMP/PKG signaling, effectively reducing total vascular resistance and consequently blood pressure. To test this hypothesis, we will use the NOS inhibitor, NGnitro-L-arginine methyl ester (LNAME), to induce hypertension in pregnant rats. Then, graded doses of magnesium sulfate via chronic infusions in vivo, and acute treatment of vascular tissues ex vivo, will be used to address the following specific aims: 1) Determine if magnesium predictably reduces blood pressure and proteinuria and alters plasma/urinary NOS signaling metabolite levels, and whether these measures can be used therapeutically to predict and track hypertension; 2) Determine magnesium's effects on vascular inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression; 3) Investigate magnesium's effects on vascular NOS signaling such as NOS activity, NO-mediated guanylate cyclase activity and PKG expression, and 4) Investigate magnesium's ability to regulate vascular reactivity in response to NO-generating stimuli. Data derived from these experiments

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will elucidate the anti-hypertensive effects of magnesium, its mode of action and the roles of NO and magnesium in preeclampsia and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM OF POLYA TAIL FORMATION BY VACCINIA VIRUS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gershon, Paul D.; Associate Professor; Center for Genome Res; Texas A&M University Health Science Ctr College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The poly(A) tail is a virtually ubiquitous mRNA feature, yet neither its role(s) nor its mechanism(s) of synthesis are well characterized in any organism. Of the various tail-synthesizing enzymes (poly(A) polymerases of PAPs), the vaccinia virus enzyme provides a powerful tool with which to study important aspects of PAP mechanism. Thus, although it shares characteristics with the cellular PAPs. the viral enzyme participates in a relatively simple polyadenylylation process that is coupled to neither the interactions or auxiliary protein factors with multiple RNA signals, nor other cellular processes such as endonucleolytic cleavage, mRNA splicing or protein phosphorylation. I propose to capitalize upon the viral enzyme's directness of action to investigate mechanisms central the action of any PAP, namely catalysis, translocation and processivity. Mechanistic insights regarding PAP, of one of the simplest known RNAsynthetic enzymes, should contribute to a more general understanding of RNA synthesis and macromolecular machinery. The VP55 (catalytic) subunit of the heterodimeric vaccinia PAP abruptly ceases processive primer elongation after producing tails approximately 25-30 nt in length, and the VP39 subunit is a processivity factor for further elongation by VP55, the heterodimer and the heterodimer-RNA ternary complex will be investigated using various complementary techniques (such as site- specific photocrosslinking, crosslinking-SELEX, photocrosslinking with labeltransfer and an anchored 'chemical protease' approach) to identify topological constraints. For example, one aim is to establish whether VP39's polyadenylylationspecific RNA contact site(s) like within a 'fully' on the protein surface between two parts of an apparently bipartite dimerization interface. Initial attempts to improve VP55 overexpression should facilitate elucidation of its 3D structure. RNA determinants of VP55 translocation will be investigated using both discrete oligonucleotides and a novel selection scheme. The relationship between VP55 translocation, primer anchoring and processive tail synthesis will be established using covalently-photocross-linked PAPprimer complexes and flexibility in the relative positioning of the 3' OH-distal and proximal primer-PAP contact sites will be characterized using oligonucleotides designed to 'squeeze' and 'stretch' their relative positions. Finally, to investigate roles for metal ions at VP55's catalytic center, we will determine which of the two apparent divalent cation binding sites in the VP55.ATP complex is Mn2+-enhanced; identify roles for divalent metals in NTP binding and catalysis using co-valently photocrosslinked VP55-primer conjugates; quantify VP55-metal ion affinities by EPR; and address metal ion coordination using unusual, sulfur-substituted oligonucleotides. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MECHANISM OF THE RECBCD ENZYME FROM E. COLI Principal Investigator & Institution: Julin, Douglas A.; Associate Professor; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Maryland College Pk Campus College Park, Md 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1989; Project End 31-MAR-2006

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Magnesium

Summary: (provided by applicant): The RecBCD enzyme acts in homologous DNA recombination in Escherichia coil and other bacteria. Homologous recombination is essential for the repair of some types of DNA damage and is an important part of the DNA replication process. Bacteria with mutations in the recB or recC genes are deficient in their ability to carry out homologous recombination and they have low viability. That is, a large fraction of the cells are inviable after cell division as a result of the inability to repair chromosome breaks that arise during DNA replication. Homologous recombination is also important in DNA repair and replication in higher organisms including humans. Defects in these processes have significant negative health implications, as they can be a contributing factor in the development of diseases including cancer. RecBCD is also quite interesting as a multisubunit enzyme machine. It is a multifunctional enzyme that unwinds and degrades linear DNA as an ATPdependent exonuclease. The enzyme activity is regulated by a specific DNA sequence that has been called Chi (5'-GCTGGTGG). An encounter with Chi affects the rate and strand specificity of the nuclease reaction. All of these phenomena are critically dependent on the reaction conditions, especially the ATP and magnesium ion concentrations. The principal investigator has studied the enzyme by dissecting it into its subunits and protein domains and characterized the activities of those component parts. This proposal describes enzymological experiments to study how the enzyme activities and structure are affected by ligands including magnesium ion, DNA, and ATP, to learn more about the regulation of the enzyme activity that happens at the Chi sequence. He will also study in more detail the structure of a small domain of the RecB subunit that has the nuclease active site, how its activity is affected by the presence of the other proteins, and comparative experiments with another nuclease that has a similar active site sequence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISM OF V(D)J RECOMBINATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Roth, David B.; Associate Professor; Microbiology and Immunology; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The work described in this proposal is a continuation of our long-term project aimed at a complete description of the mechanism of V(D)J recombination. Essential for proper immune system development, this specialized recombination process generates a diverse set of antigen receptors by assembling the variable regions of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor genes. If recombination is impaired, B and T cell differentiation is arrested at an early precursor stage, leading to a severe combined immunodeficiency (scid). Aberrant V(D)J rearrangements, on the other hand, lead to leukemias and lymphomas. To understand both normal immune system development and the molecular basis of oncogenic, aberrant recombination, we must carefully explore this sophisticated system. V(D)J recombination can be divided into two basic steps: DNA cleavage and rejoining of the broken ends. Efficient cleavages requires that a pair of specific DNA sequences, termed recombination signal sequences (RSS), be recognized, assembled into a synaptic complex, and cleaved by the RAG-1 and RAG-2 proteins. After cleavage, the broken ends remain associated with the RAG proteins in a post-cleavage complex. These ends can then e joined to form normal products of recombination. Recent in vitro work has shown that the ends can also participate in an aberrant reaction, transposition, which has been suggested as a cause of oncogenic chromosome rearrangements. The work proposed here will: 1) Dissect the active sites of the RAG proteins and define the role of these sites in the cleavage reaction. 2) Probe the

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mechanism of RAG- mediated DNA cleavage and how cleavage is regulated by synapsis. 3) Delineate joining mechanisms in the context of the post-cleavage complex. 4) Determine whether RAG-mediated transposition occurs and examine regulatory mechanisms that limit this potentially dangerous reaction. Clearly, our best hope for therapeutic interventions is either scid or lymphoid malignancies rests on a detailed knowledge of normal immune system development and the molecular basis of oncogenic, aberrant recombination events. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MECHANISMS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FISSION AND FUSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaw, Janet M.; Professor; Biology; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1996; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (applicant's description): Changes in mitochondrial morphology and copy number are associated with a variety of human diseases including neurological disorders and some types of cancer. Although the metabolic functions of mitochondria have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial membrane dynamics are not understood. In the current funding period, we characterized two different GTPases in S. cerevisiae that regulate mitochondrial morphology and copy number. Dnm1p is a dynamin-related GTPase that acts on the outer mitochondrial membrane to regulate fission. Fzo1p (fuzzy onions) is a transmembrane GTPase that regulates mitochondrial docking and/or fusion. Both GTPases have human homologues that, when mutated, cause defects in mitochondrial morphology. These findings illustrate how effectively yeast can be used as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms that control mitochondrial dynamics in human cells. During the next funding period, we will continue to study mitochondrial fission and fusion in yeast using a combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. Specifically, we propose: 1) to identify and characterize SFZ genes/proteins required for mitochondrial fission, 2) to determine the role of Fzo1p self-interactions in mitochondrial fusion, 3) to screen for binding partners that interact with Fzo1p in its GTP-bound state, and 4) to develop an in vitro assay for mitochondrial fusion. The studies we propose will provide new information about the molecular and biochemical basis of mitochondrial fission and fusion in eukaryotic cells. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: METAL SITES AND DYNAMICS IN LARGE RNA MOLECULES Principal Investigator & Institution: Derose, Victoria J.; Associate Professor; Chemistry; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the proposed research is to investigate metal binding sites in large RNA molecules and their influence on RNA structure, stability, and dynamics. RNA displays a rich array of cellular functions through complex interactions with other nucleic acids and proteins. RNA-metal interactions are critical to both structure and function, and effective, direct probes of the influence of metal sites on the structural biology of RNA are required. In work carried out under this project, direct measurements of metal-binding in RNA systems will be measured using Mn2+ as an EPR-detectable spectroscopic probe. The influence of both Mg2+ and Mn2+ on metal binding, RNA structure, and thermodynamic parameters will be investigated. Insight into the conformational dynamics of RNA will be sought using

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Magnesium

site-specific, EPR-active nitroxide spin labels. Taken together, these studies will provide important information about RNA structure and stability as a function of solution conditions, and will provide new tools for the investigation of more elaborate and conformationally dynamic RNA complexes.Specific aims of the current proposal include: Investigating the unique 'metal ion core' from the Group I Intron, with a goal of understanding specifically how metal ions contribute to folding and stability in this structural motif. Determining metal ion affinities and influence of metals on folding and catalysis in the hairpin ribozyme. Developing methods for site-specific EPR-active spin labels to study dynamics and distances in RNA, with application to metaldependent folding pathways in the hammerhead and Group I Intron P4-P6 subdomain. Investigating the influence of metal ions on folding and activity in a U2U6 RNA model system for the active site of the spliceosome. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MFMU NETWORK (COLUMBIA UNIV. FACULTY @ SLRH AND CPMC) Principal Investigator & Institution: Malone, Fergal D.; Associate Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The attached application proposes that the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division of the Columbia University Medical Centers in New York City including St. Luke'sRoosevelt Medical Center (with it's Continuum partnership affiliate Beth Israel Medical Center) and Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Center be selected as a new member for the Cooperative Multicenter Network of Maternal Fetal Units (MFMU). Our hospitals are strategically placed throughout the Metropolitan New York area. They are closely associated with the respective surrounding communities, thus allowing targeted and improved delivery of Health Care, dependable relationships between patients and health care providers, and thereby creating an environment that facilitates patient recruitment to clinical trials. Over 15,000 primary and referral patients who represent a broad spectrum of social, economic, ethnic, racial and cultural backgrounds deliver in our facilities each year of whom more than 30% are high risk. The faculty of the Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in our institutions represents a team of highly motivated individuals who are enthusiastically approaching the prospect of becoming a new study center for the MFMU network. They are experienced investigators who have been highly successful in recruiting and retaining subjects in clinical trials. The faculty have a record of successful grant applications and contract awards. We are currently participating as an independent Center in the MFMU BEAM Study (Randomized Clinical Trial of the Beneficial Effects of Magnesium Sulfate) and as an affiliate of Thomas Jefferson University in two additional MFMU studies. The Department of OB/GYN at Columbia University currently ranks second place nationally for funding in Obstetrics and Gynecology by the NIH and is the leading center for the FASTER trial. The faculty of the St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia Presbyterian Center, Beth Israel Medical Center and their administrations are unanimous in their eagerness to participate in the MFMU trials and strongly support this grant application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MODELING THE ION AND SOLVENT ENVIRONMENT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS Principal Investigator & Institution: Quigley, Gary J.; Hunter College 695 Park Ave New York, Ny 10021

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: The immediate objective of this research is to obtain the best procedures for stimulating the ion and solvent environment of crystalline DNA, initially and particularly z-DNA. This is a particular problem due to the high charge density and large surface area of nucleic acids. The longer range objective is to develop a protocol which will be applicable for stimulating the ion and solvent environment of nucleic acids in general in both crystalline and non-crystalline environments. The energies of the non-bonding interaction with the ion and solvent environment are typically greater than the internal non-bonding energies for nucleic acids. Accordingly, a reliable remodeling of the nucleic acid requires an accurate modeling of the solvent. The ability to understand and model the structure of the interactions of nucleic acids will lead to more reliable drug design, a better understanding of the modes of interactions of the numerous proteins that interact with nucleic acids and of the folding and compaction of nucleic acids. Crystalline Z-DNA has been selected for these initial studies since we have extensive, very high resolution x-ray diffraction data on the crystals data on the crystals which has provided us with a much more detailed view of the ion and solvent environment than is available for other structures. This in turn will provide a reliable basis for assessing the quality of our simulations. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR ACTIONS OF VOLATILE ANESTHETICS ON GPROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Rebecchi, Mario J.; Associate Professor; Anesthesiology; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (adapted from applicant's abstract): Volatile anesthetics perturb the coupling of metabotropic receptors to specific heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), but the relevance to anesthesia and its molecular basis are not understood. Heterotrimeric G-proteins, consisting of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits, are GTPdriven molecular switches that couple metabotropic receptors to downstream effectors, including ion channels. In the inactive state, the G-protein is a heterotrimer with GDP tightly bound to the Galpha subunit. Binding of agonist to the receptor triggers exchange of GTP for bound GDP, hydrolyzing the former in the presence of Mg2+. The GTP-charged alpha subunit dissociates from betagamma and may be free to diffuse some distance on the membrane surface. Either the alpha subunit bound to GTP or the free betagamma heterodimer or both regulate effector enzymes such adenyl cyclase (AC) and phospholipase C, or modulate ion channels, thereby amplifying the initial receptor stimulus. Thus, alpha subunits function as on/off switches based on the occupant of the nucleotide binding site, GTP or GDP, such that alterations in nucleotide exchange, like those induced by volatile anesthetics, modulate signal output. To test for correlation between clinical potency and inhibition of GDP/GTP exchange, various anesthetic compounds, as well as non-immobilizing drugs, will be tested on Galpha subunits. Similar experiments will be performed on living cells in which the pathways are reconstructed by expression of the signaling components: receptors, G-protein subunits and effectors. The hypothesis that volatile agents disrupt receptor/effector coupling by locking the Galpha subunit into a complex with Gbetagamma will be tested on artificial membranes by measuring the lateral interactions of these proteins using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. To understand the molecular basis of the anesthetic effect, intrinsic fluorescence and isothermal titration microcalorimetry will be used to measure the binding of these drugs to soluble Galpha subunits. Finally, regions

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Magnesium

essential to the actions of anesthetics will be established by swapping homologous portions of sensitive and insensitive alpha subunits. These studies will generate predictions for future experiments to be conducted on animals exposed to anesthetic agents. Completion of the proposed study will also form the basis for future crystallographic work on the nature of interactions between anesthetics and these potential protein targets. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MOLECULAR CRYSTALLIZATION

MODULATION

OF

CALCIUM

OXALATE

Principal Investigator & Institution: De Yoreo, James J.; Senior Scientist; Materials Science & Technology; University of Calif-Lawrnc Lvrmr Nat Lab Lawrence Livermore National Lab Livermore, Ca 94550 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 15-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Urinary tract stone disease (urolithiasis) is a common clinical disorder that frequently leads to hospitalization. The objective of this proposal is to advance the understanding of the pathogenesis of urolithiasis by determining the physical mechanisms through which important inhibitors that include small urinary molecules, such as magnesium and citrate that are currently used in the treatment of urinary tract stone disease and urinary macromolecules, such as osteopontin control the nucleation, growth, aggregation, and phase transformations of calcium oxalate (CaOx) precipitates. This objective will be accomplished by investigations focusing on 1). the mechanisms of modulation of CaOx nucleation and growth by small urinary molecules and urinary macromolecules, 2). the mechanisms by which urinary modulators affect the sequence of events during phase transformations of CaOx crystals and 3). the surface interactions and events underlying urinary protein modulation of CaOx aggregation. The proposed research will use in situ atomic force microscopy to follow the evolution of CaOx crystal surfaces and quantify the impact of growth modulators on the thermodynamic and kinetic factors controlling the dynamics of atomic steps on those surfaces. This work will lead to new insights that integrates an understanding of the specific stereochemical interactions on the crystal surface with the quantitative impact on kinetics and morphology. The atomic force microscopy measurements will be correlated with concurrently performed constant composition measurements of growth kinetics and contact angle measurements of interfacial energies. The knowledge derived from our studies will assist in the design of inhibitory molecules that are potentially useful in therapy of stone disease. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MR ASSESSMENT OF MAGNESIUM IN ACUTE STROKE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kidwell, Stella M.; Assistant Clinical Professor; Neurology; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 02-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: The objectives of this project are to demonstrate that 1) intravenous magnesium is beneficial in acute ischemic stroke as evidenced by decrease in the growth of infarct volume over time as measured by diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI); 2) DWI is a valuable surrogate outcome measure in acute ischemic stroke clinical trials; 3) diffusion/perfusion mismatch is a useful entry criterion for neuroprotective treatment in acute stroke clinical trials; and 4) intravenous

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magnesium is safe and potentially beneficial in intracerebral hemorrhage. During the first phase of the project, objectives 1-3 will be assessed by conducting a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous magnesium as a neuroprotective agent in acute ischemic stroke. The trial will use diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging as a surrogate outcome marker. 150 patients will be enrolled within 12 hours of symptom onset at 3 UCLA-associated hospitals. The second phase of this project will be a parallel pilot randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and explore the efficacy of intravenous magnesium in acute intracerebral hemorrhage, enrolling 40 patients. Additional data will be collected to assess the diffusion/perfusion MR signature of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. The findings of this project will have direct relevance to future treatment of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke as well as to the design of future trials of neuroprotective agents. The results will help establish the utility of novel diffusion/perfusion MR techniques as demonstrating physiologic, objective changes that can be used as entry and outcome criteria in evaluating stroke patients. During the award period, in addition to serving as the principal investigator of these trials, Dr. Kidwell will pursue in-depth didactic multidisciplinary training in biostatistics, epidemiology, clinimetrics and magnetic resonance radiology. She will be mentored by Drs. Jeffrey Saver, Sidney Starkman, Jeffry Alger, and Barbara Vickrey. At the completion of this training, Dr. Kidwell will have acquired all requisite experience and skills to function as an independent investigator in clinical studies of novel magnetic resonance stroke imaging techniques, pivotal trials of promising therapeutic agents, and studies of the pathophysiology of acute human cerebral ischemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Miodovnik, Menachem; Obstetrics and Gynecology; Columbia University Health Sciences New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The attached application proposes that the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division of the Columbia University Medical Centers in New York City including St. Luke'sRoosevelt Medical Center (with it's Continuum partnership affiliate Beth Israel Medical Center) and Columbia Presbyterian Hospital Center be selected as a new member for the Cooperative Multicenter Network of Maternal Fetal Units (MFMU). Our hospitals are strategically placed throughout the Metropolitan New York area. They are closely associated with the respective surrounding communities, thus allowing targeted and improved delivery of Health Care, dependable relationships between patients and health care providers, and thereby creating an environment that facilitates patient recruitment to clinical trials. Over 15,000 primary and referral patients who represent a broad spectrum of social, economic, ethnic, racial and cultural backgrounds deliver in our facilities each year of whom more than 30% are high risk. The faculty of the Divisions of Maternal-Fetal Medicine in our institutions represents a team of highly motivated individuals who are enthusiastically approaching the prospect of becoming a new study center for the MFMU network. They are experienced investigators who have been highly successful in recruiting and retaining subjects in clinical trials. The faculty have a record of successful grant applications and contract awards. We are currently participating as an independent Center in the MFMU BEAM Study (Randomized Clinical Trial of the Beneficial Effects of Magnesium Sulfate) and as an affiliate of Thomas Jefferson University in two additional MFMU studies. The Department of

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OB/GYN at Columbia University currently ranks second place nationally for funding in Obstetrics and Gynecology by the NIH and is the leading center for the FASTER trial. The faculty of the St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Columbia Presbyterian Center, Beth Israel Medical Center and their administrations are unanimous in their eagerness to participate in the MFMU trials and strongly support this grant application. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Carpenter, Marshall W.; Associate Professor; Women and Infants Hospital-Rhode Island 101 Dudley St Providence, Ri 02905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): WIH and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Brown University School of Medicine have the capability to participate actively as a new member of the Cooperative Multicenter Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. WIH operates one of the nation?s larger obstetrical services. All obstetric care is supported by insurance in Rhode Island. Consequently, the State?s ethnic and racial diversity is reflected among both private and clinic patients. Providing care to 74 percent of the State s patients, WIH s demographic and clinical statistics wholly reflect those of Rhode Island. During fiscal year 1999, 9023 deliveries were performed at WIH, 2099 among WIH Clinic and Maternal-Fetal Medicine patients. Of the total WIH deliveries, 174 had ruptured membranes before 35 weeks, 556 delivered prior to 35 weeks, 207 had multi-fetal pregnancies, 179 had gestational or chronic diabetes, 794 had hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, 539 had asthma or other respiratory disease and 163 had cardiac or vascular disease. The academic faculty and private practice community have had a consistently collaborative relationship providing access to the entire obstetrical population for cohort studies. Consequently, WIH is particularly suited for performance of clinical trials. The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division is composed of six board-certified and one active candidate for the Maternal-Fetal Medicine boards, all of whom will support Network research protocols. The Division also employs two research nurses and a sonographer, all presently supported by NICHD funding, and three additional clinical nurses, all with extensive experience in cohort research. The Division has successfully enlisted patients (53-100 percent enlistment rates) in complex tocolysis trials and exercise, and metabolic and hemodynamic cohort studies with retention rates of 79-93 percent. The Division has maintained strong clinical and investigational relationships with local and regional private obstetricians, reflected in the proportions of private patients in Divisional cohort studies of 54-80 percent. The Division is presently engaged in three multicenter cohort studies funded by NICHD. It was selected by the Network in April 2000 to participate in the Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Magnesium (BEAM) Study to increase patient enlistment in this protocol and is presently beginning to enroll subjects. The Division has been funded as one of five North American sites in an international study of the maternal and perinatal impact of maternal glucose intolerance, the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) Study. The Division is also a participant in the First and Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk (FASTER) Study examining combined biochemical and sonographic first trimester screening for Down syndrome. WIH and the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division will enlist subjects for all Network protocols and actively participate in proposing, planning and executing Network studies. Local infrastructure available for participation in multicenter clinical trials at WIH include (1) a large patient volume and highly involved full-time and voluntary obstetrical faculty;

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(2) robust clinical patient, laboratory, anatomic pathology, and pharmacy databases; (3) a strong history of collaboration between Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Neonatology Divisions; (4) decades-old perinatal tissue samples and anatomic pathology; and (5) a strong Departmental commitment to outcomes research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Leveno, Kenneth J.; Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-MAY-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2001 Summary: This proposal describes the qualifications and experience of the MaternalFetal Medicine faculty and research team at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Hospital and the facilities and patient population available to them for carrying out clinical protocols to be designed by the NICHD Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. UT Southwestern's Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine include 11 physicians, 9 of whom are board-certified in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. A total of 6 research nurses experienced in perinatal research lead by a research nurse coordinator with 12 years experience in protocol development and implementation are available for participation in MFM Units Network protocols. A computerized perinatal database that has been operational since late 1982 is a centerpiece in perinatal research team efforts at UT Southwestern Medical Center Parkland Hospital. The perinatal research team has successfully completed several randomized trials and submitted with this application is an example of such effort in 2,138 women with pregnancy-induced hypertension who were randomized to receive magnesium sulfate or phenytoin for eclampsia prophylaxis during labor. In 1994 there were 13,935 deliveries at Parkland Hospital and approximately 55% were high-risk. Pregnancy complications of particular interest to the MFM Units Network, e.g. preterm birth and gestational diabetes are well represented in the obstetric population at Parkland Hospital. Importantly the maternal-fetal medicine physicians at Parkland Hospital are philosophically committed to rigorous controlled trials intended to objectively evaluate principals of obstetrical care before adoption of these interventions into clinical practice. Other resources brought to the MFM Units Network include support of UT Southwestern's NIH General Clinical Research Center, the Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences and collaboration with the NICHD Neonatal Unit Network through support of the local neonatal network principle investigator. The perinatal research team now described is committed to collaborative participation consistent with the goals of the MFM Units Network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shankaran, Seetha; Professor; Pediatrics; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: (Provided by Applicant) The Wayne State University School of Medicine at the Detroit Medical Center is submitting an application for renewal in the NICHD Multicenter Neonatal Research Network. The Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine has both an inborn service at Hutzel Hospital (6000 deliveries, 55 bed

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NICU/Progressive Care Nursery) and an outborn service at Children?s Hospital of Michigan (45 bed NICU). The Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Wayne State is currently a member of the NICHD Multicenter Materna/-Fetal Research Network (MFM). The Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Wayne State is currently a member of the NICHD Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit (PPRU). The Wayne State site has additional capabilities of including two more Detroit Medical Center inborn hospitals (Sinai-Grace Hospital, 4000 deliveries and Huron Valley Hospital, 2000 deliveries) into the Neonatal Research Network with the site PI who is the Regional Director of the Detroit Medical Center?s Neonatal Programs. The Wayne State site has actively participated in the current NICHD Neonatal Research Network studies by contributing a greater number of subjects than the average enrollment per site. These studies include 1134 subjects enrolled in the Generic Database Study, 366 in the Follow-up Study, 28 in the Erythropoiten Study, 157 in the Magnesium Sulfate Study, and 61 in the Vitamin A Study. In two studies, the Wayne State site has far exceeded enrollment. These include the Early Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study, Wayne State has enrolled 32 of 203 subjects and the Network study on Hypothermia for Encephalopathy where Wayne State has enrolled 4 of 22 subjects. In the Maternal Lifestyle Study (4 sites), Wayne State has enrolled 43% of all infants enrolled in Phase II and III of the study. I n the current grant period, the Principal Investigator at the Wayne State University site, Dr. Seetha Shankaran, served as PI for the Antenatal Phenobarbital to Prevent IVH Study and is currently PI of the Induced Hypothermia for Encephalopathy Study. Strengthens of the Wayne State site include neonatal imagining abilities (PET and MRI), obstetric imaging capabilities, the fetal diagnosis and therapy program and ongoing collaboration with the NICHD MFMU Network and the NICHD PPRU Network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MULTICENTER NETWORK OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lemons, James A.; Pediatrics; Indiana Univ-Purdue Univ at Indianapolis 620 Union Drive, Room 618 Indianapolis, in 462025167 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Indiana University Medical Center has been an active member of the Neonatal Research Network since 1991. Particular strengths of the Indiana Center include a large patient population, design of new randomized trials for the Network, effective enrollment of subjects in Network protocols, eighteen neonatology faculty with extensive experience and expertise in basic and clinical research, an established newborn follow-up program, excellent infrastructure and support staff, and important collaborative research programs with other departments and university centers. Since 1995 (starting year of the second competitive renewal of the Network grant) the faculty within the Section of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine has had 20 NIH grants and 49 other extramural awards, and has published over 200 manuscripts during that period. Indiana University School of Medicine is the only medical school and the site of the only comprehensive children's hospital in Indiana. The Medical Center serves as the principal referral center for pediatric subspecialty care for the entire state, which has a population of 5.9 million and 87,000 births annually. Further, the Indiana Center expanded in 1997 when Methodist Hospital (a large community hospital with a high risk obstetric service and NICU) merged with the Medical Center. Indiana has a strong record of participation in and contribution to the Neonatal Research Network. During the past four years Indiana enrolled an average of 334 VLBW infants yearly in the generic data base, and 390 infants in 1999 (the largest of any center). Indiana has participated in 12

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trials since 1995, contributing 34/235 subjects to the Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study 45/170 and 24/115 infants to the two Erythropoietin trials, 3/16 infants to date in the Hypothermia and Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy study, and 65 of 300 to date in the Glutamine Trial. Indiana faculty chaired and developed the Newborn Follow-up Program, the Glutamine Trial, the Magnesium Sulfate Subcommittee and the Protocol Review Subcommittee, chaired the GDB Subcommittee, and served on nine other subcommittees. The clinical and basic research of the neonatology faculty is focused on molecular immunology, developmental hematopoiesis, and fetal/neonatal nutrition and metabolism. These research programs lend themselves to ancillary studies of the Neonatal Network; one currently active and six other ancillary studies were designed and initiated by Indiana faculty. Collaborative support has been provided by other investigators, departments and centers when additional expertise and/or resources could benefit Network protocols. Indiana University brings to the Neonatal Network a large patient population, a uniquely balanced program of clinical service and research, and a strong record of participation and accomplishment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NMR AND FLUORESCENCE STUDY OF LI+ INTERACTIONS IN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mota De Freitas, Duarte E.; Professor; Chemistry; Loyola University of Chicago Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1990; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Lithium salts continue to be the most promising drugs in the treatment of acute episodes and the prevention of relapses in patient suffering from manic depression or bipolar illness. Even though lithium salts have been used clinically in the treatment of bipolar patients for fifty years, their pharmacologic mode of action is unclear. The main goals of the research proposed in this applications are: (i) to advance the understanding at the molecular and cellular levels of the pharmacologic action of the Li+ ion in the treatment of bipolar disorder by analyzing the binding and transport properties of Li+, Mg2+ ions in human neuroblastoma and lymphoblatoma cells, and in purified wild-type and mutated guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins by using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging; and (ii) to test the application of these spectroscopic and imaging methods to the identification of bipolar patients who are likely to respond to lithium treatment or are most susceptible to experiencing lithium toxicity. The proposed spectroscopic and imaging methods will test two interrelated mechanisms of actions Li+: a cell membrane abnormality, and a competition mechanism between Li+ and Mg2+ ions for membrane binding sites (in particular, anionic phospholipids and the metal-binding domain of G proteins). Our preliminary studies with cultured cells and G proteins indicate that the spectroscopic and imaging methods proposed in this study provide new information on Li+ interactions with cell components; this new information could not have been obtained with other techniques routinely used for Li+ analysis. In addition to contributing to an advancement of the understanding at the molecular and cellular levels of the pharmacologic action of the Li+ ion in the treatment of bipolar illness, the results of this study may also be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of bipolar patients. More precisely defined molecular parameters, such as Li+ binding constants to the lymphoblastoma membranes from bipolar patients and their phospholipid composition, may by useful for predicting the success of Li+ therapy and the likelihood of Li+ toxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NMR OF HIV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE PRIMERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Davis, Darrell R.; Professor; Medicinal Chemistry; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, Ut 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (Provided by the applicant): RNA hairpin oligonucleotides will be synthesized which contain the three modified nucleosides found in the anticodon domain of human tRNA LYS3, the primer for HIV reverse transcriptase. The solution structures of these RNA hairpins will be determined using NMR spectroscopy. The high-resolution structures will be used to understand how the modified nucleosides rncm5s2U, ms2t6A, and pseudouridine provide structural stability to the anticodon domain of tRNA and why this is important for proper function of tRNALYS3 as the reverse transcriptase primer. Binding studies between the modified RNA hairpins and HIV reverse transcriptase will be done to elucidate how modification affects reverse transcriptase recognition. NMR spectroscopy will be used to localize the divalent metal ion binding sites in E.coli and human tRNALYS3. Paramagnetic manganese relaxation studies and NOE measurements of cobalt hexanimine complexed with the tRNA hairpins will be used as analogs of the magnesium ions that we have shown bind specifically to the modified RNAs. The solution structure of the RNA complex formed between tRNA and the A-rich loop of HIV genomic RNA will be determined using heteronuclear multidimensional NMR. The fully modified anticodon domain of human tRNA will be used to form the RNA-RNA complexes in order to understand how the natural modifications contribute to structural stabilization and to provide a structural target for therapeutic development. NMR spectroscopy will be used to study the solution structure of the entire tRNA isoacceptor from E.coli in its fully modified form. These structural studies will elucidate the nature of the folded core of tRNALYS and the structural basis for reverse transcriptase recognition elements in the D stem and loop of tRNALYS Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NMR STUDIES OF CYTOSOLIC METAL IONS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Gupta, Raj K.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Yeshiva University 500 W 185Th St New York, Ny 10033 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1982; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Our long-range goal is to elucidate the role of intracellular mineral ions (Na+, K+, free Mg2+ & free Ca2+) and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes. We seek to understand how the regulation of intracellular concentrations of essential metal ions and membrane lipids goes astray in health disorders, especially hypertension and diabetes. Our main research tool is NMR spectroscopy. Our laboratory played a key role in the development of NMR methods for measuring various intracellular cations and we also have considerable expertise in the use of 1H NMR for analyzing membrane phospholipid composition and the degree of membrane fatty acid unsaturation (double bonds) and average chain length. Oxidative stress, which may play a contributory role in the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as hypertension, causes peroxidative degradation of membrane lipids resulting in a loss of fatty acid double bonds that can be quantitated by 1H NMR. The following specific aims will be pursued: (1) To investigate the mechanism of altered renal sodium homeostasis in salt-sensitive hypertension; (2) To demonstrate that oxidative stress, which results in overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS),

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can cause loss of unsaturation in fatty acyl chains of membrane phospholipids as measured by 'H NMR, and to test the hypothesis that peroxidative degradation of lipids as measured by loss of membrane fatty acid unsaturation during oxidative stress results in intracellular ionic changes similar to those seen in essential hypertension; (3) To investigate a possible protective role of magnesium against oxidative stress and whether there is a decrease in antioxidant capacity, as measured by glutathione (GSH) levels, in tissues exposed to low Mg environment; (4) To test the hypothesis that a deficit in membrane fatty acid unsaturation is associated with human essential hypertension and to investigate if there is an alteration in sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway in hypertension; (5) To find out if impairment of nitric oxide synthesis by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, which causes hypertension in a normal rat, produces membrane lipid changes similar to those seen in essential hypertension; (6) To test the hypothesis that hyperglycemia causes peroxidative degradation,of membrane lipids as measured by 1H NMR, especially in vascular tissue, and, if so, whether hyperglycemia associated loss of fatty acid unsaturation and intracellular ionic alterations can be reversed by dietary antioxidants such as vitamin C and E; (7) To investigate increased vulnerability of hypertensive as well as hyperglycemic kidney and myocardium to ischemic damage and its relationship to increased perexidative degradation of membrane lipids; and (8) To design, develop and test a method for non-invasive measurement of "intracellular sodium using triple-quantum filtered (TQ)23 Na NMR. The proposed NMR investigations of intracellular ions and oxidative stress in hypertension and hyperglycemia condition may eventually lead to better strategies for the management of these health disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NORTHERN CALIFORNIA COMPREHENSIVE SICKLE CELL CENTER Principal Investigator & Institution: Mentzer, William C.; Professor; Pediatrics; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1978; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The objectives of the Northern California Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center (NCCSCC) are 1) to sponsor and facilitate hemoglobinopathy research at both fundamental and clinical levels and 2) to provide hemoglobinopathy detection, counseling, and education to affected populations using the most modern methods. To pursue these objectives, we have established a CORE hemoglobin structure and diagnosis laboratory at Childrens' Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI) and CORE clinical research programs in the West Bay (UCSF/San Francisco General Hospital) and in the East Bay (Childrens' Hospital Oakland, Highland Hospital). These programs provide hemoglobinopathy detection, counseling and education as well as a stable, well characterized group of over 500 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) who participate in NCCSCC research projects. Clinical research projects aim to a) test the efficacy of core decompression in the management of aseptic necrosis of bone, b) see whether an acute rise in serum secretory phospholipase AD heralds the acute chest syndrome and justifies early therapeutic intervention, and 3) evaluate the efficacy of potential new therapies (hydroxyurea + phenyl butyrate or clotrimazole, isobutyramide, oral magnesium, oral chelation and various forms of stem cell transplantation). More basic cell and molecular biology research projects will a) exploit our newly developed transgenic mouse model of SCD (which completely lacks mouse globin chains) to explore the pathophysiology of SC and evaluate potential new treatments, b) employ a genome a genome-wide scan to identify genes unlinked to the globin cluster that alter

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SCD severity and globin chain switching in inbred strains of mice, c) use a human b globin YAC specific transgenic mouse model to define the role of cis-acting regulatory sequences that direct tissue-and stage-specific expression of the human b globin gene family, and d) establish a collaborative research venture to explore the effects of complement, thrombin, and other agonists on the adherence of sickle RBC to vascular endothelium with the ultimate goal of defining a potential role for these interactions in sickle vaso-occlusion. These projects will be carried out at the 2 CORE clinical facilities, CHORI, and laboratories at UCSF and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Programs will be coordinated by Center staff and evaluated by both internal and external review bodies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: 'OPTICAL NANOSENSORS FOR SUBCELLULAR CHEMICAL IMAGING' Principal Investigator & Institution: Kopelman, Raoul; Professor; Chemistry; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 3003 South State, Room 1040 Ann Arbor, Mi 481091274 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1994; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: Developing real-time, non-invasive, high-resolution chemical imaging of live mammalian cells, with high sensitivity and selectivity, is the objective. The tools to be employed are the smallest ever chemical and biochemical nanosensors, cell- implantable spheres, with a radius of 10-100 nm, called PEBBLEs (probes encapsulated by biologically localized embedding). Based on fluorophore molecules embedded in a variety of biocompatible matrices, the suggested methodologies will use, in tandem, optically silent ionophores and enzymes, so as to apply these sensors to a wide range of intracellular ions, free radicals and molecules, simultaneously, with high speed, sensitivity and selectivity. The list of subcellular analytes includes potassium, sodium, magnesium, zinc, copper, chloride, nitrite, carbonate and phosphate ions; oxygen, glucose and other enzyme substrates and reactive oxygen species -- singlet oxygen, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Methods for controlling the size, shape and biocompatibility will be developed, as well as for steering the nanosensors (e.g., magnetically) and for targeting them to specific cell locations, with the help of molecular recognition. Validation and application examples of the subcellular real-time chemical imaging will be carried out on neural, liver, macrophage and other mammalian cell lines. Such refined chemical imaging is expected to accelerate biomedical research in many areas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PHYSIOLOGY OF THALAMOCORTICAL RHYTHMICITY IN VITRO Principal Investigator & Institution: Coulter, Douglas A.; Associate Professor; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1992; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: GABAergic inhibition plays an atypical "pro-oscillatory" role in the thalamocortical (TC) system. Unlike most other brain areas, where inhibition checks excessive synchronous activation, in the TC system, inhibition synchronizes and drives rhythmic oscillatory behavior involving the tightly interconnected synaptic circuit comprised of thalamus, nucleus reticularis thalami (NRT), and neocortex. Within this circuit, the GABAergic NRT neurons are pacemakers, synchronizing TC rhythms via their powerful inhibitory connections onto neighboring thalamic neurons. TC oscillations normally occur during slow wave sleep, and pathological variants of these

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rhythms include the spike wave discharges of Generalized Absence epilepsy, and generalized tonic clonic seizures characteristic of most convulsive forms of epilepsy. In these normal and pathological TC oscillations, the nature of cellular activity is fundamentally dissimilar, and these differences may reflect the added contributions of the neocortex to pathological rhythms. The central hypothesis underlying the research to be conducted in this proposal is that mechanisms involved in determining these distinct patterns of activity in pathological and nonpathological TC oscillations fundamentally depend on the cellular and regional properties of GABAergic inhibition within the TC system. Studies proposed in this application are designed to investigate and test this hypothesis through research centered on 3 specific aims: 1. Characterize inhibitory synaptic activity recorded under normal and pathological conditions in thalamic and NRT neurons; 2. Determine how intrinsic thalamic interneurons contribute to generation of TC rhythms; and 3. Investigate how chronic epilepsy-associated alterations in GABAergic inhibition in the TC system contribute to enhanced seizure susceptibility. Results of this research could provide important insight at cellular, synaptic, and molecular levels into mechanisms critically involved in GABAergic regulation of normal and pathological TC rhythmicity. This provides new directions to exploit in therapeutic intervention to control epileptic TC oscillations, as well as new insight into processes potentially altered in genetic forms of epilepsy involving pathological function of the TC system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT--EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF A PUTATIVE MG TRANSPORTER IN KIDNEY Principal Investigator & Institution: Walder, Roxanne Y.; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Magnesium is an essential mineral in vertebrates and involved in many biochemical and physiological functions. Magnesium homeostasis is regulated between the overall requirements of the body, and the renal and intestinal reabsorption and excretion. Despite extensive study, the molecular mechanisms of magnesium regulation are poorly understood. Since 1997, we have studied an autosomal recessive disorder, familial hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia (HSH). Patients affected with this disease show severe hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia, which leads to tetany and seizures, which can be lethal if left untreated. The disorder has been thought to be caused by a defect in the intestinal absorption of magnesium, rather than by abnormal renal loss of magnesium because HSH patients have low to normal levels of magnesium in their urine, prior to treatment. High-dose magnesium supplementation, which is needed as a life-long treatment, can overcome the apparent defect in magnesium absorption and in serum concentrations of calcium. We initially mapped the gene locus to chromosome 9q in three large inbred kindreds from Israel. The HSH locus was subsequently narrowed to approximately 2 Mb, flanked by D9S1115 and D9S 175. We recently demonstrated that mutations in TRPM6, a candidate gene within the narrowed interval, caused HSH. TRPM6 is highly homologous to a bifunctional protein, TRPM7, which can act as an ion channel for divalent cations and as a serine/threonine protein kinase. We also observed that patients carrying mutations in TRPM6 have abnormal renal magnesium excretion. These findings indicate that TRPM6 plays an important role in magnesium homeostasis in the kidney, as well as in the intestine. We would like to extend these studies to determine the precise locations of TRPM6 expression in the kidney, and to compare it with expression of TRPM7. TRPM6 is

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selectively expressed in colon and in kidney, whereas TRPM7 is widely expressed, and also expressed in the kidney. We will develop specific, non-cross-reacting antibodies to the two proteins for immunolocalization and Western studies. We will examine the possibility of co-localization of the two proteins. TRPM6 and TRPM7 expression will be examined in mice made hypomagnesemic with magnesium deprivation diets to test if expression is regulated in hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. The expression of the two TRP channels will also be examined in mice on calcium deprivation diet. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: POST TRAUMATIC NONCONVULSIVE EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Vespa, Paul M.; Surgery; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 06-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The main aim of this proposal is to study the incidence of epileptiform discharges and seizures that occur during coma after traumatic brain injury, possible mechanisms of generating epileptiform activity and the neurochemical consequences of this activity. The investigator has made exciting preliminary observations that post-traumatic nonconvulsive seizure activity on continuous electroencephalography (EEG) occurs frequently, is associated with adverse neurochernical changes and increases mortality. Previous animal brain injury models have documented neurochernical and ionic perturbation with an energy crisis and compensatory hyperglycolysis. At the same time there is a selective loss of neuronal inhibition (GABA, y-amino-butyric acid, containing cells) and reduced extracellular magnesium that leads to a decrease in seizure threshold. As a consequence of early post traumatic seizures, cellular energy demand may be increased and lead to secondary injury of cells that survived the initial trauma. Preliminary studies demonstrate an increased incidence of EEG-defined seizures. and epileptiforin activity, however the relationship between early post-traumatic epileptiform activity, the disordered neurochernical state, increased glucose metabolism and secondary cellular injury remain unknown. Thus the central hypothesis of this grant is that early post-traumatic nonconvulsive epileptiform activity is common and leads to further hyperglycolytic neurochernical events (increased lactate, glutamate and decreased glucose) and additional neuronal membrane injury. The specific aims of this proposal will be: (1) delineate the incidence rate, type and duration of early EEG-defined post-traumatic epileptiform activity (TEEA); (2) define the mechanistic influence of impaired neuronal inhibition in generating TEEA; (3) determine if TEEA results in a hyperglycolytic response; and (4) determine if TEEA leads to additional brain tissue membrane injury, as determined by time-locked increases in extracellular glycerol. The application is intended to pen-nit the candidate to gain important didactic education in research and statistical methods and experience in conducting a human-based basic research paradigm complemented by future animal models. The hypothesis and unique approach come at a crucial time of failed clinical trials and address an important new therapeutic target. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PROBING THE 3' LOOP OF U6 SNRNA IN SPLICEOSOME CATALYSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Dery, Kenneth J.; City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, Ca 91010

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Significant insight has emerged from the analyses of phylogenetics, compensatory base-pair mutations, and photochemical crosslinking that indicate a specific catalytic role for U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in pre-messenger RNA splicing. This notion has been strengthened by our recent discovery that the 3' intramolecular stem-loop of U6 snRNA binds a magnesium ion that is critical for the chemistry of splicing (Yean et al., Nature 408:881). It is unclear, however, whether the magnesium that we have identified is at the catalytic site and how the 3' stem-loop of U6 interacts with the rest of the spliceosome. The objectives of this pre-doctoral grant application arc two-fold: (1) test a metal-ligand interaction that would involve juxtaposing the 3' intramolecular stem loop (ISL) of U6 snRNA with the 5' splice site (SS) and (2) to investigate what protein factors stabilize, assist, or mediate RNA folding that leads to catalysis within the context of the assembled spliceosome. These interactions, once defined, would help our understanding of how the different sites of chemistry become tightly linked during spliceosome catalysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: QUANTITATIVE ARRAY PIEZOELECTRIC MICROCANTILEVER SENSORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Shih, Wan Y.; Materials Engineering; Drexel University 3201 Arch Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 30-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Objective: The goal of proposed research is to fabricate and use highly piezoelectric microcantilever arrays for ultrasensitive, in-situ, rapid, simultaneous multiple analyte quantification in small sample volumes using electrical means with unprecedented sensitivity (10 -15 g). The proposed piezoelectric microcantilevers with antibodies specific to the target antigen immobilized at the cantilever tip will measure the presence of proteins or pathogens with femtogram (smaller than the mass of a single cell) sensitivity. This represents the ability to detect a single cell or about 1000 molecules in a small volume. We will demonstrate the application with (1) transient protein expression of a recombinant protein, alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) during growth in a bioreactor, and (2) early detection of streptococcus at ultra low concentrations , 100 10,000 number/ml. Approaches: The device consists of a highly piezoelectric lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate solid solution (PMN-PT) cantilever smaller than 50 um in length coupled to antibody immobilized at the cantilever tip. Binding of target antigens is detected by monitoring the resonance frequency shift. Because of the small sizes, the cantilevers will be capable of detecting a single cell or some 1000 molecules in a small volume. The resonance frequency shift transient will be used to quantify the amount of antigens present in a small volume. In the model CHO bioreactor, the SEAP expression quantification is used as an example to illustrate the proposed methodology. For pathogen detection, microcantilevers developed under this program have the potential to detect streptococcus at a concentration of 100 to 10,000 bacterial/ml, significantly enhancing detection capability. Experiments will be designed to explore lower level of detection in the range of 100 to 10,000 cells/ml. Because the proposed piezoelectric cantilever sensors use electrical signal for actuation and detection, the sensor and all necessary electronics can be organized in a compact form and easily usable in such broad ranging applications such as early disease detection and genomicsinspired proteomics. Results: It is anticipated that as a result of the proposed study, ultra sensitive, rapid, specific, multiple analyte quantification in ultra low concentrations and

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small sample volumes will be achieved using arrays of highly piezoelectric PMN-PT micro cantilevers of less than 50 um in length with better than10-15 g/Hz sensitivity coupled with antibodies specific to the target antigen immobilized at the cantilever tip with simple electrical means, which has wide ranging applications such early disease detection and genomics-inspired proteomics. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RECOGNITION AND CATALYSIS IN RNASE III PROCESSING Principal Investigator & Institution: Nicholson, Allen W.; Professor & Chair; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REGULATION OF CITRATE TRANSPORT Principal Investigator & Institution: Hamm, L Lee.; Chief, Nephrology and Hypertension; Medicine; Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, La New Orleans, La 70112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-APR-2000; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Urinary citrate is one of the most important known endogenous inhibitors of calcium nephrolithiasis. Urinary citrate excretion is primarily determined by its fractional reabsorption in the proximal tubule. Previously, a major impediment to studies of citrate transport has been the lack of a suitable cell culture model. However, we have now clearly identified a method to study citrate reabsorption in a proximal tubule cell line (see preliminary data). In addition, the recent cloning of an apical dicarboxylate transporter from the proximal tubule by Pajor allows new insight into the regulation of citrate transport. This with our new culture model will allow us to examine several critical issues in the molecular regulation of citrate transport. The specific aims are to characterize both acute and chronic regulation of citrate absorption in the proximal tubule. Acute regulation of citrate transport by pH and divalent cations, in particular will be addressed. Although a variety of previous studies have addressed the influence of pH on citrate transport, our proposed studies will be able to directly address simultaneously the role of intracellular pH (to be measured with fluorescent probes) as well as extracellular pH. In regards to divalent cations, our preliminary data demonstrate dramatic effects of extracellular calcium and magnesium on citrate transport. Our findings suggest that changes in luminal calcium and magnesium concentrations within the ranges seen clinically may be important in determining urinary citrate excretion. The proposed studies will also address chronic regulation of citrate reabsorption. Our cell culture method will allow us to directly examine the mechanism of chronic regulation by pH, hypokalemia, and starvation. We hypothesize that changes in citrate reabsorption with each of these result from changes in the abundance and/or cellular distribution of the citrate transporter. In the proposed studies we will be able to measure the direct in vitro effects of these stimuli on citrate transport in polarized cells, and on mRNA and protein levels and cellular distribution of the dicarboxylate transporter. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: REVERSIBLE MAGNESIUM PRECIPITATION FOR HOT-START PCR Principal Investigator & Institution: Rowlyk, Katherine R.; Scientist; Dna Polymerase Technology, Inc. 1508 S Grand Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): We have been investigating strategies for novel methods of hot start for PCR. One such strategy involves the sequestering of a critical component of the reaction until the reaction temperature is sufficient to ensure selective annealing of PCR primers. We have investigated reversible precipitates of Mg as a method of sequestering Mg2+ ions, which are a critical component of PCR. Many PCR analyses benefit from or require a hot start, particularly those with rare targets or those with compromised DNA templates, such as diagnostic or forensic analyses. In a normal (room temperature) start, the primers can bind to non-specific sequences, or each other, during reaction setup, which can result in the amplification of competitive or inhibitory products. Current methods of achieving a hot start are tedious, expensive, and/or unreliable. We have identified a precipitated form of Mg that is solublized by thermocycling, but is stable enough at room temperature to inhibit polymerase activity. We have also determined that PCR reactions performed with this reversibly precipitated Mg have the benefit of a hot start. We are proposing to simplify and optimize this reversible precipitate technology for standard PCR and extend it to specialized PCR applications, multiplex PCR, Long and Accurate PCR, and even those applications that use other Mg2+ ion dependent enzymes, such as cDNA synthesis by reverse transcriptases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S4 INTERACTIONS WITH MRNA AND RRNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Draper, David E.; Professor; Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2001 Summary: Complexes of RNA and protein (RNPs) carry out many essential functions in the cell, including translation. How proteins within these complexes recognized specific sites, promote RNA folding, and contribute to function are important questions. The goal of this project is to explore these question for a ribosomal protein, S4, that has dual functions: it is a key protein in ribosome assembly, binding and organizing a approximately 500 nucleotide domain of the small subunit RNA, and also binds a 110 nucleotide pseudoknot structure in the alpha mRNA, where it represses translation by a novel "entrapment" mechanism. The protein is organized into at least three regions: an N-terminal segment (42 residues) is not required for ribosome assembly: a middle domain is highly conserved and mostly responsible for RNA recognition; a C-terminal domain may contribute to both RNA and protein interactions. The structure of a fragment containing the middle and C-terminal regions (159 residues), derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus S4, will be determined by NMR methods. Site- directed mutagenesis, selection approaches, and thermodynamic and kinetic measurements will be used to explore the following aspects of S4-RNA interactions: Determination of conserved surface residues involved in mRNA or rRNA binding; Comparison of the ways in which S4 binding is linked to folding of the ribosomal and messenger RNA recognition domains, paying particular attention to the role of Mg/2+ in promoting RNA folding and protein binding; Resolution of the translational repression mechanism by studies of S4 and 30S subunit interactions with the mRNA ribosome binding site;

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Studies of the cooperatively between S4 and other ribosomal proteins (S20 and S16) assembling with the 16S rRNA 5' domain. Results from these studies should contribute to a basic understanding of protein-RNA recognition mechanisms and RNA folding, as well as elucidation of specific S4 roles in translational regulation and ribosome assembly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ROLE OF PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES IN INSULIN SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Kowluru, Anjaneyulu; Associate Professor; Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2001; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (From applicant's abstract) While a majority of extant studies have focused since on the protein kinases, very little is known of the regulation and roles of protein phosphatases (PPases) in physiologic insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cell. The catalytic activity of certain enzymes of intermediary metabolism is influenced by their phosphorylation status. For example, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), a lipogenic enzyme, is modulated by phosphorylation (inactive)- dephosphorylation (active). Here in the investigators describe a novel cytosolic, okadaic acid-sensitive (PP2A-like) PPase that dephosphorylates and activates ACC in the beta cell. Activity of this PPase is augmented by methylation at its C-terminal leucine. Further, the methylated form is converted to its inactive, demethylated form by a cytosolic serine esterease-like enzyme, also localize in the beta cell. Physiologic concentrations of glutamate and magnesium stimulate the carboxyl methylation as well as the catalytic activity of this PPase and concomitantly increase ACC activity. Effects of glutamate and magnesium are specific for ACC-phosphatase, but not ACC-kinase. Insulinotropic concentrations of glucose or glutamine stimulate the carboxyl methylation of this PPase in intact beta cells. More importantly, activity of this ACC-PPase is abolished in islet derived from the GK rat, a model for NIDDM, compared to islets from the control Wistar rats. Using isolated rat islets and pure beta (HIT-T15 and INS-1) cells, the investigators propose to study the regulation of this PPase, and thereby ACC, at 3 cellular levels (i.e. subcellular fractions, intact islets, and purified proteins in reconstituted systems). The investigators will also purify this PPase using microcystin -sepharose affinity columns to determine changes in the (A, B and C) subunit composition of PP2A under various experimental conditions, to establish a link between the carboxyl methylation of the C-subunit and the assembly of PP2A haloenzyme. The investigators will characterize the methylating and demethylating enzymes of PP2 Ac and study the interaction of ACC with its putative PPase. Using similar approaches, the investigators will examine the abnormalities in ACC-phosphatase in the diabetic GK islet and investigate if such a defect is reversed by treatment of diabetic rats with insulin or phlorizin. The proposed studies should establish a link between ACC activation and physiologic insulin secretion from isolated beta cells. These studies will also identify the locus that is causal to the observed defect in ACC-phosphatase and ACC activation signaling cascade in the diabetic beta cell, leading to abnormal insulin secretion demonstrable in this model for NIDDM. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SAR OF NOVEL TOPO I INHIBITOR AGAINST PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, Yue-Wei D.; Associate Professor of Psychiatry/ Harva; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-DEC-2003

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Summary: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men. An estimated 317,000 cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed, and 41,000 were expected to be fatal in the U.S. in 1996. Many cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents have proven ineffective against metastatic prostate cancer, with only estramustine, suramin, and mitoxanthrone showing low levels of efficacy. During the course of searching for anti-cancer agents from traditional herbal medicine, we isolated alpha-Boswellic acid acetate from Olibanum (Boswellia carterii Birdw), a folk medicine used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China and the Middle East without overt toxicity. Alpha-Boswellic acid acetate shows excellent inhibitory activity against the DNA topoisomerase I enzyme: It is 3 times more potent than the standard, camptothecin, in the topoisomerase I relaxation assay. Because the levels of topoisomerase I are significantly higher in human cancerous prostate tissues than in normal tissues, and appear to remain constantly high throughout cell growth, compounds targeted at this enzyme could have the advantages of selectivity and specificity. The effectiveness of alpha-Boswellic acid acetate (as NSC624807) against cancer were evaluated several times by NCI using an in vitro assay system consisting of 57 human tumor cell lines. The compound was effective against several prostate cancer cell lines (androgen-independent PC-3: GI50=3.77x10-7M; DU-145: GI50=3.97x10-7 M) and cell strains derived from fresh surgical specimens of prostate tumor (GI50=3.9x107M). In view of its favorable toxicity profile (LD50 greater than 2.0 g/kg) and encouraging preliminary clinical efficacy in brain tumor, we propose to study the structural requirements of this unique natural product, which has a pentacyclic ring system, for topoisomerase I inhibition, and to evaluate its synthetic analogs for improved physical and biological activity. The specific aims are (1) to isolate a quantity of alpha-Boswell acid and its acetate from Boswellic carterii Birdw by high speed countercurrent chromatography, (2) to establish structure-activity relationship by chemical modifications of the alpha-Boswellic acid molecule, and (3) to evaluate the synthetic analogs in vitro in the topoisomerase I assay and against three prostate tumor cell lines: androgen-independent PC-3 and DU-145, and androgen-dependent LNCaP. These biochemical studies are critical for assessing (1) what structural features are essential for activity, (2) whether these alpha-Boswellic acid acetate analogs act as topoisomerase I inhibitors, and (3) whether we have any new alpha-Boswellic acid acetate analogs with enhanced activity against prostate cancer cells. We believe that these studies are important in providing a better understanding of alpha-Boswellic acid acetate and in identifying the most promising topo-I inhibitors for in vivo experiments and for further development as non-hormonal chemotherapy for prostate cancer. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SCOPE AND CAUSES OF STILLBIRTH Principal Investigator & Institution: Saade, George R.; Associate Professor; Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Texas Medical Br Galveston 301 University Blvd Galveston, Tx 77555 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 26-SEP-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB) has the capability to participate actively as a member of the NIH multisite Stillbirth Network. PI George R. Saade, MD, offers extensive experience within several NIH multisite clinical trials og: First and Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk of Aneuploidy (FASTER); First Trimester Nuchal Translucency and the Risk of Congenital Heart Disease; Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome Trial; and Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate Study (BEAM). We have achieved successful patient

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recruitment and retention by frequent involvement with UTMB's extensive Regional Maternal & Child Health Program (RMCHP). All of RMCHP's clinics follow protocols established by the Maternal-Fetal Medicine division, and the patients are delivered at UTMB in Galveston. Pregnant women in two counties served by UTMB--Galveston and Brazoria--will constitute the geographic-based population. More than 90% of these patients are cared for at a UTMB clinic and deliver at John Sealy Hospital. If needed, this target population can be expanded to other RMCHP clinics based on zip codes or counties, as appropriate. Further, the Department's Electronic Medical Record captures antepartum and intrapartum information, entered on-line, that is readily available for query by authorized investigators. In like manner, our Department's Tissue Bank has added broad efficiencies to clinical investigation. The excellent and productive collaboration between PI and Co-I, Radec Bukowski, MD, PhD, offers further benefits to the Stillbirth Network. In addition, our Department's genetics counselor, Jennifer Lee, who will serve as our site's outreach worker, brings considerable experience as an established grief counselor. Our Department has a very productive and well-funded basic science research group with expertise in many areas of relevance to the RFA, such as infection, vascular physiology, placental function, and fetal growth. Finally, we have well-established collaborative ties with our University's Department of Pathology and divisions of Genetics and Neonatology (see letters of support). In particular, UTMB has a highly regarded Perinatal Pathology division with expertise in various areas of interest to this RFA, including neuropathology and placental pathology. Following on our current interest in DNA microarray technology, our proposed study concept is to determine a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker profile particular to stillbirth. We accept the capitation and participatory stipulations of this RFA and stand ready to become a contributinq member of the NIH Stillbirth Network. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS TO STUDY METAL BINDING IN URIDINE Principal Investigator & Institution: Basti, Mufeed; North Carolina Agri & Tech St Univ 1601 E Market St Greensboro, Nc 27411 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1977; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): My long-term objective is to identify the roles of posttranscriptional modifications in the coordination of selective metal ions to several modified nucleosides and oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides containing selected modified nucleosides will coordinate to a certain metal strongly and this may enhance their catalytic activity, i.e., their ability to function as ribozymes or coenzymes. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and NMR will be used to study the coordination of Mg+2, Mn+2, Cd+2, Pb+2, and Hg+2 to uridine (mostly as control) and to several of its naturally-occuring modifications. The roles of water of hydration, and the phosphate group of oligonucleotides in metal coordination will be examined. The generated data will guide the synthesis of short oligonucleotides which, by the inclusion of selected modified nucleosides, will coordinate tightly to certain metal ions. Metal coordination to oligonucleotides will also assist in explaining some of the heavy metals toxic biological effects as they bind to RNAs. Specifically my aims are: 1) Mg+2, Mn+2, Cd+2, Pb+2, and Hg+2 binding constants and the identification of these metals' coordination sites to uridine (mostly as a control) and several modified uridines will be determined. 2) By carrying out the metal coordination study in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) and comparing it with that in water, this study will explain the role of water of hydration. Steric and pH effects will be investigated. 3) Role of the phosphate group,

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among other aspects, in metal coordination to short oligonuceotides that contain selected modified nucleosides will be surveyed. 4) This broad metal coordination study may then assist in designing oligonucleotides whose tight metal binding may enhance their catalytic activity, i.e., their ability to function as ribozymes or coenzymes. In light of their toxic effects, this broad study will also correlate the coordination of heavy metals to a specific RNA (tRNA, snoRNA) molecule to the presence of certain modified nucleosides. The different possible biological pathways resulting from such binding will be examined. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ENZYME/SUBSTRATE COMPLEXES Principal Investigator & Institution: Reed, George H.; Professor; Institute for Enzyme Research; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1986; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The objectives of the project are to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of enzymatic catalysis and of the means by which inorganic cations contribute to the catalytic processes. Pyruvate kinase and enolase, enzymes from the glycolytic pathway, are of central importance to carbohydrate metabolism in all living organisms. Both enzymes require specific activation by two equivalents of divalent cation, and pyruvate kinase requires activation by potassium as well. Each enzyme exhibits one or more instances of general acid-base catalysis during the catalytic cycle. The roles of magnesium and other divalent cations in enzymatic catalysis are poorly understood. General acid-base catalysis is a topic of current interest in enzymology. Studies of enolase and pyruvate kinase hold promise for revealing fundamental concepts in these areas. The specific aims of the project focus on key aspects of activation by metal ions and of general acid-base catalysis that have been revealed in previous studies. X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, spectroscopic, and kinetic methods are proposed to approach the specific aims which include experiments to: 1) determine the pKa's of the general acid-base catalysts in the active site of enolase; 2) probe the basis for metal specificity in the steps of enolase catalysis; 3) correlate structure and function of wild type and site specific mutant enolases; 4) search for the group or groups responsible for general acid-base catalysis and for a potential proton relay network in the active site of pyruvate kinase; 5) probe the structural outcome of a Glu to Lys mutation in pyruvate kinase that eliminates the requirement for activation by potassium and probe the structural changes induced by an allosteric effector. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRATEGIES TO LIMIT DEFIBRILLATION AND REPERFUSION INJUR Principal Investigator & Institution: Kerber, Richard E.; Professor of Medicine; Internal Medicine; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1995; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Nitric oxide plays a major role in oxygen-derived free radical generation in defibrillation and reperfusion injury; nitric oxide reacts with the superoxide radical to form peroxynitrite, which is toxic in itself and also forms further strongly oxidizing species resembling the hydroxyl radical. By limiting nitric oxide availability, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors may limit this process and ameliorate defibrillation/ reperfusion toxicity. Magnesium also has a role to play: it can also limit oxygen-derived free radical generation via its actions as a "physiologic calcium antagonist", which include limiting

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the formation and release of endothelial-derived nitric oxide. The combination of NO synthase inhibitors and magnesium may be particularly effective. We will emphasize the direct detection of ascorbate radical to examine a series of testable hypotheses. Our overall hypotheses that the nitric oxide/superoxide/peroxynitrite pathway is a major source of free radicals that contribute to both defibrillation and reperfusion injury. Modulation of nitric oxide will alter bury from defibrillation and ischemia-reperfusion. The specific, testable hypotheses are: 1) Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, by limiting the NO available to react with superoxide (forming peroxynitrite), reduce free radical generation and thereby ameliorate defibrillation and reperfusion injury. This preserves left ventricular function after defibrillation and/or reperfusion (i.e., less "stunning"). 2) Conversely, NO donors (SIN-1), by providing more NO substrate to react with superoxide and form toxic peroxynitrite, will increase free radical generation after defibrillation and/or reperfusion, worsening left ventricular function. 3) Magnesium, which we have already shown to reduce free radical generation in reperfusion injury, will be similarly cardioprotective in ameliorating defibrillation injury, reducing radical generation and deserving ventricular function. 4) The combination of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and magnesium, which alter two different mechanisms/pathways to limit free radical generation, will be especially cardioprotective, ameliorating defibrillation and reperfusion injury. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF NUCLEOTIDE DEPENDENT ENZYMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Holden, Hazel M.; Professor; Institute for Enzyme Research; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1994; Project End 31-MAY-2002 Summary: Nucleotides serve important roles in virtually all biochemical processes where they provide building blocks for DNA and RNA, act as currencies of energy in various metabolic pathways, serve as modulators of enzymatic activity, and function as transient electron acceptors and donors. The objective of this research program is to understand, on a molecular level, the role of nucleotides in the overall catalytic mechanisms of four protein systems: acetyl-CoA carboxylase which is Mg(II)-ATP dependent, kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase which can employ ATP, GTP, or UTP as a substrate, UDP-galactose 4-epimerase which requires tightly bound NAD for activity, and L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase which binds NAD or NADH reversibly. Kanamycin nucleotidyltransferase catalyzes the inactivation of various aminoglycoside antibiotics often employed in the treatment of serious infections due to aerobic Gramnegative bacteria. UDP-galactose 4- epimerase plays a key role in proper galactose metabolism, and indeed, one form of galactosemia arises from a deficiency in this enzyme. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyses the first and absolutely critical step in the biosynthesis of long chain fatty acids. Finally, L-phenylalanine dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-phenylalanine. For the proposed studies, a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, x- ray crystallography, and kinetic measurements will be employed. Taken together, these studies will provide a detailed description of the role of nucleotides in the enzymatic functions of these proteins. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF U6 SNRNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Butcher, Samuel E.; Biochemistry; University of Wisconsin Madison 750 University Ave Madison, Wi 53706

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002; Project End 31-MAR-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Accurate and efficient nuclear pre-mRNA splicing is essential to eukaryotic life. Aberrant pre-mRNA splicing has been linked to a number of diseases. These include breast, colorectal, epithelial and ovarian cancer, as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Our objective is to develop an atomic-level understanding of the structure and function of a key component of the pre-mRNA splicing machinery, that of U6 snRNA. Currently, there is a profound lack of structural information about U6 snRNA. We hypothesize that the U6 snRNA structure functions to coordinate a magnesium ion cofactor during splicing, and that proteins and other RNAs are not required for magnesium binding. We will use NMR spectroscopy to investigate the structure, function, dynamics and metal binding properties of U6 snRNA. We anticipate that this research will provide a basis for the interpretation of genetic and biochemical data compiled on this region of U6 snRNA over the past decade. Our specific aims are: 1. Define metal ion interactions with the U6 snRNA stem-loop. We will use NMR to test our hypothesis that the U6 stem-loop is sufficient for coordination of the catalytically essential metal ion. 2. Determine the structure and investigate the dynamics of the S. cerevisiae U6 snRNA intramolecular stem-loop by NMR. The corresponding human U6 and U6atac structures will also be investigated. 3. Investigate the structural basis for U6 mutant phenotypes. We will correlate structural effects with well studied S. cerevisiae mutant phenotypes. 4. Investigate the influence of surrounding U6 snRNA sequences and the splicoesomal protein Prp24 on the U6 snRNA sem-loop structure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF PRIMASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Godson, G N.; Biochemistry; New York University School of Medicine 550 1St Ave New York, Ny 10016 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1986; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: DNA replication cannot take place without active primase. The broad longterm goal of this proposal is to learn enough about primase to develop it as a target to inhibit DNA replication in cancer cells. This proposal continues our studies of the structure, function and mechanism of primer RNA synthesis by E. coli primase and extends our studies to human primase. In the revised proposal, Specific Aim #1 is to study mechanism of movement of E. coli primase on DNA template. A hypothesis of a periodic, punctuated synthesis of pRNA by E. coli primase will be tested by measuring the processivity of primase and dissociation and rebinding of primase to the template after each step of synthesis (10/11 nt, 21/22 nt and 24/25 nt). A primase elongation mutant will be used for these experiments. Specific Aim #2 is to analyze the active center of pRNA synthesis of E. coli primase. We will use Fe2+ cleavage and site-directed mutagenesis to localize amino acids that bind Mg2+ at the catalytic center and Zn2+ at the zinc finger. The DNA template binding sites will be analyzed using template oligonucleotides containing UV photoreactive nucleotides incorporated in specific positions. The exit pathway of the growing primer RNA chain will be similarly mapped by using photoreactive oligonucleotide primers. Changes in the conformation of primase during pRNA synthesis will be analyzed. In Specific Aim #3, we will continue to study the role of SSB in pRNA synthesis. A primase/SSB physical interaction will be trapped by biochemical methods. The yeast two-hybrid system will be used to further analyze primase/SSB interaction. Interaction sites on both primase and SSB will be identified. In Specific Aim #4, we will establish the domain structure of the human primase P49 and 58 subunits of DNA polymerase alpha. The active center of this two-

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protein system will be identified by ATP affinity cross-linking technique plus chemical cleavage. The function of these regions will be explored by site-directed mutagenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: STRUCTURE/FUNCTION OF THE 790 LOOP IN RIBOSOMAL RNA Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Philip R.; Associate Professor; Biological Sciences; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, Mi 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The long term objective of this proposal is to understand the role played by ribosomal RNA in protein synthesis. The fundamental processes involved in protein synthesis are believed to be the same in all organisms and several studies have indicated direct involvement of highly conserved ribosomal RNA sequences in translation. The goal of this project is to determine the functional significance and structure of a loop in the small subunit ribosomal RNAs of all organisms and located at position 790 in E. coli 16S RNA. A combined genetic, biochemical and structural approach will be employed. In vivo genetics and in vitro biochemistry will be employed to determine function, and NMR will be used to determine the key structural features of the loop. The presence of multiple rRNA genes in most organisms has complicated genetic analysis of ribosome function. To circumvent these problems, a genetic system has been constructed which does not interfere with normal cellular function. In this system, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter message is translated exclusively by plasmid encoded ribosomes which cannot translate normal cellular messages. Consequently, cells containing this construct are chloramphenicol resistant and the level of this resistance is dependent on the amount of functional CAT protein produced by plasmid derived ribosomes. Thus, deleterious rRNA mutations in plasmid encoded ribosomes will inhibit translation of only the CAT message and therefore decrease chloramphenicol resistance without affecting translation of other cellular messages. Three specific aims are: 1. Identification of key functional elements within the loop. Random mutations will be constructed simultaneously at each of the nine nucleotides in the 790 loop and functional an nonfunctional mutants will be selected. Mutants will be sequenced to identify elements within the loop required for function. Nonfunctional mutants will be analyzed biochemically to determine which aspect of protein synthesis is affected. 2. Identification of sites which functionally interact with the 790 loop. Nonfunctional mutants from 1 will be used to select second-site functional revertants. These will be cloned by complementation and identified. 3. Identification of key structural elements within the 790 loop. Loop structure will be determined using NMR. Key structural elements of the loop will be revealed by structure determination of highly substituted yet functional mutants from 1. Proposed structure/function relationships will be tested by site-directed mutagenesis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THERMODYNAMICS OF BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Alberty, Robert A.; Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Ma 02139 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2002 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract) The long term objective is to increase the usefulness of equilibriumcalculations on biochemical reactions. Thermodynamics determine whether a reaction goes in the forward or reverse direction and whether it will absorb or evolve heat. More specifically, thermodynamics makes it possible to

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calculate equilibrium compositions and heat evolutions using data that often comes from other reactions. Knowledge of the thermodynamics of a reaction and knowledge of the kinetics of the forward reaction make it possible to calculate the kinetics of the reverse action. Chemical equilibrium in biological systems is complicated by the fact that apparent equilibrium constants depend on pH and pMg, as well as on temperature, pressure and ionic strength. A better understanding of these effects will facilitate the interpretation of metabolism and problems that are encountered in certain diseases. Thermodynamic information on biochemical reactions is currently stored as equilibrium constants and heats of specific reactions. These data can be interpreted by the use of recently developed techniques to obtain thermodynamic properties of individual reactants, which can then be used to calculate equilibrium constants and heats of reactions that have not even been studied previously. One objective of this project is to prepare thermodynamic tables on the properties of reactants so as to increase the usefulness of current knowledge. Another objective is to use new concepts in biochemical thermodynamics to investigate coupling of reactions by enzymes, missing reactions in systems like glycolysis, muscle, and chemosmotic theory. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: TOWARDS A HEAT-LABILE CHELATOR FOR HOT-START PCR Principal Investigator & Institution: Kermekchiev, Milko B.; Dna Polymerase Technology, Inc. 1508 S Grand Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-2001; Project End 31-OCT-2002 Summary: (applicant's abstract): Many PCR analyses, particularly those with rare targets or those with compromised DNA templates (such as forensic analyses), benefit from a hot start. In a normal (room temperature) start, the primers can prime at non-specific sequences, or on each other, during reaction setup. The result can be competitive or inhibitory product produced at the expense of the desired product. In a hot start, a critical component is kept inactive or separate from the reaction until the temperature is at least 65C, at which temperature the primers are properly selective. Current methods of achieving a hot startare tedious, expensive, and/or have shortcomings. We propose to develop heat-labile chelators of Mg++ ion as hot-start reagents for PCR. The DNA polymerases used in PCR reactions are Mg++ dependant, and the Mg++ chelator EDTA inhibits PCR. The ideal hot-start chelator would be stable at room temperature in PCR reaction buffer for at least an hour, but will inactivate and release the Mg++ ion during the first PCR heat cycle, yet not inhibit the PCR reaction itself. To perform hot-start with these reagents, sequestered Mg++ ions (in the form of soluble Mg-chelate) would be added to PCR reactions in place of MgCI2 as a source of Mg++ ions. We propose three lead groups of compounds that have the structural characteristics of Mg++ chelators, and can be inactivated under controlled conditions. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Methods for hot-start PCR have proven to be impartant-- even critical-for many PCR procedures, such as forensic analysis, food and blood product contamination assays. Although most PCR applications benefit from hot-start methods, they are underused because they add significant cost and effort, and they have inadequacies. The labile Mg-chelating reagents we propose to develop and test will be inexpensive, easy to use, and will likely be more effective mediators of hot-start than current methods. They may in fact be inexpensive enough to become standard reagents for PCR used by thousands of laboratories world wide. Such labile chelators may also have applications for other biotechnology and chemical processes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VERY HIGH RESOLUTION STRUCTURES OF THE FFH GTPASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Freymann, Douglas M.; Assistant Professor; Mol Pharm & Biol Chemistry; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, Il 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: All cells contain mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to different cellular compartments. Co-translational targeting of proteins to cell membranes is mediated by the signal recognition particle (SRP), which recognizes the amino-terminal signal sequence of the nascent polypeptide and targets the translating ribosome to a membrane receptor. Structural and functional elements of the SRP ribonucleoprotein are highly phylogenetically conserved. One protein component of the particle, SRP54 or Ffh (in prokaryotes), is of particular interest because it provides specific recognition of the hydrophobic signal peptide and is also a GTPase which interacts directly with the membrane receptor. GTPases are a ubiquitous family of proteins which use the binding and hydrolysis of GTP to elicit various cellular functions - well studied GTPases are involved in translation, cell regulation, and signal transduction. This proposal is directed towards detailed protein structural understanding of the NG GTPase domain of Ffh. The results will contribute to our understanding of the role of this specific GTPase in the SRP pathway, and, more generally, give insight into how different GTPases build on a common core protein structure to elicit different cellular function. The project has three crystallographic objectives. To obtain highly refined ultra-high (1.0 Angstroms) resolution structural models of the apo- and GDP-bound NG GTPase from crystals now in hand. To improve existing MgGDP-form crystals so that we can describe that structure at a similar level of detail. And, to crystallize the MgGTP-bound NG GTPase using nonhydrolyzable nucleotide analogs or GTP, and to solve its crystal structure as well. The structural data, spanning the ligand states of the GTPase, will provide the basis for detailed and accurate analysis of the interaction between the protein, water, magnesium, and nucleotide. They should also reveal whether structural phenomena not resolved in structures at lower resolution - deviations of the protein stereochemistry, packing imperfections, and conformational substrates - may be relevant to GTPase function. The analyses will address the chemistry of the GTPase and the protein design principles which facilitate mobilization of different structural motifs during the cycle of GTP binding and hydrolysis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for magnesium in the PubMed Central database: •

A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for Foscarnet-Induced Ionized Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia in Patients with AIDS and Cytomegalovirus Infection. by Huycke MM, Naguib MT, Stroemmel MM, Blick K, Monti K, Martin-Munley S, Kaufman C.; 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=90026

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A Mutation that Alters Magnesium Block of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Channels. by Sharma G, Stevens CF.; 1996 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38629

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A Novel Family of Magnesium Transport Genes in Arabidopsis. by Li L, Tutone AF, Drummond RS, Gardner RC, Luan S.; 2001 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139487

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ATPases and phosphate exchange activities in magnesium chelatase subunits of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. by Hansson M, Kannangara CG.; 1997 Nov 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24312

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Characterization of a family of chlorophyll-deficient wheat (Triticum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutants with defects in the magnesium-insertion step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. by Falbel TG, Staehelin LA.; 1994 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=159242

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Charge-to-Alanine Mutagenesis of the Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Rep78/68 Proteins Yields Temperature-Sensitive and Magnesium-Dependent Variants. by Gavin DK, Young SM Jr, Xiao W, Temple B, Abernathy CR, Pereira DJ, Muzyczka N, Samulski RJ.; 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=112978

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Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. Expression of a Second Chl I Gene of Magnesium Chelatase in Arabidopsis Supports Only Limited Chlorophyll Synthesis. by Rissler HM, Collakova E, DellaPenna D, Whelan J, Pogson BJ.; 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148938

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Comparison of sufentanil with sufentanil plus magnesium sulphate for sedation in the intensive care unit using bispectral index. by Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlijoglu B, Oguzhan N, Pamukcu Z.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=270723

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Constraints on nebular dynamics and chemistry based on observations of annealed magnesium silicate grains in comets and in disks surrounding Herbig Ae /Be stars. by Hill HG, Grady CA, Nuth JA III, Hallenbeck SL, Sitko ML.; 2001 Feb 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33388

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Crystal Structure of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Complexed with Fructose 6Phosphate, AMP, and Magnesium. by Ke H, Zhang Y, Lipscomb WN.; 1990 Jul 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54299

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Design of the Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Acute Stroke (IMAGES) trial. by Bradford A, Lees K.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=56206

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Efficient magnesium-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase activity. by Engelman A, Craigie R.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=189473

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Electron Probe Microanalysis of Calcium Release and Magnesium Uptake by Endoplasmic Reticulum in Bee Photoreceptors. by Baumann O, Walz B, Somlyo AV, Somlyo AP.; 1991 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50889

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Evidence for a hydroxide ion bridging two magnesium ions at the active site of the hammerhead ribozyme. by Hermann T, Auffinger P, Scott WG, Westhof E.; 1997 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146905

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Ferrous iron uptake by a magnesium transport system is toxic for Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. by Hantke K.; 1997 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=179529

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Free Magnesium Levels in Normal Human Brain and Brain Tumors: 31P ChemicalShift Imaging Measurements at 1.5 T. by Taylor JS, Vigneron DB, Murphy-Boesch J, Nelson SJ, Kessler HB, Coia L, Curran W, Brown TR.; 1991 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52178

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Functional Similarity between Archaeal and Bacterial CorA Magnesium Transporters. by Smith RL, Gottlieb E, Kucharski LM, Maguire ME.; 1998 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=107238

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Hexahydrated magnesium ions bind in the deep major groove and at the outer mouth of A-form nucleic acid duplexes. by Robinson H, Gao YG, Sanishvili R, Joachimiak A, Wang AH.; 2000 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102818

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HLA- and H-2-Associated Variations of Intra- and Extracellular Magnesium Content. by Henrotte JG, Pla M, Dausset J.; 1990 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53590

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Low-magnesium calcite produced by coralline algae in seawater of Late Cretaceous composition. by Stanley SM, Ries JB, Hardie LA.; 2002 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=137715

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Magnesium Adenosine 5[prime]-Triphosphate-Energized Transport of GlutathioneS-Conjugates by Plant Vacuolar Membrane Vesicles. by Li ZS, Zhao Y, Rea PA.; 1995 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157260

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Magnesium and Manganese Content of Halophilic Bacteria. by Medicis ED, Paquette J, Gauthier JJ, Shapcott D.; 1986 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=203574

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Magnesium and the Role of mgtC in Growth of Salmonella typhimurium. by Moncrief MB, Maguire ME.; 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=108421

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Magnesium deficiency induces joint cartilage lesions in juvenile rats which are identical to quinolone-induced arthropathy. by Stahlmann R, Forster C, Shakibaei M, Vormann J, Gunther T, Merker HJ.; 1995 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=162873

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Magnesium deficiency: effect on bone mineral density in the mouse appendicular skeleton. by Gruber HE, Rude RK, Wei L, Frausto A, Mills BG, Norton HJ.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155646

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Magnesium Dietary Intake Modulates Blood Lipid Levels and Atherogenesis. by Altura BT, Brust M, Bloom S, Barbour RL, Stempak JG, Altura BM.; 1990 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53579

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Magnesium is required for specific DNA binding of the CREB B-ZIP domain. by Moll JR, Acharya A, Gal J, Mir AA, Vinson C.; 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101231

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Magnesium limitation and its role in apparent toxicity of ethanol during yeast fermentation. by Dombek KM, Ingram LO.; 1986 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=239160

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Magnesium Sensitizes Slow Vacuolar Channels to Physiological Cytosolic Calcium and Inhibits Fast Vacuolar Channels in Fava Bean Guard Cell Vacuoles. by Pei ZM, Ward JM, Schroeder JI.; 1999 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59462

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Magnesium Transport in Bacillus subtilis W23 During Growth and Sporulation. by Scribner H, Eisenstadt E, Silver S.; 1974 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=246605

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Magnesium transport in Salmonella typhimurium: mgtA encodes a P-type ATPase and is regulated by Mg2+ in a manner similar to that of the mgtB P-type ATPase. by Tao T, Snavely MD, Farr SG, Maguire ME.; 1995 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=176934

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Magnesium Uptake by CorA Is Essential for Viability of the Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori. by Pfeiffer J, Guhl J, Waidner B, Kist M, Bereswill S.; 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=128062

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Magnesium-Chelatase from Developing Pea Leaves Characterization of a Soluble Extract from Chloroplasts and Resolution into Three Required Protein Fractions. by Guo R, Luo M, Weinstein JD.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35118

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Magnesium-dependent alternative foldings of active and inactive Escherichia coli tRNA(Glu) revealed by chemical probing. by Madore E, Florentz C, Giege R, Lapointe J.; 1999 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148604

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Magnesium-dependent folding of self-splicing RNA: Exploring the link between cooperativity, thermodynamics, and kinetics. by Pan J, Thirumalai D, Woodson SA.; 1999 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26850

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Magnesium-induced conformational change of packaging RNA for procapsid recognition and binding during phage phi29 DNA encapsidation. by Chen C, Guo P.; 1997 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=191077

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Molecular basis of the magnesium deprivation response in Salmonella typhimurium: identification of PhoP-regulated genes. by Soncini FC, Garcia Vescovi E, Solomon F, Groisman EA.; 1996 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=178303

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Pharmacokinetics of Gatifloxacin and Interaction with an Antacid Containing Aluminum and Magnesium. by Lober S, Ziege S, Rau M, Schreiber G, Mignot A, Koeppe P, Lode H.; 1999 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89112

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Probing the Pore Region of Recombinant N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Channels Using External and Internal Magnesium Block. by Kupper J, Ascher P, Neyton J.; 1996 Aug 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38727

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Quantitative DNA slot blot analysis: inhibition of DNA binding to membranes by magnesium ions. by Kube DM, Srivastava A.; 1997 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=146885

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Quinolone Binding to DNA is Mediated by Magnesium Ions. by Palu G, Valisena S, Ciarrocchi G, Gatto B, Palumbo M.; 1992 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50194

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Reconstitution of an Active Magnesium Chelatase Enzyme Complex from the bchI, D, and -H Gene Products of the Green Sulfur Bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme Expressed in Escherichia coli. by Petersen BL, Jensen PE, Gibson LC, Stummann BM, Hunter CN, Henningsen KW.; 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=106941

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Regulation of Bacillus subtilis macrofiber twist development by ions: effects of magnesium and ammonium. by Mendelson NH, Favre D.; 1987 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=211808

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Role of Magnesium Chelatase Activity in the Early Steps of the Tetrapyrrole Biosynthetic Pathway. by Papenbrock J, Mock HP, Tanaka R, Kruse E, Grimm B.; 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58950

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Synergistic Effect of Ofloxacin and Magnesium Deficiency on Joint Cartilage in Immature Rats. by Lozo E, Riecke K, Schwabe R, Vormann J, Stahlmann R.; 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=127237

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The C-terminal carboxy group of T7 RNA polymerase ensures efficient magnesium ion-dependent catalysis. by Lykke-Andersen J, Christiansen J.; 1998 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=148041

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The influence of calcium and magnesium in drinking water and diet on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals living in hard and soft water areas with differences in cardiovascular mortality. by Nerbrand C, Agreus L, Lenner RA, Nyberg P, Svardsudd K.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=198279

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The RNA-binding domain of ribosomal protein L11 recognizes an rRNA tertiary structure stabilized by both thiostrepton and magnesium ion. by Blyn LB, Risen LM, Griffey RH, Draper DE.; 2000 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102817

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Three new structures of the core domain of HIV-1 integrase: An active site that binds magnesium. by Goldgur Y, Dyda F, Hickman AB, Jenkins TM, Craigie R, Davies DR.; 1998 Aug 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21307

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Three semidominant barley mutants with single amino acid substitutions in the smallest magnesium chelatase subunit form defective AAA + hexamers. by Hansson A, Willows RD, Roberts TH, Hansson M.; 2002 Oct 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=129802

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Transcription of the SsrAB Regulon Is Repressed by Alkaline pH and Is Independent of PhoPQ and Magnesium Concentration. by Miao EA, Freeman JA, Miller SI.; 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=134869

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Ultrastructure of Achilles Tendons of Rats Treated with Ofloxacin and Fed a Normal or Magnesium-Deficient Diet. by Shakibaei M, Pfister K, Schwabe R, Vormann J, Stahlmann R.; 2000 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=89668

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Use of magnesium to increase sensitivity of Limulus amoebocyte lysate for detection of endotoxin. by Tsuji K, Steindler KA.; 1983 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=242461

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Variability within individuals of plasma ionic magnesium concentrations. by Newhouse IJ, Johnson KP, Montelpare WJ, McAuliffe JE.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=113254

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Vibronic Energy Map and Excited State Vibrational Characteristics of Magnesium Myoglobin Determined by Energy-Selective Fluorescence. by Kaposi AD, Vanderkooi JM.; 1992 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50552

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with magnesium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for magnesium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A comparative study on the analgesic effect of tramadol, tramadol plus magnesium, and tramadol plus ketamine for postoperative pain management after major abdominal surgery. Author(s): Unlugenc H, Gunduz M, Ozalevli M, Akman H. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 46(8): 1025-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12190807&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. Author(s): Belfort MA, Anthony J, Saade GR, Allen JC Jr; Nimodipine Study Group. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 304-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540643&dopt=Abstract

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A compartmental model of magnesium metabolism in healthy men based on two stable isotope tracers. Author(s): Sabatier M, Pont F, Arnaud MJ, Turnlund JR. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2003 September; 285(3): R656-63. Epub 2003 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775558&dopt=Abstract

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A family of autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with a positive correlation between serum calcium and magnesium: identification of a novel gain of function mutation (Ser(820)Phe) in the calcium-sensing receptor. Author(s): Nagase T, Murakami T, Tsukada T, Kitamura R, Chikatsu N, Takeo H, Takata N, Yasuda H, Fukumoto S, Tanaka Y, Nagata N, Yamaguchi K, Akatsu T, Yamamoto M. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 June; 87(6): 2681-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12050233&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A low dose (“Dhaka”) magnesium sulphate regime for eclampsia. Author(s): Begum R, Begum A, Johanson R, Ali MN, Akhter S. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 November; 80(11): 9981002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11703195&dopt=Abstract

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A new approach to evaluate magnesium status: determination of exchangeable Mg pool masses using Mg stable isotope. Author(s): Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Gueux E, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 191-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635871&dopt=Abstract

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A new in vitro blood load test using a magnesium stable isotope for assessment of magnesium status. Author(s): Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Gueux E, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 1220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672946&dopt=Abstract

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A novel family of magnesium transport genes in Arabidopsis. Author(s): Li L, Tutone AF, Drummond RS, Gardner RC, Luan S. Source: The Plant Cell. 2001 December; 13(12): 2761-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11752386&dopt=Abstract

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A preliminary, controlled investigation of magnesium L-aspartate hydrochloride for illicit cocaine and opiate use in methadone-maintained patients. Author(s): Margolin A, Kantak K, Copenhaver M, Avants SK. Source: Journal of Addictive Diseases : the Official Journal of the Asam, American Society of Addiction Medicine. 2003; 22(2): 49-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12703668&dopt=Abstract

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A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Author(s): Hassan TB, Jagger C, Barnett DB. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 January; 19(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11777881&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized clinical trial of nebulized magnesium sulfate in addition to albuterol in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate asthma exacerbations in adults. Author(s): Bessmertny O, DiGregorio RV, Cohen H, Becker E, Looney D, Golden J, Kohl L, Johnson T. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2002 June; 39(6): 585-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023699&dopt=Abstract

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A survey of peri-operative use of magnesium sulphate in adult cardiac surgery in the UK. Author(s): Roscoe A, Ahmed AB. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 April; 58(4): 363-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688270&dopt=Abstract

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Acute effect of high-calcium milk with or without additional magnesium, or calcium phosphate on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone resorption. Author(s): Green JH, Booth C, Bunning R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548298&dopt=Abstract

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Adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride: relevance for intensive care. Author(s): Nalos M, Asfar P, Ichai C, Radermacher P, Leverve XM, Froba G. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2003 January; 29(1): 10-8. Epub 2002 November 02. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528016&dopt=Abstract

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Alteration of myocardial mechanics in marginal magnesium deficiency. Author(s): Nair RR, Nair P. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 287-306. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635885&dopt=Abstract

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An effective use of magnesium sulfate for intraoperative management of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma in a pediatric patient. Author(s): Minami T, Adachi T, Fukuda K. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 November; 95(5): 1243-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401602&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis method for lipoproteins by high-performance liquid chromatography with sulfopropyl-ligand column and magnesium ion-containing eluents. Author(s): Hirowatari Y, Kurosawa H, Yoshida H, Doumitu KI, Tada N. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 September 15; 308(2): 336-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419348&dopt=Abstract

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Analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity and magnesium level in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Author(s): Kurys E, Kurys P, Kuzniar A, Kieszko R. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2001; 56: 261-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977322&dopt=Abstract

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Anesthesia for one-stage bilateral pheochromocytoma resection in a patient with MEN type IIa: attenuation of hypertensive crisis by magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Niruthisard S, Chatrkaw P, Laornual S, Sunthornyothin S, Prasertsri S. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2002 January; 85(1): 125-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075713&dopt=Abstract

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Anion transport in normal erythrocytes, sickle red cells, and ghosts in relation to hemoglobins and magnesium. Author(s): Teti D, Venza I, Crupi M, Busa M, Loddo S, Romano L. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002 July 15; 403(2): 149-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12139963&dopt=Abstract

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Annual changes of the incidence and clinical characteristics of magnesium ammonium phosphate urinary stones. Author(s): Ogata T, Akakura K, Mizoguchi K, Mikami K, Nozumi K, Ito H. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 2003 January; 10(1): 1-5; Discussion 6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534916&dopt=Abstract

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Antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium sulfate after open heart surgery: effect of blood levels. Author(s): Kiziltepe U, Eyileten ZB, Sirlak M, Tasoz R, Aral A, Eren NT, Uysalel A, Akalin H. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2003 June; 89(2-3): 153-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12767537&dopt=Abstract

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Ask the doctor. I've been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. My daughter gave me a clipping from a natural health magazine that says the most common reason for this heart rhythm problem is magnesium deficiency. Is there any truth to this? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Heart Letter : from Harvard Medical School. 2002 April; 12(8): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959519&dopt=Abstract

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Association between maternal serum ionized magnesium levels at delivery and neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Author(s): Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Dammann O, Pryde PG, Lee KS, Ben-Ami TE, Yousefzadeh D. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 May; 140(5): 540-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032519&dopt=Abstract

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Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Author(s): Usta IM, Nassar AH. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 August; 189(2): 614-5; Author Reply 615-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14524364&dopt=Abstract

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Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Author(s): Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Pryde PG, Lee KS, Gianopoulos JG, Besinger RE, Tomich PG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 June; 186(6): 1111-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12066082&dopt=Abstract

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Association between use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Author(s): Mittendorf R, Pryde PG, Lee KS. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 August; 189(2): 613. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14524362&dopt=Abstract

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Association between use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Author(s): Rouse DJ, Hirtz DG, Thom E. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 295. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548234&dopt=Abstract

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Association between use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Author(s): McElrath TF. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 January; 188(1): 294; Author Reply 294-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548232&dopt=Abstract

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Audit can ensure the safe and effective introduction of seizure prophylaxis with magnesium sulphate in obstetric practice. Author(s): Owen P. Source: Health Bull (Edinb). 2000 September; 58(5): 414-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813796&dopt=Abstract

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Being sceptical about meta-analyses: a Bayesian perspective on magnesium trials in myocardial infarction. Author(s): Higgins JP, Spiegelhalter DJ. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 February; 31(1): 96-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914302&dopt=Abstract

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Bi-functional, substrate mimicking RNA inhibits MSK1-mediated cAMP-response element-binding protein phosphorylation and reveals magnesium ion-dependent conformational changes of the kinase. Author(s): Hamm J, Alessi DR, Biondi RM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 November 29; 277(48): 45793-802. Epub 2002 September 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12235136&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of magnesium after administration of magnesium salts to humans. Author(s): Ranade VV, Somberg JC. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2001 September-October; 8(5): 345-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11550076&dopt=Abstract

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Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations. Author(s): Firoz M, Graber M. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 December; 14(4): 257-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794633&dopt=Abstract

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Biorhythms and possible central regulation of magnesium status, phototherapy, darkness therapy and chronopathological forms of magnesium depletion. Author(s): Durlach J, Pages N, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 March; 15(1-2): 49-66. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030424&dopt=Abstract

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Brain copper, iron, magnesium, zinc, calcium, sulfur and phosphorus storage in Wilson's disease. Author(s): Faa G, Lisci M, Caria MP, Ambu R, Sciot R, Nurchi VM, Silvagni R, Diaz A, Crisponi G. Source: Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms). 2001; 15(2-3): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11787982&dopt=Abstract

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Breast engorgement and galactorrhea during magnesium sulfate treatment of preterm labor. Author(s): Lurie S, Rotmensch S, Feldman N, Glezerman M. Source: American Journal of Perinatology. 2002 July; 19(5): 239-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12152141&dopt=Abstract

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Calcitonin gene- and parathyroid hormone-related peptides in preeclampsia: effects of magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Halhali A, Wimalawansa SJ, Berentsen V, Avila E, Thota CS, Larrea F. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 June; 97(6): 893-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11384692&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and vitamin D fortification of complementary foods. Author(s): Abrams SA, Atkinson SA. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2994S-9S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949399&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balance: FM 85 fortification of human milk does not meet mineral needs of extremely low birthweight infants. Author(s): Loui A, Raab A, Obladen M, Bratter P. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 March; 56(3): 228-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960298&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium-phosphorus-magnesium homeostasis in pregnant women after renal transplantation. Author(s): Czajkowski K, Wojcicka-Bentyn J, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Malinowska-Polubiec A, Romejko E. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2003 February; 80(2): 111-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566182&dopt=Abstract

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Cell-associated magnesium and QT dispersion in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Averbukh Z, Rosenberg R, Galperin E, Berman S, Cohn M, Cohen N, Modai D, Efrati S, Weissgarten J. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 January; 41(1): 196-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12500237&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebral blood flow velocity response to magnesium sulfate in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Author(s): Brewer RP, Parra A, Lynch J, Chilukuri V, Borel CO. Source: Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2001 July; 13(3): 202-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11426093&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of improved NOVA magnesium ion-selective electrode: changes of ionized magnesium values and reference interval in healthy children. Author(s): Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, Kitazawa R. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 September; 14(3): 203-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599553&dopt=Abstract

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Chronopathological forms of magnesium depletion with hypofunction or with hyperfunction of the biological clock. Author(s): Durlach J, Pages N, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Agrapart C. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 263-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635882&dopt=Abstract

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Cisplatin nephrotoxicity affects magnesium and calcium metabolism. Author(s): Goren MP. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2003 September; 41(3): 186-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868117&dopt=Abstract

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Combination of sotalol and magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Author(s): Forlani S, De Paulis R, de Notaris S, Nardi P, Tomai F, Proietti I, Ghini AS, Chiariello L. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2002 September; 74(3): 720-5; Discussion 725-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238830&dopt=Abstract

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Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Nye C, Brice A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003497. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519599&dopt=Abstract

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Commentary: biostatistics, biological mechanisms and Bayes: lessons from the magnesium trials. Author(s): Woods KL. Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 February; 31(1): 105-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914303&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing nutrient intake from food to the estimated average requirements shows middle- to upper-income pregnant women lack iron and possibly magnesium. Author(s): Turner RE, Langkamp-Henken B, Littell RC, Lukowski MJ, Suarez MF. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 103(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669009&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of magnesium and zinc levels in blood in end stage renal disease patients treated by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Author(s): Pietrzak I, Bladek K, Bulikowski W. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 229-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635877&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of stable-isotope-tracer methods for the determination of magnesium absorption in humans. Author(s): Sabatier M, Keyes WR, Pont F, Arnaud MJ, Turnlund JR. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 77(5): 1206-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716673&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of sufentanil with sufentanil plus magnesium sulphate for sedation in the intensive care unit using bispectral index. Author(s): Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B, Oguzhan N, Pamukcu Z. Source: Critical Care (London, England). 2003 October; 7(5): R123-8. Epub 2003 August 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974980&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the effects of antenatal magnesium sulphate and ritodrine exposure on circulatory adaptation in preterm infants. Author(s): Rantone TH, Gronlund JU, Jalonen JO, Ekblad UU, Kaapa PO, Kero PO, Valimaki IA. Source: Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2002 January; 22(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12003092&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of the potentiometric, (31)P NMR, and zero-point titration methods of determining ionized magnesium in erythrocytes. Author(s): Malon A, Wagner B, Bulska E, Maj-Zurawska M. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 2002 March 15; 302(2): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11878800&dopt=Abstract

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Concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese, rubidium, and magnesium in thoracic empyemata and corresponding sera. Author(s): Domej W, Krachler M, Goessler W, Maier A, Irgolic KJ, Lang JK. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2000 Winter; 78(1-3): 53-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314988&dopt=Abstract

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Congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias in relation to serum magnesium. Author(s): Oladapo OO, Falase AO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 September-December; 29(3-4): 265-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714003&dopt=Abstract

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Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration or hemofiltration: impact on calcium, phosphate and magnesium concentrations. Author(s): Morimatsu H, Uchino S, Bellomo R, Ronco C. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2002 June; 25(6): 512-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117290&dopt=Abstract

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Contraindication of magnesium sulfate in a pregnancy complicated with late-onset diabetes mellitus and sensory deafness due to mitochondrial myopathy. Author(s): Hosono T, Suzuki M, Chiba Y. Source: The Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine. 2001 October; 10(5): 355-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11730501&dopt=Abstract

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Contrasts in cortical magnesium, phospholipid and energy metabolism between migraine syndromes. Author(s): Boska MD, Welch KM, Barker PB, Nelson JA, Schultz L. Source: Neurology. 2002 April 23; 58(8): 1227-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11971091&dopt=Abstract

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Contribution of mineral waters to dietary calcium and magnesium intake in a French adult population. Author(s): Galan P, Arnaud MJ, Czernichow S, Delabroise AM, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Franchisseur C, Maurel M, Favier A, Hercberg S. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1658-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449291&dopt=Abstract

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Copper, zinc and magnesium levels in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Zargar AH, Bashir MI, Masoodi SR, Laway BA, Wani AI, Khan AR, Dar FA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2002 May; 23(5): 539-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12070576&dopt=Abstract

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Correction of ionized plasma magnesium during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the risk of postoperative cardiac arrhythmia. Author(s): Wilkes NJ, Mallett SV, Peachey T, Di Salvo C, Walesby R. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 October; 95(4): 828-34, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12351253&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between Na, K-ATPase activity and potassium and magnesium contents in skeletal muscle of renal stone patients. Author(s): Prasongwatana V, Tavichakorntrakool R, Sriboonlue P, Wongkham C, Bovornpadungkitti S, Premgamone A, Reungjuiy S. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2001 September; 32(3): 648-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11944732&dopt=Abstract

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Correlation between serum magnesium and blood cyclosporine A concentrations in renal transplant recipients. Author(s): Thakur V, Kumar R, Dhawan IK. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2002 January; 39(Pt 1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853195&dopt=Abstract

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Cyclosporine A neurotoxicity in a patient with idiopathic renal magnesium wasting. Author(s): West LJ. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 April; 26(4): 329. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11992767&dopt=Abstract

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Decreased serum magnesium and zinc levels: atherogenic implications in type-2 diabetes mellitus in Nigerians. Author(s): Anetor JI, Senjobi A, Ajose OA, Agbedana EO. Source: Nutr Health. 2002; 16(4): 291-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617280&dopt=Abstract

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Deficient energy metabolism is associated with low free magnesium in the brains of patients with migraine and cluster headache. Author(s): Lodi R, Iotti S, Cortelli P, Pierangeli G, Cevoli S, Clementi V, Soriani S, Montagna P, Barbiroli B. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2001 March 1; 54(4): 437-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11306197&dopt=Abstract

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Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Author(s): Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001 November 23; 289(1): 150-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708792&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb) and magnesium by atomical absorption in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Papageorgiou T, Zacharoulis D, Xenos D, Androulakis G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 January; 18(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827761&dopt=Abstract

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Determination of trace elements and magnesium by atomical absorption in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Buchman AL. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2002 January; 18(1): 93-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11827776&dopt=Abstract

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Dialysate/infusate calcium and magnesium. Author(s): Vitale C, Marangella M, Ramello A. Source: Contrib Nephrol. 2002; (137): 350-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101977&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary intake of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in an elderly population using duplicate diet sampling vs food composition tables. Author(s): Moreno-Torres R, Ruiz-Lopez MD, Artacho R, Oliva P, Baena F, Baro L, Lopez C. Source: J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5(4): 253-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11753488&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Lukaski HC, Nielsen FH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 132(5): 930-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983816&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary magnesium intake in a national sample of US adults. Author(s): Ford ES, Mokdad AH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 September; 133(9): 2879-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12949381&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary magnesium intake in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Walti MK, Zimmermann MB, Spinas GA, Jacob S, Hurrell RF. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 56(5): 409-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001011&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary magnesium, potassium, sodium, and children's lung function. Author(s): Gilliland FD, Berhane KT, Li YF, Kim DH, Margolis HG. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2002 January 15; 155(2): 125-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11790675&dopt=Abstract

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Differential effects of magnesium on the hydrolysis of ADP and ATP in human term placenta. Effect of substrates and potassium. Author(s): Martinez F, Uribe A, Milan R, Teresa Espinosa-Garcia M, Gracia-Perez C, Flores-Herrera O. Source: The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 2002 August; 34(8): 1004-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007638&dopt=Abstract

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Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Magpie Trial Collaboration Group. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 1; 359(9321): 1877-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12057549&dopt=Abstract

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Does ketamine or magnesium affect posttonsillectomy pain in children? Author(s): O'Flaherty JE, Lin CX. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2003 June; 13(5): 413-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12791115&dopt=Abstract

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Does magnesium dysbalance participate in the development of insulin resistance in early stages of renal disease? Author(s): Sebekova K, Stefikova K, Polakovicova D, Spustova V, Dzurik R. Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2002; 51(6): 605-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511185&dopt=Abstract

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Does magnesium sulphate have a role in the management of paediatric status asthmaticus? Author(s): Markovitz B. Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2002 May; 86(5): 381-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11970943&dopt=Abstract

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Does magnesium therapy early in acute MI reduce mortality? Author(s): Phillips J, Krist A. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 March; 52(3): 195, 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620172&dopt=Abstract

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Dominant isolated renal magnesium loss is caused by misrouting of the Na+,K+ATPase gamma-subunit. Author(s): Meij IC, Koenderink JB, De Jong JC, De Pont JJ, Monnens LA, Van Den Heuvel LP, Knoers NV. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003 April; 986: 437-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763862&dopt=Abstract

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Early administration of intravenous magnesium to high-risk patients with acute myocardial infarction in the Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial: a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Trial Investigators. Source: Lancet. 2002 October 19; 360(9341): 1189-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401244&dopt=Abstract

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EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc. Author(s): Waters RS, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Anderson RA. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 December; 83(3): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794513&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of albumin on neonatal serum ionized magnesium in vitro. Author(s): Dollberg S, Kupietz M, Mimouni FB. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 237-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635878&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of gestational age on cord blood plasma copper, zinc, magnesium and albumin. Author(s): Perveen S, Altaf W, Vohra N, Bautista ML, Harper RG, Wapnir RA. Source: Early Human Development. 2002 October; 69(1-2): 15-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324179&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of gutta-percha solvents at different temperatures on the calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels of human root dentin. Author(s): Dogan H, Tasman F, Cehreli ZC. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2001 August; 28(8): 792-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11556962&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intra-operative magnesium sulphate on pain relief and patient comfort after major lumbar orthopaedic surgery. Author(s): Levaux Ch, Bonhomme V, Dewandre PY, Brichant JF, Hans P. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 February; 58(2): 131-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562408&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intravenous magnesium on pain and secondary hyperalgesia associated with the heat/capsaicin sensitization model in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Mikkelsen S, Dirks J, Fabricius P, Petersen KL, Rowbotham MC, Dahl JB. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2001 June; 86(6): 871-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11573598&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of low magnesium concentration and cholestane-3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-triol on levels of LDL receptor in cultured fibroblasts. Author(s): Zhou Q, Yuan C, Wei T, Kummerow FA. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 March; 15(1-2): 3-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030421&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium lithospermate B on calcium and nitric oxide in endothelial cells upon hypoxia/reoxygenation. Author(s): Luo WB, Dong L, Wang YP. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2002 October; 23(10): 930-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370098&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium sulfate, isradipine, and ritodrine on contractions of myometrium: pregnant human and rat. Author(s): Kantas E, Cetin A, Kaya T, Cetin M. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 81(9): 825-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225296&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral and injectable contraceptives on serum calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in women. Author(s): Hameed A, Majeed T, Rauf S, Ashraf M, Jalil MA, Nasrullah M, Hussan A, Noreen R. Source: J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2001 July-September; 13(3): 24-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873394&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on the lipid profile and blood glucose of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lal J, Vasudev K, Kela AK, Jain SK. Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 January; 51: 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693452&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of propofol with and without EDTA on haemodynamics and calcium and magnesium homeostasis during and after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Wahr J, Vender J, Gilbert HC, Spiess B, Horrow JC, Maddi R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000; 26 Suppl 4: S443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310907&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation on free magnesium concentrations in platelets from healthy and obese individuals. Author(s): Malara A, Corsonello A, Buemi M, De Domenico D, Ientile R, Corica F. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 December; 14(4): 263-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794634&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide and sodium citrate bicarbonate health supplements on the urinary risk factors for kidney stone formation. Author(s): Allie S, Rodgers A. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2003 January; 41(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636048&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of dietary fibers on magnesium absorption in animals and humans. Author(s): Coudray C, Demigne C, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 1-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514257&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of interleukin 2 therapy on lymphocyte magnesium levels. Author(s): McKee MD, Cecco SA, Niemela JE, Cormier J, Kim CJ, Steinberg SM, Rehak NN, Elin RJ, Rosenberg SA. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 2002 January; 139(1): 5-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11873239&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on the QT interval in patients receiving ibutilide. Author(s): Caron MF, Kluger J, Tsikouris JP, Ritvo A, Kalus JS, White CM. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 March; 23(3): 296-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12627926&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of magnesium sulphate on amplitude-integrated continuous EEG in asphyxiated term neonates. Author(s): Groenendaal F, Rademaker CM, Toet MC, de Vries LS. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2002; 91(10): 1073-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12434893&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of magnesium sulphate on cerebral haemodynamics in healthy volunteers: a transcranial Doppler study. Author(s): Sherman R, Armory P, Moody P, Hope T, Mahajan RP. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 August; 91(2): 273-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12878627&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of metamizol and magnesium sulfate on enzyme activity of glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocyte in vitro and rat erythrocyte in vivo. Author(s): Ciftci M, Ozmen I, Buyukokuroglu ME, Pence S, Kufrevioglu OI. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 2001 June; 34(4): 297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440730&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral magnesium therapy on exercise tolerance, exercise-induced chest pain, and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Shechter M, Bairey Merz CN, Stuehlinger HG, Slany J, Pachinger O, Rabinowitz B. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March 1; 91(5): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615252&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of intravenous magnesium in neuropathic pain. Author(s): Jaitly V. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 August; 91(2): 302; Author Reply 302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12878643&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of intravenous magnesium in neuropathic pain. Author(s): Brill S, Sedgwick PM, Hamann W, Di Vadi PP. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 November; 89(5): 711-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393768&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of long duration resuscitation and magnesium sulphate treatment in amitriptyline poisoning. Author(s): Citak A, Soysal DD, Ucsel R, Karabocuoglu M, Uzel N. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2002 March; 9(1): 63-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989501&dopt=Abstract

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Esomeprazole magnesium (Nexium). Author(s): Baker DE. Source: Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders. 2001; 1(1): 32-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12120118&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of AVL988/4 analyzer for measurement of ionized magnesium and ionized calcium. Author(s): Cao Z, Tongate C, Elin RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2001; 61(5): 38994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11569486&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of effects of magnesium sulphate in reducing intraoperative anaesthetic requirements. Author(s): Telci L, Esen F, Akcora D, Erden T, Canbolat AT, Akpir K. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 October; 89(4): 594-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12393361&dopt=Abstract

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Evolving concepts in epithelial magnesium transport. Author(s): Yu AS. Source: Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 2001 September; 10(5): 64953. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11496060&dopt=Abstract

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Exchangeable magnesium pool masses in healthy women: effects of magnesium supplementation. Author(s): Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Tressol JC, Pepin D, Mazur A, Abrams SA, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756062&dopt=Abstract

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Fetoplacental vascular tone is modified by magnesium sulfate in the preeclamptic ex vivo human placental cotyledon. Author(s): Kovac CM, Howard BC, Pierce BT, Hoeldtke NJ, Calhoun BC, Napolitano PG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 September; 189(3): 839-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14526326&dopt=Abstract

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Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. Author(s): Elmore AR; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2003; 22 Suppl 1: 37-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851164&dopt=Abstract

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Five-week intake of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides increases intestinal absorption and status of magnesium in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Tahiri M, Tressol JC, Arnaud J, Bornet F, Bouteloup-Demange C, FeilletCoudray C, Ducros V, Pepin D, Brouns F, Rayssiguier AM, Coudray C. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2001 November; 16(11): 2152-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697813&dopt=Abstract

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Foscarnet-induced changes in plasma concentrations of total and ionized calcium and magnesium in HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Noormohamed FH, Youle MS, Tang B, Martin-Munley S, Gazzard BG, Lant AF. Source: Antivir Ther. 1996 August; 1(3): 172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11322251&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic forms of renal potassium and magnesium wasting. Author(s): Warnock DG. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2002 February 15; 112(3): 235-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11893352&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic heterogeneity in familial renal magnesium wasting. Author(s): Kantorovich V, Adams JS, Gaines JE, Guo X, Pandian MR, Cohn DH, Rude RK. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 February; 87(2): 612-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11836293&dopt=Abstract

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Glucose-induced alterations of intracellular ionized magnesium in human lymphocytes. Author(s): Delva P, Degan M, Pastori C, Faccini G, Lechi A. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 September 20; 71(18): 2119-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12204770&dopt=Abstract

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Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibition by lithium and beryllium suggests the presence of two magnesium binding sites. Author(s): Ryves WJ, Dajani R, Pearl L, Harwood AJ. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 January 25; 290(3): 967-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11798168&dopt=Abstract

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Hematology tests of blood anticoagulated with magnesium sulphate. Author(s): Kondo H, Kobayashi E, Itani T, Tatsumi N, Tsuda I. Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002; 33 Suppl 2: 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755260&dopt=Abstract

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Hemodialysis for toxic hypermagnesemia caused by intravenous magnesium in a woman with eclampsia and renal insufficiency. A case report. Author(s): Hirose M, Kobayashi M, Sudo S, Nakanishi K, Noda Y. Source: J Reprod Med. 2002 December; 47(12): 1050-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516329&dopt=Abstract

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High magnesium concentration in vitro decreases human leukocyte activation. Author(s): Bussiere FI, Mazur A, Fauquert JL, Labbe A, Rayssiguier Y, Tridon A. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 March; 15(1-2): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030423&dopt=Abstract

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High prevelance of chronic magnesium deficiency in T cell lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic zinc deficiency in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and malignant lymphoma. Author(s): Sahin G, Ertem U, Duru F, Birgen D, Yuksek N. Source: Leukemia & Lymphoma. 2000 November; 39(5-6): 555-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11342338&dopt=Abstract

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High-dose oral magnesium treatment of chronic, intractable erythromelalgia. Author(s): Cohen JS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 February; 36(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847944&dopt=Abstract

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Homogeneity and stability studies on sodium, calcium, magnesium, and manganese in human saliva. Author(s): Czegeny ZS, Chicharro JL, Fernandez P, Gutierrez A, Camara C. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 February; 79(2): 131-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11330519&dopt=Abstract

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Hydroxyurea therapy associated with declining serum levels of magnesium in children with sickle cell anemia. Author(s): Altura RA, Wang WC, Wynn L, Altura BM, Altura BT. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2002 May; 140(5): 565-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032523&dopt=Abstract

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Hypomagnesaemia due to malabsorption is not always responsive to oral magnesium oxide supplementation alone. Author(s): Arasaradnam RP, Bolton RP. Source: Gut. 2002 June; 50(6): 897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010899&dopt=Abstract

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Hypothalamic digoxin, cerebral chemical dominance, and calcium/magnesium metabolism. Author(s): Kurup RK, Kurup PA. Source: The International Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 July; 113(7): 999-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881191&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of supplementary high calcium milk with additional magnesium on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Green JH, Booth C, Bunning R. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(4): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495258&dopt=Abstract

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Increases of calcium and magnesium and decreases of phosphorus and iron with aging in human uterine tubes. Author(s): Yoshida S, Takano Y, Moriwake Y, Tohno Y, Masuda M, Tohno S, Minami T, Yamasaki M, Morikawa H, Yuri K. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 April; 80(1): 13-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393306&dopt=Abstract

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Infantile renal dysfunction associated with intrauterine exposure to ritodrine and magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Ohta N, Tsukahara H, Yamashita N, Kobata R, Hiraoka M, Shukunami K, Hosokawa K, Kotsuji F, Mayumi M. Source: Nephron. 2002 June; 91(2): 352-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053081&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of blood sampling techniques on ionized magnesium level. Author(s): Matthiesen G, Olofsson K, Rudnicki M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2002; 62(8): 565-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564614&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of heart surgery on magnesium concentrations in pediatric patients. Author(s): Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, Kitazawa R. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2003 February; 45(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12654067&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of magnesium sulphate and isradipine on human placental cotyledon fetal vessels in vitro. Author(s): Skoczynski M, Semczuk M. Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. 2001 December 10; 100(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11728652&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of maternal magnesium sulphate and ritodrine treatment on cerebral blood flow velocity of the preterm newborn. Author(s): Pezzati M, Giani T, Gambi B, Dani C, Bertini G, Biagiotti R, Rubaltelli FF. Source: Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2001 September; 80(9): 818-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11531632&dopt=Abstract

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Insulin-mimetic action of vanadate: role of intracellular magnesium. Author(s): Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ, Resnick LM. Source: Hypertension. 2001 September; 38(3 Pt 2): 701-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11566960&dopt=Abstract

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Intracellular magnesium of platelets in children with diabetes and obesity. Author(s): Takaya J, Higashino H, Kotera F, Kobayashi Y. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 April; 52(4): 468-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12701060&dopt=Abstract

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Intraperitoneal route of magnesium sulphate supplementation in a patient with severe renal magnesium wasting. Author(s): Bastani B, Pandurangan G. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 October; 16(10): 2086-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572903&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia. Author(s): Arakawa M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 May; 96(5): 1533; Author Reply 1533. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707174&dopt=Abstract

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Intrathecal magnesium prolongs fentanyl analgesia: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Buvanendran A, McCarthy RJ, Kroin JS, Leong W, Perry P, Tuman KJ. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 September; 95(3): 661-6, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198056&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium does not influence the activity of the coagulation cascade. Author(s): Ravn HB, Lassen JF, Bergenhem N, Kristensen AT. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2001 June; 12(4): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11460004&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium is ineffective in adult asthma, a randomized trial. Author(s): Porter RS, Nester, Braitman LE, Geary U, Dalsey WC. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2001 March; 8(1): 9-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314826&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulfate administration reduces propofol infusion requirements during maintenance of propofol-N2O anesthesia: part I: comparing propofol requirements according to hemodynamic responses: part II: comparing bispectral index in control and magnesium groups. Author(s): Choi JC, Yoon KB, Um DJ, Kim C, Kim JS, Lee SG. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 November; 97(5): 1137-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12411798&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulfate does not increase ventricular CSF ionized magnesium concentration of patients with intracranial hypertension. Author(s): Brewer RP, Parra A, Borel CO, Hopkins MB, Reynolds JD. Source: Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2001 November-December; 24(6): 341-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11801809&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulfate for bronchial hyperreactivity: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Author(s): Schenk P, Vonbank K, Schnack B, Haber P, Lehr S, Smetana R. Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2001 May; 69(5): 365-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11372005&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulfate prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery. Author(s): Kaplan M, Kut MS, Icer UA, Demirtas MM. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 February; 125(2): 34452. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579104&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulfate versus diltiazem in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Chiladakis JA, Stathopoulos C, Davlouros P, Manolis AS. Source: International Journal of Cardiology. 2001 July; 79(2-3): 287-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11461753&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulphate effect on maternal serum and amniotic fluid cytokines levels in preterm labour patients. Author(s): Mezad D, Hallak M, Huleihel M, Gortzak-Uzan L, Smolin A, Mazor M. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635880&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Author(s): Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Tepper SJ, Speciali JG. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 June; 22(5): 345-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110110&dopt=Abstract

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Ion chromatographic determination of calcium and magnesium cations in human saliva and urine with a piezoelectric detector. Author(s): Yu BS, Yuan QG, Nie LH, Yao SZ. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2001 July; 25(5-6): 1027-32. Erratum In: J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002 July 31; 29(5): 969. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11377089&dopt=Abstract

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Ionised and total serum magnesium in renal transplant patients. Author(s): Mazzaferro S, Barberi S, Scarda A, Pasquali M, Rubino F, D'Erasmo E. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2002 May-June; 15(3): 275-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12113599&dopt=Abstract

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IV magnesium in the treatment of acute severe asthma? Author(s): Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C. Source: Chest. 2003 April; 123(4): 1314-5; Author Reply 1315-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12684332&dopt=Abstract

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IV magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute severe asthma: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Silverman RA, Osborn H, Runge J, Gallagher EJ, Chiang W, Feldman J, Gaeta T, Freeman K, Levin B, Mancherje N, Scharf S; Acute Asthma/Magnesium Study Group. Source: Chest. 2002 August; 122(2): 489-97. Erratum In: Chest 2002 November; 122(5): 1870. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171821&dopt=Abstract

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Large-dose intravenous methotrexate-induced cutaneous toxicity: can oral magnesium oxide reduce pain? Author(s): Suresh S, Lozono S, Hall SC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 May; 96(5): 1413-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707144&dopt=Abstract

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Lead, copper, zinc, and magnesium content in hair of children and young people with some neurological diseases. Author(s): Lech T. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 February; 85(2): 111-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11899019&dopt=Abstract

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Loading dose versus standard regime of magnesium sulfate in the management of eclampsia: a randomized trial. Author(s): Begum MR, Begum A, Quadir E. Source: The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2002 June; 28(3): 154-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214831&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term calcineurin inhibition and magnesium balance after renal transplantation. Author(s): Mazzola BL, Vannini SD, Truttmann AC, von Vigier RO, Wermuth B, Ferrari P, Bianchetti MG. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2003 February; 16(2): 76-81. Epub 2003 January 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595968&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome of intravenous magnesium therapy in thrombolysis-ineligible acute myocardial infarction patients. Author(s): Shechter M, Hod H, Rabinowitz B, Boyko V, Chouraqui P. Source: Cardiology. 2003; 99(4): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12845247&dopt=Abstract

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Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy. Author(s): Klevay LM, Milne DB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 March; 75(3): 550-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864862&dopt=Abstract

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Low plasma magnesium in type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Walti MK, Zimmermann MB, Spinas GA, Hurrell RF. Source: Swiss Medical Weekly : Official Journal of the Swiss Society of Infectious Diseases, the Swiss Society of Internal Medicine, the Swiss Society of Pneumology. 2003 May 17; 133(19-20): 289-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12844272&dopt=Abstract

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Low serum magnesium level predicts major adverse cardiac events after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Author(s): Booth JV, Phillips-Bute B, McCants CB, Podgoreanu MV, Smith PK, Mathew JP, Newman MF. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 June; 145(6): 1108-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796771&dopt=Abstract

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Low serum magnesium levels and foot ulcers in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Source: Archives of Medical Research. 2001 July-August; 32(4): 300-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440788&dopt=Abstract

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Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome. Author(s): Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Source: Acta Diabetologica. 2002 December; 39(4): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486495&dopt=Abstract

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Low-volume oral colonoscopy bowel preparation: sodium phosphate and magnesium citrate. Author(s): Berkelhammer C, Ekambaram A, Silva RG, Silva RG. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 July; 56(1): 89-94. Erratum In: Gastrointest Endosc 2002 October; 56(4): 612. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12085041&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium absorption from mineral water. Author(s): Sabatier M, Arnaud MJ, Turnlund JR. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 June; 57(6): 801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12792665&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium and affective disorders. Author(s): Murck H. Source: Nutritional Neuroscience. 2002 December; 5(6): 375-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509067&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and the risk of death from esophageal cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Wu TN, Chang CC. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635875&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium deficiency in African-Americans: does it contribute to increased cardiovascular risk factors? Author(s): Fox CH, Mahoney MC, Ramsoomair D, Carter CA. Source: Journal of the National Medical Association. 2003 April; 95(4): 257-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12749615&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium deficit and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): SIDS due to magnesium deficiency and SIDS due to various forms of magnesium depletion: possible importance of the chronopathological form. Author(s): Durlach J, Pages N, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 269-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635883&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium in acute myocardial infarction? Author(s): Wiedermann CJ. Source: Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2002 October 31; 114(19-20): 817-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12503471&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium in drinking water and liver cancer morbidity--a possible relation? Author(s): Tukiendorf A. Source: Cent Eur J Public Health. 2002 December; 10(4): 157-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12528390&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium in drinking water and the risk of death from liver cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Chang CC, Chuang HY. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 223-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635876&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium in drinking water and the risk of delivering a child of very low birth weight. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Chang CC, Sung FC. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 207-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635874&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium in stroke treatment. Author(s): Muir KW. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2002 November; 78(925): 641-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496316&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium infusion to treat Irukandji syndrome. Author(s): Corkeron MA. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 2003 April 21; 178(8): 411. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697017&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium may help patients with recessive hereditary inclusion body myopathy, a pathological review. Author(s): Darvish D. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2003 January; 60(1): 94-101. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450772&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium potentiates neuromuscular blockade with cisatracurium during cardiac surgery. Author(s): Pinard AM, Donati F, Martineau R, Denault AY, Taillefer J, Carrier M. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2003 February; 50(2): 172-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12560310&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium status of patients with renal stones and its effect on urinary citrate excretion. Author(s): Reungjui S, Prasongwatana V, Premgamone A, Tosukhowong P, Jirakulsomchok S, Sriboonlue P. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410738&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulfate administered via continuous intravenous infusion in pediatric patients with refractory wheezing. Author(s): Glover ML, Machado C, Totapally BR. Source: Journal of Critical Care. 2002 December; 17(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501154&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulfate and neonatal outcomes of preterm neonates. Author(s): Elimian A, Verma R, Ogburn P, Wiencek V, Spitzer A, Quirk JG. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 August;12(2):118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420842&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulfate for mild preeclampsia. Author(s): Scott JR. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 101(2): 213. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576239&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulfate for preeclampsia. Author(s): Greene MF. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 275-6. Erratum In: N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23; 348(4): 1730. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540639&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulfate in women with mild preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Livingston JC, Livingston LW, Ramsey R, Mabie BC, Sibai BM. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 February; 101(2): 217-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576241&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Author(s): Duley L, Gulmezoglu AM, Henderson-Smart DJ. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (2): Cd000025. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12804383&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulphate as a first line therapy in the management of tetanus. Author(s): Thwaites CL, Farrar JJ. Source: Anaesthesia. 2003 March; 58(3): 286. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12603464&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Author(s): Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Doyle LW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd001060. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519550&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage a dose-finding study for long term treatment. Author(s): van den Bergh WM, Albrecht KW, Berkelbach van der Sprenkel JW, Rinkel GJ. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2003 March; 145(3): 195-9; Discussion 199. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632115&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium. Author(s): Wallace C. Source: Emergency Medicine (Fremantle, W.A.). 2003 February; 15(1): 92-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656794&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium: its proven and potential clinical significance. Author(s): Byrd RP Jr, Roy TM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2003 January; 96(1): 104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602735&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium-aluminum hydroxide suspension for the treatment of dermal capsaicin exposures. Author(s): Lee DC, Ryan JR. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 2003 June; 10(6): 688-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782534&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium-creatine supplementation effects on body water. Author(s): Brilla LR, Giroux MS, Taylor A, Knutzen KM. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 September; 52(9): 1136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506619&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of magnesium absorption and retention in type 2 diabetic patients with the use of stable isotopes. Author(s): Walti MK, Zimmermann MB, Walczyk T, Spinas GA, Hurrell RF. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3): 448-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936928&dopt=Abstract

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Mechanisms responsible for vasodilation upon magnesium infusion in vivo: clinical evidence. Author(s): Teragawa H, Matsuura H, Chayama K, Oshima T. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 241-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635879&dopt=Abstract

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Modifications of magnesium and copper concentrations in serum and arterial wall of patients with vascular diseases related to ageing, atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm. Author(s): Iskra M, Majewski W, Piorunska-Stolzmann M. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 279-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635884&dopt=Abstract

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Nebulised magnesium in asthma: the right solution for an old remedy? Author(s): Bucca C, Rolla G. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 21; 361(9375): 2095-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826427&dopt=Abstract

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Nephrolithiasis in a neonate with transient renal wasting of calcium and magnesium. Author(s): Stoll ML, Listman JA. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2002 May; 17(5): 386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042901&dopt=Abstract

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Neuronal protection with magnesium. Author(s): Gathwala G. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 2001 May; 68(5): 417-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11407156&dopt=Abstract

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New insights from cDNA array techniques in magnesium biology research. Author(s): Zimowska W, Mazur A, Rayssiguier Y. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 March; 14(1-2): 69-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300624&dopt=Abstract

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Nickel and cobalt activate complement factor C3 faster than magnesium. Author(s): Acevedo F, Vesterberg O. Source: Toxicology. 2003 March 14; 185(1-2): 9-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505440&dopt=Abstract

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: relationship to insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. Treatment approaches using vitamin E, magnesium, and betaine. Author(s): Patrick L. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 August; 7(4): 276-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197781&dopt=Abstract

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Nucleation of biomimetic Ca-P coatings on ti6A14V from a SBF x 5 solution: influence of magnesium. Author(s): Barrere F, van BC, de GK, Layrolle P. Source: Biomaterials. 2002 May; 23(10): 2211-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11962662&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium ion shortens prolonged QTc interval. Author(s): Bachman DM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 June; 64(6): 733-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823094&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium load test in patients with migraine. Author(s): Trauninger A, Pfund Z, Koszegi T, Czopf J. Source: Headache. 2002 February; 42(2): 114-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005285&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium oxide prophylaxis of frequent migrainous headache in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Wang F, Van Den Eeden SK, Ackerson LM, Salk SE, Reince RH, Elin RJ. Source: Headache. 2003 June; 43(6): 601-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786918&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 April; 26(4): 1147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663588&dopt=Abstract

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Paracellin-1 is critical for magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the human thick ascending limb of Henle. Author(s): Blanchard A, Jeunemaitre X, Coudol P, Dechaux M, Froissart M, May A, Demontis R, Fournier A, Paillard M, Houillier P. Source: Kidney International. 2001 June; 59(6): 2206-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11380823&dopt=Abstract

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Patient education; foods high in magnesium. Author(s): Reams SM. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 January; 12(1): 60-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823996&dopt=Abstract

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pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood. Author(s): Wang S, McDonnell EH, Sedor FA, Toffaletti JG. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 August; 126(8): 947-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12171493&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of magnesium plasma concentration and blood pressure in preeclamptic women. Author(s): Lu J, Pfister M, Ferrari P, Chen G, Sheiner L. Source: Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 2002; 41(13): 1105-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12403646&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacokinetics of ionized versus total magnesium in subjects with preterm labor and preeclampsia. Author(s): Taber EB, Tan L, Chao CR, Beall MH, Ross MG. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 May; 186(5): 1017-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12015530&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacological spinal cord protection with magnesium during replacement of the thoracic and thoracoabdominal aorta. Author(s): Lang-Lazdunski L, Bachet J. Source: The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2001 December; 72(6): 2180-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11789833&dopt=Abstract

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Phloroglucinol: novel synthesis and role of the magnesium cation on its binding with human serum albumin (HSA) using a biochromatographic approach based on Langmuir isotherms. Author(s): Ismaili L, Refouvelet B, Xicluna A, Robert JF, Guillaume YC. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2003 July 14; 32(3): 549-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14565560&dopt=Abstract

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Physiologic assessment of magnesium status in humans: a combination of load retention and renal excretion. Author(s): Cohen L. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 December; 2(12): 938-9. Review. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Isr Med Assoc J 2001 April; 3(4): 302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344780&dopt=Abstract

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Physiologic concentrations of magnesium and placental apoptosis: prevention by antioxidants. Author(s): Black S, Yu H, Lee J, Sachchithananthan M, Medcalf RL. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 August; 98(2): 319-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11506852&dopt=Abstract

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Piperacillin-induced magnesium and potassium loss in intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Polderman KH, Girbes AR. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2002 April; 28(4): 520-2. Epub 2002 March 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967611&dopt=Abstract

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Population pharmacokinetics of magnesium in preeclampsia. Author(s): Chuan FS, Charles BG, Boyle RK, Rasiah RL. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 September; 185(3): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568783&dopt=Abstract

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Preventing and treating eclamptic seizures. Will magnesium sulphate for preeclampsia really help? Author(s): Moran NF. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 January 4; 326(7379): 50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511469&dopt=Abstract

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Pro-fibrogenic effects of magnesium deficiency in the cardiovascular system. Author(s): Shivakumar K. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 307-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635886&dopt=Abstract

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Prolongation of rapacuronium neuromuscular blockade by clindamycin and magnesium. Author(s): Sloan PA, Rasul M. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 January; 94(1): 123-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11772813&dopt=Abstract

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Protective role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases: a review. Author(s): Chakraborti S, Chakraborti T, Mandal M, Mandal A, Das S, Ghosh S. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2002 September; 238(1-2): 163-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12349904&dopt=Abstract

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Prothrombin time ratio is reduced by magnesium contamination in evacuated blood collection tubes. Author(s): van den Besselaar AM, van Dam W, Sturk A, Bertina RM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2001 April; 85(4): 647-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11341499&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative changes of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in common iliac arteries with aging. Author(s): Tohno S, Tohno Y, Moriwake Y, Azuma C, Ohnishi Y, Minami T. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 Winter; 84(1-3): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817696&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised, cross-over, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Author(s): Roffe C, Sills S, Crome P, Jones P. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2002 May; 8(5): Cr326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011773&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trial of intravenous magnesium sulfate as an adjunctive medication for emergency department treatment of migraine headache. Author(s): Corbo J, Esses D, Bijur PE, Iannaccone R, Gallagher EJ. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 December; 38(6): 621-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11719739&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized clinical trial of magnesium, diazepam, or both after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Author(s): Longstreth WT Jr, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Walsh TR, Copass MK, Cobb LA. Source: Neurology. 2002 August 27; 59(4): 506-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12196641&dopt=Abstract

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Randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulfate infusion for severe birth asphyxia. Author(s): Ichiba H, Tamai H, Negishi H, Ueda T, Kim TJ, Sumida Y, Takahashi Y, Fujinaga H, Minami H; Kansai Magnesium Study Group. Source: Pediatrics International : Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2002 October; 44(5): 505-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12225549&dopt=Abstract

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Rapid preparation of a patient with pheochromocytoma with labetolol and magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Poopalalingam R, Chin EY. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 2001 October; 48(9): 876-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11606344&dopt=Abstract

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Recent advances in molecular genetics of hereditary magnesium-losing disorders. Author(s): Konrad M, Weber S. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2003 January; 14(1): 24960. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506158&dopt=Abstract

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Recurarization in the recovery room following the use of magnesium sulphate. Author(s): Fawcett WJ, Stone JP. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2003 September; 91(3): 435-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925489&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between serum magnesium levels and C-reactive protein concentration, in non-diabetic, non-hypertensive obese subjects. Author(s): Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2002 April; 26(4): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075573&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between the serum parathyroid hormone and magnesium levels in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients using low-magnesium peritoneal dialysate. Author(s): Cho MS, Lee KS, Lee YK, Ma SK, Ko JH, Kim SW, Kim NH, Choi KC. Source: Korean J Intern Med. 2002 June; 17(2): 114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164088&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between serum magnesium levels and clinical background factors in patients with mood disorders. Author(s): Imada Y, Yoshioka S, Ueda T, Katayama S, Kuno Y, Kawahara R. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2002 October; 56(5): 509-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193239&dopt=Abstract

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Repeat postpartum magnesium sulfate administration for seizure prophylaxis: is there a patient profile predictive of need for additional therapy? Author(s): Isler CM, Barrilleaux PS, Rinehart BK, Magann EF, Martin JN Jr. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 February;11(2):75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12375546&dopt=Abstract

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Rethinking the role of urinary magnesium in calcium urolithiasis. Author(s): Schwartz BF, Bruce J, Leslie S, Stoller ML. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2001 April; 15(3): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339386&dopt=Abstract

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Role of intra-muscular magnesium therapy in management of persistent apnea and prevention of adverse life threatening events. Author(s): Gupta M, Mangoli S, Sharma P, Sharma RB, Jora R, Meena K. Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2001 June; 38(6): 646-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11418730&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the magnesium cation on antihypertensive molecule-human serum albumin binding: affinity chromatography approach. Author(s): Guillaum YC, Nicod L, Truong-Thanh T, Guinchard C, Robert JF, Thomassin M. Source: Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2002 February 25; 768(1): 129-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11939546&dopt=Abstract

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Safety of magnesium-lidocaine combination for severe head injury: the Turin lidomag pilot study. Author(s): Canavero S, Bonicalzi V, Narcisi P. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2003 August; 60(2): 165-9; Discussion 169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12900133&dopt=Abstract

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Serum and tissue glycoconjugates, digoxin and magnesium levels in chronic calcific pancreatitis. Author(s): Kumar RA, Kurup PA. Source: Indian J Gastroenterol. 2001 November-December; 20(6): 230-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817776&dopt=Abstract

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Serum and urinary magnesium during treatment of patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Author(s): Oladapo OO, Falase AO. Source: Afr J Med Med Sci. 2000 September-December; 29(3-4): 301-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11714011&dopt=Abstract

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Serum creatine phosphokinase elevation in patients treated with intravenous magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Kuno N, Ishikawa K. Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2002 March; 76(3): 257-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880128&dopt=Abstract

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Serum ionized magnesium in post-traumatic headaches. Author(s): Marcus JC, Altura BT, Altura BM. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2001 September; 139(3): 459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562631&dopt=Abstract

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Serum ionized magnesium levels and serum ionized calcium/ionized magnesium ratios in women with menstrual migraine. Author(s): Mauskop A, Altura BT, Altura BM. Source: Headache. 2002 April; 42(4): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010379&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium aberrations in furosemide (frusemide) treated patients with congestive heart failure: pathophysiological correlates and prognostic evaluation. Author(s): Cohen N, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Zaidenstein R, Alon I, Gorelik O, Shteinshnaider M, Chachashvily S, Averbukh Z, Golik A, Chen-Levy Z, Modai D. Source: Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2003 April; 89(4): 411-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639869&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium and calcium in patients with dorsalgias. Author(s): Steidl L, Ditmar R, Dostal A. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 September; 14(3): 225-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599556&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium concentration is an independent predictor of parathyroid hormone levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Navarro JF, Mora C, Macia M, Garcia J. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1999 September-October; 19(5): 455-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11379859&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium in Thai coronary artery disease patients. Author(s): Wannasilp N, Poungvarin N, Pokum S, Leowattana W, Mahanonda N. Source: J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 December; 84 Suppl 3: S645-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12002905&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium levels and cognitive impairment in hospitalized hypertensive patients. Author(s): Corsonello A, Pedone C, Pahor M, Malara A, Carosella L, Mazzei B, Onder G, Corsonello F, Carbonin P, Corica F; Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell'Anziano (GIFA). Source: Magnes Res. 2001 December; 14(4): 273-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794635&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium must also be known in profound hypokalaemia. Author(s): Loughrey CM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2002 April 27; 324(7344): 1039-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976255&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium status during lipid-lowering drug treatment in non-insulindependent diabetic patients. Author(s): Haenni A, Ohrvall M, Lithell H. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 October; 50(10): 1147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11586485&dopt=Abstract

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Serum magnesium, copper, and zinc alterations following spinal fusion. Author(s): Tatari H, Islekel H, Altekin E, Gocen S, Ozcan C, Ergor A. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 April; 80(1): 33-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393308&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in various human arteries. Author(s): Tohno Y, Tohno S, Moriwake Y, Azuma C, Ohnishi Y, Minami T. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 Summer; 82(1-3): 21-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11697768&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous accumulation of magnesium with calcium and phosphorus in aorta and iliac arteries of Thai. Author(s): Tohno Y, Tohno S, Mahakkanukrauh P, Vaidhayakarn P, Somsarp V, Minami T, Moriwake Y, Azuma C. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 Winter; 84(1-3): 19-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817689&dopt=Abstract

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Skeletal muscle magnesium content in identical twins, discordant for type 2 diabetes. Author(s): Djurhuus MS, Vaag A, Altura BM, Altura BT, Klitgaard NA. Source: Diabetes & Metabolism. 2002 June; 28(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149600&dopt=Abstract

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Skeletal muscle magnesium content is correlated with plasma glucose concentration in patients with essential hypertension treated with lisinopril or bendrofluazide. Author(s): Haenni A, Reneland R, Andersson PE, Lind L, Lithell H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 August; 15(8): 735-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160198&dopt=Abstract

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Storage of platelets in additive solutions: a pilot in vitro study of the effects of potassium and magnesium. Author(s): Gulliksson H, AuBuchon JP, Vesterinen M, Sandgren P, Larsson S, Pickard CA, Herschel I, Roger J, Tracy JE, Langweiler M; Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion Working Party of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 2002 April; 82(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11952987&dopt=Abstract

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Storage of platelets in additive solutions: effects of magnesium and/or potassium. Author(s): de Wildt-Eggen J, Schrijver JG, Bins M, Gulliksson H. Source: Transfusion. 2002 January; 42(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11896316&dopt=Abstract

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Studies of magnesium in congenital long QT syndrome. Author(s): Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, Kitazawa R. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 41-8. Epub 2002 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922507&dopt=Abstract

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Sufficient dosing of intravenous magnesium for severe asthma. Author(s): Li J. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2001 May; 37(5): 552-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11326199&dopt=Abstract

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Summary measure of dietary musculoskeletal nutrient (calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus) intakes is associated with lower-extremity physical performance in homebound elderly men and women. Author(s): Sharkey JR, Giuliani C, Haines PS, Branch LG, Busby-Whitehead J, Zohoori N. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 847-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663282&dopt=Abstract

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Surreptitious abuse of magnesium laxatives as a cause of chronic diarrhoea. Author(s): Duncan A, Forrest JA. Source: European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2001 May; 13(5): 599-601. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11396544&dopt=Abstract

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Tension headaches and muscle tension: is there a role for magnesium? Author(s): Altura BM, Altura BT. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 December; 57(6): 705-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918431&dopt=Abstract

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The 2002 Moyer Award. Metabolic effects of vitamin D on serum calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in pediatric burn patients. Author(s): Wray CJ, Mayes T, Khoury J, Warden GD, Gottschlich M. Source: The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 2002 November-December; 23(6): 416-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12432318&dopt=Abstract

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The apparent impact of gestational magnesium (Mg) deficiency on the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Author(s): Caddell JL. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 December; 14(4): 291-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794637&dopt=Abstract

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The central role of magnesium deficiency in Tourette's syndrome: causal relationships between magnesium deficiency, altered biochemical pathways and symptoms relating to Tourette's syndrome and several reported comorbid conditions. Author(s): Grimaldi BL. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2002 January; 58(1): 47-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11863398&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of intrapartum magnesium sulfate therapy on fetal cardiac troponin I levels at delivery. Author(s): Blackwell SC, Redman ME, Whitty JE, Refuerzo JS, Berry SM, Sorokin Y, Russell E, Cotton DB. Source: J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2002 November;12(5):327-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12607765&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of magnesium on coagulation in parturients with preeclampsia. Author(s): Harnett MJ, Datta S, Bhavani-Shankar K. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2001 May; 92(5): 1257-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11323357&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Jee SH, Miller ER 3rd, Guallar E, Singh VK, Appel LJ, Klag MJ. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 August; 15(8): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160191&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of intrapartum magnesium sulfate therapy on fetal serum interleukin1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha at delivery: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Blackwell SC, Hallak M, Hassan SS, Berry SM, Russell E, Sorokin Y. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 June; 184(7): 1320-3; Discussion 1323-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11408847&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of magnesium prime solution on magnesium levels and potassium loss in open heart surgery. Author(s): Jian W, Su L, Yiwu L. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 June; 96(6): 1617-20, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12760983&dopt=Abstract

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The first micturition times of the newborns whose mothers were treated with magnesium sulfate. Author(s): Sahin H, Akay AF, Bircan MK, Gocmen A, Bircan Z. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2001; 32(4): 651-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11989558&dopt=Abstract

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The human mitochondrial Mrs2 protein functionally substitutes for its yeast homologue, a candidate magnesium transporter. Author(s): Zsurka G, Gregan J, Schweyen RJ. Source: Genomics. 2001 March 1; 72(2): 158-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11401429&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of determination of magnesium concentration in the serum of patients with cancer metastases to the liver. Author(s): Kopanski Z, Piekoszewski W, Schlegel-Zawadzka M, Wojewoda T, Szuszko R. Source: Przegl Lek. 2002; 59(4-5): 267-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183985&dopt=Abstract

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The importance of effect mechanism in the design and interpretation of clinical trials: the role of magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. Author(s): Woods KL, Abrams K. Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 2002 January-February; 44(4): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007082&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of dietary palmitic acid triacylglyceride position on the fatty acid, calcium and magnesium contents of at term newborn faeces. Author(s): Lopez-Lopez A, Castellote-Bargallo AI, Campoy-Folgoso C, Rivero-Urgel M, Tormo-Carnice R, Infante-Pina D, Lopez-Sabater MC. Source: Early Human Development. 2001 November; 65 Suppl: S83-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11755039&dopt=Abstract

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The ionized fraction of serum total magnesium in hemodialysis patients: is it really lower than in healthy subjects? Author(s): Dewitte K, Dhondt A, Lameire N, Stockl D, Thienpont LM. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 September; 58(3): 205-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356189&dopt=Abstract

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The Israel Society for Research on Magnesium in Biology and Medicine: proceedings of the first meeting. Author(s): Stendig-Lindberg G; Israel Society for Research on Magnesium in Biology and Medicine. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2001 October; 3(10): 783-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11692561&dopt=Abstract

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The level of magnesium in the serum of children hospitalized for severe respiratory infections. Author(s): Florianczyk B, Karska M, Bednarek A. Source: Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska [med]. 2001; 56: 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977318&dopt=Abstract

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The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency. Author(s): Johnson S. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2001 February; 56(2): 163-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11425281&dopt=Abstract

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The prevention of pain from injection of rocuronium by magnesium sulphate, lignocaine, sodium bicarbonate and alfentanil. Author(s): Turan A, Memis D, Karamanlioglu B, Sut N, Pamukcu Z. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2003 June; 31(3): 277-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879672&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship between residual renal function, protein catabolic rate, and phosphate and magnesium levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. Author(s): Page DE, Knoll GA, Cheung V. Source: Adv Perit Dial. 2002; 18: 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402616&dopt=Abstract

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The role of magnesium in the emergency department. Author(s): Kaye P, O'Sullivan I. Source: Emergency Medicine Journal : Emj. 2002 July; 19(4): 288-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12101132&dopt=Abstract

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The role of magnesium sulphate in the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Author(s): Saidy KM, Itto BA. Source: Saudi Med J. 2003 July; 24(7): 801-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12883626&dopt=Abstract

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The role of magnesium. Author(s): Cohen L. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 March; 4(3): 232-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11908277&dopt=Abstract

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The significance of routine serum magnesium determination in the ED. Author(s): Stalnikowicz R. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2003 September; 21(5): 444-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14523888&dopt=Abstract

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The simultaneous measurement of ionized and total calcium and ionized and total magnesium in intensive care unit patients. Author(s): Koch SM, Warters RD, Mehlhorn U. Source: Journal of Critical Care. 2002 September; 17(3): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12297997&dopt=Abstract

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The use of magnesium sulfate to prevent pain on injection of propofol. Author(s): Memis D, Turan A, Karamanlioglu B, Sut N, Pamukcu Z. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2002 September; 95(3): 606-8, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198045&dopt=Abstract

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The use of magnesium to prevent laryngospasm after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: a preliminary study. Author(s): Gulhas N, Durmus M, Demirbilek S, Togal T, Ozturk E, Ersoy MO. Source: Paediatric Anaesthesia. 2003 January; 13(1): 43-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535038&dopt=Abstract

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The value of P dispersion on predicting atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: effect of magnesium on P dispersion. Author(s): Dagdelen S, Toraman F, Karabulut H, Alhan C. Source: Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology : the Official Journal of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology, Inc. 2002 July; 7(3): 211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167181&dopt=Abstract

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Tocolytic magnesium sulfate toxicity and unexpected neonatal death. Author(s): Herschel M, Mittendorf R. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2001 June; 21(4): 261-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11533846&dopt=Abstract

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Two polyol, low digestible carbohydrates improve the apparent absorption of magnesium but not of calcium in healthy young men. Author(s): Coudray C, Bellanger J, Vermorel M, Sinaud S, Wils D, Feillet-Coudray C, Brandolini M, Bouteloup-Demange C, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514273&dopt=Abstract

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Umbilical cord serum ionized magnesium level and total pediatric mortality. Author(s): Mittendorf R, Covert R, Elin R, Pryde PG, Khoshnood B, Lee K. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2001 July; 98(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11430960&dopt=Abstract

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Unexpected toxicity induced by magnesium orotate treatment in congenital hypomagnesemia. Author(s): Guillard O, Piriou A, Fauconneau B, Mauco G, Mettey R. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2002 July; 252(1): 88-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12074744&dopt=Abstract

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Use of cisapride with magnesium oxide in chronic pediatric constipation. Author(s): Ni YH, Lin CC, Chang SH, Yeung CY; Taiwan Pediatric Constipation Study Group. Source: Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2001 November-December; 42(6): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11811223&dopt=Abstract

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Use of isotonic nebulised magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to salbutamol in treatment of severe asthma in adults: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Hughes R, Goldkorn A, Masoli M, Weatherall M, Burgess C, Beasley R. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 21; 361(9375): 2114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826434&dopt=Abstract

•

Use of magnesium to treat tetanus. Author(s): Williams S. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2002 January; 88(1): 152-3; Author Reply 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881879&dopt=Abstract

•

Usefulness of magnesium sulfate in stabilizing cardiac repolarization in heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Author(s): Ince C, Schulman SP, Quigley JF, Berger RD, Kolasa M, Ferguson R, Silver B, Haigney MC. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2001 August 1; 88(3): 224-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11472698&dopt=Abstract

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Whole blood ionized magnesium in neonatal acidosis and preterm infants: a prospective consecutive study. Author(s): Olofsson K, Matthiesen G, Rudnicki M. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2001 December; 90(12): 1398-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853336&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and magnesium.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Magnesium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

112 Magnesium

The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on magnesium: •

Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Source: Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1997). volume 32(5) page 182-188.

•

EN's nutrition advice for women of 'a certain age'. Source: Ternus, M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1996). volume 19(8) page 1, 6.

•

Magnesium depletion and diuretics. Source: Nutrition-and-the-M.D (USA). (December 1989). volume 15(12) page 4-5.

•

The effect of diet on blood Vitamin K status and urinary mineral excretion assessed by a food questionnaire. Author(s): Department of Hygiene, Hyogo College of Medicine (Japan) Source: Sakamoto, N. Nishiike, T. Iguchi, H. Sakamoto, K. Nutrition-and-Health (United Kingdom). (1999). volume 13(1) page 1-10.

Additional consumer oriented references include: •

A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. [email protected] Source: Belfort, M A Anthony, J Saade, G R Allen, J C Jr N-Engl-J-Med. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 304-11 1533-4406

•

Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): UCF Center for Autism & Related Disabilities, 12001 Science Dr, Suite 145, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA. [email protected] Source: Nye, C Brice, A Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD003497 1469493X

•

Effective isolation of magnesium lithospermate B and its inhibition of aldose reductase and fibronectin on mesangial cell line. Author(s): Department of Chemisty, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. [email protected] Source: Jung, M Lee, H C Ahn, C W Park, W Choi, S Kim, H Cho, D Lee, G T Li, H R Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 August; 50(8): 1135-6 0009-2363

•

Initial reperfusion with magnesium after cardioplegic arrest attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury. Author(s): Institute for Surgical Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Germany. Source: Fuchs, F Messmer, K Kuppe, H Habazettl, H Thorac-Cardiovasc-Surg. 2002 August; 50(4): 208-15 0171-6425

•

Intestinal and renal handling of oxalate in magnesium-deficient rats. Evaluation of intestinal in vivo 14C-oxalate perfusion. Author(s): Department of Urology, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Straub, B Muller, M Schrader, M Goessl, C Heicappell, R Miller, K BJU-Int. 2002 August; 90(3): 312-6 1464-4096

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•

Magnesium and manganese ions accelerate tissue factor-induced coagulation independently of factor IX. Author(s): Haemostasis and Thrombosis Research Center, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: van den Besselaar, A M Blood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 2002 January; 13(1): 19-23 0957-5235

•

Magnesium and trace elements in the elderly: intake, status and recommendations. Author(s): Instituto de Nutricion y Bromatologia, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Vaquero, M P J-Nutr-Health-Aging. 2002; 6(2): 147-53 1279-7707

•

Magnesium in critical illness: metabolism, assessment, and treatment. Author(s): Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3635 Vista Ave., Saint Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA. Source: Noronha, J L Matuschak, G M Intensive-Care-Med. 2002 June; 28(6): 667-79 03424642

•

Magnesium ions alleviate the negative effect of manganese on Glomus claroideum BEG23. Author(s): Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Malcova, R Gryndler, M Vosatka, M Mycorrhiza. 2002 June; 12(3): 125-9 09406360

•

Magnesium status of patients with renal stones and its effect on urinary citrate excretion. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Source: Reungjui, S Prasongwatana, V Premgamone, A Tosukhowong, P Jirakulsomchok, S Sriboonlue, P BJU-Int. 2002 November; 90(7): 635-9 1464-4096

•

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5006. [email protected] Source: Crowther, C A Hiller, J E Doyle, L W Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD001060 1469-493X

•

Magnesium-DNA interactions and the possible relation of magnesium to carcinogenesis. Irradiation and free radicals. Author(s): National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department, Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Zografou Campus, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece. [email protected] Source: Anastassopoulou, J Theophanides, T Crit-Rev-Oncol-Hematol. 2002 April; 42(1): 79-91 1040-8428

•

Nickel and cobalt activate complement factor C3 faster than magnesium. Author(s): Institute for Environmental Medicin, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Acevedo, F Vesterberg, O Toxicology. 2003 March 14; 185(1-2): 9-16 0300-483X

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Novel mode of transcription regulation of divergently overlapping promoters by PhoP, the regulator of two-component system sensing external magnesium availability. Author(s): National Institute of Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan. Source: Yamamoto, K Ogasawara, H Fujita, N Utsumi, R Ishihama, A Mol-Microbiol. 2002 July; 45(2): 423-38 0950-382X

•

Randomised, cross-over, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Author(s): Department of Geriatric Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. [email protected] Source: Roffe, C Sills, S Crome, P Jones, P Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 May; 8(5): CR326-30 1234-1010

•

Renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by cattle with renal tubular dysplasia. Author(s): Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan. Source: Ohba, Y Kitoh, K Nakamura, H Okuda, H Kunieda, T Sasaki, Y Kitagawa, H Vet-Rec. 2002 September 28; 151(13): 384-7 0042-4900

•

Structural changes of tRNA and 5S rRNA induced with magnesium and visualized with synchrotron mediated hydroxyl radical cleavage. Author(s): Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznan, Poland. Source: Barciszewska, M Z Rapp, G Betzel, C Erdmann, V A Barciszewski, J Mol-BiolRepage 2001; 28(2): 103-10 0301-4851

•

The role of magnesium in the emergency department. Author(s): Emergency Department, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, [email protected] Source: Kaye, P O'Sullivan, I Emerg-Med-J. 2002 July; 19(4): 288-91 1472-0205

•

UK.

The role of magnesium ions and 2'-hydroxyl groups in the VS ribozyme-substrate interaction. Author(s): Centre for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Krebs Institute, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, S3 7HF, Sheffield, UK. Source: Tzokov, S B Murray, I A Grasby, J A J-Mol-Biol. 2002 November 22; 324(2): 21526 0022-2836

The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “magnesium” (or a synonym): •

Effect of nutrition in rabbit does. 2: Study of enzyme and mineral plasma profile. Author(s): Padua Univ. (Italy). Dipartimento di Scienze Zootecniche Source: Rizzi, C. Chiericato, G.M. Zani, C. Proceedings-of-the-ASPA-Congress-RecentProgress-in-Animal-Production-Science (Italy). (2001). volume 2 page 469-471.

•

Levels of selected macro- and microelements in goat milk from farms in the Czech Republic. Author(s): Ceska Zemedelska Univ., Prague (Czech Republic). Agronomicka Fakulta Source: Hejtmankova, A. Kucerova, J. Miholova, D. Kolihova, D. Orsak, M. CzechJournal-of-Animal-Science-UZPI (Czech Republic). (June 2002). volume 47(6) page 253260.

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Additional physician-oriented references include: •

A comparison of magnesium sulfate and nimodipine for the prevention of eclampsia. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. [email protected] Source: Belfort, M A Anthony, J Saade, G R Allen, J C Jr N-Engl-J-Med. 2003 January 23; 348(4): 304-11 1533-4406

•

Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): UCF Center for Autism & Related Disabilities, 12001 Science Dr, Suite 145, Orlando, Florida 32826, USA. [email protected] Source: Nye, C Brice, A Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD003497 1469493X

•

Effective isolation of magnesium lithospermate B and its inhibition of aldose reductase and fibronectin on mesangial cell line. Author(s): Department of Chemisty, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. [email protected] Source: Jung, M Lee, H C Ahn, C W Park, W Choi, S Kim, H Cho, D Lee, G T Li, H R Chem-Pharm-Bull-(Tokyo). 2002 August; 50(8): 1135-6 0009-2363

•

Initial reperfusion with magnesium after cardioplegic arrest attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury. Author(s): Institute for Surgical Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Germany. Source: Fuchs, F Messmer, K Kuppe, H Habazettl, H Thorac-Cardiovasc-Surg. 2002 August; 50(4): 208-15 0171-6425

•

Intestinal and renal handling of oxalate in magnesium-deficient rats. Evaluation of intestinal in vivo 14C-oxalate perfusion. Author(s): Department of Urology, Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany. [email protected] Source: Straub, B Muller, M Schrader, M Goessl, C Heicappell, R Miller, K BJU-Int. 2002 August; 90(3): 312-6 1464-4096

•

Magnesium and manganese ions accelerate tissue factor-induced coagulation independently of factor IX. Author(s): Haemostasis and Thrombosis Research Center, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands. [email protected] Source: van den Besselaar, A M Blood-Coagul-Fibrinolysis. 2002 January; 13(1): 19-23 0957-5235

•

Magnesium and trace elements in the elderly: intake, status and recommendations. Author(s): Instituto de Nutricion y Bromatologia, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain. [email protected] Source: Vaquero, M P J-Nutr-Health-Aging. 2002; 6(2): 147-53 1279-7707

•

Magnesium in critical illness: metabolism, assessment, and treatment. Author(s): Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Occupational Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, 3635 Vista Ave., Saint Louis, MO 63110-0250, USA. Source: Noronha, J L Matuschak, G M Intensive-Care-Med. 2002 June; 28(6): 667-79 03424642

116 Magnesium

•

Magnesium ions alleviate the negative effect of manganese on Glomus claroideum BEG23. Author(s): Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 252 43 Pruhonice, Czech Republic. [email protected] Source: Malcova, R Gryndler, M Vosatka, M Mycorrhiza. 2002 June; 12(3): 125-9 09406360

•

Magnesium status of patients with renal stones and its effect on urinary citrate excretion. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Source: Reungjui, S Prasongwatana, V Premgamone, A Tosukhowong, P Jirakulsomchok, S Sriboonlue, P BJU-Int. 2002 November; 90(7): 635-9 1464-4096

•

Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Author(s): Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5006. [email protected] Source: Crowther, C A Hiller, J E Doyle, L W Cochrane-Database-Syst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD001060 1469-493X

•

Magnesium-DNA interactions and the possible relation of magnesium to carcinogenesis. Irradiation and free radicals. Author(s): National Technical University of Athens, Chemical Engineering Department, Radiation Chemistry and Biospectroscopy, Zografou Campus, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece. [email protected] Source: Anastassopoulou, J Theophanides, T Crit-Rev-Oncol-Hematol. 2002 April; 42(1): 79-91 1040-8428

•

Nickel and cobalt activate complement factor C3 faster than magnesium. Author(s): Institute for Environmental Medicin, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden. [email protected] Source: Acevedo, F Vesterberg, O Toxicology. 2003 March 14; 185(1-2): 9-16 0300-483X

•

Novel mode of transcription regulation of divergently overlapping promoters by PhoP, the regulator of two-component system sensing external magnesium availability. Author(s): National Institute of Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan. Source: Yamamoto, K Ogasawara, H Fujita, N Utsumi, R Ishihama, A Mol-Microbiol. 2002 July; 45(2): 423-38 0950-382X

•

Randomised, cross-over, placebo controlled trial of magnesium citrate in the treatment of chronic persistent leg cramps. Author(s): Department of Geriatric Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK. [email protected] Source: Roffe, C Sills, S Crome, P Jones, P Med-Sci-Monit. 2002 May; 8(5): CR326-30 1234-1010

•

Renal reabsorption of magnesium and calcium by cattle with renal tubular dysplasia. Author(s): Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan. Source: Ohba, Y Kitoh, K Nakamura, H Okuda, H Kunieda, T Sasaki, Y Kitagawa, H Vet-Rec. 2002 September 28; 151(13): 384-7 0042-4900

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•

Structural changes of tRNA and 5S rRNA induced with magnesium and visualized with synchrotron mediated hydroxyl radical cleavage. Author(s): Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznan, Poland. Source: Barciszewska, M Z Rapp, G Betzel, C Erdmann, V A Barciszewski, J Mol-BiolRepage 2001; 28(2): 103-10 0301-4851

•

The role of magnesium in the emergency department. Author(s): Emergency Department, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, [email protected] Source: Kaye, P O'Sullivan, I Emerg-Med-J. 2002 July; 19(4): 288-91 1472-0205

UK.

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

•

The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

•

The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

•

The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

•

The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

•

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

•

Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

•

Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to magnesium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Vitamins Folic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Vitamin-mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Niacin Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pyridoxine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B3 (niacin) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol, Calcitrol, Cholecalciferol, Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html

•

Minerals ACE Inhibitors (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Nutrition

Atorvastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium Rich Rolaids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Calcium/magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Calcium: Which Form Is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Folate Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Magnesium Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pravastatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Spironolactone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html

Nutrition

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Food and Diet Abalone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Acorn Squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,190,00.html Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Amaranth Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,69,00.html Avocados Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,46,00.html Black Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bluefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Brazil Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Buckwheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,71,00.html Butternut Squash Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,189,00.html Cardoon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,239,00.html

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Carp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Cod Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crabs Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Flour Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Great Northern Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hazelnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,307,00.html High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Jacob's Cattle Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kamut Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Lima Beans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,151,00.html Natural Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Nutrition

Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Okra Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,26,00.html Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html Peanuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,110,00.html Pike Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,176,00.html Quinoa Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Quinoa Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,74,00.html Refined Sweeteners Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ricotta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rockfish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Salmon Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Scallops Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Sea Bass Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Seaweed Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,217,00.html Shark Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Spinach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,35,00.html Sunflower Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sunflower Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,158,00.html Swedish Brown Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tilefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,136,00.html Triticale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tuna Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Turkey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

Nutrition

Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,92,00.html Walnuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,100,00.html Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,78,00.html Wheat Free Pasta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Whitefish Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yellow Eye Beans Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to magnesium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to magnesium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to magnesium: •

A case of hypomagnesaemia due to malabsorption, unresponsive to oral administration of magnesium glycerophosphate, but responsive to oral magnesium oxide supplementation. Author(s): Ross JR, Dargan PI, Jones AL, Kostrzewski A. Source: Gut. 2001 June; 48(6): 857-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11358909&dopt=Abstract

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A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Author(s): De Souza MC, Walker AF, Robinson PA, Bolland K. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2000 March; 9(2): 131-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746516&dopt=Abstract

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Activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in chronic cyclosporine A nephrotoxicity: role in beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. Author(s): Asai T, Nakatani T, Tamada S, Kuwabara N, Yamanaka S, Tashiro K, Nakao T, Komiya T, Okamura M, Kim S, Iwao H, Miura K. Source: Transplantation. 2003 April 15; 75(7): 1040-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12698095&dopt=Abstract

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Acute effect of high-calcium milk with or without additional magnesium, or calcium phosphate on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone resorption. Author(s): Green JH, Booth C, Bunning R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548298&dopt=Abstract

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Beneficial effect of pollen and/or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. Author(s): Haro A, Lopez-Aliaga I, Lisbona F, Barrionuevo M, Alferez MJ, Campos MS. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000 November; 48(11): 5715-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11087544&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium- and magnesium-dependent aggregation of legume seed storage proteins. Author(s): Ferreira RB, Franco E, Teixeira AR. Source: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1999 August; 47(8): 3009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10552601&dopt=Abstract

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Calcium-magnesium interactions in pancreatic acinar cells. Author(s): Mooren FC, Turi S, Gunzel D, Schlue WR, Domschke W, Singh J, Lerch MM. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2001 March; 15(3): 659-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11259384&dopt=Abstract

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Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder. Author(s): Nye C, Brice A. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002; (4): Cd003497. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519599&dopt=Abstract

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Comparing nutrient intake from food to the estimated average requirements shows middle- to upper-income pregnant women lack iron and possibly magnesium. Author(s): Turner RE, Langkamp-Henken B, Littell RC, Lukowski MJ, Suarez MF. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 April; 103(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12669009&dopt=Abstract

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Complexation and ionophoric properties of taxol and colchicine: complex formation and transport of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions across a liquid

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membrane. Author(s): Blaghen M, Lahlou N, Dzairi FZ, Moutaouakkil A, Talbi M. Source: Natural Toxins. 1999; 7(5): 179-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10945480&dopt=Abstract •

Diet enrichment with calcium and magnesium enhances the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols in obese Zucker rats. Author(s): Vaskonen T, Mervaala E, Seppanen-Laakso T, Karppanen H. Source: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2001 June; 11(3): 158-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11590991&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Lukaski HC, Nielsen FH. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 132(5): 930-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11983816&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary magnesium supplementation affects bone metabolism and dynamic strength of bone in ovariectomized rats. Author(s): Toba Y, Kajita Y, Masuyama R, Takada Y, Suzuki K, Aoe S. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2000 February; 130(2): 216-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10720172&dopt=Abstract

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Dietary potassium and magnesium supplementation in cyclosporine-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity. Author(s): Pere AK, Lindgren L, Tuomainen P, Krogerus L, Rauhala P, Laakso J, Karppanen H, Vapaatalo H, Ahonen J, Mervaala EM. Source: Kidney International. 2000 December; 58(6): 2462-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11115079&dopt=Abstract

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EDTA chelation effects on urinary losses of cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, and zinc. Author(s): Waters RS, Bryden NA, Patterson KY, Veillon C, Anderson RA. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 December; 83(3): 207-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11794513&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of acupuncture on serum magnesium level in treatment of migraine. Author(s): Chen B. Source: J Tradit Chin Med. 2000 June; 20(2): 126-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11039001&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of chronic magnesium supplementation on magnesium distribution in healthy volunteers evaluated by 31P-NMRS and ion selective electrodes.

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Author(s): Wary C, Brillault-Salvat C, Bloch G, Leroy-Willig A, Roumenov D, Grognet JM, Leclerc JH, Carlier PG. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1999 November; 48(5): 655-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10594466&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of extracellular magnesium on topoisomerase II activity and expression in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Author(s): Covacci V, Bruzzese N, Sgambato A, Ganapathi R, Cittadini A, Wolf FI. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2000 May; 78(2): 325-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10842326&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of glucose/insulin infusion and magnesium supplementation on serum and muscle sodium and potassium and muscle [3H]ouabain binding capacity in Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Djurhuus MS, Klitgaard NA, Pedersen KK. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2003; 63(2): 93102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751690&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium lithospermate B on calcium and nitric oxide in endothelial cells upon hypoxia/reoxygenation. Author(s): Luo WB, Dong L, Wang YP. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2002 October; 23(10): 930-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12370098&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium on fibrin formation from lower molecular weight (LMW) fibrinogen. Author(s): Lipinski B, Lipinska I. Source: Magnes Res. 2000 December; 13(4): 233-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153893&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium supplementation containing mineral bishofit (MgCl2 x 6H2O) solution and pyridoxine hydrochloride on erythrocyte magnesium depletion and behaviour of rats after three-month alcoholization. Author(s): Iezhitsa IN, Onishchenko NV, Churbakova NV, Parshev VV, Petrov VI, Spasov AA. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 179-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635870&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium supplementation on oxidative stress in alloxanic diabetic rats. Author(s): Hans CP, Chaudhary DP, Bansal DD.

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Source: Magnes Res. 2003 March; 16(1): 13-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12735478&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of magnesium supplementation on the fractional intestinal absorption of 45CaCl2 in women with a low erythrocyte magnesium concentration. Author(s): Basso LE, Ubbink JB, Delport R, Spies J, Vermaak WJ. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2000 August; 49(8): 1092-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954032&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of magnesium tanshinoate B on the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells. Author(s): O K, Cheung F, Sung FL, Zhu DY, Siow YL. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2000 April; 207(1-2): 35-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888224&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced hypertension in rats. Author(s): Whitworth JA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 December; 18(12): 1877. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132614&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, platelet aggregation and calcium handling in deoxycorticosterone acetate induced hypertension in rats. Author(s): Kh R, Khullar M, Kashyap M, Pandhi P, Uppal R. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2000 July; 18(7): 919-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10930190&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, platelet aggregation and calcium handling in deoxycorticosterone acetate-induced hypertension in rats. Author(s): Kisters K, Hausberg M, Kosch M. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2001 January; 19(1): 161-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204298&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on experimental pre-eclampsia induced by prolonged blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in pregnant rats. Author(s): Pandhi P, Saha L, Malhotra S. Source: Indian J Exp Biol. 2002 March; 40(3): 349-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635709&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on the lipid profile and blood glucose of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Author(s): Lal J, Vasudev K, Kela AK, Jain SK.

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Source: J Assoc Physicians India. 2003 January; 51: 37-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693452&dopt=Abstract •

Effect of propofol with and without EDTA on haemodynamics and calcium and magnesium homeostasis during and after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Wahr J, Vender J, Gilbert HC, Spiess B, Horrow JC, Maddi R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 2000; 26 Suppl 4: S443-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11310907&dopt=Abstract

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Effective isolation of magnesium lithospermate B and its inhibition of aldose reductase and fibronectin on mesangial cell line. Author(s): Jung M, Lee HC, Ahn CW, Park W, Choi S, Kim H, Cho D, Lee GT, Li HR. Source: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002 August; 50(8): 1135-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12192155&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of acute maternal hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality on maternofetal transfer of calcium and magnesium across the in situ perfused rat placenta. Author(s): Husain SM, Mughal MZ, Sibley CP. Source: Magnes Res. 2000 December; 13(4): 239-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153894&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide and sodium citrate bicarbonate health supplements on the urinary risk factors for kidney stone formation. Author(s): Allie S, Rodgers A. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2003 January; 41(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12636048&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of magnesium on the production of extracellular matrix metalloproteinases in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Yue H, Lee JD, Shimizu H, Uzui H, Mitsuke Y, Ueda T. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2003 February; 166(2): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535739&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral magnesium therapy on exercise tolerance, exercise-induced chest pain, and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Author(s): Shechter M, Bairey Merz CN, Stuehlinger HG, Slany J, Pachinger O, Rabinowitz B. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March 1; 91(5): 517-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12615252&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of oral zinc and magnesium supplementation on serum thyroid hormone and lipid levels in experimentally induced diabetic rats. Author(s): Baydas B, Karagoz S, Meral I. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 September; 88(3): 247-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12350134&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. Author(s): Li RC, Lo KN, Lam JS, Lau PY. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 1999 August; 11(4): 243-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10465124&dopt=Abstract

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Erythrocyte magnesium concentration as an index of magnesium status: a perspective from a magnesium supplementation study. Author(s): Basso LE, Ubbink JB, Delport R. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2000 January 20; 291(1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10612712&dopt=Abstract

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Exchangeable magnesium pool masses in healthy women: effects of magnesium supplementation. Author(s): Feillet-Coudray C, Coudray C, Tressol JC, Pepin D, Mazur A, Abrams SA, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 75(1): 72-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11756062&dopt=Abstract

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Free radical scavenging and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by magnesium lithospermate B. Author(s): Wu XJ, Wang YP, Wang W, Sun WK, Xu YM, Xuan LJ. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2000 September; 21(9): 855-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11501171&dopt=Abstract

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Hair calcium and magnesium levels in patients with fibromyalgia: a case center study. Author(s): Ng SY. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1999 NovemberDecember; 22(9): 586-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10626702&dopt=Abstract

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Hematology tests of blood anticoagulated with magnesium sulphate. Author(s): Kondo H, Kobayashi E, Itani T, Tatsumi N, Tsuda I.

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Source: Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002; 33 Suppl 2: 6-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755260&dopt=Abstract •

High-dose oral magnesium treatment of chronic, intractable erythromelalgia. Author(s): Cohen JS. Source: The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2002 February; 36(2): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847944&dopt=Abstract

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Hypomagnesaemia due to malabsorption is not always responsive to oral magnesium oxide supplementation alone. Author(s): Arasaradnam RP, Bolton RP. Source: Gut. 2002 June; 50(6): 897. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12010899&dopt=Abstract

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Hypomagnesemia in heart failure with ventricular arrhythmias. Beneficial effects of magnesium supplementation. Author(s): Ceremuzynski L, Gebalska J, Wolk R, Makowska E. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 2000 January; 247(1): 78-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10672134&dopt=Abstract

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In vitro evidence for effects of magnesium supplementation on quinolone-treated horse and dog chondrocytes. Author(s): Egerbacher M, Wolfesberger B, Gabler C. Source: Veterinary Pathology. 2001 March; 38(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11280370&dopt=Abstract

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Intraperitoneal route of magnesium sulphate supplementation in a patient with severe renal magnesium wasting. Author(s): Bastani B, Pandurangan G. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2001 October; 16(10): 2086-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11572903&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenous magnesium as an adjuvant in acute bronchospasm: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Alter HJ, Koepsell TD, Hilty WM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2000 September; 36(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10969219&dopt=Abstract

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Intravenously and topically applied magnesium in the prevention of arterial thrombosis. Author(s): Toft G, Ravn HB, Hjortdal VE.

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Source: Thrombosis Research. 2000 July 1; 99(1): 61-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10904104&dopt=Abstract •

Ionized magnesium supplementation in critically ill patients: comparing ionized and total magnesium. Author(s): Barrera R, Fleischer M, Miletic J, Groeger J. Source: Journal of Critical Care. 2000 March; 15(1): 36-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10757197&dopt=Abstract

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Large-dose intravenous methotrexate-induced cutaneous toxicity: can oral magnesium oxide reduce pain? Author(s): Suresh S, Lozono S, Hall SC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 May; 96(5): 1413-4, Table of Contents. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707144&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term excessive magnesium supplementation is deleterious whereas suboptimal supply is beneficial for bones in rats. Author(s): Riond JL, Hartmann P, Steiner P, Ursprung R, Wanner M, Forrer R, Spichiger UE, Thomsen JS, Mosekilde L. Source: Magnes Res. 2000 December; 13(4): 249-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11153895&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium and exercise. Author(s): Bohl CH, Volpe SL. Source: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2002; 42(6): 533-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12487419&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium and potassium supplementation in the prevention of diabetic vascular disease. Author(s): Whang R, Sims G. Source: Medical Hypotheses. 2000 September; 55(3): 263-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10985921&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium deposition and depletion in magnesium supplemented rats during and after hypokinesia and vivarium control. Author(s): Zorbas YG, Kakurin VJ, Afonin VB, Denogradov SD, Yarullin VL. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 June; 86(3): 203-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12019518&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium in human milk. Author(s): Dorea JG.

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Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 April; 19(2): 210-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10763902&dopt=Abstract •

Magnesium lithospermate B inhibits hypoxia-induced calcium influx and nitric oxide release in endothelial cells. Author(s): Luo WB, Wang YP. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2001 December; 22(12): 1135-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11749815&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium reduces insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and serum lipid concentrations in type 1 diabetes. Author(s): Djurhuus MS, Klitgaard NA, Pedersen KK, Blaabjerg O, Altura BM, Altura BT, Henriksen JE. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2001 December; 50(12): 1409-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11735085&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium status and parameters of the oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with chronic fatigue: effects of supplementation with magnesium. Author(s): Manuel y Keenoy B, Moorkens G, Vertommen J, Noe M, Neve J, De Leeuw I. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000 June; 19(3): 374-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10872900&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium status of patients with renal stones and its effect on urinary citrate excretion. Author(s): Reungjui S, Prasongwatana V, Premgamone A, Tosukhowong P, Jirakulsomchok S, Sriboonlue P. Source: Bju International. 2002 November; 90(7): 635-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12410738&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover. Author(s): Martini LA. Source: Nutrition Reviews. 1999 July; 57(7): 227-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10453178&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation and deoxycorticosterone acetate--salt hypertension: effect on arterial mechanical properties and on activity of endothelin-1. Author(s): Berthon N, Laurant P, Hayoz D, Fellmann D, Brunner HR, Berthelot A. Source: Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 2002 June; 80(6): 553-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117304&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation attenuates, but does not prevent, development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Author(s): Touyz RM, Milne FJ.

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Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1999 August; 12(8 Pt 1): 757-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10480467&dopt=Abstract •

Magnesium supplementation does not delay disease onset or increase survival in a mouse model of familial ALS. Author(s): Pamphlett R, Todd E, Vink R, McQuilty R, Cheema SS. Source: Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2003 December 15; 216(1): 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14607308&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation in Gitelman syndrome. Author(s): Bettinelli A, Basilico E, Metta MG, Borella P, Jaeger P, Bianchetti MG. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 1999 May; 13(4): 311-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10454780&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Author(s): Makrides M, Crowther CA. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001; (4): Cd000937. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11687087&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. Author(s): Makrides M, Crowther CA. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000; (2): Cd000937. Review. Update In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10796220&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation in the prevention of arrhythmias in pediatric patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart defects. Author(s): Dorman BH, Sade RM, Burnette JS, Wiles HB, Pinosky ML, Reeves ST, Bond BR, Spinale FG. Source: American Heart Journal. 2000 March; 139(3): 522-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689268&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium supplementation prevents experimental chronic cyclosporine a nephrotoxicity via renin-angiotensin system independent mechanism. Author(s): Asai T, Nakatani T, Yamanaka S, Tamada S, Kishimoto T, Tashiro K, Nakao T, Okamura M, Kim S, Iwao H, Miura K. Source: Transplantation. 2002 September 27; 74(6): 784-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12364856&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB) inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation. Author(s): O K, Lynn EG, Vazhappilly R, Au-Yeung KK, Zhu DY, Siow YL.

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Source: Life Sciences. 2001 January 12; 68(8): 903-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11213360&dopt=Abstract •

Magnesium. An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Author(s): Saris NE, Mervaala E, Karppanen H, Khawaja JA, Lewenstam A. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2000 April; 294(1-2): 1-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10727669&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium-creatine supplementation effects on body water. Author(s): Brilla LR, Giroux MS, Taylor A, Knutzen KM. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 2003 September; 52(9): 1136-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14506619&dopt=Abstract

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Magnesium-orotate supplementation for idiopathic infertile male patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical pilot study. Author(s): Zavaczki Z, Szollosi J, Kiss SA, Koloszar S, Fejes I, Kovacs L, Pal A. Source: Magnes Res. 2003 June; 16(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12892384&dopt=Abstract

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Media calcification, low erythrocyte magnesium, altered plasma magnesium, and calcium homeostasis following grafting of the thoracic aorta to the infrarenal aorta in the rat--differential preventive effects of long-term oral magnesium supplementation alone and in combination with alkali. Author(s): Schwille PO, Schmiedl A, Schwille R, Brunner P, Kissler H, Cesnjevar R, Gepp H. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2003 March; 57(2): 88-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842494&dopt=Abstract

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Metabolic and clinical effects of oral magnesium supplementation in furosemidetreated patients with severe congestive heart failure. Author(s): Cohen N, Alon I, Almoznino-Sarafian D, Zaidenstein R, Weissgarten J, Gorelik O, Berman S, Modai D, Golik A. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2000 June; 23(6): 433-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10875034&dopt=Abstract

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: relationship to insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress. Treatment approaches using vitamin E, magnesium, and betaine. Author(s): Patrick L.

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Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2002 August; 7(4): 276-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197781&dopt=Abstract •

Non-enzymatic RNA hydrolysis promoted by the combined catalytic activity of buffers and magnesium ions. Author(s): AbouHaidar MG, Ivanov IG. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 1999 July-August; 54(7-8): 542-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10488562&dopt=Abstract

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Nutrients and HIV: part two--vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium. Author(s): Patrick L. Source: Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 2000 February; 5(1): 39-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10696118&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium oxide prophylaxis of frequent migrainous headache in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Wang F, Van Den Eeden SK, Ackerson LM, Salk SE, Reince RH, Elin RJ. Source: Headache. 2003 June; 43(6): 601-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12786918&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Author(s): Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 April; 26(4): 1147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663588&dopt=Abstract

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Oral magnesium supplementation induces favorable antiatherogenic changes in ApoE-deficient mice. Author(s): Ravn HB, Korsholm TL, Falk E. Source: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2001 May; 21(5): 858-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11348887&dopt=Abstract

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Plasma calcium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium during hypocalcaemia induced by a standardized EDTA infusion in cows. Author(s): Mellau LS, Jorgensen RJ, Enemark JM. Source: Acta Vet Scand. 2001; 42(2): 251-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11503370&dopt=Abstract

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Postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass: a role for intraoperative magnesium

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supplementation. Author(s): Maslow AD, Regan MM, Heindle S, Panzica P, Cohn WE, Johnson RG. Source: Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2000 October; 14(5): 524-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052432&dopt=Abstract •

Preventive effect of magnesium supplement on noise-induced hearing loss in the guinea pig. Author(s): Scheibe F, Haupt H, Ising H. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2000; 257(1): 10-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10664038&dopt=Abstract

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Preventive magnesium supplement protects the inner ear against noise-induced impairment of blood flow and oxygenation in the guinea pig. Author(s): Haupt H, Scheibe F. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 March; 15(1-2): 17-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12030419&dopt=Abstract

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Preventive magnesium supplement reduces ischemia-induced hearing loss and blood viscosity in the guinea pig. Author(s): Scheibe F, Haupt H, Vlastos GA. Source: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (Eufos) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 2000; 257(7): 355-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052244&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of magnesium by Mg-dechelatase is a major step in the chlorophylldegrading pathway in Ginkgo biloba in the process of autumnal tints. Author(s): Tang L, Okazawa A, Fukusaki E, Kobayashi A. Source: Z Naturforsch [c]. 2000 November-December; 55(11-12): 923-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204197&dopt=Abstract

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Role of magnesium in genomic stability. Author(s): Hartwig A. Source: Mutation Research. 2001 April 18; 475(1-2): 113-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295157&dopt=Abstract

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Should we use oral magnesium supplementation to improve sleep in the elderly?. Article reviewed: K. Held, I.A. Antonijevic, H. Kunzel, M. Uhr, T.C. Wetter, I.C. Golly, A. Steiger, H. Murck, Oral MG(2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans, Pharmacopsychiatry, 35 (2002), 135-143. Author(s): Allen RP.

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Source: Sleep Medicine. 2003 May; 4(3): 263-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14592337&dopt=Abstract •

Studies of magnesium in congenital long QT syndrome. Author(s): Hoshino K, Ogawa K, Hishitani T, Kitazawa R. Source: Pediatric Cardiology. 2002 January-February; 23(1): 41-8. Epub 2002 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11922507&dopt=Abstract

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The atrial natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-A/GC-A) is dephosphorylated by distinct microcystin-sensitive and magnesium-dependent protein phosphatases. Author(s): Bryan PM, Potter LR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 May 3; 277(18): 16041-7. Epub 2002 January 30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11821394&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Author(s): Jee SH, Miller ER 3rd, Guallar E, Singh VK, Appel LJ, Klag MJ. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2002 August; 15(8): 691-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160191&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of oral magnesium, alone or as an adjuvant to sotalol, after cardioversion in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. Author(s): Frick M, Darpo B, Ostergren J, Rosenqvist M. Source: European Heart Journal. 2000 July; 21(14): 1177-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10924301&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of zeolite A supplementation in the dry period on periparturient calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium homeostasis. Author(s): Thilsing-Hansen T, Jorgensen RJ, Enemark JM, Larsen T. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2002 July; 85(7): 1855-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201536&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of magnesium sulphate and EDTA in the hypercholesterolaemic rabbit. Author(s): Evans DA, Tariq M, Sujata B, McCann G, Sobki S. Source: Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2001 December; 3(6): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11903413&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Author(s): Finstad EW, Newhouse IJ, Lukaski HC, Mcauliffe JE, Stewart CR.

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Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001 March; 33(3): 493-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11252079&dopt=Abstract •

The effects of magnesium supplementation on exercise performance. Author(s): Newhouse IJ, Finstad EW. Source: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 2000 July; 10(3): 195-200. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10959930&dopt=Abstract

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The influence of magnesium supplementation on magnesium and calcium concentrations in hair of children with magnesium shortage. Author(s): Kozielec T, Salacka A, Radomska K, Strecker D, Durska G. Source: Magnes Res. 2001 March; 14(1-2): 33-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11300620&dopt=Abstract

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Use of isotonic nebulised magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to salbutamol in treatment of severe asthma in adults: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Hughes R, Goldkorn A, Masoli M, Weatherall M, Burgess C, Beasley R. Source: Lancet. 2003 June 21; 361(9375): 2114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12826434&dopt=Abstract

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Zinc, magnesium and copper profiles in three experimental models of epilepsy. Author(s): Doretto MC, Simoes S, Paiva AM, Osorio-Neto E. Source: Brain Research. 2002 November 22; 956(1): 166-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426059&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to magnesium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Alcohol Withdrawal Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alcoholism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Alopecia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arteriosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Asthma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Atherosclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Autism Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Bone Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiac Arrhythmia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cluster Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Congestive Heart Failure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Congestive Heart Failure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Constipation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Coronary Artery Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cutaneous Drug Reactions Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Diabetes Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dysmenorrhea Alternative names: Painful Menstruation Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Emphysema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Endocarditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eye Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fatigue Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Fibromyalgia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fibromyalgia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glaucoma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hearing Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Heart Attack Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperkalemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoglycemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Hypoglycemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Intermittent Claudication Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Irritability Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Irritable Bowel Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Low Blood Sugar Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

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Miscarriage Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Mitral Valve Prolapse Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Myocardial Infarction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Pancreatitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Peripheral Vascular Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Preeclampsia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pregnancy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Proctitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostatitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Psychological Conditions and Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rectal Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Retinopathy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sexual Dysfunction Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sickle Cell Anemia Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sleep Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spastic Colon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Spontaneous Abortion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Stroke Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com TIAs Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Transient Ischemic Attacks Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcerative Colitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ulcers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •

Alternative Therapy Schuessler Biochemic System of Medicine Alternative names: biochemic medicine biochemic system of medicine biochemic system of medicines tissue salts therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html

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Chinese Medicine Huashi Alternative names: Talc; Talcum Source: Chinese Materia Medica

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Herbs and Supplements Advanced Formula Di-gel Tablets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Alendronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aloe Alternative names: Aloe vera L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Aluminum Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Amiloride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 153

Amphotericin B Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antacids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antacids/Acid Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arnica Alternative names: Arnica montana L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Azithromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Betula Alternative names: Birch; Betula sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Bisphosphonate Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone-Building Formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,838,00.html Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calcitrol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chemotherapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cholecalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Cimetidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Crataegus Alternative names: Hawthorn; Crataegus oxyacantha L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Cycloserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Cyclosporine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Alternative names: Taraxacum officinale Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Digoxin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Digoxin Alternative names: Crystodigin, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Docusate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Dryopteris Alternative names: Male Fern; Dryopteris sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org EDTA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Epinephrine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Eriodictyon Yerbasanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

Alternative Medicine 155

Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Estrogen Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Estrogens (combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Famotidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fentanyl Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Fluoroquinolones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glimepiride Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Glipizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com H2 Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

156 Magnesium

Hydroxychloroquine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Isoniazid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Levofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Maalox Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Malic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Medroxyprogesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Menopause Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10096,00.html Metformin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Miscellaneous Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Misoprostol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

Alternative Medicine 157

Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Mylanta Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrofurantoin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Nitrofurantoin Alternative names: Furadantin, Macrobid, Macrodantin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nizatidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Oral Hypoglycemics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oregano/Wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

158 Magnesium

Plantago Psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org PMS Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,947,00.html Quinidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Ranitidine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Risedronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sotalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tempo Tablets Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Theophylline/aminophylline Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com

Alternative Medicine 159

Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trace Minerals Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10061,00.html Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Warfarin Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Women's Herbal Combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10100,00.html Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.; www.amfoundation.org

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to magnesium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “magnesium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on magnesium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Magnesium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to magnesium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Comparison of Tld Dosimeters: Lithium Fluoride:magnesium, Titanium and Lithium Fluoride:magnesium, Copper, Phosphate, for Measurement of Radiation Therapy Doses by Glennie, Gilbert Douglas; PhD from University of Virginia, 2003, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083065

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A Kinetic Study of Beta Silicon Nitride Grown in Yttrium-Magnesium-AluminumSilicon-Oxygen-Nitrogen Liquids by Wang, Lingling; PhD from University of Michigan, 2002, 212 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058073

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A Study of the Kinetic Mechanism and Affinity Chromatographic Purification of Sadenosyl-l-methionine Magnesium Protoporphyrin Methyltransferase from Plant, Algal and Bacterial Sources by Hinchigeri, Shivayogeppa B; PhD from Simon Fraser University (Canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58795

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Ab Initio Studies on the Size Dependence Effects of Solvation Structure and Intracluster Reaction on Aluminum Ion(water), Magnesium Ion(water) and Protonated Methanol Cluster Ions by Siu, Chi-kit; PhD from Chinese University of Hong Kong (People's Republic of China), 2002, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077695

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Amidinate Complexes of Magnesium and First Row Transition Metals: Source Compounds for Semiconductor Films by Sadique, Azwana Rizan; PhD from Wayne State University, 2003, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3086469

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An Investigation of the Discontinuous Coarsening Reaction Taking Place in the Leadcadmium, Zinc-cadmium and the Copper-magnesium-copper Lamellar Eutectic Materials by Kaya, Mustafa; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL42299

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An Investigation of Water Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium in Relation to Mortality in Ontario by Allen, Hugh A. J; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12898

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Cadmium-induced Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, Structural Changes and Ionic Influences and Their Amelioration by Calcium and Magnesium in Embryos and Alevins of Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout (salmonidae) by Rombough, Peter John; PhD from Dalhousie University (Canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48239

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Calcium(2+) and Magnesium(2+) Binding Characteristics of Chlamydomonas Centrin Domains by Ocana Rivera, Wanda; MS from University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), 2003, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1413172

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Cavity Characteristics in a Magnesium Alloy by Matsumura, Terumi; MS from University of Southern California, 2002, 53 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411798

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Chemisorption and Thermal Decomposition of Alcohols on Magnesium Oxide and Tungsten Oxide a Study by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy by Liang, Septimus H. C; PhD from Simon Fraser University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL30856

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Computer Simulation Study of the Positive Fluoride Center in Magnesium Oxide by Pandey, Ravindra; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44156

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Computer Simulations of the Structure, Stability and Phase Transitions of Diatomic Molecules Physisorbed on Ionic Surfaces: the Carbon Monoxide/magnesium Oxide(001), Nitrogen/magnesium Oxide(001) and Nitrogen/sodium Chloride(001) Systems by Sallabi, Abdulwahab K.; PhD from Concordia University (Canada), 2002, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ68200

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Deformation Behaviour in Single and Polycrystalline Magnesium Oxide by Sinha, Madhav Narain; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20442

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Desulphurization Kinetics of Molten Iron by Magnesium Vapour by Irons, Gordon A; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK39699

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Development of Aluminum-silicon-magnesium Alloys for Semi-solid Processing and Silicon Spheroidization Treatment (sst) for Aluminum-silicon Cast Alloys by Ogris, Erhard; Drsctech from Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (Switzerland), 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f749569

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Doping Experiments on Low-dimensional Oxides and a Search for Unusual Magnetic Properties of Magnesium Aluminum Boride by Hill, Julienne Marie; PhD from Iowa State University, 2002, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073453

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Dynamic Compression of Minerals in the Magnesium Oxide-iron Oxide-silicon Dioxide System by Akins, Joseph A.; PhD from California Institute of Technology, 2003, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093471

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Effect of Iron-intermetallics and Porosity on Tensile and Impact Properties of Aluminum-silicon-copper and Aluminum-silicon-magnesium Cast Alloys by Ma, Zheyuan; PhD from Universite Du Quebec a Chicoutimi (Canada), 2002, 281 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ76012

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Effects of Strontium on the Oxidation of Molten Aluminum Alloys Containing Silicon and Magnesium by Yuen, Pui Kei; Meng from McGill University (Canada), 2002, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79107

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Effet Du Magnesium, Des Traitements Thermiques Et De La Porosite Sur Les Proprietes Mecaniques De Traction Et De Fatigue De L'alliage Sous Pression A380.1 (french Text) by Morin, Sebastien; MSCA from Universite Du Quebec a Chicoutimi (Canada), 2002, 222 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ73375

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Elaboration Et Caracterisation Des Platres Mousses Utilises Pour Le Moulage Des Alliages De Magnesium (french Text) by Belanger, Jean-Francois; MSC from Universite Laval (Canada), 2002, 104 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ76307

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Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Several Ruthenates and Superconductivity in Magnesium Boride and MGCNI(3) by He, Tao; PhD from Princeton University, 2002, 133 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039699

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Electrochemical Determination of Thermodynamic Properties of Magnesium Cell Electrolyte the System Mgcl#1bb2#1bs-nacl-cacl#1bb2#1bs by Karakaya, Ishak; PhD from McGill University (Canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20892

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Electrofission of Magnesium-24 by Chung, Archie Hsiao-Chuan; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK25464

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Electron Nuclear Double Resonance of Chromium(3+) and Manganese(2+) in a Magnesium Oxide Lattice by Dyer, Gleen Lionel; AdvDeg from McGill University (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01308

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Electrooptic Modulator Based on Thin Film Barium Titanium Oxide on Magnesium Oxide by Kim, Seong-Soo; PhD from Northwestern University, 2003, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3087932

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Gas-phase Ethylene/1-hexene Copolymerization over Magnesium Chloridesupported Ziegler-natta Catalysts by Liu, Wei; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ68599

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Growth of Lead Magnesium Niobate-lead Titanate Single Crystals by Seeded Polycrystal Conversion by Scotch, Adam Matthew; PhD from Lehigh University, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073992

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Hydrogen Storage in Encapsulated Magnesium Nickel Alloys Prepared by Intergranular Diffusion by Addepalli, Pratima V.; MSE from The University of Alabama in Huntsville, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410520

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I. Chiral Mixed Phosphorus/sulfur Ligands: Structure and Application to Rhodiumcatalyzed Ketone Hydrosilylation. Ii. Development of a Magnesium-catalyzed Direct Aldol Reaction of Chiral N-acyloxazolidinones by Tedrow, Jason Scot; PhD from Harvard University, 2002, 388 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038490

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Magnesium(ii) Ion Interaction with Biological Ligands by Sanchez, Elizabeth Ruth; PhD from Arizona State University, 2003, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084676

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Manganese Toxicity in Marigold As Affected by Calcium and Magnesium by Eaton, Touria El-jaoual; PhD from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002, 311 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056221

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Mechanism of Magnesium Oxide Chlorination by Hydrogen Chloride in a Molten Salt by Lamy, Martin; Meng from McGill University (Canada), 2002, 81 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ79080

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Metal-organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Cerium Oxide, Gallium-indium-oxide, and Magnesium Oxide Thin Films: Precursor Design, Film Growth, and Film Characterization by Edleman, Nikki Lynn; PhD from Northwestern University, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050514

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Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Growth and Characterizations of Epitaxial Magnesium Zinc Oxide Films on R-aluminum Oxide Substrates by Muthukumar, Sriram; PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2003, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092975

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Metamorphic Reactions in the System Potassium Oxide-magnesium Oxide-aluminum Oxide-silicon Dioxide-water at Water Pressures to 10 Kilobars by Bird, Gordon Winslow; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11541

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Methods Variability for Magnesium Determination in a Biological Standard and Other Biological Materials by Meyerhof, Thomas Paul; PhD from McMaster University (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22644

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Micropuncture Study of Magnesium Transport in the Proximal and Distal Tubule of the Dog Kidney with Evidence for Magnesium Secretion by Evanson, Raphael Ledwood; AdvDeg from Mcgill University (Canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK09712

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Microstructural Evolution and Strengthening Mechanisms in Aluminum-scandium and Aluminum-magnesium-scandium Alloys by Marquis, Emmanuelle Anne; PhD from Northwestern University, 2002, 223 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3071679

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Mould Coatings for Magnesium Permanent Mould Casting by Lockie, Alison Fiona; MSC(Eng) from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 2002, 110 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ69312

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Multiphoton and Above-threshold Ionization of Magnesium Using High-intensity Titanium-sapphire Laser Pulses by Gillen, Glen David; PhD from The Ohio State University, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059251

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Pathogenesis of Hypocalcemia in Magnesium Depletion by Suh, Se Mo; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13076

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Photophysics and Photochemistry of Matrix-isolated Atomic Magnesium in Inert and Reactive Low-temperature Solids by Mccaffrey, John G; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39213

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Positron Annihilation in Single Crystals of Copper, Zinc and Magnesium by Senicki, Eugene; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK10991

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Potential Applications of Magnesium Hydroxide for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: Sludge Digestion Enhancement and Nutrient Removal by Wu, Qingzhong; PhD from University of Cincinnati, 2002, 144 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053593

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Process Development for the Recovery of High Purity Magnesia and Magnesium Salt Solutions from Northern Ontario Magnesites by Nanayakkara-Tantirige, Kanthi Nimalka; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL56941

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Raman and Infrared Studies of Silver(+), Strontium(2+), Magnesium(2+), and Beryllium(2+) by Chang, Tien-chung Godfrey; PhD from University of Waterloo (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK10909

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Raman Study of Relaxor Ferroelectrics Potassium Tantalum Niobium Oxide, Lead Magnesium Niobate and Lead Zinc Niobate by Svitelskiy, Oleksiy Vasyl; PhD from Lehigh University, 2003, 187 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3073963

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Reaction Products of Orthophosphates in Soils Containing Varying Amounts of Calcium and Magnesium by Racz, Geza; AdvDeg from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00713

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Single Crystal Electrical Resistivities in Cadmium and Cadmium-magnesium Alloys by Stackhouse, Brian Jeffrey; PhD from University of Alberta (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK34487

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Solid Solution Strengthening of Magnesium by Akhtar, A; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03027

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Solubilities of Iron, Aluminum, Magnesium and Nickel in Sulfuric Acid Media between 230 Degrees and 270 Degrees C by Zhu, Xuetang; MASC from University of Toronto (Canada), 2003, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ78506

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Structure and Mechanism of Iron and Magnesium Chelatases: at the Hemechlorophyll Branch-point by Fodje, Michel Nkwenti; PhD from Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2003, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f50497

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Studies of the Binding Function for a Soil Organic Acid with Copper and Magnesium by Lee, Stephen L. F; PhD from Carleton University (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55615

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Studies on the Myosin Nucleoside Triphosphatase and the Actin-myosin Interaction under the Influence of Calcium and Magnesium at Low Concentrations of Potassium Chloride by Sugden, Edward Arthur; AdvDeg from University of Alberta (Canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08127

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Study of (a) the Ge(p,d) and (p,t) Reactions; (b) the Magnesium-26(p,t)magnesium-24 Reaction by Fournier, Rodolphe; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK11090

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Study of the Interactions of Magnesium(+) and Nickel(+) with Polar Molecules Using Laser Vaporization-ionization High-pressure Mass Spectrometry by Herring, Angelina Maria; MS from Virginia Commonwealth University, 2003, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412783

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Synaptosomal Doubly Charged Positive Calcium Ion + Doubly Charged Positive Magnesium Ion-atpase from the Brain of the Bertha Armyworm Mamestra Configurata Preparation, Properties and the Effect of Insecticides by Luo, Ma; PhD from The University of Manitoba (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37389

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Synchrotron X-ray Scattering Studies of Local Fluctuations in Lead Magnesium Niobate Relaxor Ferroelectrics by Tkachuk, Andrei; PhD from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070458

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Synthesis and Characterisation of Basic Magnesium Carbonate by Botha, Adele; DPhil from University of Pretoria (South Africa), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f513201

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Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Low Dimensional Spin Systems in the 3d Transition Metal Oxides and Superconductivity in Magnesium Borate by Rogado, Nyrissa S.; PhD from Princeton University, 2003, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089880

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Textures, Microstructures, Anisotropy and Formability of Aluminum-manganesemagnesium and Aluminum-magnesium Alloys by Liu, Jiantao; PhD from University of Kentucky, 2003, 275 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092317

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The Distribution of Magnesium and Iron between Olivine and Spinel at 1300 Degrees C by Jamieson, Heather Edith; PhD from Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK55949

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The Effect of Alloying and Cold Rolling on the Texture and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium and Magnesium-lithium Alloys by Wootton, George Claude; AdvDeg from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1967 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK01827

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The Effects of Potassium and Magnesium Salts of Aspartic Acid on Strength, Endurance, and Body Composition of Male College-Age Advanced Weightlifters by Bowers, Charles Jefferson, EDD from The University of Mississippi, 1981, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8128090

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The Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites on the Renal Handling of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphate in the Hamster by Burnatowska, Maria A; PhD from Mcgill University (Canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50402

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The Fusion Welding of Magnesium Alloys by Laser Beams and Flux-assisted Gas Tungsten Electric Arcs by Marya, Manuel Paul; PhD from Colorado School of Mines, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f769681

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The Growth of Bones in the Rat As Influenced by Magnesium Deficiency and Hormonal Variations by Bogoroch, Rita; PhD from University of Ottawa (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14170

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The High-temperature Phase Chemistry and Thermochemistry of the Lead Magnesium Niobium Titanium Oxide System by Mangham, Robert Ingvar; PhD from Arizona State University, 2003, 236 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084659

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The New Technique of Selective Sublimation and Its Application to the Study of the Cadmium - Copper-cadmium(3) and Magnesium - Magnesium(2)-silicide Eutectics by Haour, Georges; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27869

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The Removal of Magnesium and Silicon from Aluminum-based Melts by Stubina, Nathan M; PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43422

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The Roles of Lithium(+), Magnesium(2+), and Sodium Ions in Bipolar Disorder and Essential Hypertension: a Multinuclear Nmr and Fluorescence Study by Williams, Nicole Marie; PhD from Loyola University of Chicago, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056455

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The Shock Production and Quantitative Spectroscopy of the Magnesium Hydride Doublet-a Pi - Doublet-x-sigma + Delta(v)=0 Sequence by McGregor, Andrew Thomas; PhD from The University of Western Ontario (Canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24606

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The Threshold Behavior of Electron-atom Superelastic Scattering in Magnesium by Baynard, Tahllee; PhD from The University of Chicago, 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3070155

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The Transfer of Alkyl Groups from Boron to Magnesium: Aspects of Theory and Experiment by Threlfall, Clinton Armstrong; PhD from University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2002, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3061749

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The Uptake of Sulphur, Calcium, and Magnesium and Their Distribution in Phaseolus Vulgaris L. As Affected by Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid by Peirson, David R; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13251

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Theory of Elastic Strain Fields, Chemical Substitutions, and Crystal Lattice Defects in 123-structure-cuprates and Magnesium Borate Superconductors by Su, Haibin; PhD from State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2002, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3088069

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Thermodynamics of Magnesium in Liquid Nickel Solutions by Samuelsson, Eva; PhD from The University of British Columbia (Canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL44657

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Two Topics in Biological Nmr: Hydrogen Nmr Studies of Adriamycin and Magnesium-25 Nmr Studies of Magnesium(II) Binding to Low Molecular Weight Ligands by McLennan, Ian J; PhD from University of Guelph (Canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL41236

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Visual, Microscopic, and Colorimetric Examination of Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Containing 6 Percent Amino Acids, 25 Percent Dextrose, and 65 Mmol of Phosphorus/l by Lorenz, Kimberly Lynn; MS from Rush University, 2003, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411748

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Wide Bandgap Magnesium Zinc Oxide Semiconducting Thin Films and Applications to Solar/visible Blind Ultraviolet Photodetectors by Yang, Wei; PhD from University of Maryland College Park, 2002, 260 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080284

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Zinc Oxide and Magnesium Zinc Oxide-based Multilayer Structures for Tunable Surface Acoustic Wave Devices by Emanetoglu, Nuri William; PhD from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2003, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3092934

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning magnesium.

Recent Trials on Magnesium The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to magnesium.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Magnesium and Asthma - Clinical Trials Condition(s): Asthma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: Asthma currently affects an estimated 15 million Americans. A number of studies have found an association between low dietary magnesium (Mg) intake and increased asthma incidence and severity of symptoms. However, clinical intervention trials are necessary to directly assess whether there is a true protective or preventative causal relationship between low Mg and asthma. In our study, we will assess the effects of 6 1/2 months of oral Mg supplements or placebo on clinical markers of asthma control, indirect biomarkers of inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and indices of oxidative defense and damage in subjects with mild to moderate persistent asthma. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029510

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These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Magnesium Effects in Apheresis Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will determine whether magnesium replacement during apheresis can decrease side effects that donors commonly experience. Apheresis is a method of collecting large numbers of certain blood cells, such as white cells, stem cells, or platelets. In this procedure, whole blood is collected through a needle in an arm vein, similar to donating blood. The blood is separated into its components by centrifugation (spinning), the required cells are extracted, and the rest of the blood is returned to the body, either through the same needle or through another needle in the other arm. When healthy people donate cells by apheresis, a blood thinner called citrate is added to prevent the blood from clotting in the apheresis machine. Citrate works by reducing calcium in the blood. When the blood is returned to the donor, citrate from the machine is also returned, lowering the donor's calcium levels. As a result, donors often feel tingling around the mouth, hands, and feet. Some of these symptoms can be prevented by giving calcium intravenously (through a vein) during the procedure. Even with the added calcium, however, some donors still have symptoms. Magnesium levels are also lowered by citrate, but it is not known if this causes symptoms. This study will examine whether the decrease in magnesium levels also contributes to the side effects of apheresis and whether magnesium replacement can reduce these symptoms. Healthy apheresis donors 18 years of age or older who are enrolled in NIH protocols may participate in this study. Donors will undergo the apheresis procedures required by the NIH protocol they are enrolled in. Throughout the procedure, they will receive an intravenous infusion of a salt solution that may or may not contain magnesium. Blood samples of 5 milliliters (1 teaspoon) each will be taken from the apheresis machine at the beginning and end of the procedure and at 30- to 60-minute intervals during the procedure. No more than 50 ml (3 tablespoons) will be taken during any single apheresis. The last sample will be drawn 60 minutes after completion of the apheresis. In addition, donors will: - Provide a urine sample at the beginning and end of each apheresis procedure. - Donate an additional urine sample and an additional 5 ml blood sample the morning after apheresis - Describe any symptoms experienced during apheresis to the apheresis nurse Phase(s): Phase III; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00040235

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Magnesium Sulfate For Brain Injury Condition(s): Brain Injuries; Head Injury; Brain Concussion Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of the study is to determine whether magnesium sulfate, given within 8 hours of a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury improves survival, decreases the number of people developing seizures, improves the survivors' mental and psychological functioning, including the ability to return to daily life, live independently, and return to work or school.

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Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004730 •

The Effect of Oral Magnesium Pidolate on How Often Painful Crises Happens in Patients with Hemoglobin SC Disease Condition(s): Hemoglobin SC Disease Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Baylor College of Medicine; Texas Children's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to find out whether treatment with magnesium pidolate will increase the amount of water in the red blood cell and result in fewer painful crises in patients with hemoglobin SC disease while not causing diarrhea. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00040456

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Magnesium Sulfate to Prevent Brain Injury in Premature Infants Condition(s): Brain Injuries; Cerebral Palsy Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Premature infants are at risk for acute brain injuries and long-term developmental problems such as cerebral palsy (CP). Research suggests that high levels of magnesium at and around the time of birth may decrease the risk of brain injuries. This study will evaluate the effects of giving magnesium to premature infants. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065949

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Adverse Events with Magnesium Sulfate Condition(s): Lung Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To investigate in pregnant women the adverse pulmonary effects of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), a commonly used drug for tocolysis or arrest of labor. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005448

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Field Administration of Stroke Therapy - Magnesium (FAST-MAG) Trial Condition(s): Cerebrovascular Accident Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Purpose - Excerpt: The goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of field-initiated magnesium sulfate in improving the long-term functional outcome of patients with acute stroke. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00059332

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Magnesium in Coronaries (MAGIC) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Disease; Heart Diseases; Myocardial Infarction; Myocardial Ischemia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether early intravenous magnesium treatment of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction reduces mortality. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000610

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Randomized Study of Nimodipine versus Magnesium Sulfate in the Prevention of Eclamptic Seizures in Patients with Severe Preeclampsia Condition(s): Pre-Eclampsia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): FDA Office of Orphan Products Development; University of Utah Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine the effectiveness of nimodipine versus magnesium sulfate in the prevention of eclamptic seizures in patients with severe preeclampsia. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004399

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Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate in Modulating Changes in Symptoms and Divalent Cation Levels Associated With Foscavir Therapy: A Phase IV Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Cross-Over, Pilot Study Condition(s): Cytomegalovirus Infections; HIV Infections; Hypocalcemia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): Astra USA

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Purpose - Excerpt: To determine whether acute ionized hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia immediately following foscarnet infusions can be lessened or eliminated by prior infusion of magnesium sulfate. To determine whether reductions in ionized magnesium, ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone levels following foscarnet infusions are lessened by preinfusion of magnesium sulfate. To evaluate the safety of intravenous magnesium sulfate prior to foscarnet infusion by monitoring blood pressure, heart rate, and heart rhythm. To characterize the effect of magnesium sulfate on foscarnet blood levels and urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and foscarnet. Phase(s): Phase IV Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00002146 •

Study of Magnesium Sulfate in Children With Reduced Bone Density Secondary to Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease Condition(s): Alagille Syndrome; Cholestasis; Biliary Atresia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Children's Hospital Medical Center - Cincinnati Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Determine the role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of decreased serum vitamin D and reduced bone density in children with chronic cholestatic liver disease. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00007033

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “magnesium” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON MAGNESIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “magnesium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on magnesium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Magnesium By performing a patent search focusing on magnesium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 9Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on magnesium: •

Aluminum organic electrolytes and method for electrolytic coating with aluminum or aluminum-magnesium-alloys Inventor(s): Lehmkuhl; Herbert (Mulheim an der Ruhr, DE), Mehler; Klaus-Dieter (Mulheim an der Ruhr, DE), Reinhold; Bertram (Ingolstadt, DE) Assignee(s): Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH (Mulheim an der Ruhr, DE) Patent Number: 6,652,730 Date filed: May 30, 2001 Abstract: Organoaluminum electrolytes and methods for the coating of electrically conductive materials with aluminum or aluminum-magnesium alloys, essentially and preferably consisting of Na[Et.sub.3 Al--H--AlEt.sub.3 ] for aluminum coating, or of either K[AlEt.sub.4 ] or Na[Et.sub.3 Al--H--AlEt.sub.3 ] and Na[AlEt.sub.4 ] and trialkylaluminum for alloy coating using solutions of these electrolytes in liquid aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof with aliphatic mono- or polybasic ethers, such as dimethoxyethane, and using soluble anodes of aluminum or of aluminum and magnesium, or of aluminum-magnesium alloy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to organoaluminum electrolytes suitable for the electrolytic deposition of aluminum or aluminum-magnesium alloys on electrically conductive materials, and a method for this using soluble aluminum anodes or soluble aluminum and magnesium anodes or an anode made of an aluminum-magnesium alloy. Organoaluminum complex compounds have been used for a long time for the electrolytic deposition of aluminum (dissertation H. Lehmkuhl, TH Aachen 1954, German Patent 1047450; K. Ziegler, H. Lehmkuhl, Z. anorg. allg. Chemie 283 (1956) 414; German Patent 1056377; H. Lehmkuhl, Chem. Ing. Tech. 36 (1964) 616; EP-A-0084816; H. Lehmkuhl, K. Mehler and U. Landau in Adv. in electro-chem. Science and Engineering (Eds. H. Gerischer, C. W. Tobias, Vol. 3, Weinheim 1994). As suitable electrolytes, there have been proposed complex compounds of general type MX2AlR.sub.3, which are employed either as molten salts or in the form of their solutions in liquid aromatic hydrocarbons. MX may be either alkali metal (Na, K, Rb, Cs) or onium halides, preferably fluorides. R represent alkyl residues with preferably one, two or four carbon atoms. The interest in electrolytic coatings of metal workpieces with aluminum has greatly increased due to the excellent corrosion protection by the aluminum layers and their ecological safety. Therefore, the galvanic coating with organoaluminum electrolytes which work at moderately elevated temperatures of between 60 and 150.degree. C. and in closed systems is of great technical importance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652730__

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Article for use in a semiconductor processing chamber and method of fabricating same Inventor(s): Lingampalli; Ramkishan Rao (Fremont, CA) Assignee(s): Applied Materials, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) Patent Number: 6,632,325 Date filed: February 7, 2002

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Abstract: An article having a protective coating for use in semiconductor applications and method for making the same is provided. In one embodiment, a method of coating an aluminum surface of an article utilized in a semiconductor deposition chamber includes the steps of heating a coating material to a semi-liquidous state, the coating material comprising at least one material from the group consisting of aluminum fluoride and magnesium fluoride and depositing the heated coating material on the aluminum surface. The protective coating has a beta phase grain orientation of less than about 10 percent that has good adhesion to aluminum and resists cracking, flaking and peeling. Some articles that may be advantageously coated include showerheads, blocker plates, support assemblies and vacuum chamber bodies, among others. Excerpt(s): Embodiments of the invention generally relate to an article having a protective coating for use in a semiconductor processing chamber and a method of making the same. Integrated circuits have evolved into complex devices that can include millions of transistors, capacitors and resistors on a single chip. The evolution of chip designs continually requires faster circuitry and greater circuit density that demand increasingly precise fabrication techniques and processes. One fabrication process frequently used is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Chemical vapor deposition is generally employed to deposit a thin film on a substrate or a semiconductor wafer. Chemical vapor deposition is generally accomplished by introducing a precursor gas into a vacuum chamber. The precursor gas is typically directed through a showerhead situated near the top of the chamber. The precursor gas reacts to form a layer of material on the surface of the substrate that is positioned on a heated substrate support typically fabricated from aluminum. Purge gas is routed through holes in the support to the edge of the substrate to prevent deposition at the substrate's edge that may cause the substrate to adhere to the support. Deposition by-products produced during the reaction are pumped from the chamber through an exhaust system. One material frequently formed on substrates using a chemical vapor deposition process is tungsten. A precursor gas that may be used to form tungsten generally includes tungsten hexafluoride (WF.sub.6) and silane. As the silane and tungsten hexafluoride mix, some "stray" tungsten (i.e., tungsten that does not deposit on the substrate) deposits on the showerhead and other chamber components. The stray tungsten film builds on the showerhead and may become a source of contamination in the chamber. Eventually, the stray tungsten may clog the holes in the showerhead that facilitate passage of the precursor gas therethrough and necessitating the showerhead be removed and cleaned or replaced. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632325__ •

Automotive and aerospace materials in a continuous, pressurized mold filling and casting machine Inventor(s): Herron; David J. (1212 N. LaSalle Dr., #1604, Chicago, IL 60610) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,637,497 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Abstract: Mold filling and feeding device (400) and process including using refractory filter cloth (202) to seal a mold line (100), in continuous conveyance, to a multi-stage pressurized filling and feeding device. The mold line (100) consists of vertically parted or horizontally parted green sand molds (101), or an extruded bed of media carrying various types of molds, including green sand, nobake, lost foam, investment casting

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shells, etc. These molds are bottom or side filled while moving for increased production rates. Feeding under pressure, while moving, is a second operation that improves casting integrity. The process includes a new and more efficient method of treating iron with magnesium for compacted graphite or ductile iron. A stitch (242) of filter cloth (202) holds modifying alloy (630) to the molds (101). A vacuum and pressure controlled column (550) provides consistent flow to thin walled castings, and pressurized feeding for heavy castings. Radiant energy losses are contained in the automatic system. The process and several special purpose machine components make a unified system for hardening liquid (600) such as molten metal in casting of aluminum alloy wheels or other metal castings, and also plastic polymer, rubber tires, etc., or food stuff, as in molded chocolate candy. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the apparatus and processes of molding and casting, particularly to molten metal casting, for such as aluminum alloy wheels, but also to other thermally or chemically hardening liquids such as solidified foodstuff, plastics, rubber or other polymers formed in molds into solid articles for such as the automotive, aerospace industries, and food technology. For centuries, molds have been filled with molten metal to solidify into desired shapes. The processes have been adapted to other natural and synthetic hardening fluids ranging from chocolate to plastics, for example. The fluid or liquid may be poured under gravity from a vessel into an opening in the top of the mold. It may be pumped or flow under pressure into any area of the mold. The mold generally consists of a top and bottom section joined along a somewhat horizontal parting line. A cavity within the assembled mold corresponds to the desired solid shape. The opening for down pouring, or the "sprue", is usually cut or molded through the upper section of the mold, with some difficulties. As most molten metals are highly reactive at the elevated temperatures required, defects often form in proportion to the speed of the filling or the height of the falling stream, both of which increase the turbulence of fluid flow and the reactive exposure; to oxygen, for instance. The mold itself may suffer erosion or liquid penetration of the mold media. The mold may even rupture under the forces applied. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06637497__ •

Chemical heat pump Inventor(s): Jonsson; Staffan (Karlskoga, SE), Karebring-Olsson; Mona (Hammarland, FI), Olsson; Ray (Hammarland, FI) Assignee(s): Solsam Sunergy AB (Stockholm, SE) Patent Number: 6,634,183 Date filed: December 5, 2001 Abstract: In a chemical heat pump a substance is used which within the temperature range for which the heat pump is intended has a transition between a solid phase and a solution phase. The substance can for a solar driven chemical heat pump comprise magnesium chloride hexahdrate. In an accumulator part of the heat pump a heat exchanger (21) is provided enclosed by a net (23). The solid phase is primary located inside the net in contact with the heat exchanger while the solution phase flow out of the net and is collected in space (24') below the heat exchanger. From this space the solution phase is pumped and sprayed over the heat exchanger from a spray bar (25). Thereby, all the time equilibrium is maintained. The advantage including the constant temperature step and the relatively large energy content of solid substance is thereby combined with the high power of liquid substances. Such a chemical heat pump is

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among other things suitable for converting low grade heat energy such as solar energy to cooling and in some cases also for a simultaneous production of heat. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a chemical heat pump. The principle of the operation of the chemical heat pump is well-known, see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,440,889, 5,056,591, 4,993,239, 4,754,805 and the published International patent application WO 94/21973. In a chemical heat pump an active substance, the absorbent, is used which performs the very process of the heat pump and which works together with a volatile medium, the absorbate or sorbate, which usually is a dipolar liquid, in most cases water. As the working active substance, according to the known technology, either a solid substance or a liquid substance can be used. A solid substance has the advantages that the vapor pressure remains constant during the whole discharging process for a constant cooling temperature and a relatively large capacity of storing heat. A typical value of the storage capacity for a solid substance having water as the sorbate, counted as cooling energy, is about 0.3 kWh/1 substance. A further advantage associated with a solid substance is that no movable components are required in the system. Heat is transferred to or conducted away from the substance through a lamellar heat exchanger or a plate heat exchanger in a homogenous contact with the substance. The disadvantage associated with a solid substance is the limited power which can be obtained, due to the bad thermal conductivity of solid substances. For systems the charging time of which corresponds to for example six hours of daytime charging using solar energy and the discharging time of which corresponds to a period of twelve hours of cooling for example a building, this provides no major problem. However, a disadvantage is that for continuous cooling at day and night and based on solar energy two installations working in parallel with each other are required. A liquid substance has the advantage of a high power since the substance can be spread over the heat exchanger both in charging and in discharging and thereby be efficiently cooled or heated respectively. The disadvantage of a liquid substance is that the cooling capacity decreases as a function of the dilution of the sorbate. This actually strongly limits the operational interval within which the substance can be used, what in turn reduces the storage capacity, counted as above as cooling energy per liter substance. Most liquid substances or absorbent used in chemical heat pumps comprise solutions of strongly hygroscopical inorganic salts in preferably water together with which water is used as the volatile liquid, the sorbate. Then another limitation is obtained by the fact that the dissolved substance cannot be allowed to crystallize. Crystallization creates problems in spray nozzles and pumps. Thus, the use of a liquid substance is limited to converting heat energy to cooling without any storing of heat and systems therefor are generally known and utilized. In such a process e.g. a lithium bromide solution can be used which when heated is evaporated to pass from a diluted solution to a more concentrated solution. This can be made in a chemical heat pump at a low pressure or at atmospheric pressure using air flows. The amount of working substance is relatively small, since no storing of "charged" concentrated solution is made. The hot concentrated solution is then cooled and is then again made to absorb the sorbate which is evaporated from a heat exchanger, the heat of which is taken from for example the rooms to be cooled. Disadvantages of this known system can be that the hot concentrated solution has to be continuously cooled what practically can result in energy losses and that no cooling can be obtained during the time period when there is no supply of heat. Thus, such a system cannot perform air-conditioning at night. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06634183__

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Cleaning process and cleaning agent for harmful gas Inventor(s): Nawa; Youji (Kanagawa, JP), Otsuka; Kenji (Kanagawa, JP), Takamatsu; Yukichi (Kanagawa, JP), Tonari; Kazuaki (Kanagawa, JP) Assignee(s): Japan Pionics Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,638,489 Date filed: September 21, 2001 Abstract: There are disclosed a process for cleaning a harmful gas which comprises bringing the harmful gas containing as a harmful component, an organosilicon compound represented by the general formula: CH.sub.2 CH--SiR.sub.3, CH.sub.2 CH-Si(OR).sub.3, CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --SiR.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --Si(OR).sub.3, wherein R indicates a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic compound group, into contact with a cleaning agent comprising activated carbon adhesively incorporated with at least one species selected from the group consisting of bromine, iodine, a metal bromide and a metal iodide in which the metal is exemplified by copper, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, aluminum and tin; and a cleaning agent comprising the same. The cleaning process and the cleaning agent enable to practically clean a harmful gas which is exhausted from a semiconductor manufacturing process and the like by the use of a dry cleaning process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for cleaning a harmful gas containing as a harmful component, an organosilicon compound represented by the general formula: CH.sub.2 CH--SiR.sub.3, CH.sub.2 CH--Si(OR).sub.3, CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --SiR.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 --Si(OR).sub.3, wherein R is a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic compound group; and a cleaning agent therefor. More particularly, it is concerned with a process for cleaning, by dry cleaning process, a harmful gas containing the above-mentioned organosilicon compound which gas is exhausted from a semiconductor manufacturing process or the like; and a cleaning agent therefor. There has been developed in recent years, a wiring material of copper films which has low electric resistance and high electro-migration resistance as a new wiring material taking the place of the wiring material of aluminum films or aluminum alloy films. Plating, sputtering, CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and the like method have been put into practical application as a method of forming copper films. With continuous progress towards three dimensional trend of a device and multi-layer trend of a wiring material, the requirement for flatness of a thin film is steadily growing. Thus, there is expected the advancement of film forming technique by CVD method which technique is capable of forming a thin film meeting the requirements of favorable step coverage and a design rule of 0.13.mu.m or less. In regard to copper film formation by means of CVD method, research and investigation have been made on a method in which any of various solid CVD feed materials is sublimed by being kept at an elevated temperature, and supplied in the form of vapor to a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus. However, disadvantages of the method such as an unreasonably small amount of vapor feed and a low rate of film formation led to unsuccess in commercialization thereof. Nevertheless, development has been made in recent years on CVD feed materials in the form of liquid such as hexafluoroacetylacetone-copper vinyltrimethylsilane [(CF.sub.3 CO).sub.2 CHCu.CH.sub.2 CHSi(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ] or hexafluoroacetylacetone-copper allyltrimethylsilane [(CF.sub.3 CO).sub.2 CHCu.CH.sub.2 CHCH.sub.2 Si(CH.sub.3).sub.3 ], whereby the rate of film formation has been improved to such a level as commercializability. it being so, copper film

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formation was commenced by the use of the above-mentioned hexafluoroacetylacetonecopper complexes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638489__ •

Composition for aiding in toilet training and method for using same Inventor(s): Fiorella; Erica F. (7114 Davis Rd., Waxhaw, NC 28173) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,648,650 Date filed: May 30, 2002 Abstract: A powder for use as a toilet training aid changes from substantially white to a non-white color upon contacting water. The powder-includes at least one powdered water-soluble color additive, and at least one salt for providing a uniform dispersion of color from the color additive when in contact with water. The salt is preferably selected from the group consisting of sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and magnesium chloride. The color additive is preferably a water-soluble powder certified by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in drugsand cosmetics or for use in food, drugs and cosmetics. After repeated use, the child develops a positive mental association between the act of using the toilet and the amusement derived from watching the change of color, thereby making toilet training easier. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a composition for assisting in the toilet training of children. The composition is a powder mixture that changes from white to a desired color upon contacting water. The color change of the powder provides a source of amusement to a child to encourage his or her use of the toilet. Toilet training is often a difficult and tedious task for both parent and child. Children are often intimidated or simply disinterested in the prospect of making the transition from diapers to regular toilet use. Forcing an unwilling child to use a toilet can be counterproductive and reinforce the child's fear or dislike for the activity. There is a need for toilet training aids that make the experience of using the toilet more enjoyable for the child, thereby encouraging use of the toilet and making toilet training easier for the parent. An activity in which the source of amusement to the child is directly related to the activity of urinating in the toilet would have the strongest effect in developing a positive incentive in the child's mind for using the toilet. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06648650__

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Dry powder for inhalation Inventor(s): Keller; Manfred (Bad Krozingen, DE), Muller-Walz; Rudi (Schopfheim, DE) Assignee(s): Jago Research AG (Muttenz, CH) Patent Number: 6,645,466 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: The aim of the invention is to improve the moisture resistance of dry powder formulations for inhalation which contain a pharmaceutically ineffective carrier of notinhalable particle size and a finely divided pharmaceutically active compound of inhalable particle size and to also improve the storage stability of said formulations. To this end, magnesium stearate is used in said formulations. One of the features of the

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inventive dry powder is that a high fine particle dosage or fine particle fraction can be maintained also under relatively extreme temperature and humidity conditions. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to the improvement of the resistance to moisture of dry powder formulations for inhalation, and to the novel dry powder formulations. The active compound must be inhalable. In order to be able to pass into the lungs, it must be present in particles of size about 1 to 10.mu.m. Such microfine particles can be obtained, for example, by micronization, controlled precipitation from suitable solvents or by spray drying if the process conditions are suitably selected, controlled and carried out. Microfine particles, however, have a very unfavorable, i.e. large, ratio of surface to volume or mass and therefore a large surface energy. This is manifested in strong adhesion and cohesion tendencies which in turn lead to poor flow properties and to powder aggregation. Microfine powders of this type are therefore difficult to handle and are strongly influenced by electrostatic charge, processing, atmospheric humidity and the like. In order to guarantee consistent production of the formulation, mechanical filling of the powder inhaler and correct dosage and release by the powder inhaler, the powder must be free-flowing. Good flow properties are as a rule expected with sufficiently large particles which are as spherical as possible and which have a low surface energy and small contact areas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645466__ •

Electrochromic materials, devices and process of making Inventor(s): Richardson; Thomas J. (Oakland, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 6,647,166 Date filed: July 9, 2001 Abstract: Thin films of transition metal compositions formed with magnesium that are metals, alloys, hydrides or mixtures of alloys, metals and/or hydrides exhibit reversible color changes on application of electric current or hydrogen. Thin films of these materials are suitable for optical switching elements, thin film displays, sun roofs, rearview mirrors and architectural glass. Excerpt(s): Devices capable of switching between mirror-like and transparent states find many applications in architectural and transportation energy conservation, lighting and displays, aerospace insulation control, and optical communications systems. Such devices, termed "switchable mirrors", based on rare earth hydrides were discovered by Huiberts et al., Nature 380, 231 (1996), who observed a reversible metal-to-insulator transition when a thin film (150 to 500 nm) of yttrium or lanthanum coated with a thin layer of palladium was exposed to hydrogen gas. The transition accompanies conversion of a metallic dihydride phase to a semiconducting trihydride. Rare earthmagnesium alloy films were subsequently found to be superior to the pure lanthanides in maximum transparency and mirror-state reflectivity, see Van der Sluis et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 70, 3356 (1997). Phase separation appears to occur when these alloys take up hydrogen, giving transparent MgH.sub.2 and LnH.sub.2-3, both of which may participate in the switching mechanism. Because the rare earths are highly vulnerable to oxidation, a Pd overlayer at least 5 nm thick is required for films exposed to air or to an alkaline electrolyte. Although the Pd catalyzes the uptake and removal of hydrogen, it limits the maximum transparency of the composite film to about 50%. Other fields of art have developed materials that exhibit electrochromism. Among the many transition

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metals and alloys that have been investigated for use in low pressure hydrogen storage devices or as electrodes in secondary batteries, a few are known to form semiconducting hydride phases such as Mg.sub.2 NiH.sub.4, Mg.sub.2 CoH.sub.5, and Mg.sub.2 FeH.sub.6, see Reilly et al., Inorg. Chem. 7, 2254, (1968); Zolliker et al., Inorg. Chem., 24, 4177, (1985) and Didisheim et al., Inorg. Chem., 23, 1953, (1984). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06647166__ •

Fluid resistant silicone compositions for sealing magnesium alloy components Inventor(s): DeCato; Alfred A. (Novara, IT) Assignee(s): Henkel Loctite Corporation (Rocky Hill, CT) Patent Number: 6,645,339 Date filed: April 26, 2002 Abstract: Silicone compositions are disclosed which exhibit excellent adherence to magnesium-based substrates such as magnesium alloys and which exhibit excellent resistance to organic solvents. These compositions include at least one polymerizable silicone component, at least one amino-containing silane adhesion promoter which enhances adhesion of the composition to magnesium-based substrates, and at least one viscosity modifier, which enhances the resistance of the compositions to organic solvents. Methods of making these compositions, articles of manufacture including these compositions, and a method for providing enhanced adhesion to magnesiumbased substrates using these compositions are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions for sealing and adhering magnesium-based substrates. More particularly, the present invention relates to compositions which demonstrate excellent resistance to fluid solvents, particularly automotive fluids, while maintaining excellent adherence to magnesium-based substrates. Room temperature vulcanizable (RTV) silicones posses an interesting combination of properties that make them very desirable for a large number of applications. These properties include a viscosity range that allows for use as flowable liquids or soft pastes, excellent thermal stability characteristics of high-consistency silicone rubber, good adhesion to many surfaces without requiring pressure, and curing without the need for heating, as their name implies. However, RTV silicones have not been used for sealing and bonding magnesium-based substrates, such as magnesium alloy substrates. It is known to add viscosity-modifying filler materials to RTV silicones to improve their resistance to fluid solvents. For example, the addition of certain grades of metal oxides to silicone elastomers is known to result in silicone rubber compositions having a certain degree of oil resistance. European Patent Publication No. 572 148, assigned to General Electric Company, discloses the incorporation of mixed metal oxides into heat cured silicone elastomeric compositions containing MQ resins (M=R.sub.3 SiO.sub.1/2 monofunctional groups; Q=SiO.sub.2 quadri- functional groups). In the '148 publication, such compositions are formed into engine gaskets which are reported to display a certain degree of oil resistance. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645339__

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Friction material for brake Inventor(s): Horiya; Takao (Saitama, JP), Kato; Masanori (Saitama, JP), Ogiwara; Osao (Saitama, JP) Assignee(s): Akebono Brake Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP), Akebono Research and Development Centre Ltd. (Saitama, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,349 Date filed: October 31, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a friction material for brake not containing materials including heavy metals such as Cu or antimony. The friction material contains a fibrous component, a binding component and a friction modifying component, wherein magnesium oxide (MgO) and graphite are contained in a friction material in the amount of 45 to 80 vol %, and volume ratio (MgO/graphite) of magnesium oxide (MgO) to graphite is 1/1 to 4/1. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a friction material for brake to be used for brakes of vehicles or industrial machines, and more particularly to such a friction material excellent in frictional performance at high temperatures and mechanical strength without containing Cu based metals or antimony compound. With respect to friction materials, in non-asbestos based friction materials which have gradually become a main stream in substitution for existing asbestos based friction materials, there are employed many kinds of fibrous components, for example, for reinforcing strength, maintaining friction coefficient and improving qualities, and are much used metal fibers such as Cu fiber, steel fiber and the like. Nowadays in general, the non-asbestos based friction materials contain about 0 to 20 vol % Cu fiber or Cu powder. Cu is useful for reinforcing strength, heightening friction coefficient of friction materials, and further maintaining friction coefficient at 400.degree. C. or higher and increasing heat radiating efficiency. Being different from steel fibers, Cu has characteristics less to have aggressiveness, which increases a wear amount of an opposite member such as a rotor, and to generate rusts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635349__

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Fuel compositions exhibiting improved fuel stability Inventor(s): Orr; William C. (2075 S. University, #240, Denver, CO 80210) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,652,608 Date filed: December 8, 1997 Abstract: A fuel composition of the present invention exhibits minimized hydrolysis and increased fuel stability, even after extended storage at 65.degree. F. for 6-9 months. The composition, which is preferably not strongly alkaline (3.0 to 10.5), is more preferably weakly alkaline to mildly acidic (4.5 to 8.5) and most preferably slightly acidic (6.3 to 6.8), includes a lower dialkyl carbonate, a combustion improving amount of at least one high heating combustible compound containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of aluminum, boron, bromine, bismuth, beryllium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, francium, gallium, germanium, iodine, iron, indium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, phosphorus,

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potassium, palladium, rubidium, sodium, tin, zinc, praseodymium, rhenium, silicon, vanadium, or mixture, and a hydrocarbon base fuel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to enhanced structured fuel compositions for use in jet, turbine, diesel, gasoline, and other combustion systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to fuel compositions using viscous hydrocarbons, which are substantially neutral pH, and which employ a silicon based combustion catalyst. International patent application Nos. PCT/US95/02691, PCT/US95/06758, and PCT/US96/09653, are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference, and disclose fuel compositions and combustion techniques for achieving vapor phase combustion based on an enhanced combustion structure ("ECS"). This enhanced combustion structure includes a combustible metallic and free radical generating oxygenated compound. It has been found that such free radical generating oxygenates include C2C12 aldehydes, aldehydic acids, C2-C12 ethers, C1-C15 alcohols, C2-C12 oxides, C3-C15 ketones, ketonic acids, C3-C15 esters, othroesters, C3-C12 diesters, C5-C12 phenols, C5C20 glycol ethers, C2-C12 glycols, C3-C20 alkyl carbonates, C3-C20 dialkyl carbonates, C3-C20 di-carbonates, C1 to C20 organic and inorganic peroxides, hydroperoxides, carboxylic acids, amines, nitrates, di-nitrates, oxalates, phenols, acetic acids, boric acids, orthoborates, hydroxyacids, orthoacids, anhydrides, acetates, acetyls, formic acids, nitrates, di-nitrates, nitro-ethers, which can meet minimum burning velocity (BV) and latent heats of vaporization (LHV) requirements of aforementioned PCT Applications. Specific compounds can be found in detail in Organic Chemistry 6th Ed, T. W. G. Solomons, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., (1995), Physical Chemistry, 5th Ed, P. W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, U.K. (1994), Physical Organic Chemistry, 2 Ed, N. S. Issacs, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1995) and Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 14th Ed, J. A. Dean, McGraw-Hill, N.Y. (1992), and their minimum BV/LHV requirements in aforementioned PCT Applications, which are herein by incorporated by reference. Said enhanced combustion structure oxygenates, when in combination with a combustible non-lead metal or non-metal (as set forth below), exhibit high heats of enthalpy capable, improved combustion, thermal efficiency, fuel economy, and power. Of particularly interest to this invention are the enhanced combustion struture oxygenates of symmetrical dialkyl carbonates, especially dimethyl and diethyl carbonates. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652608__ •

Fuel oil compositions Inventor(s): Caprotti; Rinaldo (Oxfordshire, GB) Assignee(s): Exxon Chemical Patents Inc () Patent Number: 6,652,609 Date filed: July 8, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to fuel oil, especially middle distillate fuel oil, compositions comprising middle distillate fuel oil and at least one fuel-soluble or fuel dispersible calcium and/or magnesium salt. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fuel oil, especially middle distillate fuel oil, compositions of improved combustion performance, particularly demonstrating reduced particulate matter emission and/or smoke. This invention is especially directed to hydrocarbon middle distillate fuel oil compositions. Certain organometallic compounds are known to be effective combustion improvers for distillate fuels such as home heating oils. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,112,789 describes the use of

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cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyls for this purpose. and its use for reducing the soot, smoke and/or carbonaceous products produced on combustion of the fuel and for reducing the acidity of the carbonaceous products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652609__ •

Galvanic probes as pH and oxidation reduction potential sensors, control devices employing such probes, and related methods Inventor(s): Decker; Paul (Creve Coeur, MO), Martzall; Thomas Lee (St. Charles, MO), Mosley; Michael David (Calverton Park, MO) Assignee(s): Digital Concepts of Missouri (Earth City, MO) Patent Number: 6,653,842 Date filed: July 10, 2001 Abstract: A galvanic probe comprises a sensor electrode and a reference electrode. The sensor electrode has an exposed surface that comprises a noble metal or antimony or bismuth, and, optionally, an oxide or hydroxide thereof. The reference electrode is spaced apart from the sensor electrode and has an exposed surface that comprises zinc or magnesium, and, optionally, an oxide or hydroxide thereof. The probe may be incorporated into a device for controlling the pH and/or ORP of a fluid in a vessel to a desired pH and/or ORP level, incorporated into methods for measuring the pH and/or ORP of a fluid, or used as a galvanic cell. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to galvanic probes and cells, and more particularly to the use of such probes and cells in the measurement of various characteristics, such as pH and oxidation reduction potential, of fluids such as water. It is often necessary or desirable to measure the pH or oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of a fluid. The ORP measures the relative tendency of materials in the fluid to undergo oxidation or reduction (particularly the ability of the fluid to destroy bacteria in it). Moreover, it is often desirable to monitor pH and/or ORP at frequent intervals--or even continuously. Measurement of pH and ORP levels are of interest in a wide variety of industrial, commercial and domestic processes and situations. For example, many chemical processes are pH-dependent or ORP-dependent. The pH or ORP of effluents from factories is commonly of environmental concern. The pH or ORP of water is critical in many settings. A setting familiar to many laypersons is in various water storage systems, such as air conditioning systems or swimming pools. Therefore, for ease of explanation, much of the following discussion will be with reference to the swimming pool setting, although it should be borne in mind that the discussion is likewise applicable to any other situation in which the pH and/or ORP of a fluid is of interest. In a swimming pool, the quality of the water is closely related to the pH and ORP of the water. In swimming pools, the ORP of the water is a measure of the free chlorine level in the water, which is related to the biological antiseptic quality of the water. Therefore, the pH and chlorine levels of swimming pool water must be monitored to ensure that an adequate quality level is maintained. Conventionally, this is carried out by hand and the owner or other caretaker in charge of maintaining the pool must repeatedly go to the pool with vials and chemicals, scoop out the water into the vials, shake the vials, compare the colors of the resulting solutions to those on charts coordinated with the pool volume to determine the amounts of chemicals to add to restore the proper pH and/or chlorine level, obtain those chemicals, measure them out and add them to the pool. Not only is this a cumbersome process, but if it is not carried out at frequent enough intervals, the quality of the pool water can become unacceptable very quickly.

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Thus, for example, if the pool caretaker is away for a several days, he or she may return to find a pool filled with murky water. Or the pH or chlorine level may fall out of acceptable range too soon before the next testing and the water may become unhealthful, and the pool caretaker may not realize that fact until it is too late. Therefore, it is desirable to have a pH monitor and/or an ORP monitor that would carry out the measurement task automatically and frequently even continuously--on a real time basis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653842__ •

Lightsensitive silver halide emulsion, production thereof and silver halide photographic lightsensitive material containing the same Inventor(s): Aida; Shunichi (Minami-Ashigara, JP), Inami; Yoshiyasu (Minami-Ashigara, JP), Sasaki; Hirotomo (Minami-Ashigara, JP), Takeuchi; Hiroshi (Minami-Ashigara, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. (Kanagawa, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,413 Date filed: March 8, 2000 Abstract: A process for producing a lightsensitive silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains, wherein the emulsion contains tabular silver halide grains in an amount of at least 50% of the total projected area of all the silver halide grains, the average iodine content of all the silver halide grains is at least 2 mol %, and the tabular silver halide grains have at least 10 dislocation lines per grain, wherein the process comprises(step 1) set fourth below, and the process comprises a step of performing chemical sensitization so that a selenium sensitizer is added in an amount of 2.5.times.10.sup.-6 to 5.times.10.sup.-5 mol/mol silver and comprises a step of performing spectral sensitization (step 1) performing the spectral sensitization in which a spectral sensitizer is added in the presence of 50 ppm or less of calcium, magnesium and strontium, followed by adding at least one water-soluble salt of a metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and strontium, so that the concentration of calcium, magnesium and strontium becomes 100-2500 ppm, and then the chemical sensitization is started. Excerpt(s): This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 11-060628, filed Mar. 8, 1999, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The present invention relates to a silver halide photographic emulsion. More particularly, the present invention relates to a tabular silver halide grain photographic emulsion which is excellent in photographic speed and graininess, ensures slight change of photographic performance after storage and also ensures less fog occurrence, and further relates to a process for producing the same and a silver halide photographic lightsensitive material containing the above emulsion. Methods of converting, for example, tabular grains to those of a high aspect ratio or a monodispersion for enhancing the sensitivity/graininess ratio of silver halide photographic emulsion are well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Further, combining a monodisperse tabular material of high aspect ratio with selenium sensitization to thereby enable a sensitivity enhancement, as described in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. (hereinafter referred to as JP-A-) 6332093, is known. Still further, combining an emulsion having its intergranular iodine distribution regulated to a monodispersion with selenium sensitization to thereby enable a sensitivity enhancement, as described in JP-A-6-11782 and JP-A-9-15776, is known. However, the realized sensitivity is still unsatisfactory, and a further

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enhancement of sensitivity is desired. These patent application specifications, although describing the amount of added selenium sensitizer or gold sensitize, do not describe the substantial amount of selenium or gold contained in grains and fail to specify any substantial selenium/gold ratio. There is no precedent of performing a simultaneous control of the ratio of selenium/gold contained in grains. The inventors have first found in the investigations for the present invention that controlling the selenium/gold ratio within a specified range is important for attaining a sensitivity enhancement. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635413__ •

Lithium secondary battery and method of manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Eguchi; Hidekazu (Neyagawa, JP), Komori; Masakage (Utsunomiya, JP), Moriwaki; Yoshio (Hirakata, JP), Tsuda; Shingo (Fujisawa, JP) Assignee(s): Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,635,382 Date filed: August 7, 2001 Abstract: The present invention uses a magnesium-based alloy which is excellent in mechanical workability to be formed thinner than conventional alloys. The present invention provides a lithium secondary battery comprising an electrode assembly and a non-aqueous electrolyte, both accommodated in a metal jacket, wherein the metal jacket is made of a magnesium-based alloy containing lithium in an amount of 7 to 20% by weight; and a metal layer or an insulating layer for preventing corrosion of the metal jacket is formed integrally with the metal jacket on the inner wall thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery and a method of manufacturing the same. More specifically, the invention relates to a metal jacket of a lithium secondary battery made of a magnesium-based alloy containing lithium (Mg--Li alloy). With the recent prevalence of portable apparatuses, demands for secondary batteries have been increased. In particular, a lithium secondary battery containing an organic electrolyte, which enables a reduction in the size and weight of such a portable apparatus, has obtained a rapidly increasing share in the market. Though the majority of conventional lithium secondary batteries have cylindrical or coin-like shapes, the number of secondary batteries having rectangular shapes have begun increasing recently. In addition, sheet-like thin batteries have made their debut. It is very important to increase the energy density of a battery. The energy density of a battery can be expressed by volume energy density (Wh/liter), which indicates the size of a battery, and weight energy density (Wh/kg), which indicates the weight of a battery. From the viewpoint of a reduction in size and weight, a battery is required to have a higher volume energy density and weight energy density, because a keen competition exists in the market of such batteries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635382__

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Lower reactivity blends of calcium hypochlorite and magnesium sulfate Inventor(s): Mullins; Richard M. (Cape Coral, FL) Assignee(s): Arch Chemicals, Inc. (Norwalk, CT) Patent Number: 6,638,446 Date filed: October 15, 2002 Abstract: A non-Division 5.1 Oxidizer composition consisting essentially of a blend of hydrated calcium hypochlorite with magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, wherein the blend contains at least about 17% by weight of water based on the total weight of the blend. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition having lower reactivity containing selected mixtures of hydrated calcium hypochlorite with magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Hydrated calcium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer and as such can cause a severe increase in the burning rate of combustible material with which it comes in contact. This oxidation characteristic can cause problems both in the transport and storage of the product. For example, fires involving calcium hypochlorite can be quite vigorous, particularly when combustible material is present, including the product's packaging material itself (e.g., plastic, cardboard). The blends of hydrated calcium hypochlorite and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate of the invention are not classified as a "Division 5.1 Oxidizer" (i.e. they do not increase the burning rate of combustible material) as measured by an internationally recognized test standard, i.e., the United Nations Protocol: Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria, Section 34; Classification Procedures, Test Methods, and Criteria relating to Oxidizing Substances of Division 5.1. Products that are "Division 5.1 Oxidizers" are by definition "dangerous goods" for purposes of transport. The following references have discussed this fire-causing problem and offered solutions to it. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638446__

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Magnesium pressure casting Inventor(s): Cope; Matthew Alan (Victoria, AU), Murray; Morris Taylor (Victoria, AU) Assignee(s): Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (Campbell, AU) Patent Number: 6,634,412 Date filed: June 28, 2000 Abstract: The provision or use, for the pressure casting of magnesium alloy in a molten or thixotropic state with a pressure casting machine having a mould or die which defines a die cavity, of a metal flow system which includes a die or mould tool means which defines at least one runner from which molten magnesium alloy is able to be injected into the die cavity. The metal flow system is of a form providing for control of metal flow velocities within the flow system, whereby substantially all of the metal flowing throughout the die cavity is in a viscous or semi-solid state. Filling of the die cavity is able to proceed progressively by semi-solid fronts of metal moving away from a gate or other site of injection. The flow of magnesium alloy from the runner may be via at least one controlled expansion region of the metal flow system in which region the metal flow is able to spread laterally, with respect to its direction of injection, with a resultant reduction in its flow velocity relative to its velocity in the runner.

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Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an improved metal flow system, for use in the production of pressure castings made from magnesium alloys in a molten or thixotropic state and suitable for use with existing machines in various forms including hot and cold chamber die casting machines. An understanding has developed throughout the international pressure casting industry that, because of the lower heat capacity of magnesium alloys compared to zinc and aluminium alloys, it is necessary to use large runners and gates to prevent premature freezing of the molten magnesium alloy metal. Indeed, this is considered best practice by the industry, although interpretations vary considerably. Within the industry, there are many different design methods which are thought to provide satisfactory castings from magnesium alloys. However, the magnesium alloy pressure castings produced by these methods generally exhibit a greater degree of surface defects, when compared to zinc or aluminium pressure castings, although castings may be of servicable quality. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06634412__ •

Manufacture of cost-effective titanium powder from magnesium reduced sponge Inventor(s): Andreev; Anatoli E. (6 Verkhnya St. #23, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69032), Drozdenko; Victor A. (27 Gudimenko St. #20, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69113), Froes; Francis H. (2475 Blaine Rd., Moscow, ID 83843), Ivasishin; Orest M. (31 General Naumov St. #40, Kiev, UA 03164), Moxson; Vladimir S. (2525 Deer Hollow, Hudson, OH 44236), Petrunko; Anatoli M. (4 Mayakovsky Dr. #50, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69035), Savvakin; Dmitro G. (9 Ave. of 50-years Zhovtnya #313, Kiev, UA 03194), Yatsenko; Oleksiy P. (25 Marshal Chuykov St. #59, Zaporizhzhya, UA 69096) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,638,336 Date filed: May 13, 2002 Abstract: The cost-effective titanium powder is manufactured by (a) magnesium-thermic reduction of titanium chlorides characterized by the formation of a hollow block of the reaction mass having an open cavity in the center of the block, (b) thermal-vacuum separation of the hollow block from excessive Mg and MgCl.sub.2 at 850-950.degree. C. and residual pressure of 10.sup.-2 -10.sup.-3 mm Hg, (c) cooling of obtained titanium hollow block in a H.sub.2 -contained atmosphere at an excessive hydrogen pressure, (d) crushing the hydrogenated titanium block, (e) grinding the crushed titanium pieces into the powder combined with a hydro-metallurgical treatment of obtained titanium powder in a diluted aqueous solution of at least one chloride selected from magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, or titanium chloride, and (f) drying and, optionally dehydrating the titanium powder ground to a predetermined particle size. The formation of the hollow block of the reaction mass with the open cavity in the center of the block is carried out by accelerating the reaction mass on the inside surface of the reactor. The hydro-metallurgical treatment of titanium powder is carried out in the solutions having the total content of chlorides of 0.5-10 wt. %, at the powder-to-solution weight ratio from 1:1 to 1:4. The cooling of the titanium hollow block in the hydrogencontained atmosphere is carried out to the temperature of 550-450.degree. C. at the excessive hydrogen pressure of 0.2 bar or higher. The productivity of the innovative process is higher, the energy consumption is lessened more than double, the duration of the processing cycle is decreased by 3. The shorter time of high-temperature stages results in significant improvement of titanium powder quality because it prevents the oxidation and nitrogenation of the metal. The powder dispersion is increased caused by

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porous and poorly sintered structure of the reaction mass. Cooling the block in the presence of hydrogen also increases the powder quality and the yield of fine powder fractions during the hydro-metallurgical treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to titanium powder manufactured by crushing and grinding titanium sponge produced by metallo-thermic reduction of titanium chlorides. More particularly, the invention is directed to the cost-cutting and energysaving manufacture of titanium powder by the improved process of magnesiumreduction of TiCl.sub.4 including vacuum separation (vacuum distillation) from magnesium and magnesium chlorides followed by the improved process of grinding and hydro-metallurgical treating of the ground sponge. Titanium powder for commercial use, is presently produced by a hydride-dehydride (HDH) process, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,644, by gas atomization, or by the plasma-rotating electrode process, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,060. Raw materials for HDH process are titanium metal obtained by re-melting and processing titanium sponge, or ready-crushed titanium sponge itself, as disclosed in JP 10096003, 1998. These raw materials are hydrogenated, then, the brittle hydrogenated titanium is ground to the desired powder size that is dehydrogenated by vacuum heating. Essentially, the titanium powder production is a multi-step, energy-consumable, high-cost industrial process including the manufacture of titanium sponge, which is the most expensive part of the technology. Numerous disclosures for magnesium-reducing TiCl.sub.4 and subsequent processing of the obtained titanium sponge are present in the art, starting from U.S. Pat. No. 2,205,854 granted to Wilhelm Kroll in 1940. Most developments were directed to improve the quality of the sponge by diminishing the final content of magnesium, chlorine, oxygen, and iron contaminants. Various processes have been developed during the last two decades for energy-saving, cost-effective, sponge-related technologies. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638336__ •

Method for bleaching mechanical pulp with hydrogen peroxide and an alkaline earth metal carbonate Inventor(s): Depew; M. Catherine (Kingston, CA), Wan; Jeffrey K. -S. (Kingston, CA) Assignee(s): Queen's University at Kingston (Kingston, CA) Patent Number: 6,632,328 Date filed: May 19, 2000 Abstract: A method for bleaching unbleached softwood or hardwood pulps using hydrogen peroxide without added alkali for activation is described. The aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution contains an alkaline earth metal carbonate, preferably magnesium carbonate and can be used at elevated temperatures. Bleached hardwood or softwood mechanical pulps with high brightness, low yellowness (b*) and reduced reversion properties are produced. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the manufacture of paper and, more particularly, to the bleaching of mechanically-produced pulps containing lignin, including both softwood and hardwood, so as to reduce yellowness and improve brightness. Mechanically-produced pulps, softwood and thermomechanical pulps containing lignin, as opposed to chemically produced wood pulps, used for the production of paper, have traditionally been bleached to improve the whiteness thereof. Newsprint, which contains a relatively high lignin content, is either not bleached or only mildly bleached,

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with the result that it is usually of a darker quality than paper produced from fully bleached pulp, and tends to darken further when exposed to light, a phenomenon known as "reversion". Whiteness or "brightness" of paper is conventionally measured by brightness measurements based on the reflectance of light at a wavelength of 457 nm, using such instruments as an Elrepho brightness meter. There is, however, another measure of whiteness which is even more significant and that is the degree of yellowness (CIE yellow color coordinate b*). Bleached softwood pulps usually have a brightness of about 70-90% Elrepho and a yellowness b* of 8 or more (often 9-10 at a brightness of 76-78 points ISO), and there are several known methods for achieving these results, using either an oxidative process using hydrogen peroxide under strongly basic conditions or reductive processes using hydrosulfite (dithionite) or combinations thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632328__ •

Method for inhibiting scale in high-cycle aqueous systems Inventor(s): Richardson; John (Ashland, VA), Tribble; Richard H. (Richmond, VA), Trulear; Michael G. (Richmond, VA) Assignee(s): Chemtreat, Inc. (Glen Allen, VA) Patent Number: 6,645,384 Date filed: December 28, 2000 Abstract: A composition and an improved method for treating aqueous systems to prevent the accumulation of mineral scale and corrosion which comprises adding to the aqueous system a treatment solution comprising 2 phosphonobutane 1,2,4 tricarboxylic acid and a quad-polymer that includes four discrete monomers (specifically allyloxybenzenesulfonic acid, methallyl sulfonic acid, a copolymerizable non-ionic monomer and an olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer). The composition and method allow the use of higher cycles of concentration, including aqueous systems having calcite saturation indices (CSI) of more than 200, while inhibiting the formation of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium silicate, and iron scales. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to the treatment of aqueous systems, and more specifically to inhibiting scale formation and other solid deposits in industrial heating and cooling systems. The water used in industrial systems such as in steam generating boilers, hot water heaters, heat exchangers, cooling towers, pipelines, gas scrubbing systems and related equipment accumulate various impurities derived from the water. These impurities generally include the alkaline earth cations, such as calcium, barium and magnesium, and some bicarbonates and carbonates, sulphates, phosphates, silicates and the like. The most common impurities in industrial water are the water-hardening metal ions including calcium, magnesium and the carbonate ions. In addition to precipitating as carbonates, calcium and magnesium, as well as the other metals such as iron or copper, react with the sulphates or phosphates to form the respective insoluble complex salts. These reaction products accumulate on the surfaces of the system forming scale and sludge, which substantially reduce the heat transfer efficiency by settling in the systems where they impede flow and insulate heat-transfer surfaces. Moreover, in addition to interfering with the fluid flow and heat transfer, corrosion of the metal surfaces is promoted, since the corrosion inhibitors added to the water are less able to reach the metal surfaces to provide effective protection against the corrosive components within the aqueous system. Further, scale deposits can harbor bacteria, the removal of which is expensive due to the delays inherent in the shutdown-treatment-

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restart sequence. Maintaining proper residual levels of water treatment chemical actives is critical to the success of high-performance water treatment programs. To provide optimum cost and performance, each active component in the water treatment program must be consistently maintained at residual levels sufficient to achieve treatment efficacy without relying on unnecessarily high levels of treatment chemicals. Water conservation is another important consideration in the operation of industrial cooling and heating systems and will become more important in some regions as a result of moderate to severe water shortages caused by climate change, contamination and/or population growth. In the face of such shortages, the cost of both water consumption and discharge for industrial users will continue to increase. Additionally, both increased governmental regulation and a desire to reduce costs have motivated industrial users, particularly in industries that have traditionally utilized high levels of water consumption, to identify and apply methods that will enable them to reduce the incremental water consumption. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645384__ •

Method for preparing polymers of glycerol with a saponite catalyst Inventor(s): Kraft; Axel (Kleve, DE) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 6,649,690 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention generally relates to a process polymerizing a feedstock which comprises glycerol or derivatives thereof, said process comprising heating said feedstock, in the presence of at least one synthetic magnesium saponite clay catalyst in the H form, to a temperature at which condensation polymerization takes place, for a time sufficient to produce polymers of glycerol or derivatives thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a method of polymerizing glycerol using a synthetic or extremely pure clay catalyst of magnesium saponite in the H form to obtain advantages in catalyst life and to synthesize predominantly linear and branched polyglycerol. Polyglycerol has many uses, for example, for foaming, as a food emulsifier, as a humectant for cosmetics, as a dispersing agent, as an antistatic agent for plastics, as a surface controller for fibers, as a sizing agent, etc. Linear polyglycerol is preferred because it is more biodegradable and more soluble in water than is cyclic polyglycerol. Basic catalysts can be used to obtain linear polyglycerols, while acid catalysts yield mostly the cyclic forms. It is generally difficult to polymerize glycerol using clay catalysts, since the glycerol is usually strongly absorbed by the catalyst so it does not react. When basic catalysts, such as caustic, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide, or basic clay catalysts, such as hydrotalcite, are used to polymerize glycerol, the yield is predominantly linear at both lower and higher conversions of glycerol. The primary drawback of the basic catalysts is that they are primarily homogenous, which means that they are in the same phase as the reactants and products. If they are not homogenous, for example, like hydrotalcite, they are in powder form and very difficult to separate from the product mix. As a result, it is difficult to separate the catalyst from the reaction products and the catalyst cannot be easily re-used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06649690__

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Method for producing chlorine dioxide Inventor(s): Klatte; Fred (Two Spruce St., San Francisco, CA 94118) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,635,230 Date filed: December 9, 2002 Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO.sub.4, ZnCl.sub.2, CoSO.sub.4, CoCl.sub.2, MnSO.sub.4, MnCl.sub.2, CuSO.sub.4, CuCl.sub.2, and MgSO.sub.4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds. The activation can also be performed by immersing impregnated zeolite crystals in (or spraying them with) acid or another proton generating species. To produce chlorine dioxide using a sodium chlorite-containing aqueous solution, the solution can be mixed or otherwise combined with acid. Other aspects of the invention are impregnated zeolite crystals (or other carriers) which are useful for producing chlorine dioxide and are stable until activated with protons. Presence in a sufficient amount of a water-retaining substance in the unactivated material reduces the rate of chlorine dioxide outgassing to no more than a negligible amount prior to activation. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to methods for producing chlorine dioxide, and to substances used in performing such methods. Each method produces chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (previously impregnated with a mixture of sodium chlorite and a water-retaining substance such as calcium chloride) with protons (from an acid or other proton generating species), or by activating an aqueous solution of a waterretaining substance (such as calcium chloride) and sodium chlorite with protons (from an acid or other proton generating species). Zeolites are hydrated metal aluminosilicate compounds with well-defined (tetrahedral) crystalline structures. Because zeolite crystals (both natural and synthetic) have a porous structure with connected channels extending through them, they have been employed as molecular sieves for selectively absorbing molecules on the basis of size, shape, and polarity. Volumes packed with zeolite crystals (for example, small zeolite crystals chosen to have size in the range from 0.2 mm to one quarter inch) have been employed in air (or other gas) and water filtration systems to selectively absorb contaminants from a flowing stream of water or gas. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635230__

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Method of making coated chewing gum products containing various antacids Inventor(s): Barkalow; David G. (Deerfield, IL), Greenberg; Michael J. (Northbrook, IL), Marske; Scott W. (LaGrange, IL), Mazzone; Philip (Griffith, IN), Schnell; Philip G. (Downers Grove, IL), Zyck; Daniel J. (North Riverside, IL) Assignee(s): WM. Wrigley Jr. Company (Chicago, IL) Patent Number: 6,645,535 Date filed: December 22, 2000 Abstract: A method of making antacid coated chewing gum products comprises the steps of providing chewing gum cores; providing a coating syrup comprising a bulk sweetener and a neutralizing antacid suspended in the coating syrup, the coating syrup containing from about 25% to about 50% by weight of the solids in the syrup of a neutralizing antacid, selected from the group consisting of aluminum salts, bismuth salts, magnesium salts, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, sodium potassium tartrate, tricalcium phosphate and mixtures thereof, and applying the coating syrup to the cores and drying the syrup to produce a coating on the cores. Methods of use of the product to provide relief in the gastrointestinal tract are also included. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for producing coated chewing gum products. More particularly, the invention relates to producing coated chewing gum products containing a neutralizing antacid other than calcium carbonate and which is added to the chewing gum coating such that it will have a controlled fast release from chewing gum for maximum effectiveness. Antacids are usually taken on an "as needed" basis to relieve gastrointestinal disturbances mostly due to dietary indiscretions. These antacids are generally insoluble inorganic salts such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, or aluminum hydroxide. Antacids readily neutralize acids in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are commonly available in or as antacid tablets. Some typical consumer antacid products are: TUMS, which contains calcium carbonate; MILK of MAGNESIA, which contains magnesium hydroxide, and MAALOX PLUS, which contains a combination of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. Calcium carbonate is perhaps the most frequently used antacid. However, some individuals may not wish to ingest large doses of calcium. Calcium carbonate is also not the most effective antacid on a weight basis. Coated chewing gum products are well known. Many prior art patents disclose chewing gum products coated with sugar sweeteners or polyol sweeteners. U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,838, for example, discloses a method of applying a sugarless coating to chewing gum. The coating may include calcium carbonate, talc or magnesium trisilicate as an anti-sticking agent. Synthetic sweeteners, including many different high-intensity sweeteners, are also suggested for use in the coating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645535__

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Method of producing aliphatic polyester and product obtained thereby Inventor(s): Cao; Amin (Shanghai, CN), Masuda; Takashi (c/o Tsukuba Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and, Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Masuda; Takashi (JP), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (JP) Patent Number: 6,639,045 Date filed: September 6, 2001 Abstract: A method of producing an aliphatic polyester, including polycondensing an aliphatic diol and an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid compound, or a prepolymer thereof in the presence of a metal-containing ester interchange catalyst and a phosphoruscontaining co-catalyst such as an ammonium, calcium or magnesium salt of hydrogencontaining phosphoric acid or an organic phosphinic acid. An oxycarboxylic acid compound or its prepolymer may also be used as a raw material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method of producing an aliphatic polyester and to an aliphatic polyester obtained by the method. Polyolefins and aromatic polyesters which are now used in a wide variety of fields have a problem because of their lack in biodegradability. While aliphatic polyesters which are biodegradable polymers are attractive, known aliphatic polyesters have a problem that physical properties thereof are not satisfactory and production thereof requires relatively high costs. For example, polyhydroxybutyrate produced by using microorganisms requires high production costs. In addition, because a difference between the melting point and the decomposition point of polyhydroxybutyrate is small, the polyhydroxybutyrate is apt to be decomposed during molding to cause problems of generation of odor and reduction of mechanical properties. Polycaprolactone, which is one of a few currently industrially produced aliphatic polyesters, has a problem because the melting point is as low as about 60.degree. C. Polymers of hydroxycarboxylic acids, such as polylactic acid, have excellent biodegradability and are usable as topical absorbing material. However, they are only produced through complicated processes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06639045__

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Methods for raising pre-adult anadromous fish Inventor(s): Betka; Marlies (Protland, ME), Harris, Jr.; William (Portland, ME), Noaring; Jacqueling (Yarnouth, ME), Russell; David R. (Alfred, ME) Assignee(s): MariCal, Inc. (Portland, ME) Patent Number: 6,637,371 Date filed: October 11, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to methods, compositions and kits for improving the raising of pre-adult anadromous fish, or preparing pre-adult anadromous fish for transfer to seawater. The methods involve adding PVCR modulators (e.g., calcium and/or magnesium) to the freshwater in an amount sufficient to increase expression and/or sensitivity of at least one PVCR; and adding feed for fish consumption to the freshwater, wherein the feed contains an amount of NaCl sufficient to contribute to a significantly increased level of the PVCR modulator in serum of the pre-adult anadromous fish.

Patents 197

Excerpt(s): In nature, many anadromous fish live most of their adulthood in seawater, but swim upstream to freshwater for the purpose of breeding. As a result, anadromous fish hatch from their eggs and are born in freshwater. As these fish grow, they swim downstream and gradually adapt to the seawater. Fish hatcheries have experienced difficulty in raising these types of fish because the window of time in which the preadult fish adapts to seawater (e.g., undergoes smoltification) is short-lived, and can be difficult to pinpoint. As a result, these hatcheries experience significant morbidity and mortality when transferring anadromous fish from freshwater to seawater. Additionally, many of the fish that do survive the transfer from freshwater to seawater are stressed, and consequently, experience decreased feeding, and increased susceptibility to disease. Therefore, these anadromous fish often do not grow well after they are transferred to seawater. The aquaculture industry loses millions of dollars each year due to problems it encounters in transferring pre-adult anadromous fish from freshwater to seawater. Hence, a need exists to improve methods involved in transferring pre-adult anadromous fish to seawater. A further need exists to increase survival, and reduce stress, of pre-adult anadromous fish that have been transferred to seawater. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06637371__ •

Modular creased soundboard construction Inventor(s): Wells; Jeffrey C. (923 S. 9th St., Salina, KS 67401) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,653,538 Date filed: January 29, 2003 Abstract: A modular soundboard construction (10) including a plurality of structural components fabricated from aluminum magnesium and welded together wherein, the components comprise a soundboard panel (20), a floor panel (30), a pair of sidewall panels (40) and (50), and a neck mounting panel (60) wherein, the soundboard panel (20) and floor panel each have a generally flat raised central portion (21) and (31) flanked by angled wing portions (22)(32) and (23)(33) wherein, the transition between the central portion (21)(31) and the winged portions (22)(32) and (23)(33) are defined by straight line creases (24) and (34) which provide a generally oval configuration to the finished soundboard construction (10). Excerpt(s): This invention was the subject matter of Document Disclosure Program Registration Number 505,082, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Feb. 7, 2002. Not applicable. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653538__

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Multilayer nacreous pigment Inventor(s): Andes; Stephanie (Hanau, DE), Fuchs-Pohl; Gerald (Weiterstadt, DE), Pfaff; Gerhard (Munster, DE) Assignee(s): Merck Patent GmbH (Darmstadt, DE) Patent Number: 6,648,957 Date filed: December 4, 2001

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Abstract: Multilayer pearl lustre pigment on the basis of a platelet-shaped substrate comprising a material of low refractive index in the range from 1.35 to 1.8, which comprises at least(i) one first layer comprising a material having a refractive index of more than 1.8,(ii) optionally, a second layer comprising a material of low refractive index in the range from 1.35 to 1.8,(iii) a semitransparent metal layer which is applied to the substrate or to the layers (i) or (ii), and(iv) if desired, an aftercoating, the substrate being platelet-shaped silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, boron oxide or magnesium fluoride. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a multilayer pearl lustre pigment having a pronounced colour flop, based on a platelet-shaped substrate comprising a material of low refractive index in the range from 1.35 to 1.8. Multilayer pigments which exhibit an angle-dependent colour change between two or more intensive interference colours are known. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,434,010 describes a multilayer interference pigment consisting of a central layer of a reflective material (aluminium) and alternating layers of two transparent, dielectric materials of high and low refractive index, for example titanium dioxide and silicon dioxide, on either side of the central aluminium layer. In a further embodiment of the pigment, the layers following the central aluminium layer are formed by magnesium fluoride and chromium. This pigment exhibits an intensive colour flop from green to purplish red. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06648957__ •

NON-SINTERED NICKEL ELECTRODE WITH EXCELLENT OVER-DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS, AN ALKALINE STORAGE CELL HAVING THE NONSINTERED NICKEL ELECTRODE, AND A MANUFACTURING METHOD OF THE NON-SINTERED NICKEL ELECTRODE Inventor(s): Baba; Yoshitaka (527-1, Muya-cho, Naruto-shi, Tokushima, JP), Hamamatsu; Takeo (8-1, Hiroshima, Matsushige-cho, Itano-gun, Tokushima, JP), Nakahori; Shinsuke (280-9, Yoshinaga, Ohtsu-cho, Naruto-shi, Tokushima, JP), Yamawaki; Akifumi (43-45, Yagura, Ohtsu-cho, Naruto-shi, Tokushima, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,632,568 Date filed: September 15, 1997 Abstract: A alkali storage cell includes a non-sintered type nickel electrode which includes a highly efficient nickel hydroxide active material and which causes no capacity decrease during an over-discharge operation. The nickel electrode contains an active material composed of nickel hydroxide, a solid solution of at least one of zinc, cadmium, magnesium, and calcium which are added to the nickel hydroxide, and cobalt compound layers which are formed over the surfaces of particles of the nickel hydroxide. The cobalt compound layers have an oxidation number of larger than 2 and a disordered crystal structure. Such an active material can be manufactured by mixing nickel hydroxide powder containing a solid solution of at least one of zinc, cadmium, magnesium, and calcium with either metallic cobalt or a cobalt compound, and subjecting the mixture to heat treatment in the presence of oxygen and alkali. Another production method is to precipitate a cobalt compound over the surfaces of the nickel hydroxide powder containing a solid solution of at least one of zinc, cadmium, magnesium, and calcium so as to form cobalt compound layers, before subjecting it to the heat treatment in the same conditions.

Patents 199

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a non-sintered nickel electrode and a manufacturing method thereof, and further to an alkaline storage cell which includes the non-sintered nickel electrode. Nickel electrodes for use in alkaline storage cells are classified into sintered type and non-sintered type. A sintered type nickel electrode is manufactured by repeating the following two soaking operations: firstly a porous sintered nickel substrate used as an active material holder is soaked in a solution of an acid nickel salt, such as nickel nitrate, so as to fill the pores with nickel salt, and secondly the substrate is soaked in an alkali solution so as to convert the nickel salt into nickel hydroxide. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06632568__ •

Oral hygiene powder composition and method Inventor(s): Anderson; Michael R. (1355 W. Palmetto Park Rd. #129, Boca Raton, FL 33486) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,645,472 Date filed: September 13, 2002 Abstract: A anhydrous tooth and gum powdered dentifrice formulated of calcium or magnesium peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, methylsufonymethane, ascorbic acid, colostrum, and optionally menthol, flavoring agent, sweetening agent, sodium laurel sulfate and green tea extract that has a long shelf life but when activated by water or saliva, functions to effect a synergistic chemical and mechanical action to whiten, brighten, polish teeth and reduce bacteria so as to aid in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease, dental caries and mouth odor. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a storable, normally inactive, anhydrous oral dentifrice which promotes oral hygiene and which is activated by saliva and/or water, then applied onto the surface of teeth and adjacent gum tissues. The composition and method includes calcium or magnesium peroxide, sodium bicarbonate, ascorbic acid, methylsulfonymethane, and colostrum which are believed to function synergistically to cosmetically whiten, brighten, and bleach (to make whiter or lighter) teeth and therapeutically to cleanse the teeth and surrounding oral tissues and to kill the bacteria which contribute to the formation of dental plaque, caries, and mouth odor. Optionally green tea extract, sodium laurel sulfate, flavors, and sweeteners may be added. The desire of people to have white teeth has been present in our society for decades. This desire is heightened by the presence of stains on teeth caused from the food we eat, smoking tobacco, medications, and poor oral hygiene, just to name a few. Many materials, compositions and processes have been developed over the years in attempts to solve this problem. These approaches are not without drawbacks, the most common being product instability, cost, product harshness to teeth and gums, specially trained personnel being required for product application, necessity of wearing specially crafted dental appliances often referred to as "splints". Thus, it is clear that a need exists for a tooth whitener and cleanser that is stable until use, reasonably priced, safe, easy to use, requires no special apparatus or trained personnel to apply, is not harmful to teeth, gums, and other surrounding tissues, and combats tooth and gum diseases commonly caused by bacteria. To a large degree, dental caries and periodontal disease are connected closely to the formation of dental plaque. The literature has long reported that a majority of the world's population suffers from periodontal disease. According to the Merck Manual, 14th ed. 1982, P. 2104, the most common types of periodontal disease are

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gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis (early stage gum disease) is an inflammation of the gums, characterized by swelling, redness, change in normal contours, and bleeding. If gingivitis is allowed to progress, periodontitis (late, stage gum disease), characterized by loss of tooth-supporting bone, will follow. The greatest single source of periodontal disease is poor hygiene, indicated by the appearance of bacterial and calcified plaque. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645472__ •

Power generating method using seawater and power generating apparatus using the method Inventor(s): Chang; Tao-Kuang (8F., 28, Lane 490, Hsin Tai Road, Hsinchuang, Taipei Hsien, TW), Chen; Chih-Shen (8F., 28, Lane 490, Hsin Tai Road, Hsinchuang, Taipei Hsien, TW) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,656,628 Date filed: July 25, 2001 Abstract: A power generating method of generating power supply by: guiding seawater through a reaction tank having negative electrodes made of magnesium or aluminum alloy and a positive electrode made of silver chloride, cuasing the negative electrodes to produce the oxidizing reaction of Mg.fwdarw.Mg.sup.+2 +2e.sup.- and the positive electrode to produce the reduction reaction of 2AgCl+2e.sup.-.fwdarw.2Ag+2Cl.sup.-. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a power generating method and, more particularly, to a method of generating power supply by means of the application of seawater. The development of petroleum, coal, and petrochemical energy caused the Industrial Revolution. However, following fast development of the industry, the consumption of energy becomes more and more heavy. The application of natural resources to produce energy also produce waste gases that contain carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or other different chemical compounds. The exhaust substances may cause a severe environmental pollution problem. In order to reduce environmental pollution, green battery energy is promoted. A battery uses hydrogen and oxygen to make a chemical reaction, to further produce electricity. Because electric energy is directly obtained from the chemical reaction, battery energy has the advantages of low pollution and high efficiency. The present invention has been accomplished under the circumstances in view. It is the main object of the present invention to provide a power generating method, which uses seawater to generate electricity. According to the present invention, a reaction tank is prepared having a seawater inlet and a seawater outlet for circulation of seawater, and positive electrode of silver chloride and negative electrodes of magnesium or aluminum alloy are installed in the reaction tank and separated by electrically insulative means. Upon circulation of seawater through the reaction tank, the negative electrodes are caused to produce the oxidizing reaction of Mg.fwdarw.Mg.sup.+2 +2e.sup.-, and the positive electrode is caused to produce the reduction reaction of 2AgCl+2e.sup.-.fwdarw.2Ag+2Cl.sup.-, and therefore electric energy is obtained from the output terminals of the electrodes. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656628__

Patents 201

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Prepolymerization catalyst for use in gas phase polymerization of olefins and process for producing the same Inventor(s): Goto; Tomoaki (Sodegaura, JP), Kumamoto; Shinichi (Ichihara, JP), Wakamatsu; Kazuki (Sodegaura, JP) Assignee(s): Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 6,645,901 Date filed: March 30, 2001 Abstract: A prepolymerization catalyst for use in a gas phase polymerization of an olefin or combinations of olefins which comprises (A) a solid catalyst component comprising magnesium, halogen, titanium and an electron donor and having a weight-average particle diameter of 15 to 45.mu.m, (B) at least one organoaluminum compound and (C) a prepolymer of an ethylene and/or at least one.alpha.-olefin, wherein the molar ratio of aluminum to titanium in the prepolymerization catalyst (Al/Ti ratio) is 3 to 11 (mol/mol), the weight ratio of the prepolymerization catalyst to the solid catalyst component (prepolymerization catalyst/solid catalyst component) is 2 to 35 (g/g), the content of volatile materials (VM) in the prepolymerization catalyst is 2.0% by weight or less, and the intrinsic viscosity [.eta.] measured in tetralin at 135.degree. C. is 2.0 dl/g or less, and a process for a production thereof.According to the present invention, a prepolymerization catalyst for gas phase polymerization of olefins showing a high activity in gas phase polymerization, not forming aggregates and coarse particles markedly at the time of prepolymerization, having a high bulk density and an excellent fluidity, not causing a marked entraining of prepolymerization catalyst and product powder out of the fluidized bed and nearly completely free from a formation of aggregates, at the time of gas phase polymerization, and giving an olefin polymer having a low content of cold xylene-soluble fraction can be provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a prepolymerization catalyst for use in a gas phase polymerization of olefins. More particularly, the invention relates to a prepolymerization catalyst for use in a gas phase polymerization of olefins showing a high activity in gas phase polymerization, not causing a formation of aggregates and coarse polymer particles markedly during the prepolymerization, having high bulk density and excellent fluidity, not causing an entraining of the prepolymerization catalyst and a product powder out of a fluidized bed markedly and nearly completely free from a formation of polymer aggregates at the time of the gas phase polymerization, and capable of giving an olefin polymer low in the content of cold xylene-soluble fraction, and a process for producing the same. Since olefin polymers have high mechanical property such as strength, good appearance such as transparency, and excellent moldability or handling property such as film-forming property, olefin polymers are extensively used as a material for films and molded articles. Among the olefin polymers, polyethylenes such as ethylene homopolymers and linear low-density polyethylenes (LLDPE), which are ethylene-.alpha.-olefin copolymers, are especially suitable for use as film-forming materials. High-activity catalysts for production of olefin polymers have a very high industrial value, because they can be used in the gas phase olefin polymerization process in which the de-ashing step is simplified. However, when an olefin is polymerized by a gas phase polymerization process using a highactivity catalyst, the polymerization is accompanied by generation of a large quantity of heat, and thereby fusion and aggregation of the resulting olefin polymer may take place and it may become difficult to continue the polymerization of olefin or produce olefin polymer.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645901__ •

Process for producing Mg-containing non-Al anionic clay Inventor(s): Jones; William (Cambridge, GB), Stamires; Dennis (Newport Beach, CA) Assignee(s): Akzo Nobel N.V. (Arnhem, NL) Patent Number: 6,652,828 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: This patent describes economical and environment-friendly processes for the synthesis of Mg-containing non-Al anionic clays. It involves a one-step process wherein a suspension comprising a trivalent metal source and at least a magnesium containing source as a divalent metal source is reacted to obtain a magnesium-containing non-Al anionic clay. The anionic clay has interlayers containing anions comprising hydroxycarbonate, carbonate, bicarbonate, acetate, hydroxyacetate, oxalate, nitrate, hydroxyl, and/or formate or mixtures thereof. There is no necessity to wash or filter the product. It can be spray dried directly to form microspheres or can be extruded to form shaped bodies. The product can be combined with other ingredients in the manufacture of catalysts, absorbents, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, detergents, and other commodity products that contain anionic clays. Excerpt(s): This invention involves the preparation of Mg-containing non-Al anionic clays. Anionic clays have a crystal structure which consists of positively charged layers built up of specific combinations of metal hydroxides between which there are anions and water molecules. Hydrotalcite is an example of a naturally occurring anionic clay, in which carbonate is the predominant anion present. Meixnerite is an anionic clay wherein OH.sup.- is the predominant anion present. In hydrotalcite-like anionic clays the brucite-like main layers are built up of octahedra alternating with interlayers in which water molecules and anions, more particularly carbonate ions, are distributed. The interlayers contain anions such as NO.sub.3.sup.-, OH, Cl.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-, SO.sub.4.sup.2-, SiO.sub.3.sup.2-, CrO.sub.4.sup.2-, BO.sub.3.sup.2-, MnO.sub.4.sup.-, HGaO.sub.3.sup.2-, HVO.sub.4.sup.2-, ClO.sub.4.sup.-, BO.sub.3.sup.2-, pillaring anions such as V.sub.10 O.sub.28.sup.-6 and MO.sub.7 O.sub.24.sup.6-, monocarboxalates such as acetate, dicarboxalates such as oxalate, alkyl sulfonates such as laurylsulfonate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652828__

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Process for the preparation of zeolite A for use in formulations based on twocomponent polyurthane resins Inventor(s): Nicolas; Serge (Lons, FR), Schmitt; Paul-Guillaume (Asnieres, FR) Assignee(s): CECA S.A. (Puteaux, FR) Patent Number: 6,653,396 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: Zeolites of type A wherein all the cationic sites of which occupied by sodium, calcium and/or magnesium, potassium and hydronium cations, which exhibit the advantage of having a water adsorption capacity.gtoreq.23%, which do not adsorb and therefore cannot desorb nitrogen, and which, incorporated in polyurethane (PU) resins, make it possible to increase the potlife of the PU formulations in which they are

Patents 203

incorporated. Such zeolites are prepared by a process comprising bringing into contact an aqueous suspension of zeolite 3A, 4A or 5A, an aqueous solution of calcium or potassium salt(s) or solutions of calcium and potassium salt(s), and an acid solution, simultaneously or otherwise and in any order; and in then filtering off and washing the solid obtained, and then drying and activating the zeolite. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes and composition based zeolites of type A, the exchangeable cation sites of which are occupied by sodium, potassium, calcium and/or magnesium and hydronium ions, which are particularly effective in formulations based on polyurethane (PU) resins as regards limitation of gaseous inclusions and influence on the potlife. Two-component non-cellular polyurethanes (PU) are resins which are widely used, in particular in the varnish, adhesive, film and coating industry. The surface appearance is a very important characteristic for these applications. These polyurethanes are prepared by addition of di- or polyhydroxyl compounds to di- or polyisocyanates. In point of fact, at the same time as the formation of the urethane bonds, the isocyanates react with the water present in the reaction medium, giving rise to hydrolysed isocyanates which are no longer available for polymerization of the PUs and themselves give rise to carbon dioxide, which, during its release, will create bubbles in the PU and will thus greatly modify, in a harmful fashion, the surface condition of the final PU. As the hydroxyl compounds available industrially comprise, depending upon their source and their quality, up to 5% by weight of water, it is necessary to prevent the reactions of the isocyanates with the water by adsorbing the water present in the hydroxyl compounds using a suitable drying agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653396__ •

Production method for magnesium alloy member Inventor(s): Matsuda; Yutaka (5-33 Miyayama-cho 1-chome, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka, JP), Oishibashi; Hiroji (5-6, Showamachi 1-chome, Katsuyama-shi, Fukui, JP) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,652,621 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: A method of manufacturing a material for a magnesium alloy member, characterized in that the method comprises the steps of: heating a solid-liquid coexistent magnesium alloy up to a temperature in the range of from the solidus temperature or more to the liquidus temperature thereof or less; homogeneously dispersing carbon fibers into the solid-liquid coexistent magnesium alloy, wherein the carbon fibers have been cut into arbitrary lengths or powdered and have not been subjected to surface treatment; and then cooling the magnesium alloy. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a magnesium alloy member, which is a thixotropic material in which a solid material coexists with a liquid material. A magnesium alloy member, which is excellent in light weight, high intensity, accuracy and fire retardancy and is a large-scaled thin member, can be enumerated as one of members which constitute the principal portion of a motor vehicle, an aircraft or the like. As technologies for shaping the member, an injection molding method for a thixotropic material, which is disclosed in Japanese Patent KOKOKU No. 33541/89 and Japanese Patent KOKOKU No. 15620/90, is known. According to this injection molding method, athixotropic material such as a magnesium alloy having a dendrite structure is heated to a temperature in the range of from the

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liquidus temperature or more to the solidus temperature thereof or less in a molding machine so as to make a solid-liquid coexistent state; and a dendrite is sheared with a screw in the molding machine while the solid-liquid coexistent state is kept, so that the dendrite can be inhibited from growing until the dendrite is injected into a mold. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652621__ •

Pyrotechnic composition for producing IR-radiation Inventor(s): Koch; Ernst-Christian (Kaiserslautern, DE) Assignee(s): Diehl Munitionssysteme GmbH & Co. KG (Rothenbach, DE) Patent Number: 6,635,130 Date filed: January 10, 2003 Abstract: A pyrotechnic active material for producing IR-radiation is proposed. An active material according to the invention contains fuel (preferably magnesium) which combines with fluorine in a strongly exergonic reaction (for example Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Zr, Hf, B, Al and alloys thereof) and poly-(carbon monofluoride) ((--CF.sub.x --)n) (x=0.6-1.2) as an oxidation agent. Compositions according to the invention further contain VITON.RTM. as a polymeric binding agent and graphite for reduction of the electrostatic sensitivity. A process for producing those compositions is also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a pyrotechnic active material for producing infrared (IR) radiation. The military sector for combating aerial targets such as, for example, jet aircraft, helicopters and transport machines, involves the use of missiles which target on and track the IR-radiation emitted by the propulsion unit of the aerial target, primarily in the range of between 0.8 and 5.mu.m, by means of an infrared radiation-sensitive seeker head. To provide a defense against missiles from such aerial targets, decoy bodies are used, which are pyrotechnic IR-radiating devices that imitate the IR-signature of the target. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635130__

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Selective precipitation of manganese from magnesium-containing solutions Inventor(s): Genik-Sas-Berezowsky; Roman Michael (St. Albert, CA), Stiksma; John (St. Albert, CA) Assignee(s): Dynatec Corporation (Fort Saskatchewan, CA) Patent Number: 6,656,247 Date filed: August 8, 2002 Abstract: A process is provided for selectively precipitating and removing manganese relative to magnesium from an acidic solution, preferably barren of one or more of cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, but containing appreciable amounts of manganese, magnesium, and aluminum. The process comprises a) adding a first alkaline reagent, for example lime and/or limestone, to neutralize the acidic solutions and to precipitate a majority of the aluminum as aluminum-containing solids, without precipitating a substantial amount of the magnesium; b) removing the precipitated aluminumcontaining solids to create an aluminum-depleted solution; c) adding a second alkaline reagent, for example lime, to the aluminum-depleted solution and aerating for a sufficient retention time to preferentially precipitate a majority of the manganese as

Patents 205

manganese-containing solids; and d) removing the precipitated manganese-containing solids. By first precipitating and removing aluminum, the process allows for selective precipitation of manganese relative to magnesium without significant co-precipitation of magnesium, thus resulting in a savings of the total amount of the first and second alkaline reagents needed to precipitate the majority of the manganese (compared to that needed without first precipitating and removing the majority of the aluminum). Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the efficient and selective precipitation of manganese, from magnesium-containing solutions. More particularly, the invention relates to the removal of manganese from, for example, laterite ore waste solutions which are substantially barren of one or more of cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, but which contain magnesium, manganese and aluminum. Mining and milling operations generate various types of toxic, metal containing effluents which require treatment prior to discharge to the environment. These effluents include, for example, acid mine drainage, mill tailings excess decant water, seepages, and acidic process waste streams. The most common of these is acid mine drainage, characterized by acidity (sulphuric) and metals, which may include aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, zinc and others. The processing of nickeliferous lateritic ores by sulphuric acid leaching has gained considerable interest in recent years, with three commercial plants based on high temperature acid leaching coming on stream in Western Australia in the late 1990s. A number of similar operations are at various stages of development, throughout the world. The process generates acidic product liquors, containing nickel and cobalt, as well as most of the afore mentioned metals, as impurities. In addition, the product liquors contain significantly higher concentrations of manganese and magnesium, particularly relative to their concentrations usually encountered in acid mine drainage. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656247__ •

Silica gel-supported catalyst component for ethylene (co)polymerization, catalyst therefrom and use of the same Inventor(s): An; Jingyan (Beijing, CN), Gao; Kejing (Beijing, CN), Huo; Jinsheng (Beijing, CN), Luo; Hekuan (Beijing, CN), Tang; Ruiguo (Beijing, CN), Yang; Hua (Beijing, CN), Zhao; Qinfang (Beijing, CN) Assignee(s): Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry (Beijing, CN), China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (Beijing, CN) Patent Number: 6,642,325 Date filed: August 22, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a silica gel-supported catalyst component suitable for ethylene (co)polymerization, a catalyst therefrom and use of the same. The catalyst component according to the present invention is obtained by supporting the reaction product of a titanium compound, a halide promoter, a magnesium compound and an electron donor on silica gel having a larger specific surface area. When the resultant catalyst is used for ethylene polymerization, especially gas phase fluidized bed polymerization, not only the activity is substantially enhanced, but also the hydrogen response and the copolymerizability of ethylene with other alpha-olefins are improved. The catalyst is especially suitable for the fluidized bed polymerization operated in a condensed state, with high quality LLDPE resins being obtained.

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Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a silica gel-supported catalyst component suitable for ethylene (co)polymerization, a catalyst therefrom and its use in ethylene (co)polymerization, in particular in a gas phase fluidized bed process operated in a condensed state. It is well known that microspherical silica gels (having an average particle size of 10 to 100 microns) has been widely applied in catalysts for olefin polymerization as the carrier, especially in catalysts for olefin polymerization by a gas phase process, and silica gels which have been used currently include SYLOPOL 948, SYLOPOL 955 and XPO-2402 manufactured and marketed by Grace Corporation, USA and SD490 manufactured and marketed by Crosfield Corporation, typically having a specific surface area of about 300 m.sup.2 /g or even less. When applied for supporting catalysts, the amount of the active components supported on these silica gels are limited and thus the improvements in catalytic activity are limited. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,293,673, 4,302,565, 4,302,566 and 4,303,771 disclose a series of catalysts suitable for ethylene polymerization by a gas phase fluidized bed process, in which the above mentioned silica gels are used as the carrier. Up to now, most of such commercially available catalysts are obtained by supporting a magnesium compound, a titanium compound and an electron donor onto SYLOPOL 955 silica gel and when they are used for ethylene polymerization by a gas phase fluidized bed process, the catalytic activity is typically about 3500 g PE/g Cat; however, when they are used in a gas phase fluidized bed process operated in a condensed state, the catalytic activity is substantially lowered due to the shortening of the residence time of the catalysts, thereby leading to an increase in the ash content of the resultant ethylene polymers, which in turn deteriorates the quality of ethylene polymers. Therefore, enhancing the activity of such catalysts is one of the key factors for the improvement in the quality of the ethylene polymers. If, however, only the specific surface area of silica gel is increased, on one hand, the activity of the catalysts when used for olefin polymerization is enhanced to some extent; on the other hand, the pore size of silica gel is decreased due to the increase in its specific surface area, thus other properties such as hydrogen response, copolymerizability of ethylene with other alpha-olefins and the like decrease dramatically (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 3,225,023). Therefore, taking the balance among various properties into account, the currently commercialized silica gel carrier materials for ethylene polymerization by a gas phase process is typically controlled to have a specific surface area of about 300 m.sup.2 /g. After extensive and repetitive investigation, the present inventors have found that by employing silica gels having a larger specific surface area and supporting thereon a magnesium compound, a titanium compound and an electron donor compound, as well as a halide promoter, the resultant catalyst has not only a largely enhanced activity when used for olefin polymerization, but also excellent hydrogen response and superior copolymerizability of ethylene with other alpha-olefins. Especially in the gas phase fluidized bed process operated in a condensed state, which represents an advanced process currently, the catalyst according to the present invention shows a good balance among various properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642325__

Patents 207

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Storage stable thyroxine active drug formulations and methods for their production Inventor(s): Hanshew, Jr.; Dwight D. (Morgantown, WV), Wargo; David John (Pittsburgh, PA) Assignee(s): Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Morgantown, WV) Patent Number: 6,645,526 Date filed: November 13, 2001 Abstract: This invention provides a storage-stable dosage form of a thyroxine active drug composition which exhibits an improved stability. The formulation contains a thyroxine active drug substance, an alditol, and a saccharide, and, optionally, additional pharmaceutically accepted excipients. Levothyroxine sodium is the preferred active drug substance, mannitol is the preferred alditol, and sucrose is the preferred saccharide. Additional preferred excipients include, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, magnesium stearate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium lauryl sulfate. Excerpt(s): The invention relates generally to the field of medicinal formulations, and more particularly to methods of preparing storage stable pharmaceutical compositions in unit dosage form of levothyroxine sodium with increased shelf life and compositions made by these methods. Thyroxine active drugs are known for both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment of thyroid disorders. For example, levothyroxine sodium is prescribed for thyroid hormone replacement therapy in cases of reduced or absent thyroid function in e.g., ailments such as myxedema, cretinism and obesity. See, for example, Post and Warren in Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances, Vol. 5, Florey (ed.); Academic Press, New York (1976), pp. 226-281. Levothyroxine sodium is quite unstable, hygroscopic and degrades rapidly when subjected to high humidity, light or high temperature. See, for example, Won, Pharm. Res. 9(1):131-137, 1992. Because of the chemicophysical properties of the drug, formulations of levothyroxine sodium have extremely short stability duration, worsened under conditions of high humidity and temperature. Tablets may decompose approximately 1 percent per month. Gupta et. al., J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 15:331-335, 1990. The stability problem has been so widespread that some drug companies marketing levothyroxine sodium tablets have been forced to recall various batches due to lack of stability. Formulations containing levothyroxine sodium have been known in the art since the late 1950s. There have been recent attempts to develop more stable dosage formulations of levothyroxine sodium. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,209 discloses levothyroxine sodium in combination with potassium iodide as part of a stabilizing excipient. In the manufacture of this formulation, levothyroxine sodium was first mixed with microcrystalline cellulose, and then added to a dried granulation of potassium iodide and microcrystalline cellulose. The formulation purportedly provided increased active drug potency over a three month period in comparison to then commercially available formulations. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06645526__

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Supported nickel-magnesium oxide catalysts and processes for the production of syngas Inventor(s): Figueroa; Juan C. (Wilmington, DE), Gaffney; Anne M. (West Chester, PA), Mattson, Sr.; Ronald H. (Wilmington, DE), Oswald; Robert A. (Milton, DE), Pierce; Donald B. (Salem, NJ), Song; Roger (Wilmington, DE) Assignee(s): ConocoPhillips Company (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,635,191 Date filed: June 13, 2001 Abstract: Catalysts comprising a catalytically active metal on a NiO--MgO coated porous metal alloy support that are active for catalyzing the oxidative conversion of methane to CO and H.sub.2 are disclosed. The preferred catalytically active metal is rhodium and the porous metal alloy support is preferably a perforated fecralloy foil. A method of making the catalysts and coated supports, and processes for using the new catalysts for converting light hydrocarbons, such as methane, to synthesis gas, are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention generally relates to catalysts and processes for the catalytic partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons (e.g. natural gas) to produce synthesis gas, and more particularly to such catalysts comprising a mixture of nickel oxide and magnesium oxide supported on a porous metal substrate. Large quantities of methane, the main component of natural gas, are available in many areas of the world, and natural gas is predicted to outlast oil reserves by a significant margin. However, most natural gas is situated in areas that are geographically remote from population and industrial centers. The costs of compression, transportation, and storage make its use economically unattractive. To improve the economics of natural gas use, much research has focused on methane as a starting material for the production of higher hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon liquids. The conversion of methane to hydrocarbons is typically carried out in two steps. In the first step, methane is reformed with water to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen (i.e., synthesis gas or syngas). In a second step, the syngas is converted to hydrocarbon waxes and other hydrocarbon products, for example, fuels boiling in the middle distillate range such as kerosene and diesel fuel, by the Fischer-Tropsch process. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635191__

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Syngas conversion and catalyst system employed therefor Inventor(s): Drake; Charles A. (Nowata, OK), Wu; An-hsiang (Kingwood, TX), Yao; Jianhua (Bartlesville, OK) Assignee(s): ConocoPhillips Company (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,638,892 Date filed: April 18, 2002 Abstract: A process for the conversion of syngas by contact of syngas under conversion conditions with catalyst having as components zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay in which (A) in a one step process for conversion of syngas to dimethyl ether, the catalyst has as components an extruded mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide, gamma aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay; (B) in a two step process for conversion of syngas to light olefins, a catalyst system is employed that has in the first

Patents 209

step a catalyst mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay and the catalyst employed in the second step is SAPO-34; SAPO-34 modified with lanthanum(III) nitrate hexahydrate; SAPO-34 modified with magnesium nitrate hexahydrate; SAPO-34 modified with tributyl borate or SAPO-34 modified with triethyl phosphate or (C) in a two step process for conversion of syngas to light olefins, the pressure on the effluent from the contact of syngas with a mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide, aluminum oxide, Y zeolite and clay is reduced before contact with a second catalyst of SAPO-34. The catalyst systems employed in the processes herein. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a catalyst composition having as components zinc oxide, copper oxide and aluminum oxide in combination with Y zeolite and clay suitable for the conversion of syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, to dimethyl ether and to the process for converting synthesis gas (syngas) to dimethyl ether employing this catalyst. This invention also relates to two-step processes for converting syngas to light olefins by contacting the effluent from a conversion of syngas employing a catalyst composition having as components zinc oxide, copper oxide and aluminum oxide in combination with Y zeolite and clay with a second catalyst system having a SAPO component such as, in particular, SAPO-34 or modified SAPO-34. This invention is further related to catalyst systems useful in the conversion of syngas to light olefins in two step processes. Catalysts having zinc oxide, copper oxide and aluminum oxide as components are known to be effective as methanol synthesis catalysts. Catalysts having as components zinc oxide, copper oxide and aluminum oxide or chromium oxide in conjunction with a gamma aluminum oxide are known to effect the conversion of syngas to dimethyl ether. The present invention provides an improved conversion and selectivity to dimethyl ether by replacing gamma aluminum oxide with a combination of Y zeolite and clay in a catalyst system useful for the conversion of syngas. Processes for converting methanol and its derivatives, including dimethyl ether, to light olefins employing a SAPO catalyst are also known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,327 discloses the preparation of light olefins from dimethyl ether or methanol employing a SAPO catalyst, but does not disclose the preparation of dimethyl ether using the process cited above. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06638892__ •

Synthesis of bis (cyclopentadienyl) and bis (indenyl) ruthenium complexes Inventor(s): Arkin; Dawn A. (Longmont, CO), Askham; Fredric R. (Loveland, CO), Sullivan; Jeffrey M. (Loveland, CO), Voll Barclay; Karin A. (Boulder, CO) Assignee(s): Boulder Scientific Company (Mead, CO) Patent Number: 6,642,402 Date filed: June 21, 2002 Abstract: A process for preparing a cyclopentadienyl or indenyl ruthenium complex by treatment of a cyclopentadienyl or indenyl compound with ruthenium trichloride dihydrate and magnesium powder in an alkanol at 10.degree. C. to -30.degree. C. is described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to bis(cyclopentadienyl) and bis(indenyl) ruthenium complexes which are useful in chemical vapor deposition (CV) and other procedures. The state of the art relevant to this invention as of Jul. 17, 1997 is summarized in U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,036. A process for the synthesis of bis(alkylcyclopentadienyl) ruthenium complexes by treatment of RuCl.sub.3 hydrates and ethylcyclopentadiene or

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isopropylcyclopentadiene with zinc powder in an alcohol solvent at -30.degree. C. to 0.degree. C. is described. The invention comprises synthesis of bis(cyclopentadienyl), bis(alkylcyclopentadienyl), bis(indenyl) or bis(alkylindenyl) liquid and solid ruthenium complexes by treating ruthenium trichloride hydrate and a cyclopentadienyl compound or an indenyl compound with magnesium powder in C.sub.2 to C.sub.8 alkanol, e.g., ethanol. The treating may be accomplished at a temperature from about 10.degree. C. to about -30.degree. C. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06642402__ •

Synthesis of heteroarylamine intermediate compounds Inventor(s): Kapadia; Suresh R. (Danbury, CT), Song; Jinhua J. (Brewster, NY), Yee; Nathan K. (Danbury, CT) Assignee(s): Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Ridgefield, CT) Patent Number: 6,635,767 Date filed: December 12, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed are novel 2-(5-halopyridyl) and 2-(5-halopyrimidinyl) magnesium halides, processes of making and their use in the efficient synthesis in their respective 5halo-2-substituted pyridines and pyrimidines. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to synthesis of heteroarylamine intermediate compounds. Aryl- and heteroaryl-substituted ureas have been described as inhibitors of cytokine production. These inhibitors are described as effective therapeutics in cytokinemediated diseases, including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Examples of such compounds are reported in WO 99/23091 and in WO 98/52558. wherein W, Y, and Z are described below. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06635767__

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Thermoplastic molding compositions containing additive mixtures Inventor(s): Eichenauer; Herbert (Dormagen, DE) Assignee(s): Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen, DE) Patent Number: 6,656,889 Date filed: September 18, 2001 Abstract: A thermoplastic molding composition comprising A) a thermopolastic polymer, e.g., a copolymer of styrene and acyrlonitrile, B) a graft copolymer, e.g., a graft copolymer of styrene, acrylonitrile and polybutadiene, and C) an additive mixture is described. The additive mixture C) comprises a combination of at least three components selected from components (I), (II), (III) and (IV). Component (I) contains carboxylic acid metal salt groups, e.g., magnesium stearate. Component (II) contains both carboxylic acid ester linkages and thio linkages, e.g., esters of.beta.-thiodipropionic acid with monhydric alcohols. Component (III) contains amide linkages, e.g., ethylenediamine bisstearyl amide. Component (IV) is a compound that is different than components (I)-(III), e.g., a low molecular weight styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer. Also described are molded articles prepared from the thermoplastic molding composition of the present invention.

Patents 211

Excerpt(s): The present patent application claims the right of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 (a)-(d) of German Patent Application No. 100 46 774.1, filed Sep. 21, 2000. The present invention relates to compositions containing matrix polymer, graft polymer and unique additive mixtures. The present invention also relates to the production of molded articles, and molded articles prepared from the compositions of the present invention. The additive mixture is also a subject of the present invention. Acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene graft copolymer (ABS) molding compositions have already been used for many years in large quantities as thermoplastic resins for the production of all types of molded parts. The property spectrum of these resins typically ranges from relatively brittle to extremely tough. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06656889__ •

Treatment agent for elastic polyurethane fibers and elastic polyurethane fibers treated therewith Inventor(s): Inuzuka; Yoshinobu (Okazaki, JP), Kawanishi; Eiji (Otsu, JP), Miyamoto; Yasushi (Toyohashi, JP), Watanabe; Noboru (Otsu, JP) Assignee(s): Du Pont-Toray Co., Ltd. (JP), Takemoto Oil & Fat Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 6,652,599 Date filed: August 15, 2000 Abstract: A treatment agent for elastic polyurethane fibers comprising a dispersion in which a higher fatty acid magnesium salt is colloidally dispersed in a silicone mixture consisting of a silicone oil with a viscosity of 5.times.10.sup.-6 -50.times.10.sup.-6 m.sup.2 /S at 25.degree. C. as a dispersion medium and a dispersant mainly comprising a modified silicone at a ratio by weight of the dispersion medium/the dispersant=100/0.5-100/4.5, wherein the amount of the higher fatty acid magnesium salt is 1 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the silicone oil. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a treatment agent for elastic polyurethane fibers, and elastic polyurethane fibers treated by using the treatment agent. In more detail, it relates to a treatment agent for elastic polyurethane fibers, which agent is stable in viscosity for a long time during use in the production process of elastic polyurethane fibers allows fiber packages having with good winding form and reelability to be produced if a treatment agent having with a higher fatty acid magnesium salt well dispersed is applied to elastic polyurethane fibers, and which drips less and accumulates less on guides to assure stable operation (fiber passage). The present invention also relates to elastic polyurethane fibers treated by using the treatment agent. Conventional methods for treating elastic polyurethane yarns include 1) treating by a treatment agent with a higher fatty acid metal salt dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil (JP-B-SHO-37-4586, SHO-40-5557 and HEI-6-15745), 2) treating by a treatment agent with an amino modified silicone added to polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil (JP-B-SHO-63-8233), 3) treating by a treatment agent with a polyether modified silicone added to polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil (JP-B-SHO-61-459, and JP-A-HEI-2-127569 and 6-41873), 4) treating by a treatment agent with a silicone resin added to polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil (JP-B-SHO-42-8438 and 63-12197 and JPA-HEI-8-74179), 5) treating by a treatment agent with an amino modified silicone and a silicone resin added to polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil (JP-A-HEI-3-294524, 3-51374 and 5-195442), etc. In the method of treating an elastic polyurethane yarn by a treatment agent with a higher fatty acid metal salt dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil, the initial dispersed state of the higher fatty acid metal salt cannot be retained, which

212 Magnesium

causes, cohesion, settlement, etc. with the lapse of time. Since a treatment agent has remarkably low dispersion stability like this, the higher fatty acid metal salt coheres even if the treatment agent is sufficiently stirred when used. So, the elastic polyurethane yarn cannot have satisfactory reelability since the overlying segments of the yarn adhere to each other. Furthermore, since the cohering higher fatty acid metal salt drips and accumulates on guides during processing, it causes yarn breaking disadvantageously. Moreover, if a treatment agent having a large amount of a higher fatty acid metal salt dispersed is used, any matter dissolved from the fibers during processing raises the viscosity of the treatment agent after the lapse of time, and disadvantageously, and stable operation cannot be achieved. If a treatment agent with a modified silicone such as an amino modified silicone, polyether modified silicone or silicone resin added to polydimethylsiloxane or mineral oil is used, the effect of preventing the adhesion between yarn segments in an elastic polyurethane resin package is weaker compared to the case of using a treatment with a higher fatty acid metal salt added, and satisfactory reelability cannot be obtained. Especially when a treatment agent containing an amino modified silicone or polyether modified silicone is used for treatment, the inter-fiber friction coefficient becomes very low, and the winding in the package is deformed and no good winding form can be obtained. Furthermore, low molecular components are dissolved out of the fibers, to drip and accumulate as scum on guides with the lapse of time, disadvantageously not allowing stable operation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652599__ •

Ziegler-Natta catalyst with metallocene for olefin polymerization Inventor(s): Chen; Hong (Alpharetta, GA), Lopez; Margarito (Pasadena, TX), Shamshoum; Edwar Shoukri (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): Fina Technology, INC (Dallas, TX) Patent Number: 6,653,254 Date filed: February 22, 1999 Abstract: Provided is a catalyst system for polymerization of monomers having at least one Ziegler-Natta polymerizable bond, comprising:a) a supported Ziegler-Natta transition metal catalyst having a magnesium component modified with a metallocene catalyst component, such that the ratio of magnesium component to metallocene component is within the range of about 1:1 to about 4:1, during its synthesis or production; andb) an effective co-catalyst. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to catalyst system for polymerization of monomer having at least one Ziegler-Natta polymerizable bond. It is notably effective with ethylene and other.alpha.-olefins. Particular catalyst systems of this invention will comprise supported Ziegler-Natta catalyst which has been modified with metallocenetype or single-site catalyst, preferably during synthesis. Polyolefin manufacturing processes typically involve the polymerization of olefin monomer with an organometallic catalyst of the Ziegler-Natta type. Catalyst systems for the polymerization of olefins are well known in the art. Typically, these systems include a Ziegler-Natta type polymerization catalyst component and a co-catalyst, usually an organoaluminum compound. U.S. Pat. No. 4,530,914 discloses use of a catalyst system comprising two or more metallocenes in the polymerization of.alpha.-olefins, primarily ethylene, to obtain a broad molecular weight distribution. The metallocenes each have different propagation and termination rate constants. Such metallocenes are mixed with an alumoxane to form the active catalyst system.

Patents 213

Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06653254__ •

Zinc alloy containing a bismuth-indium intermetallic compound for use in alkaline batteries Inventor(s): Hymer; Timothy R. (Villa Ridge, MO), James; Stephen E. (O'Fallon, IL) Assignee(s): Big River Zinc Corporation (Sauget, IL) Patent Number: 6,652,676 Date filed: October 18, 1999 Abstract: A zinc alloy for use in zinc-alkaline batteries having improved gassing properties includes a bismuth-indium intermetallic compound in an amount sufficient to improve the gassing properties of the alloy, and with the major part of the alloy being zinc that is substantially free of lead and mercury. The bismuth-indium intermetallic is preferably present in the form of segregates located at the intergrain boundaries. The bismuth and indium are preferably present in an amount between 50 and 10,000 ppm, and more preferably 200 to about 1000 ppm, and most preferably about 300 ppm. The weight ratio of bismuth to indium is preferably from about 46:54 to about 50:50, and more preferably about 48:52. Magnesium, calcium and aluminum may also be present. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a zinc alloy that is substantially free of lead and mercury for use in alkaline batteries and methods for its preparation and use, and more particularly to a zinc alloy that is substantially free of lead and mercury and that contains bismuth and indium and provides improved gassing properties in alkaline batteries and methods for its preparation and use. Alkaline batteries are well known in the art and have been described generally in Battery Reference Book, 2nd Edition, Crompton, T. R., Ed., Chap. 6, pp. 6-1 through 6-5, Butterworth-Heinemann, Jordan Hill, Oxford, UK (1995); and Zhang, X. G., Corrosion and Electrochemistry of Zinc, Chap. 13, pp. 373-391, Plenum Press, New York (1996). The conventional alkaline battery is composed of a cathode, an anode and other components of an electrochemical cell that generate an electric current when the circuit between the cathode and anode is closed. One typical construction is a cup-shaped manganese oxide cathode that forms an outer case for the battery. The inside of the cathode is lined with a paper separator that separates the cathode from a highly alkaline paste or gel anode, but permits electric current exchange with the anode. The anode is commonly made up with zinc powder that has been mixed with a gelling agent in a highly alkaline medium and possibly with other components that are found to be desirable by the battery manufacturer. It is common for the anode to be pierced by a central brass collector pin that serves as the contact for the anode with the external circuit. Since alkaline batteries of this type are commonly used in computers and other instruments that have electrical contacts and other components that would be harmed by contact with the highly alkaline paste of the battery, and also because such batteries often are handled by persons during installation in flashlights, toys and the like, it is important to prevent any leakage of the alkaline contents of the battery. To prevent leakage, these batteries are commonly sealed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06652676__

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Patent Applications on Magnesium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to magnesium: •

ACOUSTO-IMMERSION COATING AND PROCESS FOR MAGNESIUM AND ITS ALLOYS Inventor(s): Gray, Joy Elizabeth; (Fredericton, CA), Luan, Ben Li; (London, CA) Correspondence: Borden Ladner Gervais Llp; World Exchange Plaza; 100 Queen Street Suite 1100; Ottawa; ON; K1p 1j9; CA Patent Application Number: 20030203232 Date filed: March 26, 2002 Abstract: A process for coating an object formed of magnesium or a magnesium alloy comprising the steps of: immersion coating the object in a sonicated bath to form an undercoat and topcoating the object to form a topcoat. When desirable to protect against topcoat failure, the undercoat may be equally noble or more noble than the topcoat. If topcoat failure is not a concern, the nobility of the topcoat relative to the undercoat need not be considered. The process promotes uniform coating of a magnesium and its alloys. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a chemical process for coating magnesium and its alloys, and to a coating so formed. With the increasing awareness of fuel consumption and human ecology, a global commitment has been made to reduce vehicle mass through application of lightweight materials. Magnesium is the lightest structural metal with the highest specific strength and is the eighth most abundant element on the earth. Many researchers and developers have looked to magnesium to provide a solution for vehicular mass reduction for the automotive, aircraft and aerospace industries. However, challenges exist owing to its low corrosion and wear resistance. To achieve the necessary mass reductions, various coating technologies have been applied to enhance the corrosion and wear resistance of magnesium alloys. To date, no coating technology provides a solution that satisfies the combination of functionality, cost, scalability and environmental concerns. Development of a high volume, environmentally friendly, low cost and mass production scaleable coating process to increase the corrosion and wear resistance of magnesium remains a challenge. Conventional coating technologies are briefly summarized below. Conversion coatings, the most commonly used type of coatings, contain hexavalent chromium, a highly toxic carcinogen. Conversion coatings alone do not provide sufficient corrosion and wear protection for magnesium alloys in harsh service conditions. Conversion coatings are generally used as an undercoat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 215

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Acrylic material Inventor(s): Eustace, Paul; (Ingleby Barwick, GB), Marston, Nicholas John; (Great Ayton, GB), McCathy, Neil Andrew; (Coulby Newham, GB) Correspondence: Venable, Baetjer, Howard And Civiletti, Llp; P.O. Box 34385; Washington; DC; 20043-9998; US Patent Application Number: 20030212178 Date filed: May 29, 2003 Abstract: An acrylic material which is flame retardant comprises 4.9 to 94.9% by wt of an acrylic composition, 5-95% by wt of a halogen-containing polymer, especially PVC, and 0.1-25% by wt of an inorganic composition comprising at least one of an oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, borate, stearate, chloride or bromide, zinc, magnesium, molybdenum, antimony, aluminum, tin, copper, manganese, cobalt or iron. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a flame retardant acrylic material and a method for its manufacture. Acrylic materials are used in a wide variety of applications, for example buildings, automotive lights, instrument dials, light diffusers, lenses, medical diagnostic devices, signs, bath/sanitary ware and glazing. Acrylic materials are used because of their toughness, weatherability, appearance and stability characteristics. They may be used as a capstock material to provide a coating layer over a substrate thermoplastic material and hence impart the acrylic characteristics to the thermoplastic material which itself has different characteristics. Examples of such thermoplastic materials in the literature include acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,318,737. In certain application areas for such plastics it may be important that the plastics material can exhibit flame retardant properties. Acrylic materials are not inherently flame retardant. For many building applications materials are required to be tested using BS476 Part 7, which is a surface spread of flame test. Under this test the performance of a material is classified by how far flame travels horizontally along the material. Classes from 1 to 4 are possible, with 4 denoting failure to attain a higher class. A Y suffix may be added to the classification to denote that the material slumped during testing. Extruded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) will achieve either the lowest class rating of 4 under the BS476 Part 7 surface spread of flame test or have a Y suffix attached to any higher class due to slumping. Addition of compounds with flame retardant capabilities to acrylic materials are well known in the art. For example use of organic phosphorous compounds as flame retardant materials in acrylic matrices are disclosed in JP06049312-A, GB2212807-A, DE3700373-A and GB2172600-A. J61051047-A discloses a PMMA composition for building material usage which contains calcium aluminate hydrate. This inorganic compound is believed to lose water at temperatures around 300.degree. C. and hence lessen the ability of the acrylic composition to burn. Other inorganic compounds that are known to have some flame retardant properties include various inorganic metal compounds. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,309 discloses a rigid flame retardant polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composition which contains inorganic zinc, magnesium and molybdenum compounds which are claimed to reduce smoke development on burning of the PVC. PVC itself may be used as an additive to impart flame retardant properties to other polymers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Adhesive compositions for bonding passive substrates Inventor(s): Danheiser, Rick; (Watertown, MA), Morrill, Susanne; (West Hartford, CT), Woods, John; (Farmington, CT) Correspondence: Daniel A Scola JR; Hoffmann & Baron; 6900 Jericho Turnpike; Syosset; NY; 11791; US Patent Application Number: 20030217808 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: Adhesive compositions are disclosed which cure rapidly and completely on confinement between passive substrates, such as magnesium alloys, that are deficient in transition metals and transition metal ions. The compositions include one or more acrylate resins, one or more peroxy free radical initiators, one or more onium salts, and an accelerator such as acetylphenyl hydrazine desirably in an amount of about 1.0% or less by weight of the composition. These compositions provide exceptional bonding to such substrates without the need for a transition metal primer. Methods of making and using such compositions are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to compositions for bonding magnesium-based substrates. More particularly, the present invention relates to compositions which demonstrate excellent bonding capabilities to magnesium-based and other passive substrates without the need for the application of a primer prior to application of the composition on the substrate. These compositions are storage-stable and cure rapidly and thoroughly, particularly under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic compositions are stable and remain in a liquid, unpolymerized state in the presence of oxygen, but cure to a polymerized, solid state in the absence of oxygen. Such compositions are generally characterized as being one-part systems, with the ability to cure at room temperature through a free radical reaction, and to cure through a reaction initiated on a substrate surface. The components of such compositions are often monomers, initiators, catalysts, stabilizers/inhibitors, and modifiers, which may be combined, typically by mixing, to provide formulations of various viscosities, colors, strengths, and adhesion properties. As a result of their ability to cure in a substantially oxygen-free environment, anaerobic compositions have found great utility as adhesives, sealants, and bonding materials for use with closely mated surfaces, such as between interfitting metal parts. Known industrial uses include locking threaded fasteners, sealing threaded pipe connections, retaining cylindrical machine components, sealing flange joints, bonding structural components, and sealing porous metal castings. Anaerobic adhesives are typically packaged, sold and stored in containers which are permeable to oxygen, such as those made of polyethylene. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

•

Allergen neutralization compositions Inventor(s): Hasan, Abul Khaer Mohamad Quamrul; (Kobe, JP), Kobayashi, Ryoko; (Kobe, JP), Mao, Mark Hsiang-Kuen; (Kobe, JP) Correspondence: The Procter & Gamble Company; Intellectual Property Division; Winton Hill Technical Center - Box 161; 6110 Center Hill Avenue; Cincinnati; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030206965 Date filed: March 26, 2003

Patents 217

Abstract: Allergen neutralization compositions for use on inanimate objects having an effective amount of an allergy neutralizing metal ion, and a solvent. The allergen neutralization compositions are sprayable, and preferably contain allergen denaturing compounds such as polyphenol compounds, hydrogen peroxide, salicylic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, and mixtures of these. The metal ion is selected from ions of zinc, stannous, stannic, magnesium, calcium, manganese, titanium, iron, copper, nickel, and mixtures of these. These allergen neutralization compositions provide excellent efficacy against various allergens, and specifically, the allergens associated with house dust mites and other common allergens such as cat dander, pollen and the like. Moreover, these compositions do not stain common household surfaces. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation of International Application PCT/US00/27019, with an international filing date of Sep. 29, 2000, published in English. The present invention relates to aqueous allergen neutralizing compositions comprising solubilized metal ions, and methods of using these compositions. The present compositions are particularly effective against the allergens associated with house dust mites and other common allergens such as cat dander, pollen and the like. Sensitivity to allergens is a problem for an increasing number of consumers. This issue has been complicated by a surprising increase in asthma over the past few years. Asthma suffers are especially sensitive to airborne allergens. Allergy rates are also on the rise. This gives rise to increased awareness of the causes of allergy symptoms and how to decrease the associated discomfort. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Aluminium-lithium alloys Inventor(s): McDarmaid, Donald S.; (Farnborough, GB), Peel, Christopher J.; (Farnborough, GB), Vine, Wendy J.; (Farnborough, GB) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030202900 Date filed: March 27, 2003 Abstract: An aluminum based alloy having a composition within the following ranges, all of the ranges being in weight percent: lithium 2.0 to 2.8, magnesium 0.4 to 1.0, copper 2.0 to 3.0, manganese 0.7 to 1.2, zirconium up to 0.2 and the balance aluminum, save for incidental impurities and up to 2.0 in total of one or more grain controlling elements to provide microstructural optimization and control. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to high-strength aluminium-lithium alloys and in particular to those alloys suitable for fabrication into high-strength plate materials for aerospace applications. It is known that addition of lithium to aluminium alloys reduces density and increases elastic modulus to produce a significant increase in specific stiffness, and produces an alloy system which is amenable to precipitation hardening. Aluminium-lithium based alloys are becoming established as lightweight alternatives to conventional aluminium alloys in weight critical applications, such as for aerospace construction. For many aerospace applications emphasis has been placed upon materials containing 2-3 wt % lithium, especially alloys of the Al--Li--Cu--Mg system and in particular alloys of the Al--Li--Cu--Mg--Zr system such as are disclosed in United Kingdom Patent 2115836 and defined in the 8090 standard specification. Although zirconium is introduced into these alloys as a cast grain refiner it also forms dispersoids

218 Magnesium

of Al.sub.3Zr (.beta.') intermetallic phase, which are non-shearable, and inhibit the recrystallization processes. Material with the resultant unrecrystallised grain structure suffers from significant tensile property anisotropy due to the retention of the (110) <112> hot deformation texture, and subsequently the recrystallization textures derived from it. The resultant reduction in 0.2% proof stress. and tensile strength at intermediate angles to the rolling direction reduces the overall useable strength of the material to well below its potential. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Aluminum alloys Inventor(s): Cho, Alex; (Darien, IL) Correspondence: Jenkens & Gilchrist, P.C.; 225 West Washington; Suite 2600; Chicago; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030213537 Date filed: March 6, 2003 Abstract: A process for thermally treating an article made from an aluminum alloy. The process comprises providing the aluminum alloy that consists essentially of from about 5.7 to about 6.7 wt. % of zinc, less than 2.2 wt. % copper, less than 4.2 wt. % of the total weight percent of magnesium and copper combined, and less than 10.60 wt. % of the total weight percent of magnesium, copper and zinc combined, the balance being substantially aluminum, incidental elements and impurities. The article is artificially aged at a first temperature. The article is heated to a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is higher than the first temperature. The article is artificially aged at the second temperature of from about 290 to about 360.degree. F. for a duration of at least 6 hours. The article is cooled from the second temperature to 200.degree. F. at a cooling rate of from about 20 to about 4.sup.0.degree. F./hour. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to zinc and magnesium-bearing aluminum alloys and processes for making the same. More specifically, the present invention is related to age-hardenable, high strength, high fracture toughness and high corrosion resistant aluminum alloys and processes of making the same. Aluminum alloys have been used in the past in forming a variety of articles or products for structural applications. Some of those aluminum alloys are used in, for example, the aerospace industry. Designers and manufacturers in the aerospace industry are constantly trying to improve fuel efficiency and product performance. One method for improving such items is to produce lightweight materials with improved fracture toughness and corrosion resistance performance without losing relative strength. The strengthening of age-hardenable aluminum alloys has traditionally involved solid solution heat treating, quenching, and natural or artificial aging. Natural aging generally consists of allowing the solution heat treated aluminum alloy articles to remain at about room temperature for a significant period of time. It is, however, commercially more feasible to artificially age these articles for shorter times at higher temperatures than room temperature. The strengthening of some aluminum alloys may include cold work, such as compression or stretching of the article. Cold work is typically performed on the age-hardenable aluminum alloy article before it is aged. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Patents 219

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Antifouling coating composition, coating film therefrom, base material covered with the coating film and antifouling method Inventor(s): Nakamura, Naoya; (Ohtake-shi, JP), Oya, Masaaki; (Ohtake-shi, JP), Tsuboi, Makoto; (Ohtake-shi, JP) Correspondence: Leonard W. Sherman; Sherman & Shalloway; 413 N. Washington Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030207962 Date filed: February 28, 2003 Abstract: An antifouling coating composition comprising (A) a silyl ester copolymer containing constituent units derived from a polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acid silyl ester; (B) a carboxylic acid; (C) a bivalent or trivalent metal compound; and (D) a dehydrating agent. It is preferred that the component (C) be contained in an amount of 1.2 equivalents or more, in terms of the number of equivalents of metal as a constituent of the component (C), per equivalent of carboxyl group of the carboxylic acid (B); that the component (C) be a bivalent metal compound; and that the component (C) be a compound of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium and barium. From the antifouling coating composition, there can be obtained an antifouling coating film which exhibits less cracking tendency, excellent adherence so as to ensure less peeling tendency and desirably controlled hydrolysis rate so as to be excellent in antifouling performance, in particular, antifouling properties in highly fouling environment and long-term antifouling properties. With respect to the provided antifouling coating composition, its storage stability is high, its concentration can be increased, the amount of solvent used therefor can be reduced, and its applicability is high. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an antifouling coating composition which contains a silyl ester copolymer, an antifouling coating film formed from the antifouling coating composition, an antifouling method wherein the antifouling coating composition is used, and a marine vessel (hull) or underwater structure covered with the coating film. More particularly, the present invention relates to an antifouling coating composition which can be formed into an antifouling paint whose storage stability is excellent and wherein the amount of solvent used can be reduced due to low viscosity. From the antifouling paint, there can be obtained an antifouling coating film which exhibits less cracking tendency, excellent adherence so as to ensure less peeling tendency and desirably controlled hydrolysis rate so as to be excellent in antifouling performance (antifouling activity), in particular, antifouling properties in stationary environment or highly fouling environment and long-term antifouling properties. Further, the present invention relates to an antifouling coating film formed from the antifouling coating composition, an antifouling method wherein the antifouling coating composition is used, and a hull or underwater structure covered with the coating film. Ship bottoms, underwater structures, fishing nets and the like are likely to have their appearance and function damaged by the adhesion to surface and propagation of various aquatic organisms including animals such as shellfishes, hard-shelled mussels and barnacles, plants such as laver (seaweeds) and bacteria which is caused when they are exposed to water for a prolonged period of time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

220 Magnesium

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Artificial bone graft substitute using calcium phosphate compounds and method of manufacturing the same Inventor(s): Chang, Bong Soon; (Seoul, KR), Hong, Kug Sun; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Su Jin; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Choon Ki; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Dong Ho; (Seoul, KR), Lee, Sang Lim; (Seoul, KR), Lim, Chang Kyun; (Seoul, KR), Yu, Hyun Seung; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Rosenberg, Klein & Lee; 3458 Ellicott Center Drive-suite 101; Ellicott City; MD; 21043; US Patent Application Number: 20030193106 Date filed: October 18, 2002 Abstract: A bone graft substitute using magnesium substituted calcium phosphate compounds and a method of manufacturing the same is provided in which the bone graft substitute is used for recovering bones damaged due to a bone fracture. The method of manufacturing a bone graft substitute includes the steps of mixing powdered calcium pyrophosphate and a magnesium included compound to thereby obtain a composition, pressure-forming the compositions to obtain a plastic body; and sintering the plastic body. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bone graft substitute and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a bone graft substitute using calcium phosphate compounds and a method of manufacturing the same, in which the bone graft substitute is used for recovering bone defects damaged due to a bone fracture using calcium phosphate compounds. In general, a classical and general bone graft is an autograft. The autograft has advantages of good osteogenic capacity and having no risks of infection of infective diseases or immune response. However, it is difficult to obtain a sufficient amount of bones from patient, and inflammation may occur in a donor site. Thus, an allograft or xenograft is not satisfactory due to difficulties of obtaining bones to be grafted through a bone bank, or problems of a delay in a bony union together with risks of infection of infective diseases and immune response. In order to solve the abovedescribed problems, a recent research and development of bone graft substitute of osteogenic capacity similar to autograft has been being extensively performed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Binder fiber and nonwoven web Inventor(s): Latten, Paul L.; (Huntersville, NC), Lin, Tingdong; (Mooresville, NC), Pittman, Ida L. J.; (Jamestown, NC) Correspondence: Dougherty, Clements & Hofer; 1901 Roxborough Road; Suite300; Charlotte; NC; 28211; US Patent Application Number: 20030194552 Date filed: May 2, 2002 Abstract: The present invention comprises a binder fiber containing a metallocene catalyzed polyethylene (mPE) and an adhesion promoter. A web comprising the binder fiber and absorbent is also contemplated. The present invention also comprises a binder fiber containing polyolefin, an adhesion promoter, and an enhancement agent. The polyolefin may be polypropylene, high density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene, or ultra low density polyethylene, manufactured with either Ziegler-Natta or metallocene catalysts.

Patents 221

A web comprising this binder fiber and absorbent is also contemplated. The adhesion promoter may be maleic anhydride grafted polyolefins, or ethylene-acrylic copolymers, or a combination of these. The enhancement agent may be one or more of titanium dioxide, talc, silica, alum, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a binder fiber which has improved adhesion with absorbent materials particularly at temperatures below about 140.degree. C. The binder fibers can be in the form of low melting fibers or bicomponent fibers. Either of these fibers (or a mix of these fibers) can be used with absorbent material to create a nonwoven web. The improved binder fibers have improved adhesion at temperatures below 140.degree. C. compared with current commercially available improved adhesion fibers. Such fibers enable the user to achieve the ideal thermal bonding at faster throughputs. Increase the z-directional web strength (thickness) for higher basis weight webs, and permit the incorporation of additional heat sensitive raw materials heretofore unusable, while retaining thermal bonding efficiency. Webs made from the binder fibers of the present invention are useful in diapers, incontinent pads, sanitary napkins and other absorbent pads for liquids. Nonwoven webs particularly in the form of disposal absorbent articles such as disposable diapers have had much success in the marketplace. However, there is always a need to improve these products and particularly in terms of their adhesion such that they do not fall apart during manufacturing, processing into articles, and during use. Prior to the present invention, it was known to form nonwoven webs from wood pulp (and optionally up to 25% by weight super absorbent polymer, SAP), and a binder such as a bicomponent fiber or a low melting polymer fiber. These existing compositions contained approximately 10% binder and approximately 80 to 90% by weight wood pulp (and optionally SAP). These nonwoven webs were first created by mixing the wood pulp (and optionally SAP) with the binder. This composition was then introduced into a heating zone, such that the lower melting material of the polymer, or the lower melting material of the bicomponent fiber would melt and coat at least a portion of most of the wood pulp fibers (and optionally SAP). The composition was then introduced into a cooling zone where the lower melting binder material would solidify thereby binding the wood pulp (and optionally SAP) into a unitary web structure. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Body Inventor(s): Morgan, Glen E.; (Meeker, OK) Correspondence: Glen E. Morgan; RT 2 Box 255a-1; Meeker; OK; 74855; US Patent Application Number: 20030196912 Date filed: April 17, 2002 Abstract: A sacrificial electrode system for cathodically protecting an iron and/or steel object against corrosion comprising of a sacrificial anodic material containing, but not limited to, zinc, magnesium, aluminum or a mixture of these materials, with a magnet, preferably of the ceramic type, coupled with a cap plate, embedded into the sacrificial anode material so that advantage can be taken of the magnetic flux for transfer of electrons from the anode material to the object being protected, the unit is affixed to the object being protected by use of an electrically conductive adhesive. The electrical connection is established via the combination of ceramic magnet and electrically conductive adhesive. The magnet is magnetized in the direction of its thickness and the

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conversion of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 into Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 us furthered by the use of the electrically conductive adhesive and the magnet with cap plate. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an electrode system for protecting a metal object against corrosion. The invention relates particularly to electrodes of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, platinum, platinum-coated titanium, which are magnetically and electrically secured to ferro-magnetic metals, such as steel, steel compounds, nickel, cobalt for protecting these metals cathodically against corrosion. The cathodic protection of ferro-magnetic metals by means of electrodes is inter alia known from Netherlands Pats. 36,564, 72,206, 74,279 and 81,577, German Pat. 644,418, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,766,200, 2,863,819, 3,011,959 and 3,513,082, French Pat. 1,271,669 and British Pat. 870,086. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Catalyst and method for improving combustion efficiency in engines, boilers, and other equipment operating on fuels Inventor(s): May, Walter R.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Constance G. Rhebergen; Bracewell & Patterson, Llp; P.O. Box 61389; Houston; TX; 77208-1389; US Patent Application Number: 20030192232 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: A catalyst and method for improving combustion efficiency in boilers, engines, and other equipment by adding to fossil and other fuels a fuel additive that contains an oil-soluble iron compound and an over-based magnesium compound and for which the median particle size of the additive is less than about 0.01 micrometers. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/417,547, which claims priority to U.S. application Ser. No. 60/373,249, filed on Apr. 17,2001, and of U.S. application Ser. No.10/192,261, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/304,579, filed on Jul. 11, 2001. The present invention relates in general to a fuel additive that is a combustion catalyst, and in particular to an additive containing an over-based magnesium compound combined with a soluble iron compound for which the median particle size in the additive is less than about 0.01 micrometers. Energy can be produced by the combustion of fuels in combustion equipment, such fuels including but not limited to fossil fuels such as liquid petroleum, solid hydrocarbon fuels, and other fuel products, including wood fuels. A common concern is the reduction of particulate emissions from such combustion equipment. Another common concern is increasing fuel efficiency in such equipment. The use of combustion catalysts has been shown to generate results with regard to both of these concerns. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Catalyst composition and process for olefin polymerization and copolymerization using supported metallocene catalyst systems Inventor(s): Abu-Raqabah, Atieh; (Riyadh, SA), Hamed, Orass; (Riyadh, SA), Moman, Akhlaq; (Riyadh, SA) Correspondence: Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel Llp; Intellectual Property Department; 919 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20030216530 Date filed: May 27, 2003 Abstract: A catalyst composition includes: A) a solid catalyst precursor containing a metallocene compound, a magnesium compound and a particulate polymeric material; and B) a cocatalyst containing aluminum compound. The catalyst is prepared by combining metallocene compound, magnesium compound and particles of polymeric material to form a catalyst precursor; and activating the catalyst precursor with alkylaluminums and/or aluminoxanes. Homopolymeric or copolymeric polyolefins are produced by contacting olefins or olefins and alpha-olefins with the catalyst composition. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to new supported olefin polymerization catalyst systems, methods of producing the catalysts and processess of polymerizing and copolymerizing alpha-olefins. More particularly, this invention relates to the preparation of catalyst compositions comprising a metallocene compound, a magnesium containing compound and a polymeric material. Several publications are referenced in this application. These references describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains, and are incorporated herein by reference. The field of olefin polymerization catalysis has witnessed many remarkable discoveries during the last 50 years. In particular, two broad areas of invention have emerged: first, the discovery of Ziegler-Natta catalysts in the 1950's, which are still being used extensively in the polyolefin industry; second and more recently, the discovery of the highly active metallocene-based catalysts. Since these discoveries, ongoing research has been conducted to improve the performance of the catalysts. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Composition and method for substantially reducing the deleterious effects of alcohol on the body Inventor(s): Dobler, Peter Kevin; (Phoenix, AZ), Jones, Jeremy Park; (Tempe, AZ) Correspondence: Weiss & Moy PC; 4204 North Brown Avenue; Scottsdale; AZ; 85251; US Patent Application Number: 20030211172 Date filed: May 10, 2002 Abstract: A composition and method are provided for substantially preventing hangovers. The composition includes an effective amount of amino acids glycine and Glutathione, B vitamins and at least one mineral compound including each of magnesium, selenium, and molybdenum. Other vitamins, mineral compounds, flavorings, coloring, and solubility agents may also be added. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a composition and method for substantially reducing the deleterious effects of alcohol on the body. More specifically,

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this invention relates to a composition and method for substantially preventing a hangover. Alcohol intoxication causes dehydration and an imbalance in electrolytes, minerals, and some vitamins in the bloodstream, disrupting many normal biological processes. In addition, if the level of alcohol is high in the blood, the liver becomes backed up and the enzymes responsible for detoxification then utilize secondary pathways of detoxification thereby producing toxic metabolites. These metabolites are much more toxic than alcohol and can cause nausea, headaches, and discomfort, usually collectively referred to as a "hangover." It has also been suggested that congeners worsen hangovers. "Congeners" are toxic byproducts of distillation and fermentation. Some spirits are higher in congeners than others. For example, red wine, brandies, and whiskies are usually higher than other types of alcohol. Hangovers have been plaguing mankind since time immemorial. The best approach to hangovers is to avoid them by not over imbibing in alcohol in the first place. This however is easier said that done. Hangovers are typically characterized by a throbbing headache, an upset stomach with nausea, dizziness and dry mouth. In addition to these physical consequences, hangovers have staggering economic and societal consequences. Billions are lost in the workplace due to low productivity and absenteeism due to hangovers. Moreover, people with hangovers experience diminished cognitive abilities that may pose a substantial threat to themselves and others, particularly in the workplace and while driving. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Conversion of hydrocarbon-contaminated particulate soil and/or rock to fertile soil Inventor(s): Deuel, Llyod e; (College Station, TX), Scott, Billy R; (Diana, TX), Scott, Jonathon Blake; (Longview, TX) Correspondence: Dann, Dorfman, Herrell & Skillman; 1601 Market Street; Suite 2400; Philadelphia; PA; 19103-2307; US Patent Application Number: 20030209045 Date filed: March 31, 2003 Abstract: A mixture of hydrocarbons with particulate rock and/or soil that is incapable of sustaining growth of erosion retarding plants can be converted to soil that is capable of sustaining such plant growth by blending the mixture with particulate biomass, and/or with particulate carbonates, hydroxides, and/or oxides of calcium and/or magnesium to produce a compostable aggregate and then exposing suitable piles of the compostable aggregate to the natural atmosphere for a sufficient time to cause the conversion of the aggregate to fertile soil Excerpt(s): Practical drilling for oil and/or natural gas in most locations in the world that are now being explored requires use of a viscous liquid lubricant, which is generally called "drilling mud" or simply "mud" by those who use it, and the word "mud" when used below in this specification shall be understood to mean drilling mud unless expressly stated to the contrary or required by the context. Mud normally is pumped continuously into and flows continuously out of a drill hole whenever drilling is underway. The mud flows into and out of the drill hole through separate passageways that insure that mud pumped into the drill hole must reach the near vicinity of the drill bit that is actually cutting a drill hole deeper during drilling before the mud can enter the passageway through which mud flows out of the drill hole during drilling. The mud serves to cool the drill bit and to remove from the drill hole soil and/or rock in the form of particles cut by the drill bit. If the cut rock and/or soil particles were not removed from the drill hole, these particles would eventually clog the

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drill bit and make continued drilling impossible. A very large variety of physicochemical compositions of mud are known in deep drilling (i.e., drilling to a depth greater than a few hundred feet below ground level). This variety is required in order to suit widely varying conditions of drilling. The particular class of mud to which this invention most particularly relates is characterized by containing organic materials, usually primarily petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, that constitute at least 50% of the total mass of the mud. This class of mud will usually be designated below in this specification as "reactive" mud, a term of established use in drilling. Reactive mud usually also contains some water and one or more types of inorganic salts, and if the mud contains inorganic salts, it usually also contains a non-hydrocarbon organic dispersing agent in order to avoid separation of the mud into more than one bulk liquid phase, at least while the mud is being used. (To be a bulk liquid phase as that term is to be understood in this specification, a phase must exist as at least one large enough continuous volume to be visible with the naked eye, and that continuous volume itself must be visually uniform. Therefore, a liquid that is stably dispersed in another liquid can not be a bulk liquid phase except in very unusual instances when the two liquids have almost exactly the same density; otherwise, a volume of liquid large enough to be seen with the naked eye is also large enough to sink or rise through another liquid with which it is mixed.) As a result of these constituents of a reactive mud, the mixture of the reactive mud with soil or rock chips that emerges from the drill hole during drilling with a reactive mud is normally incapable of functioning as soil to sustain any plants as large as grasses and other plants that are effective in stabilizing soils against erosion. Furthermore, this mixture of reactive mud with soil and/or rock chips that emerges from deep drilling with a reactive mud is usually legally regarded as a pollutant that must be disposed of in accordance with regulations under one or more of the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and Clean Water Act. Other jurisdictions, including the individual U.S. states, have additional regulations. The volume of this pollutant is often large, so that legal disposal of it is often costly. Deep drilling may be performed wherever oil (and/or some other valuable recoverable fluid and/or fluidizable mineral) is believed to underlie the earth's surface, and the surface at many places where drilling is desired is not one on which humans can reasonably be expected to work regularly for as long a time as is required for deep drilling, most often because the surface has too large an angle of slope. It is therefore customary, when deep drilling is to be performed under a naturally sloping surface, to create by means of earth-moving machinery a level area of at least about one acre, this level area being called a "drilling pad", that surrounds the surface end of the intended drill hole and provides accommodation for the workers and machinery needed for practical deep drilling. A drilling pad on a large steeply sloping surface therefore constitutes an unnatural plain that interrupts the natural slope. Such an unnatural plain is subjected to strong erosive action during rain, particularly heavy rain, by water-that falls-onto the upslope-periphery of the plain from the natural surface and falls off the downslope periphery of the plain on to the lower natural surface. In fact, experience in deep drilling has shown that such an unnatural plain, if built as simply as has been described above, does not usually last as long as required for deep drilling in areas susceptible to frequent heavy rains. In such areas, it is therefore usual to surround the drill pad with a buffer zone several tens of feet in width, the buffer zone sloping downward from the drill pad, so that any anticipated volume of run-off water flow will be diverted around the drill pad. This stratagem, of course, simply transfers the erosive force from the drill pad to the buffer zone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Fractional deionization process Inventor(s): Chidambaran, Ravi; (Canonsburg, PA), Raina, Pavan; (Sanewadi, IN), Sharma, Devesh; (Washington, PA) Correspondence: Buchanan Ingersoll, P.C.; One Oxford Centre, 301 Grant Street; 20th Floor; Pittsburgh; PA; 15219; US Patent Application Number: 20030201235 Date filed: December 19, 2002 Abstract: A liquid treatment process is described for sequential removal of ionic species of progressively decreasing ionic strength without precipitation or "scaling." An embodiment of the invention includes dual electrodeionization operations. The first electrodeionization operation is performed at a voltage calculated to remove strongly ionized species such as calcium and magnesium from the feed water without scaling. The product of the first electrodeionization operation is then subjected to a second electrodeionization operation. The second electrodeionization operation is performed at a voltage greater than the first electrodeionization operation, and is designed to remove more weakly ionized species such as silica and atmospheric carbon dioxide. The danger of precipitation or "scaling" normally present during electrodeionization of weakly ionized species is not present in this invention, because the strongly ionized species responsible for scaling at higher voltages have already been removed from the feed stream through the first electrodeionization operation. More than two successive electrodeionization operations may be performed if desired. Multiple electrodeionization operations may occur in a single electrodeionization stack or in multiple electrodeionization stacks. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of co-pending provisional patent application Serial No. 60/343,323 entitled "Fractional Deionization Process", filed on Dec. 20, 2001, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The present invention relates to a novel technique for removal of ionic species from a feed stream without creating any scaling, even at higher levels of inlet water hardness. The invention deionizes water using a controlled process system that allows the removal of some ionic components separately from other ionic components without causing any scaling problem in the dilute or concentrate compartment of the cell. Such scaling has been the limiting operating condition of preexisting electrodeionization ("EDI") systems and explains the lack of commercial success for such systems. Generation of H.sup.+ and OH.sup.- ions at controlled conditions with proper pH controls in the fractional deionization process ("FDI") is responsible for removing ionic components in an energy efficient manner from feed water to a much greater extent than conventional EDI, without any scale formation, and is also responsible for allowing the removal of any weakly ionized components to give pure water. The environmentally friendly technique, which does not generate any pollution and avoids using any chemicals, can be easily used for separation of fluids other than water. Among the major environmental challenges facing society is the purification of water. Water is essential not only for the living body but also for industrial purposes. For these reasons there is a greater need to upgrade water purification technology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Fuel conditioning assembly Inventor(s): Ratner, Joel S.; (Wellington, FL), Ratner, Lee; (Wellington, FL) Correspondence: Malloy & Malloy, P.A.; 2800 S.W. Third Avenue; Historic Coral Way; Miami; FL; 33129; US Patent Application Number: 20030192514 Date filed: April 21, 2003 Abstract: A fuel conditioning assembly, structured to be positioned between a fuel supply and a fuel combustion assembly, and including an elongate tubular housing having an inlet end, an outlet end, and a flow through passage extending there between. The inlet end is coupled with the fuel supply so as to receive fuel flow there through into the flow through passage, wherein a turbulent flow of the fuel is initiated and the fuel is influenced by a combination of elements, in compound or elemental form such as copper, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, magnesium, barium, calcium, iron, zirconium, cerium, platinum, and/or palladium which chemically condition the fuel flowing through the flow through passage by rearranging the molecular bonds of the fuel with a catalytic effect. The fuel, regardless of its type is further dispersed into very small droplets having high surface areas thereby lowering the vapor density of the fuel and substantially increasing a fuel burn efficiency. Further, the outlet end of the housing is coupled directly with the fuel combustion assembly so as to provide for the flow of conditioned fuel there between without a substantial risk of a diminishing of the effects of the conditioning. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/934,229, filed on Aug. 21, 2001, which is a Continuation-In-Part application of Ser. No. 09/557,705 filed on Apr. 25, 2000, which matured into U.S. Pat. No. 6,276,346 on Aug. 21, 2001, which is a Continuation-In-Part application of Ser. No. 09/249,878 filed on Feb. 16, 1999, which matured into U.S. Pat. No. 6,053,152 on Apr. 25, 2000, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,000 issued on Feb. 16, 1999, wherein all of the above are incorporated herein, in their entirety, by reference. The present invention relates to a fuel conditioning assembly for use in a fuel combustion system, which is substantially easy to install and maintenance free, and is structured to provide a more complete combustion of fuel, regardless of the type of fuel utilized, reduce the emission of pollutants, provide a cleaner running system, which requires less maintenance, and significantly increase fuel efficiency. The natural inefficiency inherent in internal combustion engines is well documented. Specifically, internal combustion engines utilizing fossil fuels typically emit unburned or under-burned fuel from the exhaust as well as the undesirable by-products of combustion. This under-burning of fuel causes severe environmental problems as the resultant pollutants, some of which are thought to be cancer causing, are emitted directly into the atmosphere. In addition to being emitted directly into the atmosphere through the exhaust, many by-products of fuel combustion simply accumulate on internal engine components, with often 30% of the exhaust being directed into the engine. This causes those engine components to wear out sooner and require frequent maintenance and repairs which can lead to shortened total engine life. Furthermore, the incomplete combustion of fuel within an engine substantially under-utilizes the energy capacity of the fuel. Specifically, in addition to the environmental concerns due to pollution attributed to the under-utilization of the energy capacity of fuel, there are also resultant losses in economic efficiency due to higher fuel and maintenance expenses as well as a generally shorter engine life. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Grain boundary materials as electrodes for lithium ion cells Inventor(s): Beaulieu, Luc Y.J.; (Nova Scotia, CA), Dahn, Jeffrey R.; (Nova Scotia, CA), Fredericksen, Brian D.; (Watertown, MN), Larcher, Dominique C.; (Cedex, FR) Correspondence: Lucy C Weiss; Office OF Intellectual Property Counsel; 3M Innovative Properties Company; PO Box 33427; ST Paul; MN; 55133-3427; US Patent Application Number: 20030211390 Date filed: November 13, 2002 Abstract: An electrode composition for a lithium ion battery comprising particles having a single chemical composition. The particles consist of (a) at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of tin, aluminum, silicon, antimony, lead, germanium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, bismuth, and indium; (b) at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of manganese, molybdenum, niobium, tungsten, tantalum, iron, copper, titanium, vanadium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zirconium, tantalum, scandium, yttrium, ruthenium, platinum, and rhenium; and, optionally, (c) carbon, and have a microstructure characterized by a plurality of electrochemically inactive, nanometer-sized crystalline grains separated by electrochemically active non-crystalline regions. Excerpt(s): This application derives priority from a provisional application filed Dec. 28, 1999, entitled "Grain Boundary Materials as Anodes for Lithium Ion Cells" bearing serial No. 60/173364, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This invention relates to anode compositions useful in lithium ion cells. Two classes of materials have been proposed as anodes for lithium ion cells. One class includes materials such as graphite and carbon that are capable of intercalating lithium. While the intercalation anodes generally exhibit good cycle life and coulombic efficiency, their capacity is relatively low. In particular, graphite can intercalate lithium to a maximum of 1 lithium atom per six carbon atoms. This corresponds to a specific capacity of 373 mAh/g of carbon. Because the density of graphite is 2.2 g/cc, this translates to a volumetric capacity of 818 mAh/cc. Other types of carbon have higher specific capacity values, but suffer from one or more disadvantages such as relatively low density, unattractive voltage profiles, and large irreversible capacity that limit their utility in commercial lithium ion cells. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Heat absorbing temperature control devices and method Inventor(s): Hayes, Claude Q.C.; (San Diego, CA) Correspondence: Cummings & Lockwood; 700 State Street; P.O. Box 1960; New Haven; CT; 06509-1960; US Patent Application Number: 20030213932 Date filed: April 6, 2001 Abstract: The increase of temperature of heat sensitive devices during heat generating conditions is prevented through the absorption of heat, by providing a bicarbonate salt, such as lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, calcium bicarbonate, beryllium bicarbonate, aluminum bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof, in an amount sufficient to effect the

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required heat absorption. Where the heat generating conditions are generated by a heat generator separate and distinct from the heat sensitive device, the bicarbonate salt may be supported in a position between the heat sensitive device and the heat generator. Where the heat sensitive device is itself the heat generator, the bicarbonate salt is in contact with the heat sensitive device, either directly or indirectly Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/546,361 filed on Apr. 10, 2000, which in turn was a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/709,516 filed on Sep. 6, 1996, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/003,387 filed on Sep. 7, 1995. The present invention relates to heat absorbing devices and a method for constructing same. Said heat absorbing devices have heat absorbing chemicals, i.e. endotherms, which use their respective heats of reaction to cool and maintain and control the temperature and heat of heat sensitive devices. These endotberms comprise certain acids and their salts, certain bases and their salts, and certain organic compounds, which have never before been used in the manner described, disclosed and claimed below. Often, active cooling of such electronic components, particularly delicate TR modules, Impatt diodes, data recorders, containers for chemicals and munitions, batteries and the like, is not feasible; and even when it is feasible, it requires continuous high energy cooling, which taxes other ancillary engineering systems typical in missiles, aircrafts, railroads, trucks, automobiles, guns, nuclear reactor systems, related combat systems, as well as commercial systems and technology. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

High power ultrasonic transducer with broadband frequency characteristics at all overtones and harmonics Inventor(s): DeCastro, Eugene A.; (Jamestown, NY), Johnson, Benjamin R.; (Gerry, NY), Phaneuf, Eugene; (Lakewood, NY), Piazza, Timothy W.; (Jamestown, NY) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 28 State Street; Boston; MA; 02109; US Patent Application Number: 20030220567 Date filed: July 30, 2002 Abstract: A transducer assembly for receiving a stimulating signal and producing ultrasound therefrom at one or more frequencies, over an ultrabroad bandwidth at each frequency, includes a front mass disposed about a central axis, and a back mass disposed about the central axis, laterally offset from the front mass. The transducer assembly also includes one or more resonators disposed about the central axis and between the front mass and the back mass, including at least one electrical contact for receiving the stimulating signal. The back mass consists of a low-density material, such as aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, or magnesium alloy, or any of various lowdensity materials known in the art. In general, the back mass is characterized by a density of less than 6.0 g/cc. In one embodiment, the front mass and the back mass are made from different materials, and the front mass includes a deviation from symmetrical symmetry. Excerpt(s): "BROADBAND ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCER WITH MULTIPLE OVERTONES," U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/308,994. For years, ultrasonic energy has been used in manufacturing and processing plants to clean and/or otherwise process objects within liquids. It is well known that objects may be efficiently cleaned by immersion in an aqueous solution and subsequent application of

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ultrasonic energy to the solution. Prior art ultrasound transducers include resonator components that are typically constructed of materials such as piezoelectrics, ceramics, or magnetostrictives (aluminum and iron alloys or nickel and iron alloys). These resonator components spatially oscillate at the frequency of an applied stimulating signal. The transducers are mechanically coupled to a tank containing a liquid that is formulated to clean or process the object of interest. The amount of liquid is adjusted to partially or completely cover the object in the tank, depending upon the particular application. When the transducers are stimulated to spatially oscillate, they transmit ultrasound into the liquid, and hence to the object. The interaction between the ultrasound-energized liquid and the object create the desired cleaning or processing action. One type of prior art ultrasound transducer includes one or more resonator components compressed between a front plate and a back plate. In these types of ultrasound transducers, the back plate is typically made from a high-density material such as steel. Although they provide rugged, reliable service, one disadvantage of such high-density back plates is a relatively narrow-band frequency response from the transducer. The prior art resonator components are typically cylindrically symmetrical about a central axis. Although such symmetrical resonators are relatively easy to manufacture because the symmetry lends itself to common fabrication processes. However, symmetrical resonators also tend to produce a relatively narrow-band frequency response. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

High Repetition Rate UV Excimer Laser Inventor(s): Sparrow, Robert W.; (Sturbridge, MA) Correspondence: Corning Incorporated; Sp-ti-3-1; Corning; NY; 14831 Patent Application Number: 20030210726 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: The invention relates to an High Repetition Rate UV Excimer Laser which includes a source of a laser beam and one or more windows which include magnesium fluoride. Another aspect of the invention relates to an excimer laser which includes a source of a laser beam, one or more windows which include magnesium fluoride and a source for annealing the one or more windows. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of producing a predetermined narrow width laser beam. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/272,814, filed Mar. 2, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The subject invention is directed generally to an High Repetition Rate UV Excimer Laser. Throughout this application various publications are referenced. The disclosures of each of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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High strength aluminum alloy for high temperature applications Inventor(s): Chen, Po-Shou; (Huntsville, AL), Lee, Jonathan A.; (Madison, AL) Correspondence: Nasa/marshall Space Flight Center; Lso1/office OF Chief Counsel; Msfc; AL; 35812; US Patent Application Number: 20030192627 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: A cast article from an aluminum alloy has improved mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. The cast article has the following composition in weight percent: Silicon 6.0-25.0, Copper 5.0-8.0, Iron 0.05-1.2, Magnesium 0.5-1.5, Nickel 0.05-0.9, Manganese 0.05-1.2, Titanium 0.05-1.2, Zirconium 0.05-1.2, Vanadium 0.05-1.2, Zinc 0.050.9, Strontium 0.001-0.1, Phosphorus 0.001-0.1, and the balance is Aluminum, wherein the silicon-to-magnesium ratio is 10-25, and the copper-to-magnesium ratio is 4-15. The aluminum alloy contains a simultaneous dispersion of three types of Al.sub.3X compound particles (X=Ti, V, Zr) having a L1.sub.2 crystal structure, and their lattice parameters are coherent to the aluminum matrix lattice. A process for producing this cast article is also disclosed, as well as a metal matrix composite, which includes the aluminum alloy serving as a matrix containing up to about 60% by volume of a secondary filler material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to aluminum-silicon (Al--Si) alloys. It relates particularly to a high strength Al--Si based alloy suitable for high temperature applications for cast components such as pistons, cylinder heads, cylinder liners, connecting rods, turbo chargers, impellers, actuators, brake calipers and brake rotors. Al--Si alloys are most versatile materials, comprising 85% to 90% of the total aluminum cast parts produced for the automotive industry. Depending on the Si concentration in weight percent (wt. %), the Al--Si alloy systems fall into three major categories: hypoeutectic (<12% Si), eutectic (12-13% Si) and hypereutectic (14-25% Si). However, most prior alloys are not suitable for high temperature applications because their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and fatigue strength, are not as high as desired in the temperature range of 500.degree. F.-700.degree. F. To date, many of the Al--Si cast alloys are intended for applications at temperatures of no higher than about 450.degree. F. Above this temperature, the major alloy strengthening phases such as the.theta.' (Al.sub.2Cu) and S' (Al.sub.2CuMg) phase will become unstable, rapidly coarsen and dissolve, resulting in an alloy to having any undesirable microstructure for high temperature applications. Such an alloy has little or no practical application at elevated temperatures because, when the.theta.' and S' become unstable, the alloy lacks the lattice coherency between the aluminum solid solution lattice and the strengthening particles lattice parameters. A large mismatch in lattice coherency contributes to an undesirable microstructure that can not maintain excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. One approach taken by the prior art is to use fiber or particulate reinforcements to increase the strength of Al--Si alloys. This approach is known as the aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) technology. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,791 relates to an MMC comprising an Al--Si based alloy with an embedded a ceramic filler material to form a brake rotor for high temperature applications. An attempt to improve the high temperature strengths of Al--Si alloys was also carried out by R. Bowles, who has used ceramic fibers to improve tensile strength of an Al--Si 332.0 alloy, in a paper entitled, "Metal Matrix Composites Aid Piston Manufacture," Manufacturing Engineering, May 1987. Another attempt suggested by A. Shakesheff was to use ceramic particulate for reinforcing Al--Si alloy, as described in "Elevated Temperature Performance of Particulate Reinforced Aluminum Alloys," Materials

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Science Forum, Vol. 217-222, pp. 1133-1138 (1996). Cast aluminum MMC for pistons has been described by P. Rohatgi in a paper entitled, "Cast Aluminum Matrix Composites for Automotive Applications," Journal of Metals, April 1991. It is noted that the strength for most particulate reinforced MMC materials, manufactured from an Al--Si alloy, are still inferior for high temperature applications because the major.theta. and S' strengthening phases are unstable, rapidly coarsen and dissolve at high temperatures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ink nanotechnology Inventor(s): Kostelecky, Clayton; (Longmont, CO), Yadav, Tapesh; (Longmont, CO) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; One Tabor Center, Suite 1500; 1200 Seventeenth ST; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030212179 Date filed: May 20, 2003 Abstract: An ink prepared using inorganic nanofillers with modified properties because of the powder size being below 100 nanometers. Both low-loaded and highly-loaded nanocomposites are included. Nanoscale coated, un-coated, whisker type fillers are included. The nanofillers taught comprise of elements from the group actinium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, carbon, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mendelevium, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, niobium, osmium, nitrogen, oxygen, palladium, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhenium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,036 titled "NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DRUG DELIVERY, CONTRAST AGENTS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS" filed on Feb. 20, 2001 which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 filed on May 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional applications 60/049,077 filed on Jun. 5, 1997, 60/069,936 filed on Dec. 17, 1997, and 60/079,225 filed on Mar. 24, 1998. U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/739,257, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,000, titled NANOSTRUCTURED ION CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/730,661, filed Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,040 titled "PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FROM NANOPRECISION ENGINEERED MATERIALS" which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/706,819, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 titled "INTEGRATED THERMAL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE POWDERS" and U.S. Ser. No. 08/707,341, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 titled "METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOSCALE POWDERS BY QUENCHING OF VAPORS". This application is also a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. 09/753,806 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS" which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,471 filed on May 7, 1998 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS". In one aspect, the invention comprises a nanostructured filler, intimately mixed with a matrix to form a nanostructured composite. At least one of the nanostructured filler and the nanostructured composite has a desired material property

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which differs by at least 20% from the same material property for a micron-scale filler or a micron-scale composite, respectively. The desired material property is selected from the group consisting of refractive index, transparency to light, reflection characteristics, resistivity, permittivity, permeability, coercivity, B-H product, magnetic hysteresis, breakdown voltage, skin depth, curie temperature, dissipation factor, work function, band gap, electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, radiation hardness, chemical reactivity, thermal conductivity, temperature coefficient of an electrical property, voltage coefficient of an electrical property, thermal shock resistance, biocompatibility and wear rate. The nanostructured filler may comprise one or more elements selected from the s, p, d, and f groups of the periodic table, or it may comprise a compound of one or more such elements with one or more suitable anions, such as aluminum, antimony, boron, bromine, carbon, chlorine, fluorine, germanium, hydrogen, indium, iodine, nickel, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, silicon, sulfur, or tellurium. The matrix may be a polymer (e.g., poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl alcohol), polycarbonate, polyalkene, or polyaryl), a ceramic (e.g., zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, hafnium carbide, or ferrite), or a metal (e.g., copper, tin, zinc, or iron). Loadings of the nanofiller may be as high as 95%, although loadings of 80% or less are preferred. The invention also comprises devices which incorporate the nanofiller (e.g., electrical, magnetic, optical, biomedical, and electrochemical devices). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Inorganic colors and related nanotechnology Inventor(s): Yadav, Tapesh; (Longmont, CO) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson Llp; One Tabor Center, Suite 1500; 1200 Seventeenth ST; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030207112 Date filed: May 30, 2003 Abstract: A pigment with modified properties because of the powder size being below 100 nanometers. Blue, yellow and brown pigments are illustrated. Nanoscale coated, uncoated, whisker inorganic fillers are included. Stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric composition are disclosed. The pigment nanopowders taught comprise one or more elements from the group actinium, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cerium, cesium, cobalt, copper, chalcogenide, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, gallium, gold, hafnium, hydrogen, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mendelevium, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, neptunium, nickel, niobium, nitrogen, oxygen, osmium, palladium, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, promethium, protactinium, rhenium, rubidium, scandium, silver, sodium, strontium, tantalum, terbium, thallium, thorium, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, ytterbium, yttrium, zinc, and zirconium. Excerpt(s): The present application is a divisional of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/150,722 filed on May 17, 2002 entitled "Nanotechnology for Inks and Dopants" which claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/111,442 filed Dec. 8, 1998 and is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/274,517 filed on Mar. 23, 1999 entitled "MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USING NANOSTRUCTURED NONSTOICHIOMETRIC SUBSTANCES" now U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,271 which claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/107,318, filed Nov. 6, 1998, entitled "Materials and Products Using Nanostructured Non-stoichiometric Materials," all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention and which are incorporated herein by

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reference. The present application is also a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/790,036 titled "NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR DRUG DELIVERY, CONTRAST AGENTS AND BIOMEDICAL IMPLANTS" filed on Feb. 20, 2001 which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 filed on May 22, 1998, which is incorporated herein by reference and which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional applications 60/049,077 filed on Jun. 5, 1997, 60/069,936 filed on Dec. 17, 1997, and 60/079,225 filed on Mar. 24, 1998. U.S. Pat. No. 6,228,904 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/739,257, filed Oct. 30, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,000, titled NANOSTRUCTURED ION CONDUCTING SOLID ELECTROLYTES, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/730,661, filed Oct. 11, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,040 titled "PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FROM NANO-PRECISION ENGINEERED MATERIALS" which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/706,819, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,851,507 titled "INTEGRATED THERMAL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS SYNTHESIS OF NANOSCALE POWDERS" and U.S. Ser. No. 08/707,341, filed Sep. 3, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,738 titled "METHOD OF PRODUCING NANOSCALE POWDERS BY QUENCHING OF VAPORS". This application is also a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/753,806 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS" which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 6,202,471 filed on May 7, 1998 titled "LOW-COST MULTILAMINATE SENSORS". The invention relates to non-stoichiometric substances and more particularly to nanostructured non-stoichiometric substances and products incorporating such substances. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Ion-detecting sensors comprising plasticizer-free copolymers Inventor(s): Bakker, Eric; (Auburn, AL), Peper, Shane; (Los Alamos, NM), Qin, Yu; (Auburn, CN) Correspondence: Hogan & Hartson L.L.P.; 500 S. Grand Avenue; Suite 1900; Los Angeles; CA; 90071-2611; US Patent Application Number: 20030213691 Date filed: March 7, 2003 Abstract: Ion-detecting sensors for detecting a target ion in a sample are provided. The sensor comprises a plasticizer-free copolymer comprised of polymerized units of methacrylate monomers having pendent alkyl groups of different length and a functionalized ionophore of said ion, wherein at least a portion of the functionalized ionophore is grafted into the copolymer through covalent linkages. Sensors may comprise ionophores such as hydrophilic crown ethers or functionalized derivative of 3oxapentandiaminde-type ionophores. This invention further provides sensors for detecting target ions in a sample, comprising plasticizer-free molecularly imprinted polymers, wherein the polymers comprise polymerized units of methacrylate monomers having pendent alkyl groups of different length and a functionalized ionophore of said ion. In particular, a magnesium ion sensor comprising a functionalized derivative of a 3oxapentandiaminde-type calcium ion-selective ionophore is provided. Sensors of this invention include carrier-based ion-selective electrodes or optodes such as thin film ionspecific optodes, particle-based optodes, or bulk optodes. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a Continuation-in-Part application of U.S. Ser. No. 10/313,090, filed on Dec. 6, 2002, entitled "Plasticizer-Free Ion Detective Sensors." The present invention also claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/363,181 filed on

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Mar. 11, 2002, entitled "Fixed Analyte-Ionophore Stoichiometry in Imprinted Polymers for Ion Sensors with Improved Selectivity," and Provisional Application No. 60/417,866, filed on Oct. 11, 2002, entitled "Halogenated dodecacarborane cation-exchangers for ion sensors. The present invention is related to systems for detecting target ions in a sample, and more specifically, to ion sensors comprising an ionophore covalently anchored into a plasticizer free polymer. This invention is further related to imprinted plasticizer-free polymers for detecting target ions in a sample, comprising a novel ion-selective ionophore, and to sensors containing said imprinted polymers. Throughout this application, various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citation for these references may be found at the end of this application, preceding the claims. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Isotropic zero CTE reinforced composite materials Inventor(s): Lo, Jason; (Nepean, CA), Maffei, Nicola; (Nepean, CA) Correspondence: Shapiro Cohen; Station D; P.O. Box 3440; Ottawa; ON; K2p 6p1; CA Patent Application Number: 20030215661 Date filed: May 17, 2002 Abstract: A reinforced composite material, having isotropic thermal expansion properties and a low coefficient of thermal expansion over at least the temperature range of from about 0.degree. C. to at least about 150.degree. C. The composite material comprises in combination a preformed bonded powder material reinforcement in which the bonded powder material is chosen from zirconium tungstate, hafnium tungstate, zirconium hafnium tungstate, and mixtures of zirconium tungstate and hafnium tungstate, and a matrix material chosen from aluminium, aluminium alloys in which aluminium is the major component, magnesium, magnesium alloys in which magnesium is the major component, titanium, titanium alloys in which titanium is the major component, engineering thermoplastics and engineering thermoplastics containing a conventional solid filler. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to reinforced composite materials in which the matrix and the reinforcing material used to fabricate the composite material cooperate to provide a composite material having a zero, or near zero, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in the conventional mutually perpendicular x, y and z directions. The reinforced composite materials of this invention are thus described as being isotropic with respect to their thermally induced expansion behaviour. In the field of low CTE materials there are several accepted units used to express CTE values; in what follows all CTE values are all expressed 10.sup.-6/.degree. K, which is to say that an aluminum A242 alloy has a CTE of 22.5.times.10.sup.-6/.degree.K. The possibility of creating an object having a zero, or near zero, CTE in at least one direction has been of interest for a very long time. For example, escapement mechanisms for timepieces which include components having a zero, or near zero, CTE over at least the range of temperatures to which the timepiece is likely to be exposed are well known; one example is a compensated pendulum. In these devices, a thermally induced dimensional change in one part is balanced by the behaviour of another part of the structure. As an alternative, some alloys having a low CTE have been developed, of which Invar(trade mark) is perhaps the most well known. Invar is a commercially available iron alloy containing

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about 64.5% iron and about 35.5% nickel. Invar type alloys having an iron and nickel content close to these values are substantially isotropic, with a low CTE value of from about 1 to about 2.times.10.sup.-6/.degree. K. In order to obtain this low CTE value, the composition of the alloy has to be very carefully controlled. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Magnetic material and method for preparation thereof Inventor(s): Kado, Tetsuo; (Kure-shi, JP) Correspondence: Wenderoth, Lind & Ponack, L.L.P.; 2033 K Street N. W.; Suite 800; Washington; DC; 20006-1021; US Patent Application Number: 20030209189 Date filed: May 8, 2003 Abstract: The invention provides a novel magnetic material having an epitaxially grown single crystalline film of spinel ferrite such as hematite and magnetite as a magnetic layer formed on a substrate. In place of a single crystal substrate of, e.g., magnesium oxide, on which an epitaxial spinel ferrite film is directly grown, the spinel ferrite film in the inventive magnetic material is epitaxially grown on a mica plate as the substrate with intervention of a buffer layer which is a single crystalline thin film of magnesium oxide epitaxially grown on the substrate surface. The thus prepared magnetic material can be used in magnetic devices by virtue of the inexpensiveness and high magnetic properties. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel magnetic material or, more particularly, to a magnetic material formed on a mica plate as a substrate in place of a synthetic single crystalline substrate which is considered indispensable when an epitaxially grown layer is to be formed on a substrate as well as to a method for the preparation of such a novel magnetic material. It is heretofore usual that epitaxially grown films supported on a substrate in industrial applications are prepared by using a single crystal plate of, for example, silicon, gallium arsenide, magnesium oxide, sapphire or quartz as the substrate. These single crystalline substrate plates are unavoidably very expensive because the growing process of a single crystalline material must be conducted under utmost careful control by using an elaborately designed special apparatus consequently leading to unavoidable expensiveness of the electronic devices produced by using such a substrate. In recent years, for example, single crystalline ferrite films are highlighted as a magnetic material used in filters, isolators, circulators and other devices in the microwave region in consideration of the outstandingly small loss by eddy currents. These single crystalline ferrite films heretofore, however, are very expensive since they are prepared by the epitaxial growth of a ferrite material on a single crystalline substrate of magnesium oxide, sapphire or others. This fact is the reason for the low prevalence of magnetic devices based on a single crystalline ferrite film notwithstanding the high magnetic performance of single crystalline ferrites per se. Accordingly, it is one of important problems in the field of ferrite-based magnetic materials to develop an inexpensive substrate material for epitaxial growth of single crystalline ferrites for magnetic devices. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Mechanism element for optical devices Inventor(s): Kobayashi, Hiroshi; (Saitama, JP), Konno, Shigeo; (Saitama, JP), Tohyama, Seiji; (Saitama, JP) Correspondence: Oliff & Berridge, Plc; P.O. Box 19928; Alexandria; VA; 22320; US Patent Application Number: 20030218810 Date filed: March 19, 2003 Abstract: A mechanism element for optical devices has a light-incident part on which light having a wavelength of 700 nm or more is incident, and the light-incident part is made of aluminum or an alloy of aluminum or magnesium. An anodizing process treatment to form an anodized coating is performed at least on the light-incident part, and then the surface of the light-incident part is colored to be black by a secondary electrolytic coloring method. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a mechanism element for optical devices such as video cameras, telephoto lenses, copiers, laser printers, facsimile machines, or the like, and in particular, relates to a mechanism in which light absorption can be maintained over a wide range of wavelengths. In optical devices such as video cameras up until now, aluminum or alloys of aluminum or magnesium are desirably used as materials for a mechanism element of lensbarrels or the like which hold an optical system elements such as lens system elements from the viewpoint of solidness, workability, manufacturing accuracy, and weight minimization. Generally, the surfaces of mechanism elements which hold optical system elements are black to reduce stray light due to reflection of incident light. Therefore, in the case in which a mechanism element is produced from the materials mentioned above, it is common for the surfaces of the mechanism element to be blackened after an anodizing treatment by using a black organic dye (hereinafter simply referred to as a "dye"). This blackening process is performed as follows: pores are formed on the surface of the mechanism element by an anodizing treatment, the dye is absorbed into the pores, and the dye is sealed in the pores by a sealing treatment. Alternatively, if a mechanism element is formed of a material which cannot be blackened by the blackening process described above, a black coating can be formed on the surface of the mechanism element. Furthermore, a mechanism element formed by a synthetic resin in which carbon black is mixed may also be provided. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium Inventor(s): Nee, Han H.; (Irvine, CA) Correspondence: Woodard, Emhardt, Moriarty, Mcnett & Henry Llp; Bank One Center/tower; 111 Monument Circle, Suite 3700; Indianapolis; IN; 46204-5137; US Patent Application Number: 20030215598 Date filed: June 10, 2003 Abstract: A silver-based alloy thin film is provided for the highly reflective or semireflective layer of optical discs. Alloy additions to silver include gold, rhodium, rethenium, osmium, platinum, plalladium, copper, silicon, cadmium, tin, lithium, nickel, cobalt, indium, chromium, antimony, gallium, boron, molybdenum, zirconium,

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beryllium, titanium, magnesium, and zinc. These alloys have moderate to high reflective and reasonable corrosion resistance in the ambient environment. Excerpt(s): This patent application is a continuation-in-part of my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 10/409,037 filed on Apr. 8, 2003, which is a continuation of my prior U.S. application Ser. No. 09/834,775 filed on Apr. 13, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,544,616 issued on April 8', 2003, which claims the benefit of my prior U.S. Provisional Patent. This invention relates to reflective layers or semi-reflective layers used in optical storage media that are made of silver-based alloys. Four layers are generally present in the construction of a conventional, prerecorded, optical disc such as compact audio disc. A first layer is usually made from optical grade, polycarbonate resin. This layer is manufactured by well-known techniques that usually begin by injection or compression molding the resin into a disc. The surface of the disc is molded or stamped with extremely small and precisely located pits and lands. These pits and lands have a predetermined size and, as explained below, are ultimately the vehicles for storing information on the disc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for fabricating a metal-clad superconductive body, and article comprising body Inventor(s): Bower, Christopher A.; (New Providence, NJ), Jin, Sungho; (Millington, NJ), Mavoori, Hareesh; (Piscataway, NJ), Van Dover, Robert Bruce; (Maplewood, NJ) Correspondence: Docket Administrator; Agere Systems INC.; P.O. Box 614; Berkeley Heights; NJ; 07922-0614; US Patent Application Number: 20030207765 Date filed: August 2, 2001 Abstract: It was discovered that metals useful for cuprate superconductor wires and ribbons, such as Ag, Cu, and Au, are not necessarily desirable for magnesium boride superconductor bodies, since such elements tend to react with Mg and thereby deteriorate the properties of the superconducting MgB.sub.2. The invention relates to techniques and materials that provide useful MgB.sub.2 superconducting bodies. The invention relates to a method for forming a MgB.sub.2 superconducting body, involving providing an intermediate body of a metal cladding; superconducting material or precursor material for superconducting material; and, optionally, a diffusion barrier (depending on the type of metal cladding); performing a cross-section reducing operation on the intermediate body, to provide an elongate body; and performing a heat treatment of the elongate body, to obtain desired properties from the superconducting material (and to also form the superconducting MgB.sub.2 material when precursor material is used). Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of Provisional Application Serial No. 60/275257 which was filed Mar. 12, 2001. This invention pertains to metal-clad superconductor structures, in particular, superconductive wire-like and ribbon-like bodies. Since the discovery of superconductivity in 1911, many types of superconducting materials have been found with the superconducting transition temperature (T.sub.c) of newly-discovered materials steadily going up, e.g., from the traditional alloy type low-T.sub.c superconductors such as NbTi, Nb.sub.3Sn, to the cuprate high-T.sub.c superconductors such as Y--Ba--Cu--O, and Bi--Sr--Ca--Cu--O. Cuprate high-T.sub.c superconductors exhibit high transition temperatures

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beyond.about.90 K, but the Y--Ba--Cu--O superconductors tend to show a grain boundary weak link problem in polycrystalline structure, resulting in substantially diminished critical current density (J.sub.c) unless the material is thoroughly grain aligned or textured. The Bi--Sr--Ca--Cu--O type superconductors have less of a grain boundary weak link problem, but begin to exhibit a flux creep problem at an operating temperatures of.about.20K or higher. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Method for producing boride thin films Inventor(s): Liu, Zi-Kui; (State College, PA), Pogrebnyakov, Alexej; (State College, PA), Redwing, Joan M.; (State College, PA), Schlom, D. G.; ( State College, PA), Xi, Xiaoxing; (State College, PA), Zeng, Xianghui; (State College, PA) Correspondence: Mcdermott, Will & Emery; 600 13th Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005-3096; US Patent Application Number: 20030219911 Date filed: March 25, 2003 Abstract: Thin films of conducting and superconducting materials are formed by a process which combines physical vapor deposition with chemical vapor deposition. Embodiments include forming boride films, such as magnesium diboride, in high purity with superconducting properties on substrates typically used in the semiconductor industry by physically generating magnesium vapor in a deposition chamber and introducing a boron containing precursor into the chamber which combines with the magnesium vapor to form a thin boride film on the substrate. Excerpt(s): The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/367,815 filed Mar. 25, 2002 and entitled "HYBRID PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF MAGNESUM DIBORIDE AND OTHER BORIDE FILMS", the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety herein by reference. The present invention relates to boride thin films and methods of their formation and, in particular, to magnesium diboride thin films for use in superconducting electronics such as superconducting integrated circuits, in coated-conductor tapes, and other applications using superconductor thin films. Integrated circuits using superconductors are more suitable for ultrafast processing of digital information than semiconductorbased circuits. Niobium (Nb) based superconductor integrated circuits using rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) logic have demonstrated the potential to operate at clock frequencies beyond 700 GHz. However, the Nb-based circuits must operate at temperatures close to 4.2 Kelvin (K), which requires heavy cryocoolers with several kilowatts of input power, which is not acceptable for most electronic applications. Circuits based on high temperature superconductors (HTS) would advance the field, but 17 years after their discovery, reproducible HTS Josephson junctions with sufficiently small variations in device parameters have proved elusive. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method for producing tetrakis ( fluoroaryl) borate-magnesium compound Inventor(s): Iida, Toshiya; (Sakai-shi, JP), Ikeno, Ikuyo; (Osaka-shi, JP), Mitsui, Hitoshi; (Kitakatsuragi-gun, JP), Moriguchi, Toshimitsu; (Takatsuki-shi, JP) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye, PC; 1100 N Glebe Road; 8th Floor; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030216598 Date filed: May 8, 2003 Abstract: Fluoroaryl magnesium halide is reacted with a boron compound so that a molar ratio of the fluoroaryl magnesium halide to the boron compound is not less than 3.0 and not more than 3.7, so as to produce a tetrakis (fluoroaryl) borate.multidot.magnesium compound. With this method, there occurs no hydrogen fluoride which corrodes a producing apparatus and requires troublesome waste water treatment. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing a tetrakis (fluoroaryl) borate.multidot.magnesium compound. Further, the present invention relates to a tetrakis (fluoroaryl) borate.multidot.magnesium compound which is useful, for example, as a material for (a) a co-catalyst of a metallocene catalyst (polymerization catalyst) used in a cation complex polymerization reaction or (b) a catalyst for siloxane photopolymerization. Tetrakis (fluoroaryl) borate is a compound which is useful as (a) a co-catalyst of a metallocene catalyst (polymerization catalyst) used in a cation complex polymerization reaction or (b) a catalyst for siloxane photopolymerization. A tetrakis (fluoroaryl) borate.multidot.magnesium compound is produced by reacting fluoroaryl magnesium halide with a boron compound for example. As the boron compound used in the reaction, boron trifluoride is exclusively used in industrial production due to its usability. As to a molar ratio of the fluoroaryl magnesium halide and the boron compound upon producing the tetrakis (fluoroaryl) borate.multidot.magnesium compound, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 295984/1997 (Tokukaihei 9295984)(Publication date: Nov. 18, 1997) discloses, for example, that: fluoroaryl magnesium halide is reacted with the boron compound so that a molar ratio of the fluoroaryl magnesium halide is not less than 4.0 mol and not more than 5.0 mol with respect to 1 mol boron compound. While, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 191666/2000 (Tokukai 2000-191666)(Publication date: Jul. 11, 2000) discloses that: it is preferable to react the fluoroaryl magnesium halide with the boron compound so that a molar ratio of the fluoroaryl magnesium halide is not less than 3.5 mol and is not more than 5.0 mol with respect to 1 mol boron compound, and it is more preferable to react fluoroaryl magnesium halide with the boron compound so that a molar ratio of fluoroaryl magnesium halide is not less than 3.7 mol and is not more than 4.5 mol with respect to 1 mol boron compound. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from steam boilers and heaters operating on solid fossil fuels Inventor(s): May, Walter R.; (Houston, TX) Correspondence: Constance G. Rhebergen; Bracewell & Patterson, Llp; P.O. Box 61389; Houston; TX; 77208-1389; US Patent Application Number: 20030192488 Date filed: April 28, 2003 Abstract: A method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from steam boilers and process heaters operating on solid fuel by adding a fuel additive which contains an oildispersible iron compound and an over-based magnesium compound to the solid fuel. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part of the application with the U.S. Ser. No. 10/192,261 which claimed priority to No. 60/304,579, filed Jul. 11, 2001 and a continuation in part of the application with the U.S. Ser. No. 10/417,547 which claimed priority to Serial No. 60/373,249, filed on Apr. 17, 2002, which hereby are incorporated by reference in their entirety. The present invention relates in general to a fuel additive that is a combustion catalyst for solid fossil fuel and in particular to a catalyst containing an over-based magnesium compound combined with a soluble iron compound. Such catalyst is particularly useful in heaters using coal or synfuel. Concerns for the environment have led to more stringent restrictions on emissions from combustion of hydrocarbons, particularly from coal-burning equipment. Many techniques have been explored to reduce particulate emission, such techniques having various levels of success and various side effects. Typically, in the case of boilers, equipment design has been modified in order to minimize the emissions released. In addition to equipment design, various fuel sources have been evaluated for reduced emissions, including synfuel. Coal is also treated with various products to assist in dust control prior to combustion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Niobium powder, sintered body thereof, and capacitor using the same Inventor(s): Naito, Kazumi; (Chiba, JP), Omori, Kazuhiro; (Chiba, JP) Correspondence: Sughrue Mion, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20030205106 Date filed: January 13, 2003 Abstract: A niobium powder comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, cerium, neodymium, titanium, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, zinc, silicon, germanium, tin, phosphorus, arsenic, bismuth, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, strontium, barium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, praseodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, hafnium, vanadium, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, cadmium, mercury, lead, selenium and tellurium; a sintered body of the niobium powder; and a capacitor comprising a sintered body as one electrode, a dielectric material formed on the surface of the sintered body, and counter electrode provided on the dielectric material.

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Excerpt(s): This application is based on the provisions of 35U.S.C. Article 111(a). with claiming the benefit of filing dates of U.S. provisional applications Ser. Nos. 60/240,828 filed on Oct. 17, 2000, 60/269,855 filed on Feb. 21, 2001, 60/275,467 filed on Mar. 14, 2001, 60/297,441 filed on Jun. 13, 2001, under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 111(b), pursuant to 35 U.S.C. Article 119(e) (1). The present invention relates to a niobium powder with a large capacitance per unit weight and good leakage current characteristics, a sintered body using the above-mentioned niobium powder, and a capacitor using the above-mentioned sintered body. Capacitors for use in electronic apparatus such as portable telephones and personal computers are required to be small in size and large in capacitance. Of those capacitors, a tantalum capacitor is preferably used, because the capacitance is large, not in proportion to the size, and the tantalum capacitor also has good characteristics. The tantalum capacitor usually employs a sintered body of a tantalum powder as an anode. In order to increase the capacitance of the tantalum capacitor, it is necessary to increase the weight of the sintered body, or to use a sintered body having an increased surface area obtained by pulverizing the tantalum powder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Non-plated aluminum based bearing alloy with performance-enhanced interlayer Inventor(s): Hunter, Jeffrey C.; (Ann Arbor, MI), Whitney, Warren J. JR.; (Ypsilanti, MI) Correspondence: Howard & Howard Attorneys, P.C.; The Pinehurst Office Center, Suite #101; 39400 Woodward Avenue; Bloomfield Hills; MI; 48304-5151; US Patent Application Number: 20030207769 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: A bi-metal aluminum bearing includes an aluminum-based bearing layer, a steel backing, and an intermediate aluminum-based layer that has a thickness of from 60 to 120 micrometers positioned between the aluminum-based bearing layer and the steel backing. The intermediate layer has a yield strength that is less than that of the aluminum-based bearing layer and is preferably of pure aluminum. The aluminumbased bearing layer has a fine microstructure which imparts a very high level of conformability while retaining good fatigue strength. The aluminum bearing layer generally includes 4% to 20% by weight lead or tin, up to 26% by weight silicon and up to 2% by weight of any of the elements magnesium, manganese, nickel, zirconium, zinc, copper, or chromium with the remainder of the bearing layer being aluminum. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to multi-layer sliding bearings of the type having two or more metal layers bonded to a steel backing strip for use in journaling a shaft or the like. Sleeve or sliding bearings for use as main bearings or connecting bearings in internal combustion engines can be divided into two main categories. The categories: (1) bimetal bearings, which consist of a steel backing and a lining alloy on the inside diameter; (2) trimetal bearings, which include a third layer which is typically electro deposited over the lining alloy. Bimetal bearings typically include an aluminum based lining material placed on the inside diameter of a bearing. This type of bearing offers advantages over trimetal bearings including low cost, good wear resistance, and excellent corrosion resistance. Among bimetal bearings, the earliest examples utilized a lining alloy of AlSn20Cu1. This alloy had the advantage of very good conformability with misaligned shafts or shafts of poor geometric shape, due to its low hardness and high tin phase content. More advanced bimetal bearing alloys had increased strength and wear resistance due to higher hardness, addition of hard

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particles such as silicon, and decreased amount of tin. However these alloys suffer from a decrease in conformability compared to the AlSn20Cu1 alloy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Novel intermediate and processes for its preparation and conversion into a pharmacologically-active agent Inventor(s): Deoahar, Mandar Manohar; (Vadodara, IN), Gharpure, Milind Moreshwar; (Vadodara, IN), Patel, Nishant Mahendra; (Vadodara, IN), Rathod, Dhiraj Mohansinh; (Vadodara, IN), Rengaraju, Srinivasan; (Vadodara, IN) Correspondence: Staas & Halsey Llp; Suite 700; 1201 New York Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20030195376 Date filed: April 10, 2002 Abstract: Processes for the preparation of Venlafaxine (IX) via the novel epoxy-nitrile intermediate (I), which when subjected to hydrogenation forms compound (X), and may subsequently be reduced to yield the desired product (IX). The epoxy-nitrile intermediate (I) itself may be synthesised via various alternative reaction strategies, from a range of starting materials. E.g. 4-methoxy-benzaldehyde (VI), upon treatment with cyclohexyl magnesium bromide yields compound (V). This in turn may be oxidised to yield compound (III), which forms compound (II) on treatment with an (xketo-halogenation agent. Cyanation of compound (II), then yields the desired epoxy nitrile intermediate (I), from which Venlafaxine (IX) may be synthesised. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to European Patent Application No. 01303347.7-2117, filed Apr. 10, 2001, the contents being incorporated by reference herein. and pharmacologically-acceptable salts thereof, e.g. Venlafaxine hydrochloride, supplied by American Home Products, Inc., under the trade name Effexor.RTM. Venlafaxine selectively inhibits the neuronal uptake of serotonin-norepinephrine and to a lesser extent dopamine. Studies indicate that it has comparable or possibly slightly greater efficacy to other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's). It appears to be as effective as standard antidepressants such as imipramine. Venlafaxine's unique chemical structure and neuro-pharmacological activity give it a broader spectrum of activity than other antidepressants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Olefin polymerization catalyst component, its preparation and use Inventor(s): Johansson, Solveig; (Stenungsund, SE), Lindroos, Jarmo; (Tolkkinen, FI), Waldvogel, Paivi; (Porvoo, FI) Correspondence: Birch Stewart Kolasch & Birch; PO Box 747; Falls Church; VA; 220400747; US Patent Application Number: 20030208010 Date filed: April 24, 2003 Abstract: A catalyst having high activity independent of the hydrogen concentration and low gel productivity in the polymerization of ethylene has been prepared. The preparation comprises the steps of reacting:a support comprising a magnesium halide

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compound having the formula (1):RO.sub.2-nMgX.sub.n (1) wherein R is a C.sub.1C.sub.20 alkyl, a C.sub.7-C.sub.26 aralkyl, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy or a C.sub.7C.sub.26 aralkoxy, each same or different X is a halogen, and n is an integer 1 or 2,an alkyl metal halide compound having the formula (2):R.sup.1.sub.n.sup.1M.sub.m.sup.1X.sup.1.sub.(3m.sup.1.sub.-n.sup.1.sub.) (2) wherein M is B or Al, each same or different R.sup.1 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl, each same or different X.sup.1 is a halogen, m.sup.1 is 1 or 2, n.sup.1 is 1 or 2 when.sub.m.sup.1 is 1 and n.sup.1 is an integer from 1 to 5 when m.sup.1 is 2,a magnesium composition containing magnesium bonded to a hydrocarbyl and magnesium bonded to a hydrocarbyl oxide, said magnesium composition having the empirical formula (3):R.sup.2.sub.n.sup.2(R.sup.3O).sub.2-n.sup.2Mg (3) wherein each same or different R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, each same or different R.sup.3 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, n.sup.2 is between 0.01 and 1.99, anda titanium halide compound having the formula (4):(R.sup.4O).sub.n.sup.3TiX.sup.2.sub.4-n.sup.3 (4) wherein each same or different R.sup.4 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl, each same or different X.sup.2 is a halogen, n.sup.3 is 0 or an integer 1-3, and Ti is quadrivalent titanium. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a high activity catalyst component for the production of olefin polymers. The invention also relates to a procatalyst prepared by said process and the use of such a procatalyst in the polymerization of olefins. Olefinic unsaturated monomers such as ethylene can often be polymerized in the presence of a catalyst composition, which has essentially two components: a compound of a transition metal belonging to one of groups 4 to 6 of the Periodic Table of Elements (Hubbard, IUPAC 1990) which is often called a procatalyst, and a compound of a metal belonging to any of groups 1 to 3 of said Table which is often called a cocatalyst. This kind of Ziegler-Natta catalyst composition has been further developed by depositing the procatalyst on a more or less inert and particulate support and by adding to the catalyst composition in the stages of its preparation several additives, among others electron donating compounds. These compounds have improved the polymerization activity of the catalyst, the operating life and other properties of the catalyst composition and first of all properties of the polymers which are obtained by means of the catalyst composition. When ethylene polymers are produced, the polymer molecules formed are not similar by molecular weight, but a mixture having a narrow or broad molecular weight distribution is developed. The broadness of the molecular weight distribution may be described by utilization of the ratio of two different averages, namely the weight average molecular M.sub.w and the number average molecular weight M.sub.n, where a high value of M.sub.w/M.sub.n indicates a broad molecular distribution. For controlling the molecular weight a so called chain transfer agent can be added to the polymerization reaction mixture. In order to obtain polymer products having different molecular weights, different amounts of the chain transfer agent for controlling the molecular weight must be fed into the polymerization reaction mixture. The most usual and preferable chain transfer agent is hydrogen, because when using it no foreign atoms or atom groups are left in the growing molecule, that would cause inconveniencies for the polymerization process or disadvantageous properties of the polymer produced. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Probe for NMR apparatus using magnesium diboride Inventor(s): Aihara, Katsuzou; (Hitachiohta, JP), Morita, Hiroshi; (Hitachi, JP), Okada, Michiya; (Mito, JP) Correspondence: Dickstein Shapiro Morin & Oshinsky Llp; 2101 L Street NW; Washington; DC; 20037-1526; US Patent Application Number: 20030210053 Date filed: March 10, 2003 Abstract: To provide a probe coil for an NMR apparatus which can transmit and receive high frequency radio waves with improved Q-factor and S/N ratio. As a measure, the probe coil for an NMR apparatus is provided as of a solenoid type formed of magnesium diboride superconductor. As another measure, the probe coil for an NMR apparatus has a plurality of coils using magnesium diboride superconductors connected in series. As further another measure, there is used a magnesium diboride superconductor mixed with metal. As still further another measure, the probe coil for an NMR apparatus is formed by using a single metal selected from gold, silver, copper, aluminum, iron, platinum, palladium, nickel, stainless steel, chromium, magnesium, tantalum, niobium, titanium, zinc, beryllium, tungsten, or cobalt, or an alloy including a plurality thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a probe coil for a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus. In general, in an NMR apparatus, there exist a CW type in which a sample is irradiated by an electromagnetic wave of radio frequency signal with a fixed frequency, and a pulse Fourier type in which a sample is irradiated by a pulse-like electromagnetic wave. Recently, however, the latter pulse Fourier type NMR has been often referred to as an NMR apparatus. In the specification in the application, the pulse Fourier type NMR apparatus is to be normally referred to as a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus. A fundamental arrangement about an NMR apparatus is described in "Part III, Measuring Technology" in "NMR no sho (The book of NMR)", by Yoji Arada, Maruzen, 2000. According to the reference, the NMR apparatus is arranged with a superconducting magnet that generates a static magnetic field, a probe that is provided with a probe coil therein for irradiating a sample contained inside with a high frequency pulsed magnetic field and for receiving a free induction decay signal (FID signal) transmitted from the sample, a high frequency power source that supplies a high frequency current to the probe, an amplifier that amplifies the free induction decay signal, a detector that detects the signal, and an analyzing unit that analyzes the signal detected by the detector. About the probe coil, there is a probe provided with a plurality of coils for being applicable to various nuclides and measuring methods. Moreover, the probe coil normally has a function of irradiating a sample with a high frequency pulsed magnetic field together with a function of receiving a free induction decay signal transmitted from the sample. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for preparation of catalyst composition for ethylene polymerization Inventor(s): Taftaf, Mansour Izzat; (Riyadh, SA) Correspondence: Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel Llp; Intellectual Property Department; 919 Third Avenue; New York; NY; 10022; US Patent Application Number: 20030220189 Date filed: May 16, 2003 Abstract: Process for preparing a catalyst composition for ethylene polymerization or copolymerization, with the steps of: (a) treating at least one magnesium alkoxide compound with the effluent waste from a process for production of a polypropylene catalyst of the Ziegler-Natta type, the effluent waste being mainly composed of about 10 to about 20 wt.-% transition metal based compounds, about 20 to about 50 wt.-% solvents, about 0 to about 2 wt.-% electron donors and impurities; (b) washing the product of step (a) with an inert hydrocarbon solvent; and (c) drying the material for use as the catalyst composition. Excerpt(s): The present invention is related to a process for preparing a catalyst composition for ethylene polymerization or copolymerization, in particular to a ZieglerNatta catalyst system. The catalyst system of the invention is heterogenous and comprises at least one transition metal compound, at least one magnesium compound and at least one electron donor. Catalysts of the Ziegler-Natta type are known for the production of highly isotactic polypropylene resins and are commercially available from e.g. Union Carbide Corporation. They are described in a number of U.S. patents, namely U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,414,132, 4,329,253, 4,657,995, 4,710,482, 4,804,648, 4,414,132, 4,329,253, 4,393,182, 4,497,905, 4,548,915, 4,520,163, 4,543,389, 4,477,639, 4,535,068, 4,657,995, 4,563,512, 4,663,299, 4,710,482, 4,804,648, 4,806,696 and 4,851,499. When preparing this type of catalyst to produce highly isotactic polypropylene, nearly 27 kg of effluent for each kg of polypropylene catalyst produced is wasted in the catalyst production process. The waste consists mainly of titanium tetrachloride (or other transition metal salts), monochloro benzene, isopentane, magnesium chloride and other chemical impurities such as TiCl.sub.y(EtO).sub.x compounds. The effluent waste may generally comprise from about 10 to about 20 wt.-% transition metal, from about 20 to about 45 wt.-% monochloro benzene, from about 0 to about 5 wt.-% isopentane, from about 45 to about 65 wt.-% chlorine (as chlorides) and other chemical impurities such as from about 1 to about 10 wt.-% ethoxy compounds, from about 0 to about 2 wt.-% electron donor and from about 0.5 to 5 wt.-% solids. The effluent cannot be used again to prepare another batch of polypropylene catalysts unless the impurities are removed to a high extent. Distillation as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,549 may be used as a means of purifying the effluent from its impurities. However, the costs of using the technology available today for recovering the effluent is significantly high and not justified for small size plants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Process for producing metallic titanium Inventor(s): Ampo, Shigeo; (Kanagawa, JP), Ito, Nobuaki; (Chiba, JP), Kato, Kenichi; (Kanagawa, JP), Yamaguchi, Masanori; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030196515 Date filed: April 4, 2003 Abstract: A process for producing metallic titanium includes forming metallic titanium fine particles by supplying liquid or mist titanium tetrachloride from above the surface of a reaction bath liquid containing fused magnesium and fused magnesium chloride in a reaction vessel to effect a reaction, wherein a circulating flow perpendicular to the bath surface of the reaction bath liquid is generated or extended just under the bath surface by imparting a stirring force to the reaction bath liquid so as to generate or increase an upward flow rate of the reaction bath liquid in at least part of the region at a depth of more than 100 mm below the bath surface. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing metallic titanium capable of achieving an efficient reaction particularly in the reduction step of reducing titanium tetrachloride with fused magnesium, in the Kroll process wherein metallic titanium is produced by chlorinating titanium ore to form titanium tetrachloride and reducing it. After titanium ore has been chlorinated to be processed into titanium tetrachloride which is liquid at room temperature beforehand, through a liquid titanium tetrachloride supply pipe 8, titanium tetrachloride is dropped to a tightly closed reduction reaction vessel 1, i.e., onto a reaction bath liquid 2 containing fused magnesium as a main component at an average temperature of about 800.degree. C. which is stored beforehand at the bottom of the reaction vessel 1. Then, highly pure metallic titanium is obtained by chemical change of magnesium into magnesium dichloride and of titanium tetrachloride into metallic titanium through chemical reaction in the reaction vessel. Metallic titanium precipitates as fine particles on the bottom of the reaction vessel and then the particles are sintered each other to form a porous sponge titanium mass 4. Moreover, magnesium dichloride as the by-product precipitates on the bottom of the vessel to form a magnesium dichloride bath 3 owing to its larger specific gravity than that of magnesium. By adequately discharging the magnesium dichloride bath to the outside of the vessel through a magnesium dichloride discharge pipe 9, the surface level of the reaction bath liquid is maintained within a certain range. After the accumulated amount of titanium tetrachloride dropped has reached a predetermined level, the reaction bath liquid and magnesium dichloride are discharged to the outside of the vessel and the sponge titanium 4 is taken out of the vessel as a product after separating the bath liquid remained in the voids by heating in vacuo. In the case of recent representative large scale reduction reaction apparatus, the size of the reaction vessel is up to a diameter of about 2 m, a height of about 5 m, and a distance from the outlet of the titanium tetrachloride supply pipe 8 to the reaction bath surface of about 1 m, and a little less than 10 tons of sponge titanium is produced at one batch production. As the titanium tetrachloride supply pipe 8 including the outlet, a pipe having a diameter of 20 mm or more is usually used in order to avoid blockage at the outlet of the supply pipe, and a pipe having an enlarged end may be used in some cases in order to extend the dropping range of titanium tetrachloride. On the other hand, since the supply of liquid titanium tetrachloride is 250 kg/m.sup.2.multidot.hr at most, liquid titanium tetrachloride does not fill the supply pipe completely and the flow runs down along part of the pipe wall and is dispersed as a gas-liquid two-phase flow. Therefore,

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even when an original pressure of a supplying system is about tens of thousands Pa, it is difficult for titanium tetrachloride after discharged to maintain the momentum corresponding to the original pressure of the supplying system owing to a large pressure loss at discharging. Liquid titanium tetrachloride after discharged from the titanium tetrachloride supply pipe 8 drops as a large number of nearly free-falling drops 7 of liquid titanium tetrachloride while dispersed into a range having a radius of several hundred mm on the reaction bath surface 6. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Process for producing titanium sponge Inventor(s): Ampo, Shigeo; (Kanagawa, JP), Ito, Nobuaki; (Chiba, JP), Kato, Kenichi; (Kanagawa, JP), Yamaguchi, Masanori; (Kanagawa, JP) Correspondence: Oblon, Spivak, Mcclelland, Maier & Neustadt, P.C.; 1940 Duke Street; Alexandria; VA; 22314; US Patent Application Number: 20030196514 Date filed: April 3, 2003 Abstract: A process for producing titanium sponge includes carrying out a reduction reaction by supplying titanium tetrachloride to a reaction vessel which stores a reduction bath liquid containing an upper layer of a reactant bath liquid layer containing fused magnesium as a main component and a lower layer of a product bath liquid layer containing fused magnesium chloride as a main component, wherein the level of the interface between the reactant bath liquid layer and the product bath liquid layer and the level of the reduction bath liquid surface are controlled in response to an accumulated supply of titanium tetrachloride. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a process for producing titanium sponge capable of achieving an efficient reaction, particularly in the reduction step of reducing titanium tetrachloride with fused magnesium, in the Kroll process wherein metallic titanium is produced by chlorinating titanium ore to form titanium tetrachloride and reducing it. Metallic titanium precipitates as fine particles in the reaction vessel and then the particles are sintered each other to form a porous titanium sponge mass. Moreover, since specific gravity of fused magnesium dichloride as a by-product is larger than that of fused magnesium and also fused magnesium dichloride and fused magnesium hardly dissolve in each other, magnesium dichloride precipitates on the bottom of the vessel to form a product bath liquid layer 3 and forms a definite reactant-product bath liquid interface 4 between the layer 3 and a reactant bath liquid layer 2. After precipitation, magnesium dichloride formed in the reactant bath liquid is absorbed in the product bath liquid 3. The volume of the reduction bath liquid gradually increases as a result of the formation of the product during the reduction reaction but the product bath liquid is adequately discharged to the outside of the vessel through a product bath liquid-discharge pipe 9 by forcing a bath surface 5 caused by periodical introduction of high-pressure argon into a space above the bath surface 5 through an argon gas supply pipe 10. As a result, the level 19 of the bath surface is maintained within a certain range. After the accumulated supply of titanium tetrachloride has reached a predetermined level, the reduction bath liquid is discharged to the outside of the vessel and the titanium sponge is taken out of the vessel as a product after separating the reduction bath liquid remained in the voids by heating in vacuo. In the case of a recent representative large-scale reduction reaction apparatus, the size of the reaction vessel is up to a diameter of about 2 m, a height of about 5 m, and a depth of the reduction bath

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liquid of 4 m, and a little less than 10 tons of titanium sponge is produced at one batch production. The "reactant bath liquid" 2 herein means a liquid layer in the reaction vessel containing formed magnesium dichloride liquid drops as a main component and formed titanium fine particles, and is present at an upper part in the bath liquid owing to its small average density. Moreover, the "product bath liquid" 3 means a liquid layer in the reaction vessel containing formed titanium fine particles as a main component and formed titanium fine particles, and is present at a lower part in the bath liquid owing to its large average density. Furthermore, the "reduction bath liquid" includes both of the reactant bath liquid and the product bath liquid. The "reactant-product bath liquid interface" means an interface between the reactant bath liquid layer and the product bath liquid layer. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Prodrugs of phosphonate nucleotide analogues Inventor(s): Becker, Mark W.; (Belmont, CA), Chapman, Harlan H.; (La Honda, CA), Cihlar, Tomas; (Foster City, CA), Eisenberg, Eugene J.; (San Carlos, CA), He, Gong-Xin; (Fremont, CA), Kernan, Michael R.; (Pacifica, CA), Lee, William A.; (Los Altos, CA), Prisbe, Ernest J.; (Los Altos, CA), Rohloff, John C.; (Mountain View, CA), Sparacino, Mark L.; (Morgan Hill, CA) Correspondence: Gilead Sciences Inc; 333 Lakeside DR; Foster City; CA; 94404; US Patent Application Number: 20030219727 Date filed: June 16, 2003 Abstract: A novel method is provided for screening prodrugs of methoxyphosphonate nucleotide analogues to identify prodrugs selectively targeting desired tissues with antiviral or antitumor activity. This method has led to the identification of novel mixed ester-amidates of PMPA for retroviral or hepadnaviral therapy, including compounds of structure (5a) 1having substituent groups as defined herein. Compositions of these novel compounds in pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and their use in therapy and prophylaxis are provided. Also provided is an improved method for the use of magnesium alkoxide for the preparation of starting materials and compounds for use herein. Excerpt(s): This non-provisional application is a continuation application of pending application Ser. No. 09/909,560, filed Jul. 20, 2001, which is a regular utility application of provisional application No. 60/220,021, filed Jul. 21, 2000, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application relates to prodrugs of methoxyphosphonate nucleotide analogues. In particular it relates to improved methods for making and identifying such prodrugs. Many methoxyphosphonate nucleotide analogues are known. In general, such compounds have the structure AOCH.sub.2P(O)(OR).sub.2 where A is the residue of a nucleoside analogue and R independently is hydrogen or various protecting or prodrug functionalities. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,663,159, 5,977,061 and 5,798,340, Oliyai et al, "Pharmaceutical Research" 16(11):1687-1693 (1999), Stella et al., "J. Med. Chem." 23(12):1275-1282 (1980), Aarons, L., Boddy, A. and Petrak, K. (1989) Novel Drug Delivery and Its Therapeutic Application (Prescott, L. F. and Nimmo, W. S., ed.), pp. 121-126; Bundgaard, H. (1985) Design of Prodrugs (Bundgaard, H., ed.) pp. 70-74 and 79-92; Banerjee, P. K. and Amidon, G. L. (1985) Design of Prodrugs (Bundgaard, H., ed.) pp. 118-121; Notari, R. E. (1985) Design of Prodrugs (Bundgaard, H., ed.) pp. 135-156; Stella, V. J. and Himmelstein, K. J. (1985) Design of Prodrugs (Bundgaard, H., ed.) pp. 177-198; Jones, G. (1985) Design of

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Prodrugs (Bundgaard, H., ed.) pp. 199-241; Connors, T. A. (1985) Design of Prodrugs (Bundgaard, H., ed.) pp. 291-316. All literature and patent citations herein are expressly incorporated by reference. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Solid catalyst component and catalyst for olefin polymerization, and process for producing olefin polymer Inventor(s): Kumamoto, Shin-Ichi; (Ichihara-shi, JP), Ohshima, Hideki; (Ichihara-shi, JP), Satoh, Makoto; (Ichihara-shi, JP) Correspondence: Thomas P. Pavelko, Esquire; Stevens, Davis, Miller & Mosher, L.L.P.; Suite 850; 1615 L Street, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20036; US Patent Application Number: 20030195108 Date filed: June 22, 2001 Abstract: There are provided;(i) a solid catalyst component obtained by contacting a trivalent titanium atom-containing solid catalyst component precursor (C) with a halogeno compound (A) of the 13 (IIIa) or 14 (IVa) group of elements in the periodic table of the elements and an electron donor (B), or a solid catalyst component obtained by contacting an intermediate product with a titanium-halogen bond-carrying compound (D), the intermediate product being obtained by contacting the solid catalyst component precursor (C) with a halogeno compound (A) of the 14 (IVa) group of elements in the periodic table of the elements and the electron donor (B), or a solid catalyst component comprising a magnesium atom, a titanium atom, a halogen atom and an electron donor and having a relative surface area of not more than 30 m.sup.2/g, the catalyst component being superior in a particle form,(ii) a catalyst comprising the solid catalyst component and an organoaluminum compound, the catalyst being high in polymerization activity, so that there is no need to remove a catalyst residue from a polymer obtained after the polymerization, and(iii) a process for producing an olefin polymer using the catalyst, the polymer produced being superior in powder properties and low in a content of lower molecular weight components. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a solid catalyst component and a catalyst for olefin polymerization, and a process for producing an olefin polymer. More specifically, the present invention relates to a solid catalyst component and a catalyst for olefin polymerization, and a process for producing an olefin polymer, which are suitable for gas phase polymerization and slurry polymerization processes. In the present specification, the term "olefin polymer" is intended to mean a homopolymer of an olefin and a copolymer of two or more olefins different from one another. When the activity of a catalyst (amount of olefin polymer obtained per unit catalyst) used for the olefin polymerization to produce the olefin polymer is sufficiently high, there is no need to remove a catalyst residue from the polymer obtained after the polymerization, and therefore the production process of the polymer can be simplified. Thus, such a catalyst can be said to be extremely high in an industrial utility value. In the production of the olefin polymer, it is desired that adhesion of the polymer to a polymerization vessel is as little as possible, because the adhesion causes various problems in operation to result in deterioration of an operation efficiency. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Stabilized pharmaceutical composition Inventor(s): Hirai, Shin-Ichiro; (Kyoto, JP), Makino, Tadashi; (Osaka, JP), Tabata, Tetsuro; (Osaka, JP) Correspondence: Merchant & Gould PC; P.O. Box 2903; Minneapolis; MN; 55402-0903; US Patent Application Number: 20030211155 Date filed: January 3, 2003 Abstract: The pharmaceutical composition of the invention, which comprises a benzimidazole compound of the formula 1wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, carboalkoxyalkyl, carbamoyl, carbamoylalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, trifluoromethyl, acyl, carbamoyloxy, nitro, acyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, alkylthio or alkylsulfinyl, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, carboalkoxy, carbamoyl, alkylcarbamoyl, dialkylcarbamoyl, alkylcarbonyl-methyl, alkoxycarbonylmethyl or alkylsulfonyl, R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are the same or different and each is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy or alkoxyalkoxy, R.sup.4 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy which may optionally be fluorinated, or alkoxyalkoxy, and m is an integer of 0 through 4, and a basic inorganic salt stabilizing agent, is physically stable. Magnesium and calcium basic inorganic salt stabilizing agents are particularly useful. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a pharmaceutical-composition which comprises 2[(2-pyridyl)methylsulphinyl]benzimidazole or a derivative thereof (hereinafter sometimes referred to collectively as "benzimidazole compounds"), particularly the derivatives 2-[[3-methyl-4-(2,2,2-trifluoromethoxy)-2pyridyl]methylsulfinyl]benzimidazole and 5-methoxy-2-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-2pyridyl)methylsulfinyl]benzimidazo- le, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is useful as an antiulcer agent. The composition is stabilized by incorporation of an effective amount of a basic inorganic salt stabilizing agent, with basic inorganic salts of magnesium, calcium, potassium and sodium being useful, the magnesium can calcium salts being preferred. Certain benzimidazole compounds are recently under clinical study as gastric acid secretion inhibitors. They serve as therapeutic agents for digestive ulcer. Their principal pharmacological effect consists in gastric acid secretion suppression based on (H.sup.++K.sup.+)-ATPase inhibition and is more potent and durable as compared with histamine H.sub.2 receptor antagonists such as cimetidine and ranitidine. They also have gastric mucosa protecting activity. Therefore, they have attracted attention as next-generation potent therapeutic agents for digestive ulcer. Those benzimidazole compounds which are described in Japanese Unexamined Patent laid open Nos. 62275/77, 141783/79, 33406/82, 135881/83, 192880/83 and 181277/84, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,563, U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,431, European Patent Publication No. 45,200, U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,409, European Patent Publication No. 5,129 and G.B. Patent Publication No. 2,134,523A, respectively, among others are known to have antiulcer activity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Superconductor incorporating therein superconductivity epitaxial thin film and manufacturing method thereof Inventor(s): Kim, Jun Ho; (Jinju-Si, KR), Kim, Sang Hyeob; (Keumsan-Gun, KR), Sung, Gun Yong; (Taejon, KR) Correspondence: Jacobson Holman Pllc; 400 Seventh Street N.W.; Suite 600; Washington; DC; 20004; US Patent Application Number: 20030207767 Date filed: June 5, 2003 Abstract: The present invention utilizes magnesium diboride (MgB.sub.2) or (Mg.sub.1xM.sub.x)B.sub.2 as a superconductivity thin film which can be applied to a rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) circuit. A method for manufacturing a superconductor incorporating therein a superconductivity thin film, begins with preparing a single crystal substrate. Thereafter, a template film is formed on top of the substrate, wherein the template has a hexagonal crystal structure. The superconductivity thin film of MgB.sub.2 or (Mg.sub.1-xM.sub.x)B.sub.2 is formed on top of the template film. If Mg amount in the superconductivity thin film is insufficient, Mg vapor is flowed on the surface of the superconductivity thin film while a post annealing process is carried out at the temperature ranging from 400.degree. C. to 900.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a superconductor; and, more particularly, to a superconductor incorporating therein an intermetallic compound superconductivity epitaxial thin film and a method for manufacturing the same, using a superconductor material such as magnesium diboride (MgB.sub.2) or (Mg.sub.1-xM.sub.x)B.sub.2. In general, a fabrication of a superconductivity thin film has been advanced for tens of years for the purpose of an electronic circuit application. Particularly, the fabrication of the thin film and its application to the electronic circuit has been mainly researched and developed by utilizing niobium (Nb) of a low temperature superconductor and Y.sub.1Ba.sub.2Cu.sub.3O.sub.7-x (YBCO) of a high temperature superconductor, wherein a superconductivity transition temperature (Tc) of Nb is 9.2 K and that of the YBCO is 93 K. The superconductivity transition temperature (Tc) of a YBCO thin film is higher than Tc, i.e., 77 K, of liquid nitrogen, and an energy gap of the YBCO thin film is greater than that of the low temperature superconductor so that it may be applied to the electronic circuit with a high speed performance. But, the YBCO thin film has a limitation that a uniform junction is too hard in a manufacturing process so that it is difficult to manufacture an integrated circuit (I.C). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

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Surface treatment method for aluminum or an aluminum alloy and treating fluid used therefor Inventor(s): Mihoya, Makoto; (Hamamatsu-shi, JP) Correspondence: Myers Bigel Sibley & Sajovec; PO Box 37428; Raleigh; NC; 27627; US Patent Application Number: 20030196729 Date filed: March 11, 2003 Abstract: A method for the surface treatment of aluminum or an aluminum alloy which comprises soaking aluminum or an aluminum alloy in a treating fluid containing ammonium silicofluoride and another aluminum-free fluorine compound to form a film

Patents 253

thereon, wherein the treating fluid comprises an aqueous solution further containing at least one substance selected from the group consisting of aluminum fluoride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum silicate, magnesium aluminate metasilicate and powdered aluminum. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for the surface treatment of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. More particularly, it relates to a method for the surface treatment of aluminum or an aluminum alloy wherein a film is formed thereon by a chemical reaction, without supplying energy (e.g., electricity) externally. The conventionally employed alumite process is a method for forming a hard film of aluminum oxide on the surface of aluminum by oxidizing aluminum anodically in an acidic bath. However, this method has the disadvantage of involving a high cost because it requires equipment for electric supply and the rate of film formation is slow. Now, there has been developed a technique for forming a film on the surface of aluminum by heating an aqueous solution containing magnesium silicofluoride and ammonium silicofluoride to a temperature of 70 to 100.degree. C. and soaking aluminum in this aqueous solution (see Japanese Patent Provisional Publication No. 11-193478/'99). This technique makes it possible to simplify the equipment and reduce treating costs and also to form a film having excellent sliding properties on the surface of aluminum. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •

Surface treatment method for magnesium alloys and magnesium alloy members thus treated Inventor(s): Motozawa, Masahiro; (Kanagawa-Pref, JP), Ohshita, Kenichirou; (Kanagawa-Pref, JP) Correspondence: Henkel Corporation; 2500 Renaissance Blvd; Ste 200; Gulph Mills; PA; 19406; US Patent Application Number: 20030213771 Date filed: April 2, 2003 Abstract: The present invention provides a surface treatment method for magnesium alloys that can form a uniform, fine, and dense conversion coating on a magnesium alloy surface on which mold release agent, an oxide layer, and an alloying component (e.g., aluminum and zinc) segregation layer are potentially present, and also provides magnesium alloy member whose surface has been treated by the aforesaid surface treatment method. The surface treatment method of the present invention comprises a degreasing process to degrease the surface of the magnesium alloy, a chemically etching process to chemically etch the alloy, and a conversion treatment process to form a conversion coating. The chemical etching forms a magnesium phosphate coating having a coating weight of 10 to 2,000 mg/m.sup.2, measured as phosphorus, by bringing the surface of the magnesium alloy into contact with an aqueous solution containing a phosphoric acid-type compound. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a novel surface treatment method that can be used to impart excellent corrosion resistance and paint adherence to the surface of magnesium alloys. This invention also relates to magnesium alloy members treated by the surface treatment method. Many of the metal members (e.g., aluminum alloys, steel, magnesium alloys) used to make automobiles, two-wheel vehicles, and consumer electronics must exhibit corrosion resistance and have an attractive appearance. As a consequence, the metal members subject to these requirements are subjected to, prior to

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their end use, to any of a variety of surface treatments, typically followed by painting. At least some of the purposes of the surface treatment is to remove contaminants, e.g., cutting oil, that may remain on the substrate surface and to form a relatively fine, dense conversion coating on the surface to thereby provide increased corrosion resistance and paint adherence. With the issues of global environmental protection providing impetus, an active effort has recently been underway to utilize magnesium alloys, which are the lightest of the widely used metals and have excellent recycling capabilities. For example, in the automotive sector, magnesium alloys have begun to be used in components heretofore made of other metals, such as steel or aluminum alloy; the goal of this utilization is to reduce vehicle weight in order to improve fuel efficiency. In the area of consumer electronics, movement is underway to convert from the heretofore used plastics to the highly recyclable magnesium alloys--the focus here is on the casing and enclosures for notebook computers and portable telephones. The majority of these magnesium alloy members are formed by casting methods known as die casting and thixomolding. In these casting methods, the magnesium alloy, in a molten or semimolten condition, is introduced into the mold or die at high speeds and pressures. As a result, these casting methods provide excellent dimensional accuracy and productivity. Depending on the particular product, forming can also be carried out by forging or press forming using wrought grades of magnesium alloy sheets. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with magnesium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on magnesium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning magnesium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON MAGNESIUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to magnesium. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on magnesium include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on magnesium: •

Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998. 432 pp. Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002 / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $24.95; $19.96 (paperback) when ordered through the publisher's Web bookstore, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This book is the first in a series about the Dietary Reference Intakes that replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances. It evaluates calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. For each nutrient, the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what is the best method to determine its requirement, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease or developmental abnormalities. The book also

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identifies the Tolerable Upper Level Intake (UL) which may result in adverse effects if consumed consistently and provides a model for determining the UL. Recommended intakes are proposed for age groups from infancy to midlife and later years.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “magnesium” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “magnesium” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “magnesium” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

1991 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.02: Die-Cast Metals; Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys/Pcn 01-020 (1991); ISBN: 0803115938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803115938/icongroupinterna

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1992 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.02: Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys/Pcn 01-020292-04 (1992); ISBN: 0803116799; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803116799/icongroupinterna

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1993 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.02: Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys by Paula C. Fazio, et al; ISBN: 0803119100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803119100/icongroupinterna

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1994 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Volume 02.02: Aluminum and Magnesium Aloys by Nicole C. Furcola; ISBN: 0803121105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803121105/icongroupinterna

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1997 Annual Book of Astm Standards: Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys (Vol 02.02); ISBN: 0803123671; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803123671/icongroupinterna

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Advances in Magnesium Alloys and Composites by H. Paris; ISBN: 0873390385; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873390385/icongroupinterna

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Advances in Magnesium Research: 1 by Smetana, R Smetana (1997); ISBN: 0861965558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0861965558/icongroupinterna

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ALL ABOUT CALCIUM MAGNESIUM AND OTHER MINERALS PB 1E by MCGRAW-HILL SCHOOL; ISBN: 0658017039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658017039/icongroupinterna

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Alloys based on aluminium, magnesium, and titanium : patent study; ISBN: 3870171936; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3870171936/icongroupinterna

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Aluminium and Magnesium Alloys (Annual Book of Astm Standards 2002) (2002); ISBN: 0803132522; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803132522/icongroupinterna

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Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys (Annual Book of A S T M Standards. Volume 02.02, 2002) (2002); ISBN: 0803131615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803131615/icongroupinterna

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Aluminum and Magnesium for Automotive Applications: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by the Structural Materials Division (Smd) Non-Ferrous Metals Committee of the Minerals, Metals & Materials by J. Daniel Bryant (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0873393325; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873393325/icongroupinterna

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An analysis of the energy efficiency and economic viability of expanded magnesium utilization by George Brian Kenney; ISBN: 0824039750; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824039750/icongroupinterna

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Annual Book of Astm Standards, 1990, Volume 02.02: Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Die-Cast Metals by American Society for Testing and Materials; ISBN: 0803115091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803115091/icongroupinterna

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Annual Book of Astm Standards, 1995: Section 2: Nonferrous Metal Products: Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys (Issn 0192-2998) (1995); ISBN: 0803121954; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803121954/icongroupinterna

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Arc Welding of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys by Vladimir R. Ryabov (1998); ISBN: 0964431173; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0964431173/icongroupinterna

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Attributes of Magnesium for Automobile Design (Sp-1022) by Society Of Automotive Engineers; ISBN: 1560914742; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560914742/icongroupinterna

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Biological Chemistry of Magnesium by J. A. Cowan (Editor); ISBN: 0471185833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471185833/icongroupinterna

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Calcium and Magnesium (Elements) by Keith Walshaw (1996); ISBN: 1869860144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869860144/icongroupinterna

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Calcium and Magnesium Metabolism in Early Life by Reginald C. Tsang (Editor); ISBN: 0849346134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849346134/icongroupinterna

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Calcium Magnesium by Health Woodland (2001); ISBN: 1580540759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540759/icongroupinterna

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Calcium magnesium acetate at lower production cost production of CMA deicer from biomass (SuDoc TD 2.30:98-055) by U.S. Dept of Transportation; ISBN: B00010ZXG0; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ZXG0/icongroupinterna

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Calcium Magnesium Acetate: An Emerging Bulk Chemical for Environmental Applications (Industrial Chemistry Library, Vol 2) by D.L. Wise, et al; ISBN: 0444885110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444885110/icongroupinterna

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Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism : clinical physiology and diagnostic procedures; ISBN: 0443011885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443011885/icongroupinterna

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Cardiovascular disease : potentiated magnesium and the true fountain of youth : enhanced magnesium absorption and utilization, its role in the prevention and reversal of atherosclerosis, and its link to the aging process through balanced

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moderation by Michael Dixon; ISBN: 096386811X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/096386811X/icongroupinterna •

Characteristics and Applications of Magnesium in Automotive Design (S P (Society of Automotive Engineers), Sp 1250) by Society Of Automotive Engineers; ISBN: 1560919620; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560919620/icongroupinterna

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Cholesterol, Magnesium and Coronary Heart Disease: Save Your Heart by John B.,MD Neal; ISBN: 0533081696; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0533081696/icongroupinterna

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COM (96) 138 Final, Brussels 22.03.1996: 02 - Customs Union and Commercial Policy: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Extending the Provisional Anti-dumping Duty on Imports of Unwrought Magnesium Originating in Russia and Ukraine (COM (96) 138 Final, Brussels 22.03.1996) (1996); ISBN: 9278019631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9278019631/icongroupinterna

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Cooper Cadmium Nickel Zinc Iron Magnesium and Manganese by Bagatto; ISBN: 0315394420; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0315394420/icongroupinterna

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Current Research in Magnesium by Halpem (1996); ISBN: 0861965493; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0861965493/icongroupinterna

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Desulfurization of Hot Metal by Magnesium by N.A. Voronova (1983); ISBN: 0912033002; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912033002/icongroupinterna

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Determining the Empirical Formula of a Compound Containing Magnesium and Oxygen by H. Anthony Neidig (Editor), Nancy L. Suttles (1992); ISBN: 0875403980; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875403980/icongroupinterna

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Determining the Empirical Formula of Magnesium Oxide by J.N. Spencer, et al (1999); ISBN: 0875406068; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875406068/icongroupinterna

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Dietary Reference Intakes: For Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride by Institute of Medicine (1999); ISBN: 0309064031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309064031/icongroupinterna

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Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation of Calcium Magnesium Acetate/Cma (National Cooperative Highway Research Report Program, No 305) by Richard R. Horner (1988); ISBN: 0309046025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309046025/icongroupinterna

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Freedonia Focus on Magnesium [DOWNLOAD: PDF] by The Freedonia Group (Author) (2002); ISBN: B00008UYW4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00008UYW4/icongroupinterna

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Geochemical investigation of potassium-magnesium chloride mineralization of Zechstein 2 salt, Mors Dome, Denmark : microthermometry on solid inclusions in quartz crystals by Johannes Fabricius; ISBN: 8742107512; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8742107512/icongroupinterna

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Health and Diseases: Role of Magnesium & Trace Minerals by R. Nath; ISBN: 8170245583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8170245583/icongroupinterna

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Heart Healthy Magnesium: Your Nutritional Key to Cardiovascular Wellness by James B. Pierce (1994); ISBN: 0895295792; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895295792/icongroupinterna

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Highway Deicing: Comparing Salt and Calcium Magnesium Acetate (Special Report; 235) [PHOTOCOPY] by Committe on the Comparative Costs of Rock Salt and Calcium Magnesium A (1991); ISBN: 0309051231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309051231/icongroupinterna

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Indexes to the analyses of calcium and magnesium carbonate rocks and of other sedimentary rocks rich in either calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus by Germaine A. Joplin; ISBN: 064202958X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/064202958X/icongroupinterna

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Indium tin oxide-magnesium fluoride co-deposited films for spacecraft applications (SuDoc NAS 1.15:208499) by NASA; ISBN: B00010ZWUM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010ZWUM/icongroupinterna

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Individual Metals Magnesium to Zikconium, Volume 1, Part 2B, Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals, 4th Edition by E. B. Sandell, et al; ISBN: 0471846945; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471846945/icongroupinterna

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Interactions of Magnesium and Potassium on Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle by B. M. Altura (Editor), F. Kruck (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 380554149X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380554149X/icongroupinterna

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Layered Cuprates and More on Magnesium Diboride: Studies of High Temperature Superconductors (Studies of High Temperature Superconductors, V.44) by A. V. Narlikar (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1590335643; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590335643/icongroupinterna

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Light Metal Applications for the Automotive Industry: Aluminum and Magnesium (2001); ISBN: 0768007690; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0768007690/icongroupinterna

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Lithium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium and Barium in Waters and Sewage Effluents by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 1987 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117520160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117520160/icongroupinterna

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Magic of Magnesium by E.J. Trimmer; ISBN: 0722514239; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722514239/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium by Peter Greenfield; ISBN: 0263050572; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0263050572/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium by Alan R. Gaby; ISBN: 0879836024; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879836024/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium - a Relevant Ion? by Bertrand Lasserre (Editor), Jean Durlach (Editor); ISBN: 0861962710; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0861962710/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium (Blashfield, Jean F. Sparks of Life.) by Jean F. Blashfield; ISBN: 0739843605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0739843605/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium (SuDoc I 28.101:) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010AFLS; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010AFLS/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium (The Elements, Set 2) by Colin Uttley; ISBN: 0761408894; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761408894/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium : Proceedings of the 6th International Conference Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications by Karl U. Kainer (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 3527309756; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527309756/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Alloys 2000: Proceedings of the First Nagaoka International Workshop on Magnesium Platform Science and Technology 2000 Nagaoka City, Japan, 27-29 July 2000 by Y. Kohima (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 0878498621; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878498621/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Alloy's 2003 by Y. Kojima (Editor), et al (2003); ISBN: 0878499148; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878499148/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Alloys and Technologies by Karl U. Kainer (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 352730570X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/352730570X/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Alloys Containing Rare-Earth Metals: Structure and Properties by Rokhlin L. L., et al (2002); ISBN: 0415284147; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415284147/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys (Asm Specialty Handbook) by M. M. Avedesian (Editor), Hugh Baker (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0871706571; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871706571/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and Magnesium Compounds by Press Publishers Gordon (1993); ISBN: 0849089395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849089395/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and magnesium compounds (SuDoc I 28.37/A:M 274/6/) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B0001080YM; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B0001080YM/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and Man by Warren E.C., Wacker (1980); ISBN: 0674542258; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0674542258/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and Physical Activity by Vecchiet; ISBN: 1850706263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850706263/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and the Cell by Nicholas J. Birch (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0120996200; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120996200/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium and the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of mediciNe, 1088) by Arvo Hanni (2001); ISBN: 915545142X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/915545142X/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Casting Technology by Rudolf Steiner, Arthur William Brace (1920); ISBN: 0317111256; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0317111256/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Deficiency in Forest Ecosystems (Nutrients in Ecosystems, Vol 1) by R. F. Huttl (Editor), Wolfgang Schaaf (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0792342208; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792342208/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Disease: Early Roots of Cardiovascular, Skeletal, and Renal Abnormalities (Topics in Bone and Mineral) by Mildred S. Seelig;

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ISBN: 0306402025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306402025/icongroupinterna •

Magnesium Deficiency: Physiopathology and Treatment Implications by J. Durlach (Editor), M. J. Halpern (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 3805539797; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805539797/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Fertilisers in Soil and Plants: Comparisons and Usage (Proceedings of the Fertiliser Society) by A.P. Draycott (1998); ISBN: 0853100462; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853100462/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium from China, Russia, and Ukraine (SuDoc ITC 1.12:731-TA-696698(FINAL)) by U.S. Dept of Interior; ISBN: B00010PWI4; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010PWI4/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Homeostasis by G. A. Quamme (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 3805558813; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805558813/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in agriculture; ISBN: 0855210060; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0855210060/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Automotive Components (Sp (Society of Automotive Engineers), 1163) by Society Of Automotive Engineers; ISBN: 1560917938; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560917938/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Biological Systems: Environmental and Biomedical Aspects by B. Selmiczi, et al (1994); ISBN: 9630566818; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9630566818/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Cellular Processes and Medicine by J. Durlach, et al (1987); ISBN: 3805543697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805543697/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Clinical Medicine & Therapeutics Journal: Magnesium & Trace Elements, Nos. 2-4, 1991-92 by M. Burton (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 3805556969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805556969/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Clinical Practice by J. Durlach (Editor); ISBN: 0861961447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0861961447/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Health and Disease by Yoshionori Itokawa (Editor), Jean Durlach (Editor); ISBN: 0861961595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0861961595/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Health and Disease by M. Cantin (Editor), M.S. Seelig (Editor); ISBN: 0852005350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852005350/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in health and disease : proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Magnesium, Montreal, Quebec, May 30-June 1, 1976; ISBN: 0893350559; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893350559/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Vehicle Design/Sp-1096; ISBN: 156091646X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/156091646X/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium in Waters and Sewage Effluents by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117513121; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117513121/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Overcast: The Story of the Convair B-36 by Dennis R. Jenkins (2001); ISBN: 1580070426; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580070426/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Products Design by Robert S. Busk; ISBN: 0824775767; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824775767/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Properties and Applications for Automobiles (Sp-962) by Society Of Automotive Engineers; ISBN: 1560913479; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560913479/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Technology 2001: Proceedings of the Symposium by John N. Hryn (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 087339481X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/087339481X/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Technology 2002: Proceedings of the Symposium Jointly Sponsored by the Magnesium Committee of the Light Metals Division (Lmd) of Tms (The Minerals, Metals & Materials by Howard I. Kaplan (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 0873395247; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873395247/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Technology 2003: Proceedings of the Jointly Sponsored by the Magnesium Committee of the Light Metals Division (Lmd) and the Solidification Committee of the Materials by Metals and Materials Society Meeting / Kaplan, Howard I. Minerals (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0873395336; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0873395336/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Technology: Proceedings of the Conference Sponsored and Organized by the Metals Technology, Metal Science and Materials Engineering Committ; ISBN: 0904357929; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0904357929/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium Transport Across Cell Membranes (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit Series) by Peter W. Flatman; ISBN: 1570590761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570590761/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium und seine Legierungen. by Adolf Beck (Author); ISBN: 3540416757; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540416757/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium, Diabetes and Carbohydrate Metabolism by B.M. Altura (1983); ISBN: 3805538650; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805538650/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium, Herzrhythmusstorungen Und Akuter Herzinfarkt by I. Krakau, et al (1994); ISBN: 3540584587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540584587/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium, Stress and the Cardiovascular System by B. M. Altura (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 3805543557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805543557/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium. Eigenschaften, Anwendungen, Potentiale. by K. U. Kainer (Author) (2000); ISBN: 3527299793; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527299793/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium: Current Status and New Developments: Theoretical, Biological, and Medical Aspects by Theophile Theophanides (Editor), Jane Anastassopoulou (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0792348214; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792348214/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium: Its Biological Significance by Aikawa; ISBN: 084935871X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/084935871X/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium: Proceedings of the IVth European Congress on Magnesium, 21-23rd September 1992, Giessen, Germany: 1993 by S. Golf (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0861963601; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0861963601/icongroupinterna

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Magnesium-aluminum-zirconium oxide amorphous ternary composite a dense and stable optical coating (SuDoc NAS 1.15:208100) by N. K. Sahoo; ISBN: B00010Y09G; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00010Y09G/icongroupinterna

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Malic Acid & Magnesium for Fibromyalgia & Chronic Pain Syndrome by Billie J. Sahley (1999); ISBN: 1889391158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1889391158/icongroupinterna

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Malic Acid and Magnesium for Fibromyalgia and Chronic Pain Syndrome by Billie Jay Sahley (1994); ISBN: 0962591459; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962591459/icongroupinterna

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Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Compendium on Magnesium and Its Role in Biology, Nutrition, and Physiology by Helmut Sigel, Astrid Sigel (Editor); ISBN: 0824783158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824783158/icongroupinterna

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Phase diagrams of binary magnesium alloys; ISBN: 0871703289; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871703289/icongroupinterna

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Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in the Tropics and Subtropics (Technical Bulletins Ser.: T-23) by Robert D. Munson (1982); ISBN: 0880900415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880900415/icongroupinterna

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Proceedings of the Third International Magnesium Conference by G.W. Lorimer (Editor); ISBN: 1861250134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861250134/icongroupinterna

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Process Guidance: Processes for Melting and Producing Aluminium, Magnesium and Their Alloys: Revision 1996; ISBN: 0117532525; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117532525/icongroupinterna

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Processes for the Production of Compounds of Chromium, Magnesium, Manganese, Nickel and Zinc (Chief Inspector's Guidance to Inspectors); ISBN: 0117529117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117529117/icongroupinterna

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Reactions of Aluminum & Magnesium With Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Technical Report; ISBN: 1559894733; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559894733/icongroupinterna

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Recent Advances in Magnesium Technology; ISBN: 0317598295; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0317598295/icongroupinterna

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San Andres Carbonates in the Texas Panhandle: Sedimentation and Diagenesis Associated With Magnesium-Calcium-Chloride Brines by Amos Bein (1982); ISBN: 9993782270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993782270/icongroupinterna

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Specification for Magnesium-Alloy Welding Rods and Bare Electrodes: A5.19-69 (1976); ISBN: 0871712075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871712075/icongroupinterna

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Stoichiometry of the Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid by H. Anthony Neidig, James N. Spencer (1989); ISBN: 0875403697; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875403697/icongroupinterna

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Superconducting Magnesium Diboride (Studies of High Temperature Superconductors, Vol 38) by Anant Narlikar (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 1590331311; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1590331311/icongroupinterna

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The Additional Certification of Magnesium (II) and Lithium (I) in the Lyophilized Serum Materials: CRM 303 and CRM 304 by L.M. Thienpont; ISBN: 9282639932; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9282639932/icongroupinterna

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The corrosion protection of magnesium alloy AZ31B (SuDoc NAS 1.60:206239) by NASA; ISBN: B000110G7K; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000110G7K/icongroupinterna

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The effects of calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) deicing material on the water quality of Bear Creek, Clackamas County, Oregon, 1999 (SuDoc I 19.42/4:00-4092) by Dwight Q. Tanner; ISBN: B00011374Y; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B00011374Y/icongroupinterna

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The Magnesium Factor by Mildred S., Md. Seelig, Andrea, Ph.D. Rosanoff (2003); ISBN: 1583331565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583331565/icongroupinterna

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The Miracle of Magnesium by Carolyn Dean; ISBN: 0345445880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0345445880/icongroupinterna

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The World Market for Unwrought Magnesium: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective [DOWNLOAD: PDF]; ISBN: B000134GME; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B000134GME/icongroupinterna

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Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness and Magnesium Hardness in Raw and Potable Waters by EDTA Titrimetry: Tentative Methods, 1981 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117516007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117516007/icongroupinterna

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Untersuchung des dynamischen Verhaltens von Hybridspeichern mit katalysiertem Magnesium by Friedhelm Heine; ISBN: 3894732156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3894732156/icongroupinterna

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User's Guide to Calcium and Magnesium: Learn What You Need to Know About How These Nutrients Build Strong Bones by Nan Fuchs, et al; ISBN: 1591200091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200091/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic

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1st International Symposium on Magnesium Deficit in Human Pathology, Vittel 1971. Edited by Jean Durlach. Author: Durlach, Jean.; Year: 1967; Vittel, 1971

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Determination of magnesium in needle biopsy samples of muscle tissue by means of neutron activation analysis [by] D. Brune and H. E. Sjöberg. Author: Brune, Dag,; Year: 1968; Stockholm, 1964

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Interrelations between magnesium, potassium and cardiac arrhythmias Author: Dyckner, Thomas.; Year: 1964; Stockholm: [s.n.], 1979

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Interrelations of magnesium and calcium metabolism. Author: Pors Nielsen, S.; Year: 1959; Copenhagen, Munksgaard [1974]

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Magnesium and the cardiovascular system Author: Altura, Burton M.; Year: 1971; Basel; New York: Karger, 1985; ISBN: 3805542828

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Magnesium in water; a bibliography. Author: Water Resources Scientific Information Center.; Year: 1944; Washington [Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Va.] 1971

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Magnesium metabolism: studies in health, primary hyperparathyroidism, and renal stone disease Author: Johansson, Gunnar.; Year: 1958; Uppsala: [s.n.]; Stockholm: distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell, 1979

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Plasma magnesium levels during the first five days of life. Author: Jukarainen, Erkki.; Year: 1963; Helsinki, 1971

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The Magnesium ion, clinical aspects: proceedings of a symposium at the annual meeting of the Swedish Society of Medical Sciences, Stockholm, December 1981 Author: Wester, P. O. (Per Olov); Year: 1971; Stockholm, Sweden: Acta Medica Scandinavica: Distributed by Almqvist; Wiksell Periodical Co., c1982

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The Pathogenesis and clinical significance of magnesium deficiency. Consulting editors: Edmund B. Flink and John E. Jones. Conference cochairmen: Edmund B. Flink and John E. Jones. Author: Flink, Edmund B.; Year: 1969; New York [c1969]

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The role of magnesium in biologic processes. Author: Aikawa, Jerry Kazuo,; Year: 1967; Springfield, Ill., Thomas [c1963]

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The role of magnesium of deficiency in thyrocardiac disorders. Author: El Shahawy, Mahfouz A., 1936-; Year: 1966; [Minneapolis] 1971

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Water hardness, human health, and the importance of magnesium Author: Marier, J. R.; Year: 1964; [Ottawa]: National Research Council of Canada, NRC Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental Quality, c1979

Chapters on Magnesium In order to find chapters that specifically relate to magnesium, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and magnesium using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on magnesium: •

Nutritional Management of Water, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Magnesium in Renal Disease and Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 371-394. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X. Summary: This chapter is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The authors discuss the nutritional management of water, sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium in renal disease and renal failure. The authors first discuss normal water, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium homeostasis, and then show how the normal condition is changed by renal insufficiency. Chloride is considered together with sodium because nearly all dietary chloride intake is the result of sodium chloride (salt) intake. Specific topics include sodium and the control of extracellular fluid volume, the regulation of sodium balance in health and in kidney disease, the effect of calcium channel blocker therapy on dietary sodium management, water metabolism in health and in renal insufficiency, excessive fluid weight gain in ESRD patients maintained on dialysis, normal potassium metabolism, extrarenal and renal potassium handling in health and in kidney disease, dietary management of potassium, and magnesium. 3 figures. 15 tables. 84 references. (AA-M).

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Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism Source: in Suki, W.N.; Massry, S.G., eds. Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 2nd ed. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991. p. 111-119. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $315. ISBN: 0792306767. Summary: This chapter, from a medical text on the therapy of renal disease and related disorders, discusses disorders of magnesium metabolism. Topics include the functions of magnesium; daily requirements and dietary content; absorption of magnesium; interactions with hormones and vitamins; renal excretion of magnesium; causes of magnesium deficiency; symptomatology and diagnosis of magnesium deficiency; guidelines for therapy; contraindications for parenteral magnesium administration; symptoms of magnesium overdosage; magnesium and renal stone disease; and hypermagnesemia. 4 figures. 4 tables. 7 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on magnesium. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on magnesium is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “magnesium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on magnesium: •

Menopause and Nutrition Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, 15 min., n.d. Contact: National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. 1-800-543-6803. Summary: This video provides information on the role of nutrition during menopause. Topics include the role of supplements such as magnesium and calcium, iron needs, weight gain, heart disease risks, and the importance of a healthy diet. The video is accompanied by an instruction resource package that includes learning objectives and activities, a before-after knowledge quiz, and handout masters.

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Bibliography: Multimedia on Magnesium The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in magnesium (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on magnesium: •

Magnesium as an antiarrhythmic drug [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Marshfield Clinic, Saint Joseph's Hospital, [and] Marshfield Medical Research Foundation; Year: 1993; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: The Clinic, [1993]

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON MAGNESIUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover magnesium.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on magnesium is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to magnesium. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “magnesium” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for magnesium: •

Magnesium intake may influence heart disease risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 10, 2003

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Magnesium in diet may alter heart disease risk Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 10, 2003

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Low magnesium levels tied to adverse outcomes after CABG Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2003

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Magnesium supplement helpful in diabetes control Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: April 16, 2003

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Erythrocyte magnesium content lower in acute asthmatics Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 26, 2003

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Magnesium sulfate the drug of choice for prevention of eclampsia Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 22, 2003

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Magnesium may improve African Americans' health Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 21, 2002

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Magnesium deficiency may impact health of African Americans Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 21, 2002

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IV magnesium no benefit in high-risk MI patients; findings should end debate Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 17, 2002

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Magnesium therapy doesn't help heart attack: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 03, 2002

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Magnesium shows no mortality benefit after MI Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 03, 2002

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Magnesium sulfate helpful in life-threatening asthma treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 27, 2002

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Meta-analysis supports inverse link between magnesium intake and blood pressure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 2002

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Magnesium sulphate effective acute treatment for migraine with aura Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: August 09, 2002

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Antenatal magnesium sulfate for preterm labor worsens neonatal outcomes Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 27, 2002

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Magnesium sulfate supplement no help in emergency asthma treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 20, 2002

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Magnesium sulfate significantly reduces eclampsia risk Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 30, 2002

Periodicals and News

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Most magnesium supplements measure up in tests Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 27, 2002

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Menstrual migraine linked to magnesium deficiency Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 17, 2002

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Prehospital IV magnesium can bring about "dramatic" stroke recovery Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 13, 2002

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CORRECTION: Pre-hospital magnesium dose helps stroke patients Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 13, 2002

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Magnesium sulfate no help in emergency migraine treatment Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: January 07, 2002

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Maternal magnesium sulfate use linked to lowered cerebral perfusion in preterm infants Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 08, 2001

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Magnesium sulfate can prevent apnea in premature neonates Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 03, 2001

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Magnesium sulfate helps curb bronchial hyperreactivity Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 20, 2001

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New magnesium regimen reduces incidence of atrial fibrillation after CABG Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 31, 2001

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Magnesium may prevent coronary spasm in patients with vasospastic angina Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 05, 2001

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Magnesium valproate monotherapy effective in generalized, partial epilepsy Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 24, 2000

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IV magnesium helpful in pediatric asthma emergencies Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 30, 2000

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Magnesium sulfate tocolysis and CP risk in premature infants: jury still out Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 16, 2000

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Salbutamol with magnesium sulfate helpful in acute asthma Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 23, 2000

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Stroke trials looking at vitamins, anticoagulation, magnesium for risk reduction Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 22, 2000

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Intravenous magnesium relieves neuropathic pain in cancer patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 2000

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Golytely, magnesium citrate/X-prep effective in pediatric colon cleansing Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 05, 2000

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Oral nicardipine superior to magnesium sulfate as a tocolytic Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 30, 1999

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Magnesium deficiency important in the pathogenesis of juvenile migraine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: December 10, 1999

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Low serum magnesium level linked to type 2 diabetes in white adults Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 22, 1999

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College students need more magnesium Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: October 12, 1999

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Acute MI mortality rates no higher in areas with low magnesium in water Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 30, 1999

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Low dietary magnesium increases insulin resistance in young healthy black adults Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 09, 1999

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Low serum magnesium a risk factor for death from ischemic heart disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 30, 1999

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FDA clears Careside magnesium test Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 18, 1999

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Magnesium, analgesic combination for migraine patented Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 07, 1999

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American Academy of Neurology: Magnesium sulfate an effective therapy for acute migraine Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 23, 1999

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Moderately improved diabetes control affects magnesium status, serum triglycerides Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 13, 1999

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Magnesium linked to reduction of fluid retention in premenstrual women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 04, 1999

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Potassium-magnesium supplement has advantages in thiazide therapy Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 27, 1998

Periodicals and News

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Magnesium appears to slow bone loss Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 27, 1998

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Magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 26, 1998

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Magnesium supplementation lowers blood pressure Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 21, 1998

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The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “magnesium” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to magnesium, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/.

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BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “magnesium” (or synonyms).

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on magnesium: •

Whole Grains and Diabetes Source: Nutrition Action Healthletter. p.8. June 2000. Contact: Center for Science in the Public Interest. 1875 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009-5728. Summary: In a study of risk factors for diabetes, researchers found that people who include whole grains in their diet have a lower risk of diabetes. The research showed three correlations with lowered risk of diabetes: high consumption of whole grains; high consumption of fiber from breads, cereals, and other grains; and high consumption of magnesium found in whole grains. The researchers noted that overweight and physical inactivity are still overwhelming risk factors for development of diabetes, but that attention should also be paid to whole grain consumption.

•

To Ward Off Diabetes, More Whole Grains Source: Tufts University Health and Diet Letter. 20(4):3. June 2002. Contact: P.O. Box 420235, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0235. 800/274-7581. www.healthletter.tufts.edu. Summary: Researchers at Tufts, Harvard, and Boston Universities looked at the eating behavior of nearly 3,000 men and women participating in the Framingham Offspring Study. They found that those who ate more whole grains had lower blood insulin levels and a lower risk of developing diabetes than those who ate less whole grains. Most study participants ate about one serving of whole grains per day, consistent with the national average. Subjects who ate the most whole grains averaged about three servings a day. The fiber and magnesium in whole grains appear to be the components that allow insulin to work more efficiently. Refined grains such as white bread and pasta contain very little fiber, and magnesium is removed during processing. This study is consistent with previous research showing that increased consumption of whole grains could help prevent diabetes.

•

Boning Up on Bone Health Source: University of California, Berkeley, Wellness Letter. 16(12):5. September 2000.

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Contact: Health Letter Associates. P.O. Box 412, Prince Street Station, New York, NY 10012-0007. Summary: Strong bones are dependent on more than just the mineral calcium. Depending on many factors, including testosterone in men and estrogen in women, calcium is laid down in bone and released from it. Weight-bearing exercise such as walking synergizes with nutrients and hormones to build up bone tissue. Lack of activity robs the body of bone mass. The article reviews the other nutrients besides calcium that are necessary for bone health: vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, and boron. These nutrients can be found in diets rich in fruits, whole grains, vegetables, low-fat and non-fat dairy products, and fortified cereals. The author also recommends a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement for most people. •

Antacids Source: Digestive Health Matters. 3(4): 1-3. Winter 2001. Contact: Available from International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD). P.O. Box 170864, Milwaukee, WI 53217. (888) 964-2001 or (414) 9641799. Fax (414) 964-7176. Website: www.iffgd.org. Summary: This article, from a health newsletter produced by the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD), reviews the use of antacids. The author first notes the strength of gastric (stomach) acid and the wealth of new drugs available to treat problems with gastroesophageal reflux (return of gastric acid to the esophagus). The author then describes antacids, including the history of their use, how they work, and their components: sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and calcium carbonate. Additional components may include peppermint flavoring, antiflatulents (simethicone), and alginic acid. Most commercial antacids contain two or more components. Readers are urged to learn about these components and read the labels of the commercially available antacids, in order to make informed choices. The author notes that antacids are obsolete for the primary treatment of peptic ulcer. However, they seem to help many of those with bloating or nonulcer dyspepsia. Antacids by themselves, or combined with alginate, are very helpful for the relief of heartburn, but are ineffective for esophagitis and other complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). If antacids are needed regularly for more than two weeks, the author recommends that a physician be consulted for diagnosis and appropriate treatment. 1 table. 2 references.

•

What Causes Kidney Stones Source: Columbia-Presbyterian Urology. p. 4. Fall 1996. Contact: Available from Columbia-Presbyterian Urology. Dana W. Atchley Pavilion, 11 Floor, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, New York, NY 10032-3784. (212) 305-0111. Summary: This brief newsletter article describes the causes of kidney stones. There are four factors that lead to stone formation: urine saturation, crystallization, particle retention, and matrix foundation. The author first describes who is at risk for forming kidney stones and briefly outlines the different types of stones: calcium oxalate (75 percent of patients develop these), uric acid, and struvite stones. Urine saturation occurs when urine has excessive amounts of calcium, uric acid, and oxalate crystals, which are all stone-forming substances. This saturation may occur during the day but frequently occurs after meals or during the sleeping hours or hot weather because of the lack of

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fluids consumed. Stone inhibiting substances include pyrophosphate, citrate, magnesium, and nephrocalcin. Freshly voided urine from most healthy individuals contains small crystals, which are flushed out of the urinary tract. However, some people have anatomic abnormalities in the kidney and or ureter, making the crystals stick to the lining of these structures. In addition to being composed of crystals, stones are also formed from an organic material called matrix. Matrix acts as the foundation for stone formation by controlling crystallization. The matrix is composed of a carbohydrate and protein. The article concludes with a section on preventing kidney stones, offering the following suggestions: increase fluid intake to lower saturation; make sure one half the fluid intake is water; produce two and a half quarts of urine in 24 hours; avoid eating grapes, berries, plums and citrus fruits; limit intake of coffee, tea and chocolate; avoid eating sardines, shrimp, and oysters; and, to prevent uric acid stones, avoid eating liver, sweet breads, and brains. Some people may require medication because they form calcium and uric acid stones even though they have adequate fluid intake and do not consume an excessive amount of dairy products. 1 figure. •

Re-salting Your Diet for Good Health Source: Lupus Letter. 1(2):8-9; 1996. Contact: Available from Lupus Foundation of America, National Office, 4 Research Place, Suite 180, Rockville, MD 20850-3226. (301) 670-9292. (800) 558-0121. Summary: This newsletter article for lupus patients discusses the limitation of dietary sodium as a means of controlling blood pressure. The meaning of the blood pressure reading is explained. Ways in which sodium can raise blood pressure are described. Different forms of sodium that are used to process, flavor, and preserve foods are identified. The meanings of various statements about the sodium content of foods are presented. In addition, the role of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in controlling blood pressure is examined.

•

Gluten-Free Eating the Food Guide Pyramid Way Source: Lifeline. 19(1): 8-9. Winter 2000. Contact: Available from Celiac Sprue Association-United States of America, Inc. P.O. Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131. (402) 558-0600. Website: www.csaceliacs.org. Summary: This newsletter article helps readers with celiac disease understand how they can use the guidelines of the Food Guide Pyramid while still following a gluten free diet. The broad base of the Food Guide is the grain group, which might seem discouraging to patients with celiac disease who must avoid bread and cereal products containing gluten. Gluten and its damaging fraction, gliadin, are used widely in the baking industry to impart dough strength, gas retention, and water absorption properties to breads and cakes, as a binder and filler in processed foods, as a carrier in spices, and as a tableting aid in the pharmaceutical industry. People with celiac disease must avoid all foods containing gluten because of its adverse effects on their intestines and their utilization of nutrients. The author reviews each portion of the Food Guide Pyramid, offering strategies for people with celiac disease. The use of rice in the grain group, as well as the purchase of specialty items for bread and other items in this group, is recommended. The fruits and vegetables and dairy groups present fewer problems for people with celiac disease, although some patients may also have to deal with lactose intolerance (lactose is milk sugar). In the meats group, the author notes that while unprocessed meats contain no gluten, some types of processed meats (bologna, luncheon meats, etc.) may contain gluten as a binder or filler. Beans are an economical,

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low fat source of protein, folic acid, soluble fiber, iron, magnesium, and calcium. Nuts and seeds provide protein, B vitamins, and iron. These foods are typically higher in fat, but the fat is primarily unsaturated; these foods can provide additional variety and nutrients for the person with celiac disease. The author concludes that variety, moderation, and balance are the keys to healthful eating. The Food Guide Pyramid can be adapted for those with special dietary concerns, including those who are following a gluten free diet. 1 figure. 3 references.

Academic Periodicals covering Magnesium Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to magnesium. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering magnesium that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for magnesium. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with magnesium. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to magnesium: Antacids •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Advanced Formula Di-Gel; Alamag; Alamag Plus; Alenic Alka; Alenic Alka Extra Strength; Alka-Mints; Alkets; Alkets Extra Strength; Almacone; Almacone II; AlternaGEL; Alu-Cap; Aludrox; Alu-Tab; Amitone; Amphojel; Antacid Gelcaps; Antacid Liquid; Antacid L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202047.html

Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Nonsteroidal •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actron; Advil; Advil Caplets; Advil, Children's; Aleve; Anaprox; Anaprox DS; Ansaid; Bayer Select Ibuprofen Pain Relief Formula Caplets; Cataflam; Clinoril; Cotylbutazone; Cramp End; Daypro; Dolgesic; Dolobid; EC-Naprosyn; Excedrin IB; Excedrin IB Caple http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202743.html

Etidronate •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Didronel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202233.html

Laxatives •

Oral - U.S. Brands: Afko-Lube; Afko-Lube Lax 40; Agoral Marshmallow; Agoral Raspberry; Alaxin; Alophen; Alphamul; Alramucil Orange; Alramucil Regular; Bilagog; Bilax; Bisac-Evac; Black-Draught; Black-Draught Lax-Senna; Carter's Little Pills; Cholac; Chronulac; Cillium; Cit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202319.html

Magnesium Supplements •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Almora; Chloromag; Citroma; Concentrated Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Mag-200; Mag-L-100; Magonate; Mag-Ox 400; Mag-Tab SR; Magtrate; Maox; MGP; Phillips' Chewable Tablets; Phillips' Milk of Magnesia; Slow-Mag; Uro-Mag http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202644.html

Salicylates •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Acuprin 81; Amigesic; Anacin Caplets; Anacin Maximum Strength; Anacin Tablets; Anaflex 750; Arthritis Pain Ascriptin; Arthritis Pain Formula; Arthritis Strength Bufferin; Arthropan; Aspergum; Aspirin Regimen Bayer Adult Low Dose; Aspirin Regimen Bayer R http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202515.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

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Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

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Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database

A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “magnesium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •

NUC - ZM Contact: AIDS Project Los Angeles, 3550 Wilshire Blvd Ste 300, Los Angeles, CA, 900102404, (213) 201-1600, http://www.apla.org. Summary: This report describes the experimental drug NUC-ZM, which consists of a combination of deoxythymidine, zinc, and magnesium. NUC-ZM is thought to inhibit virus replication similar to azidothymidine (AZT) but is claimed to be safer and more effective. The report also contains information on the dosage and administration of NUC-ZM, mode of action, side effects, toxicology, patent status, and regulatory status.

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category.

15 16

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 67766 411 856 80 0 69113

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “magnesium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

17

Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.

18

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

19

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Magnesium In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and magnesium. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for magnesium: •

Magnesium, Elevated Red Cell Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?248260

•

Protein Phosphatase 2c, Magnesium-dependent, Catalytic Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605993

•

Protein Phosphatase, Magnesium-dependent, 1, Beta Isoform Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603770

•

Protein Phosphatase, Magnesium-dependent, 1, Delta Isoform Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605100

•

Protein Phosphatase, Magnesium-dependent, 1, Gamma Isoform Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605119

23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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Protein Phosphatase, Magnesium-dependent, 1a, Alpha Isoform Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606108 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html

•

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell

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anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.”

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Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis. To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

24

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on magnesium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to magnesium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to magnesium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “magnesium”:

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•

Other guides Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Laboratory Tests http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/laboratorytests.html Preeclampsia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/preeclampsia.html Vitamin and Mineral Supplements http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitaminandmineralsupplements.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on magnesium. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Magnesium Source: Gaithersburg, MD: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2000. 13 p. Contact: Available from National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine Clearinghouse. P.O. Box 7923, Gaithersburg, MD 20898. (888) 644-6226; INTERNATIONAL PHONE: (301) 519-3153; TTY: (866) 464-3615; FAX: (866) 464-3616; EMAIL: [email protected]. PRICE: Free. Publication Number: D015. Summary: This fact sheet is designed to provide basic information about the role of magnesium in health and disease and to guide decisions about the use of a magnesium supplement. First, it explains what magnesium is and how it is used by the body, which foods provide magnesium, what the Recommended Dietary Allowance for adults is, when a magnesium deficiency can occur, what the signs of a magnesium deficiency are, who may need extra magnesium, and what the best way to get extra magnesium is. Then, it discusses current issues and controversies related to magnesium and blood pressure, heart disease, osteoporosis, and diabetes. Finally, it discusses the health risk of too much magnesium. The fact sheet includes a table listing selected food sources of magnesium, and 41 references.

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Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •

Facts About Dietary Supplements: Magnesium Summary: The information about magnesium presented in this fact sheet is designed to help you make thoughtful decisions about eating a healthful diet and using vitamin and mineral supplements. Source: Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5523 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to magnesium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to magnesium. By consulting all of associations listed in

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this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with magnesium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about magnesium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “magnesium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “magnesium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “magnesium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “magnesium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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301

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

26

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

27

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on magnesium: •

Basic Guidelines for Magnesium Magnesium in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002423.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Magnesium Anorexia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003121.htm Apathy Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Fatigue Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003088.htm

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Hallucinations Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003258.htm Hyperexcitability Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003212.htm Insomnia Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003210.htm Muscle twitching Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003296.htm Muscle weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Sleepiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm •

Nutrition for Magnesium Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm

•

Background Topics for Magnesium Burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Cardiovascular Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002310.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

Online Glossaries 309

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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MAGNESIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Absenteeism: Chronic absence from work or other duty. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Accommodation: Adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. [EU] Acetic Acids: Acetic acid and its derivatives which may be formed by substitution reactions. Mono- and di-substituted, as well as halogenated compounds have been synthesized. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, atomic number 89, and atomic weight 227.0278. Its principal isotope is 227 and decays primarily by beta-emission. [NIH] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukemia. [NIH] Acute lymphocytic leukemia: ALL. A quickly progressing disease in which too many immature white blood cells called lymphoblasts are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In

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dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenosine Triphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium

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cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Ageing: A physiological or morphological change in the life of an organism or its parts, generally irreversible and typically associated with a decline in growth and reproductive vigor. [NIH] Aggravation: An increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. [EU] Aggressiveness: The quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). [EU] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Albuterol: A racemic mixture with a 1:1 ratio of the r-isomer, levalbuterol, and s-albuterol. It is a short-acting beta 2-adrenergic agonist with its main clinical use in asthma. [NIH] Aldehydes: Organic compounds containing a carbonyl group in the form -CHO. [NIH] Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of fentanyl. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaline Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH]

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Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alpha-1: A protein with the property of inactivating proteolytic enzymes such as leucocyte collagenase and elastase. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alum: A type of immune adjuvant (a substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine). Also called aluminum sulfate. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Aluminum Oxide: Al2O3. An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Ameliorated: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Ameliorating: A changeable condition which prevents the consequence of a failure or accident from becoming as bad as it otherwise would. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acid Substitution: The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more amino acids in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study

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enzyme activities and binding site properties. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains theophylline and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antaganize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines. [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnion: The extraembryonic membrane which contains the embryo and amniotic fluid. [NIH]

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]

Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anaesthetic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. A drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses.

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[NIH]

Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Anhydrides: Chemical compounds derived from acids by the elimination of a molecule of water. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Anisotropy: A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions. [NIH]

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Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]

Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergic: An agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. [EU] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticodon: The sequential set of three nucleotides in transfer RNA that interacts with its complement in messenger RNA, the codon, during translation in the ribosome. [NIH] Anticonvulsants: Drugs used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antimycotic: Suppressing the growth of fungi. [EU]

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Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]

Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm of the aorta. [NIH] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous humor: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arthropathy: Any joint disease. [EU]

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Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-amino-acids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Asphyxia: A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherogenic: Causing the formation of plaque in the lining of the arteries. [NIH] Atmospheric Pressure: The pressure at any point in an atmosphere due solely to the weight of the atmospheric gases above the point concerned. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular

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bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Aura: A subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriophage lambda: A temperate inducible phage and type species of the genus lambdalike Phages, in the family Siphoviridae. Its natural host is E. coli K12. Its virion contains linear double-stranded DNA, except for 12 complementary bases at the 5'-termini of the polynucleotide chains. The DNA circularizes on infection. [NIH] Bacterium: Microscopic organism which may have a spherical, rod-like, or spiral unicellular or non-cellular body. Bacteria usually reproduce through asexual processes. [NIH] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barnacles: Various marine crustaceans, free swimming in the larval state, but permanently fixed as adults; there are some 800 described species, grouped in several genera, including Lepas, Balanus, and Scalpellum. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical

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manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Sequence: The sequence of purines and pyrimidines in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide or nucleoside sequence. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzaldehyde: A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Berylliosis: A lung disease caused by exposure to metallic beryllium or its soluble salts. [NIH]

Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as berylliosis. [NIH]

Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH]

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Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotin: Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4-d)imidazole-4-pentanoic acid. Growth factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.The biotin content of cancerous tissue is higher than that of normal tissue. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bivalent: Pertaining to a group of 2 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH]

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Blood Flow Velocity: A value equal to the total volume flow divided by the cross-sectional area of the vascular bed. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]

Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Boric Acids: Inorganic and organic derivatives of boric acid either B(OH)3 or, preferably H3BO3. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH]

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Bowel Prep: The process used to clean the colon with enemas and a special drink. Used before surgery of the colon, colonoscopy, or barium x-ray. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Injuries: Acute and chronic injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brain stem. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with diffuse axonal injury or coma, posttraumatic. Localized injuries may be associated with neurobehavioral manifestations; hemiparesis, or other focal neurologic deficits. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Breath Tests: Any tests done on exhaled air. [NIH] Breeding: The science or art of changing the constitution of a population of plants or animals through sexual reproduction. [NIH] Broadband: A wide frequency range. Sound whose energy is distributed over a broad range of frequency (generally, more than one octave). [NIH] Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchial Hyperreactivity: Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory. [NIH] Bronchitis: Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi. [NIH] Bronchospasm: Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. [EU] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH]

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Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calcium Pyrophosphate: Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to

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cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Camptothecin: An alkaloid isolated from the stem wood of the Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata. This compound selectively inhibits the nuclear enzyme DNA topoisomerase. Several semisynthetic analogs of camptothecin have demonstrated antitumor activity. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Cardioversion: Electrical reversion of cardiac arrhythmias to normal sinus rhythm, formerly using alternatic current, but now employing direct current. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin)

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and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Celiac Disease: A disease characterized by intestinal malabsorption and precipitated by gluten-containing foods. The intestinal mucosa shows loss of villous structure. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell Physiology: Characteristics and physiological processes of cells from cell division to cell death. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Transplantation: Transference of cells within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH]

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Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebral Palsy: Refers to a motor disability caused by a brain dysfunction. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of

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infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chloramphenicol Resistance: Nonsusceptibility of a bacterium to the action of chloramphenicol, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides. [NIH] Chlorides: Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion. [NIH]

Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Collective term for chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits histamine binding to H2 receptors. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits gastric acid

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secretion, as well as pepsin and gastrin output. It also blocks the activity of cytochrome P450. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical Protocols: Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Clone: The term "clone" has acquired a new meaning. It is applied specifically to the bits of inserted foreign DNA in the hybrid molecules of the population. Each inserted segment originally resided in the DNA of a complex genome amid millions of other DNA segment. [NIH]

Clonic: Pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. [EU] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Clotrimazole: An imidazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimycotic activity. It inhibits biosynthesis of the sterol ergostol, an important component of fungal cell membranes. Its action leads to increased membrane permeability and apparent disruption of enzyme systems bound to the membrane. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co,

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atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cohort Studies: Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon. [NIH] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colostrum: The thin, yellow, serous fluid secreted by the mammary glands during

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pregnancy and immediately postpartum before lactation begins. It consists of immunologically active substances, white blood cells, water, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. [NIH]

Combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementation: The production of a wild-type phenotype when two different mutations are combined in a diploid or a heterokaryon and tested in trans-configuration. [NIH] Compress: A plug used to occludate an orifice in the control of bleeding, or to mop up secretions; an absorbent pad. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU]

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Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connexins: A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of gap junctions. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Contusion: A bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. [EU] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Convulsive: Relating or referring to spasm; affected with spasm; characterized by a spasm or spasms. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cowpox: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal. [NIH] Cowpox Virus: A species of orthopoxvirus that is the etiologic agent of cowpox. It is closely related to but antigenically different from vaccina virus. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Creatine: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. [NIH]

Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Crossing-over: The exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosia, forming a chiasma. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyanobacteria: A subgroup of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria comprised of unicellular to multicellular photosynthetic bacteria possessing chlorophyll a and carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria are the only known organisms capable of fixing both carbon dioxide (in the presence of light) and nitrogen. Formerly called blue-green algae, cyanobacteria were traditionally treated as algae. By the late 19th century, however, it was realized that the blue-green algae were unique and lacked the traditional nucleus and chloroplasts of the green and other algae. The comparison of nucleotide base sequence data from 16S and 5S rRNA indicates that cyanobacteria represent a moderately deep phylogenetic unit within the gram-negative bacteria. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH]

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Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]

Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Decompression: Decompression external to the body, most often the slow lessening of external pressure on the whole body (especially in caisson workers, deep sea divers, and persons who ascend to great heights) to prevent decompression sickness. It includes also sudden accidental decompression, but not surgical (local) decompression or decompression applied through body openings. [NIH] Decompression Sickness: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death. [NIH] Defibrillation: The act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return. [EU]

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Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delivery of Health Care: The concept concerned with all aspects of providing and distributing health services to a patient population. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Cements: Substances used as bonding or luting agents in restorative denistry, root canal therapy, prosthedontics, and orthodontics. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Detoxification: Treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. [EU] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH]

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Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fiber: The remnants of plant cell walls that are resistant to digestion by the alimentary enzymes of man. It comprises various polysaccharides and lignins. [NIH] Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa. [NIH] Differential Thermal Analysis: Technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated. [NIH] Diffuse Axonal Injury: A relatively common sequela of blunt head injury, characterized by a global disruption of axons throughout the brain. Associated clinical features may include neurobehavioral manifestations; persistent vegetative state; dementia; and other disorders. [NIH]

Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimerization: The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH]

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Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Dipyridamole: A drug that prevents blood cell clumping and enhances the effectiveness of fluorouracil and other chemotherapeutic agents. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Dislocation: The displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. [EU]

Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dithionite: The dithionous acid ion and its salts. [NIH] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drip: The continuous slow introduction of a fluid containing nutrients or drugs. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Dross: Residue remaining in an opium pipe which has been smoked; contains 50 % of the morphine present in the original drug. [NIH] Drug Design: The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNAbinding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular

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properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dwell time: In peritoneal dialysis, the amount of time a bag of dialysate remains in the patient's abdominal cavity during an exchange. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyslipidemia: Disorders in the lipoprotein metabolism; classified as hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, combined hyperlipidemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. All of the dyslipidemias can be primary or secondary. Both elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and low levels of HDL cholesterol predispose to premature atherosclerosis. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dysprosium: Dysprosium. An element of the rare earth family that has the atomic symbol Dy, atomic number 66, and atomic weight 162.50. Dysprosium is a silvery metal used primarily in the form of various salts. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Electric Conductivity: The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of electrons. [NIH] Electric shock: A dangerous patho-physiological effect resulting from an electric current passing through the body of a human or animal. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH]

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Electroencephalography: Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emphysema: A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH]

Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have

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filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxic: Of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). [EU] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erbium: Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromelalgia: Disease marked by paroxysmal, bilateral vasodilatation, particularly of the extremities, with burning pain, and increased skin temperature and redness. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH]

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Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exercise Test: Controlled physical activity, more strenuous than at rest, which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used. The intensity of exercise is often graded, using criteria such as rate of work done, oxygen consumption, and heart rate. Physiological data obtained from an exercise test may be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of disease severity, and to evaluate therapy. Data may also be used in prescribing exercise by determining a person's exercise capacity. [NIH] Exercise Tolerance: The exercise capacity of an individual as measured by endurance (maximal exercise duration and/or maximal attained work load) during an exercise test. [NIH]

Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives).

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[EU]

Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extrarenal: Outside of the kidney. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Febrile: Pertaining to or characterized by fever. [EU] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fentanyl: A narcotic opioid drug that is used in the treatment of pain. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetal Hemoglobin: The major component of hemoglobin in the fetus. This hemoglobin has two alpha and two gamma polypeptide subunits in comparison to normal adult hemoglobin, which has two alpha and two beta polypeptide subunits. Fetal hemoglobin concentrations can be elevated (usually above 0.5%) in children and adults affected by leukemia and several types of anemia. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH]

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Fibrillation: A small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. [EU] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibronectin: An adhesive glycoprotein. One form circulates in plasma, acting as an opsonin; another is a cell-surface protein which mediates cellular adhesive interactions. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fine-needle aspiration: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. [NIH] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavodoxin: A low-molecular-weight (16,000) iron-free flavoprotein containing one molecule of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and isolated from bacteria grown on an irondeficient medium. It can replace ferredoxin in all the electron-transfer functions in which the latter is known to serve in bacterial cells. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen

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family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Forskolin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant Coleus forskohlii. Has antihypertensive, positive ionotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland. [NIH] Fossil Fuels: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Frameshift: A type of mutation which causes out-of-phase transcription of the base sequence; such mutations arise from the addition or delection of nucleotide(s) in numbers other than 3 or multiples of 3. [NIH] Frameshift Mutation: A type of mutation in which a number of nucleotides not divisible by three is deleted from or inserted into a coding sequence, thereby causing an alteration in the reading frame of the entire sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of mutagens or may occur spontaneously. [NIH] Francium: A radioactive alkali metal with the atomic symbol Fr, atomic number 87, and atomic weight 223. The mass numbers of other known isotopes are 204-213, 217-222, and 224. Its valence is +1. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Galactosemia: Buildup of galactose in the blood. Caused by lack of one of the enzymes

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needed to break down galactose into glucose. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72. [NIH] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Emptying: The evacuation of food from the stomach into the duodenum. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]

Gastric Mucosa: Surface epithelium in the stomach that invaginates into the lamina propria, forming gastric pits. Tubular glands, characteristic of each region of the stomach (cardiac, gastric, and pyloric), empty into the gastric pits. The gastric mucosa is made up of several different kinds of cells. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroesophageal Reflux: Reflux of gastric juice and/or duodenal contents (bile acids, pancreatic juice) into the distal esophagus, commonly due to incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastric regurgitation is an extension of this process with entry of fluid into the pharynx or mouth. [NIH] Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Flow of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. Happens when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach (the lower esophageal sphincter) is weak or relaxes when it shouldn't. May cause esophagitis. Also called esophageal reflux or reflux esophagitis. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be

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unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]

Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.59. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Gliadin: Simple protein, one of the prolamines, derived from the gluten of wheat, rye, etc. May be separated into 4 discrete electrophoretic fractions. It is the toxic factor associated with celiac disease. [NIH] Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time. It is considered to be equivalent to inulin clearance. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH]

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Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throught the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]

Gluten: The protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. [EU] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycolysis: The pathway by which glucose is catabolized into two molecules of pyruvic acid with the generation of ATP. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as

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glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonad: A sex organ, such as an ovary or a testicle, which produces the gametes in most multicellular animals. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH] Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gutta-Percha: Trans-Polyisoprene. Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU]

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Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hazardous Substances: Substances which, upon release into the atmosphere, water, or soil, or which, in direct contact with the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes, or as additives to food, cause health risks to humans or animals through absorption, inhalation, or ingestion. The concept includes safe handling, transportation, and storage of these substances. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Health Care Costs: The actual costs of providing services related to the delivery of health care, including the costs of procedures, therapies, and medications. It is differentiated from health expenditures, which refers to the amount of money paid for the services, and from fees, which refers to the amount charged, regardless of cost. [NIH] Health Expenditures: The amounts spent by individuals, groups, nations, or private or public organizations for total health care and/or its various components. These amounts may or may not be equivalent to the actual costs (health care costs) and may or may not be shared among the patient, insurers, and/or employers. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Heartburn: Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus. [NIH] Hematologist: A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the blood. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hemiparesis: The weakness or paralysis affecting one side of the body. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH]

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Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin C: A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes. [NIH] Hemoglobin H: An abnormal hemoglobin composed of four beta chains. It is caused by the reduced synthesis of the alpha chain. This abnormality results in alpha-thalassemia. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemorrhagic stroke: A disorder involving bleeding within ischemic brain tissue. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when blood vessels that are damaged or dead from lack of blood supply (infarcted), located within an area of infarcted brain tissue, rupture and transform an "ischemic" stroke into a hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemia is inadequate tissue oxygenation caused by reduced blood flow; infarction is tissue death resulting from ischemia. Bleeding irritates the brain tissues, causing swelling (cerebral edema). Blood collects into a mass (hematoma). Both swelling and hematoma will compress and displace brain tissue. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterodimer: Zippered pair of nonidentical proteins. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Heterotrophic: Pertaining to organisms that are consumers and dependent on other organisms for their source of energy (food). [NIH]

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Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Hospitals, Rural: Hospitals located in a rural area. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hybridomas: Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrocephalus: Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranium which may be associated with dilation of cerebral ventricles, intracranial hypertension; headache; lethargy; urinary incontinence; and ataxia (and in infants macrocephaly). This condition may be caused by obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways due to neurologic abnormalities, intracranial hemorrhages; central nervous system infections; brain neoplasms; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. Impaired resorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the arachnoid villi results in a communicating form of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo refers to ventricular dilation that occurs as a result of brain substance loss from cerebral infarction and other conditions. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrofluoric Acid: A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid

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which can cause painful burns. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hydroxyurea: An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. [NIH] Hyperalgesia: Excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. [EU] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycaemia: Abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. [EU] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypertriglyceridemia: Condition of elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood; an inherited form occurs in familial hyperlipoproteinemia IIb and hyperlipoproteinemia type IV. It has been linked to higher risk of heart disease and arteriosclerosis. [NIH] Hypokalaemia: Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other

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conditions. [NIH] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Imaging procedures: Methods of producing pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Imidazole: C3H4N2. The ring is present in polybenzimidazoles. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune adjuvant: A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incompetence: Physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]

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Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune,

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genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Integrase: An enzyme that inserts DNA into the host genome. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and also by temperate bacteriophages, the best known being bacteriophage lambda. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-6: Factor that stimulates the growth and differentiation of human B-cells and is also a growth factor for hybridomas and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-cells, monocytes, and fibroblasts. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraocular pressure: Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; normal IOP varies among individuals. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Introns: Non-coding, intervening sequences of DNA that are transcribed, but are removed from within the primary gene transcript and rapidly degraded during maturation of messenger RNA. Most genes in the nuclei of eukaryotes contain introns, as do mitochondrial and chloroplast genes. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

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Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channel Gating: The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ionophores: Chemical agents that increase the permeability of biological or artificial lipid membranes to specific ions. Most ionophores are relatively small organic molecules that act as mobile carriers within membranes or coalesce to form ion permeable channels across membranes. Many are antibiotics, and many act as uncoupling agents by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ion-Selective Electrodes: Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions. [NIH] Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isocyanates: Organic compounds that contain the -NCO radical. [NIH]

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Isotonic: A biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. [EU] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Isradipine: 4-(4-Benzofurazanyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 1-methyl ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel antagonist that is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratolytic: An agent that promotes keratolysis. [EU] Kerosene: A refined petroleum fraction used as a fuel as well as a solvent. [NIH] Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (receptors, NMethyl-D-Aspartate) and may interact with sigma receptors. [NIH] Keto: It consists of 8 carbon atoms and within the endotoxins, it connects poysaccharide and lipid A. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Pelvis: The flattened, funnel-shaped expansion connecting the ureter to the kidney calices. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Laceration: 1. The act of tearing. 2. A torn, ragged, mangled wound. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically

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conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Lanthanum: The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leprosy: A chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of procaine but its duration of action is shorter than that of bupivacaine or prilocaine. [NIH] Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Lincomycin: (2S-trans)-Methyl 6,8-dideoxy-6-(((1-methyl-4-propyl-2pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)-1-thio-D-erythro-alpha-D-galacto-octopyranoside. An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections. [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH]

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Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipopolysaccharides: Substance consisting of polysaccaride and lipid. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lisinopril: An orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver cancer: A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver. [NIH]

Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lower Esophageal Sphincter: The muscle between the esophagus and stomach. When a person swallows, this muscle relaxes to let food pass from the esophagus to the stomach. It stays closed at other times to keep stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. [NIH]

Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutetium: Lutetium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Lu, atomic number 71, and atomic weight 175. [NIH] Luxation: The displacement of the particular surface of a bone from its normal joint, without fracture. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH]

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Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphoblasts: Interferon produced predominantly by leucocyte cells. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Chloride: Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys. [NIH] Magnesium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malabsorption syndrome: A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU]

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Man-made: Ionizing radiation emitted by artificial or concentrated natural, radioactive material or resulting from the operation of high voltage apparatus, such as X-ray apparatus or particle accelerators, of nuclear reactors, or from nuclear explosions. [NIH] Mannitol: A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity. [NIH] Mastitis: Inflammatory disease of the breast, or mammary gland. [NIH] Maternal Mortality: Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Megaloblastic: A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. [EU] Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Mendelevium: A man-made radioactive element of the actinide family with atomic symbol Md, atomic number 101, and atomic weight 258. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH]

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Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Menthol: An alcohol produced from mint oils or prepared synthetically. [NIH] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metaphase: The second phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes line up across the equatorial plane of the spindle prior to separation. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylate: A vinyl monomer. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Micro-organism: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g.

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unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH]

labeled

with

Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and heat (infrared) waves. Microwaves are used to generate heat, especially in some types of diathermy. They may cause heat damage to tissues. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineral Waters: Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases (carbon dioxide). [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]

Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH]

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Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motion Sickness: Sickness caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, and air sickness. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Mutagenicity: Ability to damage DNA, the genetic material; the power to cause mutations. [NIH]

Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH]

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Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]

Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH]

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Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Needle biopsy: The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neodymium: Neodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Nd, atomic number 60, and atomic weight 144.24, and is used in industrial applications. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neonatology: A subspecialty of pediatrics concerned with the newborn infant. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Neptunium: A radioactive element of the actinide metals family. It has the atomic symbol Np, atomic number 93, and atomic weight 237. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurobehavioral Manifestations: Signs and symptoms of higher cortical dysfunction caused by organic conditions. These include certain behavioral alterations and impairments of skills involved in the acquisition, processing, and utilization of knowledge or information. [NIH]

Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They are divided into macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and schwann cells) and microglia. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the blood-brain and blood-retina barriers, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release

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transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Blockade: The intentional interruption of transmission at the neuromuscular junction by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from nerve block in which nerve conduction is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce muscle relaxation as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here. [NIH] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids. [NIH] Neurotoxicity: The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system. [NIH]

Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight

Dictionary 369

58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogenase: An enzyme system that catalyzes the fixing of nitrogen in soil bacteria and blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). EC 1.18.6.1. [NIH] Nonulcer Dyspepsia: Constant pain or discomfort in the upper GI tract. Symptoms include burning, nausea, and bloating, but no ulcer. Possibly caused by muscle spasms. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleolus: A small dense body (sub organelle) within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, visible by phase contrast and interference microscopy in live cells throughout interphase. Contains RNA and protein and is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU]

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Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oncogenic: Chemical, viral, radioactive or other agent that causes cancer; carcinogenic. [NIH] Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating cancer. Some oncologists specialize in a particular type of cancer treatment. For example, a radiation oncologist specializes in treating cancer with radiation. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operon: The genetic unit consisting of a feedback system under the control of an operator gene, in which a structural gene transcribes its message in the form of mRNA upon blockade of a repressor produced by a regulator gene. Included here is the attenuator site of bacterial operons where transcription termination is regulated. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osmolarity: The concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. [EU] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gamma-

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carboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Overdosage: 1. The administration of an excessive dose. 2. The condition resulting from an excessive dose. [EU] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU]

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Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously,

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subcutaneously). [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Partnership Practice: A voluntary contract between two or more doctors who may or may not share responsibility for the care of patients, with proportional sharing of profits and losses. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathologies: The study of abnormality, especially the study of diseases. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Pepsin A: Formed from pig pepsinogen by cleavage of one peptide bond. The enzyme is a single polypeptide chain and is inhibited by methyl 2-diaazoacetamidohexanoate. It cleaves peptides preferentially at the carbonyl linkages of phenylalanine or leucine and acts as the principal digestive enzyme of gastric juice. [NIH] Peptic: Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. [EU] Peptic Ulcer: Ulcer that occurs in those portions of the alimentary tract which come into contact with gastric juice containing pepsin and acid. It occurs when the amount of acid and pepsin is sufficient to overcome the gastric mucosal barrier. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: A type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to check the flow of blood to normal tissue and diseased tissue. [NIH] Perinatal: Pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. [EU] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological

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systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis simplex. [NIH]

Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmacodynamic: Is concerned with the response of living tissues to chemical stimuli, that is, the action of drugs on the living organism in the absence of disease. [NIH] Pharmacokinetic: The mathematical analysis of the time courses of absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH]

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Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptors: Cells specialized to detect and transduce light. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth

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day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plant sterols: Plant-based compounds that can compete with dietary cholesterol to be absorbed by the intestines. This results in lower blood cholesterol levels. They may have some effect in cancer prevention. Also known as phytosterols. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasmapheresis: Procedure whereby plasma is separated and extracted from anticoagulated whole blood and the red cells retransfused to the donor. Plasmapheresis is also employed for therapeutic use. [NIH] Plasmid: An autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule found in many bacteria. Plasmids are widely used as carriers of cloned genes. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. Plastids are used in phylogenetic studies. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

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Point Mutation: A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]

Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polyurethanes: A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as elastomers, as coatings, as fibers and as foams. [NIH] Population Growth: Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU]

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Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Chloride: Potassium chloride. A white crystal or crystalline powder used as an electrolyte replenisher, in the treatment of hypokalemia, in buffer solutions, and in fertilizers and explosives. [NIH] Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher. [NIH] Potassium hydroxide: A toxic and highly corrosive chemical used to make soap, in bleaching, and as a paint remover. It is used in small amounts as a food additive and in the preparatrion of some drugs. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiating: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Praseodymium: Praseodymium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice. [NIH]

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Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016). [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prokaryotic Cells: Cells, such as those of bacteria and the blue green algae, which lack a nuclear membrane so that the nuclear material is either scattered in the cytoplasm or collected in a nucleoid region. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promethium: Promethium. A radioactive element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pm, atomic number 61, and atomic weight 147. It has been used in the construction of atomic batteries, in the preparation of self-luminous compounds, and as a beta-particle source for thickness gauges. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Propofol: A widely used anesthetic. [NIH] Propolis: Resinous substance obtained from beehives; contains many different substances which may have antimicrobial or antimycotic activity topically; its extracts are called propolis resin or balsam. Synonyms: bee bread; hive dross; bee glue. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prostatic Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the prostate. [NIH] Protactinium: Protactinium. A radioactive element of the actinide group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pa, atomic number 91, and atomic weight 231. It decays by alpha-emission. [NIH]

Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a

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protein). [EU] Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific proteinbinding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of a multimeric protein. They can be identical or non-identical subunits. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Pseudotumor Cerebri: A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by headaches; nausea; papilledema, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile tinnitus. Obesity is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic papilledema may lead to optic nerve injury (optic nerve diseases) and visual loss (blindness). [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man

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and animals. [NIH] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulmonary hypertension: Abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40. [NIH] Quadrivalent: Pertaining to a group of 4 homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to the first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation oncologist: A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer. [NIH] Radio Waves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum beyond the microwaves, with wavelengths as high as 30 KM. They are used in communications, including television. Short

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Wave or HF (high frequency), UHF (ultrahigh frequency) and VHF (very high frequency) waves are used in citizen's band communication. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Railroads: Permanent roads having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid to gage, usually on a leveled or graded ballasted roadbed and providing a track for freight cars, passenger cars, and other rolling stock. Cars are designed to be drawn by locomotives or sometimes propelled by self-contained motors. (From Webster's 3d) The concept includes the organizational and administrative aspects of railroads as well. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reactive Oxygen Species: Reactive intermediate oxygen species including both radicals and non-radicals. These substances are constantly formed in the human body and have been shown to kill bacteria and inactivate proteins, and have been implicated in a number of diseases. Scientific data exist that link the reactive oxygen species produced by inflammatory phagocytes to cancer development. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Recombination: The formation of new combinations of genes as a result of segregation in crosses between genetically different parents; also the rearrangement of linked genes due to

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crossing-over. [NIH] Recovery Room: Hospital unit providing continuous monitoring of the patient following anesthesia. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflective: Capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. [EU] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic

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obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Repressor: Any of the specific allosteric protein molecules, products of regulator genes, which bind to the operator of operons and prevent RNA polymerase from proceeding into the operon to transcribe messenger RNA. [NIH] Research Design: A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinopathy: 1. Retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. Retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). [EU] Reversion: A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. [NIH] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rhythmicity: Regular periodicity. [NIH] Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides using NADPH as the ultimate electron donor. The deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates are used in DNA synthesis. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.17.4.1. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the

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cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Ritodrine: Adrenergic beta-agonist used to control premature labor. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells. [NIH] Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for platinum and palladium. [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates. It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus. Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain. [NIH]

Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics

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when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcolemma: The plasma membrane of a smooth, striated, or cardiac muscle fiber. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scandium: Scandium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sc, atomic number 21, and atomic weight 45. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensitization: 1. Administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. Exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. The coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in

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the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. [EU] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Sickle Cell Trait: The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Recognition Particle: A cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex that acts to induce elongation arrest of nascent presecretory and membrane proteins until the ribosome becomes associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It consists of a 7S RNA and at least six polypeptide subunits (relative molecular masses 9, 14, 19, 54, 68, and 72K). [NIH] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of

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protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Silicone Elastomers: Polymers of silicone that are formed by crosslinking and treatment with amorphous silica to increase strength. They have properties similar to vulcanized natural rubber, in that they stretch under tension, retract rapidly, and fully recover to their original dimensions upon release. They are used in the encapsulation of surgical membranes and implants. [NIH] Simethicone: A mixture of dimethyl polysiloxanes and silica gel used as an antiflatulent. Without the addition of silica gel (dimethicone), it is used as an ointment base ingredient and skin protectant. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smallpox: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Fluoride: A source of inorganic fluoride which is used topically to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solar Energy: Energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. [NIH]

Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of

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dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Spermatocyte: An early stage in the development of a spermatozoon. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spices: The dried seeds, bark, root, stems, buds, leaves, or fruit of aromatic plants used to season food. [NIH] Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU]

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Sprue: A non febrile tropical disease of uncertain origin. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Status Asthmaticus: A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem cell transplantation: A method of replacing immature blood-forming cells that were destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to the person after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stillbirth: The birth of a dead fetus or baby. [NIH] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Streptococcus: A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size,

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stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Struvite: A type of kidney stone caused by infection. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH]

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Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH] Synchrotron: An accelerator in which the particles are guided by an increasing magnetic field while they are accelerated several times in an approximately circular path by electric fields produced by a high-frequency generator. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Tellurium: Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terbium: Terbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetani: Causal agent of tetanus. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH]

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Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Theophylline: Alkaloid obtained from Thea sinensis (tea) and others. It stimulates the heart and central nervous system, dilates bronchi and blood vessels, and causes diuresis. The drug is used mainly in bronchial asthma and for myocardial stimulation. Among its more prominent cellular effects are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and antagonism of adenosine receptors. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiostrepton: Polypeptide-containing antibiotic isolated from a species of Streptomyces in New Mexican soil. It appears to be highly active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, thiostrepton has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH]

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Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thulium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tm, atomic number 69, and atomic weight 168.93. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tocolysis: Any drug treatment modality designed to inhibit uterine contractions in pregnant women at risk for preterm labor. [NIH] Toilet Training: Conditioning to defecate and urinate in culturally acceptable places. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of test substances. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and

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pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tracer: A substance (such as a radioisotope) used in imaging procedures. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translating: Conversion from one language to another language. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Triad: Trivalent. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH]

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Trypanosomiasis: Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Typhimurium: Microbial assay which measures his-his+ reversion by chemicals which cause base substitutions or frameshift mutations in the genome of this organism. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Uncoupling Agents: Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those ionophores that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes. [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH]

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Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccinia: The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine. [NIH] Vaccinia Virus: The type species of Orthopoxvirus, related to cowpox virus, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against smallpox. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of vaccinia virus. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vanadium: Vanadium. A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs. [NIH]

398 Magnesium

Variola: A generalized virus infection with a vesicular rash. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular Resistance: An expression of the resistance offered by the systemic arterioles, and to a lesser extent by the capillaries, to the flow of blood. [NIH] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilatation: A state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular fibrillation: Rapid, irregular quivering of the heart's ventricles, with no effective heartbeat. [NIH] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the

Dictionary 399

synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitamin K: A substance that promotes the clotting of blood. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]

Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Wheezing: Breathing with a rasp or whistling sound; a sign of airway constriction or obstruction. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Ytterbium: Ytterbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable X-ray source. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

400 Magnesium

401

INDEX A Abdominal, 66, 311, 339, 346, 361, 372, 374 Abdominal Pain, 311, 346, 361 Aberrant, 34, 57, 311 Absenteeism, 224, 311 Acceptor, 311, 360, 371 Accommodation, 225, 311 Acetic Acids, 185, 311 Acetylcholine, 311, 329, 369 Acidosis, 110, 311 Acrylonitrile, 210, 211, 215, 311, 385 Actin, 166, 311, 365, 366, 395 Actinium, 232, 233, 311 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 85, 311 Acute lymphocytic leukemia, 311 Acyl, 45, 251, 311 Adaptability, 311, 327 Adaptation, 20, 74, 311, 376 Adenine, 312, 381 Adenosine, 4, 9, 13, 62, 68, 312, 375, 393 Adenosine Triphosphate, 4, 312, 375 Adenylate Cyclase, 312, 345 Adhesives, 216, 311, 312 Adjustment, 5, 311, 312 Adjuvant, 109, 134, 141, 142, 312, 314, 346 Adrenal Medulla, 312, 327, 341, 369 Adrenergic, 13, 80, 312, 313, 315, 338, 341, 385, 389, 391 Adsorption, 202, 312 Adsorptive, 312 Adverse Effect, 256, 276, 312, 387 Aerobic, 56, 312, 342, 364 Affinity, 9, 52, 58, 101, 161, 312, 313, 319, 367, 388 Affinity Chromatography, 101, 312 Agar, 312, 376 Age Groups, 256, 313 Age of Onset, 313, 396 Aged, 80 and Over, 313 Ageing, 95, 313 Aggravation, 313, 390 Aggressiveness, 184, 313 Agonist, 37, 313, 338, 385 Agoraphobia, 313, 354, 372 Airway, 313, 324, 399 Albumin, 79, 313, 376 Albuterol, 67, 152, 313 Aldehydes, 185, 313

Alfentanil, 107, 313 Algorithms, 313, 322 Alimentary, 3, 313, 337, 372, 373 Alkaline Phosphatase, 21, 49, 313 Alkaloid, 313, 326, 331, 393 Alkalosis, 313, 393 Alleles, 17, 314, 352 Allergen, 216, 217, 314, 386 Allo, 314, 349 Allograft, 220, 314 Alpha Particles, 314, 381 Alpha-1, 314, 315 Alternative medicine, 26, 273, 314 Alum, 221, 314, 331 Aluminum Hydroxide, 94, 152, 195, 253, 275, 314 Aluminum Oxide, 208, 209, 253, 314 Alveolar Process, 314, 384 Ameliorated, 30, 314 Ameliorating, 56, 314 Amine, 314, 352 Amino Acid Sequence, 15, 314, 317, 347 Amino Acid Substitution, 65, 314 Aminophylline, 158, 315 Amino-terminal, 60, 315 Amitriptyline, 82, 315 Ammonia, 19, 314, 315, 348 Amnion, 315 Amniotic Fluid, 88, 315, 347 Amphetamines, 156, 315, 331 Amplification, 51, 76, 315 Amygdala, 315, 320, 393 Anaerobic, 216, 315 Anaesthesia, 68, 78, 79, 81, 82, 92, 93, 99, 100, 107, 108, 109, 315, 355 Anaesthetic, 82, 315 Anal, 88, 315, 344 Analgesic, 66, 272, 313, 315, 391, 395 Analog, 315, 330, 345 Analogous, 315, 339, 377, 395 Analytes, 46, 315 Anaphylatoxins, 316, 332 Anaplasia, 316, 367 Anatomical, 316, 320, 337, 340, 354, 386 Anemia, 18, 21, 85, 128, 151, 292, 316, 323, 325, 331, 343, 345, 381 Anesthetics, 37, 316, 341 Aneurysm, 316, 318, 398

402 Magnesium

Angina, 143, 271, 316, 358, 368 Angina Pectoris, 316, 358 Angioplasty, 316, 366 Angiotensinogen, 316, 383 Anhydrides, 185, 316 Animal model, 12, 21, 32, 48, 316 Anionic, 43, 202, 316 Anions, 202, 233, 313, 316, 357, 387 Anisotropy, 167, 218, 316 Annealing, 24, 51, 230, 252, 317 Anode, 176, 213, 221, 228, 242, 316, 317 Antagonism, 317, 337, 393 Antiarrhythmic, 69, 268, 317 Antibacterial, 317, 330, 389 Antibiotic, 317, 358, 359, 389, 393 Antibodies, 48, 49, 317, 350, 352, 361, 376 Antibody, 49, 312, 317, 332, 350, 352, 354, 355, 362, 386, 389 Anticholinergic, 315, 317 Anticoagulant, 317, 380 Anticodon, 44, 317 Anticonvulsants, 93, 317 Antidepressant, 315, 317, 354 Antidote, 317, 325 Antigen, 34, 49, 312, 317, 332, 352, 353, 354, 355, 362, 386 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 317, 332 Antihypertensive, 101, 317, 345, 368 Anti-infective, 317, 353, 357 Antimicrobial, 11, 317, 330, 336, 379 Antimony, 184, 186, 215, 228, 232, 233, 237, 317 Antimycotic, 317, 330, 379 Antineoplastic, 318, 345, 353, 368, 391, 397 Antineoplastic Agents, 318, 368 Antioxidant, 45, 68, 136, 318, 319, 371 Antiseptic, 186, 318, 399 Antiviral, 249, 318 Anxiety, 127, 143, 318, 372 Aorta, 97, 103, 138, 318, 326, 333, 398 Aortic Aneurysm, 95, 318 Apheresis, 170, 318 Apnea, 101, 271, 318 Apolipoproteins, 318, 360 Apoptosis, 22, 97, 318 Applicability, 219, 318 Aqueous, 9, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 203, 217, 229, 253, 318, 321, 329, 335, 340, 353, 359, 361 Aqueous humor, 9, 318, 329 Arginine, 32, 316, 318, 369 Argon, 248, 318

Aromatic, 8, 176, 180, 196, 318, 326, 375, 389, 391 Arrhythmia, 12, 75, 144, 317, 318 Arterial, 95, 134, 136, 318, 329, 353, 380, 392 Arteries, 99, 103, 318, 319, 323, 333, 357, 360, 363, 366, 381 Arteriolar, 318, 324, 383 Arterioles, 318, 323, 398 Arthropathy, 63, 318 Asbestos, 184, 319 Asbestosis, 319 Ascorbic Acid, 199, 319, 353, 371 Aseptic, 45, 319 Aspartate, 61, 64, 67, 319, 358 Aspartic, 15, 167, 319, 342 Aspartic Acid, 15, 167, 319 Asphyxia, 99, 319 Assay, 35, 53, 319, 396 Astringent, 319, 399 Astrocytes, 319, 347, 367 Asymptomatic, 319, 372 Ataxia, 291, 319, 352, 393 Atherogenic, 76, 319 Atmospheric Pressure, 179, 319 Atrial, 69, 73, 88, 108, 139, 141, 271, 319 Atrial Fibrillation, 69, 73, 88, 108, 141, 271, 319 Atrioventricular, 319, 391 Atrioventricular Node, 319, 391 Atrium, 319, 320, 326, 391, 398 Atrophy, 291, 320, 367 Attenuated, 320, 337 Attenuation, 69, 320 Atypical, 46, 320 Aura, 88, 270, 320 Autodigestion, 320, 372 Autoimmune disease, 210, 320 Autonomic, 311, 320, 369, 374 Axons, 320, 337, 356 B Bacterial Physiology, 312, 320 Bactericidal, 133, 320, 342 Bacteriophage, 320, 356, 376, 395 Bacteriophage lambda, 320, 356 Bacterium, 64, 320, 329, 351 Barium, 164, 192, 219, 227, 232, 233, 241, 259, 320, 324 Barnacles, 219, 320 Basal Ganglia, 319, 320, 353 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 319, 320, 353 Base Sequence, 321, 334, 345, 347

Index 403

Basement Membrane, 321, 343 Benign, 18, 321, 350, 367 Bentonite, 83, 321 Benzaldehyde, 243, 321 Benzene, 246, 321 Berylliosis, 321 Beryllium, 84, 165, 184, 228, 232, 233, 238, 245, 321 Beta Rays, 321, 340 Bicarbonates, 192, 321 Bilateral, 22, 69, 321, 341 Bile, 321, 346, 360, 390 Bile Acids, 321, 346, 390 Biliary, 173, 321, 325, 372 Biliary Tract, 321, 325, 372 Bilirubin, 313, 321 Binding agent, 204, 321 Binding Sites, 9, 17, 33, 35, 43, 44, 57, 84, 321 Biochemical, 10, 19, 35, 40, 46, 47, 53, 56, 57, 58, 68, 76, 84, 85, 105, 128, 314, 322, 387 Biochemical reactions, 58, 322 Biological Transport, 322, 337 Biomarkers, 169, 322 Biomass, 224, 257, 322 Biopsy, 322 Biosynthesis, 9, 10, 19, 56, 61, 322, 330, 345, 387 Biotechnology, 59, 60, 66, 264, 273, 287, 290, 291, 292, 322 Biotin, 15, 21, 322 Biotransformation, 322 Bipolar Disorder, 43, 167, 322 Bismuth, 184, 186, 195, 213, 228, 232, 233, 241, 322 Bivalent, 219, 322 Bladder, 322, 379, 383, 397 Blastocyst, 322, 332, 376 Bloating, 275, 322, 355, 361, 369 Blood Coagulation, 87, 322, 323, 325, 394 Blood Flow Velocity, 73, 86, 323 Blood Glucose, 80, 131, 323, 351, 355 Blood Platelets, 323, 387 Blood Viscosity, 25, 140, 323 Blot, 64, 323 Body Fluids, 313, 322, 323, 324, 339, 388, 396 Body Mass Index, 323, 371 Bolus, 29, 30, 323 Bolus infusion, 323 Bone Density, 31, 173, 323

Bone Marrow, 311, 321, 323, 334, 354, 361, 365, 390 Bone Resorption, 11, 27, 31, 68, 128, 323 Boric Acids, 185, 323 Boron, 119, 168, 184, 198, 233, 237, 239, 240, 241, 275, 323 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 323 Bowel, 90, 147, 148, 315, 323, 324, 337, 356, 359, 374 Bowel Movement, 323, 337 Bowel Prep, 90, 324 Bradykinin, 324, 369, 376 Brain Injuries, 29, 30, 170, 171, 324 Brain Stem, 324, 328 Branch, 53, 104, 166, 305, 324, 340, 373, 381, 389, 392, 393 Breakdown, 21, 233, 324, 337, 346 Breath Tests, 3, 324 Breeding, 197, 324 Broadband, 229, 324 Bromine, 180, 184, 233, 324 Bronchi, 324, 341, 342, 393, 395 Bronchial, 88, 169, 271, 315, 324, 352, 393 Bronchial Hyperreactivity, 88, 271, 324 Bronchitis, 324, 329 Bronchospasm, 134, 324 Buccal, 324, 360 Buffers, 139, 324 Bupivacaine, 324, 359 Butyric Acid, 48, 324 Bypass, 324, 366 C Cadmium, 79, 129, 162, 166, 167, 198, 205, 228, 232, 233, 237, 241, 258, 325 Cadmium Poisoning, 325 Calcification, 138, 325 Calcineurin, 89, 325 Calcium Carbonate, 81, 132, 192, 195, 221, 275, 325 Calcium channel blocker, 266, 325 Calcium Channels, 7, 325 Calcium Chloride, 194, 325 Calcium Hydroxide, 195, 325 Calcium Oxalate, 20, 38, 275, 325, 371 Calcium Pyrophosphate, 220, 325 Calculi, 325, 349 Calmodulin, 325 Camptothecin, 53, 326 Capsaicin, 79, 94, 326 Capsules, 326, 344, 346, 347 Carbohydrate, 55, 262, 276, 326, 348, 377

404 Magnesium

Carbon Dioxide, 9, 203, 226, 326, 334, 335, 344, 364, 375, 384 Carboxy, 65, 251, 326 Carboxylic Acids, 185, 326 Carcinogen, 8, 214, 326, 397 Carcinogenesis, 8, 113, 116, 326 Carcinogenic, 321, 326, 355, 370, 379, 390 Cardiac arrest, 99, 326, 391 Cardiomyopathy, 109, 326 Cardiopulmonary, 75, 139, 326 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 75, 139, 326 Cardiovascular, 65, 88, 91, 98, 106, 172, 257, 259, 260, 262, 265, 308, 325, 326, 342, 387 Cardiovascular disease, 98, 257, 326 Cardiovascular System, 98, 262, 265, 326 Cardioversion, 141, 326 Case report, 84, 326, 330 Case series, 326, 330 Catecholamine, 327, 338, 374 Catheterization, 316, 327, 366 Cathode, 213, 317, 321, 327, 340, 342 Cations, 17, 18, 28, 44, 47, 50, 55, 88, 192, 202, 327, 357 Causal, 52, 105, 169, 327, 392 Caustic, 193, 327 Celiac Disease, 5, 144, 276, 327, 347 Cell Adhesion, 25, 327 Cell Count, 21, 327 Cell Cycle, 12, 327, 398 Cell Death, 32, 318, 327, 366 Cell Differentiation, 34, 327, 387 Cell Division, 17, 34, 291, 320, 327, 362, 363, 364, 376, 379, 386 Cell membrane, 43, 60, 322, 325, 327, 330, 336, 346, 357, 358, 375, 399 Cell Physiology, 25, 327 Cell proliferation, 18, 327, 387 Cell Respiration, 327, 364, 384 Cell Survival, 7, 21, 32, 327 Cell Transplantation, 327 Cellobiose, 328 Cellulose, 207, 328, 376 Central Nervous System, 311, 315, 321, 325, 328, 331, 348, 350, 352, 387, 393 Central Nervous System Infections, 328, 350, 352 Centrifugation, 170, 328 Ceramide, 45, 328 Cerebellar, 319, 328, 383 Cerebellum, 324, 328, 383

Cerebral, 39, 73, 81, 85, 86, 171, 271, 319, 320, 324, 328, 333, 341, 342, 351, 352, 367, 393 Cerebral hemispheres, 320, 324, 328 Cerebral Palsy, 171, 328 Cerebrospinal, 9, 328, 352 Cerebrospinal fluid, 9, 328, 352 Cerebrovascular, 172, 321, 326, 328, 369, 393 Cerebrum, 328, 396 Cerium, 164, 227, 232, 233, 241, 328 Cesium, 184, 232, 233, 241, 328 Character, 316, 328, 336, 348 Chelation, 45, 79, 129, 328 Chemotactic Factors, 328, 332 Chemotherapy, 53, 133, 153, 329 Chest Pain, 82, 132, 329 Chloramphenicol Resistance, 58, 329 Chlorides, 190, 191, 246, 329 Chlorine, 186, 191, 194, 233, 246, 329 Chlorophyll, 61, 140, 166, 329, 334 Cholesterol, 122, 129, 147, 258, 321, 329, 333, 339, 353, 360, 376, 386, 390 Cholesterol Esters, 329, 360 Cholinergic, 315, 329 Chromatin, 318, 329 Chromium, 79, 129, 164, 184, 198, 205, 209, 214, 228, 237, 241, 242, 245, 263, 329 Chromosomal, 315, 329, 376 Chromosome, 15, 34, 47, 329, 350, 359, 386, 396 Chronic, 21, 28, 32, 40, 47, 50, 68, 85, 99, 101, 104, 109, 114, 116, 128, 129, 134, 136, 137, 144, 173, 255, 263, 291, 311, 324, 329, 341, 345, 355, 358, 359, 372, 377, 380, 391, 397 Chronic Disease, 255, 329 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 68, 144, 329 Chronic renal, 329, 345, 377, 397 Chylomicrons, 329, 360 Ciliary, 318, 329 Ciliary processes, 318, 329 Cimetidine, 154, 251, 329 Ciprofloxacin, 133, 154, 330 CIS, 46, 330 Citric Acid, 194, 217, 330 Citrus, 276, 319, 330 Clear cell carcinoma, 330, 336 Clindamycin, 98, 330 Clinical Medicine, 81, 261, 330, 378 Clinical Protocols, 41, 330

Index 405

Clinical study, 15, 21, 251, 330 Clone, 15, 330 Clonic, 47, 330 Cloning, 50, 322, 330 Clotrimazole, 45, 330 Coagulation, 15, 87, 105, 113, 115, 322, 330, 351, 376, 394 Coal, 200, 241, 321, 330, 345 Coca, 331 Cocaine, 67, 331 Cochlea, 331, 355 Cod Liver Oil, 331, 340 Codon, 317, 331, 347 Coenzyme, 319, 331 Cofactor, 19, 22, 28, 57, 331, 369, 380, 394 Cohort Studies, 40, 331 Colchicine, 128, 331 Collagen, 15, 312, 321, 331, 344, 346, 376, 379 Collapse, 324, 331, 390 Colloidal, 207, 313, 321, 331, 374, 387 Colonoscopy, 90, 324, 331 Colorectal, 57, 331 Colostrum, 199, 331 Combination chemotherapy, 25, 332 Complement, 46, 95, 113, 116, 316, 317, 332, 347, 376, 386 Complementary and alternative medicine, 127, 159, 332 Complementary medicine, 127, 332 Complementation, 58, 332 Compress, 332, 351 Computational Biology, 287, 290, 332 Computer Simulation, 7, 162, 332 Conception, 23, 332, 343 Concomitant, 10, 333 Conduction, 320, 333, 368 Congestive heart failure, 75, 101, 102, 138, 333, 360 Connective Tissue, 319, 323, 331, 333, 344, 346 Connexins, 333, 346 Consciousness, 313, 315, 333, 338, 384 Constipation, 109, 145, 333 Constriction, 333, 357, 380, 399 Consumption, 20, 190, 193, 196, 200, 214, 274, 333, 342, 346, 369, 384 Contamination, 59, 98, 177, 193, 333 Contraindications, ii, 266, 333 Controlled study, 88, 333 Contusion, 22, 333 Convulsions, 333, 339, 368, 378

Convulsive, 47, 333 Coordination, 33, 54, 57, 328, 333 Cornea, 318, 333 Coronary Artery Bypass, 73, 88, 90, 108, 139, 333 Coronary heart disease, 326, 333 Coronary Thrombosis, 333, 363, 366 Corrosion, 176, 188, 192, 213, 214, 218, 221, 222, 238, 242, 253, 264, 334 Cortex, 319, 334, 342, 367, 379, 383 Cortical, 11, 22, 75, 334, 342, 367, 386, 393 Cortisol, 313, 334 Cowpox, 334, 397 Cowpox Virus, 334, 397 Cranial, 328, 334, 350, 356, 374 Craniocerebral Trauma, 321, 334, 350, 352, 393 Craniotomy, 30, 334 Creatine, 94, 101, 138, 334 Creatinine, 334, 397 Criterion, 38, 334 Critical Illness, 113, 115, 334 Crossing-over, 334, 383 Crystallization, 24, 179, 275, 334 Cultured cells, 43, 334 Curative, 334, 368, 385, 393 Cutaneous, 89, 135, 145, 334, 360, 397 Cyanobacteria, 334, 369 Cyclic, 193, 312, 326, 334, 345, 349, 369, 393 Cyclosporine, 76, 128, 129, 137, 154, 334 Cysteine, 13, 335, 391 Cystine, 335 Cytochrome, 330, 335 Cytokine, 210, 335 Cytoplasm, 318, 327, 335, 349, 365, 379, 385, 386 Cytotoxic, 10, 53, 326, 335, 387 D Dairy Products, 275, 276, 335, 386 Databases, Bibliographic, 287, 335 Deamination, 56, 335 Decarboxylation, 24, 335, 352 Decidua, 335, 376 Decompression, 45, 335 Decompression Sickness, 335 Defibrillation, 55, 335 Degenerative, 336, 347, 384 Dehydration, 15, 16, 18, 21, 224, 336 Deletion, 318, 336 Delivery of Health Care, 336, 350 Dendrites, 336, 368

406 Magnesium

Dendritic, 336, 362, 389 Dental Caries, 199, 336, 345, 388 Dental Cements, 314, 336, 399 Dental Plaque, 199, 336 Dentifrices, 314, 336 Depolarization, 17, 336, 387 Depressive Disorder, 336, 360 Deprivation, 27, 48, 64, 336 Dermal, 94, 336 DES, 264, 316, 336 Detergents, 202, 336 Detoxification, 224, 336 Deuterium, 336, 353 Diabetes Mellitus, 4, 5, 6, 75, 76, 130, 145, 336, 348, 351 Diagnostic procedure, 175, 257, 273, 337 Dialysate, 77, 100, 337, 339 Dialyzer, 337, 350 Diarrhea, 145, 171, 337, 358, 361 Diarrhoea, 104, 337, 346, 353 Diastolic, 337, 353 Diencephalon, 337, 393 Dietary Fiber, 81, 337 Diethylcarbamazine, 337, 391 Differential Thermal Analysis, 24, 337 Diffuse Axonal Injury, 324, 337 Diffusion, 6, 17, 38, 164, 238, 322, 337, 357, 396 Digestion, 3, 165, 313, 321, 323, 337, 355, 356, 360, 373, 390, 397 Digestive system, 174, 337 Digitalis, 337, 371 Dihydrotestosterone, 337, 383 Dilatation, 316, 337, 379, 398 Dilatation, Pathologic, 337, 398 Dilation, 324, 337, 352, 398 Diltiazem, 88, 337 Dilution, 179, 337 Dimerization, 33, 337 Dimethyl, 185, 208, 209, 251, 337, 358, 368, 388 Diphosphates, 10, 338, 384 Diploid, 332, 338, 376 Dipyridamole, 15, 21, 338 Direct, iii, 8, 9, 16, 31, 35, 39, 46, 50, 56, 58, 164, 279, 326, 330, 338, 350, 383, 392 Disinfectant, 338, 342 Dislocation, 187, 338 Dissociation, 32, 57, 312, 338, 357 Dissociative Disorders, 338 Distal, 33, 165, 333, 338, 339, 346, 380 Dithionite, 192, 338

Diuretic, 5, 325, 338, 345, 362, 378, 389 Dizziness, 224, 338, 372 Dominance, 85, 338 Dopamine, 243, 331, 338, 375 Double-blinded, 18, 31, 338 Drip, 212, 338 Drive, ii, vi, 13, 42, 111, 338, 357 Dross, 338, 379 Drug Design, 37, 338 Drug Interactions, 281, 339 Duct, 178, 327, 339, 372, 385 Duodenum, 321, 339, 346, 372, 390 Dwell time, 22, 339 Dyes, 321, 339, 369 Dyslipidemia, 4, 339 Dysplasia, 114, 116, 291, 339 Dyspnea, 339, 372, 390 Dysprosium, 232, 233, 241, 339 Dystrophy, 149, 291, 339 E Eclampsia, 41, 66, 67, 84, 89, 112, 115, 270, 339, 378 Edema, 22, 145, 339, 345, 351, 356, 366, 378, 397 Effector, 37, 55, 311, 332, 339, 368 Efficacy, 18, 22, 25, 26, 39, 45, 53, 61, 67, 82, 172, 193, 217, 243, 338, 339 Elastin, 331, 339 Elastomers, 339, 377 Electric Conductivity, 316, 339 Electric shock, 335, 339 Electrocoagulation, 330, 339 Electrode, 73, 186, 188, 191, 198, 199, 200, 221, 222, 228, 241, 317, 327, 339 Electroencephalography, 48, 340 Electrolysis, 316, 327, 340 Electrolyte, 163, 182, 188, 340, 351, 378, 388, 397 Electrons, 221, 318, 321, 327, 339, 340, 357, 361, 371, 381 Electrophysiological, 12, 31, 340, 398 Elementary Particles, 340, 361, 368, 380 Embryo, 315, 322, 327, 340, 355, 377 Emollient, 340, 348, 364, 370 Emphysema, 145, 329, 340 Empirical, 26, 244, 258, 340 Emulsion, 187, 340, 344 Enamel, 336, 340 Encapsulated, 46, 164, 340 Endocrine System, 340, 367 Endothelial cell, 14, 15, 80, 130, 131, 136, 340, 394

Index 407

Endothelium, 46, 340, 341, 369 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 340 Endothelium, Vascular, 340, 341 Endothelium-derived, 341, 369 Endotoxic, 341, 360 Endotoxin, 65, 341, 396 End-stage renal, 329, 341, 377 Energetic, 9, 12, 341 Environmental Exposure, 341, 370 Environmental Health, 286, 288, 341 Enzymatic, 4, 7, 19, 28, 55, 56, 139, 325, 332, 336, 341, 352 Epinephrine, 154, 312, 338, 341, 369, 396 Epithelial, 57, 83, 322, 335, 341 Epithelium, 321, 340, 341, 346 Erbium, 232, 233, 241, 341 Erythrocytes, 14, 18, 69, 74, 316, 323, 341, 351, 383, 386 Erythromelalgia, 85, 134, 341 Esophageal, 91, 341, 346 Esophagitis, 275, 341, 346 Esophagus, 275, 337, 341, 346, 350, 360, 375, 383, 390 Essential Tremor, 291, 341 Estradiol, 342 Estramustine, 53, 342 Estrogen, 155, 275, 342 Ethanol, 63, 210, 342, 343 Ether, 208, 209, 342 Eukaryotic Cells, 35, 342, 369, 370 Europium, 232, 233, 241, 342 Evacuation, 333, 342, 346, 359 Evoke, 342, 390 Excimer laser, 230, 342 Excipient, 207, 342 Excitatory, 342, 348, 368 Excitatory Amino Acids, 342, 368 Excrete, 342, 358, 383 Exercise Test, 342 Exercise Tolerance, 82, 132, 342 Exhaustion, 147, 317, 342, 390 Exogenous, 312, 322, 342, 380, 396 Expectorant, 342, 378 Extracellular, 6, 13, 17, 29, 48, 50, 62, 130, 132, 266, 319, 333, 343, 344, 367, 370, 388, 393 Extracellular Matrix, 132, 333, 343, 344, 370 Extracellular Space, 6, 343 Extrapyramidal, 338, 343 Extrarenal, 266, 343 Extremity, 104, 343

Exudate, 342, 343, 349 F Faecal, 337, 343 Family Planning, 287, 343 Fat, 211, 275, 277, 323, 324, 328, 332, 333, 343, 360, 371, 386, 388 Fatigue, 136, 144, 146, 163, 231, 242, 307, 343, 350 Fatty acids, 56, 313, 326, 343, 348 Fatty Liver, 95, 138, 343 Febrile, 343, 390 Feces, 333, 343 Femoral, 326, 343 Femoral Artery, 326, 343 Fentanyl, 87, 155, 313, 343 Fermentation, 63, 224, 343 Fertilizers, 343, 369, 378 Fetal Hemoglobin, 25, 343 Fetus, 343, 375, 390, 397 Fibrillation, 335, 344 Fibrin, 130, 322, 344, 393, 394 Fibrinogen, 130, 344, 376, 393 Fibroblasts, 80, 344, 356 Fibronectin, 112, 115, 132, 344 Fibrosis, 291, 344, 386 Filler, 183, 231, 232, 235, 276, 344 Filtration, 194, 344 Fine-needle aspiration, 344, 367 Fixation, 19, 344, 387 Flatus, 344, 346 Flavodoxin, 19, 344 Fluorescence, 7, 13, 37, 43, 54, 65, 167, 344 Fluorine, 204, 233, 252, 344 Fluorouracil, 338, 345 Folate, 119, 345 Fold, 5, 8, 23, 26, 29, 49, 345 Folic Acid, 118, 277, 345 Food Technology, 178, 345 Foot Ulcer, 90, 345 Forearm, 323, 345, 382 Forskolin, 9, 345 Fossil Fuels, 222, 227, 241, 345 Fovea, 344, 345 Frameshift, 8, 345, 396 Frameshift Mutation, 8, 345, 396 Francium, 184, 345 Friction, 184, 212, 345 Fungi, 10, 317, 345, 349, 363, 364, 399 Furosemide, 102, 138, 345 G Gadolinium, 232, 233, 241, 345 Galactosemia, 56, 345

408 Magnesium

Gallbladder, 311, 321, 337, 346 Gallium, 164, 184, 232, 233, 236, 237, 241, 346 Gap Junctions, 6, 333, 346, 392 Gasoline, 185, 321, 346 Gastric, 3, 63, 251, 275, 314, 320, 329, 346, 350, 352, 373, 382 Gastric Acid, 251, 275, 329, 346 Gastric Emptying, 3, 4, 346 Gastric Juices, 346, 373 Gastric Mucosa, 251, 346, 373 Gastrin, 330, 346, 352 Gastroenteritis, 324, 346 Gastroesophageal Reflux, 146, 275, 346 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 146, 275, 346 Gastrointestinal, 90, 195, 275, 319, 324, 325, 330, 341, 342, 346, 353, 358, 382, 387, 391, 396 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 319, 346 Gastrointestinal tract, 195, 342, 346, 358, 387, 396 Gelatin, 346, 348, 393 Gels, 206, 346 Gene Expression, 28, 292, 347 Generator, 229, 347, 392 Genetic Code, 347, 369 Genetic Engineering, 322, 330, 347 Genetics, 23, 54, 58, 100, 114, 116, 338, 347 Genital, 330, 347 Genomics, 49, 106, 347 Genotype, 347, 375 Germanium, 184, 228, 233, 241, 347 Gestation, 347, 373, 376, 378 Gestational, 40, 41, 79, 105, 146, 347 Gestational Age, 79, 347 Gland, 312, 347, 362, 372, 375, 379, 386, 390, 394 Gliadin, 276, 347 Gliosis, 22, 347 Glomerular, 32, 347, 362, 383 Glomerular Filtration Rate, 347, 362 Glomerulus, 347 Glucose Intolerance, 40, 336, 348 Glucose tolerance, 348 Glucose Tolerance Test, 348 Glutamate, 48, 52, 348, 363 Glutamic Acid, 345, 348, 351, 379 Glutamine, 43, 52, 348 Glutathione Peroxidase, 348, 386 Gluten, 276, 327, 347, 348 Glycerol, 48, 193, 324, 348, 375

Glycerophospholipids, 348, 375 Glycine, 223, 348, 387 Glycols, 185, 348, 353 Glycolysis, 59, 348 Glycoprotein, 10, 344, 348, 394, 396 Glycoside, 348, 371, 385 Glycosidic, 328, 349, 370 Goats, 335, 349 Gonad, 17, 349 Gonadal, 17, 349, 390 Gout, 331, 349 Governing Board, 349, 378 Grade, 20, 179, 238, 349 Graft, 90, 139, 210, 211, 220, 349, 352, 366 Grafting, 73, 138, 333, 349, 354 Gram-negative, 56, 334, 341, 349, 384, 393 Gram-positive, 349, 390, 393 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 349, 393 Granule, 349, 384 Granulocytes, 349, 387, 399 Graphite, 178, 184, 204, 228, 349 Grasses, 225, 345, 349 Guanylate Cyclase, 32, 349, 369 Gutta-Percha, 79, 349 H Haematoma, 349, 350 Haemorrhage, 94, 350 Haploid, 350, 376 Haptens, 312, 350 Hazardous Substances, 8, 350 Headache, 76, 88, 96, 99, 102, 139, 144, 148, 151, 224, 350, 352 Headache Disorders, 350 Health Care Costs, 22, 350 Health Expenditures, 350 Heart attack, 270, 326, 350 Heart failure, 109, 134, 350 Heartbeat, 350, 391, 398 Heartburn, 275, 350, 355 Hematologist, 16, 350 Hematoma, 350, 351 Hematopoiesis, 43, 350 Hemiparesis, 324, 350 Hemodiafiltration, 75, 350, 396 Hemodialysis, 72, 74, 84, 106, 325, 337, 350, 351, 358, 396 Hemofiltration, 75, 350, 351, 396 Hemoglobin, 16, 21, 45, 171, 316, 341, 343, 351, 359, 387 Hemoglobin C, 21, 343, 351 Hemoglobin H, 343, 351 Hemoglobinuria, 291, 351

Index 409

Hemolytic, 351, 381 Hemorrhage, 39, 69, 73, 334, 339, 350, 351, 366, 381, 390 Hemorrhagic stroke, 39, 351 Hemostasis, 351, 387 Hepatic, 313, 348, 351 Hereditary, 92, 100, 349, 351, 367, 384 Heredity, 347, 351 Heterodimer, 33, 37, 351 Heterogeneity, 84, 312, 351 Heterogenic, 351 Heterogenous, 246, 351 Heterotrophic, 345, 351 Heterozygotes, 338, 352 Histamine, 155, 251, 316, 329, 352, 382 Histidine, 352 Histology, 27, 352 Holmium, 241, 352 Homeostasis, 6, 13, 27, 28, 44, 47, 72, 80, 132, 138, 141, 261, 266, 352 Homologous, 23, 34, 38, 47, 314, 322, 333, 334, 352, 381, 386, 387, 392 Homozygotes, 338, 352 Hormonal, 13, 53, 167, 320, 352, 374, 399 Hormone Replacement Therapy, 207, 352 Hospitals, Rural, 19, 352 Host, 320, 352, 354, 356, 385, 397, 398 Hybrid, 57, 330, 352, 385 Hybridization, 28, 352 Hybridomas, 352, 356 Hydration, 15, 18, 21, 25, 54, 352 Hydrocephalus, 352, 356 Hydrochloric Acid, 264, 329, 352 Hydrofluoric Acid, 352, 388 Hydrogen Peroxide, 46, 191, 192, 217, 348, 353, 360 Hydrolysis, 10, 19, 22, 60, 78, 139, 184, 219, 319, 322, 328, 353, 357, 375, 377, 380 Hydrophilic, 234, 336, 353 Hydrophobic, 10, 60, 336, 348, 353, 360 Hydroxides, 202, 224, 353 Hydroxyl Radical, 46, 55, 114, 117, 353 Hydroxylysine, 331, 353 Hydroxyproline, 331, 353 Hydroxyurea, 16, 18, 25, 45, 85, 353 Hyperalgesia, 79, 353 Hypercalciuria, 20, 353 Hypercholesterolemia, 339, 353 Hyperglycaemia, 132, 353 Hyperglycemia, 40, 45, 353 Hyperlipidemia, 6, 339, 353 Hypersensitivity, 314, 353, 386

Hypertriglyceridemia, 339, 353 Hypokalaemia, 102, 353 Hypokinesia, 135, 353 Hypoxia, 80, 130, 136, 354, 393 I Id, 117, 142, 181, 297, 304, 306, 354 Idiopathic, 76, 138, 354 Imaging procedures, 354, 395 Imidazole, 322, 330, 352, 354, 382 Imipramine, 243, 354 Immersion, 214, 229, 354 Immune adjuvant, 314, 354 Immune response, 220, 312, 314, 317, 320, 350, 354, 386, 391, 397, 398 Immune system, 7, 34, 354, 361, 397, 399 Immunization, 354, 386 Immunodeficiency, 34, 62, 291, 354 Immunogenic, 354, 360 Immunoglobulin, 34, 317, 354 Immunologic, 328, 347, 354 Immunology, 34, 43, 312, 354 Immunophilin, 325, 354 Immunosuppressive, 325, 354 Impairment, 45, 102, 140, 319, 354, 363 Implantation, 332, 354 In situ, 38, 132, 354 In vitro, 10, 11, 13, 21, 23, 34, 35, 50, 53, 58, 67, 79, 81, 84, 86, 103, 134, 323, 354 In vivo, 9, 10, 15, 23, 26, 32, 53, 58, 81, 94, 112, 115, 354 Incision, 354, 356 Incompetence, 346, 354 Indicative, 256, 354, 373, 398 Indigestion, 355, 358 Induction, 245, 355, 358 Infancy, 256, 355, 385 Infant, Newborn, 313, 355 Infarction, 149, 172, 351, 352, 355, 384 Infusion, 29, 30, 87, 92, 93, 94, 99, 130, 139, 170, 173, 355, 366 Ingestion, 325, 348, 350, 355, 363, 377, 393 Inhalation, 181, 182, 319, 350, 355, 377 Initiation, 355, 395 Inner ear, 140, 355 Inorganic, 10, 55, 139, 179, 185, 195, 215, 225, 232, 233, 251, 321, 323, 325, 329, 338, 353, 355, 361, 369, 375, 388 Inositol, 6, 355, 363 Inotropic, 338, 355 Insight, 7, 8, 17, 35, 47, 49, 50, 60, 355 Insulator, 182, 349, 355 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 355

410 Magnesium

Integrase, 62, 65, 356 Intensive Care, 61, 68, 74, 80, 98, 107, 108, 132, 356 Interleukin-1, 105, 356 Interleukin-2, 356 Interleukin-6, 105, 356 Intermittent, 148, 356, 374 Interneurons, 47, 356 Interstitial, 13, 343, 356, 383 Intestinal, 47, 83, 112, 115, 131, 327, 348, 356, 361, 399 Intestine, 47, 323, 356, 359 Intoxication, 224, 356, 397 Intracellular, 7, 13, 14, 17, 18, 28, 31, 44, 46, 50, 84, 86, 87, 355, 356, 362, 363, 369, 378, 382, 386, 387, 398 Intracranial Hypertension, 88, 350, 352, 356 Intramuscular, 356, 372 Intraocular, 345, 356 Intraocular pressure, 345, 356 Intrinsic, 37, 47, 201, 312, 321, 356 Introns, 9, 356 Invasive, 45, 46, 356, 361 Involuntary, 4, 320, 341, 344, 357, 366, 389 Iodine, 180, 184, 187, 233, 357 Ion Channel Gating, 12, 357 Ion Channels, 37, 319, 357, 367, 368, 392 Ion Transport, 10, 28, 357 Ionization, 165, 166, 357 Ionophores, 46, 234, 357, 396 Ion-Selective Electrodes, 234, 357 Iridium, 232, 233, 241, 357 Ischemia, 12, 39, 56, 140, 172, 316, 320, 351, 357, 366, 368, 384 Ischemic stroke, 38, 357 Islet, 52, 357 Isocyanates, 203, 357 Isotonic, 109, 142, 358, 364 Isozymes, 358, 381 Isradipine, 80, 86, 358 J Joint, 63, 64, 318, 330, 335, 358, 360, 391 K Kanamycin, 56, 358 Kb, 286, 358 Keratolytic, 336, 358 Kerosene, 208, 358 Ketamine, 66, 78, 358 Keto, 24, 243, 358 Kidney Disease, 72, 174, 266, 286, 291, 296, 358

Kidney Failure, 341, 358, 362 Kidney Pelvis, 358, 397 Kidney stone, 20, 81, 132, 275, 358, 367, 371, 383, 391, 397 Kinetic, 12, 26, 38, 51, 55, 56, 161, 358 L Labile, 59, 332, 358 Labyrinth, 331, 355, 358, 386, 398 Laceration, 358, 393 Lactation, 332, 358 Lactose Intolerance, 276, 358 Lanthanum, 182, 209, 232, 233, 241, 359 Large Intestine, 337, 356, 359, 383, 388 Latent, 185, 359 Laxative, 313, 359, 361, 364, 389 Lens, 237, 318, 359 Leprosy, 345, 359 Lesion, 25, 333, 345, 347, 359, 360, 396 Lethal, 47, 320, 359 Leucine, 52, 359, 373 Leukapheresis, 318, 359 Leukemia, 85, 130, 291, 343, 359 Leukocytes, 323, 328, 349, 359, 365, 396 Levothyroxine, 207, 359 Library Services, 304, 359 Lidocaine, 101, 359 Life cycle, 345, 359 Ligament, 359, 379 Ligands, 17, 23, 34, 164, 168, 359 Lincomycin, 330, 359 Linkage, 15, 328, 359 Lipid, 3, 45, 63, 80, 103, 131, 133, 136, 318, 348, 355, 357, 358, 360, 371 Lipid A, 4, 360 Lipid Peroxidation, 133, 360, 371 Lipopolysaccharides, 360, 384 Lipoprotein, 137, 339, 349, 360 Lisinopril, 103, 360 Lithium, 43, 83, 84, 161, 167, 179, 180, 184, 188, 217, 228, 232, 233, 237, 259, 264, 360 Liver cancer, 91, 92, 360 Localization, 48, 360 Localized, 14, 46, 324, 336, 340, 344, 349, 350, 355, 360, 376, 393, 396 Locomotion, 360, 376 Loop, 22, 23, 44, 49, 57, 58, 76, 156, 360 Low-density lipoprotein, 339, 360 Lower Esophageal Sphincter, 346, 360 Lubricants, 360, 374 Lumbar, 79, 360 Lupus, 276, 360 Lutetium, 241, 360

Index 411

Luxation, 338, 360 Lymph, 340, 360, 361 Lymphatic, 340, 355, 360, 361 Lymphoblastic, 85, 361 Lymphoblasts, 311, 361 Lymphocyte, 81, 317, 361, 362 Lymphoid, 35, 317, 361 Lymphoma, 85, 291, 361 Lysine, 351, 353, 361 M Macrophage, 46, 356, 361 Magnesium Chloride, 3, 68, 164, 178, 181, 190, 191, 246, 247, 248, 258, 361 Magnesium Compounds, 260, 361 Magnesium Hydroxide, 120, 165, 195, 275, 361 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 19, 38, 361, 373 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 12, 24, 162, 361 Malabsorption, 27, 85, 127, 134, 148, 291, 327, 361 Malabsorption syndrome, 27, 361 Malignant, 85, 291, 318, 360, 361, 367 Malnutrition, 313, 320, 361, 365 Mammary, 331, 333, 361, 362 Mammogram, 325, 361, 363 Mandible, 314, 361, 384 Mania, 361 Manic, 43, 322, 360, 361 Man-made, 362 Mannitol, 207, 362 Mastitis, 362, 393 Maternal Mortality, 32, 362 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 25, 362 Mediate, 7, 17, 19, 32, 49, 338, 362, 382 Mediator, 356, 362, 387 Medical Staff, 338, 362 MEDLINE, 287, 290, 292, 362 Megaloblastic, 345, 362 Meiosis, 322, 362, 381, 392, 396 Melanin, 362, 375, 396 Melanocytes, 362 Melanoma, 291, 323, 362 Membrane Proteins, 362, 387 Mendelevium, 232, 233, 362 Menopause, 148, 156, 267, 362, 377 Menstruation, 145, 335, 362, 378 Mental Disorders, 174, 353, 363, 380 Mental Health, iv, 6, 174, 286, 289, 363, 381 Mental Processes, 338, 363, 380

Menthol, 199, 363 Mercury, 213, 232, 233, 241, 363 Meta-Analysis, 105, 134, 141, 363 Metabolite, 32, 322, 337, 363, 379 Metabotropic, 37, 363 Metaphase, 322, 363, 381, 396 Metastasis, 363, 367 Metastatic, 53, 363 Methacrylate, 233, 234, 363 Methanol, 162, 209, 363 Methionine, 161, 337, 363, 391 MI, 75, 78, 242, 270, 272, 308, 363 Microbe, 363, 394 Microbiology, 22, 34, 312, 320, 363 Microcalcifications, 325, 363 Microorganism, 331, 363, 373, 399 Micro-organism, 336, 363 Microscopy, 10, 17, 24, 38, 321, 364, 369 Microspheres, 202, 364 Microwaves, 364, 381 Micturition, 106, 364 Migration, 180, 364, 367 Milliliter, 323, 364 Mineral Oil, 211, 364 Mineral Waters, 75, 364 Mineralization, 14, 258, 325, 364 Mitochondria, 35, 364, 366, 370 Mitochondrial Swelling, 364, 366 Mitosis, 318, 364 Mobilization, 60, 364 Modeling, 8, 37, 339, 364 Modification, 44, 347, 364, 381 Modulator, 164, 196, 364 Molecular, 8, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 26, 28, 31, 34, 35, 37, 43, 45, 46, 47, 50, 56, 64, 98, 100, 114, 116, 130, 131, 168, 194, 210, 212, 227, 244, 250, 262, 287, 289, 290, 315, 322, 325, 332, 338, 344, 348, 350, 364, 382, 385, 387, 391, 395, 396 Molecular mass, 364, 387 Monitor, 10, 99, 186, 334, 365, 369 Monocytes, 356, 359, 365 Mononuclear, 365, 396 Monotherapy, 271, 365 Mood Disorders, 100, 365 Morphological, 313, 340, 362, 365 Morphology, 35, 38, 365 Motility, 11, 365, 387 Motion Sickness, 365, 366 Mucins, 336, 365, 385 Mucosa, 327, 346, 360, 365 Muscle Contraction, 324, 365, 386

412 Magnesium

Muscle Fibers, 17, 319, 365, 366, 395 Muscle Relaxation, 365, 368 Muscle tension, 104, 365 Muscular Atrophy, 291, 365 Muscular Dystrophies, 339, 365 Musculature, 353, 365 Musculoskeletal System, 365, 370 Mutagenesis, 10, 13, 29, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 365 Mutagenic, 8, 365 Mutagenicity, 8, 365 Mutagens, 345, 365 Myocardial infarction, 71, 79, 90, 91, 106, 172, 333, 363, 366 Myocardial Reperfusion, 112, 115, 366, 384 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 112, 115, 366, 384 Myocardium, 13, 45, 316, 363, 366 Myometrium, 80, 366 Myopathy, 75, 92, 366 Myosin, 166, 325, 365, 366, 395 Myotonic Dystrophy, 291, 366 Myxedema, 207, 366 N Narcotic, 343, 366, 395 Nausea, 224, 346, 355, 366, 369, 372, 380, 392, 397 NCI, 1, 16, 53, 174, 285, 330, 366 Necrosis, 45, 318, 355, 363, 366, 384 Needle biopsy, 265, 344, 367 Neocortex, 46, 367 Neodymium, 232, 233, 241, 367 Neonatal, 41, 42, 69, 79, 93, 100, 105, 108, 110, 270, 367 Neonatology, 41, 42, 54, 367 Neoplasia, 291, 367 Neoplasms, 318, 323, 352, 367, 393 Neoplastic, 316, 352, 361, 367 Nephrolithiasis, 50, 95, 367 Nephropathy, 358, 367 Neptunium, 232, 233, 367 Nerve, 312, 315, 316, 319, 320, 336, 362, 367, 368, 377, 379, 380, 384, 385, 386, 390, 395 Nervous System, 291, 328, 362, 367, 368, 374, 391, 392, 398 Neural, 7, 46, 367, 374 Neurobehavioral Manifestations, 324, 337, 367 Neuroblastoma, 43, 367 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 57, 321, 367

Neuroendocrine, 140, 367 Neuroglia, 347, 367 Neurologic, 324, 352, 368 Neuromuscular, 4, 92, 98, 311, 353, 368, 397 Neuromuscular Blockade, 92, 98, 368 Neuromuscular Junction, 311, 368 Neuronal, 6, 29, 30, 48, 95, 243, 325, 367, 368 Neurons, 6, 46, 331, 336, 342, 356, 367, 368, 392 Neurophysiology, 336, 368 Neuroprotective Agents, 39, 368 Neurotoxicity, 76, 368 Neurotransmitters, 315, 342, 368 Neutralization, 216, 217, 368 Neutrons, 314, 323, 368, 381 Niacin, 118, 368, 396 Nicardipine, 272, 368 Nimodipine, 66, 112, 115, 172, 369 Nitrates, 185, 369 Nitric acid, 369 Nitric Oxide, 14, 32, 42, 43, 45, 46, 55, 80, 130, 131, 136, 369 Nitrogenase, 19, 369 Nonulcer Dyspepsia, 275, 369 Norepinephrine, 243, 312, 315, 338, 369 Nuclei, 11, 314, 315, 340, 347, 356, 361, 364, 368, 369, 380 Nucleic acid, 35, 37, 62, 321, 347, 352, 365, 369, 381, 399 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 352, 369 Nucleolus, 369, 384 Nutritional Status, 25, 369 O Odour, 318, 369, 397 Ointments, 370, 399 Oligosaccharides, 83, 155, 370 Oliguria, 358, 362, 370 Oncogene, 291, 370 Oncogenic, 34, 370 Oncologist, 16, 370 On-line, 26, 54, 307, 370 Opacity, 336, 370 Operon, 28, 370, 384 Ophthalmology, 344, 370 Oral Health, 370 Oral Hygiene, 199, 370 Organelles, 11, 13, 328, 335, 362, 365, 370, 376 Orthopaedic, 79, 370 Orthopedics, 349, 370

Index 413

Osmolarity, 362, 370 Osmotic, 313, 364, 370, 387 Osteoblasts, 11, 370 Osteocalcin, 21, 370 Osteoclasts, 11, 371 Osteodystrophy, 371 Osteoporosis, 5, 11, 21, 27, 149, 296, 371 Ouabain, 130, 371 Ovary, 49, 342, 349, 371, 377 Overdosage, 266, 371 Overweight, 117, 274, 371 Oxalate, 20, 112, 115, 202, 275, 371 Oxalic Acid, 325, 371 Oxidative Stress, 44, 95, 130, 138, 371 Oxides, 163, 167, 183, 185, 224, 371 Oxygenation, 140, 335, 351, 371 Oxygenator, 326, 371 P Pacemaker, 371 Paediatric, 78, 108, 371 Palladium, 182, 185, 227, 232, 233, 241, 245, 372, 385 Palliative, 372, 393 Palmitic Acid, 106, 372 Pancreas, 311, 322, 337, 355, 357, 372, 396 Pancreatic, 52, 128, 291, 346, 372 Pancreatic cancer, 291, 372 Pancreatic Juice, 346, 372 Pancreatitis, 101, 149, 372 Panic, 354, 372 Panic Disorder, 354, 372 Paralysis, 350, 353, 372 Parathyroid, 27, 68, 72, 85, 100, 102, 128, 173, 372, 385, 393 Parathyroid Glands, 372, 385 Parathyroid hormone, 27, 68, 72, 85, 100, 102, 128, 173, 372 Parenteral, 76, 77, 168, 266, 372 Parenteral Nutrition, 76, 77, 168, 372 Paroxysmal, 88, 291, 316, 320, 341, 350, 373 Particle, 60, 181, 190, 201, 206, 222, 234, 250, 275, 362, 373, 379, 389, 395, 399 Partnership Practice, 373, 378 Parturition, 373 Pathogen, 49, 63, 373 Pathogenesis, 26, 28, 38, 44, 165, 173, 260, 265, 272, 373 Pathologic, 311, 318, 322, 333, 353, 373, 384 Pathologic Processes, 318, 373 Pathologies, 14, 373 Pathophysiology, 14, 18, 39, 44, 45, 373

Patient Education, 296, 302, 304, 308, 373 Pediatrics, 16, 18, 41, 42, 45, 69, 85, 86, 99, 101, 367, 373 Pelvic, 373, 379 Pepsin, 330, 373 Pepsin A, 330, 373 Peptic, 275, 373 Peptic Ulcer, 275, 373 Peptide, 60, 141, 373, 377, 379, 380 Perception, 18, 373 Perfusion, 38, 112, 115, 271, 354, 373 Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging, 39, 373 Perinatal, 40, 41, 42, 54, 108, 373 Periodicity, 373, 384 Periodontal disease, 199, 374 Periodontitis, 200, 374 Peripheral Nervous System, 367, 374, 391 Peritoneal, 74, 100, 102, 107, 337, 339, 374 Peritoneal Cavity, 374 Peritoneal Dialysis, 74, 100, 102, 107, 337, 339, 374 Peritoneum, 374 Peroxide, 191, 199, 374 Petechiae, 350, 374 Petrolatum, 340, 374 Petroleum, 200, 205, 222, 225, 345, 346, 358, 364, 374 PH, 323, 374 Phallic, 344, 374 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 328, 342, 346, 374 Pharmacodynamic, 97, 374 Pharmacokinetic, 97, 374 Pharmacologic, 43, 315, 316, 374, 395 Pharmacotherapy, 22, 81, 85, 134, 138, 374 Pharynx, 346, 375 Phenolphthalein, 340, 375 Phenotype, 332, 375 Phenyl, 45, 375 Phenylalanine, 56, 373, 375, 396 Phosphates, 192, 375 Phospholipases, 375, 387 Phospholipids, 43, 45, 343, 355, 360, 375 Phosphorous, 215, 375 Phosphorylated, 14, 331, 375 Phosphorylation, 7, 12, 31, 33, 52, 71, 375, 381, 396 Photocoagulation, 330, 375 Photoreceptors, 62, 375, 385 Phototherapy, 71, 375 Physical Examination, 347, 375

414 Magnesium

Physiologic, 39, 52, 55, 97, 313, 322, 353, 358, 362, 375, 382, 384 Physiology, 32, 44, 54, 66, 74, 136, 257, 263, 340, 368, 375 Pigment, 197, 198, 233, 321, 362, 375 Pilot study, 26, 101, 138, 375 Pituitary Gland, 345, 375 Placenta, 78, 132, 342, 375, 379 Plant sterols, 129, 376 Plaque, 199, 316, 319, 376 Plasma, 10, 11, 13, 32, 65, 75, 79, 83, 90, 97, 103, 114, 138, 139, 191, 265, 313, 317, 327, 329, 340, 344, 346, 347, 348, 351, 358, 359, 376, 380, 383, 386, 387 Plasma cells, 317, 376 Plasma protein, 313, 340, 376, 380, 387 Plasmapheresis, 318, 376 Plasmid, 58, 376, 398 Plasticity, 10, 351, 376 Plastids, 370, 376 Platelet Activation, 376, 388 Platelet Aggregation, 131, 316, 345, 369, 376 Plateletpheresis, 318, 376 Platelets, 80, 87, 103, 104, 170, 369, 376, 394 Platinum, 222, 227, 228, 232, 233, 237, 241, 245, 360, 372, 376, 385 Point Mutation, 32, 377 Poisoning, 82, 146, 321, 325, 346, 356, 363, 366, 377 Pollen, 128, 217, 377 Polycystic, 291, 377 Polyesters, 196, 377 Polyethylene, 216, 220, 377 Polymerase, 8, 51, 57, 59, 65, 377, 384 Polymers, 178, 193, 196, 201, 206, 215, 234, 235, 244, 377, 380, 388, 391 Polymorphism, 54, 377 Polypeptide, 60, 314, 315, 331, 343, 344, 352, 373, 377, 380, 387, 393, 399 Polysaccharide, 317, 328, 377 Polyurethanes, 203, 377 Population Growth, 193, 377 Posterior, 315, 319, 328, 372, 377 Postmenopausal, 27, 77, 83, 85, 129, 371, 377 Postnatal, 377, 390 Postoperative, 66, 75, 139, 377 Postsynaptic, 377, 387, 392 Post-translational, 15, 377

Post-traumatic, 29, 30, 48, 101, 324, 350, 377 Potassium Chloride, 166, 190, 194, 378 Potassium Citrate, 195, 378 Potassium hydroxide, 193, 194, 378 Potentiates, 92, 356, 378 Potentiating, 315, 378 Potentiation, 378, 387 Practice Guidelines, 289, 378 Praseodymium, 185, 232, 233, 241, 378 Precipitation, 20, 182, 204, 205, 217, 226, 248, 378 Preclinical, 22, 378 Preeclampsia, 32, 72, 93, 97, 98, 105, 149, 172, 296, 378 Pre-Eclampsia, 78, 93, 98, 131, 172, 378 Pre-eclamptic, 339, 378 Pregnancy Tests, 347, 378 Premenstrual, 127, 149, 150, 272, 378 Presynaptic, 378, 392 Prevalence, 26, 188, 236, 378 Private Practice, 40, 378 Probe, 13, 34, 35, 55, 62, 186, 245, 379 Procaine, 359, 379 Prodrug, 249, 379 Progesterone, 379, 390 Progression, 316, 379 Progressive, 11, 42, 327, 329, 349, 365, 366, 367, 376, 379, 383 Projection, 356, 369, 379, 383 Prokaryotic Cells, 28, 379 Proline, 331, 353, 379 Promethium, 232, 233, 379 Promoter, 15, 183, 205, 206, 220, 379 Prophase, 322, 379, 381, 392, 396 Prophylaxis, 29, 30, 41, 70, 88, 96, 100, 139, 249, 379, 384, 397 Propofol, 80, 87, 108, 132, 379 Propolis, 128, 379 Proportional, 20, 373, 379 Prostate, 53, 150, 291, 322, 379, 396 Prostatic Neoplasms, 342, 379 Protactinium, 232, 233, 379 Protease, 33, 379 Protein Binding, 51, 380 Protein C, 9, 60, 100, 107, 313, 314, 318, 320, 331, 360, 370, 380, 395 Protein Conformation, 314, 380 Protein Kinases, 10, 52, 380 Protein S, 10, 12, 28, 33, 37, 56, 58, 60, 264, 292, 322, 329, 347, 370, 380, 385 Protein Subunits, 37, 380

Index 415

Proteinuria, 32, 378, 380 Proteolytic, 314, 332, 344, 380 Prothrombin, 98, 380, 393 Protocol, 37, 40, 41, 43, 170, 189, 380 Protons, 194, 314, 353, 361, 380, 381 Proximal, 33, 50, 165, 338, 378, 380 Pseudotumor Cerebri, 356, 380 Psychiatry, 52, 96, 100, 344, 380 Psychic, 380, 386 Psychology, 21, 338, 380 Psyllium, 158, 381 Public Health, 16, 22, 26, 76, 84, 91, 134, 289, 381 Public Policy, 287, 381 Publishing, 4, 60, 381 Pulmonary, 107, 113, 115, 150, 171, 323, 324, 329, 333, 342, 351, 358, 381, 398 Pulmonary Artery, 323, 381, 398 Pulmonary Edema, 150, 329, 358, 381 Pulmonary hypertension, 107, 381 Pulse, 245, 365, 381 Purifying, 246, 336, 381 Purines, 321, 381, 387 Purpura, 350, 381 Pyruvate Kinase, 55, 381 Q Quadrivalent, 244, 381 Quality of Life, 82, 132, 381 R Race, 29, 30, 313, 364, 381 Radiation, 113, 116, 161, 204, 233, 316, 340, 341, 342, 344, 362, 370, 381, 382, 388, 399 Radiation oncologist, 370, 381 Radio Waves, 245, 364, 381 Radioactive, 311, 345, 353, 354, 357, 362, 367, 369, 370, 379, 382 Radiography, 347, 382 Radioisotope, 382, 395 Radiology, 39, 382 Radiopharmaceutical, 347, 382 Radius, 46, 248, 382 Railroads, 229, 382 Randomized clinical trial, 29, 67, 99, 105, 141, 382 Ranitidine, 158, 251, 382 Reabsorption, 47, 50, 96, 114, 116, 382 Reactive Oxygen Species, 44, 46, 382 Reagent, 204, 329, 352, 371, 382, 385 Receptor, 14, 27, 31, 34, 37, 60, 61, 66, 80, 141, 251, 311, 317, 338, 363, 382, 387 Receptors, Serotonin, 382, 387 Recombinant, 9, 31, 49, 64, 382, 398

Recombination, 34, 382 Recovery Room, 100, 383 Rectum, 323, 331, 337, 344, 346, 359, 379, 383 Recurrence, 21, 322, 374, 383 Red blood cells, 14, 21, 341, 351, 383, 386, 388 Red Nucleus, 319, 383 Reductase, 112, 115, 132, 383 Refer, 1, 324, 332, 338, 344, 345, 356, 360, 368, 383 Reflective, 198, 237, 238, 383 Reflux, 346, 383 Refraction, 316, 383, 389 Refractory, 67, 93, 177, 339, 383 Regimen, 271, 280, 330, 339, 374, 383 Regurgitation, 346, 350, 383 Relaxant, 345, 383 Remission, 322, 383 Renal failure, 266, 351, 383 Renal pelvis, 358, 383 Renal tubular, 114, 116, 383 Renin, 137, 316, 383 Renin-Angiotensin System, 137, 383 Reperfusion, 12, 55, 112, 115, 366, 383, 384 Reperfusion Injury, 55, 384 Repressor, 370, 384 Research Design, 16, 31, 384 Resection, 69, 384 Resorption, 11, 27, 352, 371, 382, 384 Respiration, 318, 326, 365, 384 Restoration, 366, 383, 384, 385 Resuscitation, 29, 30, 82, 384 Retina, 359, 367, 384, 385 Retinoblastoma, 291, 384 Retinoids, 384, 399 Retinopathy, 4, 150, 375, 384 Reversion, 191, 192, 326, 384, 396 Rhamnose, 371, 384 Rhythmicity, 47, 384 Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase, 353, 384 Ribose, 9, 312, 384 Ribosome, 51, 58, 60, 317, 384, 387, 395 Rickets, 385, 399 Rigidity, 376, 385 Risk factor, 65, 81, 91, 132, 272, 274, 385 Risk patient, 79, 385 Ritodrine, 74, 80, 86, 385 Rods, 231, 263, 345, 385 Rubber, 178, 183, 311, 339, 349, 385, 388 Rubidium, 74, 185, 232, 233, 241, 385

416 Magnesium

Ruthenium, 209, 228, 241, 385 Rye, 347, 385 S Salicylic, 217, 385 Saliva, 85, 88, 199, 385 Salivary, 336, 337, 372, 385 Salivary glands, 336, 337, 385 Samarium, 241, 385 Sanitary, 215, 221, 385 Saphenous, 333, 385 Saphenous Vein, 333, 385 Saponins, 385, 390 Sarcolemma, 366, 386 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 17, 386 Saturated fat, 372, 386 Scandium, 165, 228, 232, 233, 241, 386 Sclerosis, 149, 291, 386 Screening, 16, 17, 25, 40, 249, 330, 386 Secretion, 52, 165, 251, 330, 352, 353, 355, 358, 365, 382, 386, 397 Secretory, 45, 386, 392 Sedative, 315, 354, 386 Segregation, 253, 382, 386 Seizures, 4, 6, 29, 30, 32, 47, 48, 98, 170, 172, 317, 373, 386 Selenium, 187, 223, 233, 241, 386 Semen, 379, 386 Semicircular canal, 355, 386 Semisynthetic, 326, 330, 386 Senile, 150, 371, 386 Sensibility, 315, 353, 386 Sensitization, 79, 187, 386 Sensor, 9, 12, 49, 186, 234, 387 Septic, 319, 387 Serine, 15, 47, 52, 387 Serotonin, 243, 315, 374, 382, 387, 396 Serous, 331, 340, 387 Serum Albumin, 97, 101, 387 Sex Characteristics, 387, 392 Sex Determination, 291, 387 Shock, 168, 233, 387, 395 Sickle Cell Trait, 18, 387 Side effect, 11, 170, 241, 279, 288, 312, 387, 394 Signal Recognition Particle, 60, 387 Signal Transduction, 28, 31, 60, 325, 355, 387 Silicon, 161, 163, 164, 167, 185, 198, 207, 228, 231, 233, 236, 237, 241, 242, 243, 388 Silicon Dioxide, 198, 207, 388 Silicone Elastomers, 183, 388 Simethicone, 275, 388

Skeletal, 14, 17, 27, 76, 103, 260, 365, 370, 386, 388, 389, 395 Skeleton, 63, 311, 358, 388 Skull, 334, 388, 392 Sludge, 165, 192, 388 Small intestine, 329, 339, 352, 356, 388 Smallpox, 388, 397 Smooth muscle, 32, 132, 315, 316, 324, 345, 352, 358, 366, 383, 388, 389, 391 Social Environment, 381, 388 Sodium Bicarbonate, 107, 181, 195, 199, 228, 275, 388 Sodium Fluoride, 11, 388 Soft tissue, 323, 388 Solar Energy, 179, 388 Solvent, 8, 37, 210, 217, 219, 246, 321, 342, 348, 358, 363, 370, 388 Soma, 389 Somatic, 17, 362, 364, 374, 389 Sorbitol, 362, 389 Sotalol, 73, 141, 158, 389 Sound wave, 333, 383, 389 Spasm, 271, 333, 389, 393 Spatial disorientation, 338, 389 Specialist, 298, 337, 389 Specificity, 9, 34, 53, 55, 312, 325, 389 Spectrophotometry, 54, 259, 261, 389 Spectrum, 36, 39, 73, 112, 115, 128, 211, 243, 330, 364, 381, 389 Sperm, 329, 377, 389 Spermatocyte, 9, 389 Spermatozoon, 389 Spices, 276, 389 Spike, 47, 389 Spinal cord, 97, 319, 324, 328, 329, 367, 368, 374, 389 Sporadic, 367, 384, 389 Sprue, 178, 276, 390 Stabilization, 44, 390 Status Asthmaticus, 78, 390 Steatosis, 343, 390 Steel, 184, 221, 222, 227, 230, 242, 245, 253, 390, 396, 397 Stem cell transplantation, 45, 390 Stem Cells, 170, 390 Sterile, 319, 372, 390 Steroid, 27, 334, 385, 390 Stillbirth, 53, 390 Stimulant, 352, 390 Stimulus, 37, 324, 338, 339, 357, 390, 393

Index 417

Stomach, 224, 275, 311, 320, 337, 341, 346, 348, 352, 360, 366, 373, 374, 375, 383, 388, 390 Strand, 34, 377, 390 Streptococcus, 49, 390 Stress, 44, 149, 151, 197, 218, 262, 327, 334, 346, 366, 371, 385, 390 Stridor, 390, 393 Stroke, 22, 38, 61, 92, 151, 170, 172, 174, 271, 286, 326, 351, 357, 368, 390 Strontium, 163, 165, 180, 187, 231, 232, 233, 241, 259, 390 Structure-Activity Relationship, 53, 390 Struvite, 275, 391 Styrene, 210, 211, 215, 385, 391 Subacute, 355, 391 Subarachnoid, 73, 94, 350, 391 Subclinical, 355, 386, 391 Subcutaneous, 339, 372, 391 Subspecies, 389, 391, 397 Substance P, 363, 386, 391 Substrate, 19, 56, 71, 114, 177, 198, 199, 208, 215, 216, 236, 239, 252, 254, 339, 391 Suction, 344, 391 Sudden cardiac death, 5, 391 Sufentanil, 61, 74, 391 Sulfur, 19, 23, 33, 64, 71, 164, 200, 233, 363, 391 Superoxide, 46, 55, 391 Suppression, 7, 17, 28, 251, 391 Supraventricular, 90, 391 Suramin, 53, 391 Sympathomimetic, 338, 341, 369, 391 Symphysis, 379, 391 Symptomatic, 324, 372, 391 Symptomatology, 266, 392 Synapses, 368, 389, 392 Synapsis, 35, 392 Synaptic, 6, 34, 46, 387, 392 Synaptic Transmission, 6, 392 Synchrotron, 114, 117, 166, 392 Synergistic, 21, 25, 64, 127, 199, 392 Systemic, 27, 280, 318, 323, 341, 355, 356, 378, 388, 392, 397, 398 Systolic, 353, 392 T Talc, 152, 195, 221, 392 Telangiectasia, 291, 392 Tellurium, 233, 241, 392 Temporal, 15, 315, 350, 392 Teratogenic, 337, 392 Terbium, 232, 233, 241, 392

Testosterone, 275, 383, 392 Tetani, 392, 393 Tetanic, 392, 393 Tetanus, 93, 109, 392, 393 Tetany, 47, 372, 393 Thalamic, 46, 319, 393 Thalamic Diseases, 319, 393 Thalamus, 46, 337, 393 Theophylline, 158, 315, 381, 393 Therapeutics, 3, 71, 88, 133, 210, 261, 281, 393 Thermal, 24, 162, 179, 183, 185, 190, 221, 233, 235, 316, 319, 323, 338, 368, 393 Thiostrepton, 65, 393 Third Ventricle, 393 Thoracic, 73, 74, 88, 97, 138, 393, 399 Thorax, 360, 393 Threonine, 47, 387, 393 Threshold, 48, 165, 168, 353, 393 Thrombin, 46, 344, 376, 380, 393, 394 Thrombocytes, 376, 394 Thrombomodulin, 380, 394 Thrombosis, 87, 98, 113, 115, 134, 135, 139, 380, 390, 394 Thrombus, 333, 355, 357, 366, 376, 394 Thulium, 241, 394 Thyroid, 133, 151, 207, 357, 359, 366, 372, 394, 396 Thyroid Gland, 366, 372, 394 Thyroxine, 207, 313, 359, 375, 394 Tin, 170, 180, 185, 215, 228, 232, 233, 237, 241, 242, 259, 308, 376, 394 Tocolysis, 40, 171, 271, 394 Toilet Training, 181, 394 Tomography, 323, 361, 394 Tonic, 47, 394 Tonicity, 358, 394 Tooth Preparation, 312, 394 Topical, 196, 319, 342, 353, 374, 388, 394, 399 Toxaemia, 378, 394 Toxicity, 25, 43, 53, 55, 63, 89, 108, 109, 135, 162, 164, 339, 362, 363, 394 Toxicokinetics, 394 Toxicology, 83, 95, 113, 116, 288, 394 Toxins, 129, 317, 325, 355, 394, 395 Trace element, 76, 77, 113, 115, 323, 329, 330, 344, 368, 388, 394, 395 Tracer, 74, 395 Trachea, 324, 342, 375, 390, 394, 395 Tramadol, 66, 395 Transcriptase, 44, 395

418 Magnesium

Transcription Factors, 128, 395 Transduction, 19, 387, 395 Transfection, 322, 395 Translating, 60, 395 Translation, 51, 58, 60, 317, 395 Translational, 51, 60, 395 Translocation, 33, 395 Transmitter, 311, 319, 338, 342, 357, 362, 367, 369, 392, 395 Transplantation, 72, 87, 89, 128, 134, 137, 329, 354, 395 Trauma, 29, 48, 324, 341, 366, 368, 372, 395 Trees, 385, 395 Triad, 17, 395 Tricyclic, 315, 354, 395 Trivalent, 202, 219, 250, 311, 395 Tropomyosin, 395 Troponin, 105, 395 Trypanosomiasis, 391, 396 Tryptophan, 331, 387, 396 Tuberculosis, 333, 360, 385, 396 Tuberous Sclerosis, 291, 396 Tumor marker, 322, 396 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 105, 396 Tungsten, 162, 167, 177, 228, 232, 233, 241, 245, 327, 396 Type 2 diabetes, 5, 14, 44, 77, 80, 90, 103, 131, 272, 396 Typhimurium, 29, 62, 63, 64, 396 Tyrosine, 338, 396 U Ulcer, 251, 369, 373, 396 Ultrafiltration, 351, 396 Ultrasonography, 347, 396 Unconscious, 316, 354, 396 Uncoupling Agents, 357, 396 Univalent, 353, 371, 396 Uraemia, 372, 397 Uremia, 358, 383, 397 Ureter, 276, 358, 383, 397 Urethane, 203, 397 Urethra, 379, 397 Uric, 275, 349, 381, 397 Urinary tract, 38, 276, 397 Urinate, 394, 397 Urine, 47, 88, 170, 275, 322, 325, 334, 338, 351, 353, 358, 364, 370, 371, 380, 383, 397 Urolithiasis, 38, 100, 397 Uterine Contraction, 394, 397 Uterus, 335, 362, 366, 379, 397 V Vaccination, 397

Vaccine, 312, 314, 380, 397 Vaccinia, 33, 397 Vaccinia Virus, 33, 397 Vacuoles, 63, 370, 397 Vagina, 336, 362, 397 Vanadium, 185, 228, 231, 232, 233, 241, 397 Variola, 397, 398 Vascular Resistance, 32, 398 Vasculitis, 372, 398 Vasodilatation, 341, 398 Vasodilation, 32, 94, 398 Vasodilator, 32, 324, 338, 352, 366, 368, 398 VE, 69, 134, 398 Vector, 395, 397, 398 Vegetative, 322, 337, 398 Vein, 170, 316, 356, 369, 385, 398 Venous, 75, 380, 398 Ventricle, 315, 319, 381, 392, 393, 398 Ventricular, 4, 56, 67, 75, 88, 134, 352, 366, 398 Ventricular fibrillation, 67, 398 Ventricular Function, 56, 398 Venules, 323, 340, 398 Vertebrae, 389, 398 Vestibule, 331, 355, 386, 398 Veterinary Medicine, 114, 116, 287, 393, 398 Villous, 327, 398 Viral, 33, 370, 395, 398 Virulence, 10, 29, 320, 394, 398 Virus, 61, 62, 288, 320, 328, 334, 347, 376, 388, 395, 397, 398 Virus Replication, 288, 398 Viscera, 389, 399 Viscosity, 183, 201, 211, 219, 323, 399 Vitamin A, 42, 297, 355, 399 Vitamin D, 118, 167, 258, 385, 399 Vitamin K, 112, 370, 399 Vitro, 7, 53, 399 Vivo, 14, 15, 32, 83, 399 Volition, 357, 399 Voltage-gated, 17, 357, 399 W Weight Gain, 266, 267, 399 Wheezing, 93, 399 White blood cell, 311, 317, 332, 359, 361, 376, 399 Windpipe, 375, 394, 399 X Xenograft, 220, 316, 399 X-ray, 10, 12, 24, 37, 55, 166, 323, 324, 327, 344, 361, 362, 369, 382, 399

Index 419

Y Yeasts, 345, 375, 399 Ytterbium, 232, 233, 241, 399 Yttrium, 161, 182, 228, 232, 233, 241, 399

Z Zinc Oxide, 164, 168, 208, 209, 233, 399 Zygote, 332, 399 Zymogen, 380, 399

420 Magnesium

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