Knossos: The South House (BSA Supplementary Volume)

KNOSSOS THE SOUTH HOUSE by P. A. MOUNTJOY with contributions by B. BURKE, K. S. CHRISTAKIS,J. M. DRIESSEN, R. D. G. EVE...

Author: P.A. Mountjoy

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KNOSSOS THE SOUTH HOUSE by P. A. MOUNTJOY

with contributions by B. BURKE, K. S. CHRISTAKIS,J. M. DRIESSEN, R. D. G. EVELY, C. KNAPPETT AND O. H. KRZYSZKOWSKA

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 34 Publishedby

THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 2003

Published and distributedby The BritishSchool at Athens Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU

© The Council, The BritishSchool at Athens ISBN 0 904887 42 1

Printedat Alden Press Limited, Oxford and Northampton,Great Britain

Contents

List of Figures List of Tables List of Plates List of Abbreviations

vii ix χ xi

rreiace,byr. A. Mountjoy

xm ι

introauction,oyr. j'. iviountjoy Chapterι

An architectural overview,ùyj. M. JJnessen

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ninoi ana staplestoragein tne ooutn nouse, oyiv o. ^nristaxis

153

ine silver vessels, uy r. i'. iviuuntjuy

103

ine sione, Done, ivory,Dronzeana ciay nnas, oyix. u. o. JLveiy Stone Bone and ivory Metal Clay Addendum: 'Neolithic'axes and EM/MM spinningbowl

107 168 187 190 191 191

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TransitionalMiddle Minoan IIIB-Late Minoan IA Late Minoan IA Late Minoan IB Late Helladic ILA Late Minoan II Late Matt PaintedWare Late Minoan III A 1 Late Minoan IIIA2 Late Minoan IIIB Appendix: A note on a possible inscribedsherd,by], M. Driessen Concordance of cataloguenumbersto boxes

Η)ι

52 56 78 105 107 127 128 138 145 150 150

Chapter8

The sphericalloomweights,byB. Burke

195

Chapter9

The seals, byΟ. Η. Krzyszkowska

199

Bibliography

207

Index

213

list ofFigures i ii iii iv ν vi

Plan showinglocation of South House. Plan of the South House witharea and box numbersadded. Schematicplan of South House: LM I A potteryjoins. Schematicplan of South House: LM IB potteryjoins. Schematicplan of South House: LM II potteryjoins. Schematicsectionof stratigraphy in back yard of South House.

2 4 7 8 9 16

1.1

Plan of the South House showingpossible access systemfromthe west side.

29

2.1

Fresco fragments fromthe South House.

38

3.1 3.2 3.3

EM-MM pottery:S.I.8 Boxes 1610-1611. EM-MM pottery:S.I.8 Boxes 1610-161 1, S.I.2 Box 1597. EM-MM pottery:C.V.i Box 484, C.V. 2 Box 491.

43 46 48

4.1

TransitionalMM IIIB-LM IA pottery:oval-mouthedamphora,rounded cup, rounded bowl, bowl withincurvingrim,straight-sided cup, Vapheio cup, conical cup, splayingsided bowl, unpaintedconical cup. LustralBasin. LM IA pottery:pithos,hole-mouthedjar, ewer,beaked jug, closed shape. LustralBasin. LM IA pottery:rounded cup, rounded cup withverticalupper body, bowl withincurvingrim,bowl, bell cup, straight-sided cup, splaying-sidedbowl, in and out in and out basin. bowl, Bathroom.LM IA pottery:pithos,tripodvase,juglet,conical cup. Minoan Hall. LM IA pottery:cylindricalvase, stirrup jar. LM IA pottery:jar, cylindrical jar. LM IA pottery:cylindricaljar, barreljar, four-handledcollar-neckedjar, hole-mouthedjar. LM IA pottery:trough-spouted jug, collaredjar, beaked jug, juglet,stirrup jar, conical strainer vase. rhyton, LM IA pottery:closed shape, rounded cup. LM IA pottery:rounded cup withverticalupper body, bowl withincurvingrim,bowl, ogival cup, bell cup, straight-sided cup, Vapheio cup, conical cup, ledged rimcup, bowl. splaying-sided LM IA pottery:in and out bowl, in and out basin, conical cup,juglet. LM IB pottery:jar. LM IB pottery:oval-mouthedamphora. LM IB pottery:tall alabastron,squatjug. LM IB pottery:hole-mouthedjar, trough-spouted jug. LM IB pottery:barreljar, ewer,beaked jug. LM IB pottery:beaked jug, stirrup jar. LM IB pottery:stirrup jar. LM IB pottery:conical rhyton,pear rhyton,pegtop rhyton,cup rhyton. LM IB pottery:closed shape. LM IB pottery:rounded cup. LM IB pottery:rounded cup, rounded cup withmetallicprofile. LM IB pottery:spouted roundedcup, ogival cup, cup/bowl,bowl withhorizontalhandles. LM IB pottery:bell cup, straight-sided cup withverticalloop handle, in and out bowl, fruitstand,lid. LH ILA pottery:piriform jar, bridge-spouted jug, stirrup jar, askos. LM II pottery:jar, piriform oval-mouthed jar, amphora,pyxis. LM II pottery:four-handledcollar-neckedjar, hole-mouthedjar, trough-spouted jug, bridge-spouted jug. LM II pottery:beaked jug. LM II pottery:stirrup jar, askos,ringvase, closed shape. LM II pottery:spouted cup, half-mooncup, cup/bowlwithincurvingrim,handleless stemmedcup, ogival cup, cup/bowl. LM II pottery:bowl withhorizontalhandles,cylindricalcup. LM II pottery:Ephyraeangoblet. LM II pottery:goblet.

55

4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.1 1 4. 12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33

58 60 63 64 65 67 69 71 73 77 81 83 84 85 87 90 91 93 96 98 99 102 104 106 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

LM II pottery:goblet,bowl, in and out bowl, lid, unpaintedgoblet,firebox, Late Matt Paintedware. LM IIIAi pottery:piriform jug, beaked jug, jar, amphoroidkrater,pyxis,bridge-spouted stirrup jar, flask,conical rhyton,?fishrhyton. LM IIIAi pottery:krater. LM IIIAi pottery:cup. LM IIIAi pottery:cup, ogival cup, shallow cup, carinatedcup, conical carinatedcup, bowl withlug handles; unpainted:conical cup, rounded cup, bowl withtwo horizontal handles. LM IIIA2 pottery:piriform jar, pyxis,feedingbottle,stirrup jar, conical rhyton, conical krater,pedestalledkrater,cup. LM IIIA2 pottery:cup. LM IIIA2 pottery:bowl/shallowcup, in and out bowl, bowl, mug,kylix,kalathos,bowl withevertedrim. LM IIIB pottery:feedingbottle,stirrup jar, cup, cup/deepbowl, kylix,deep bowl, unpaintedkylix. ?Inscribedsherd.

126

5.1 5.2 5.3

Pithos:S.I.8 Inner Basement. Pithos:S.I.6 LustralBasin, S.I.6 Bathroom,S.I.7 PillarBasement. Pithos:S.I.7 PillarBasement,S.I.2 Landing of Lower Stair.

155 158 159

6.1

Silvervases fromthe PillarCrypt.

164

7.1 7.2 7.3

Obsidian: slabs, flakes;prismaticblade production:core, crestedblade, blades. Ground stonetools: grinder-pounders, polishers,whetstones,other. Stone architectural: bordersand others.Stone objects.Stone vases: 'Egyptian alabaster/calcite'. Stone vases: withpotentialoverseasinfluence,bowl of gypsum,otherbowls/openshapes, Bird's Nest Bowls. Stone vases: bowls/openshapes, cups, tumbler/?jar. Stone vases: jars, lamps,tables. Stone vases: lids,pyxis,inlaid,spout,handles. Stone vases: rhyta,othershapes, bore cores. Bone, ivory,metal,clay. 'Neolithicaxe'. Spinningbowl.

169 171 174

4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43

74 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11

131 132 134 137 140 143 145 148 150

179 180 181 182 183 189 192 194

8.1

Loomweights,spindlewhorls.

196

9.1

Seals fromthe vicinityof the South House.

206

list ofTables i 8.1

Breakdownof all cross-joins. Sphericalloomweightsfromthe South House.

19 196

list ofPlates ι

Ashmolean (a) The northfaçadeand theyard,eastsectionbeforerestoration. Museum,Oxford. (b) The MinoanHall lookingnorth.AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford.

2

(a) The PillarBasement.AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford. (b) Viewfromsouth.AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford.

3

northfaçadeofhouselookingeast. (dj Reconstructed MinoanHall. (b) Eastend ofhouse:reconstructed LustralBasin. (c) Reconstructed centralarea aboveInnerBasement, westofMinoanHall. (dj Reconstructed

'

(dj Stairdownto PillarBasement. (b) Mason'smarkon westsideofstairdownto PillarBasement. (c) Doorwayto InnerBasementwithbolthole. PillarCryptwithColumnarRoomaboveit,lookingnorth. (d) Reconstructed

5

double-axestandand stoneslabwiththreehollows (dj Pillarcryptwithpyramidical (b) PillarCryptnorthwallwithbench. ColumnarRoomand upperflight ofstairsabovePillarCrypt,west (c) Reconstructed outerwallofhouseat front.

5

(a) LM IB jar. (b) LMIBjar. (c) LMIIjar. (rf)LMII piriform jar. (e) LM II beakedjug. (/) LM II beakedjug.

j

(a) LM II stirrup jar. Sherdsin SM. (b) LM II firebox. (c) LM II firebox. krater. (rf)LMIHAi amphoroid (*) LMIIIAi beakedjug. sherd. if) PInscribed

8

ObsidianfromAreaS.I.2; 'Neolithic axes'; stonetools.

9

Stonearchitectural; stonevases.

10

Stonevasesand borecore;ivory;bone;clay.

list ofAbbreviations Periodicals AAA AD AE AJA AM Annuario AR BCH BICS BSA Ergon Jdl OJA OpArch OpAth PAE SIMA Special

Athens AnnalsofArchaeology Deltion Arkhaiologikon Arkhaiologiki Ephimeris American JournalofArchaeology desdeutschen Instituts: athenische Mitteilungen archäologischen Abteilung AnnuariodellascuolaitalianadtAtmee dettemissioniitalianiin oriente Archaeological Reports Bulletinde correspondance hellénique BulletinoftheInstitute ofClassicalStudies AnnualoftheBritishSchoolat Athens ToErgontisArkhaiologikis Hetairias desdeutschen Instituts Jahrbuch Archäologischen JournalofArchaeology Oxford OpusculaArchaeologica OpusculaAtheniensia PraktikatisArkhaiologikis Hetairias Studiesin MediterraneanArchaeology

Abbreviations

ABAC AE/NB CMS

DM/DB

Gournia

11UUU 1CÒIÒUII IJl

jLdvi 111 ruiitry

MAMAT MDP Meletemata

± vyimiii

and Series

l'auuinjt

P. Warrenand V. Hankey,AegeanBronzeAgeChronology. Bristol,1989. ArthurEvans's ExcavationsNotebooks. undmykenischen Corpusdermimischen SiegelBerlin,1964-2000; Mainz, 2002D. Mackenzie DayBooks of the Knossos Excavations. H. Boyd Hawes, Β. Williams,R. Seager and E. Hall, Gournia,Vasilikiand OtherPrehistoric Siteson theIsthmusofHierapetra, Crete.Philadelphia,1908. Museum.London, 1933. J. D. S. Pendlebury,Guideto theStratigraphie D. Evely,H. Hughes-Brockand Ν. Momigliano (eds.), Knossos:A Labyrinth ofHistory. Papers in honourofSinclairHood.London, 1994. presented Kreta:Das ErwachenEuropas.Begleitband imNiederrheinischen MuseumderStadt zurAusstellung Duisburg.22 Aprilbis 29 Juli 1990. E. Hallager and B. P. Hailager (eds.),LateMinoanIII Pottery: and Terminology. Athens, Chronology 1997· materialsand techniques',Annuario49, 1971, 5-256. J. W. Shaw, 'Minoan architecture: P. A. Mountjoy,Mycenaean Decorated A GuidetoIdentification. SIMA 73. Göteborg, Pottery: 1986. P. P. Betancourt,V. Karageorghis,R. Laffmeurand W.-D. Niemeier(eds.),Meletemata. Studies inAegeanArchaeology toMalcolmH. Wiener as he enters his 65th Year.Aegaeum 20. presented Liège, 1999. P. M. Warren,MinoanStoneVases.Cambridge,1969. M. R. Popham,J. Betts,M. Cameron,H. and Ε. Catling,D. Evely,R. Higginsand D. Smyth, TheMinoanUnexplored Mansionat Knossos.BSA Supplement17. London, 1984. R. Bosanquet and R. Dawkins, TheUnpublished Objects fromthePalaikastroExcavations190206. BSA Supplement1. London, 1923. A. J. Evans, ThePalace ofMinosat KnossosI-IV. London, 192 1-35. D. Evely,I. S. Lemos and S. Sherratt(eds.), Minotaurand Centaur.Studiesin the Archaeology of Creteand Euboeapresented toMervyn PophamBAR InternationalSeries 638. Oxford, 1996. P. P. Betancourtand C. Davaras (eds.),PseiraI: TheMinoanBuildingsontheWestSide AreaA. of Philadelphia,1995. P. P. Betancourtand C. Davaras (eds.), PseiraII: BuildingAC (the'Shrine')and Other Buildings inAreaA. Philadelphia,1998. P. P. Betancourtand C. Davaras (eds.), PseiraIV: MinoanBuildingsin AreasB, C, D, and F. Philadelphia,1999. A. Evans/The prehistorictombsat Knossos', Archaeologia 59, 1906. P. A. Mountjoy,RegionalMycenaean Decorated Rahden, 1999. Pottery. D. Hardy (ed.), Themand theAegeanWorldlll.i, 2, 3. London, 1990.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

xii TDA Troubled Island WallPaintings

A. EvansThe tombofthedouble-axesetc',Archaeologia 65, 1914, 1-94. theSantorini andafter Crete Minoan Island: Troubled The C. F. and Driessen Macdonald, before J. Aegaeum17. Liège,1997. Eruption. S. Sherratt Athens,2000 (ed.),TheWallPaintngs ofThem.

Other Abbreviations AMO bs CP D. dim. DOL ext. FM FS gm. g/r H. HM L. LOD max. RRN SM SME Th. UP W. Wt.

AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford bodysherd cookingpot diameter dimension dark-on-light extant motif Furumark Furumark shape gramme groove/ridge height HerakleionMuseum length light-on-dark maximum RoyalRoad North Museum Stratigraphical MuseumExtension Stratigraphical thickness unpainted width weight

Preface This volume seeks to presentas fullyas possible the materialfromthe SouthHouse at Knossos,which was excavatedby ArthurEvans in 1908 but neverproperlypublished.The excavationofthe house is describedin DM/DB 1908; supplementaryexcavationswhich took place in the LustralBasin are recordedin DM/DB 1924. A synopsisof the entireexcavationhas been published by Evans in PM Il.i 373-90. Apartfromthe account of the excavationsin the LustralBasin, thereis no real recordof in the South House. No runningsectionswere made in the trenchesand most of the the stratigraphy filland debris in the house was excavated withoutany commentin DM/DB. For this reason the boxes ofmaterialin SM are ofimportanceforthespatialassignmentofthesherds;a lengthydescription of the materialin these boxes is thereforegiven in the IntroductionwithquotationsfromDM/DB where relevant.In almost all cases the contentsof the boxes date fromLM I-LM III; any material leftin situby the LM I destructionof the house is mixed withlatermaterial.This verylarge corpusof unstratified potterycan only be dated stylistically. The location of the entranceto the house has occasioned some discussion.The overview of the architecture (J.M. Driessen) thusincludesan extendedexaminationof the entrancesystembased on recentresearch.Possible below floortestsby Evans in the Inner Basement have produced a small body of MM pottery;a briefdescriptionof this and of some of the other EM and MM pieces is therefore included (C. Knappett).The studyof the LM pottery(P. A. Mountjoy)has produced a large numberofjoiningpieces,theprovenanceofthedifferent pieces withinthehouse allowingconclusions to be drawn about the historyof the house. The contextof one seal listedin the HM Inventoryas from'Houses south of the palace' is describedin the account of the house in PM II. Six otherseals listed with it in the H M Inventoryand with the same find spot have, therefore,been tentatively assignedto the South House and are included below (O. H. Krzyszkowska). Most of the materialis storedin the Stratigraphical Museum, Knossos, but the silver,ivory,fresco and seals are in the HerakleionMuseum; one or two findsare in Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. We thankthe Committeeof the BritishSchool at Athensforpermissionto publishthe South House materialand the Knossos Donated Fund forfinancialsupport.We are verygratefulto the Herakleion Ephoreia (Dr C. Kritsas,Dr A. Karetsou)forallowingaccess to the materialstoredin the Herakleion Museum and forhelp and support.Our thanksare also due to the VisitorsoftheAshmoleanMuseum and the ArthurEvans Trustforallowingus to reproducephotographsfromthe Evans Archiveand to quote fromMackenzie's Daybooks (DM/DB). A numberof scholarshave contributedto discussions of the South House materialor have helped in otherways. They are C. Boulotis,H. Hughes-Brock, H. W. Catling, C. and A. Doumas, Ε. Β. French,Β. P. Hallager, the late V. Hankey, Ε. Hatzaki, M. S. F. Hood, P.Jablonka,C. Macdonald, N. Momigliano,A. van der Moortel,I. Pini,the late M. R. Popham, C. B. Rose and S. Sherratt.All are warmlythanked.Finally,a special debt of gratitudeis owed to P. M. Warrenforso willinglyansweringmanyLM potteryqueries,both over the sherdtables in the Stratigraphical Museum and in correspondence. P. A. M. Athens,September2001

Introduction P. A. Mountjoy

The SouthHouse was one of a groupof housesconstructed in MM III/LM IA at the south-west cornerofthePalace (fig.i). It was setintoa cutting in theformer SouthCorridor madeespeciallyfor its east side was flanked the terrace wall of the IIIII Minoan it; Houses;itswestside by high Early cutintotheearlierSteppedPortico.East oftheSouthHouse lies theSouth-East House,whichwas builtup againstthesouthside of themassiveterracewall of theEarlyMinoanII- III Houses.The basementrooms,whichare all thatremainofthishouse,havea doorwayconstruction similarto that oftheInnerBasementoftheSouthHouse.1A bronzehoardto whichthereare parallelsfromShaft GraveIV at Mycenaewas foundhere(iWII.ii fig.394). Sherdsfromcleaningthefloorhave been keptin theSouthHouse seriesofboxes (Box 1617). Anotherhousewas situatedabout20 m southwestoftheSouthHousejustnorthoftheeast-west sectionoftheSteppedPortico;onlytwowallsofa basementroomwereextant;theyshelteredanotherbronzehoardof similardate to thatfromthe South-East House.2Twofurther housesweresituatednorth-west oftheSouthHousejustsouthofthe WestCourt;one ofthemis theSouth-West House; theotheris locatedacrossfromiton theotherside ofa north-south road.Bothhousessuffered a burntdestruction in LM IA.3 six yearsof excavationat Knossosregularpreliminary Duringthefirst reportsappeared[BSA6the time the South House was excavated in 11),butunfortunately by 1908 thepreliminary reports had ceased.We are relianton Evans'sshortreportin /WILi 373-90, Mackenzie's1908 and 1924 oftheboxesstoredin theStratigraphical Museumforinformation on the Daybooksand thecontents SouthHouse.The SM boxesplayan important roleinterms ofpottery, stoneartefacts andloomweights, buttheyarenotas helpfulas theymightbe, sincea rigorous ofmaterialwas carriedout pre-selection Evans and Mackenzie. notes that the first of by Popham during eightyears excavationnearlyall the were selected and the fine decorated ware deposits heavily only kept(Popham19700, 11). This is obviousfromtheSouthHouse boxes:in termsofpottery thereare almostno coarseand unpainted waresandnoneofthelinearbodysherdsnecessary torestore vessels.Nevertheless, whenfullyspread, evenstrewn the from the South House covers trestle tableseach 2 m closelytogether, pottery 12-13 inlength. 'Its full would be arduous in worthwhile anothercontext Pophamwrote, publication though forit containsmuchmaterialto fillout our knowledgeof LM IB and LM II potteryat Knossos' (Popham 19700, 59). Popham retainedthisview even afterhis subsequentexcavationsin the LM II-IIIA1 material.4 UnexploredMansionproducedmuchstratified The contentsof the SM boxes have suffered some damage in storageover the centurysince excavations In his Guide to the MuseumPendlebury began. Stratigaphical explains{Guide,2) thatthe sherdswereoriginally storedin basketswithwoodenlabelsstating provenanceand depth.Popham adds (19700, 12) thattheywere storedin the Palace in the Area of the ThroneRoom and in theareabeingroofedin 1905.Permanent chambers, neighbouring housingbeganin 1922 and lasted until1931,as Pendlebury thematerial, itintowoodenboxeslabelledinbluepencil; organised putting someoftheoriginallabelswerealreadyillegible, as theyhad been eatenby silverfish.Each areawas a number in red on the bottom left corner ofthebox. Onlysome50 boxesfromthe2000 given key could not be identified. The boxes were listedby area, each area beinggivena capital surviving

Hood and Taylor 1981, no. 3; Troubled Island 150. Troubled Island 150; PM Il.ii fig.395. See Troubled Island 148-9 fora reassessmentof these houses

and Macdonald 1996, 24 forrecent excavations in the area. 4 perSonal communicationto the author.

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INTRODUCTION

3

letter;the boxes fromeach area were then subdividedby Roman and Arabic numerals.The South House thus became S.I. 1-10. The boxes are all listedin the Guide,but the datingof the sherdsis sometimesnot correct. In 1963 the Stratigraphical Museum was built and the boxes moved therefromthe Palace. The was re-boxed at this time. The writingstillvisible on the old boxes and labels was put on pottery cards and the old wooden labels put in the new boxes which were seriallynumbered fromone onwards.Thus theSouthHouse boxes witharea numbersS.I. 1-10 now receivedtheadditionalnumbers 1595-1620. A plan of the South House is included here (fig.ii) withthe area and box numbers. The materialfromEvans's excavationshas not onlybeen the victimof damaged labels and rotting baskets.Withinthe South House materialotherundesirablefactorshave occurred.Firstthe original observedby Mackenzie was not kept and nearlyall the boxes have a mixtureof LM Istratigraphy III; forexample, S.I.7 1605-1606 is labelled 'Room of Three PillarsUpper and Lower Strata'.In 1920 Wace and Biegen wentthroughthe boxes and removedalmostall the Ephyraeangobletsfrom theirstrata,combiningthemin Boxes 1618-1619 togetherwitha numberof non-Ephyraeansherds comprisingroughlyjust over 100 LM I sherdsand about 75 LM II- III sherds.Afterthis Popham removedLM IB sherdsforstudy,duringwhicha group fromS.I.4 and fromS.I.9 were muddled up and could not be reconstituted. They are labelled in the cataloguebelow S.I.4/9. A numberof other sherdsfromboxes fromthe same areas wereput togetherby area numberwithouttheirbox numbers. Since theboxes come fromdifferent has been lost. places withinthe areas,the horizontalstratigraphy These sherdsappear below simplyas S.I.2 etc. and cannot be takeninto account in the statisticsof as thereare manyjoins betweenthem. joins, whichis unfortunate Below is a listof the South House boxes withthe titlesgiven on the boxes togetherwitha list of discrepanciesbetween the Guideand what is actuallywrittenon the box. The series C.V. 1-2 and H.I.i fromthe South Frontof the Palace are included togetherwiththe South House boxes, as the materialin C.V. 1-2 joins extensivelywiththatfromthe house.

AREAS Guide,27 S.I. South House

AND BOXES (S.S.W.House)

LIST (takenfromboxes) [*= same as titlein Guide]

5.1.1 1595 SW Area. Outside. 1908.* 5.1.2 1596 Landing of lower stairto leftof ascending.1908.* 1597 Westof landingof lower stair.1908. 5.1.3 1598 Under stairsto basement. 1924.* X599 Under nw cornerof stairsto basement. 1924. 5.1.4 1600 From stairintervalnorthof Room of SilverVases. 1908.* 5.1.5 1601 Room of SilverVases. East of Pillar. 1908. 1602 Area east of Room of SilverVases and northof Room of Bronze Implements.1908. 5.1.6 1603 South House. LustralBasin, [no date] 1604 South House Bath Room. 1924. 5.1.7 1605 Room of Three Pillars.Upper and lower strata.1908.* 1606 Room of Three Pillars.Upper and lower strata.1908.* 1607 Room of Three Pillarsnear stair.1908. 5.1.8 1608 (House of Bronze Saw) Room of Bronzes. 1908. 1609 (House of Bronze Saw) Room of Bronzes. 1908. 1610 Room of Bronze Implements.1908.* 1611 Room of Bronze Implements.1908.* 1612 Area of Bronze Saw. 1908. 5.1.9 1613 Room withinne angle. 'Megaron'. 1908.* 1614 ne Room 'Megaron'. 1908. 1615 From outsideand inside ne angle. 1908. 5.1.10 1616 East side of house outside. 1908.* 1617 House SE of South House. Sherdsfromcleaningfloor.1930. 1618 Wace and Biegen. Ephyraeangoblets. 1920. 1619 Wace and Biegen. Ephyraeangoblets. 1920.

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INTRODUCTION

5

DiscrepanciesfromGuide.In Guide: 5.1.2 Title is forboth boxes 5.1.3 Title is forboth boxes 5.1.5 Title is Room of SilverVases forboth boxes 5.1.6 LustralArea. 2 boxes. 1908, 1924. [1908 mustbe Box 1604] 5.1.7 Title is for3 boxes not 2 5.1.8 Title is for4 boxes. No mentionof a 5th 5.1.9 Title is for3 boxes 1617 not listed. 'Also 2 boxes of "Cretan EphyraeanWare" (LM II) sortedby Wace and Biegen in 1922' Guide,9 The South Front, West End C.V.I 483 484 485 486 487 C.V.2 488 489 490 491

Outside northfaçade [ofSouth House]. Fall fromPalace. 1908. Outside northfaçade of ssw House. Fall fromPalace. 1908.* Outside northfaçade of South House. 1908. Outside northfaçade of South House. 1908. Outside northfaçade of South House. 1908. - griffin. Outside northfaçade of South House. Area of ivoryfrags. 1908. - griffin. Outside northfaçade of South House. Area of ivoryfrags. 1908. Northfaçade outsideSouth House and towardseast end. 1908. Lot fromslope surface,South Front1902.

Discrepancies.In Guide: C.V. 1 Title is for5 boxes C.V.2 Outside northfaçade of South House. Area of IvoryGriffin. 3 boxes. 1908 + 1 box 'Lot fromSlope Surface,South Front' 1902 [Box 491] + 1 box 'South Pits' 1901 [Box 492] Guide,15 The South Front. Central H.I.i

785 South Front. 786 South Front. 787 South FrontCentral. 1900.

Discrepancy.In Guide: H.I.i General. 3 boxes. 1900. THE CONTENTS

OF THE BOXES

(table i, figs,iii-v) Althoughthe discussionbelow is mostlypotteryrelated,the information belongs here ratherthanin the potterychapter,as it is relevantto the circumstancesof excavation and the interpretation of the historyof the house. The contentsof the boxes are listedbelow numericallyby area and withinthatby box number. The materialis discussed in relationto its find-spotand, where necessaryforclarification, excerpts fromDB/DM are included (square bracketsenclose additionsby PAM). In the listof box contentsI have classed LM IA and LM IB potterytogetheras LM I, because apartfromthe potterypublished in Chapter4, the corpus of LM I materialfromthe South House cannot always be divided into LM IA and LM IB owingto the problemin identifying unstratified Sub-LM IA. LikewiseLM II and LM III potteryis classed as LM II- III, because of the difficulties of separatingLM II fromLM IIIAi when thereis no stratigraphy. A large numberof boxes fromwidelyseparateareas have verymany potteryjoins betweenthem. The date of the joining pieces and the linksbetween areas which they illustrateare of paramount importancetowardstryingto elucidatethe historyof the house, particularlyin itslaterstages(forthe

Fig.ii {lefl).PlanoftheSouthHousewithareaand box numbers added(after PMll.i fig.208).

P. A. MOUNTJOY

6

date of construction see Chapter 1). For thisreason thepotteryjoins betweenthe areas and boxes are listedspatiallybox by box withineach potteryphase (table i: 1-21) and are discussedin thedescription of the contentsof each box. The joins are also shown diagramatically(figs,iii-v) to make clear the distancetheycover.The potterylistedin table i and figs,iii-v can be dated more preciselythan in the listof box contents;most of it is cataloguedin Chapter4. S.I.I

Outside

the House

in the South-west

*595 SW Area. Outside. 1908 (table i: 1) Althoughthisarea is outsidethe house, thereare potteryjoins withmaterialin the house in both the LM I and the LM II phases and withthe materialfromoutsidethe house to the northC.V. 1-2. Joins withS.I. 2 and S.I.5 on the west side of the house mightbe predictable,but thereare also joins with S.I.9, the Minoan Hall, on the otherside of the house and outsideit to the east in LM IA, LM IB and LM II (1615, 1616). 129LMI, 96LMII-III J.XJ.OKJ. χ i^icvjuuul,

Ob'

Λ^α,ΙλΚΛ.ΙΛ.Χ^

x i.vj..i.vx,

VAI ÍUWU

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1597 Westof landingof lower stair.1908 (table i: 3)

zj. vctoCoy.

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It is uncertainif the title'lower stair'refersto the groundfloorstaircaseor to the firstfloorstaircase. At firstglance the labels seem to suggest1596 mightbe at the bottomof the lower or groundfloor staircase,but 1597 is supposed to be west of this,whichis confusing,as it would thenbe outsidethe house, and at thispoint die west wall of the house was stillstanding3.45 m high (Chapter 1). The only landingreferredto in DM/DB is thatat the base of the stairin the firstfloorroom above the PillarCrypt(DM/DB 1908, 25; markedin iWII.i fig.215; see below S.I.4). 1597 could perhapsbe westof thislandingas the collapsed upper partof the westwall of the house musthave fallenoutside as well as inside. The potteryin the boxes mightjustifythisassignation.1596 has a good amountof LM I potteryand not much LM II- III; on the otherhand 1597 containsverylittleLM material(LM II- III predominates),but thereis much MM includingmanypieces whichmended up intothe lower body of a MM II beaked jug. This box may indeed have come fromoutsidethe house. The cuttingin whichthe South House is located cut intothe foundationsof the upper sectionof the earlierStepped Porticohere,whichwould account forthe presenceof earliermaterial(see Chapter 1). Table i: 2-3 shows thatboth boxes join withLM IB and LM II potteryfromthe restof the house and fromoutside it in the northC.V. 1-2, but neitherbox has any LM IA joins withthe restof the house; nor do the boxes join witheach other(apartfromone LM II piece) thusat least corroborating the assignationsgiven by theirlabels to different places withinthe S.I. 2 area. 1596 has a stone vase with 1601 and S.I.5 join S.I.7 1607. 1596 85LMI, 21 LMII-III. Also: 1 EM, 8 MM, 2 painted plaster,7 stone (6 vases, 1 'Neolithic'axe), 1 thinpiece of bronze, 2 Neolithic spindlewhorls,1 clay 'support'. 1597 4LMI, 19 LMII-III. Also: 3 EM, 108 MM, 33 obsidian, 1 stone (vase), 1 bronze wirefragment.

S.I. 3 Below the Stairs to the Basements X598 Under stairsto basement. 1924. 1599 Under nw cornerof stairsto basement. 1924. X598, 1599 have some LM I and a littleLM II- III pottery.They also have much coarse ware and unpaintedware. This area was excavated in 1924 and it may be thatby thenmore materialwas kept.

INTRODUCTION

- -^=

to"30 Ο b_rs-t Π

X

-

^

ίο

Ρ.Α. MOUNTJOY

the coarse ware consistsalmost entirelyof body sherds,as also the unpainted; the Unfortunately, conical cups. The presence of much MM and latterincludes in addition about 120 fragmentary Neolithicin 1599 suggeststhatthe originalsurfacewithearlieroccupationlevels on whichthe house was builtwas reached in thisarea (thenw cornerbelow the stairs).The LM potteryfromtheseboxes (whichmay be mostlyLM IA) does notjoin withsherdsfromthe restof the house. 1598 28LMI, 15LMII-III. Also:8 Neolithic, 1 obsidian. 34 MM, 47 CP, 98 UP ofwhich41 are conicalcup fragments, 1599 39 LM I, 3 LM II. Also:71 Neolithic, 6 EM, 113 MM, 66 coarseand CP, 177 UP ofwhich80 are conicalcup fragments, 2 stone (1 vase),2 pebbles,1 bronzefragment. S.I. 4 The Stairs North of the Pillar

Crypt

1600 From stairintervalnorthof Room of SilverVases. 1908. The 'stairinterval'seems to referto the area below the flightof stairsleading fromthe PillarCryptto the firstfloorroom. DM/DB 2.5.1908, 25-6 records:Thus whatresemblesa corridortakenby itself is reallythe intervalunderneatha stairgoingup two stepsnorthand thenseveralstepsup east. There is nothingto indicatethe stairwas not hollow underneathand the lightloose characterof the deposit points in this direction.In this intervalbelow the level of the gypsum landing block referredto of gypsumstairstepscame out and thesebelonged to the flightup east. The alreadymany fragments loose earthreferredto was underneaththose steps.The gypsumlandingblock has remainedon the wall but it has descended considerablyfromitsoriginallevel and the two stepsup northalongsideof it on the west side slope down considerablyin the easterlydirection. The loose depositunder the stairgoes down to a level about 85 cm below the level of the top of the adjoiningpillar.At thislevel are two stairsteps in gypsumand fromthislevel downwardsthe deposit was tough and clayey.It may be thatthe two stairslabs representthe level of the floor,a cupboard underneaththe stairand the tough earthbeneath would in thatcase have been a sortof fillingpressed down hard. The presence of a stairabove the level of the top of the pillar in the adjoiningroom shows thattherewas anotherstoreyabove thiswitha column in it correspondingto the pillaron the groundfloorand supportedby that.The stairreferredto alreadywentup fromthis upper room to a second storey'(see annotatedphotographPM ILi fig.215 forthe positionof the two stepsand the landingblock). The materialis almostpure LM IA (2 LM IB) and therewere no joins withmaterialfromother sherdsfromthisbox areas, suggestingit mightbe an originalLM IA collapse deposit.Unfortunately were muddled by Popham withthosefromS.I.9; the S.I.4/9 sherdscomprise7 LM IB and 15 LM II of whichthe LM IB join to 1607, 1614 and 490. 44 LM I (13 conicalcups),2 LM II- III. Also:8 Neolithic, 2 vases). 4 stone(1 tool,1 architectural, S.I. 5 The Pillar

Crypt (plates 2 b>4 d, 5 a-c)

1601 Room of SilverVases. East of Pillar. 1908 (table i: 4) 1602 Area east of Room of SilverVases and northof Room of Bronze Implements.1908 (table i: 5) cornerof the During cleaning afterthe excavation foursilvervessels were foundin the north-west Pillar Cryptembedded in the clayeylayer0.75 m above the floor.Their positionsuggeststheyhad fallenfromthe room above (see Chapter6). 1601 is located east of the pillarand 1602 east ofthe PillarCryptand northof the InnerBasement suggestingit mightcome fromthe small rectangularroom,the Lavatory,behind the northfaçade of thebuildingwitha latrinein a small compartmenton itswestside. A frescofragment depictinga bird was foundfallenonto the floorof thisroom. Some corroborationforthisidea comes fromthe fact thatmaterialfromthisarea is not otherwisementionedon the South House box labels. Both boxes have a large amountof LM I, but 1602 also has a massive amountof LM II- III, suggestingit does

11

INTRODUCTION

area. Evansmentionssherdsfroman 'amphora'depictingrosettesagainsta come froma different whichwerefound'on thefloorofthePillarRoomson thewestsideof darkground[spongepattern?] thatthevase 'has a somewhatmoreadvancedappearance', thehouse' (PM ILi 380). He comments floorPillarRoom is meant.The butstilldatesit to LM IA. It is unclearifthegroundflooror first withspongepattern190; itis tall alabastron fill. is that it is the to later It possible piecemaybelong to Evans that the sherds walled which have thickbelongedto a smallamphora. might suggested quite in and fromoutsideto the the house with that from other rooms Bothboxes have pottery joins 11; thereare also 6 LM II with LM IB with boxes and the 1601 has northand east(tablei). 13 joins as manyLM in has almost LM IA joins. 1601joins outsidethehouse thewest,eastand north.1602 IA joins,but only6 LM IB and 8 LM II. It joins outsidethe house in the westand northin all periods,butnotin theeast.One stonevase has a join between1601 and 1602. 1601

81 LM I, 33 LM II-III. Also: 1 obsidian,22 stone (3 tools, 1 architectural, 14 vases). 1602

94 LM I (23 conical cups), 135 LM II-III. Also: 3 MM, 1 obsidian, 2 stone (vases).

S.I. 6 The Lustral Basin (plate3 c) 1603 SouthHouse. LustralBasin,[no date] 1604 SouthHouse BathRoom. 1924. Theseboxescontaintheonlystratified material fromtheSouthHouse.The LustralBasinwasexcavated in 1924,whenit was notedthatthegypsumfloorofthegroundfloorroomexcavatedin 1908 had sunkin themiddle,suggesting thepresenceofa cistbelowit.However,insteadofa cist,excavation belowthefloorrevealedtheLustralBasin.It containeda pureLM IA fillsealedbythegypsumfloor. The box 1603 has no dateon it,butthesherdsareillustrated in DM/DB 1924,32-41, in theaccount oftheexcavationofthisarea.The box 1604 is labelledBathroom notLustralBasinand has thedate on it. It is not in mentioned the DM/DB account. When theupperpartofthecompartment 1924 1924 was excavatedin^igo8 it was designatedas Bathroom(see laterreference DM/DB 1924, 27). The on the originalmentionin DM/DB 20.6.1908,41-1 records:Outside thismegaronarrangement westside is a narrowcorridorrunnings-N to a bath-like at thenorthend linedwith arrangement Forthisarea Guide,27 listsone box gypsumslabswhichwerefoundin a badlydecayedcondition'. for1908 and one for1924. It seemsmostlikelythat1604 containsthe materialfromthe 1908 excavations and has been wrongly dated.The materialin thebox (a verysmallamount)is also LM IA. Thismightsuggesta LM IA dateforthedestruction ofthehouse.A completeBird'sNestBowlin The materialfromthe 1604 (Chapter7, cat.no. 103) shouldalsohavebeencaughtin thedestruction. Bathroomincludedmonochrome paintedplaster;frescofragments depictingplantsweresealed in theLustralBasin. 1603

46 LM IA. Also: 2 obsidian, 2 stone (1 vase, 1 Neolithicaxe).

o

1604

14 LM IA. Also: 4 MM, 14 paintedplaster,3 obsidian, 1 stone (vase).

S.I. 7 1605,1606,1607 The Pillar Basement (plates2 a-b,4 a-b) 1605 Room ofThreePillars.Upperand lowerstrata.1908 (tablei: 6) 1606 Room ofThreePillars.Upperand lowerstrata.1908 (tablei: 7) 1607 Room ofThreePillarsnearstair.1908 (tablei: 8) The threeboxesfromthisareajoin withmaterial fromtherestofthehouseand fromoutsideittothe north.The stratigraphy has not been kept,so sherdsfromtheupperand lowerlevelsare mixed.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

12

1607, whichis labelled as comingfromnear the stairdown to thebasement,has a verylarge amount ofLM IA and LM IB in comparisonto LM II- III, whichmightsuggestan originaldepositis present, althoughcontaminated.Both 1605 and 1606 have more LM II- III than LM I, that from 1606 containingquite a lot of LM IIIAi and a relativelylarge amount of LM IIIA2, a period not well representedin the house. 1605 has severalLM IA and LM II joins withotherareas,but only one LM IB. 1606 only has one LM IA join, but more LM IB and LM II. 1607 has a large numberof LM IB joins, but almostno LM IA and LM II. The LM IA joins fromthe threeboxes representonly a few pots (table i), but 1607 has many LM IB pots (13). 1606 and 1607 have one join each outsideto the west(LM IB), 1605 and 1607 one each outsideto the east (LM IA and LM IB respectively).All three boxes have joins to the north,especially 1607 in LM IB. 1607 is a nexus formanyjoins (figs,iii-v). 1605

34 LM I, 59 LM II-III. Also: 1 EM, 3 MM, 6 paintedplaster,6 stone (vases). 1606

31 LMI, 115LM II-III. 1607

187LMI, 71 LM II-III.

Also: 1 EM, 11 MM, 6 paintedplaster,1 obsidian,18 stone(1 architectural, 2 objects,8 vases,1 'Neolithic' 1 steatite corroded bronze bone 2 whorl, axe), 3 spindle fragments. fragments, S.I. 8 1608,1609,1610,1611,1612

The Inner Basement (plates 2 a-b, 4 c)

1608 (House of Bronze Saw) Room of Bronzes. 1908. 1609 (House of Bronze Saw) Room of Bronzes. 1908. 1610 Room of Bronze Implements.1908. 1611 Room of Bronze Implements.1908. 1612 Area of Bronze Saw. 1908 (table i: 9) This room containedthe so-called bronze hoard. Its excavationis describedin DM/DB 14.5.1908, 27-8: The area called 3 on the sketch[theInnerBasement]did not show a floorlevel flushwiththat of rooms 1 and 2 [thePillar Cryptand the Lavatory]but wentdown a storeydeeper. This was made clear fromthe factthatthe walls went down showinginternalfaces.The deposit of the room was of thetoughclayeysortcharacteristic of thewhole area at the lowerlevels. In thisdepositveryfewfinds occurreduntilwe came towardsthe floorlevel. 'Near the sw cornerof the room at a depth of 1.20 m fromthe presenttop of the west wall were found 2 shortcylindersof bronze which looked as if theyhad framedthe wood-encasingshaftsof some implement.They were in excellent conditiononly covered with a fine green patina. They seemed to indicatethatthe room mightyieldfurther importantfindsof the same kind.When we got down quite to the floorlevel we came upon a hoard ofbronzeimplementsat a pointindicatedon the sketch[thesketchplan shows the bronzes foundin a groupjust west of the centreof the room and slightlytowardsthe southwall]. The bronzeswere embedded in a toughstratumof pale clayeyearth which made it extremelydifficult to remove the bronzes. The bronzes consistedof saws, pick-axes, etc. whichevidentlyhad been storedup in the room in whichtheywere found.The flooron which thebronzeswere foundwas at a level of 2.30 m below the floorlevel of room 2 [theLavatoryon the ground floor]adjoining it on the northside. That therewas an extensioneastwardsof the house beyond the room of the bronzes [theInner Basement]was shown by the factthatin line eastwards withthe southwall of the room but beyond the east wall two stepsof a stairup northwere found in situstartingin a doorwaywhichwas on one level withwhat would have been an upper floorroom fromthe point of view of the room of the bronzes.' Of the fiveboxes fromthisarea 1608 containedonlyjoining sherdsfroma pithos,whichhas been and a sherdfroma second. They do not belong to the pithosshown on the plan partlyreconstituted, at PMïlÀ fig.214 in the doorway of the basement,whichis describedas having stampedbands in relief(DM/DB 16.5.1908, 29-30). 1609 had a few MM, a littleLM I and much CP/coarse ware, almost all body sherds,but only 9 unpainted sherds of which 5 are conical cup fragments.This mixturediffersfromall the other South House boxes except S.I.3 1599. It mighthave been an

INTRODUCTION

13

uncontaminatedoriginaldeposit.However,the LM I decoratedpotterycomprisesmostlylinearbody sherdsand most of the few decoratedpieces belong to a LM IB stirrrup jar witha join outside the house in the north(Box 485). Boxes 1610, 1611 were fullof MM I- III suggestingEvans may have made a testbelow the floorof the house. There was just a littlescrappyLM IA materialin thesetwo boxes (two sherdsare illustrated69, 83), togetherwithtwo intrusiveLM II-III sherds.If the LM IA materialcomes frombelow theflooritwould date theconstruction ofthehouse to thisphase, whereas, if it is intrusiveand was on the basement floor,it mightbelong to the destructionof the house. it is impossibleto be certainone way or the other.1612 fromthe same area has a Unfortunately, different make up. It comprisesa fewMM, a fairamountof LM I and a huge amountof completely LM II-III. Also in the box were eightterracottaloomweights.The potteryjoins withthatfromother areas in the house and fromoutsidein the north,whereasthatfromthe otherboxes in thisarea does notjoin thatof otherareas. 1612 has a different titlefromthe otherboxes, so, in additionto pottery fromthe basement,it may include potteryfound in the collapsed ground floor room above the basement,whereasthe otherboxes containonlypotteryfromthe basementitself.The account of the excavation(DM/DB above) makes it clear thatthe groundfloorroom had totallycollapsed into the basement.This is also clear fromplate 2 b (PM Il.i fig.215). The joins withotherareas are similarin LM IB and LM II (table i: 9).

1609 28 LM I, 2 LM II-III. Also: 1 EM, 9 MM, 73 CP/coarse,9 UP, 1 paintedplaster,1 stone (vase), 1 clay 'support'. 1610 (MM box) 39 LM I, 1 LM IIIA2. Also: 10 paintedplaster,6 stone (2 tools,4 vases), 2 workedbone. 1611 (MM box) 9 LM I, 1 LM II-III. Also: 7 paintedplaster,10 stone (2 tools,2 vases, 6 vase scraps),2 bronze scraps. 1612

60 LM I, 107 LM II-III. --»»■«■«

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1614 NE Room 'Megaron'. 1908 (table i: 11) 1615 From outsideand inside ne angle. 1908 (table i: 12) The onlytwo completevesselsfoundin situin the SouthHouse were discoveredin thisarea. DM/DB 15.6 1908, 39-40 records:'Excavation continuesnorthand east of the Pillar Basement.The flooris level withthatof the room above the PillarBasementand on the same level withthe room withone pillarat the westend of the house [thePillar Crypt].The firstwall to appear was the east wall of the house withonly one course preserved,entirelyof gypsumblocks on a limestonebase faced on the interiorwithgypsumslabs the same heightas the blocks themselves.At one point a littlesouthof χ therelativegypsumblock happened to be only about 20 cm in thicknessand as thishad an interval behind it the constructionwas fora momenttakento be a sortof cist [Evans, marginnote: 'reallya window'.AE/NB 1926].5 When, however,the constructionnorthand south of thiswas seen to be solid we realisedwe had to do withthe lowestcourse of a wall. The wall soon presenteda ne corner and here one limestonecorner-stone block was foundin position.That the whole construction was a wall withashlarfacingon the outsidewas now clear and the ashlarcornerstonemade it equally clear 5 In PM Il.i 378 Evans notes thatthe embrasureof the window was blocked when a restorationwas carriedout when matureLM IA was in vogue.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

4

thatwe had to do withthe outsidewall of the house on the east side. At χ the internalne angle ofthe systemwas broughtout and just withinit fairlyintactwas found a cylindricalterracotta jar - twohandled and spouted- withplant design (peas?) below the rimgoingup obliquelyright.The vase is LM I or late MM III. A littledistancefurther south[bythewalljust beforethewindow]was foundan old-fashionedbiigelkannewithlarge spiralbands on the shoulder.The bügelkannevase was of the same period as thejar already referredto and both formedpart of the furniture of the room at the momentof its destruction.' The boxes fromthis area have potteryjoins withmaterialfromthe rest of the house and from outsidein the north.1613 has a large amount of LM I and only half as much LM II- III, whereas 1614 has large amount of both groups withLM II- III in the majority.In this box thereis also a relativelylarge amountofLM IIIA2. 1615 is frominside and outsidethe Minoan Hall. It containsas much LM I as the othertwo boxes, but almostno LM II- III. Some of it may be part of the LM IA dump foundin S.I.10 and mentionedby Evans (ΡΜΪΙΛ 380). 1613 and 1615 have fewjoins with otherareas, but 1614 has a large amountof LM IB and a fairamount of LM II (table i). All three boxes have a relativelylargenumberof LM IA joins compared to otherareas, especially 1613; these joins are outsideto the north.1614, 1615 also have joins to the east in LM IA and 1614 in LM IB. There arejoins outsideto thewestin LM IB and LM II. 1614, 1615 are thefocalpointofmanyjoins. 1613

87 LM I, 44 LM II-III. Also: 5 EM, 9 MM, 1 stone (vase).

1614

126 LM I, 150 LM II-III. Also: 2 Neolithic,4 stone (1 architectural, 1 vase).

1615

110 LM I (21 conical cups), 7 LM II-III. Also: 1 faiencescrap

S.I. 10 Outside the East Wall of the House 1616 East side of house outside. 1908 (table i: 13) This box containsmuch LM I, but mostis LM IB not LM IA, so it cannothave included the LM IA of a stone Vapheio cup. dump mentionedby Evans (PM Il.i 380), whichcontainedmany fragments There is a littleLM II-III. Both groupshave joins withpotteryfromthe house and fromoutsideto the north.There are LM IA joins withthe Minoan Hall and the Pillar Basement and LM IB joins outsidethe house to the northand outsiderightover to the west.The only LM II join is with 1612 fromthe area of the Inner Basement. 1616 115 LM I, 24 LM II-III. Also: 3 EM, 17 MM, 42 paintedplaster,2 stone (1 vase, 1 'Neolithic'axe).

S.I. 10 House

South-east

of South House

1617 House se of South House. Sherdsfromcleaningfloor.1930. In 1930 this area was cleaned. The majorityof sherdsconsistedof coarse or unpaintedware; the decoratedsherdsare mostlyLM I scraps; one LM IIIAi sherdjoins with 1616. 1617

75 LM I (55 conical cups), 3 LM II-III. Also: 16 Neolithic,1 EM, 55 MM, 42 CP/coarse, 22 UP, 5 paintedplaster,3 stone.

Wace and Biegen; the boxes withEphyraeangobletsalso contained: 1618 11 LM I, 37 LM II-III.

INTRODUCTION 1619

95 LM I, 28 LM II-III. C.V.i 483 484 485 486 487

483-488

Outside

the North Wall

of the South House

(plates 1 0, 3 a)

Outside northfaçade [ofSouth House]. Fall fromPalace. 1908 (table i: 14) Outside northfaçade of SSW House. Fall fromPalace. 1908 (table i: 15) Outside northfaçade of South House. 1908 (table i: 16) Outside northfaçade of South House. 1908 (table i: 17) Outside northfaçade of South House. 1908 (table i: 18)

It was by puttingout north-southwagersinto thisarea fromthe South Frontof the Palace thatthe SouthHouse was firstdiscovered.The accountin DM/DB is importantas it outlinesthe stratigraphy in the yardarea betweenthe Palace and the northwall of the South House. Excavation startedat the east end of what turnedout to be the cuttingforthe South House. DM/DB 23.3.1908, 3 reads: 'As the trenchdeepened we found that there were other gypsum blocks in the deposit all jumbled togetherin confusion.They had evidentlybeen throwndown the slope by the same people who appropriatedthe limestoneslabs of the plinthforbuildingpurposes'. 31.3.1908, 5-6. DM/DB notesthatthe east end of the trenchhad a confuseddepositin the area of thegypsumblocks;deeper down a level was reachedwhichcontainedmanyfrescofragments evidently thrownout in a heap, probably in LM III, when the Palace was repaired; relieffrescowas also presentincludingpart of a femaleupper arm withpainted arm band. It was noted thatthe frescoes had been thrownout fromthe Palace duringrepairsin some of the rooms probablynear the South Frontand thattheyprobablycame fromseveralrooms as it was difficult to findconnectionsbetween the frescoes.The deposit of frescofragments began at a depth of 2.50 metresbelow the adjoining level ofthe floorofthe South Corridorand wentdown to a depthof 3.30 m beforecomingto an end. [The heightof the west extantend of South Corridoris given as 96.80 on the site plan (Hood and Taylor 1981). The frescofragmentdepositthereforeextended from94.30-93.50; the gypsumblock were foundover an area of 45 sq m i.e. depositwould have been 2.50 m deep]. The frescofragments 5 m in a southerlydirectionand 9 m in a westerlydirection.The frescoat the east end began to occur at a distanceof4.70 m southoftheplinthofthe northwall ofthe South Corridorand 5 m to thewest of the firstgypsumblock of the South Corridornext [to]the South Porticoon the westside.' There is some confusionhere as the South Porticois at a considerabledistancefromthe South House (site plan: Hood and Taylor 1981); it may be thatinitiallythe whole area fromthe Early Houses to the South Porticowas includedunder the name South Portico. 1.4.1908, 7-8. DM/DB observesthatthe wall of the northface [ofSouth House] was found3.8 m fromthe startof the Corridornext to the South Portico[i.e. the Early Houses; see above] and thatit was of ashlarmasonryrunningΕ-w; the northface of the wall was 9 m distantfromthe northwall of the South Corridor;the limestoneashlarmasonrywas not of palatial character.The southwall of the South Corridorwas not extant,not even the foundationslabs, althoughthe northones were present, so it was concluded thatthe new wall possiblybelonged to a later building constructedwhen the South Corridorwas out of use. 2.4.1908, 9-10. 'Afterabout threecourses of the wall had come out in the trenchfragmentsof Palace potterybegan to appear includingsherdsofa largevase withfineoctopusdesign.The fragments occurredin loose depositall jumbled about above slabs of gypsumout of position.The fragments of the octopus vase and the gypsumslabs had evidentlybeen thrownout of the Palace at a period apparentlynot earlierat mostthanLM III. The debrishad been thrownout as rubbishand did not at all belongto thesystemwithwhichour wall is to be connected.There was an intervalof 25 centimetres betweenthegypsumslabs and thefragments oftheoctopusvase filledoutwithloose earth.Underneath the stratumwiththe gypsumslabs the characterof the deposit changed. It became toughand clayey and itwas in thiscompressedearththatthe ivoryfragments occurred.Above the depositagain which containedthe fragmentsof the octopus vase occurredlarge quantitiesof LM III pottery including plain one-handled and two-handledcups with stalk foot and disc-base such as are characteristic wheneverthiskind of potteryoccurs.The underlyingtoughclayeystratum,the super-imposedloose stratumwiththe fragments of the octopus vase and the stratumabove thisagain whichcontainedthe Late Minoan III potterywere quite distinctfromone another.The octopus vase is LM II and the conclusionis thatit musthave been thrownwhere it was foundat the end of LM II, or earlyin LM

P. A. MOUNTJOY

[IL The octopusvase depositis in turnlaterthantheunderlying clayeydepositin whichocurredthe of and than the wall faience. This is later outsidewhichitoccurred'(see fragmentsivory again system FIG. Vl).

3.4.1908, 11. The new wall was now seen to runsse-nnw.The relationof thenew wall to the SouthCorridorshowedthecutting had beenmadeespeciallyforit.'like theSE House the adjoining newconstruction had apparently been builtin a cutting made forit.It was thisfactwhich expressly fortheexistenceofPalacedepositat a levelconsiderably accounted lowerthanthatofthefloorofthe SouthCorridorfurther east. The wall [northwall of theSouthHouse] had one featurein itsconstruction unliketruePalace architecture. The ashlarmasonry had smallchipsofstoneletin betweenthecoursesso as to getthese even.Occasionallytwonarrowblocksweresetin betweenthewideones [atan angle]whichdid not ofthe ofthePalace.. . The fragments fitin withthemethodofconstruction commonin thelightwells vase was of it was to see that the and then easy octopusvase continuedto turnup plentifully considerable size.' occurredwas verytoughand 3.4.1908,12. 'The underlying depositin whichtheivoryfragments ingetting outtheivoriesandtheothersmallobjects. difficulty clayeyandthisoccasionedconsiderable The toughness oftheearthwas quiteunlikewhatwe foundto be commonwithinthePalace and its ofmaterials likeivoriesand faience.' to thegood preservation was veryunfavourable dampcharacter 4.4.1908, 13-14. DM/DB notesthatgypsumblockswerealso usedin thenorthwalloftheSouth blockafterit was notlimestoneas beforebut House: a smallreturnsouthwas foundand thefirst north-south meets the east wall ofthePillarCryptrunning The return south is that where gypsum. thenbecamevery thenorthwallofthehouse.The blockcan be seenin plate 1 a. Workapparently as the trenchgot deeperbecause huge gypsumblockshad been thrownin fromabove; difficult theblockshad been throwndownlaterby robberscollecting Mackenziethought buildingmaterials fromtheSouthCorridor;theearthin whichtheblockswereembeddedwas veryloose and different arefound. fromthatin whichtheivoryfragments of the vase [octopusjar] werefoundin a stratum The separatedfrom 4.4.1908, 15-16. fragments The wholeofthis in whichoccurredthegypsumslabsoutofpositionby 25 centimetres. thestratum

LMm Pottery Octopus jar 25 cm loose earth

Fallen gypsum blocks/slabs

1.20m+ clayey layer

in back yardof SouthHouse based on DM/DB 2.4.0É Fig. vi. Schematicsectionof stratigraphy fromDM/DB 25-30.5.08). m+ taken 1.20 (depth

INTRODUCTION

17

to. It was in thetough thegypsumslabsreferred depositwas loose comparedwiththatunderneath we slabs occurred that the level at which the earth beneath beganto comeupon the gypsum clayey of and other small objects. fragments ivory to above was laterthanthewall 'It has alreadybeen said thatthetoughclayeydepositreferred in fromthePalace thedateat been thrown it. But as the seems to have construction alongside deposit affords no clue to theepochto whichtheobjectsfoundin whichthedepositwas thusaccumulated thedepositare to be assigned.The onlyclue is thattheobjectsfoundin suchthrowndepositare at leastalwaysearlierin datethanwhenthedepositwas thrownin. It is thesamewiththedepositin whichthe octopusvase was foundand thatagain meansthe surfaceto whichtheLM III pottery belonged.At one pointtheLM III depositwentdeep down.This was in theangleshownon the in appearance sketch as xxx[ofthenorthreturn] butthedeposithereagainwaslooseandquitedifferent and consistency fromthatin whichoccurredthefragments ofivory.It looksas ifat thispointa pit had been sunkby people searching have been used as a fortreasureand thatthismayafterwards rubbishheap forLM III pottery.' was ofthe 13.4.1908,17-18. 'The toughclayeydepositin whichwerefoundtheivoryfragments samecharacter as thatin whichoccurredthefragments offresco[higher east]andboth up and further werethrown outofthePalace at thesametime.' ofivoryrepresented theremainsof theforepart of a griffin.' 23.4.1908,19. 'The finestfragment DM/DB further oddsand ends notesthatthereweremanyivoryfragments and thattheyrepresented but thrown outfromthePalace.A prolongedsearchwas made forjoinswithotherivoryfragments, It seemedthatthefrescodeposithad therewerenone,as also happenedin thecase ofthefrescoes. afteritsremovalfromthewalls,so therewas no hope offinding beenmixedup in antiquity joins. 'The and wagersextendedsouth 21. 24-25.4.1908, gypsumblockswereremovedfromthecutting fromthenorthwall.In thecase howeverof thedepositsouthof our wall nowheredid any of the oftheMinoandepositoccur.The mostplausibleexplanation is that tawnyredearthso characteristic thesystemwithwhichourwallis connectedon thesouthside [theSouthHouse] did notperishby fire.It was theactionoffirethatturnedtheearthdepositsofthePalaceto theirterracotta redcolour.' DM/DB that the west of the states trench was extended east and 27.4.1908,23. pillar[inthePillar the and south face of the north wall of the South a wall House; along Crypt] entirelyof rubble was found to the north wall. 'It was noticeable that of the masonry parallel octopusvase no fragments occurredon the southor interior side of thewall and thiswas in itselfan indicationthatthetwo The octopusvase had been castoutwithotherPalace debriswhereasinside depositsweredistinct. thenewbuildingwe couldexpectdepositbelongingmoreproperly to thesystemitself.' The stratigraphy observedbyMackenziewas notkepthere(Popham19700,59). The pottery joins withthatfromthehouse,bothLM IB and LM II- III (tablei). The boxesjoin witheach extensively otherwithinC.V.i in LM IB and LM II, especially483, 486 (LM IB). 483, 485, 487 alsojoin outside in thewest,butonlyoncein theeast(483 LM IB). 483, 486 havea fairamountofLM IIIAi and LM IIIA2 comparedto theotherboxes;483 also has someLM IIIB. 483 81 LM I, 99 LM II-III. 484 40 LM I, 10 LM II-III. Also: 12 Neolithic,6 MM, 1 paintedplaster,6 stone (1 vase, 3 'Neolithic'axe). 485 45 LM I, 45 LM II-III. Also: 1 EM, 2 MM, 6 stone (1 architectural, 2 tools,2 vases, 1 'Neolithic'axe). 486 33 LM I, 111 LM II-III. Also: 1 Neolithic,2 paintedplaster,10 stone (1 architectural, 3 tools,4 vases, 2 'Neolithic'axe), 1 loomweight. 487 3 LM I, 6 LM II-III. Also: 32 Neolithic,5 MM, 1 paintedplaster,3 obsidian, 13 stone (7 vases, 4 'Neolithic'axe).

P. A. MOUNTJOY

i8 C.V.2

Outside

the North

Wall

of the South House. (plates 10,30)

Area

of the Ivory

Griffin

- griffin. 1908 (tablei: 19) 488 OutsidenorthfaçadeofSouthHouse.Area ofivoryfrags. House. Area of north of South Outside 1908 (tablei: 20) façade 489 ivoryfrags. griffin. east end. and towards North outside South House façade 1908 (tablei: 21) 490 Front Lot from South 1902. 491 slopesurface, A largeMarineStylejar decoratedwithoctopuswas foundin manypiecesin thisarea (see DM/DB C.V.i above and 176,plate 6 a). The ivorygriffin was also recoveredfromthisarea (see DM/DB C.V.i above).Duringcleaningof thecutting northoftheSouthHouse a lapislazuliseal and a stonebox withtesseraein itwerealso found.DM/DB 25-30.5.1908,49 notesthata lapislazuliseal encasedin a thinband ofgold with ornamentwas found1.20 m above the externalfloorof the house in the toughcompact filigree ofthewholearea.It wasfoundadjacentto theareaeastwherethefrescoes clayeyearthcharacteristic had been uncovered;'thereis hardlyanydoubtitwas thrown outfromthePalace'. witha lid.It was a smallstonechestofhardlimestone Oppositethegemat thefootofthecutting containeda fewtesseraeofcrystal and bronzeand a triangular bitofgold.It wasprobablyplundered and droppedwherefound.'The tesseraeare sketchedin AE/NB 1926, 13. Thereare sevenpieces one each of amethyst, comprising crystal, smokycrystal, beryl,lapis lazuli,gold and copper.They havenotbeen located. The materialfromC.V.2 is a continuation ofthatfromC.V.i listedabove. Thatin Box 491 was from the in surface gathered 1902 priorto theexcavationofthehouse.Therearejusta couple slope ofjoins to otherareasin LM II. 488 has severalLM LAjoins and manyLM IB, whereas490 has manyLM IB and LM II. 491 has someLM IIIAi and LM IIIA2 sherdsand a fewLM IIIB. i72LMI,62LMII-III. Also: 3 Neolithic,1 EM, 4 MM, 2 stone (vases), 1 bronze scrap,2 loomweights. 489 30 LM I, 38 LM II-III. Also: 1 MM, 1 paintedplaster,6 stone (vases), 1 workedbone, 3 ivory,1 bronze scrap. 490 80LMI, 130 LM II-III. Also: 1 Neolithic,2 EM, 1 MM, 3 stone (1 object, 2 vases), 1 clay bead. 49 ! 31 LM I, 74 LM II-III. Also: 6 Neolithic,9 EM, 60 MM, 2 stone (1 vase). H.I.I

Outside

the North

Wall

of the South

House

but Further

785 SouthFront 786 SouthFront 787 SouthFront.Central.1900. Thereis verylittlematerialin theboxes;noneofitjoinsthatfromthehouse. 785 1 LM IIIA2 Also: 1 coarse ware, 1 paintedplaster. 786 15 LM I, 10 LM II-III. Also: 1 paintedplaster,3 obsidian,3 stone (2 vases). 787 2 EM, 1 MM conical cup, 3 stone (1 vase).

to the East

INTRODUCTION Table i. Breakdownofall cross-joins.

χ

1595 χ

1596

1597 1601

#

χ

1602

#

χ

1605 1606 1607 1612

·

#

χ

1602

»595

·_

1601

*

1602

χ

χ

χ χ

1616

χ

483 484 485 486 487 488 ^89

χ

*

χ χ

*

*

1613 1614 1615

χ χ

*

*

1602

*

1605 1606 1607

χ

1612 *

χ

χ

1613 1614 1615

1612 *

488 489

χ

490

χ

483 484 485 486 487

χ χ χ

1613 1614 1615

#

13

χ

*

#

#

#

488 489

#

* χ χ χ

*

χ

*

χ

* *

χ χ χ χ

490

(7)Box 1606 LM IA LM IB LM II χ

1595

1601 1605 1606 1607

χ » #

*

* *

6

(6) Box 1605 LM IA LM IB LM II

·

χ χ

483 484 485 486 487

6

(5) Box 160a LM IA LM IB LM II

*

*

49»

3

LM II

* χ

1616

483 484 485 486 487

LMIB

*

1605 1606 1607

χ

1613 1614 1615

*

*597

*

χ

1605 1606 1607

χ χ

(4) Box 1601

LMIA 1596

1596 1597 1601

*

(3) Box 1597 LM IA LM IB LM II

(2) Box 1596 LM IA LM IB LM II

(i)Box 1595 LM IA LM IB LM II

13

11

(8) Box 1607 LM IA LM IB LM II 1595

χ

1596 1597

χ

1601

χ

1602

χ

1605 1606 1607

#

♦

*

Innerbasement

483 484 485 486 487

5

7

8

4

1

χ

°

χ χ χ

1613 1614 1615 1616

χ

483 484 485 486 487

χ

488 489

χ x_

x

χ

490

3

3

4

*

1

13

3

P. A. MOUNTJOY Table i. Breakdownofall cross-joinscontinued. (g) Box 1612 LMIA LMIB LM II

(10) Box 1613 LM IA LM IB LM II

ff·

36

7

(13) Box 1616 LMIA LMIB LM II

(11) Box 1614 LM IA LM IB LM II

*_

ί

χ

*

Î

3

7

(14) Box 483 LM IA LM IB

LM II

*

χ

*

£

χ

*

}

12

10

5

!2

1O

(15) Box 484 LM II LM IA LM IB

Innerbasement

3

8

1

(12) Box 1615 LM IA LM IB LM II

1

2

4

)

10

(16) Box 485 LM IA LM IB

1

LM II

INTRODUCTION Table i. Breakdownof all cross-joinscontinued. (17) Box 486

LM IA LM IB

(18) Box 487

LM IA

LM II

LM IB

1595

χ

1596 »597

χ

1596 *597

χ

1601

χ

1601

χ

1602 1605 1606 1607

*

Innerbasement 1612

*

1613 1614 1615

#

483 484 485 486 487

χ

* *

χ_ χ

488 489

1613 1614 1615

488 489

χ

490

»595

>

1596 *597

χ

160 1

#

(21) Box 490

χ

χ

1613 1614 1615

# # #

LM II

χ χ χ

483 484 485 486 487

χ χ χ

1605 1606 1607

χ

1613 1614

χ

*

1615

χ

483 484 485 486 487

χ

χ χ 11

490

*

1

LM II

χ χ

*

1602

χ

*

1605 1606 1607

χ

1613 1614 1615

LM IB

χ

1616

490

1596 1597 160 1

Innerbasement 1612

LM IA

*

χ

5

LM IA LM IB

(20) Box 489

LM II

* 1605 1606 1607

483 484 485 486 487

χ

(19) Box 488

LM IA LM IB

LM II

* *

#

χ χ

1616

χ

483 484 485 486 487

χ

488 489

χ

χ χ

11

* *

* * * *

♦ 11

LMIIIAi The materialis widelybutthinlyscattered.It is foundin 16 boxes from9 areas: S.1.1 1595,8.1.2 1597,8.1.5 i6o2,S.I.7 1605, 1606, i6o7,S.I.8 1609, S.I.9 1613, S.I.10 1616, C.V.i 483, 484, 486, C.V.2 488, 489, 490, 491. There is a concentration in thePillarBasementS.I.7 1606 and outsidethe house in C.V. 1 483, 486. There are joins betweenfiveareas. These joins representonly three pots,but neverthelessthejoining sherdsare scatteredrightacrossthehouse. The potsare no.606 S.I.5, S.I.9, no.619 S.I.i 1595, C.V.i 485, 486 and no.621 S.I.8 1612, C.V.i. LM IIIA2 The materialis foundin 11 boxes from6 areas (S.I.5 i6o2,S.I.7 1^i 1606, S.I.9 1614, C.V.i 483,484,485,486,487^/^2488,491,^1.1 in thePillarBasementS.I.7 1606 and in theMinoan Hall S.I.9 1614; thereis also a fair 786), butnotin any quantity.There is a concentration amountin C.V. 1 483, butthematerialfromtheseareas does notmend up. The onlyjoin is betweendifferent boxes in C.V. 1 (483, 485, 486). 1605 has some LM ΠΙΑ materialbut 1607 has none; itis froma different regionwithinthe area. LM IIIB There is verylittleLM ΙΪΪΒ pottery.It is foundin all areas (boxes 1595, 1596, 1598, 1602, 1605, 1612, 1614, 483, 491) except S.I.4, S.I.6, S.I. 10, butis verythinlyscattered.There is one join betweenS.I.2 1596 and C.V.i 483.

22

P. A. MOUNTJOY

SUMMARY Mackenzie's Interpretation of the Stratigrpahy pottery Apartfromthe two vases found in situin the Minoan Hall (S.L9) the only securelystratified fromthe South House is the deposit fromthe LustralBasin excavated by Mackenzie in 1924 (S.I.6 1603). The LustralBasin was filledin so thata new floorcould be made higherup on a level with thatof the megaronto the east. LM IA sherdsand 'milkjugs'6were foundin the fill,as well as fresco fragments. They were sealed by the new higherfloor.The potterywas dated by Mackenzie to the earlierphase of the South House (DM/DB 1924, 28) The deposit is LM IA, but Macdonald has pointedout (Macdonald 1996, 24) thata numberofthesherdscould be TransitionalMM III-LM IA; this could eithermean earliermaterialwas included in the deposit or thatthe remodellingof the LustralBasin occurredearlyin LM IA. The frescofragments are by the same painteras those in the House of the Frescoes and should date to earlyLM IA (see Chapter 2). Evans dated thetwovases foundinsituin S.I.9, theMinoan Hall, to earlyLM IA and thedestruction of the house to late LM ΙΑ (PM Il.i 380). The Marine Stylejar fromthe yardbetweenthe house and the Palace (C.V.2) was dated to transitional LM IB-LM II (see Chapter4 forthe LM IB date of this in the yard in relationto the Marine Stylejar (see Mackenzie comments on the vase). stratigraphy above C.V. 1; fig.vi). The stratigraphy consistedofa clayeydepositat thebottomcontainingfragments of ivory(includingthe griffin); above it were fallengypsumslabs; above themwas 25 cm of loose with the of the sherds Marine deposit Stylevase at the top; above the vase therewas much LM III had Mackenzie that the Marine pottery. thought Stylevase, thegypsumslabs and theivoryfragments been thrownout fromthe Palace as rubbish.This impliesphases of rubbishtipping,as the deposit withthe ivoryfragments is earlierthanthatwiththe Marine Stylevase.7 Popham's Interpretation of the Stratigraphy While workingon the materialfromEvans's excavations,Popham noticed that there was a large amountofLM IB potteryfromtheSouthHouse withmanycross-joins. To accountforthishe suggested in LM that the was South House IB, not in LM IA as Evans (Popham 19700, 59-60) destroyed He also the in the that of blocks thought. suggested jumble gypsum passage between the house and thePalace fellfromthe house, not fromthe Palace as Evans and Mackenzie supposed. To accountfor thelargeamountof LM II potteryhe notesthatEvans thoughtthatthe fillin the passage belonged to the main destructionof the Palace which he dated to LM II, whereas Mackenzie thoughtit was thrownout fromthe Palace duringrepairsin LM III. Popham observesthateitherofthesepossibilities is viable: theremighthave been some local destructionin the Palace in LM II whichwould account forthe fillor a dump made duringLM ΠΙΑ renovations.However, he also suggeststhatthe area below the South Frontwiththe ruinedSouth House mighthave been a rubbishtip fromthe timeof his postulatedLM IB destructionof the house onwards,as thiswould fitthe continuousdevelopment in the potteryfromLM IB-IIIA. Driessen and Macdonald's Interpretation of the Stratigraphy Driessen and Macdonald8prefera LM IA destructionforthe South House, since thereis evidence of a matureLM IA destructionin otherbuildingsin the area of the South House. To account forthe largenumberof LM IB sherdspresentin comparisonto the lack of LM IB materialin otherpartsof thePalace, theysuggestthatthe upper floorsofthehouse were cleaned out and reoccupiedin LM IB, LM II and LM ΠΙΑ. There are thustwo dates proposed forthe destructionof the South House, LM IA (Evans, Driessen and Macdonald) or LM IB (Popham),and two explanationsgiven to account forthe presence of the latermaterial:tip or squatters.

6 See PM IV.ii 937-8, 909 forthe juglets. 7 Mackenzie does not fig. mention a large number of Ephyraean goblet sherds found together with palatial jar sherds in the passage between the house and the Palace described by Evans

in PM IV.i 359-60. Most of these sherdswere removed by Wace and Biegen in 1920 withoutreferenceto the stratigraphyand storedin boxes 1618, 1619. 8 Troubled Island 150.

INTRODUCTION

23

Squatters If therewas a LM IA destructionand squattersmoved in, as Driessen and Macdonald suggest,there is the questionof where the squatterslived. The whole centreof the house had collapsed, as is clear fromMackenzie'sdescriptionoftheexcavationoftheInnerBasement,wherehe notesthattheground floorhad falleninto it (DM/DB S.I.8 above; plate 2); the west end of the house had also collapsed, since the upper storeyover the Pillar Crypthad falleninto the Pillar Crypt,as the position of the silvervases shows (DM/DB S.I.5 above), so this area could not have been inhabitedeither.At the east end ofthe house thepresenceoftwo completeLM I vases in theMinoan Hall suggeststhatthere were no later inhabitantshere, as theywould have moved them; the vases were presumablynot moved because theywere covered by the ruinsof the room; since theywere on the ground in the cornerand againstthe wall theymighthave been protectedby roofbeams fallingacross the corner, whichthen supportedthe destructiondebris.Almostnothingof the Minoan Hall is left(one course only of the east wall was preservedDM/DB S.I.9 above) suggestingthatthe ceiling and walls had indeed collapsed (plate 1 b). Since the upper floorsof the house were no longerextant,as theyhad collapsed onto the ground floorand basements,it seems unlikelythatany kind of post destruction reoccupationtook place in the house. Tip The analysisof the contentsof the boxes has shown thatthereare extensivepotteryjoins in the LM IA, LM IB and LM II phases, whereasLM IIIAi has almostno joins and LM IIIA2 and LM IIIB have one join each and not many pieces. The joins betweenthe LM IA, LM IB and LM II material extendover a huge area (figs,iii-v). The house is 19 m long and 12 m deep and the yardbetweenit and the Palace is another5 m deep and also 20 m long.Joinsoccur between the yard and the Pillar Basementover 17 m away and fromoutside the house on both west and east ends to the opposite end over 19 m away. The collapse of the groundfloorand firstfloorin the centreof the house might have projectedmaterialnorthand south of it and east and west,but the house was only destroyed once, whereasthe potteryjoins belong to threemain phases: LM IA, LM IB and LM II. The spatialextentofthejoins and theirdifferent datesshowstheycannotbe theresultofearthquake as theyoccur in everyphase and over too large an area. So it seems theyhave to resultfrom tipping. If the materialis tip,LM IA, LM IB and LM II potterycould all have been tipped at the same time eitherearlyin LM IIIAi, since thereare so fewLM IIIAi potteryjoins, or in LM II withthe LM IIIAi potterybeing tipped later.If materialhad been tippedfromthe Palace into the yard and onto theruinedhouse, as Popham has suggested(Popham 19700, 59-60), it would firsthave filledthe m 5 widthof the yard. Indeed, Mackenzie notes in his descriptionof the excavation of the yard thatno of the octopusjar, which he thoughthad been thrownfromthe Palace in LM III, were fragments foundin the house. DM/DB C.V.i (above) makes it clear thatthe materialin the yard betweenthe Palace and the northwall of the house C.V. 1-2 did not extend into the house, althoughit was tip whichpost-datedthe house. However, the potteryin the SM boxes joins fromthe yard rightacross the house. This suggestsit was tipped at one time afterthe yard was fulland thus afterthe LM IB octopusjar reached its position.As thereare so few LM IIIAi joins, it is possible that the whole depositwas tipped in LM II or earlyin LM III. The LM IIIA2 and LM IIIB potteryseems to be a different kind offillsince thereare almostno joins. It mightbe the resultof casual dumping,even the LM IIIA2 concentrationsin 1606 and 1614. The Destruction of the South House It seems most probable that the clayey layer formedthe destruction deposit of the house. It was presumablymade up fromthe fallenfloors,the mudbrickwalls and the roofingmaterial.Mackenzie stateswithreferenceto the Inner Basement: The deposit of the room was of the tough clayey sort characteristic of the whole area at the lowerlevels' (DM/DB 14.5.1908, 27). Evans further notes (PM Il.i 390) thatthe large amount of clay deposit in the lower rooms and basements suggeststhatthe upper house walls were of sundriedbricks.The clayey deposit is found in the Pillar Crypt,where DM/DB 2.5.1908, 25-6 notes thatit began at the level of the two stair steps up north(the silver vesselsfallenfromtheupperroomwereembedded in it 75 cm above thefloorDM/DB 25-30.5.1908, 49), and in the Inner Basementwherethe bronzeson the floorwere foundin it (DM/DB 14 f;1008* *'D* y ' 27-8).

4

P. A. MOUNTJOY

thereis no independent However,in the yard the clayeydepositpresentsa problem,since,firstly, of a linkto the clayeydepositin the house and, secondly,thereseem to be two different confirmation heights,one at the east end of the house level withthe Minoan Hall and one in depositsat different the centrelevel withthe Lavatory.The ivorygriffin was embedded in the latter(DM/DB 2.4.1908, Contra Mackenzie (DM/DB 2.4.1908, 9-10) Evans suggests(PMII.i 388) that 9-10, 23.4.1908, 19). the griffin fell froman upper room of the house. The lapis seal was found adjacent to the eastern deposit(DM/DB 25-30.5.1908, 49). Its positionis shownon theplan fig. ii. The seal was foundat a heightof 1.20 m above the externalfloorof the house, i.e. the yard (DM/DB 25-30.5.1908, 49). We are told thatthe easterndeposit consistsof fallengypsumblocks with80 cm of frescobelow them (DM/DB 31.3.1908, 5-6). Mackenzie laternotes thatthe fresco,too, is in the clayey deposit (DM/DB 13.4.1908, 17-18). He does not mentionanythingbelow the fresco.It could be thatthe clayeydepositgoes down to the floorof the yard,but the top begins at 4.30 m above the floorof the house, so it would be almost as high as the house. However Evans mentionsthat the cuttinginto whichthe house was set consistsof clay (PM Il.i 373). It may be thata higherclayeydepositevolved fromclayey materialfromthe cuttingfallinginto the yard on top of fallenmaterialalready there. From Mackenzie's descriptionthe frescodoes seem to have been thrownout fromthe Palace at a laterdate. The frescoesapparentlycovered 9 m in an ε-w direction.If the lapis seal is adjacentto this deposit,thento accommodate9 m the depositmusthave stretchedon acrossthe EarlyHouses above the retainingwall. The stratigraphy of the centraldeposit in the yard is clear (fig. vi). Mackenzie recordstumbled blocks and slabs above the clayeylayer.Evans and Mackenzie thoughttheyhad fallenfrom gypsum the Palace (PMII.i 373, DM/DB 2.4.1908, 9-10), but Popham has suggestedtheymighthave fallen fromthe house itself(Popham 19700, 59). There is no way of provingeitherof these hypotheses. Above the fallenblocks in the centraldepositwas 25 cm of loose earthwithsherdsmakingup the late LM IB octopusjar; as faras can be understoodfromDM/DB 2.4.1908, 9-10 thejar was at the top of the loose earth: There was an intervalof 25 centimetresbetween the gypsumslabs and the of the octopus vase filledout withloose earth'.The earthpresumablygatheredafterthe fragments slabs and blocks fell;if theyrepresentthe collapse of the house, it suggeststhe ruinsin the gypsum untouched fora period. The earthwould have been washed down fromthe cuttingforming yardlay the back of the yard. LM III potterywas foundabove the octopus vase. The octopus vase and then the LM HI potterymay have been thrownin fromthe Palace as casual tip.Mackenzie makes it clear thatthe sherdsfromthe octopus vase did not reach inside the house; it was foundonly in the fillin theyard(DM/DB 27.4.1908, 23). At some pointafterthe yardbetweenthe house and the Palace had partlyfilledwithcasual tip,the whole house and the yard was then filledwitha deliberatetip moved fromelsewhere.The pottery joins across the whole area withsherdsdatingto LM IA, LM IB and LM II can only belong to a tip of thejoins suggeststhatthistip came put in at one timein LM II or later.The spatial distribution froma dump elswhere,i.e. it is secondarytip,and thatit was moved in separateloads fromthe first dump (I thankDr E. Frenchforthissuggestion). The ruinsof the house musthave stayedderelictuntilthe fillwas tipped over them,perhaps,as forwhichthereis evidence in theurban area (Warren Popham suggested,afterthe LM II destructions MUM The arises as to whythe house was filledin, since nothingseems 1983, 63, 66; 2-3). question to have been builthere whichwould requirethisinfill.It may be thatthe area fromwhichthe dump came was desiredforsome new purpose and forthisreason the dump had to be moved; in thiscase theruinedSouthHouse offereda convenientdumpingground.Since the majorityofpotteryjoins are LM IB withLM II forminghalfas much again and LM IA only a quarter(table i), it is possible that the originaldump began in LM IA, but thatmost of it was tipped on afterthe LM IB destruction; subsequentlyfurther tip would have takenplace in LM II. The Date of the Destruction In the yard outsidethe house the late LM IB octopusjar in the casual tip cannot have been thrown out beforelate LM IB; it may,indeed, have been thrownout aftertheLM IB destructions took place. If the deposit in the yard is relevantto the house, thiswould indicatethatthe house was destroyed beforethe LM IB destructions took place, since thejar is at the top of 25 cm of loose earth,whichin turnis on top of blocks,possibly fallenfromthe house, withthe clayey destructiondeposit below them.However thereis no firmevidence to linktheyarddepositto thatof the house. The materialin theyardincludingtheivorygriffin and thelapis seal shouldbe keptseparate;althoughEvans suggests

INTRODUCTION

25

fortheblocks,there thegriffin mayhavefallenfromthehouseand Pophamhas a similarsuggestion is no confirmatory evidence. notedby Pophambelongsto a laterfill In thehouseitis nowclearthattheLM IB joiningpottery in ofthehouse.The lackofmaterial with destruction has to do the over the house and nothing tipped rests still of the destruction means that the date thehousefirmly to the destruction assignable deposit in Box withthepottery solelyon thetwovasesfoundinsituin theMinoanHall, perhapstogether LM IA LM or One ofthevasesis probablyLM IA, theothercouldbe IB; 1604 fromtheBathroom. The in Box 1604 is LM IA. On balanceI wouldassigna LM IA dateto thedestruction. thepottery silvervasesand thebronzehoardcan thenbe assignedto it.It is odd thatthehousehad no other leftthehousestanding, findson thefloorsbelowthedestruction debris.It maybe thatan earthquake but in too dangerousa conditionto be further inhabited;the formerinhabitants may thenhave recovered valuableobjectsbeforethehousetotallycollapseda shortwhilelater.The totalcollapseof thehousesuggests thatthedestruction wastheresultofan earthquake; a correlation thisinturnsuggests withtheLM IA destruction horizonknownfromthenearbySouth-West Houses.9

9 The bronze hoards foundin the South-EastHouse and the House South-Westof the South House by the Stepped

Porticomay resultfromthese houses being ruined in the same event.

Chapterι An architectural overview J.M. Driessen

INTRODUCTION The SouthHouse is locatedimmediately southofthePalace,butitsgroundlevelis about11 m below thatoftheCentralCourt.It looksoutovertheVlychiavalleytowards theCaravanserai and Gypsadhes and wouldbe in a primelocationwereit notforthefactthatthehousereceivesthemorninglight Evansin quitelate,locatedas itis in theshadowofthePalace.The housewas excavatedby Arthur in 1924,butithas neverbeen fullypublished;thereis a shortreportin PM.2 1908 and re-examined The northpartofthehousewas exceptionally wellpreserved, up to eightcoursesin one spot(plates 1 0, 3 0),becauseitwas protected the cut made into the tellforitsconstruction.3 The south by deep of the suffered from the denudation of the hillside and had to be house, however, part extensively as can be seen fromthepublishedphotographs restored, (e.g.comparePMll.i fig.44 withfig.215, hereplate 2 b).4Concretewas used lavishlyto restorepillars,columnsand wallsup to thesecond floor(plates 3, 5 c). As reconstructed, theSouthHouse is a roughlyrectangular construction with some projections and returns thatcorrespondto internalpartition walls,as is typicalforMinoan architecture. limestone and mudbrick5 wereused in itsconstruction; thefoundations are of Gypsum, limestone as well some earlier wall lines. Two basement blocks, as, rooms, irregular possibly, eight therewerepossiblyalso tracesofsome groundfloorareasand one upperfloorspacewerepreserved; stepsleadingup to yetanotherlevel,but it is not clearwhetherthiswas anotherstoreyor a roof terrace.Mackenzienotesthatmostoftheroomswerefilledwith'toughclayeyearth'in contrast to the'usualterracotta redappearanceofMinoandepositsin thePalace' which'suggests thatthesystem ... did notperishby fire'(DM/DB 2.4.1908). thepresentstudyaddressesonlysomeofthearchitectural Apartfroma briefgeneraldescription,6 raised the South include itsawkward accesssystem, architectural House;they orientation, problems by and phasing generalinterpretation. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Orientated nnwto sse,thehousemeasuresapproximately 19 x 13 m7and is situatedon a terraceof x it.Excavationwas finished around22June 24 15 m,cutspeciallyto accommodate approximately ofthehousediffered fromthatofthePalace.Fotou, 1908whenMackenzienotedhowtheorientation fromMackenzieand originalsections,has discussedhow thesitingof theSouth usinginformation House impliedthe cuttingaway of earlieroccupationlevelsand kouskouras bedrock.8 This cutting, elucidated showeda curiouskinkto thewest,towhichwe willreturn. The byusingthewagersystem, withproportions of 2:3,9and is plan ofthehouseis extremely regular;it is inscribedin a rectangle 1 This chapter is a general introductionto the study of the South House and not a detailed architecturalstudy,since thisis being carried out by V. Fotou. The general descriptionof the house is based on notes taken duringfieldworkin March 1982 as part of the Minoan Hall project (Driessen 1982), Mackenzie's diaries of the excavation, Evans's commentsin PM Il.i 373-90 and some other studies {MAMAT;Graham 1962; Preziosi 1983; Fotou 1990; Lloyd 1998 and 1999). 2 House and area were also re-examined brieflyin i960, 1989 and 1993 by the British School and the Herakleion Archaeological Ephorate.

3 The

preservationdifferedconsiderablyfromwest to east (see in 1999, 55, fig. 2). photograph 4 See also Lloyd 1999, 55, fig. 2. 5 MAMATLloyd 195. 6 See also discussions Preziosi 1983; Lloyd 1998 and 1999. by 7 See Preziosi 1983, 356-9 fora discussion of its modularity; Preziosi gives a widthbetween 11.10 and 13.50 m and a length between 18.55 and 19.20 m. 8 Fotou 1990, 49 and figs.5-6. 9 Preziosi 1983, 356-9.

J. M. DRIESSEN

S

comparable to otherbuildingsaround the Palace, in particularto the Royal Villa and the House of theFrescoes,withwhichitsharesseveralfeatures.The basementlevel comprisestworooms,consisting ofa hall withthreepillars(herecalled the 'PillarBasement')and an InnerBasementbehind it.A wellpreservedstone staircaseleads fromthis Pillar Basement up to a corridoron ground level, where anotherstaircase,reachable fromdifferent directions,would have providedaccess to the upper floor. The groundfloorcorridoralso providesaccess to the east,wherea Minoan Hall and a LustralBasin are located, and to the west to some centralrooms,not preserved,but originallysituatedabove the two basement chambers. On the ground floor Evans restoreda Columnar Hall above the Pillar Basement.From here entrycould be gained to more secluded privatechambersto the north,to a nextto the PillarCrypt.Behind the PillarCryptto the westand perhapsto a room to the south-west, a Columnar where Evans reconstructed a staircase access to the another floor, Crypt provided upper Hall above theCrypt.The circulationpatternin thehouse dependslargelyon thehypothetical position of the main entranceor entrances. The outsidewalls of the house are quite well preservedto the northin the west part; up to eight coursesoflimestonemasonryon a gypsumkrepidoma werein existencehereat thetimeofexcavation.10 Mackenzie notes that the ashlar had small chips of stone between the courses for levelling.The coursesofthe northwall are in gypsumat thebottomand in limestonehigherup, showinga carefully made and nicelysmoothedashlar of the highestquality.The westwall of the house is, however,less carefullymade withsimple,roughcoursesup to a heightof 2.50 m and, only then,threecoursesin gypsumand limestonethatgo up another0.95 m. The only course survivingin the east part (the Minoan Hall) is in gypsum (now heavily restored)with a limestonenorth-eastcornerblock. The highercourseswere undoubtedlyalso in limestone,whereasthe slightlyprojectingfoundationcourse here is in yellowishlimestoneashlar,which is slightlymore irregular.This mixtureof two typesof stoneseemsa characteristic ofneo-palatialKnossianbuildingsand is also evidencedat Myrtos- Pyrgos. The lower course of the northwall was especiallycut at its east end to receive the gypsumkrepidoma course of the Minoan Hall. The outsidewalls are around 0.85 m thickincludingthe rubblebacking. The inside walls are about 0.60 m thickand largelymade of rubble and clay, whereas the higher partsand theupper floorwallswerebuiltin sun-driedmudbricks,accordingto Evans. Gypsumdadoes occurredin the Minoan Hall and the LustralBasin, whereas frescoeswith plant motifsmay have adorned the walls above the dadoes of the LustralBasin, if,thatis, the fragmentsfoundunder the floorof the Basin were not dumped therefromanotherroom when the floorwas raised. Otherfresco were feoindin the Lavatory;the Pillar Basement had traces of red plaster.Gypsumslab fragments floorswere used in the Hall and LustralBasin. Three mason's marksare sketchedin AE/NB no date V.i, 9. They consistof a tridenton the west wall of the staircaseto the basement(plate 4 b)yan 8-rayedstaron the northwall of the house (plate 1 a: bottomrighton the top coursepreserved)and a group of two signs(a crosswitha bar acrossthe thatthe staron top and a 'psi'j on a fallenblock in the back yard.S. Hood has suggested{perlitteras) thenorthfaçade was presumablyinsitu,not on a reusedblock,and was cutwhen thehouse was built, whereas Evans was probably rightin his suggestionthatthe fallenblock withthe second starmay have come fromthe Palace; the staris Cat. 1070, the tridentCat. 1171 and the group of two marks Cat. 1172 in his forthcoming Catalogue of mason's marksat Knossos.11 AND ORIENTATION

ENTRANCE

(fig. 1.1] No entranceto the house is preserved.Evans assumed,however,thatthe house was accessible both fromabove, via an entranceleading into the staircaseflankingthe Columnar Hall, and via an east entranceleading intothe lightwell of the Minoan Hall systemon thegroundfloor,servedby a ramp or path to the south of the house. In a recentpaperJ. Lloyd challengedboth of these possibilities.12 She disputesthe hypotheticalentrancefromthe hillsidebecause of the absence of physicalevidence and because therewas no need for a directconnectionbetween the house and the Palace, as the house was already a self-containedunit.13Moreover,because 'the northfaçade of the buildinglies about 5 m southof any preservedphysicalremainsof the Palace' and 'the floorof the terracelies at least6-7 m below' thatofthe Palace 'an elevatedwalkwayor bridgewould have begun at the second 'J

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AN ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

3o

J. M. DRIESSEN

storeylevel of the South House, been at least 5 m long and about 6 m above ground'.14Such a bridge would also, Lloyd assumed, have blocked light and air from the two windows in the north façade of the South House. Taken together all these features oppose the hypothetical entrance on the upper floor. Lloyd also contests an entrance through the east wall of the light well of the Minoan Hall, as Evans suggested, because this would run counter to the use of the canonical Minoan Hall; in Lloyd's opinion, an entrance could only have been located in the south-east corner of the house if a truncated Minoan Hall had occurred here.15She thereforesuggests an entrance in the south façade either more to the west, similar to that of the House of the Frescoes, or in the centre, via a portico above the Pillar Basement.16The suggestions are sound but must remain, of course, hypothetical, and, while I agree that Evans's proposal of an entrance in the east wall of the light well does not conform to Minoan practices, I do not agree with Lloyd's rejection of an entrance from above.17 As mentioned above, the South House was constructed in a large cuttingimmediately south of the Palace. The reason the house was not set directlyagainst the cuttingis surely because of the necessity to provide isolation against humidity,as suggested by Fotou.18Although now barely visible, the cutting was also less regular when excavated and there was a kink near the north-westcorner of the house, as shown in a plan by Doll.19 Mackenzie assumed that the firstcuttingwas miscalculated and insufficient for the installation of the house and that an extra piece had to be cut away to make room for the north-westangle of the house.20 1 wonder, however, whether this is the full story.Doll's plan makes it clear that the orientation of the South House was not dictated by the shape of the cutting,since the orientation of the latteris more n-s in contrast to the ne-sw direction of the South House. Doll's plan also shows thatthe original cuttingmeasured 22 m (ε-w), which, assuming thatretainingwalls originally existed, would fitthe width of the South House well (19 m); Fotou is surely rightin suggestingthat the cuttingwas especially made for the house. The question remains as to why the orientation of the cutting does not match that of the house. This oddity is the more remarkable because the Palace, the cuttingfor the South House and most of the other houses in this area follow a consistent more or less N-s orientation, whereas the South House is almost orientated ne-sw.21The reason forthis discrepancy does not seem to be limitationsof space since there appears to have been ample room to fitthe South House in the platform cut out of the Neolithic tell. The explanation must then be that prior constructionsdirected such an orientation. As shown on the site plan (Hood and Taylor 1981) there are some remains nearby that follow the same orientation as the South House: to the west lie remains identifiedas a 'Ramp' to the conjectured South-West Porch of the Palace; to the south a large wall that has sometimes been identified as a fortificationor defence wall.22Recent tests have apparently not produced evidence in favour of such Since the hill slopes down here, it is more likelythatthiswall followed the orientation an interpretation.23 of the South House than vice versa;it may have acted as a terrace wall for the platform of the South House or, indeed, to support a road terrace. There remain the constructionsto the west involving the alleged major south entrance to the Palace and the so-called 'Stepped Portico'. Evans claims that 'its [the South House] North-Westangle, at its firstfloor level, actually cut into the foundations of the upper section of the old "Stepped Portico" near the point where it abutted on the formerSouth-Westernentrance of the Palace'. Moreover, part 'of its backyard . . . was carved out of the line of the original South Corridor, which the Earthquake had entirely ruined'.24This was presumably the same earthquake which destroyed the House of the Fallen Blocks in MM IIIA.25 The remains of the Stepped Portico were identified about 40 m more to the south but the system was assumed to line up with the remains of walling and a terrace found immediately west of the South House ('Ramp' in Hood and Taylor 1981, no. 1). This line is perfectly parallel to that of the west wall of the South House, the gap being between 0.75 m and 1.40 m,26and there can be little doubt that the two structuresstood in some connection to each other. The ground level of the South House is at about 90.50 m above sea level in this area, whereas the 1981 state plan 14 Lloyd 1998, 121-2. This seems especially directed against Preziosi 1983, 242, who suggested an entrance fromthe north and not fromthe west, as Evans did. 15 Lloyd 1998, 132. 16 Lloyd 1998, 134-40, fig. 17. 17See also Preziosi 1983, 56. 18Fotou 1990, 63: 'L'intervalle,large de 1 m environ,laissé entrele mur Ouest de la S House ... et la coupe rocheuse,rempli de cailloux, de terreet de tessons, répond apparemmentà cet inconvénient.'

19Fotou 1990, fig. 5. The kink had disappeared by the time the 1928 PM plan was published. 20 Fotou 1990, 72 citingMackenzie's notebook. 21 Lloyd 1998, 120-2. 22 Hood 1961, 27, fig.31. 23 See Annual Report of the Managing Committee of the BritishSchool at Athensforthe session 1992-93, 21. 24 PM Il.i 373. 25 MacGillivray 1994, 48-9. 26 As shown Fotou 1990, 52, fig. 5.

AN ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

wallofthe'Ramp'tothe stonesofthesurviving gives93.86 m as a levelforone ofthehighersituated situatedat about2.50 m above west.Thisis also theareawhereMackenzienoticeda cementfloor,27 to be theremainsofthe whatEvansthought groundlevelin Doll's 1910 plan. This is presumably This maythen,perhaps,hintat a physicalconnectionbetweenthe drainfortheSteppedPortico.28 theexistenceofa bridge,similarto those staircase areaofdie SouthHouse and the'Ramp',implying and identified betweentheLitdePalaceand theUnexploredMansion,betweenthehousesat Tylissos close to facilitate In there is a staircase each case betweenthePalaceand theNorth-West by Treasury.29 in the thesimilarity betweenthesituation as is thecase withtheSouthHouse.Moreover, circulation, SouthHouse and thatin theRoyalVilla- wherethemainentrancewas probablyalso situatedon - likewisesuggests oftheSouthHouse was thattheawkwardorientation one ofthehigherfloors30 the influenced the need to make a connection between the house and 'Ramp'tothewest,precisely by as Evanssuggested and sketched(PMIl.i 389 and fig.220). Such a bridgeseemsalso suggested by thechangein masonry in thewestwallofthehouse;as mentioned was roughup above,themasonry to 2.50 m and thenbecameregularashlarin theuppercourses.Also,in contrast to Lloyd'sopinion,31 a from above seems to be a standard Minoan accessing building practice,amplyillustrated by the GrandStaircaseleadingdown fromthe CentralCourtto the DomesticQuarterin the Palace at Knossos.Ifthishypothesis is acceptable,32 itmayperhapsalso helpto explainthekinkin thecutting ofthetell.Indeeditseemsto suggest thatproviding an accessfromabove,fromthewest,wasperhaps notpartoftheoriginaldesignofthehousewhenthecutting oftheterracewas inaugurated. At the the South House would have the orientation of the Palace. However,even planningstage repeated beforetheactualworkon thehousestarted, thearchitect musthaverealisedthatsuchan upperfloor entrancefromthewestwas necessary, in a correction in the cutting. The presenceof an resulting would direct the further Fig. 1.1 is an to show thisoriginalaccess existing 'Ramp' operation. attempt system. The 'Ramp'wouldin thiscase,indeed,havebeeninvolvedin somekindofaccessto thesouthern sideofthePalace as wellas totheSouthHouse.33 The implication is thata majoraccesssystem to the Palacestillexistedduringtheconstruction ofthehouse,a hypothesis whichcontradicts earlieropinions, withthoseofEvansand Pendlebury citedabove,butagreeswithotherevidence;elsewhere starting we havesuggested thattheSouthHouse was 'builtas partofa newroadarrangement and impressive Recenttestsmoreto theeastin theArea oftheEarlyPaving approachto townand Palace alike'.34 now also suggestthattheSouthCorridor(and theSouthFaçade and SouthPorch)wereonlybuilt MM III.35It cannotbe saidhowthisneo-palaüalaccesssystem after sincenotenough actuallyworked, - thenearestfloorofthePalace in thisarea,at 97.06 m above is extantto linktheSouthCorridor - theSteppedPorticoand theViaductmoreto thesouthwitheach other,but Evans's sea level36 reconstruction seemsbasicallycorrect, ifa sideentranceto theSouthHouse is included. Ifan entrance indeedexistedat a higherlevel- and theawkwardorientation oftheSouthHouse - itremainsunclearwhether therewereothergroundfloorentrances, begsforsuchan explanation butit seemslikely.

27 Mackenzie remarksthatto the west of the South House at a higherlevel a 'well laid "cemented" floorlike those in the Palace lightwells is seen. This flooringis traceablefor5.40 m southfrom north-westangle of house' (DM/DB 23.6.08). 28 PM Il.i 161 and fig. 82: Just West of the borders of the South House - a LM I intrusionin thisarea - and only two or threemetresfromthe South-WestPalace angle,partsof ascending paving slabs and of theirrougherstone foundationbelow, both set in the usual clay mortar,came to light underneath a later Minoan deposit. These remains of a paving were in turn accompanied on theirEast borderby a well-preservedbuiltdrain or water conduit of the kind that is characteristicof the Early Palace plan.' This drain,he continues,was blocked in MM IIIB and, in the next phase, the South House was constructedhere. There is no otherinformationon thisstone drain,but the sketch plan in PM Il.i 162, fig.82 showsit to have been situatedat about a metreto the west of the north-westcornerof the South House. This drain is also shown on the site plan, Hood and Taylor 1981. It is a matterof conjecturewhetherit went out of use because of the MM III earthquake ratherthan because of the construction

of the Stepped Portico. 29 MUM 103-4; Driessen 1995, 70-2. 30 In fact,thereis also a staircase coming down into the Pillar Cryptin the northpart of the Royal Villa, but Fotou, following Evans and Mackenzie, accepts a main entrance fromabove in the south part (only?) (Fotou 1997, 35). 31 1998, 120-2, 140. 32 Lloyd The similarityin height (2.50 m) between the irregular masonryof the west wall of the South House and the cemented area of the 'Ramp' suggeststhat it was at this level indeed that the connection between the two was made. 33 Lloyd (1998, 121) objected to a bridge between the South House and the area to the north.This, indeed, seems out of the question because of distances and heights to be crossed. If a bridge to the west is assumed, both objections disappear. 34 TroubledIsland 151. This against a recent acceptance of Evans's opinion (Hitchcock 2000, 74). 35 and Wilson 1996, 55. 36 Momigliano Fotou 1990, 49 n. 14 mentions a difference of 7.75 m between the lowest terraceand the floorof the South Corridor.

2

J. M. DRIESSEN

THE MINOAN HALL AND THE LUSTRAL BASIN The east partof the buildingis takenup by an axially organisedcomplex of rooms,a Minoan Hall, consistingof a single columned fore-hall,a vestibuleand a main hall (plates ι Ã,3 b). The eastern outerwall of the lightwell is only preservedin its limestonefoundation,whereas the west wall is in gypsum.The column base is of limestoneon a much ruinedlimestonestylobatewithgypsumantae on eitherside. Mackenzie remarks:'The singlecolumnand thepresenceofthegypsumanta on either side are characteristic of a porticosystemcommunicatingdirectlywiththe outside; ifit had been an interiorarrangement2 columns are more usual' (DM/DB 2.4.08). This hypothesisis disputed (see above). On the basis of the house model fromArchanes,Lloyd has also suggestedthatthe lightwell would only have had medium highwalls;37thisis a sound proposal,althoughit cannotbe excluded thatthe walls wenthigher. as is a stone The regularslab paving of the vestibuleof the Minoan Hall is entirelyreconstructed, bench against the east wall (plate 3 b). Between the vestibuleand the main hall there is a triple doorway.The floorin the main part of the hall preservesa centralpanel in brokenlimestoneslabs, originallysurroundedby regulargypsumslabs thatare stillvisible.Two completevesselswere found on thisfloorin the north-eastcorner'whichmustcertainlybelong to the last momentof occupation in thispartofthe house' (PM Il.i 380). They comprisea cylindrical jar, both dated to jar and a stirrup LM IA, forming'part of the room furniture at the time of the destruction'(DM/DB 2.4.1908). The east wall of the hall was covered with a gypsumdado thatnow just survivesin the area near the window.38 The window is formedby a gypsumorthostat0.43 m highand 0.96 m wide, resultingin a wall thatis here much thinnerthan elsewhere.Evans foundthiswindow - interpretedduringthe 1908 excavationas a cistby Mackenzie- hidingbehindthegypsumdado and thoughtitwas blocked On occasion of a restorationcarriedout at a timewhen the matureceramicphase of LM IA was in vogue' (PM Il.i 378). This suggeststhatmost,if not all, the gypsumdadoes and perhaps also the paving may date to thisrenovationphase. This is indeed also hintedat by the changes in the door leading to the LustralBasin and in the LustralBasin itself. As discussedelsewhere,39 thereis a pier-and-doorpartitionwithfivedoorwaysbetweenthe Minoan Hall and the Lustral Basin. This is surprisingsince it implies that eitherthe entirepier-and-door partitionor themostnortherndoorwaymay also formpartoftheremodellingphase, as otherwisethe northerndoorwaywould have given access to the staircase,a potentiallydangeroussituationand thus unlikely.The LustralBasin (plate 3 c) was originallyapparentlyaccessiblevia fiven-s steps,a platform or landingand two more steps.All were demolishedwhen the gypsumfloorwas raised. These steps turnedaround a small wall endingin a square gypsumbase, 1.45 m high,whichprobablyoriginally supporteda column. In the fillof the basin Evans found some typicalsmall jugs, similarto those foundin the North-West and South-EastLustralBasins of the Palace, which,he suggested,were used the rituals thattook place here. Moreover,he encounteredLM IA potteryas well as during cleansing frescofragmentsdepictingplants. The floorcoveringthis deposit was in gypsum,but Mackenzie notes thatit was made up of fragments salvaged fromelsewhereand he assumed thatall the original materialwas simplyreused (DB/DM 1924). A smallΕ-w wall in theN-s corridoris notmentionedby Evans, but is shown on Doll's plan and mentionedby Mackenzie; it is stillvisible on the site.This rubblewall is built againstthe west side of the fifthdoor jamb base fromthe northof the pier-anddoor partitionwestof the Minoan Hall. Mackenzie (DB/DM 1928) suspectedit belonged to whathe calls the ReoccupationPeriod because he had seen similarfeatureselsewhereon the site (Royal Villa, LittlePalace), but could not findotherevidence to substantiate thisdate. There was undoubtedlyalso a staircaseleadingup fromthisgroundfloorcorridor,but onlythelandingto whichtwo stepsdeparted fromthe south (fromthe reconstructed columnarhall) and two fromthe east survived.40

THE CENTRAL ROOMS The corridorwould have provided access to a ColumnarHall, as suggestedby Evans. To judge from the positionof the N-s walls he is probably also correctin conjecturingfourcolumns,aligned E-w. Nothingwas preservedof the roofof the PillarBasementbelow and hence the floorof the Columnar 37

Lloyd 1999, esp. 71-2, fig. 17; the photograph given in Lloyd 1999, 55, fig. 2 seems to indicate that a test was made beneath the light well, perhaps in search of another basement room.

38 MAMAT 175 n. 2. 39 Driessen 1982, 39-40. 40 See the isometricreconstructionin Preziosi 1983, 242, fig. H.13.

AN ARCHITECTURAL OVERVIEW

33

in thenotebooksaboutthishall.Threedoorsgave Hall above;noris thereanyparticular information was preserved(plate3 d)' accessnorthto a roomabove theInnerBasement, butapparently nothing roomagainstthenorthfaçadeof the further to thenorthtwostepslead up to a smallrectangular of frescoshowinga birdwas found(PM Il.i fig. building.In theeastpartof therooma fragment 211c),whichEvansassignedas also comingfromtheoriginaldecorationoftheLustralBasin.This evidencefora windowand,in a smallclosetto thewest,fora latrine;41 roompreserves thelatterwas alsolitbya windowin thenorthwall.The latrinewaslinkedto a ventin theoutsidewall(0.79 x 0.32 m); thelatterconnectedto a cisternoutside.A stonedrainagechannelset in a verticalshaftin an orthostatic in thenorthwallpossiblyreceivedtheroofwater,carrying itoutside typeofconstruction intoa wideU-shapedlimestone drain(plate 1 0).Thisdrainwasperhapsoriginally covered;itpassed thenorthfaçadeofthehouseto theeastand thenperhapsled south.42 THE BASEMENTS (plates2 a, 4 c) Fromthecorridor theMinoanHall andtheLustralBasina staircase descendstothebasements serving On the west side of the staircase one of the blocks carries a mason's markconsisting ofa (plate4 a). it is set The staircase all of 12 trident; (plate4 b). horizontally comprised steps, gypsumexceptthe bottomone; theywerewelltailoredto fiteach otherand thecornerblocks.Evansassumedthatthis staircase had also been modifiedat somepoint:originally itranstraight was up, butlatera platform introduced so thatstepsfromdifferent directions couldmeet.The door-jambs ofthePillarBasement aregypsum a feature alsooccurring elsewhere atKnossos,43 andsometimes usedtopostulate monoliths, a timbershortagein the LM I period.Thesejambs preserveindicationsof a closingsystem:the westernjamb has a perforation in whicha metalbolt could be insertedas well as two smaller thefirst thebasementto be lockedfrombothinsideand one,whichpermitted perforations crossing A similarsystem,also withgypsummonoliths, outside.44 was partlypreservedbetweenthe Pillar Basementand theInnerBasement(plate4 c),butin thiscase thesystem couldonlybe operatedfrom withintheInnerBasement;thisis somewhatsurprising, but explainedby Evansas pointingto the existenceofa trapdoorin itsceiling.The PillarBasementpreserves threeashlarpillars.On thebasis ofthepublishedphotographs (PMII Afig.216) and Mackenzie'snotes,itseemsthatthewestern pillar one ashlarblock,themiddleone two(loweringypsum, and theeastern preserved upperin limestone) one three(lowestofgypsum, Thislastpillarwas 1.59 m highand standson uppertwooflimestone). a limestone base of0.47 by 0.39 m,whereasMackenzienotesthatthebase ofthewestern pillarwas muchlarger(0.75 by 0.51 m) and had a different orientation. Threegypsumblocksfoundwestofit couldhave belongedto thispillar.Mackenziealso notesthatthewest,southand east wallsof the basement werein ashlarmasonry butalso somelimestone), whichis unusualforan (mostly gypsum,45 whereas the north wall was of rubble. The entire room chamber, underground mayhavebeenplastered red.Hollowscontaining a foundation were in found the room46 and of a large deposit fragments with bands in relief a reticulated with small knobs in the interstices' pithos stamped 'showing design which'lookedas if[a] treasure [PMH.i 381 n. 1) werefoundin thedoorwayto theInnerBasement, hunterhad thrownthemabout' (DM/DB 2.4.1908).This is theonlyindicationthatthisbasement mayhavebeen used as a normalstorageroom. The doorwayto theInnerBasement(plate 4 c),also called 'Room withtheBronzes',is 0.68 m fora heightof1.60 m.The threshold wide;themonolithic is limestone. gypsum jambswerepreserved As withtheotherroomsin thehouse,thisspacewas filledwitha 'toughclayeyearth'deposit,butthe roomwas emptyuntilthefloorlevelwas reached.Here severalbronzetoolswerefoundincluding, axes etc'. Evans laterpublisheda accordingto Mackenzie'2 shortbronzecylinders', 'saws,pickof thisdeposit47 and comparedit to a whole seriesof such bronzedepositsfoundin photograph housesofsimilardateat Knossos.48

11There is no informationas to the appearance of thislatrine. Good examples exist at Mallia (Delta-Alpha) and Akrotiri(West House). 12It is not clear whetherthiswas the Old Palace drain revealed during the 1993 tests mentioned in the Annual Report of the Managing Committe of the British School at Athens for the session 1992-93, 21. 43 PM'U 382. 14Whereas Mackenzie, in his notebook,assumed thatthe door

could only be locked fromthe inside, cf. Graham 1962, 175-9; MAMAT225. 45 MAMAT fig. 105. 46 Annual Report of the Managing Committe of the British School at Athensforthe session 1992-93, 21; Troubled Island6770. * PM Il.ii 629, fig. 393 (where the saws are mistakenly labelled 'swords'). 48 See Troubled Island 67-70.

34

J. M. DRIESSEN

THE WEST ROOMS (plates4 4 5 a-c) The PillarCryptwas thefirst to be excavatedand Mackenzieimmediately compareditwiththatof made oftwogypsumblocks,1.80 theRoyalVilla.The pillarofthecryptis squareand,as preserved, m high(plate 5 0). Withintherooma gypsumpyramidical stand,probablyfora double-axe,was and some foundtogether fortheinsertion ofcultobjects'49 witha base withthreehollows,'evidently a dark rosettes reserved of an background' against pottery includingfragments amphora'showing (PMILi 380). Againstthenorthwalloftheroomstandsa lowstonebench(orrathera ledge)(plate5 b) witha door openingon eitherside. Duringcleaningof theroomthreesilvercups and a small creampotwerefoundat0.75 m abovethefloorintheverynorth-west corner(DM/DB 25-30.5.1908, These have fallen the floor with a fine from 49). may together gypsumbenchand another upper stand. used this evidence to reconstruct a ritual columnarhall above the Evans pyramidical gypsum PillarCrypt(plate5 c).The staircase between the Pillar and leadingup Crypt theColumnarHall was wellpreserved witha gypsumlandingblockand severalsteps,likewiseofgypsum, somein position, somefallen,as wellas, apparently, thedoor-jambs fromtheroomon theupperfloor.

PHASING AND INTERPRETATION Wherethearchitectural ofthehouseis concerned, Evansmakesclearthatitwas builtat the history at thesame timeas manyotherKnossian veryend ofMM IIIB, as partof theGreatRestoration, houses.Thiswashintedatbythearchitectural and somesherdsfound'in theinterstices of techniques theneighbouring walls'(PM ILi 380), as wellas by die iconography ofthefrescoesfoundstratified beneaththeflooroftheLustralBasin,whichhad obviousparallelswiththosefromtheHouse ofthe - perhapsa foundation Frescoes.Pottery deposit- foundduringtestsin 1993 in thePillarBasement an earlyLM LAdatefortheconstruction.50 Evansalsostressed thedateofthearchitectural might suggest in thehouseas 'a maturephaseofLM IA' (PMILi 380) and drawsattention to similar modifications sherdsas well as to thefragment of a stoneVapheiocup fromthe dumpoutsidethe house.The corneroftheMinoanHall, datedto LM IA, wereconsidered completevasesfoundin thenorth-east to represent the finaloccupationof the house 'in thispartof the house' whileleavingopen the thatthewestpartmaystillhave remainedin use untilslightly laterbecauseoftherosette possibility 'It looks at rate as if later as towardsthecloseofLM the of the remodelled house, amphora. any stage IA musthavebeenveryshort-lived' ILi the However, (PM 380). analysisbyMountjoy, stratigraphical basedparticularly on thedistribution ofthepottery, thattherosetteamphorasherdsarepart suggests of a latertipand nothingto do withtheoccupationoftheSouthHouse. The completepotsin the ofthebuildingrelated mainroomoftheMinoanHall wouldindeedbetterfita suddenabandonment to a destruction. The fillbetweenthePalace and theSouthHouse comprised'a jumbleofgypsumblocks','many frescofragments thrown outin a heap,probablyin LM III, whenthePalace was repaired. evidently Relieffrescowas also presentincluding partofa femaleupperarmwithpaintedarmband . . . The m at below the South Corridorfloorand wentdown to 3.30' (DM/DB 31.3 depositbegan 2.50 ofa and fragments On the ofPalace pottery Mackenzie remarks on thediscovery 2nd 1908). April it contained with above with that the earth largejar 'plain octopus,together gypsumslabs,stating one-handled and two-handled cupswithstalkfootand disc-base'.Belowthegypsumslabstheearth becameclayeyand containedivoriesas wellas faience;gypsumblockskeptturning up lowerdown. One oftheivoriescomprised EvansusedMackenzie'snotes thehead ofa griffin andwas illustrated.51 to statethat'intotheyard[oftheSouthHouse]behind. . . therehad further fallenat thetimeofthe finalcatastrophe ofthePalaceblocksofmasonry anddebris, fresco designsfromtheCorridor including oftheProcessionand otherneighbouring I thisseemsto suggest As have discussed elsewhere, parts'. debrisclearedoutafteran earlierdestruction forwhichthereis good evidencein thewestand south wingsof the Palace (Driessen1990; Momiglianoand Hood 1994). The potteryconnectedto this debrisis henceofimportance fordatingthisearlierdestruction. betweenhousessituated In conclusionit mustbe emphasisedthatthereis an obviousdifference and evenfewer have been excavated closetothePalaceandthoseata distance, few published. although ritual staterooms and The buildingsclose to thePalace have abundant areas,butveryfewstorage 49PM ILi 386. Hollows also existat certainplaces in the pavingofthePillarCryptin theRoyalVilla (Fotou1997,41).

50 Troubled Island149. 51PM ILi 388, fig.222.

AN ARCHITECTURAL

OVERVIEW

35

areasand workshops, If thePillar whereasthosefurther removedare clearlydomesticin character. Hall in thebasementoftheSouthHouse servedas a storagearea,as suggested bythepithosfragment, thebuildingmayhave had at leastsome economicindependence52 or providedfoodor drinksfor thosearriving at thePalace fromthesouth,perhapsas a nextstepin thegradualapproachinitiated to some otherwell-known Knossian by theCaravanseraiand carriedon by theviaduct.In contrast houses(South-East theSouthHouse lacksthebalustrade House,RoyalVilla,HouseoftheHighPriest), sectionin itsMinoanHall. The buildingdoes possessa so-calledPillarCryptand a LustralBasin;all thesesimilarities and differences thatwe failtounderstand atpresent. mayhidecertainsocialpractices Whateverthecase,groundfloorroomsand perhapsroomssituatedat otherlevelspay a surprising attention to ritualand ceremonyand in thistheyemulatepalatialpractices.Their independent architectural structure status,but therelationof the surelyalso impliessome kindof independent with that of the of the main Palace to thenorthremainsa occupant occupant compleximmediately matterof speculation. Niemeierconsideredtheresidents of structures suchas theLittlePalace,the SouthHouse,theHouse oftheChancelScreenetcas 'seatsofhighofficials withreligious functions',53 whereasPreziosiassumedthatthehousewas 'an appendageofdie greatviaduct-street leadingto the south-western entrance tothepalace'.54 Whitelaw threeconcentric (pers.comm.)hasrecently suggested areasofhabitation aroundtheKnossosPalace wherepopulationdensityis concerned:a first ringin whichwealthymansionspossiblybelongingto stateofficials are situated,as well as areas forcivic reunion,a secondringin whichthehousesofthebourgeoisare locatedand a thirdringwherethe normalpeoplelived.EvansalreadyassumedfromthepositionoftheSouthHouse thatan important interest at court'(PMIl.i 373, 376). The construction ofthese personresidedhere'withconsiderable urbanvillasis consideredby mostto be a neo-palatial feature.55 That the SouthHouse also had a residential function seemsobvious.Its locationand physical with the Palace's entrance its architectural ritualroomsand findsall linkage elaboration, system, to its The identification of its ofthe testify importance. occupantdependslargelyon theidentification of the north of it. occupant buildingimmediately

52 Hitchcock 2000, 153. 53 Niemeier 1994, 87.

54 Preziosi 1983, 90. 5δ Niemeier 1994, 87.

Chapter2 The frescofragments P. A. Mountjoy

A few frescofragmentsdepictingplants have been discovered in the South House (fig. 2.1: a-b). They were found in the fillof the LustralBasin below the later gypsumfloor.DM/DB 1924, 42 cornerof the LustralBasin a little notes: The fragmentswere found deep down in the north-west above wherethe pavementwould have come.' Evans suggestedtheydecoratedthe upper walls of the LustralBasin beforeit was filledin.2On the otherhand Cameron,who followsPopham in assigning the finaldestructionof the house to LM IB, suggeststheyfellfroman upper room above the Lustral Basin at the time of the LM IA destructionson the restof Crete and were then sealed below the gypsumfloorin the remodellingof the area.3This theoryis attractivebecause frescoeswere usually However,itis uncertain paintedon theupperfloorsofbuildings,unlesstheywereceremonialbuildings.4 whetherthe LustralBasin was filledin as a resultof a disasterto the house or simplyas a replanning of the area. One otherfindspot in the South House fora piece of frescois mentionedby Evans: the north-east cornerof the room adjoiningthe LustralBasin to the west,the Lavatory.The fragment, depictinga bird (fig.2.1: c),was foundin the ruinsofthehouse and must,therefore, have fallenat the timeofthe finaldestructionof the house and at a later date than those in the Lustral Basin. It cannot have belonged to the same frescoas the otherpieces, as Evans suggests;ifit had been partof thatfresco,it would not have been leftlyingin the Lavatoryuntilthe finaldestructionof the house yearslater.Nor can it ever have belonged to a frescoin the area above the LustralBasin, the Bathroom,as thisarea was not redecoratedwith frescoesafterthe remodelling.It must have come froma frescoon the come fromthe same fresco,thinksthat upper floor.Cameron, althoughnot sayingall the fragments theybelong to the same school of painters. We can never know if the fragmentswithplants decorated the LustralBasin or an upper floor room. The motifson all the fragmentssuggestthey may well have come fromthe same fresco,a in date mustbe accounted for.C. Boulotishas pointed out to riparianscene, but thenthe difference me thataftera destructionfrescoeswere oftenrepaintedwitha similartheme.5If the plantfrescowas on the upper floorand if the remodellingof the LustralBasin was due to a destruction(the plant frescohavingfallenintoitfromtheupperfloor),itis possiblethatthesame school ofpaintersrepainted the upper floorfrescowith a similartheme and then that the repaintedfrescofell fromthe same the fragments upper room into the adjacent area at the time of the finaldestruction.Alternatively, come fromtwo different frescoes,one (withplants)in theLustralBasin,whichthenwentout ofuse in LM IA, and one (withbirds) in an upper room, whichthenfellinto the area adjacent to the former LustralBasin at the timeof the finaldestruction. Evans notes the similarityto plant and rockworkfrescoesfound in the House of the Frescoes.6 Cameron agrees thatthe same group of artistswas responsibleforthe decorationof both houses and assigns them to his Group I. He definesthis group fromthe characterof the plaster (depth and and livelycolours used and fromthe colour),fromthe process of painting,fromthe many different of the motifs.7 Evans a date in the transitional MM IIIB-LM IA phase forthe decoration style suggests 1 I thankDr C. Boulotisformuch helpfuldiscussionand for on thistext. commenting 2 PM Il.i 378-9. 3 Cameron 1975, 733. 4 For exampleTelevantou2000, 832 notesthatin private housesatAkrotiri therewasa preference fordecorating first floor roomsand Cameron 1984, 148 statesthatnaturescenes in

continuousfriezeswereoftenpaintedon theupperstoreysof Minoantownhouses. 5 See Boulotisin press,forexamplesofsuccessivepaintingof the same architecturalspace with the same or similar representation, 6 PM Il.i 378. 7 Cameron 1975, 352.

P.A. MOUNTJOY

38

Fig. 2.1. Frescofragments fromtheSouthHouse: {a)-{b)fromtheLustralBasin,{c)fromtheLavatory. of both houses,8but Cameron, while agreeingthatthiswas the earliestpossible date forthe frescoes, also suggeststhatearlyLM IA was possible.9 offresco(fig.2.1), althoughhis textimplicitly Evans onlyillustrated threefragments Unfortunately, one type of the motifsused. each there were the three illustrated more, representing suggests pieces Indeed DM/DB 1924, 42 notes: The threetall stemsmay have had lilies,but some otherfragments whichseem to belong showed no blossoms'. Evans states:This was put up at the expense of painted stucco wall-decorationthathad existed above the older dado slabs, and the fragmentsof thiswere foundamongstthe debrisof the fillingbeneath the laterfloor.These depictplants,some resembling grasseswhile othersshow highstemsand lily-likeleaves. They are seen in one case ...'; one fragment 'representspartof a largepebble withvariegatedbands resemblingthoseof the "PartridgeFrieze"' in the Caravanseraiand one fragment has a small reed-likeplant risingOut of whatmay be takenfora withtall blue pool withundulatingred and yellow banks.'10Evans illustratedone of the fragments « PMU.Ü 435-7" L;ameron 1975, 401 table ill, 402.

10PM

II.1378.

THE FRESCO FRAGMENTS

39

stemsand lily-like leaves(fig.2.1: a), thepool fragment witha bird(fig. (fig.2.1: b) and a fragment 2.1: c),thelatterbeingthepiecefromtheroomadjoiningtheLustralBasin. Cameronexaminedthethreefragments in theHerakleionMuseumand includesphotographs in his thesis.11 He also foundfragments but it was unclear which came from the depictingpebbles, House oftheFrescoesand whichfromtheSouthHouse.12 The 'lily-like' leaves attachedto thetall stem(fig.2.1: a)ls may belongto a lily,but thereis a that possibility theycouldbelongto thepapyrus;theyare somewhatsimilarto thoseofpapyrifrom Room 1 in theHouse oftheLadies at Akrotiri, wheretheleavesalso clusteraroundthebase oftall, leaflessstems.14 oftheTheranplantsto thepapyrusis notcertain. thick, But,itseemstheassignment S. Marinatosoriginally butP. Warrenhas maritinum,15 assignedtheplantsto thesea lily,Panaaticum madea strong case forCyperus outthatthetallfatleaflessstemis typical, whereasthe papyrus pointing sea lilyis a windblown horizontal flowerwitha muchshorter stem.16 case forthesea lilyhasbeenmadebyR. Porter.17 Porteralso notesthat However,an equallystrong theyellowochregroundoftheAkrotiri bloomsis consistent withthesanddunehabitatofthesea lily not the aquatichabitatof the papyrus.The SouthHouse stemsare also paintedagainsta yellow ground,whichmightsuggesttheybelongto thesea lily.It is,nevertheless, possiblethattheplantis partof an aquaticlandscape,sincethereedsand wateron thepool fragment (fig.2.1: b)]8suggest sucha landscapeis represented. Thismaywellhavetakentheformofa friezeroundthecompartment it decorated,sinceLM IA riparianfriezesor panelswithrivers, plants,birdsand animalsare often foundinMinoanhouses.19 The undulating redandyellowbandsabovethewaterwouldhavecontinued roundthefrieze,as, forexample,on thereedfrescofromAkrotiri on twowallsoftheupperstorey Room3b in Xeste3 whereVlachopoulosnotesthata broadredwavyband formsthesurfaceofthe marsh.20 on theminiature friezedepicting in a riverlandscapeon theeastwall of Similarly hunting theWestHouse21Vlachopouloscallsattention to blackwavybandsused fortheshorewitha wide theshoreline;he suggests thered curvedpatterns on theinsideof theband yellowband defining the shallows of the river bed.22 On the South House scenetheredbandsmay mayrepresent muddy also represent shallows and the border have extended above muddy them,thusforming yellow may thebackground fortheplanton fig.2.1: 0,whichwouldhavebeenfurther the along frieze;thelarge sizeoftheplantwouldalso fitbetterto a papyrus.The smallplanton theleft-hand sideofitseemsto be a reedsimilarto thaton fig.2.1: b,butitcouldbe one ofthegrassesreferred to by Evans. Onlya wingand partofthebodyand neckofthebirdare extant(fig.2.1: c).2$It seemsto have had itshead turnedbackoveritsshoulder. The body,setagainsta whitebackground, is yellowand thewingsblueandblack.Hood24notesthatalthough Evansthought thebirdwasa swallow,Mackenzie itmightbe anothermigratory Cameronnotesthatthecolouring is thought speciesfoundin Crete.25 notrightfora swallowand suggests a goldenoriole(Oriolus is represented,26 a migratory bird oriolus) fromEuropeor Africa.The birdmayhavebeenpartofa laterversionoftheaquaticfriezediscussed or flying wereoftendepictedin thesefriezes, above,sincebirdsresting as, forexample,in theHouse oftheFrescoesat Knossos.27 Othersmallfragments ofpaintedplasterwerefoundin thehouse,butapartfromone piece from S.I.2 1596 almostall weremonochrome andverysmall.No realcontexts canbe assigned;forexample thematerialfromtheupperand lowerstrataofthePillarBasementS.I.7 is mixedin theboxes.It is howeverofinterest thatthereare no piecesin theS.I.9 boxesfromtheMinoanHall. The fragments are: S.I.2 1596: 1 blue fatwavy line, 1 yellow. 5.1.6 1604: 3 blue, 8 red, 3 ochre. 5.1.7 1605: 1 blue, 1 blue and ochre, 1 red and white,3 worn. 5.1.7 1607: 5 red, 1 worn. 5.1.8 1609: 1 red. S.I.8 1610: 2 blue, 6 red, 1 ochre, 1 worn.

S.I.8 1611:4 blue, 1 red, 1 ochre, 1 worn. S.I. 10 1616: 9 blue, 7 red, 1 ochre, 25 white. C.V.i 484: 1 blue, red and ochre, C.V.i 486: 2 white C.V.i 487: 1 blue, red and ochre C.V. 2 489: 1 white

11Cameron 1975, pl. 1 1 1A the tall stems,pl. 160A the pool, pl. 88B the bird. 12Cameron 1975, 352 and pl. 70B. 13H. max. 27.4 cm, W. max. 19.6 cm. 14Marinatos 1972, pl. E. Is Marinatos 1972, 38-9. 16Warren 2000, 375-8. 17Porter 2000, 605-14. 18H. max. 13 cm, W. max. 19 cm. 19 e.g. House of the Frescoes: Cameron 1968, 26, fig. 13;

Unexplored Mansion, Room P: Cameron 1084, pl. 48; Chapin 1997, 9, fig. 2. 20 2000, 636, figs.3-4. 21 Vlachopoulos Doumas 1992, figs.30-4. 22 2000, 644. 23 Vlachopoulos H max 8 cm> w max 13 cm 24 Hood 2OOO>2g 25 dm/DB 1924 vol. 1 43. 26 Cameron 1975, 95. 2? Cameron 1968, 26, fig. 13.

Chapter3 The EarlyMinoanand MiddleMinoanpottery C. Knappett

Althoughthe South House is obviously a neo-palatialconstruction,there are nonethelesssigns of earlieractivity.This is not entirelysurprising given thatEM and MM materialhas been foundacross muchofthe area southofthePalace, as forexample in the recentexcavationsimmediatelyto the east ofthe South House (Momiglianoand Wilson 1996). Some pre-palatialand rathermore proto-palatial Museum. However,all the contexts potterywas keptby Evans and is now storedin the Stratigraphical withearliermaterialare veryobviouslymixed, oftenrangingfromEM III to MM III. Thus despite thefactthatEvans retaineda reasonable amountof finequalitypottery,only a small selectionwill be presentedhere.The main aim is to illustratetherangeofperiodsrepresentedin each (mixed) deposit, and wherepossible to specifythe date of the latestmaterial. The main deposit thatproves to be of some interestin thisregardis fromArea S.I.8, the Inner Basement (Room of the Bronze Implements:PM Il.i 381 and PM Il.ii 629-30). The MM material (SM boxes 1610-1611) rangesin date fromMM I to MM III and presumablycomes frombeneath thefloorofthisroom. There is a lot offineware (in sherdform),mostlycups witha lustrousblack slip and polychromedecoration,belongingon thewhole to theproto-palatialperiod (MM IB-IIB). Apart fromthebase of an EM IIB egg cup 1, the earliestpotteryfromthe depositappears to date to MM IA 2-4. There is a large number of the typicalMM IB straight-sided cups 5-10, includingone with decorationwhichlooks more MM II 10. But more interesting is thedate of thelatestmaterial,notably a numberof fragments of straight-sided decoration(e.g. 25cups withribsand regularwhite-spotted 28), which can be securelyplaced in MM ΠΙΑ. Also in the deposit are two complete,handleless cups: one is talland plain 29 and is a definiteMM HIA type(Hood 1996, fig.1.2-3), and the otheris less tall,with a ledge-rimand horn-lug30, also at home in MM ΠΙΑ. The presence of MM ΠΙΑ materialand the lack of MM IIIB mightsuggestthatthe layingof the floorin the Inner Basement, and by extensionthe constructionof Sie South House, occurredin MM IIIB. However, 48 LM IA sherdsare also in boxes 1610-1611 withthe MM material.It may be thattheywere on the basement floorand got intothe materialfromthe underfloortestsas a resultof inexpertexcavation;in thiscase theymightdate the destructionof the house. On the otherhand, if theyare part of the underfloor deposit,theywould date the constructionof the house to LM IA. It is impossibleto say eitherway, but if the LM IA sherdsare indeed intrusive,a constructiondate forsuch a buildingin MM IIIB is consistentwithEvans's view (iWII.i 380). Moreover,it suggeststhatthe constructionof the South House belongs to a major building horizon in the town of Knossos during MM IIIB, as the establishment ofmanyotherresidentialcomplexes can be assignedto thisdate,forexample the Little Palace and the Unexplored Mansion (Hatzaki 1996). A second deposit to consideris fromArea S.I. 2 labelled 'W. of Landing of Lower Stair',and is to be foundin SM Box 1597. As well as being hopelesslymixed,thereis verylittlematerial(onlyhalfa box). Nonethelessthereis enough to demonstratethatthe earlymaterialrangesfromMM IB to MM III (not to mentionLM I- III). DefiniteMM IB pieces include the small tumbler34, a Pediadha import,the carinatedcup with distinctiveoffsetbase 33, and the carinatedbridge-spoutedjar 32. Otherfragments could be eitherMM IB or ILA 35-36, whilstthereare also the distinctiveMM ΠΙΑ straight-sided cups withribbingand whitedots 39-40. The base and lower body of a handmadejug withcutawayspout also has a black slip withwhitedots 38, yetthe dots are randomlyfleckedrather thanregularlyplaced; the formingtechniqueand the decorationtogethersuggesta date in MM ILA forthisjug. The range of dates between MM I and MM ΠΙΑ is comparable to thatfromthe Inner Basement.However, thereis also a littleLM material(23 sherds)representedin thisbox, and more information is required on this contextbeforeany conclusionsare drawn. The materialmay come

42

C. KNAPPETT

fromthe cuttingmade into the earlierStepped Porticoto accommodate the west side of the South House (cf.Introduction:Box 1597). SM Box 484 containsmaterialfromArea C.V.i outside the NorthFaçade of the South House. on the contextof the deposit.The Again the materialis mixed,not helped by the lack of information littleEM-MM potterythat there is appears to range between EM III-MM LA and MM IIIB. A miniaturecup 42 is verycharacteristic ofMM IB, whilstthepolychromepedestalbowl roughly-made or compotier in MM as well as II, 43 probablybelongs being a Mesara import.A largebody fragment of an amphora has broad retortedspiralsin white-on-dark 44, and dates to MM III(A or B). 45 is a on the conical cup and could belong to MM IIIB or perhapseven LM IA. Withoutmore information than other much more about this context vis à vis the it is difficult to building, say deposit, deposit's thatboth proto-palatialand neo-palatialpotteryare represented,and that the latest MM material seems to be MM IIIB 44-45. The depositfromArea C.V. 2 SM Box 491 is labelled as 'Lot fromSlope Surface,SouthFront'.The factthatit is surfacematerialplaces considerablelimitationson what may be usefullysaid about this deposit.It comes as no greatsurpriseto findthatthereis a huge rangeof potterydatingfromEM III (e.g. 47-48), throughMM I (e.g. 51-52), to LM III. The state of preservationis good, with c. 20 completeconical cups fromMM IIIA-B amongstthe material(e.g. 56-57). This may be why Evans the variousperiods of occupationin thisarea, and in the same spirit keptit,the materialrepresenting a fewillustrations are included by way of example.

BOXES 1610, 1611 S.I. 8 INNER BASEMENT (ROOM OF BRONZE LNlrL·L·WL·L·l' 1ÖJ ^FIGS.3.I-3.2J JDAKL·!

1V11INUAIN 11JD

1 Handmade. Coarse grey;1mattblack paint.D. base 5.2. Monochrome. 1610.

Middle Minoan IA FOOTED GOBLET Handmade. Semi-finebuff,with small grits;matt 2 blackpaintwithadded whiteband below rim.Monochrome interior.D. rim9. 1610.

Handmade. Fine pink-buff;matt black paint with 3 thinadded whitediagonal lines. D. rim 7. 1610.

Middle Minoan IA or Middle Minoan IB STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP, LARGE Handmade. Fine buff;mattblack slip withorange 4 and thinwhitediagonal lines withblobs. D. rim 15. 1611.

Middle Minoan IB STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP Handmade. Fine deep buff;mattpurply-black 5 paint withwhiteand orange diagonal lines. D. rim 8.5, D. base 6, H. 5. 1610. 6 Handmade. Fine orange buff;matt orange-brown with whitediagonal lines. D. rim9.2, D. base 6.4, H. paint 4.8. 1610. mattpurply-blackto Handmade. Fine orange-buff; 7 orange-brownpaintwithorange-reddiagonal lines. D. rim 7.8, D. base 5.8, H. 4.7. 1610.

Handmade. Fine buff;lustrousblackpaintwithwhite 8 curvingline and two blobs. D. base 5.6. 1610. mattorangeto black slip, Handmade. Fine pink-buff; 9 red and white (polychrome)diagonal lines with diagonal row of whiteblobs. D. base 11. 1610. 10 Handmade. Fine dark pink; mattblack paint with orange and whitebands and whiteleaves. D. rim 8.4, D. base 5.9, H. 4.8. 1610.

1 The first to clay. colouralwaysrefers

THE EARLY MINOAN AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 3.1. EM-MM pottery:S.I.8 Boxes 1610-1611. Scale 1:3.

43

44

C. KNAPPET]

UAK1JNA1EDCUP WITH OFFSET BASE 11 Wheel-fashioned.Fine buff;lustrousbrownslip. D base 4. 1611.

Middle Minoan IB (? ANGULAR CUP ON GOBLET FOOT 12 Handmade. Fine buff; matt brown-redslip with whiteflecks.D. base 4.5. 1611.

Middle Minoan IB-IIA STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP, LARGE TALL Wheelmade.Fine pink-buff, 13 greycore; lustrousblack paint withred, orange and whitepainted cross motifs.D. rim 14. 1610.

Middle Minoan IIA MARINATEDCUP Wheelmade. Fine buff;matt black slip with 14 decoration: wheelwithredcentreandoutline. jolychrome 3. rim8. 1610.

Middle Minoan IIA-IIB JRIDGE-SPOUTED JAR Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattblack paintwithtraces L5 )fwhitepaint. D. rim 8.4. 1610. fUG 16 Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattblack slip with white wave pattern/semi-circles round base. D. base 6. 1611. iOWL/CUP WITH LEDGE RIM, ROUNDED BODY Wheelmade.Fine pale orangebuff;mattorangeslip. 7

). rim12. 1610.

[EMISPHERICAL CUP

8 Wheelmade.Fine buff;lustrousblackslipwithadded 3d band at rim.D. rim9.4. 1611.

Middle Minoan IIB (?) EAKED JUG Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattblack slip with white 9 ecoration:zigzag on neck, 'plant' on shoulder,cross on

undersideof base in black on unpaintedsurface.D max 11, D. base 6. 1610+161 1

Middle Minoan IIB RAIGHT-SIDED CUP WITH BEVELLED BASE > Wheelmade. Fine pink-buff;matt black slip with tiitesplash decoration.D. base 8. 1611.

THE EARLYMINOANAND MIDDLE MINOANPOTTERY

45

Middle Minoan II JUG mattblack slip with Wheelmade. Fine orange-buff; 21 whitesemi-circles,dark slip on interiorsplashed in places. D. base 6. 1611. HEMISPHERICAL CUP Wheelmade. Fine buff;lustrousblack paint with 22 tracesof white.D. rim9.2. 1610.

Middle Minoan II (?) JUG OR JAR Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattblack paint withwhite 23 circlemotif.1611.

Middle Minoan IIB-IIIA BOWL WITH LEDGE RIM Wheelmade. Fine pink-buff; 24 purple-blackslip with whitebands. D. rim 11.8, D. base 7, H. 4.2. 1610.

Middle Minoan ΠΙΑ ROUNDED CUP/BOWL Wheelmade. Fine buffwithgrey core; mattblack 25 with whitespots. D. base 6.4. 1610+1611. paint STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP Wheelmade. Ribbed. Fine buff; monochrome 26 lustrousblack to brown paint. D. rim 11.4. 1610. Wheelmade. Midrib.Fine buff;lustrousblack paint 27

withwhitespotsin and out. D. rim 13. 1610. Wheelmade.Midrib.Fine buff;mattblackpaintwith 28 whitespots.D. base 8. 1610.

TALL CONICAL CUP Wheelmade. Fine buff;plain. D. rim8.2-5, D. base 29 4.6, H. 6. 1611. TALL LEDGE-RIM BOWL Wheelmade. Fine buff;brown-orangepaint.D. rim 30 11.4, D. base 3.5, H. 6.8-7.3. 1611.

Middle Minoan III JAR Handmade. Semi-coarse orange-buff; mattpurple31 brownslip withwhitelilies. 1610.

BOX 1597 S.I. 2 WEST OF LANDING

OF LOWER STAIR (fig.3.2)

Middle Minoan IB CARINATED BRIDGE-SPOUTED JAR Handmade. Fine orange buff; matt black slip. 32 Monochrome.D. rim7.6.

Φ

C. KNAPPETT

S.I.8 Boxes 1610-161123-31,S.I.2 Box 1597 32-40. Scale 1:3. Fig.3.2. EM-MM pottery:

THE EARLY MINOAN AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

47

CARINATED CUP WITH OFFSET BASE Wheelmade. Fine orange-buff; lustrousdarkbrown 33 slip. Monochrome.D. base 5. TUMBLER, PEDIADHA TYPE Wheelmade. Burntsemi-finegrey; black paint. D. 34 base 2.7.

Middle Minoan IB-IIA STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattred-brownslip,brown 35 on interior,withthickadded whitespiraland othermotifs on exterior.D. rim 14. CARINATED CUP Wheelmade. Fine orange-buff;lustrousblack slip. 36 Monochrome.D. rim8.6.

Middle Minoan IB-II STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP Wheelmade. Fine orange-buff, 37 greycore; dark-onlightmattorangeflecksunderbase and insidebase. D. base 5-3-

Middle Minoan IIA (?) BEAKED JUG SMP 9741. Handmade. Semi-coarseorange; matt 38 black slip withadded whitespots/flecks. D. base 10.4, D. max. 21.8, H. ex. 19.6.

Middle Minoan ΠΙΑ STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP Wheelmade. Slightbevel to base. Fine orangebuff; 39 mattdarkbrownslip withadded whiteflecks.D. base 7.4. STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP, RIBBED Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattblack paintwithadded 40 whitespots.D. rim9.8, D. base 7.4, H. 7.2.

BOX 484 C.V.I OUTSIDE

NORTH FAÇADE OF SOUTH HOUSE. PALACE 1908 (fig.3.3) Early Minoan III-MM IA

JUG Fine orange; buffslip, red-brownpaint withadded 41 white.

Middle Minoan IB MINIATURE CUP Handmade with coil seams prominent. Small 42 'handle' folded over at rim.Fine buff;plain and rough.D. rim3.3, D. base 3.7, H. 4.1-5.

FALL FROM

48

C. KNAPPETT

Fig. 3.3. EM-MM potteryC.V.i Box 484 41-45, C.V.2 Box 491 46-60. Scale 1:3.

THE EARLY MINOAN AND MIDDLE MINOAN POTTERY

49

Middle Minoan IIB PEDESTAL BOWL, WITH HOLE IN CENTRE OF BOWL Semi-coarsepink-brownwithgreycore; thickblack 43 slip with polychrome white and red 'stars'. H. ex. 7.3. Probable Mesara import.

Middle Minoan III OVAL-MOUTHED AMPHORA Handmade. Orange with fine grits;pink-buff 44 slip, mattred-brownpaintwithwhite.D. max. 14, H. ex. 19.5. Retortedspiral.

Middle Minoan IIIB/Late Minoan IA CONICAL CUP Wheelmade. Fine buff;mattpink-orangewash. D. 45 rim8.3, D. base 3.7, H. 4.2.

BOX 491 C.V.2 LOT FROM SLOPE SURFACE, SOUTH HOUSE 1902 (fig.3.3) Early Minoan III BEAKED JUG Handmade. Fine buff;lustrouspurple-brownpaint 46 withadded white.

'tankard' Handmade. Fine orange buff;matt orange-brown 47 slip withwhitepaint,and reservedbuffband at mid-body filledwithincised net pattern.D. rim9, H. 9.

Handmade. Fine orange buff;matt orange-brown 48 with reservedbuffband at mid-body,filledwith3 rows slip, of impressedsemi-circles.

GOBLET Handmade. Lower body pared. Semi-finebuff;matt 49 red-brownpaintat rim.D. rim7.6, D. base 4.2, H. 6.4-7.1.

Early Minoan III/Middle Minoan I FLARING BOWL Handmade. Semi-coarsebuff;mattblack paintwith 50 whitebands (interiormostlyplain,unslipped).D. rim 15.4, H. ex. 4.1.

Middle Minoan IA GOBLET (FOOTED?) Handmade. Fine buff; matt brown slip with 51 polychrome red and white and barbotine decoration.

Barbotine 'prickles'.White wavy line round pricklesand on lower body. D. rim 9.

Middle Minoan IB STRAIGHT-SIDED CUP Handmade. Fine pink buff; matt black slip. 52 Monochrome.D. rim8, D. base 5.8, H. 5.

C. KNAPPETT

Middle Minoan IB-IIA BRIDGE-SPOUTED JAR Wheelmade. Fine pale orange buff,veryhigh fired 53 and clink,withthinwalls; mattblackpaintwithpolychrome red and whitediagonal and horizontalbands. D. rim 1 1. FOOTED GOBLET Wheelmade. Fine buff;dark slip with white band 54 roundbody. D. rim8.3-4, D. base 4.3, H. 7.8-8.2.

Middle Minoan IIA STRAIGHT-SIDED

CUP

Wheelmade. Fine buff; matt black paint. 55 D. rim13. Monochrome.

Middle Minoan IIIA TALL CONICAL CUP Wheelmade. Fine pink-orange.Plain. D. rim8.2, D. 56 base 4, H. 6.3-5.

Middle Minoan III(A) LOW CONICAL CUP Wheelmade. Fine buff.Plain. D. rim 10.1, D. base 57 5.8-6.2, H. 3.1-9.

Middle Minoan III(B) SMALL CONICAL CUP Wheelmade. Fine buff.Plain. D. rim 6.4, D. base 58 3.5, H. 2.4-7.

Middle Minoan III CONICAL CUP WITH LUGS ON RIM Wheelmade. Softsandy orange; orange-brownslip. 59 D. rim 12.1, D. base 4.5, H. 5.9-6

Middle Minoan III/Late Minoan IA 60 Wheelmade. Fine buff.Plain. D. rim 9, D. base 4, H. 5-51.

Chapter4 The Late Minoan pottery P. A. Mountjoy

There is a verylarge amountof Late Minoan potteryfromthe South House and the area betweenit and the South Frontof the Palace, but thereare veryfewcompletevases. Evans founda cylindrical jar and a stirrupjar1 in situon the floorin the east room. Otherwiseit has been possible to restore onlysix whole pots. They comprisethreevases publishedby Evans: a Marine Stylelargepalatialjar,2 foundin the passage between the northwall of the house and the South Frontof the Palace, a tall restoredand published jar withoctopus3and an Ephyraeangobletwithlily.4Pophamhas further stirrup a bridge-spouted jug5 and a lid6 and restoredbut not publisheda second lid. The vases publishedby Popham are dated to the destructionof the Palace in LM IIIA2 early.7He has also published a cup restoredon paper8 and a large number of sherds.9Evans also illustratedsome sherds: a bridgespoutedjug rim,10largejars11and Ephyraeangoblets.12 The potteryis boxed in the Stratigraphical Museum as S.I.1595-1620 (SouthHouse) and as C.V.i2 483-92 and H.L785-7 (Passage betweenSouth House and South Front).The potteryin almostall the boxes is completelymixed. Furthermore, thereare joins betweensherdsfromdifferent rooms of the house and between them and the materialfromthe passage (see Introduction).An extensive number of fragmentshave been put togetherduring this study,but not a single vase can be reconstructed, except occasionallyon paper, since almostno linearrims,bases and body sherdsare present.It would seem thattheywere discardedby Evans. Much of the potteryis LM IB/Sub-LM IA and nearlyas much is LM II; LM IA is less common; LM IIIAi is well represented,but thereis less LM IIIA2 and almostno LM IIIB. There are potteryjoins across the followingrooms and the passage: 5.1.1 5.1.2 S.I.5

1595, 1596 Landing of the Lower Stairto leftof ascending 1597 Westof Landing of Lower Stair 1601 Room of the SilverVases east of pillar; 1602 Area east of Room of SilverVases and northof Room of Bronze Implements 5.1.7 1605,1606 Room of Three Pillarsupper and lower strata;1607 Room of Three Pillarsnear stair 5.1.8 1612 Area of Bronze Saw 5.1.9 1613 Room withinne angle 'Megaron'; 1614 NE Room Megaron; 1615 From outsideand inside NE Angle S.I. 1ο 16 16 East Side of Outside C.V.i 483-7 Outside northfaçade of South House, Fall fromPalace C.V.2 488-91 Northfaçade outsideSouth House and towardseast end H.I.i 786 South Front[East Part].

PMII.ifig. 213. ΡΛ/IV.ifig.215. PMIV.ifig.298. PM IV.i fig.302c. Popham1970a,pl. 9c. Popham19700,fig.8.13. Popham19700,passimespecially57-60.

8 19700,fig.8.9. 9 Popham LM I-IIIA: Popham 19700, pls. 35-6; LM IB: Popham 81a, c, e; LM II and LM IIIB: Popham1978, 179-83. 1967, 10 pl. 29id. PMII.iifig. 11PM IV.i 12PM IV.i fig.289. fig.301.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

2

thatthiscorpusof potteryis fill The extensiveLM I- III pottery joins give riseto the hypothesis in Forthisreason,apart from the Palace after the destruction of the house (see Introduction). tipped fromthefewstratified LM IA pieces,thepottery is publishedhereas a unitby phaseratherthanby areaand box. A concordanceofthepublishedpottery to theboxesis givenat theend ofthechapter. It hasnotbeeneasyto assignthisunstratified material tovase shapeandto chronological phase,since it extendsdiachronically MM IIIB-LM IA to LM IIIB and notall thesepottery fromTransitional It maywellbe thatsomeoftheassignations belowwill phasesare yetwelldefinedstratigraphically. needrevision. TRANSITIONAL MIDDLE MINOAN IIIB-LATE MINOAN IA (fig.4.1) LM IA dark-on-light Thispottery It comprises (DOL) pottery phasehas onlylatelybeen defined.13 and MM III DOL rippledecorated whichis foundalongsideMM III light-on-dark (LOD) pottery ofonevessels.14 froma typicaldepositsuggest thetwotypesarepresentin theproportions Statistics thirdLOD to two-thirds DOL.15 At Knossosit includesfindgroupsexcavatedby Evans,whichhe as well as datedto MM IIIB and thought providedevidenceof a majorearthquakedestruction,16 more recentlyexcavatedgroups,such as thatfromthe AcropolisHouses,17frombeneaththe It equatesto theThera and fromtheStratigraphical MuseumExtension.19 UnexploredMansion,18 SeismicDestruction Level and to theearthquake destruction horizonofEvansand Hood.20 hole-mouthed Shapesin use includeoval-mouthed jars,22low trough-spouted jugs,23 amphorae,21 rounded and talland low conicalcups, beaked bowls,27 ewers,24 cutaway-necked jugs,25 jugs,26 cups bothliplessand withledgedrim,28 in and outbowls,29 bell cups,30 straight-sided cups31and Vapheio MM with are III examplesfrom midrib.32 The tall should be since there cups stirrup jar present, but as no vessel has been Kommos,33 assigned. yet decorationstillincludesLOD, usuallywithspiralsor festoons, DOL is nowtakingover. Although Thereis muchuse ofwavylineand ripple,thelatterespeciallyon Vapheiocups;34bothmotifs are oftenusedin combination on in and outbowls.Spiralswithsolidcentrearealsocommon,butretorted nonarerareand reedpattern spiralsarerare;thereis someuse ofnetor cross-hatching; plantmotifs existent. A fewexamplesoftheso-calledfinicky and the are Both the ledged lipless style35 present. rimconicalcups can be decoratedwithripplepattern.36 or have a Bell cups can be monochrome dippedrim.37 A fewsherdsfromtheSouthHouse are cautiously most assignedto thisphaseon stylistic grounds, to in a in Since there is decoration with that of LM date that IA, belonging open shapes. overlap for some of the sherdscannotbe ruledout. phase OVAL-MOUTHED

AMPHORA

The shapeis tallovoidwitha flatbase; therimis pinchedin at theattachment ofthetwoopposite vertical handlesgivingriseto an ovalmouth.38 to 1-2 decoratedin LOD withwhitereedscorrespond an examplefromthe TempleRepositories, whichhas similardecorationon the shoulderand on broadverticalbandsrunning downthebody.392 also has a broadverticalband; thedecoration2 in DOL flanking theverticalbandin LOD maybe similarto thatofanotheramphorafromtheTemple 13See ABAC 61-5. C. Knappettand others(forexampleHood 1996, 10-16) would definethisphase as MM IIIB following Evans.I prefer touse thetermTransitional MM IIIB-LM IA for thispottery. Of thesherdsillustrated belowC. Knappettwould date3, 8-10, 12-19 to MM IIIB and theresttoLM IA (I thank C. Knappettformuchhelpfuldiscussion). 14ABAC61. 15Warren 1991, 331.

16See ABAC61-2. 17 C-E: Catlinget al. 1979, 1-80. 18Deposits South Corridor,east end, lower levels: MUM 153-6. as he was unsureifit Pophamcalled thismaterialtransitional, to MM IIIB or LM IA, ibid. 156. belonged 19Warren 1991,319-40. 20 Troubled Island 17. 21 Warren 1991, 324, fig.5A-B.

22Warren 5F; MUMpl. 145.1. 23Warren1991,324, fig.6A. 1991,325, fig. The neckand rimis notextant, butthebeginning oftheneckis thetypicalcollar. 24 Catlinget al. 1979,36, fig.24.152; 37, fig.25.152DÍS.

25Poros:Lembesi 1967,pl. 179 gammaleft. 26 Lembesi

i8ia-b.

27Warren 1967, pl. 329, fig.10A-J;326, fig.7I-J. 28Warren1991, 1991, 329, fig.10N-Q; 327, fig.8C-G; MUMpl. 144.1-7. 29Warren 30Warren1991,326, fig.7D-H. 31Warren1991,328, fig.9M-O. 32Warren1991,328, fig.9A-H. 1991,328, fig.9J-L. 33Betancourt 14D-E. 34Warren 1985,pl. 1991, 332 notesthatrippleaccountsforhalfthe decoration. 35Warren 1991, 329, fig. 10C, M; PM I 595, fig. 437: WellLowerDeposit. Gypsadhes 36 Catlinget al. 1979,35, fig.23.150; Warren1991,329, fig. 10N,O, Q. 37

141.14-16. 38MUMpl See forexamplePanagiotaki1998, 190-3,figs.5-9. 39 Panagiotaki1998, 193,fig.9.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

53

has been assignedby Warrenand Hankey The pottery fromtheTempleRepositories Repositories.40 whichcontainsdrawings ofthepottery to LM IA,41butin a recentre-publication by M. Panagiotaki, is quotedas suggesting thata transitional date ofsomeofthevessels,Warren(on seeingthedrawings) I would with a transitional date for the be agree might possible.42 TempleRepositories. 1 LOD. Grey firedorange;43dark brown paint with added white.Reed. S.I.7 1605. Handmade. Pinkish-buff withgrits;buffslip,orange2 ROUNDED

brown paint with added white. Reed in added white on verticalstripe,edge of decoration.S.I.9 1613, C.V.2 488.

CUP

The roundedcup has a curvedupperbodywithan evertedlip;44thebase is flator raisedconcave; thehandleis usuallystrap, butthereareroundexamples.45 Therearealsospoutedvessels.46 Decoration includesripple,47 and Some vessels are in decorated LOD.49 The base crescents, running spiral ivy.48 carries a frequently spiral.50 rim,oftenwitha ridgebelow the 3 belongsto a variantwitha straight upperbodywithflaring that the below the rim be derived frommetalvessels.52 The base is lip.51Pophamsuggests ridge may flatand thehandlestrap.The typeis generally decoratedwithripplepattern there is often a spiral 3; on thebase.53 Buff;wornblack paintwithadded white.D. rim 13. 3 Ripple, monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612.

ROUNDED

BOWL

bowlType2, a straight-sided 4 wouldseemto belongto Warren's shapewitha liplessrimand a flat or raisedbase,theexampleillustrated on the lowerbodybelow thecircles.54 havingripplepattern Warren from a LM IA so a LM IA datefor4 However,a similarexampleis illustrated by deposit,55 cannotbe ruledout. Buff;black to brown paint. D. rim 12. Circles, 4 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1607. BOWL WITH INCURVING RIM

rimand a roundedbody.Thereis no ridgebelowtherim,as in 5 has a thickened, lipless,incurving thecase of3, but5 has a slightbulge.The verydeep rimbandsuggests thatitcarriedbandsofadded whitepaint,butthereis no traceofthem.Thereareparallelstothenetdecoration fromtheUnexplored Mansion56 and KnossosSME.57 Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. rim 12. Net pattern, 5 monochromeinterior.S.I. 7 1607. STRAIGHT-SIDED

CUP

The shapehas flaring sideswitha liplessrimand a smallrimdiameter of 10 cm or less.The handleis strap,thebase flatwitha bevellededge.58Decorationusuallyseemsto be EOD or ripple. 6 Buff;red-brownpaint. D. rim 8. Running spiral, monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1607.

40 8. 41Panagiotaki1998, 193,fig. 42ABACjs-4Panagiotaki1998, 195-6. 43The firstcolouralwaysrefersto clay.The fullcatalogue is notrepeatedforitemsalreadypublished. entry 14MUM 155,pl. 141.1-10. 45Warren 10I. 46Warren1991,329, fig. 1991, 329, fig. 10J-L. 47 MUMpl 141.8-10. 48Warren 1991,329, fig.10E, G, Η-I.

Buff; orange-brown paint. D. rim 10. Spiral, 7 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 485.

49MUM pl. 141.1-7. 50Warren 1991,329, fig.10D, I,J. 51 Warren1991,329, fig.10K. MUMpl 52MUM 141.11-13; 155. 53Warren 10K. 54Warren1991,329, fig. 1991, 326, fig. 7J. 55Warren 1999,pl. CCVII P444. 56 row2nd fromright. MUMpl 57Warren 137a 4th 1991,328, fig.9L on a Vapheiocup. 58 MUMpl 142.1-9; Warren1991,328, fig.9A-M.

54

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Vapheio cup of theearlyLM IA depositfromthe The shape is fullydescribedby Pophamin his reassessment conicalupperbodywithbulging and lower It has a of the slightly body cylindrical Magazine Tripod,59 into a tail at itsjointwiththesideofthe down handle the the base is flat concave; strap midrib; tapers vase. There are parallelsfromKnossosAcropolisHouses Deposit D and fromthe Unexplored Mansion.60 Pophampointsoutthattheshapeis onlydecoratedwithripplein thisphaseand thatthe has a largespiral.61 undersideofthebase generally g mayhave theedge ofone. 8 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. base 8. Ripple, interior. monochrome S.I.g 1615. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. base 6. Ripple, 9 Waceand Biegen1619. monochrome interior.

ίο Buff;orange-brown paint.Ripple,monochrome interior. C.V.2 491.

CONICAL CUP (DECORATED)

Thisis a small,low shapewithflaring sides,liplessrimand a raisedflatbase.Thereareparallelsfrom with linked theUnexploredMansion62 spiralas 11 and fromKnossosSME63 withrippleas 12. thata fewexampleswithrunning maybetransitional, spiraldecoratedin dark-on-light Pophamnotes64 butsuchpiecesare also foundin LM IA. 11 Buff;orange paint. D. rim 9, D. base 3.8, H. 4.8. Linked spiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1607.

Buffwith grits;brown paint. D. rim 11. Ripple, 12 monochromeinterior.C.V.2 490.

SPLAYING-SIDED BOWL

The angleof13 is too acuteforittobelongto a straight-sided cup.It seemstobelongto thesplayingconical of the fine ware version sidedbowl,whichis a large sides,liplessrimand flat cupwithflaring withripplepatternand decorated also Mansion base. Thereis a good parallelfromtheUnexplored be the thatthe shape may two exteriorrimbands.65Pophamsuggests66 predecessorof the later The shapecouldalso be Warren's fruitstand. Typeφ67 Buff; orange-brown paint. D. rim 21. Ripple, 13 monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612.

CONICAL CUP

Both14-15 coulddateto thisphase,buttheycould A selectionofconicalcupsis includedbelow.68 also be earlier:14 MM II or MM ΠΙΑ, 15 MM ΠΙΑ. 14 is a veryshallowsplayingshapeto which and mayhavebeenusedas a lamp. thereis a parallelfromKnossosSME.69It is burnton theinterior There are parallelsfromtheUnexplored coated. rim and is is tall with 15 completely down-sloping Mansionand KnossosSME.7016 is a miniature example.17 is tallwitha liplessrimand,unusually, a verticalhandle.18-19 are a^so ^11,buthave an evertedrim.Similarlinearexampleshave been foundin KnossosSME.71 16, 19 have had theirrimsdippedin paint.Pophamhas also notedthis feature at theUnexploredMansion.72

59 1977, 193. 60Popham Catlinget al. 1979,40, fig.27.186; MUMpl 142.12-14. 61MUM 156. 62 140a bottomrown. 6. MUMpl. 63Warren 1991, 329, fig.loN-O. 64MUM 156. 65 128J,145.6. 66MUMph. MUM 156.

67Warren 1991,326, fig.7M. 68All these vessels would be classed as MM IIIB by C. I thankC. Knappettforhis comments. Knappet*. 69Warren1991,326, fig.7M (decorated). 70 144.1,5; Warren1991,327, fig.8C. MUMpl 71Warren1991,327, fig.81. 72MUM 156.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY Burnt interior on sides.Buff withinclusions andmica 14 D. rim17.5,D. base5.6-7,H. 4.1fired orange,smoothed. 2. C.V.2 488. 15 Orange;blacktoorangepaint.D. rim9.7-8,D. base 3.8, H. 5.6-8. Monochrome. S.I.9 1615. 16 Corenotvisible,buffslip,red-brown paint.D. rim 6-6.3, D· base 4-7»H. 2.3-6. H.I.i 786.

55

Vertical handle.Orange;buffslip,rough.D. rim7.4, 17 D. base 3.3-5, H. 5.3-5. C.V.2 489. Buffwithgrits,no slip,mattbrownpaint.D. rim 18 9.3, D. base 3.8, H. 6.8-9. Linear.S.I.5 1601. to blackpaint.D. rim8.9, D. Buff;orange-brown 19 base 3.6, H. 7.8-8.1. Linear.S.I.5 1602.

Fig. 4.1. TransitionalMM IIIB-LM IA pottery:1-2 oval-mouthedamphora,3 roundedcup, 4 roundedbowl, 5 bowl withincurvingrim,6-7 straight-sided cup, 8-10 Vapheio cup, 11-12 conical cup, 13 splaying-sided bowl, 14-19 conical cup. Scale 1:3.

6

P. A. MOUNTJOY

LATE MINOAN IA Thisphaseis otherwise withtheVolcanicDestruction knownas matureLM IA. It is contemporary are Levelat Thera.73It is particularly at of definedby deposits Knossos,74 whichthemostimportant and a theGypsadhesWellUpper Deposit,theDomesticQuarterEast-WestStairsDeposit deposit fromtheStratigraphical MuseumExtension.75 DepositsoutsideKnossosdatingto thisphaseinclude thosefromGourniaRoom C 58,™Mallia House Ε level ΠΙΑ,77PalaikastroBuilding7 testEast Façade,78MochlosBlockC House 1,79and PseiraBuildingAC Room 1.80 The rangeofshapesis as wideas in theTransitional MM IIIB-LM IA phase.Largejars,cylindrical hole-mouthed four-handled jars,oval-mouthed jugs,low troughamphorae, jars, jars,bridge-spouted rounded tall conical and beaked ewers, cupsand spoutedjugs, jugs, storagestirrup jars, pegtoprhyta, and Vapheiocupsare all present.Tall bowls,in and outbowls,ogivalcups,bell cups,straight-sided and butare less common.New shapesincludethefruitstand ledgedrimconicalcupsalso continue, in new also be thecup rhyton withevertedrimand torusdiscbase. The talltrough-spouted jug may or thisphaseor mayhave appearedin thetransitional handmade The small juglet unpainted phase. 'milkjug' is a characteristic shapeofthisphase.81 Thereis someuse ofLOD, butit is rare,almosteverything nowbeingDOL. Retortedspiraland reedarethemainmotifs in use in thisphase,ripplebeingmuchlesscommon.Netor cross-hatching, foliateband,stonepatternand double-axeare also present.The seriesof conicaland pegtoprhyta fromGourniagivea goodidea oftherangeofmotifs. solid-centre Theyhavezonesoflinked,running retorted and stone medallion foliate solid circles band, reeds;ripple, spirals, pattern, spirals, spirals, crescents and crocusesalso appear.82 Floralandvegetalstylesarepopularin EastCrete.Of theclosed shapesthebridge-spouted jug carriesa widerrangeof motifsthanmost;double-axe,linkedsolidcentrerunning The largejar,oval-mouthed volutes and tadpolespiralsall appear.83 amphora, spirals, There are The and beaked cylindrical jar jug generallycarryspirals.84 ewerhas ripplepattern.85 mayhave examplesofthehole-mouthed jar decoratedin LOD.86 Of thenewshapes,thecup rhyton tall reeds but the fruitstand more often carries retorted reeds,87 appear;88 troughspirals,although The cylindrical spoutedjugs also carryreedsor spirals.89 jar 61 and thestirrup jar 62 werefoundin situon theflooragainstthebackwalloftheMinoanHall on theeastsideofthehouse.90 In and outbowlswithrippleand wavylinein combination are stillfound.In thisphase thebell is decorated rather than rim and low conicalcup oftenhave retorted linear91 and the cup ledged are decorated with reed spirals.92 Ogival cups Vapheiocups are foundwithsolid-centre pattern.93 with white with zones of smallrunning dots, spirals spiralswitha zone ofsolidcirclesroundthebase and withfoliateband;94roundedcups and straight-sided cups are mostcommonlydecoratedwith is calledflying retorted.95 A floralmotifassignedby Niemeierto thecrocus96 ivy spirals,generally here.The motifis similarto thelilyand theiris,97 It is always buttheclosestmatchis to theivy.98 shownas an isolatedmotif, the offlying through givingtheimpression usuallyplaced horizontally, air. The clayoftheLM IA pottery atKnossosis generally orangewitha buffslipand orangetoorangebrownpaint. 78 TroubledIsland 17.

74 See ABAC 72-8 for an overview of deposits fromKnossos and otherareas. 75 Gypsadhes: PM II. ii 549, fig. 349 upper layer of vases; Popham 1967, pl. 76a-g. East- WestStairs: Popham 1977, 1945. SME: Warren 1999, 893-903. 76 Gournia 7.25-41, pl. F, Li. 77 Pelon pl. 1970, 72-83, 90-5, 111-13. 78 Bernini 1995, 62-4. 79 Soles and Davaras 1990, 89-95. 80 Betancourtet al. 1990, 96-9; Βanou 1998, 13-20: Room ACi Test below LM IB floor. 81 143.15-17. 82 MUMpl Gourniapl. 7.25-32, 35, 38-40. 88 Double-axe, House of Frescoes: PM II. ii fig. 253E. Linked runningspirals and volutes, Knossos XVIII Magazine: PM IV.i fig.195. Tadpole spirals,PriniatikosPyrgos:Betancourt1985, pl. 17A. 84 Large jar, NE House: ΡΛΓIl.ii fig. 244 linked solid centre running spirals; PM II. ii fig. 245 and Pseira I pl. 23C, D interlockingspirals.Oval-mouthedamphora, House of Frescoes: PM II. ii fig. 253A retorted spirals. Cylindrical jar, House of

Frescoes: PM Il.ii fig. 253C linked solid-centrerunningspirals. Beaked jug, SME: Warren 1999, pl. CCVII Pi 193 solid-centre runningspirals. 85 Plati: Dawkins 1914, pl. II. 86 House of Frescoes: PMll.ii fig. 253D vegetal double-axe. 87 East-West Stairs: 1977, 187, fig. ιΕ. Popham 88 Spirals: MUM pl. 143.14; Gypsadhes: Popham 1967, pl. 76g. Reeds: ibid. pl. 76f. 89 Gypsadhes: Popham 1967, pl. 76c. House of Frescoes: PM Il.ii fig. 253B. 90 ΡΛ/II.ifig. 213. 91 SME: Warren 1999, pl. CCVII P2300. 92 1977, ledged rim pl. 30g, conical pl. 3 id. Popham 98 Popham 1977, pl. 3od. 94 e.g. spirals, Gypsadhes: Popham 1967, pl. 76d, e; foliate band, MUMpl. 143.5. 95 e.g. rounded, East- West Stairs: Popham 1977, pl. 3oe-f; straight-sided, Gypsadhes: Popham 1967, pl. 76b. 96 Niemeier 1985, fig. 20.14 (motifback to front)= PKU fig. 28. 97 Lily: Niemeier 1985, fig. 18.8-9. I"s: ibid. fig. 21.10. 98 Niemeier 1985, fig. 22.9, 11-15.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

57

LATE MINOAN IA STRATIFIED S.I. 6 1603 The Lustral Basin (figs.4.2-4.3) The material fromtheLustralBasinconsistsofLM IA fillsealedby a gypsumfloor(see Introduction S.I.6). Fourteensherdsweresketchedby Mackenzieand othersdescribed."A cup/bowlwithstone is no longerextant. pattern100 PiTHOS(see also Chapter5 nos. 3-4) (fig.4.2) The shapehas a tallconical-piriform handlesand a discoid bodywithwideneck,threehorizontal base.101 The rim20 is almostidenticalin shape and decorationto thatof pithoifromPseiraand Knossosbothdecoratedwithinterlocking All threevaseshavea double-tiered rimabove a spirals.102 short concave neck which terminates in a neck has a interior the is 20 very ring. slight ledge; interior monochrome as faras itis extant, thesherdbeingbrokenoffin themiddleoftheshortconcaveneck. The pithosfromPseirahas a similarledge.103 It wasprobablytosupportslid; thecylindrical jars6566 also have a ledge forthispurpose.The LOD decorationof 20 consisting of boxes filledwith verticalbarsalternating withdarkboxes is echoedon thePseiraand Knossosvases by alternating darkand reservedboxes.Niemeierhas assignedthelasttwovasesto LM IA,104butnotesthatthere are no LM IA jars in good stratified contextsfromCrete,105 althoughthetwominiature examples andone largevessel107 LM IA parallelson Cretemusthaveexisted. publishedfromAkrotiri106 suggest 20 fromthestratified LustralBasincontextnow providesa stratified LM IA parallelforthePseira and Knossosvessels. The thicksectionsuggests21 comesfroma similarpithos.It is decoratedwithstonepattern with thelargereservedcirclestypicalofthisphase.The triangular-shaped motifdecoratedin added white paintmay be the blade of a double-axe.The double-axeis presenton a secondjar fromPseira withbucrania,butithas curvedends.108 alternating 20 Coarse grey with inclusionsfiredorange; orangebrownto black paint.D. rim32. Groups ofverticalbars on rim,monochromeinteriorwithreservedband on lip. HOLE-MOUTHED

Coarse deep mauve-pinkwithinclusionsfiredbuff; ** shaded-brownpaint withadded white.Stone patternwith ?double-axe.DM/DB 1924, 40.

JAR (FIG. 4.2)

22 has a liplessincurving rimratherthantheflatledged-rim usuallyfoundin thisphase.Thereare similarTransitional MM IIIB-LM IA examples.109 22 Buff;shaded-brownpaint withadded white.D. rim 13. Linked spiral,circleson rimband in added white. EWER (FIG. 4.2)

The shapeis one-handled witha narrowconcaveneck,oftenwitha ridgeat thebase, and a broad, rimwitha thickened cut-off flat,flaring to thelowerbody,as 23, lip.Zonesofripplepattern reaching seemto be theusualmotif.110 23 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. Zones of ripple pattern.

99 DM/DB vol. 1, 33-41. m DM/DB 1924 1924, 40. 101 e.g. NE House: iWII.ii fig. 245. 102PseiraI Knossos NE House: PMllAi fig. 245. 103PseiraI pl. 23C;ADN 2. 45 fig. 104Pseira: Niemeier 1985, fig. 1.2; Knossos: Niemeier 1980, 57 n. 240. 105Niemeier 1980, 57. See Niemeier 1985, 7-8 and nn. 51,

54 fora discussion. 106Marinatos 1972, pl. 66b; Marinatos 1974, pl. 70. 107Marinatos ig6gj fig>22 "» Seager 1910, pl. 7 = PseiraI pl. 13A-C. 109Warren 1991, 324, fig.5F. no For complete examples see, Plati: Dawkins 1914 pi II·' RMDP Messeniz no. 3.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

58

Fig. 4.2. LustralBasin. LM IA pottery:20-21 pithos,22 hole-mouthed jar, 23 ewer,24-25 beaked jug, closed Scale 26-33 1:3 shape. BEAKED JUG (FIG. 4.2)

Piecesfrom24 are amongthesherdsillustrated by Mackenzieas comingfromtheLustralBasin.111 He mentions tenfragments, ofwhichsomejoin,and notesthatthevessellookslater,butthetracesof whitepainton thehorizontal bandssuggest a LM IA date.Twopiecesfromthisvasehavebeenfound in Boxes 1601 and 1614. SincetheLustralBasinwas sealed in LM IA, it seemsthesepiecesmust have strayedduringmodernsortingof theboxes. The verywide shoulderof 24 suggestsa shape similarto a Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA beakedjug fromGournia.112 25 withflatbase and rounded lowerbody may come froma smallversionof the same Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA jug from Gournia.It has solidcirclesrisingfromthebase. 24 Thickeningforedge of handle. Buff;lustrousdark brown paint with added white. D. max. 22, H. ex. 12.8. Isolated spirals.S.I.5 1601, S.I.9 1614. DM/DB 1924, 33.

111DM/DB 1924,33.

Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. base 9. Solid circles, 25 DM/DB 1924, 35 (twofragments drawn;the second,from higherup the vase, is no longerextant).

112Gournia 7.2. pl.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY CLOSED

59

SHAPE (FIG. 4.2)

26-33 cannot be assigned to a particularshape. The very flatshoulder of 29, 31 suggestsa holemouthedjar or a beaked jug. 27 has a neck ridge,a LM IB featureratherthanLM IA; it may belong to a bridge-spoutedjug, since the interiorrim band reaches as far down as the ridge,a featureof The otherpossibilityfor27 is a pegtop rhyton.Most of the bridge-spouted jugs and also of ewers.113 are decorated withspirals,but 26-27 have leaves, 32 has a narrowzone of scribblewavy fragments linesand 33 solid semi-circles.Similarsemi-circlesto thoseon 33 can be seen framingthebase ofthe decorativezone of a trough-spouted jug fromGournia.114 26 Orange; buffslip, shaded-brownpaint withadded white.Leaf. DM/DB 1924, 34. v Buff;orange-brownpaint. Leaf. DM/DB 1924, 34. 27 28 Buff;orange-brownpaint. Retortedspiral. 29 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Running spiral. 30 Orange; buffslip,red-brownpaint.Eye spiral,added whiteblobs. ROUNDED

Buff;orange-brownpaint with added white and 31 black. Linked eye spiral,added black blobs. 32 Greyfiredorange;buffslip,orangepaintwithadded white.Scribblewavy lines. Bufffiredorange; pink-buff 33 slip, orange paint with added white.Solid semi-circles.

CUP (FIG. 4.3)

34 has the globular body and long evertedrim typicalof thisshape, while 35 has the pronounced incurvinglower body.11536 could belong to thisshape or to the typewithverticalsides. Buff;dark brown paint. Eye spiral, monochrome 34 interior. Buff;orange paint.Ripple, monochromeinterior. 35

ROUNDED

Bufffiredorange; buffslip, fugitivebrown paint, 36 Ripple, monochromeinterior.

CUP WITH VERTICAL UPPER BODY (FIG. 4.3)

37 has the typicalbell shape withliplessrimofthistype.Mackenzie suggeststhe fabricof thepiece is not Knossian.11638 has the rimpulled out intoa spoutand a ridgebelow the rim,the lattera feature of earlyverticalsided cups 3, 126. The pulled-outspoutis a featureof LM IB, whichseems to be not well attestedin thisearlystage. Pink; buffslip, shaded-brown paint with added 37 white.D. rim 11. Wavy line, monochromeinterior.DM/ DB 1924, 37.

38 Spouted. Buff;orange-brownto black paint.D. rim 11. Scribble wavy line, monochrome interior.DM/DB 1924,38.

BOWL WITH INCURVING RIM (FIG. 4.3)

39 has a flatlip and, unusually,a banded interior.It is close in shape to 129.

Buff;shaded-brownpaintwithadded white.D. rim 39 15. Ripple. DM/DB 1924, 37. BOWL (FIG. 4.3)

40 has the two zones of decorationfoundon bowls ratherthan cups, as 130-132. 40 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint with added white.Eye spiralabove ripple,monochromeinterior.

113For LM IB examples see Mountjoy 1984, 178, fig. 7 Knossos 21 (ewer); 177, fig.6 Knossos 13 (bridge-spoutedjug). 114Gournia pl. 9.10.

115See e.g. Knossos SME: Warren 1999, pl. CCVI P2320, P2330. ne DM/DB 1924, 37.

Ρ. Α. MOUNTJOY

6ο

Fig. 4.3. LustralBasin. LM IA pottery:34-36 roundedcup, 37-38 roundedcup withverticalupper body, bowl, cup, 48 splaying-sided 39 bowl withincurvingrim,40 bowl, 41-43 bell cup, 44-47 straight-sided basin. Scale in out and in out and bowl, 1:3. 55 49-54

BELL CUP (FIG. 4.3)

on thelowerbody.Thereare liplessrimand slightcarination 41-43 aretypicalexampleswithflaring rim from theUnexploredMansion117 with andlinearexamples MM IIIB-LM LAmonochrome dipped with and with dots SME and LM IA examplesfromtheKnossos spirals.118 117MUM 155, 141.14-16. pl.

118Warren 1999,pls. CCVI P2331, CCVII P2300, U23.

THE LATE MINO AN POTTERY 41 Orangefiredbuff;red-orange paint.D. rim6.4. interior. Ripple,monochrome 42 Orange;buffslip,blackto brownpaint.D. rim9.

STRAIGHT-SIDED

61

interior. Ripple,monochrome Buff;shaded-brown 43 paint.Ripple,monochrome interior.

CUP (FIG. 4.3)

119 44-47 are typicalexamplesof theshapewhichcan be verynarrow44, 47. 45 is LOD, butthe whitepainthas disappearedleavingfugitive decoration. rim, 46 has twogroovesbelowtheexterior whichcarriesa broadband in red-orange paint. Buff;orangepaint.D. rim8. Ripple,monochrome 44 interior. LOD. Buff;red-brown white.D. 45 paintwithfugitive rim9. Spiral,monochrome interior.

SPLAYING-SIDED

band on rim.D. Buff;blackpaintwithred-orange 46 rim9. Spiral,monochrome interior. Buff;orangepaint.D. base 4.3-4. Foliateband, 47 monochrome interior.

BOWL (FIG. 4.3)

48 is similarto MM IIIB-LM IA vessels13.120It is decoratedin LOD withorangepainton dark brownon interior and exterior. LOD. Buff;darkbrownpaintwithorange.D. rim 48 16. Scribbleinand outin orangepaint.DM/DB 1924,41.

IN AND OUT BOWL (FIG. 4.3)

Thesepiecesare decoratedwiththeusualmotifs ofscribblewavylineand ripplepattern, consisting withtheexceptionof51 withflying and with V 54 ivy pattern. Pale orange;buffslip,orange-brown 49 paint.D. rim 15. Linearout,scribblewavylinein. DM/DB 1924,39. to blackpaint.Scribblewavy Buff;orange-brown 50 lineout,ripplein. DM/DB 1924,38 leftsherd. 51 Orange;buff slip,orange-brown paint.Scribble wavy lineout,flying ivyin. DM/DB 1924,36.

52 Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Linearout,ripple in. Buff;shaded-brown 53 paint.D. rim15. Fat scribble wavylineoutand in. DM/DB 1924,36. 54 Orange; buffslip, shaded-brown paint.Scribble in. wavylineout,V pattern

IN AND OUT BASIN (FIG. 4.3)

55 belongsto a largeroundedbasindecoratedwithivy.Thereis a LM IA examplewithsimilarshape 164. darkbrownpaint.D. rim40. Ivy. 55 Orangefiredbuff; DM/DB 1924,34.

See MUMpi 142.1-9 forMM IIIB-LM IA examples.

120MUM pi 145.6.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

62

S. 1.6 1604 Bathroom (fig.4.4) Thisbox shouldcontainmaterialfromtheBathroomexcavatedin 1908 (see Introduction S.I.6). It is shoulddateto thedestruction ofthehouse.It comprises14 LM IA pieces.The completeinventory as follows: 1 LOD pithosbs 56 1 jar bs stonepattern 1 jar bs linear 2 jug bs withedge of ?spiral 1 jug bs withverticallines 1 tripodleg withripplepattern 57 1 roundedcup rimisolatedsemi-circles 5 conicalcups59-60 1 'milkjug' 58. PITHOS

56 is datedto MM III by K. S. Christakis (Chapter5 no. 5). It is includedhereto givea complete picture. LOD. Coarse pinkwithinclusions;brown-redpaint 56 withadded white.?Floralmotif,splashes on interior. TRIPOD VASE

butthefactthatitis decoratedprecludesitbelongingto thenormal 57 is madeofcookingpotfabric, The bowl seems to have had a normalflatbase. The leg,whichis unusually tripodcookingpot.121 at the has a central rib with a long, groove top.It is mostlikelythatthepiecebelongsto a mediumsuch as theexamplefromtheHouse oftheFrescoes,122 sizedcylindrical on although jug tripodfeet, thelatterdoes notseemto have had ribbedfeet. 57 Grey with gritsfiredorange; buffslip, red paint. Ripple.

JUGLET

as comingfromtheLustral 58 is a typicalLM IA jugletor 'milkjug'.123It is nottheone illustrated Basin(iWIV.ii fig.909). Thatvesselhas notbeen found. SMP 2007. Core notvisible,buffslip,rough.D. rim 58 3.1-3, D. base 3.3-5, D. max. 6, H. 7.7-9. CONICAL CUP

also with 60 is a small,roundedshape withdownslopingrim,while59 is tall and straight-sided, Mansion.124 60 from the IA to MM IIIB-LM rim. There is a Unexplored parallel down-sloping 59 60

Buff,rough.D. rim9.4, D. base 3.8, H. 6.4-8. Core not visible,orange-brownslip, rough.D. rim

121See MUM pl. 162.9-1 1 forLM II examples. 122PM Il.ii fig. 253C.

8.5, D. base 4, H. 3.8-4.3.

123See MUM 157 pl. 143.17. 124MUM pl. 144.15.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

LM IA pottery: Fig.4.4. Bathroom. 56 pithos,57 tripodvase,58 juglet,59-60 conicalcup.Scale 1:3.

S.I.9 MiNOAN Hall (fig.4.5) 61-62 are the onlypreservedvesselsfromthe SouthHouse (see IntroductionS.L9). They were found in situin the Minoan Hall standingby the east wall. 61 was in the north-eastcornerwith62 a little further southof it. CYLINDRICAL JAR

to rimto accommodate thelid.Vetchesare difficult 61 is a medium-sized examplewithan inturning dateout of context, but 61 is decoratedwithvetchesforwhicha close LM IA parallelexistsfrom KnossosSME.125 HM 5748. Spout and verticalhandle opposite it 61 restored.Inturninglipless rim. Small horizontalhandle in centreof each side flankingspout. Core not visible,pink-

buffslip withgritson surface,orange-brownpaint. D. rim 34.2, D. base 31.4, H. 38.6. Zone of vetchesabove zone of retortedspirals.S.I.g. PM Il.i fig.213a.

STIRRUP JAR

62 is the tall ovoid type with a thirdsmall handle opposite the spout. The retortedspiral on the shouldercould date to LM IA or LM IB. The decorationon the falsemouthis too worn to be made out.

HM 1541. Small vertical handle on shoulder 62 opposite spout. Buffwithgrits;buffslip, black to orange paint. D. base 12.7, D. false mouth 7.4, D. spout 6.5, D.

max. 31.9, H. 43.2. Retortedspirals,zone of solid circles on shoulder.S.I.g. PM Il.i fig.213b.

125Warren 1999, pl. CCVII Ρ 1848. Two pieces with vetches from the Unexplored Mansion could not be stratigraphically

assigned withcertaintyto LM IA or LM IB: MUM 157, pl. 132e top left,pl. 138a, d.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.5. Minoan Hall. LM IA pottery:61 cylindricalvase, 62 stirrup jar. Scale 1:6.

LATE MINOAN IA UNSTRATIFIED JAR (FIG. 4.6)

63-64 are assignedto the largepalatialjar fromtheirthickwall. The reeds 63 are foundon largejars in LM IA and LM IB; 63 may date to LM IB. There are LM IA parallelsto the decorationof 64 on vases of othershapes, such as fromGournia and Knossos.126The motifis also foundin LM IB.12764 could belong to eitherphase. The large circleswithreservedcentresare also presenton 21 fromthe LustralBasin, but unlike thatsherd thereis no use of added whitepaint on 64. Chemical analysis 128 suggestsa Knossian provenancefor63. Pink withgrits;buffslip,brownpaint. Reed. C.V. 1 63 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 156 no. 101.

126Gournia pl. 7.40; Knossos: MUM pl. 143.9. 127 e.g. on two large jars: Seager 1910, fig. 14 = PseiraIV fig.

withgrits;buffslip,black to brownpaint. Pink-buff 64 Stone pattern.C.V. 2 488.

39; Mochlos: Seager 1909, 298, fig. 19. 128 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 101.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 4.6. LM IA pottery:63-64 jar, 65-67 cylindrical jar. Scale 1:3. CYLINDRICAL JAR (FIGS.4.6-4.7)

Thereare twoversionsoftheshape.The first is a verytallcylinder withan interior ledgejustbelow therimto accommodatea lid 65-66; thesecondis a medium-sized cylindrical shape withslightly sides and an rim over which the lid would fit the latter 68; flaring inturning lipless shapeis similarto

P. A. MOUNTJOY

66

Bothtypes a verylargepyxis.129 Thereis a similarcylindrical jar fromKnossoson threetalllegs.130 thetallshapehas thespout havepie-crust decoration belowtherim.Bothshapeshavebridge-spouts; flankedby verticalhandles,thesmallshape by horizontal ones witha verticalhandleat theback if the Not of is extant to know there was also a backhandle;thehandles opposite spout. enough 65 and spouton 65 are flankedby nipples/knobs. 68 has a hole piercedbelowtheshoulder;holesare oftenfoundon LM II pyxides,131 and running spiralare probablyfora cordtotieon thelid.Retorted LM IA vase from Knossos commonmotifson bothshapes.67 has flying similar to that on a ivy SME.13267 is assignedby chemicalanalysisto a Knossianprovenance.133 Tall(fig.4.6)

Interiorledge below rim.Nipple each side of spout. 65 Small verticalhandle in centreof each side flankingspout. Pink withlarge dark grits;buffslip,black to brown paint. D. rim 32, H. ex. 50. Two zones of runningspiralswith zone of solid circles between them and wavy line below. S.I.7 1605, S.I.9 1614, 1615, S.I. 10 1616, Wace and Biegen 1619.

66 Interiorledge below rim. Coarse buffwith many smallblack grits;black paintwithadded white.D. rim30+. Retortedspiralwithreed,quirkbelow rim.S.I.5 1602, S.I.9 1614, C.V. 2 488. 67 Orange; buffslip, orange to orange-brownpaint. Spiralwithflyingivyand circles.C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 156 no. 102.

Medium(fig.4.7)

68 Inturninglipless rim. Orange withinclusions;buff slip,orange-brownpaint. D. rim 24. Retortedspiral.Wace and Biegen 1619. BARREL JAR (FIG. 4.7)

it sides;theevertedrimsuggests 69 seemstobelongto a smallbarrel-shaped curving jar withslightly did notcarrya lid. Its fabricsuggests it is an import.70, also withslightly curvingsides,maycome froma largerversionofthisshape.It is decoratedwithsimilarvetchesto 61. Two groovesroundupperbody.Dark orange-brown 69 withsilvermica; deep buffslip (extendingon interioronly fromrimtojust above upper groove),lustrousdarkbrown FOUR-HANDLED

COLLAR-NECKED

paint. D. rim 18. Wavy line. S.I.8 1610. Pink-buffwith grits; buffslip, orange paint with 70 added white.Vetches.Wace and Biegen 1619.

JAR (FIG. 4.7)

71 is a collar-necked shapewithtwosmalloppositeverticalhandles,one ofwhichis extant,and two horizontal The circleofpaintroundthebase ofone ofthe handles,all on theshoulder. largeopposite horizontal handlescan be seen on theleftoftheuppersherd.The baggyshapeof71 is closeto that ofa Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA jug fromKnossosSME134andofan amphorafromtheUnexplored Mansionwithtwoverticalneckhandles.135 I can findno publishedLM IA examplesof thisshape. Sub-LMIA completeexamplesoftheshapeare publishedfromNirouChani;136 theyhave a better The reedon proportioned bodythanthatof71. The shapeis also presentas a largestoragetype.137 theshoulderof71 is similarto thaton a LM IA amphorafromPseira.138 Buff;orange paint. D. rim 14. Reed on shoulder, 71 scribblewavy line on belly.S.I.8 1612. HOLE-MOUTHED

JAR (FIG. 4.7)

The shape has a conicallowerbody and a roundedupperbodywithtwolarge,round,horizontal handlesflanking a longbridgedspout;thereis no neck,sincetherimis foldedoverto producea MM ledge;thebase is flator discoid.139 77 has a shortcollarrimin themannerofsomeTransitional IIIB-LM IA examples,140 butmostvesselsnow have a slopingledgerim.The usualmotifson this and reed,142 butone or twovasesdecoratedwithripplearestillpresent77-78. 72 shapearespirals141 129See MUMpl 155 for LM II normal sized pyxides and pl. 75a fora LM II medium-sizedcylindricaljar. 130PM Il.ii fig. 253C: House of Frescoes. 131 MUMpl 154.4. 132Warren 1999, pl. CCVII P817. 133 and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 102. Mountjoy 134warren 1991, 325, fig.6A. 135 128I. 136MUMpl Xanthoudides 1922, 18, fig. 15 bottomrow.

137Knossos: Warren 1981, 81, figs.22-4. 138 Seager 1910, 22, fig.6 = PseiraI pl. 9C. 139 e.g. Knossos House of Frescoes: PAfll.ii fig.253D; Gournia pl. 7.6; Knossos: Popham 1967, pl. 77b. 140 Catling et al. 1979, 43, fig.29.208; Warren 1991, 324, fig. 5F. 141Knossos House of Frescoes: PM Il.ii fig.253D; Gourniapl. 7.6, Knossos: Popham 1967, pl. 77b. 142Xanthoudides 1922, 21, fig. 18 bottom row left.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

is a rareexamplewithvetches;74 has a double-axeelaboratedwithgrasses.77 is decoratedin very lustrous paint.The base 79 maybelongto thisshape. 72 Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim 13. Vetches. S.I.8 1612, S.I.10 1616. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 11. Reed. S.I.7 73 1605. buffslip, orange paint. Double-axe with Pink-buff; 74 spiralabove and grassesbelow. S.I.i 1595, S.I.5 1601, S.I.8 1612.

Buff;orange-brownpaint.D. rim 10.8. Spiral. S.I.i 75 1595·

Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim9. Retortedspiral. 76 C.V.2 489. 77 Orange; buffslip, shaded-brownpaint. D. rim 11. Ripple. S.I. 7 1605. 78 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. D. rim 14. Ripple. C.V.2 490. 79 Orange; buffslip,black to brownpaint.D. base 4.48. Linear. S.I.9 1613.

Fig. 4.7. LM IA pottery:68 cylindrical collar-necked jar, 69-70 barreljar, 71 four-handled jar, hole-mouthed 72-79 jar. Scale 1:3.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

68 TROUGH-SPOUTED

JUG (FIG. 4.8)

The shapeofthebodyis similarto thatofthehole-mouthed jar,butthespoutis troughnotbridged, it and a ones flanking thereis a singleverticalhandleoppositethespoutinsteadof twohorizontal thebase is discoid.Spiraland reedpatternare thepreferred collarneck,oftenwithnippleson it;143 whichalso has a motifs. 80 has a rimsomewhatsimilarin shapeto theexamplefromGypsadhes,144 a stub on the The handle small 81 is a similarlug. jug,butthe bellysuggests trough-spouted example. for this vesselis verynarrow shape. 80 Lug made up of two nipples. Buff;shaded-brown D. paint. rim 18. Reed. S.I.7 1606.

81 Orange; buffslip,shaded-brownpaint.D. max. 10, H. ex. 9. Retortedspiral.C.V.2 488.

COLLARED JAR (FIG. 4.8)

itsshape.It has a tallcollarneckwhichmayhavehad a spout. Notenoughof82 is extantto ascertain to date; 82 may be LM IB. Chemicalanalysisassignsit to a Knossian The reeds are difficult provenance.145 82 Buff;black to brownpaint. D. rim 10. Reed. C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 156 no. 103. BRIDGE-SPOUTED

JUG

buttwoclosedbodysherds92, 98 maybelongto it.It comprises Thisshapeis notcertainly present, a largeglobularor oval shape withcollarneckwithlongbridgedspoutand flatrim,largeround handleoppositespoutand flatbase.146 BEAKED JUG (FIG. 4.8)

a neckridge The shapeis conical-piriform witha longspout,a roundhandlefromneckto shoulder, and a flatdiscoidbase.14783 is decoratedwithlinkedspirals,a commonmotifon thisshape,well illustrated by twojugs fromKnossosMagazineXVIII.148 83 Grey firedpink; buffslip, very lustrousblack to brownpaintwithadded white.Linked spiral.S.I.8 1610. JUGLET (FIG. 4.8)

thehandlestubon whattypeofpouringvesselis represented; vessel.It is uncertain 84 is a miniature thebellyseemstoo low forthatofa beakedjug; it couldbelongto a trough-spouted jug. Buff;orange paint.D. base 3.4, D. max. 6.4, H. ex. 84 5.7. Reed. S.I.9 1615. STIRRUP JAR (FIG. 4.8)

The shapeforwhichthereis mostevidenceis tallovoidwitha flatbase, a shortspoutand a short falsemouthwiththreeoval handlesattachedto it,thatoppositethespoutbeingsmallerand thinner. on Theraa medium-sized However,at Akrotiri stirrup jar is presentas wellas thetallsize.Bothtypes have onlytwo handlesand a baggybody; the spoutmay or may not have knobsfortyingon a The TheravasesaredecoratedinLOD andDOL.149The mediumsizemustalsohaveexisted stopper. on Crete;85 maypossiblybelongto an exampleofthis.The shapeis oftendecoratedwithretorted spirals,as 62 fromtheMinoanHall. The twospouts87-88 have thetypicalknobsroundthemfor ofLM IA stirrup jars and arealso foundon Sub-LMIA tyingon a stopper;theseknobsare a feature is rarein MM III, so ithas seemed MM but this vases.150 The blue-black on 88 looks III, shape paint 143 Gypsadhes: Popham 1967, pl. 76c; House of Frescoes: PM Il.ii fig. 253B. 144 Popham 1967, pl. 76c. 145 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 103. 146 e.g. House of Frescoes: PM Il.ii fig.253E; Magazine XVIII: PMIV.ifig. 195.

147Priniatikos Pyrgos: Betancourt 1985, fig. 99c; Knossos SME: Warren 1999, pl. CCVII Pi 193. 148Herakleion Museum Case 45. 149I thankC. Doumas and P. Warrenforthis information. 150See Knossos RRN: Herakleion Museum Case 60.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

69

Fig.4.8. LM IA pottery: 80-81 trough-spouted jug,82 collaredjar,83 beakedjug,84 juglet,85-88 stirrup jar, vase.Scale 1:3. 89 conicalrhyton, 90-91 strainer

bestto assignit here.The ivyon 86 is the abbreviatedSub-LM IA type,but thepiece is assignedhere as it is decoratedin LOD and LOD is less commonin LM IB. It could be an oval-mouthedamphora, but too littleis extantto be certain. Buffwithgrits;orange-brown 85 paint.Flyingivybelow spout.S.I.2 1596, S.I.9 1614, C.V.i 486. 86 LOD. Greywithinclusionsfiredorange; grey-black paintwithadded white.Flyingivy.S.I.5 160 1, 1602, C.V. 1 483.

Three knobsround spout.Buffwitha fewblack and 87 whitegrits;darkbrownpaint.D. spout 7.3. ?Wave pattern. S.I.4 1600. 88 Three knobsroundspout.Buffwithgrits;blue-black paint. D. spout 5.9. Linear. S.I. 9 1615.

3

P. A. MOUNTJOY

RHYTON, CONICAL

(FIG. 4.8)

The shapecan be conical151 or have a roundedupperbodywitha conicallowerbody.152 The rimis broadand flat89; thehandleis a high-swung from the inside of the rim to theupper strapextending sometimes with a stud a rivet at the Decoration includes body, clay imitating top.153 ripple,spirals, The broadrimcan also be decorated,155 as 89 withnetpattern, a motif reeds,crocusand crescents.154 in use in in DOL the Transitional Phase It is also used on the of handles conicalrhyta.156 already 5. No otherLM IA sherdscouldbe recognised belongingto thisshape. 89 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. D. rim 13. Edge of decorationat base of sherd,netpatternon rim.S.I.i 1595.

STRAINER VASE (FIG. 4.8)

The shape consistsof a largeglobularor oval bodywitha ledgedrimand twohorizontal handles attachedto a tallconicalfoot.157 The base is locatedat thepointofattachment ofbodyand footand is pierced.90-91 havethestrainer base,90 withpartoftheupperbody,91 withthecompleteconical foot.The linear91 is difficult to date;itcouldbe Sub-LMIA. 90 Orange; buffslip,orange paint.Ripple. S.I.9 1615, S.I.10 1616.

CLOSED

91 Orange; buffslip,orange-brownpaint.D. base 4.6. Linear.S.I. 9 1615.

SHAPE (FIG. 4.9)

fromKnossos 92 could belongto a largebridge-spouted jug; a Sub-LMIA exampleis illustrated SME withsimilarbody banding,158 whilea largeLM IA sherdfromthe UnexploredMansion159 showsthatthistypeofbandingis alreadyextantin thisphase. 100 witha zone ofdecoration round thelowerbody maybelongto a pegtoprhyton.160 with the of a wide neck 105 beginning painted monochrome maybelongto a collar-necked jar,suchas 71, or to a trough-spouted jug,butthelatter has a decoratedneck.161 on thelowerbody;itis too outgenerally 93 is unusualin havingdecoration to turning belongto a cylindrical jar.96 has ivycloseto thaton frescoes.162 95, 98, 99 all havemuch decoration in added whitepainton a verylustrous ground;98 maycomefroma bridge-spouted jug similarto thatfromtheHouse oftheFrescoes.163 Chemicalanalysisassigns98 and 106 to a Knossian provenance.164 92 Orange withgritsand inclusions;buffslip,black to brown paint with added white. Foliate band. S.I. 5 1601,1602, S.I.9 1615, C.V.2 488. Buffwithsmall grits;orange paint.Lily. C.V.2 488. 93 94 Orange; buffslip,orange paint.Crocus. C.V.i 485. 95 Orange; buffslip, very lustrousorange paint with added white.?Edge of papyrus.S.I.9 1613. 96 Orange; buffslip,brownpaint.Ivy.Wace and Biegen 1619. Buff;black to brownpaint. Reed. S.I.i 1595. 97 98 Pink-orange;pink-buffslip, very lustrousorangebrown paint with added white. Double-axe. C.V. 1.483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 156 no. 104. Buff;verylustrousshaded-brownto black paintwith 99 added white.Circles withedge of decorationbelow. S.I.9 1613. 100 Orange; buffslip,shaded-brownpaint.Circles with

151 7.26. 152Gourniapl. 7.28. 153Gourniapl. Gourniapl. 7.26, 31. 154See Gournia pl. 7.25-32. 155 7.25. Gourniapl. 156 Gourniapl. 7.32. 157For the profile see a Sub-LM I A vase from Palaikastro: Sackettand Popham 1970, 225, fig. 15 NP56.

edge of ?wavyline above. S.I.5 1601. 101 Buff;shaded-brownpaint.Scribblewavy lines.S.I. 1 1595, S.I.5 1602. 102 Pink-buff;buffslip, shaded-brownpaint. Scribble wavy line by handle stub. C.V.2 488. 103 Buff;orange paint.Fat wavy line. Wace and Biegen 1619. 104 Deep pink;buffslip,orange-brown paint.Wavyline. C.V.2 491. buffslip,orange paint. Diagonal pattern. 105 Pink-buff; C.V.i 486. 106 Orange; deep buffslip,orange-brown to blackpaint. Foliateband. C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 156 no. 105. 107 Buff;red-orangepaint with added white. Ripple. S.I. 10 1616, Wace and Biegen 1619.

158Warren 1981, fig.48. 159MUM pl. 130g. 160See Gournia pl. 7.38, 39 forlower body zones. 161See e.g. Warren 1999, pl. CCVII Pi 194. 162 e.g. PMII.iifig. 286.

163 /Wll.iifig.254. 164

Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 nos. 104, 105.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 4.9. LM IA pottery:92-107 closed shape, 108-123 roundedcup. Scale 1:3.

71

P. A. MOUNTJOY

72 ROUNDED

CUP (FIG. 4.9)

The shapehas a globularbodywitha longevertedrim,straphandleand a raisedconcave111 or a flat122 base.165Rim diameters varyfrom11-18 cm. 121 and 123 are of largesize and verythin lower walledwitha shortbulgingneck121 or a curlingrim123. The profileof 116 withincurving the the lower is Decoration is on shoulder, body body similarto thatof 35 fromtheLustralBasin. is theretorted decoration thatthecommonest spiral beingbandeddowntothebase.Pophamnotes166 or thesolid-centre beingmorecommonthanthe latter,thatmedallion runningspiral,theformer survives168 and thatfoliateband appears.He also notesthat thatripplepattern spiralsalso appear,167 reedpattern to169 are bell cupsnotroundedcups.Thereare is common,buttheexampleshe refers LM IA parallelsto thetadpolespiralsof 115 on a bridge-spouted Pyrgosand on jug fromPriniatikos a cup fromtheUnexploredMansion.170 The netpatternon 117 has a parallelfromtheGypsadhes foliatebandon 118 a thefoliateband on 119 a parallelfromKnossos172 and theabbreviated Well,171 the bottom from Zakro.173 foliate band on has the of a 120 rightofthesherd parallel edge diagonal and a flowerfillingmotif.The rimis decoratedin thickadded whitewithdotswitha band below rim.Thereis a verygood parallelfrom them;thereis also an added whiteband on the interior Palaikastro to thisuse ofaddedwhite.174 The straight upperbodywithverythinwalland theflaring of is also similar to the Palaikastro 120 lip example.It may be that120 is importedfrom very Palaikastro. The crocuseson 108, 109 belongto the plantstylepopularin east Crete.175 109 is unusualin havinga dottedinterior rimwithbandsbelow,111 in havinga reservedband on the interior Basesareoftendecoratedwitha largespiralwith interior. lip and 116 in havingan unpainted centre are 122. 111, 109, 110, 119 assignedby chemicalanalysisto a Knossianprovenance.176 open 108 Buff; brown paint, orange on interior. Crocus, monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. 109 Buff; orange-brown to black paint. D. rim 18. Crocus,dottedrim.C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 106. 110 Orange-buff; whitishslip,purple-blackpaint.Circles, stippleon interior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 109. 111 Orange; white-buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim 13, D. base 6.1, H. 8.9. Runningspiral,monochromeinteriorwith reservedband on lip, spiralon base. S.I.7 1606, 1607. 112 Buff; orange-brown to black paint. D. rim 13. Runningspiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1601. 113 Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim14. Runningspiral, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 485. 114 Buff;black to brownpaintwithadded white.D. rim 11.6. Runningspiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 115 Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim13. Tadpole spirals, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614.

116 Buff;black to brown paint. D. max. 16. Stacked diagonal pattern.S.I.7 1605. 117 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. base 4. Net pattern, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 118 Orange; buff slip, orange paint. Foliate band, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1613. 119 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 11. Foliate band, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 157 no. 107. 120 Buff;red-brownpaintwiththickadded white.Edge of foliateband withflowerfill,monochromeinteriorwith whiteband on rim.S.I.7 1607. 121 Buff;verylustrousred-brownpaint.D. rim16. Stone pattern,monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. 122 Buff; red-brown paint. D. base 5.6. Ripple, monochromeinterior,spiralon base. S.I.5 1601. 123 Buff;orange-brownpaint.D. rim 16. Bars withedge of decoration,splash on interior.S.I.9 1614.

Rounded cup with vertical upper body (fig.4.10) The shapehas a straight everted125 rim.Pophamnotes177 upperbodywitha lipless126 or slightly thatin LM IA straight-sided become rather The base of 127 is unusualin thatit 127. cups cylindrical is raisedconcave.Pophamalso notesthatretorted motifs on and running are spiral also thepreferred thisshape,butrippleis stillextant.178 has an decorated with crocus 124 unpaintedrough Unusually interior. Chemicalanalysishas assigned126 to a Knossianprovenance.179 Λ. AAV/

U11MUV

11MU

V*

W U

U4&11V

Vl|^I^V«.

H^V^VAT

TI1M1

t*

Ul/iVUU

165 e.g. Palaikastro: Popham 1967, pl. 76h. 166MUM ι 56. 167Pelon 1970, pl. 15.3. 168Pelon 1970, pl. i5.ia-b in LOD. 169MUM 157 n. 9 = Popham 1977, 194, pl. 30a, d. 170Betancourt 1985, pl. 17A; MUM pi 131h. 171PM Il.ii fig.349K. 172 1967, pl. 77c top right. 173Popham 1967, pl. 78d centrerow right. 174Popham Bernini 1995, 78, fig. 16.95. The added whiteinteriorrim

J. 4<

V

VS*.

UllbllMT

V* »

V

M. V VV*

M. M*

rj

lUtll

-M. VUUMU*

«.Λ. V

WN^ VJ

band is also presenton PalaikastroLOD examples: ibid. 73, fig. 1357; 75»% 14-67175 e.g. fromZakro: Popham 1967, pl. 78b bottom row 2nd fromright,pl. 78d top row 2nd fromright. 176 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 nos. 106, 107, 109. 177 MUMi56. 178MUM 156-7. 179 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 108.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY Crocus. interior. 124 Buff; orange-brown paint,unslipped C.V.i 484. 125 Buff;orangepaint.D. rim9.8. Ripple,handlering S.I.8 1612. interior. on left,monochrome 126 Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paintwithadded

C.V.i 483. interior. white.D. rim11. Ripple,monochrome Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 108. 127 Buff; orangepaint.D. base5.8. Ripple,monochrome S.I.8 1612. interior.

Fig. 4.10. LM IA pottery:124-127 roundedcup withverticalupperbody, 128 bowl withincurvingrim, 129-132 bowl, 133-135 ogival cup, 136-139 bell cup, 140 straight-sided cup, 141-143 Vapheio cup, bowl. Scale 1:3. 144 conical cup, 145-146 ledged rimcup, 147 splaying-sided

74

P. A. MOUNTJOY

BOWL WITH INCURVING RIM (FIG.4.10)

rim. 128 has a globularbodywithliplessinturning

shaded-brown 128 Buff; paint.D. rim12.6. Foliateband, monochrome interior. S.I.5 1601. BOWL (FIG.4.10)

129 is 129 has a roundedrimseton an incurving upperbody.Unusuallyit has a bandedinterior. verysimilarto 39 fromtheLustralBasin,buttheydo notcomefromthesamevessel.130-132 have beenclassedhereratherthanas cups,becausetheyhavea decoratedlowerbody,whereasthatofthe cup is banded.In and outbowlsmayalso have a decoratedlowerbody 154, but 130-132 have a MM IIIB-LM IA bowl monochrome interior nota decoratedone. Theyare closeto a Transitional is foundin boththisphaseand fromtheKnossosSME180witha straight rim,but,as theirdecoration LM IA, ithas seemedbetterto assignthemto LM IA.

129 Buff;orange-brown paintwithaddedwhite.D. rim 16. Ripplepattern, bandedinterior. S.I.g 1613. 130 Orange;buff wavy slip,orange-brown paint.Scribble Wace and Biegen lineabove blobs,monochrome interior. 1619.

131 Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.Rippleon interior. S.I.2 1596. lowerbody,monochrome 132 Deep pink;buffslip,orangepaint.Rippleon lower interior. above,monochrome S.I.5 body,edgeofdecoration 1602.

HANDLELESS OGIVAL CUP (FIG.4.10)

It has a bell-shaped MM IIIB-LM IA phase.181 The shapeis alreadypresentin theTransitional body discoid133 withliplessrim,whichmaybe straight 134, and a flat134 or slightly 133, 135 or flaring arealsopresent.182 withreeds,butspiralsandstonepattern base.In LM IA mostexamplesaredecorated to datethisshapeoutof itis difficult withmonochrome Whendecoratedwithreedpattern interior, seemto have so an arbitrary context, splithas been madeon theleaf.SinceLM IA vesselsgenerally been to the have often not attached fatleaves,183 with thin stem, leaves, assignedto examples very Sub-LMIA. 134 has been assignedto a Knossianprovenanceby chemicalanalysis.184 133 Deep pink;deep buffslip,blackto brownpaint.D. rim8.6, D. base 3.6, H. 6.8. Reed,monochrome interior. S.I.7 1607. 134 Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. rim10, D. base 3.6-

7, H. 7.3-4. Reed, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 110. 135 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Reed, interior. C.V.2 488. monochrome

BELL CUP (FIG.4.10)

It has a narrowcylindrical MM IIIB-LM IA type.185 The shapeis similarto thatoftheTransitional rim is the in the lower to the from base; flaring lipless,thebase flat belly bodycurving fairly sharply butreedsalso appear.187 usedon thisshape,186 orflatraisedandthehandleoval 139. Spiralis generally The vase decoratedwithripple137 could dateto theMM IIIB-LM IA phase,but thatdecorated withvetches136 shoulddateto LM IA. The motifis rareon cups,butthereis a parallelon a LM IA MM IIIB-LM IA and LM IA examples Vapheiocup fromKnossosSME.188Thereare Transitional withdippedrim,189 butithas seemedbetterto assign138-139 to LM IA. The extanthandle139 is oval,butthatoftheTransitional examplesis a widestrap.190 136 Buff;orange-brown paint.Vetches,monochrome paint.D. rim7.8, D. base 3.6-7, H. 5.8-6. Linear.S.I.9 interior. 1613. S.I.5 1601. redpaint.D. rim7.6, D. base 3.2-4, H. 137 Pink-orange; 139 Pink-buff; slip,orangepaint.D. rim10. pink-buff interior. C.V.i 485. 5.5. Linear.S.I.g 1613. Ripple,monochrome 138 Orange;buffslipon roughsurface, brown-orange 180Warren 1991, 326, fig. 7J. 81 MUM 156. 182MUM 157. 183MUM pl. 1311. 184 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 110. 185Transitional:Warren 1991, 328, fig.9M-O; LM IA: Warren

*999> pi· CCVII P2300. 186 e.g. Warren 1999, pl. CCVII P2300. 187 Popham 1977, pl. 30a, d. m Warren 1999, pl. CCVII P1848. 189MUM 155 pl. 141.15-16; Warren 1999, pl. CCVII P2311. 190 MUMpl 141.15-16.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

75

CUP (FIG. 4.10)

STRAIGHT-SIDED

sideswithlipless 140 belongsto a typicalLM IA straight-sided out-flaring cup.The shapehas straight flat base and handle. There are decorated with retorted rim, good parallels strap spiralsfromthe Well and the Mansion.191 is Reed also found on this Gypsadhes Unexplored pattern shape.192 140 Buff;orangepaint. D. rim 12. Retortedspiral, monochrome interior. S.I.2 1596.

Vapheio cup (fig.4.10) The shapeis similarto thatof Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA vessels;it is rarein LM IA, itsfloruit MM Transitional IIIB-LM IA. Pophamnotesthepresenceofa fewexamplesin the being apparently Mansion.193 in rare LM used on theshape IA, thereis a widerrangeofmotifs Unexplored Although in contrast to theubiquitousrippleofMM IIIB-LM IA.194The decorationofa zone ofsolidcircles abovethebase withwhitecirclesabovethemon a darkband 141-143 is a feature ofVapheiocupsof thisphase.195 The medallionspiralon theupperbodyof 141 and thefoliateband on thatof 142 are also standardfeatures ofthisphase.141 has an unpaintedinterior whichsuggests thatitmightbe an from the mainland. Chemical a Knossian import Mycenaean analysisassigns provenanceto 142, but is an Athenian even it looks LM IA.196 143 given provenance, though typical buffslip,blackpaintwithadded white. 141 Pink-buff; Medallionspiral,solid circlesin whiteon centralband, S.I.i 1595. Popham19700,pl. 33d third roughinterior. row. brownpaintwithadded white. 142 Buff;verylustrous D. rim9.9,D. base 7, H. 8.1. Foliatebandwithsolidcircles, CONICAL

monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483, 484. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 111. 143 Orangefiredbuff;buffslip,dark-brown paintwith addedwhite.Solidcircles, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 112.

CUP (FIG. 4.10)

Thisshapeis also similarto theTransitional MM IIIB-LM IA shape.If decoratedat all, it usually carriesrunning a rare 144 depicts spirals.197 exampleofa planton thisshape. 144 Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. rim8. interior. Crocus,monochrome S.I.7 1607. HANDLELESS

CUP WITH

LEDGED

RIM (FIG. 4.10)

The shapehas a conicalbodywithledgedrimand flatbase.198 Pophamnotesthatthisshapeis less in LM IA.199 There are LM IA to the retorted fromtheGypsadhes frequent parallels spiraldecoration Well.200 145 Buff;blackpaint.D. rim11.6,H. ex. 6.9. Retorted interior. C.V.2 490. spiral,monochrome SPLAYING-SIDED

BOWL

146 Buff;blackpaint.D. rim11.6. H. ex. 7.2. Retorted interior. S.I.5, S.I.9 1613,C.V.2 490. spiral,monochrome

(FIG. 4.I0)

147 is handmadeand decoratedin LOD and maybelongto thisphaseor to MM IIIB-LM IA.201It is classedas LM IA, as it is decoratedwithreed pattern, whichis a LM IA motifratherthana Transitional the Houses one,although Acropolis DepositsC-E, whicharenowdatedtoTransitional,202 Al

MIAUAVAV/AIMA

V/ilv·

MAUAV/l

have reeds in LOD.203

147 LOD. Orangewithgrits;orangepaintwithadded white.D. base 7.4. Reed, monochromeinteriorand

underside ofbase. C.V.i 486.

191PAfll.ii fig.3490, rand Popham 1967, pl. 76b; MUM 156, Ρ1· 14S^' 192iW Il.ii fig. 349g, h and Popham 1967, pl. 76a; Warren CCVI vx P2450. x ^4ou· *yyy>pl. 1999, F1· ^^ 193MUM 156. This would also account for the rarityof the shape in the AkrotiriLM I A destructionlevels, where it is noted that the Mycenaean Vapheio cup is much more common than the Minoan one: Mathari 1990, 63. 194See MUM 156 forripple pattern,pl. 143.5 f°r foliateband, pl. 136c bottomrightforlinked spirals. 195Warren 1999, pl. CCVII P442, 442a, 443.

196 and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 nos. 111,112. 197Mountjoy MUM 156; Popham 1977, pl. 3id right. 198 MUMpl 144.5-6. »β Λ/ί/Μ mum 156-7. 150-7. 20°PM Il.ii sided vessels. fig.3490, r on straight201For the continuingexistence of LOD in LM I A see ABAC 72-3 where it is suggested that the Magazine of the Lily Vases could date to matureLM I A. 202Warren 1999, 897. 203 Catling et al. 1979, 31, fig. 20.135 Deposit Β and 43, fig. 29.209, 210.

P. A. MOUNTJOY IN AND

OUT

BOWL

(FIG. 4.I1)

MM IIIB-LM IA The shapeis verycommonin thisphaseand hasmanyvariants. In theTransitional it rim withwavy is with a or and is decorated ribbed204 phase generally deep semi-globular lipped205 lineor ripple.In LM IA therimsillustrated herevaryfromeverted151, to wideflat150, 153 and bowls. sides 158, whichcouldbe splaying-sided lipless156. Thereare smallexampleswithflaring reed and scribble lines the commonest motifs. The neat rows of lines are 156, 160 Spiral, wavy wavy haveLM IA parallelsfromKnossos.206 it seems another stalkis have on the exterior; 148 might ivy on the left hand of the sherd. present top edge 148 Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.?Ivyon exterior, S.I.i 1595. ivyon interior. 149 Orange;buffslip,blackpaint.Reed, thickstipple on interior. S.I.5 1602. 150 Orange;buffslip,orangepaintwithadded white. D. rim28. Spiralon exterior and interior. S.I.i 1595. 151 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim 23. Spiral on on interior. S.I.i 1595. exterior, edgeofwavepattern 152 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. base 8.8. Spiralon exterior, S.I.9 1615. wavylineon interior. 153 Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. rim18. and exterior. S.I.5 1601. Wavylineon interior buffslip,brownpaintwithaddedwhite. 154 Pink-buff; S.I.10 1616. Wavylineon exterior, rippleon interior. buff 155 Pink-buff; slip,orange-brown paint.D. base4.8. Scribblewavyline on exterior,crossedsemi-circles on interior. S.I.7 1607. IN AND

OUT

BASIN

156 Buff;brownpaintwithadded white.D. rim 11. and interior. C.V.i 486. Scribblewavylineson exterior 157 Buff;orange-brown paint.Foliateband,splashin. S.I.9 1614. 158 Buff;blackpaint.D. base 4.3. Rippleon exterior andinterior. S.I.5 1601. 159 Orange;buffslip,orangebrownpaint.D. rim12. WaceandBiegen ?wavylineon interior. Rippleon exterior, 1619. 160 Orange;buffslip,orangepaintwithtracesofadded D. rim15. Linearexterior, whiteon exterior. wavylines on interior. S.I.7 1607. 161 Orangefiredbuff;shaded-brown paint.D. rim26. S.I.8 1612. Linearexterior, rippleon interior. 162 Orangefiredbuff;shaded-brown paint.D. base 6. S.I.10 1616. Linearexterior, crossedsemi-circles on interior.

(FIG. 4.I1)

These vases with decoration on interiorand exteriorcan be of large dimensions. 165 has a base diameterof 32 cm and 164 a rimdiameterof 38 cm. 164 has a heavy roundedrim. 163-164 seem to be a rounded shape but 165 is straight-sided. 163 Deep pinkwithgrits;buffslip,red-orange paint.D. base 22. ?Leafwithdot fillon exterior, reed on interior. C.V.i 486. buffslip,orangepaint.D. 164 Orangewithinclusions;

rimc. 38. Wavylineon interior and exterior. S.I.9 1613. oninterior. withgrits; blackpaint,orange-brown 165 Buff of D. base c. 32. Semi-circles on exterior, edge decoration on interior. S.I.9 1613.

Unpainted CONICAL

CUP

(FIG. 4.I1)

The veryshallow shape of 166 suggestsa LM I date, since LM II conical cups are slightlytaller.207 166 Buff,rough.D. rim8.3, D. base 3.4-5, H. 4.4-8. C.V.2491.

JUGLET (FIG.4.11)

This shape is difficult to date out of context.These vessels are assigned to LM IA since Popham suggeststheymay be the typevase forthisphase,208but theycould be TransitionalMM IIIB-LMIA or LM IB. The usual shape has a plump round body and a long narrowout-flaring neck 168, but thereis much variety.There is oftena lug on the rim 167, 170, which may be extended to forma handle 172, or simplyextended 171.209169 has littlerim extantand may also have had a lug. 172 has a dipped rim; 173-174 are coated examples. 204Warren 1991, 326, fig.7D, E. 205Warren 1991, 326, fig.7F, G, H. 206Warren 1999, pl. CCVI P2835.

207 MÍ/M163. 208 MÍ/M157. 209See MUMpl. 143.16-17 forsimilar example:

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

M*m Fig.4.1i. LM IA pottery: 148-162in and outbowl,163-165 in and outbasin,166 conicalcup, 167-174juglet.Scale 1:3.

P. A. MOUNTJOY 167 Lug on rim.Core notvisible,buff,rough.D. rim 3.3, D. base 3.4, D. max.4.3, H. 6.4. S.I.9 1615. 168 Buff, rough,smoothed.D. rim4.5 by 2.8 (pushed in),D. base 3.8-4, D. max.5.5, H. 7.8-8.2. C.V.i 487. withsmallgrits, 169 Buff rough.D. rim3.5, D. base 3.8, D. max.6.1, H. 6.8. S.I.10 1616. buffslip,rough.D. rim3.3, 170 Lug on rim.Pink-buff; D. base 3.4,D. max.5.1, H. 7.5-7. S.I.5 1602. 171 Lug hangingdownfromrim.Buff,rough.D. rim

2.4,D. base 4, D. max.6.7, H. 10.1. S.I.9 1615. with 172 Lugfoldeddownfromrimtoformhandle.Buff grits, rough;darkbrownto blackpaint.D. base 4-4.2, D. max.7, H. 9.3. H.I.i 786. buffslip,darkbrownpaint.D. rim3.8, 173 Pink-buff; D. base 4, D. max.5, H. 7. Monochrome. C.V.i 487. 174 Buff;brownto blackpaint.D. rim3.7, D. base 4.8, D. max.7.8, H. 8.8-9. Monochrome. S.I.9 1615.

LATE MINOAN

IB

The phase is defined ceramicallyby deposits of potterycaught in the destructionlevels at most The best stratigraphy in centralCrete is providedby excavationsat Knossos at the principalsites.210 Road North and at the MuseumExtension;211 in eastCreteby Myrtos- Pyrgos,212 Royal Stratigraphical and in and west Crete at Chania.216 excavations Palaikastro,213 Pseira,214 Mochlos;215 by LM IB potterycomprisestwo distinctstyles.The firststyleis a continuationof LM IA pottery.It has been called Sub-LM IA by Furumarkin his analysis of the potteryfromTrianda217and the StandardTraditionby Betancourt.218 The second stylecomprisesbetterproportionedversionsof all theLM IA shapes togetherwithone or twonew shapes; in thissecond styleall theshapes are decorated with elaborate and innovativemotifsset in new arrangements, particularlythe Marine Style,the hallmarkof the phase, and the Floral Style. Betancourthas termedthis second style the Palatial Traditionand has added to the Marine, Floral and AlternatingStylesa new sub-style,the Abstract and GeometricStyle,comprisingritualmotifsand geometricpatterns.219 The Alternating Styledefined by Coldstream220combines motifsfromall the palatial sub-styles.Both the standardand palatial stylesare foundin the palaces and at othersites. The LM IB corpusof shapes includestwo new ones, the low stirrup The jar and thepear rhyton.221 shapes decorated in the Sub-LM IA styleare the same as those in use in LM IA, but the shapes decoratedin the palatial styleare influencedby metalworkand have elegantbodies, oftenpiriform, and metallichandles,oftenwitha clay studat thetop imitatinga rivet.Some shapes,such as the ovalmouthedamphora,four-handled are only decoratedin jar, tall stirrupjar, ogival cup and fruitstand, theSub-LM LA style,butmostshapesare decoratedin bothstyles.They includethelargejar, cylindrical beaked and bridge-spouted jar withlid, hole-mouthedjar, tall alabastron,ewer,trough-spouted, jugs, low stirrupjar, conical, pear, pegtop and cup rhyta,rounded,spouted,bell and loop-handled cups, bowl withhorizontalhandle and in and out bowl. The commonestmotifsused in the Sub-LM IA styleare the spiral,reed and foliateband. Ripple has now disappeared; added whitepaintis stillin use, but in less quantity.Other motifsused on SubLM IA vesselsincludeflyingivy (hole-mouthed and beakedjugs,roundedcups),222 jars,trough-spouted volutes (trough-spouted and beaked jugs),223tricurvedrockpatternwithsolid centre(beaked jug),224 double-axe (jar),225and solid loop (jar).226A particulartypeof linkedrunningspiralwithblob centre is foundon tall and low stirrup jars;227ogival cups are always decoratedwithreeds. The palatial stylecomprisesa verylarge numberof motifs.228 They can be divided into pictorial and abstract.Pictorialmotifscan be furtherdivided into marine,plant and object representations. There is overlap in the use of motifsbetweenthe different sub-styles. Α,^,ν^

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219Betancourt 1985, 140-8. 220Coldstream and Huxley 1972, 302-3. 221 Popham 1967, 341. Popham also has the tall alabastron as a new shape, but there is a LM IA example fromZou: Platon 1956, pl. 114 3rd row 2nd fromright. 222 Trough-spoutedjug, Tylissos:Hazzidakis 1912, 205, fig. 10 top centre. I can findno published examples of this motifas a main decoration on other shapes apart from those illustrated below fromthe South House. 223 Gourniapl 8.3; PKU fig.36. 224Zakro: Platon 1961, pl. 173a second fromleft. 225 9.18. Gourniapl 226 Gourniapl 9.28. 227SME: Warren 1981, 82, fig. 25; Gourniapl 9.4. 228See Popham 1967, 340, fig.2 and Betancourt1985, fig.105 forthe motifs.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Pictorial Motifs MARINE

and weed.229 used in theMarineStyleincludeoctopus,argonaut, The motifs star,rockwork triton, The motifsemployedin the FloralStyleincludelily,230 olive spray,233 papyrus,231 papyrus-waz,232 foliate and hatched a motif also reed,236 crocus,239 ivy,234 palm,235 daisy-rosette,237 scroll,238 popularin theAlternating has isolated a of olive a of and Style.Popham group spraypainters group reedstyle painters.240 OBJECT

suchas thedouble-axeappear;241 itis sometimes Other Religiousmotifs, depictedwithsacralknot.242 include and objects pendant243 shield.244

Abstract Motifs These motifsare used to coverthe whole surfaceof the vase. They includespongepattern(tall alabastron190), retorted alabasterpattern,247 curvedstripes248 and spiralwitharcades,245 zigzag,246 scalepattern.249 Zonal patterns can also be used to covertheentirebodyofa vessel.Theycomprise addermark,250 foliateband251 and serpentine drop-shaped loop.252 The Alternating Style Thisstylecombinesa rangeofpictorialmotifs. It consistsoftwomotifs setin alternation againstan It wasfirst definedbyColdstream fromhisworkat Kastrion Kythera.253 Thereare openbackground. twotypes,a densetypewherethemotifs are setclose together254 and an open typewiththemotifs muchfurther The secondtypeis rareon Crete,exceptat Chania;it mayhave been a west apart.255 Cretanor Kytheran Motifsused on thefirst withtricurved rock development.256 typeincludetrefoil hatched crocus with tricurved rock shield with hatched crocus259 and pattern,257 pattern,258 argonaut withtrefoil.260 On thesecondtypedouble-axewithsacralknotalternates withsea urchin261 and with dotrosette,262 alternate with shields263 and solid crocus with vertical of lines.264 squills pairs wavy 229See Mountjoy1984, 161-219 forthe compilationof the entirecorpusandfortheshapeson whichthemotifs appear.This corpushas nowbeen repeatedas thecoreofa recentstudy:W.

mitMeeresdekor Müller, Kretische (Berlin, 1997). Tongefässe 230

Rounded cup, South House: infra;bell cup: SapounaSakellaraki1989,pl. 8, fig.9. 231Ewer: PKUpl 18b. Tall alabastron, Ag. Triadha:Popham lA. Roundedcup: Warren1976,93, fig.4. 1987, fig. 232 vase: Seager 1910, fig.11 = PseiraIV fig.14 Cylindrical BQi. 233Tallalabastron:PAT/ fig.25. Cup,Knossos:Popham1967, 79d. pl.234 Conical PKU fig.39. 235Pear rhyton: rhyton:Seager 1910, fig.8 = PseiraI pl. 13D-E. andSapouna-Sakellaraki vase,Archanes:Sakellarakis Cylindrical 1989, 146,fig.138. 236Beaked jug, Phaistos:Betancourt1985, pl. 21A. Loophandledcup,Zakro:ibid.pl. 21C. 237Tall alabastron:Borda 1946,pl. 32 no. 165. 238Hole-mouthed jar,Ag.Triadha:Betancourt 1985,pl. 21H. ibid.pl. 21G. Ewer,Palaikastro: 239Tall alabastron:Pelon 1970,pl. 18.3-4. 240 1967, Popham 341-2. 241Lid: PseiraIV fig.15 BQ5. Basketvase: Seager 1910,fig. 12 = PseiraIV fig.14 BQ2. 242 Trough-spouted jug: Gournia pl. 9.12. Beaked jug, Ag.

Triadha:Marinatosand Hirmer1986, pl. 82 left.Cup rhyton Phaistos:ΡΛ/IV.ifig.145b. 243Conical PKU fig.40. 1 followFurumark rhyton: 1941, 149, a pendantrather thana crocus. 331-2 FM 38 incallingthismotif

244Rounded cup,Mallia: Mountjoy1984, 187,fig.15 Mallia 8 in theAlternating Style. 245Hole-mouthed jar, Zakro: Betancourt1985, pl. 22A. Trough-spouted jug: Popham1967,pl. 80a. Beakedjug, Zakro Betancourt: 1985,pl. 22B. Stirrup jar: ibid.pl. 22E. 246Tall alabastron: Gourniapl. 8.7. Bridge-spoutedjug, Sklavokambos: Betancourt 1985,pl. 22H. Pearrhyton:Gournia 7.2. pl.247 Tallalabastron:Gournia pl. 7.15. 248Conical PKUfig.39. Piriform rhyton: jar: Warren1981,87, 46. fig. 249 Stirrup jar: Zervos1956,fig.510. Roundedcup: Forsdyke 1925,A657,fig.137. Bellcup: Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989,pl. 8, 10. fig. 250 Phaistos:PAÍIV.ifig.145a. rhyton, 251Cup Pearrhyton, Mochlos:Seager1909, 288, fig.12. 252Pear Knossos: Hogarth 1900, 76, fig. 21. rhyton, 253Coldstream and Huxley1972,302-3. 254Archanes: Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989,pl. 8, fig.8. 255Gournia pl. 9.12. 256See Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 181-4. 257Rounded cup,Mochlos:Betancourt 1985,pl. 22G. Bellcup: 1984, Mountjoy fig.14 Knossos86. 258Rounded 186, cup,Knossos:Popham1967,pl. 8ie bottom right. 259 Mallia 8. Mountjoy 260Archanes:1984, 187,fig.15 Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989,pl. 8, fig.8. 261 Phaistos:Betancourt 1985,pl. 22F. 262Cup rhyton, jug: Gournia pl. G. 263Trough-spouted Knossos:Warren1981,83-4. rhyton, 264Cup Bell cup,Poros:Lembesi1967,pl. 183b centre.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Thereis muchvarietyin theclayofLM IB pottery at Knossos.The mostcommonclayis orange witha buffslipand shaded-brown It be that some ofthefragments withobviouslydifferent paint. may are from elsewhere on the island. clays imported JAR (FIG. 4.12)

The largejar can be dividedintothreetypes:a typewithninehandlesdescending thebodyin three of a with three or four vertical handles set on the shoulder176266and a type groups three,265type withthreeor fourhorizontal handlesseton theshoulder.267 The lasttypeis represented by Sub-LM IA vessels,theothertwoby palatialvessels.The shapehas a tallconicalor conical-piriform body witha wide,shortflaring neckwithbroadrimwhichmaybe flat,evertedordown-sloping; theneckis concave separatedfromthebodyby a pronouncedridge;thebase is discoid,eitherflator slightly below;thehandlesofthepalatialvesselsarewidestrap,eitherwitha central ridgeortrough-shaped,268 butthehorizontal handlesoftheSub-LMIA vasesaregenerally round.175 shouldbe a smallversion ofthejar, closerin size to theLH ILA piriform jar, as itis verythinwalled;ithas thestubsofthree horizontal handlesjustbelowtheneck. The palatialshapegenerally carries Itis oftendecorated intheMarineStyle,particularly facialmotifs. withoctopus176-183.269 The completevessel176 illustrates thedifferent oftheoctopus; renderings ithas an octopusbetweeneach ofthethreehandleswithseven,eightand ninetentacles respectively. The vase is datedby Pophamto LM II,270buta datelatein LM IB orborderline LM II is preferable, sincetheoctopusis notstylised enoughforLM II.271Vesselswithreeddecorationare also foundin thepalatialtradition; in contrast have coveringthesurface;272 they denselypackedreedscompletely theSub-LMIA vesselshavethereedssetfurther so that leaves do not cross.273 the 184 depicts apart retorted foundon a numberofLM IB palatialshapes;no complete spiralsabovearcades,a combination jar fromCrete is publishedwiththisdecoration,but thereare examplesfromthe Mycenaean mainland.274 The retorted similar tothoseon theMycenaean spiralsof184 havepapyrusin thecentre, from IA Dendra and Berbati cited. Sub-LM vessels are decoratedwithzones examples just generally ofdifferent motifson shoulder, and reeds,275 and lower such as solid double-axe belly body, loops, solidloops,stonepattern and reeds,276 stonepattern, solidloopsand reedswithadded whitevolutes on a band between,277 stonepattern, elaborate double-axe,medallionspiralsand running spirals,278 chain and with reeds also a zone of added white a decorated vase has a zone of ivy spirals;279similarly solidloops in place oftheivychain.280 a broad decorative some vessels have However, only single zone on theshoulder, suchas a vase fromPalaikastro withsolidloops and double-axeand a zone of addedwhitespirals.281 but 178, 182 havebeen chemically analysed:182 has a Knossianprovenance, is to Athens.282 178 assigned The largejar 176 decoratedwithoctopuswasfoundin thespacebetweentheSouthHouse and the Palace and is describedin DM/DB 1908 (see Introduction C.V.1-2). V/A

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175 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownto shaded-brown paint. D. rim 17.8, H. ex. 11.7. Foliate scroll withfillof tricurvedrockpattern.S.I.i 1595, S.I.2 1596, S.I.5 1601, S.I.7 1607, S.I.9 1614, C.V.i 483. 176 Three verticalshoulder handles. Core not visible; pink-buff slip,black paint.Octopus TypeA. C.V.2. PM IV.ii fig.215; Mountjoy 1984, 179-82 Knossos 23. Plate 6 a. 177 Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Octopus Type A with tritonfill.S.I. 10 1617.

178 Octopus Type B. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 34; Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 157 no. 113. Possible Athenianprovenance. 179 Octopus Type B. S.I.5 1601. Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 36. 180 Octopus Type B. S.I.4/9. Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 3 1. 181 Buffwitha fewgrits;shaded-brownpaint.Argonaut TypeB. S.I.5 1601.

265Zakro: Platon 1971, fig.on 123. 266RRN: Hood 1962, 28, fig.36 (fourverticalhandles). 267Gournia pl. 9.28. For the LM IB date see Betancourt1977, 350-1· 268Central ridge: Platon 1971, fig. on 123. Trough-shaped: Warren 1981, 87, fig.46 curved stripes. 269 Mountjoy 1984, pls. îgd-f, 2ic-f. 270 Popham 1970a, 71 followed by Niemeier 1985, 16, pl. 1 top row. 271 Compare withLM II examples ibid. pl. 1 bottomrow, pl. 2, pl. 3 top row. 272 Popham 1967, pl. 79f.

273 e.g. Gourniapl. K; Seager 1910, fig. 14 = PseiraIV fig.39. 274Dendra: Persson 1942, T.10.3, fig.77; Berbati:Frizell 1984, 40, fig. 17 no. 3; Kakovatos: Müller 1909, pl. 17. See also Kalogeropoulos 1998, pl. 28. 275Gournia pl. 9.28. 276Mochlos: Seager 1909, 298, fig. 19. 277 Seager 1910, fig. 14 = PseiraIV fig.39. 278Zakro: Platon 1961, pl. 177b. 279Zakro: Platon 1962, pl. 159a. 280Platon 1962, pl. 156c. 281 29. 282ΡΚυϋψ and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 nos. 113, 114. Mountjoy

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984,182 Knossos39; 182 Triton. and Ponting2000, 157 no. 114. Mountjoy 183 AMO 1938.492.Orangewithgrits;pink-buff slip, shaded-brown paint. Rockworkwithsprayand weed. NorthofSouthHouse,thrown outfrom PalaceWest Cutting

Wing.Mountjoy1984, 182 Knossos50. 184 Orange-buff; deep buffslip,brownorangepaint. Retorted spiralwithdiamondfillabovearcades.S.I.2, C.V.2 488. Popham19700,pl. 36a bottomtworows.Plate 6 b.

FOUR-HANDLED COLLAR-NECKED JAR

No sherdscouldbe assignedwithcertainty to thisshape,but 186 mightbelongto it.

Fig.4.12. LM IB pottery: 175, 177-183jar.Scale 1:3.

P. A. MOUNTJOY OVAL-MOUTHED AMPHORA (FIG.4.13)

The shapeis represented byvasesdecoratedin theSub-LMIA style,butnotin thepalatialstyle.185 to the usual tall ovoid coarsewareshape withthe oval mouthflankedby two largeoval belongs handlesextending fromrimtoshoulder.283 The reedswithpairsofleavessetfaraparton a continuous stalksuggesta datein thisphase.Thereseemsto havebeen a zone ofreedson theupperbodyand anotheron thelowerbody,probablyseparatedby twoor threehorizontal bands.The handlesare decoratedwithhorizontal LOD.284 186 also bars,a motiftakenoverfrom belongto thisshape, may butthereis a good parallelto theinscribedcrosson a Sub-LMIA four-handled jar fromKnossos;285 it couldbelongto thatshape.The motifalso appearson LM II vases fromKnossos,286 sometimes withextrainterior decorationin the wheel.287 187, also decoratedwithinscribedcross,seemsto crossmotif vessel.The inscribed belongto a medium-sized liquid. maybe thesymbolKa representing and mayalso be true Thisis plausiblysuggested foritspresenceon LC I spoutedpithoiat Akrotiri288 ofLM I vessels(see Appendix). Sub-LMIA 185 Deep pinkwithblackand whitegritsfiredorange; thinwhiteslip,mattpale orangepaint.Reed. C.V.2 488. 186 Pink-buff withblackgrits;brownpaint.Circlewith

crossfill.C.V.i 484. 187 Orange;pink-buff slip,orangepaint.D. max. 20. Circlewithcrossfill.S.I.9 1615.

TALL ALABASTRON (FIG.4.14)

Thereis muchvarietyin theshape,whichhas a tallbaggybodywiththemaximumdiameterat the narrowwitha ridgeat thejointwiththebody, bevelledconcavebase; theneck,whichis relatively thattheshapebeginsin LM IB290and notesthat flaresoutto a broadliplessrim.289 Pophamsuggests itdoes nothavea bevelledbase, is a different a LM IA importofsimilarshapefromThera291 type;292 is on thelowerbodynotatthebase,theneckis narrowand therimrounded. themaximumdiameter whichis decoratedwithtypicalLM IA Thereis,however,a vase fromZou293notedby Niemeier,294 itshouldbelongto thatphase. zonesofripplepattern; The shapemaybe decoratedin theSub-LMIA styleorin thepalatialLM IB style;thebase is also includefoliateband similarto that areused:Sub-LMIA motifs ofmotifs usuallydecorated.A variety Palatialmotifscovera wide range:zigzag,297 on thepegtoprhyton*54295and quirk.296 papyrus,298 MarineStyle,302 olivespray,300 hatchedcrocus,301 rosette,299 loop spongepattern190-191, serpentine The foliateband and adder and alabasterpattern195304areall represented. 192, urchin193-194,303 decoratedwithpapyrusfromAg. markroundtheneckof189 areparalleledbythaton thealabastron the a main motif is rare as Triadha.305 covering vase,butit is also foundon a loop 192 Serpentine Knossos.306 from pearrhyton Palatial toblackpaint.D. rim13. Quirk 188 Buff; shaded-brown on rim.S.I.5 1601,S.I.9 1614. shaded-brown 189 Pink-buff; paint.Foliatebandbelow addermark.S.I.9 1614. 190 AMO 1910.177a,b, f. Orange;buffslip,orangebrownpaint.D. rim13,D. max. 19,H. ex. restored15.8. S.I.2 1597,S.I.5 1602.Forsdyke Reservedspongepattern. 1925,A656. Popham197ου,pl. 35d secondrowleft. 191 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. base 13. Reserved S.I.21596.Popham19700;pl.35asecondrow. spongepattern.

buffslip,darkbrownpaint. 192 Pinkfiredorange-buff; D. base 18, H. ex. 16. Serpentine loop. S.I.5 1601,C.V.i 483. 193 Orange;buffslip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim9. 1601. base. line round Urchin, S.I.5 wavy buffslip,brownpaint.D. base 8. Urchin, 194 Deep buff; beneathbase. S.I.8 1612. foliatebandroundbase, ?trefoil 195 Pink;buffslip,blackpaint.D. base 12. Alabaster S.I.9 1614. pattern.

283For complete examples see, Nirou Chani: Xanthoudides 1922, 18, fig. 15 both decorated with reeds and with barred handles. 284 Catling et al. 1979, 36, fig. 24.156. 285Warren 1981, 81, fig.24. 286Hood and de Jong 1952, 271, fig. 13.III. 9. 287MUM pl. 72a-b. 288Doumas 1980, 117-24. 289 Mountjoy 1984, pl. i8a-e. 290 Popham 1967, 341. 291Marinatos 1974, pl. 79c. 292 Popham 1987, 458. 293Platon 1956, pl. 114 3rd row second fromright. 294Niemeier 1980, 55 n. 229.

295Gournia pl. 8.9. 296 Ag. Triadha: Paribeni 1904, 685, fig.4. 297Gournia pl. 8.7; Mochlos: Seager 1909, 282, fig. 5; Ag. Triadha: Popham 1987, fig.IB. 298 Popham 1987, fig.IA. 299Phaistos: Borda 1946, pl. 32 no. 165. 300 PKUfig. 25. 301Pelon 1970, pl. 18.3-4. 302 Mountjoy 1984, pls. i4-i5a-e. 303Mallia: Mountjoy 1984, pl. 15b. 304Gournia pl. 7.15; Ag. Triadha: Pernierand Banti 1951, fig. 293a. 305 Popham 1987, fig. lA. 306 Hogarth 1900, 76, fig. 21.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 4.13. LM IB pottery:185-187 oval-mouthedamphora.Scale 1:3.

SQUATJUG (FIG. 4.14)

Thisis a MycenaeanshapeFS 87307nota Minoanone,butthefabricof 196 appearstobe local.The decoration ofhatchedloop is characteristic ofLH IIA examples. shaded-brown 196 Buff; paint.Hatchedloop.S.I.5 1601. Popham19700,pl. 35b thirdrow.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.14. LM IB pottery:188-195 tallalabastron,196 squatjug. Scale 1:3. HOLE-MOUTHED JAR (FIG.4.I5)

The Sub-LMIA shapeis similarto thatofLM IA withtwolargeroundhorizontal handlesflanking a fromLM IA in thatthebody longbridgedspout,a ledgedrimand a discoidor flatbase,butitdiffers Therearealso verytallSub-LMIA vesselswitha conicallowerbodyand a collar maybe piriform.308 The palatialshapemay neck;309 theymayhave an extrasmallverticalhandleoppositethespout.310 Zakro: Platon 1962, pl. 157b. Tylissos:Hazzidakis 1912, 203-4, figs.7-8.

310Zakro: Platon 1961, pl. 177 gamma.

THE LATEMINOANPOTTERY

Fig.4.15. LM IB pottery: 197-204hole-mouthed jar,205-211 trough-spouted jug. Scale 1:3.

P.A. MOUNTJOY also have a lug or verticalhandle oppositethe spoutin additionto the horizontalhandles,whichmay be trough-shaped;311 it, too, sometimeshas a collar neck withflatrim and neck ridge.312198 has a collar rim in the mannerof earlierexamples 77 insteadof the usual ledged rim; 199 seems to slight have a similarrim; 197 has theledge reducedto a thickenedrimand a nipple oppositethe spout.204 is a Sub-LM IA example witha collar-neck, butwithouttheflatrimand neckridgeofpalatialexamples. the of the is it Only beginning spout extant; may have been linearwitha ringround the base or have been painted monochrome. Flyingivy seems to be a popular motifon Sub-LM IA hole-mouthedjars, both as a main ornament 197 and as a fillingmotif202; the ivy on 202 is similarto thaton the stirrupjar 239 and to thaton theneck ofa bridge-spouted theLM IB date. Retorted jug fromKnossos SME,313thelatterconfirming spirals 202 and reed pattern 200 are also popular,314reed especially on the tall collar-necked examples.315Palatial vessels are decoratedwithretortedspiralsabove arcades316and foliateband.317 Sub-LMIA

197 Stub of horizontalhandleflanking spout,nipple shaded-brown oppositespout.Buff; paint.D. rim6, D. base 4.8, D. max. 10.3, H. 7.8. Flyingivy.S.I.9 1614, C.V.i 483, 484. brownpaint.D. rim 11. 198 Buff;whiteslip,fugitive Flyingivy.C.V.2 490. 199 Pale orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. max. 20.1, H. ex. 6.6. Flyingivy.S.I.2 1596,C.V.i 485, C.V.2 490. Popham19700,pl. 35a toprow,secondright. 200 Buff;orangepaint.D. rim12.4. Reed. S.I.i 1595. 201 Pink-buff; buffslip,mattpurple-brown paint.D. rim

9. Foliate band pendentfromrim,runningspiral on shoulder. C.V.2 488. 202 Orange;buffslip,orangetoorange-brown paint.D. S.I.2 max.c. 26. Retorted with 1596,S.I.9 flying ivy. spiral 1614,C.V.i 483, C.V.2 488. 203 Deep buff;orangepaintwithadded white.Stone C.V.2 488. pattern. handlesflanking 204 Twohorizontal spout.Buff;black tobrownpaint.D. rim12,D. max.19.1,H. ex. 10.5.Reed. S.I.i 1595,S.I.2 1596,C.V.i 485.

TROUGH-SPOUTED JUG (FIG.4.15)

is a continuationof the The shape seems to have been popular in thisphase. The Sub-LM IA type318 LM IA shape, but may have a neck ridge at the base of the collar neck; it continuesto have two nipples flankingthe spout. There is much varietyin the shape of the rim,which can be lipless 207, everted206 or thickened211. The palatial shape is piriformwitha metalliclaid on troughhandle, neck ridgeand flatlip.319As in LM IA reed and spiralseem to be the favouritemotifson Sub-LM IA vessels 205-207, but foliateband 209-210, volutes,320 flyingivy,321 ivy and volutes322also appear. The neck is frequentlydecoratedwithwavy line 205-207 or semi-circles208-209.323Palatial vases are decoratedwithretortedspiralsand arcades324and in the AlternatingStyle withsacral knot and dot rosette.325 Sub-LMIA

205 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim13. Reed, wavy lineon neck.S.I.5 1601,S.I.7 1607,S.I.9 1613,C.V.2490. 206 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim13. Reed,wavy lineon neck.C.V.2 488. 207 Nippleson neck.Orange;buffslip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim1o. Wavylineon neck,edgeofspiralonbody. S.I.7 1607,S.I.9 1614,S.I.10 1616. whitish 208 Nippleon neck.Buff; slip,palebrownpaint. D. rim10.Diagonalfoliate on neck.S.I.i band,semi-circles 1595·

209 Nippleon neck.Pink;blackpaint.D. rim9. SemiS.I.7 1607. circleson neck,foliatebandon shoulder. 210 Buff;blackpaint.D. rim14. Foliateband on rim, C.V.2 490. edgeofdecoration. 211 Deep pink;buff paintwithadded slip,orange-brown white.D. rim11. Linearwithwhitewavylinebelowrim. C.V.i 486.

311 Lug, Ag. Triadha: Betancourt 1985, pl. 21H; vertical handle: ibid. pl. 2 2A. 312Betancourt 1985, pls. 21H, 2 2A. 313Warren 1981, 88, fig.48. 314Retorted spirals, Palaikastro: Sackett and Popham 1970, 219, fig. 11 NP 26. Reed, Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 21, fig. 18 bottom row left; Mallia: Demargne and Gallet de Santerre !953> pl· 39·3· 315 Tylissos: Hazzidakis 1912, 203, fig. 7; 204, fig. 8. Zakro: Platon 1961, pl. 177c. 316Zakro: Betancourt 1985, pl. 2 2A.

317 Ag. Triadha: Betancourt 1985, pl. 21H. 318 e.g. Gourniapl. 8.3. 319RRN: Popham 1967, pl. 80a. 320Gournia pl. 8.3. 321 Tylissos:Hazzidakis 1912, 205, fig. 10 top centre. 322Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 19, fig. 16 bottomrow left(ivy) and second fromleft(volutes). 323Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 19, fig. 16 bottom row left. 324RRN: Popham 1967, pl. 80a. 325Gournia pl. 9.12.

THE LATEMINOANPOTTERY BARRELJAR (FIG.4.16)

212-213 seem to belong to small barrel-shapedvessels. 212 has an evertedrim with a lug on it, rim. whereas213 has a wide down-turning Sub-LMIA

on rim.Buff;brownpaint.D. rim11. 212 Lug/nipple Reed.S.I.7 1607.

213 Pink; buffslip, shaded-brown paint.D. rim 15. S.I.7 1607. Running spiral.

Fig. 4.16. LM IB pottery:212-213 barreljar, 214-215 ewer,216-227 beaked jug. Scale 1:3.

P. A. MOUNTJOY BRIDGE-SPOUTED

JUG

410-412, no sherdscan be assigned Apartfromthreeexamples,whicharepossibleLH IIA imports The Sub-LMIA withcertainty to thisshape,althoughitis popularin thepalatialLM IB repertoire. at vessel has a is a LM IA but the continuation of the version, ridge thebase ofthe shape palatial a raisedbase.326 and sometimes a or with central metallic laid on rib, neck, handle,trough-shaped theSub-LMIA or withscalepattern,328 The palatialversionis oftendecoratedin theMarineStyle327 tothebase.330 down on the lower withsolid-centre and retorted body running spiral banding spiral,329 A vase fromPalaikastro331 LH IIA shouldbe a import.332 EWER (FIG. 4.16)

or It is now conical-piriform The shape continuesfromLM IA as partof thepalatialrepertoire. of instead handle ribbed laid-on metallic flat a with broad with a tall concave neck rim, very piriform theroundhandleofLM IA and a discoidbase insteadoftheflatLM IA base; theremaybe a ridgeat rivetsat thetopofthehandles214. There thebase oftheneckand theremaybe claystudsimitating or thefloral in themouth.The eweris oftendecoratedin theMarineStyle333 is sometimes a strainer Palaikastro.335 from a vessel to that on similar has foliate scroll 215 style.334 Palatial 214 AMO 1938.494. Three clay studsat top of handle. Buff;lustrousblack paint.Chevronsacross handle. PMll.ii fig.311a and IV.ii fig.211b.

Pink-buff; 215 fugitivebrownpaint. Foliate scroll.S.I.5 1602, S.I.7 1607.

BEAKED JUG (FIGS. 4.16-4.17)

The Sub-LM IA shape is similarto thatofLM IA, but thepalatialshape has a metalliclaid on handle, sometimeswithribbed section228, 233 sometimesround; theremay be a clay stud at the top of the handle in imitationof a metalrivet228. The base is generallyflat;the discoid base 235 is assignedto thisshape on comparisonwitha beaked jug fromZakro,whichhas a similarbase and also has arcade Sub-LM IA examplesare decoratedwithflyingivy 219, retortedspiral226,337volutes,338 decoration.336 and dot rosette tricurvedrockpatternwithsolid centre341 reeds 220-224,339tasselon open ground,340 above a zone of reeds.342Palatial examples are oftendecoratedin the Marine Style230,343but sacral are also used. 229 may be decoratedin the knot,344 spiralsand arcades 233, 235s45and reed style346 has a it is as shape and an unusual decoration. conical-piriform open ground.234 AlternatingStyle 220 has a verywide neck; it mightbelong to a ewer,but the ewergenerallyhas a more concave neck. The neck may be monochrome233, decorated withsolid circles 229 or withtongue pattern228. Chemical analysisassigns230 to a Knossian provenance.347 Sub-LMIA (fig. 4.16) S616 Deep pink; pink-buffslip, orange-brown paint. Quatrefoilon neck. C.V.i 486. buffslip,black paint.Circles. C.V. 2 488. 217 Pink-buff; 218 Buff;orange-brownpaint. Spiral, circles on neck. C.V. 2 490. thickwhiteslip,mattorange-brown paint. 219 Pink-buff; D. base 4.9, H. ex. 7.3. Zones of flyingivy withreed in lowestzone. S.I.5 1601, C.V.i 483, C.V.2 488. 220 Buff;fugitivepaint. Reed. C.V.2 490.

221 slip, orange paint. H. ex. 7.3. Orange; orange-buff Reed. S.I.5 1601, S.I.10 1616, C.V.2 488, 490. 222 Handle stubat top of lefthand sherd.Buff;shadedbrownpaint.Reed. S.I.5 1601. buffslip,brownpaint. D. base 223 Bufffiredpink-buff; 4.2. Reed. S.I.9 1614. 224 Buff;orange-brownpaint.D. base 5.5. Reeds. S.I.9 1614.

326 Zakro, tritons:Platon 1962, pl. 152a; argonauts: ibid. pl. 152b. 327 Mountjoy 1984, pl. i7d-g. 328Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 19, fig.16 top row right;Zakro: Platon 1962, pl. 154a. 329Palaikastro:Sackettand Popham 1970, 218, fig. 1 1 NP 78. 330SME: Warren 1981, 88, fig.48. 331PMWX fig.206. 332Warren 1999, 895. 333 Mountjoy 1984, pl. i8e-h; Dimopoulou 1999, 217-26. 334Betancourt 1985, pl. 21F-G. 335PKU fig. 35. 336Betancourt 1985, pl. 22B. 337Gournia pl. 8.17; Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 17, fig. 14

bottomrow right. 338PAT/ fig. 36. 339 Catling et al. 1979, 45, fig. 31.223 round handle; Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 17, fig. 14 top row leftand centre. 340Xanthoudides 1922, 17, fig. 14 bottom row left. 341Xanthoudides 1922, 17 fig.14, top row right;Zakro: Platon 1961, pl. 173a second fromleft. 342 Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, pl. 16.1. 343 Mountjoy 1984, pl. i7a-c; MacGillivray et al. 1989, 425, fig.6; Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, pl. 11, fig. 13. 344 Ag. Triadha: Marinatos and Hirmer 1986, pl. 82 left. 345Betancourt 1985, pl. 22B. 346Betancourt 1985, pl. 21A. 347 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 116.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

225 Buff;blackto brownpaint.Runningspiral,foliate bandroundneckbase. S.I.9 1614,C.V.2 488. 226 Orange; buffslip, orange-brown paint.Retorted

Palatial (fig. 4.17)

228 Claystudattopofhandle.Buff; orange-brown paint. on neck,curvedstripes acrosshandle.S.I.7 Tonguepattern 1606. lustrousorangepaint.Circleson neck, 229 Pink-buff; on shoulder. S.I.7 1607. edgeofdecoration 230 Tritonand spray.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984, 174 Knossos7; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 116. 231 Greyfiredbuff;shaded-brown paint.Shellsin scale frame. S.I.i 1596. Popham1967,pl. 81c. on lowerleftsideofsherd.Pink232 Handlethickening buffslip,orange-brown rockpattern. buff; paint.Tricurved

spiralwithfoliatebandroundneckbase. S.I.7 1606. buffslip,blackpaintwithadded white. 227 Pink-buff; line with stone S.I.5 1601. Wavy pattern. Waceand Biegen1618. 233 Bufffiredorange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. max.16.9,H. ex. 20.5.Retorted spiralsabovearcades.S.I.i 1595,S.I.2 1596,C.V.i 486. Popham19700,pl. 36a top row. black 234 Greyfiredpinkish; greenish-buff slip,fugitive paint.D. max. 20, H. ex. 16.6. Verticalstemswithfillof isolatedspiral.S.I.2, S.I.5. Popham19700,pl. 33d bottom row. buffslip,fugitive blackpaint.D. base 8. 235 Pink-buff; Arcades.S.I.9 1615.

STIRRUP JAR (FIGS.4.17-4.18)

Popham suggeststhe low ovoid versionis a new shape in LM IB.348The tall ovoid LM IA storage typecontinues23e.349Both tall and low typeshave threestirruphandles attachedto the falsemouth, thehandle oppositethe spoutbeing much thinnerthanthe othertwo,especiallyon the low type.The spoutsof the Sub-LM IA examples may have nipplesfortyingon a cap 237, 239, as on the LM IA vases, but palatial vessels do not seem to have thisfeature.A Sub-LM IA vessel fromPalaikastro350 showsthe hole on the falsemouthnextto the spout forattachingthe cap; alternatively theremay be a lug on the falsemouthadjacent to the spoutforthispurpose.351 The coarse fabricof 238 suggestsit belongs to the tall type.236 can only be restoredon paper; it is uncertainifthe missingzone below the threebelly bands carrieddecoration. The decorationoflinkedrunningspiralswithblob centre238, 240 is verycommon on talland low Sub-LM IA examples.352On Sub-LM IA vases retortedspiral,ivyand runningspiralare foundon tall vessels353 and linkedrunningspiraland lilyon low vases.354Low vessels,bothSub-LM IA and palatial, do not always have a decorated shoulderzone. Palatial vessels are oftendecorated in the Marine Other motifsused include retorted Style,especiallywithoctopus,but more rarelywithargonaut.355 357Decoration on spiralsabove arcades 243s56and scale pattern244-245. palatial vessels generally reachesto the base, but thereare exceptions,such as vases decoratedwithargonauts358 and the vase withscale patternfromZakro359whereit reachesto the lowerbelly.On Sub-LM IA vases decoration the lower belly carryingbands of equal widthdown to the base, as is usuallyreaches to the belly,360 also the case withbridge-spoutedjars.361There is a wider range of motifson the palatial series of these vases produced in the Pseudo-Minoan styleon the Mycenaean mainland.362Zones of ivy,363 scale pattern,365 solid zigzag,367 and linearzigzag,368 to mentionjust a few shield,366 palm and ivy,364 motifs,are all represented.Chemical analysisassigns241 to a Knossian provenance and 242 to an Athenianorigin.369 The greenishslip and black-browncrackledpaint of 243 could also suggesta Mycenaean provenance. 238 was foundin the InnerBasementwitha pithos,whichcould be partlyrestored(See Chapter5 no. 1).

348 1967, 349Pophamet al. 341. Catling 1979, pl. 11c 264; Warren 1981, 82, fig. 25. ™ PKUiig. 33. 351 Catling et al. 1979, 45, fig.31.224, 225. 352 Tall, SME: Warren 1981, 82 fig. 25. Low: Gourniapl 9.4; Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, pl. 14.4; Palaikastro: Dawkins 1905, 281, fig. 12a; Archanes - Tourkogeitonia:Catling 1983, 54, fig.98b. 353Retorted spiral,Zakro: Platon 1962, pl. 149b. Ivy, running spiral: Catling et al. 1979, 54, fig.38.264-5. 354 et al. 1979, 45, fig.31.224-5. 355Catling 1984, pls. 250-g, 26, 27a-c. Mountjoy 356Zakro: Betancourt 1985, pl. 22E.

357Zervos 1956, 348, fig. 510. 358 Mountjoy 1984, pl. 27a-c. 359Zervos 1956, 348, fig. 510. 360 e.g. Gourniapl. 9.4. 361 e.g. Warren 1981, 88, fig.48. 362See RMDP 21-2 forthe Pseudo-Minoan style. 363 Pylos: RMDP Messenia no. 19. 364 Caskey 1966, pl. 85a. 365Cummer and Schofield pl. 85.1555. 366Chalkis: RMDP Euboea 1984, no. 367Routsi: RDMP Messenia no. 3. 20. 368Thebes: Demakopoulou et al. 1988, no. 58. 369 Mountjoy and Ponting2000, 163, table 1 nos. 118, 117.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.17. LM IB pottery:228-235 beaked jug, 236 stirrup jar. Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 4.18. LM IB pottery:237-245 stirrup jar. Scale 1:3.

2

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Sub-LMIA Tall type

236 Buffwithblack gritsfireddeep orange; deep buff slip, orange to brown paint. D. base 15, D. max. 30, H. restored35.3. Foliate scroll on shoulder, net patternon belly,loop joining spout and falsemouth(shown on sherd outsideon right).S.I.2 1596, S.I.5 1601, S.I.9 1615, C.V.i 486, 487, C.V.2 488. 237 Two nipples on spout. Orange; buffslip, deep pink surface on interior,black to dark brown paint. D. false

mouth5.8. Reed. S.I.7 1607, S.I.g 1614,1615, C.V.i 483, C.V.2 489, 490. 238 Pale orange with black grits;white-buff slip, matt orange to brown paint. Linked runningspiralswithopen centrewithblob fill.S.I.8 1609. One nipple extant on spout. Orange; buffslip, 239 orange-brownpaint. Runningspiral withfillof flyingivy. S.I.i 1595, S.I.5 1601, S.I.7 1606, C.V.i 483.

Low type

white-buff Greenish-buff; 240 slip, shaded-brownpaint. Linked spiral with blob in reserved centre. S.I. 5 1601. Popham 19700, pl. 35b second row.

Low type

241 Octopus Type B. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 80; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 118. 242 Octopus Type B. C.V.i 483. Mountjoyet al. 1978, 161 table IV no. 50; Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 78; Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 157 no. 117. Athenian provenance. 243 Buff;greenishslip, black to brown crackledpaint. RHYTON, CONICAL

Retortedspiralabove arcades. S.I. 2 1597,8.1.5 1602, S.I.8 1612, C.V.i 485. Popham 19700, pl. 36b top and second row right. 244 Orange; buffslip,orange paint. D. falsemouth4.4. Scale pattern,tracesof paint on falsemouth.S.I. 9 1613. 245 Buff;black to brown paint. D. spout 4.6. Scale patternwithdot fill.S.I. 2 1596.

(FIG. 4.19)

The shape is now conical,370 Palatial althoughsome palatialvesselsstillhave a slightly bulgingbody.371 vessels also have a handle withmidrib372 or a trough-shapedhandle whichjoins the vase below the rim.373 The rim is generallyrounded,374 but is sometimesflat2475s75the rim of Sub-LM IA vases is flat246. Palatial examples have a small rib a littleway below therimnear thebase ofthe handle. The palatial shape was oftendecoratedin the Marine Style 248-249,376but foliateband,377ivy,retorted spirals250, curvedstripesand pendantsalso appear.378The Sub-LM IA vessel can be decoratedwith retortedspirals 246 or zigzag.379248-249 are assigned to a Knossian provenance by chemical analysis.380 Sub-LMIA

246 Lug on rim.Orange; buffslip,orange-brownpaint. D. rim 11.7. Retortedspiral.S.I.i 1595.

Palatial

247 Orange; buffslip, dark brown to orange paint. D. rim 11. Adder markon rim,wavy line below. S.I.2 1596. 248 Star and triton.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 61; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 1 19.

249 Star. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy 1984, 182 Knossos 67; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 120. 250 Pink-buff;buffslip, dark-brownpaint. Retorted spiral.S.I.i 1595. Popham 19700, pl. 33d second row.

RHYTON, PEAR (FIG. 4.I9)

Popham notesthatthe shape firstappears in LM IB.381It has a long ovoid body narrowingto a point, a large rib at thejunction of neck and body, a tall narrowconcave neck and a broad flatrimwitha small straploop handle below it, oftenwith a rivetat the top.382Some examples have a flatbase 370 e.g. PKUpls. 19, 20. 371Zakro: Mountjoy 1984, pl. 23f; Knossos: Catling et al. *979> 52, fig.37.261. 372 et al. 1979, 52, fig.37.261. 373Catling

19.

374PKUpl. 1984, 184, fig. 12 PK 14. 375Mountjoy Catling et al. 1979, 52, fig. 37.261. The handle is highswungas on LM IA examples and attached to a flatrim.

376 1984, pls. 22e-f, 23a-f. 377Mountjoy Catling et al. 1979, 52, fig.37.261. 378 39-40. 379PKUiigs. Gourniapl. 8.19.

380 Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 163,table 1 nos. 119,120.

381 Popham 1967, 341. 382 e.g. PKUpl 21.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

4»

Fig. 4.19. LM IB pottery:246-250 conical rhyton,251-253 pear rhyton,254 pegtoprhyton, 255-258 cup rhyton.Scale 1:3.

The shapeis oftendecoratedin theMarineStyle251-253,384 insteadofa pointedone.383 especially foliate withoctopus,buttriton withstaralso appears.Othermotifs used includepalm,385 dolphin,386 A IA is decorated with zones and Sub-LM vase from Knossos390 band,387 serpentine loop,388 zigzag.389 383 Mountjoy 1984, 184, fig. 12 Trochali. 384 1984, pls. 23Ï-J,24. 385Mountjoy Seager 1910, fig.8 = PseiraI pl. 13D-E. 386 Seager 1910, fig. 10 = Pseira IV pl. 20 BQ3, also BQ4 = Betancourtpl. 2ο A.

387Mochlos: Seager 1909, 288, fig. 12. 388Knossos: Hogarth 1900, 76, fig. 21. 389Gournia 1.2. pl. 390RRN: Herakleion Museum Case 60.

94

P. A. MOUNTJOY

itis an of251 suggests on theneck.The orangeclayand surface ofretorted spiralsand tonguepattern to chemical has a Knossian analysis.391 provenanceaccording import.253 Palatial urchinand spray.S.I.8 1612. Mountjoy 251 Rockwork, 1984, 182 Knossos74. 252 Star.S.I.5 1601. Mountjoy1984, 182 Knossos71.

253 Tricurvedrock patternand weed. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984, 182 Knossos73; Mountjoyand Ponting 2000, 159 no. 121.

RHYTON, PEGTOP (FIG.4.19)

to a coneand a collarneckwitha flatrim;itnowhas a round The shapehas a globularbodytapering The Palatialexampleshavea ridgeat theneckbase.392 metalliclaid on handlefromrimto shoulder. interior containsa cone attachedto therim254. Thereare fewpublishedvesselsdatingto LM IB. Sub-LMIA vase from An unpublished Twopalatialexamplesare decoratedin theMarineStyle.393 similarto thaton a has foliate while Knossos394 is decoratedwithzonesofretorted band, 254 spirals, tallalabastron fromGournia.395 Sub-LMIA

254 Cone interior. Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim10, H. ex. 10.2. Foliateband.S.I.2 1596,S.I.5 1601, C.V.2 488, 490. CUP RHYTON (FIG. 4.I9)

It has a roundedupperbodywithlongevertedrimand a narrow The shapeappearsin LM LA.396 lowerbodyendingin a discoidbase; on thepalatialexamplestheverticalstraphandlemay stemmed thehandleis similarto thatofthe butotherwise metallicwitha midrib,397 be laid-on,high-swung, a hole is piercedin thebase usualcup; theremaybe a rivetat thetop whereitjoins thebody;398 beforefiring.399 and butoutlinedrockpattern401 On Sub-LMIA vasesreedpatternis verycommon255-257,400 in handle decorated the with two rivets on A vessel retorted appear. palatial spiraland solidcircles402 with are decorated vases Otherpalatial theAlternating Stylehas squills,shieldsand a gorgon.403 withtritons and doubleor in die MarineStyle,generally addermark,double-axewithsacralknot404 axe 258.405 Sub-LMIA 255 Cup rhyton. Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint. D. base 5.2, D. max. 14.6,H. ex. 12.2. Reed. C.V.i 483, C.V.2 488, 490. 256 Cup rhyton. Orange;buffslip,shaded-brown paint. D. max.17,H. ex. 12.7. Reed.S.I.7 1607.

257 Orangefiredbuff;brownpaint.Reed,splodgeson interior. S.I.8 1612, S.I.9 1614, S.I.10 1616, Wace and Biegen1619.

Palatial

black paint. S.I. 7 1607. 258 Triton.Greenish-buff, Mountjoy1984, 182 Knossos53. CLOSED SHAPE (FIG.4.20)

The threesherds261-263 havevolutessimilar tothoseon a Sub-LMIA beakedjugfromPalaikastro;406 versionof the spirals also to beaked is decoratedwitha disintegrated 260 belong theymay jugs. is the shouldersuggesting LM IA the handle on on a from Mochlos;407 depicted bridge-spouted jug to this as it has an thesherdmaybelongto a stirrup is dated opengroundbodyrather jar. 264 phase 391 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 121. 392Phaistos: Mountjoy 1984, pl. 25a-b. 393 Mountjoy 1984, pl. 25a-b. 394RRN: Herakleion Museum Case 60. 395 Gourniapl 8.9. 396 Popham 1977, 194; 187, fig. lE decorated with reed pattern. 397Phaistos: PM IV.i fig. 145. 398 Catling et al. 1979, 45, fig.31.250-1. 399 Mountjoy 1984, pl. 22C-d.

*°0SME: Warren 1981, 82, fig.27, Catling et al. 1979, 45, fig. 31.250-1. 401SME: Warren 1981, 82, fig. 28. 402Warren 1981, 83, fig.31 (two-handled); 85, fig.37. 403Warren 1981, 83-4, figs.33-4. 404PM IV.i fig. 145a, b. 405 Mountjoy 1984, pl. 22c-d. 406PKU fig. 36. 407Betancourt 1985, pl. 17A.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

thanthe heavy LM IA banding. 270 is dated here as the double-axe has no knoton top. 267 witha handle stub may belong to a hole-mouthedjar and 265 possiblyto a cup rhyton,as it is ratherthin fora hole-mouthedjar, the otherpossible shape. 271 may come froma beaked jug, but the sectionis verythin.272 may belong to a small beaked jug or to a hole-mouthedjar. It has a narrowshoulder zone similarto thaton a beaked jug fromPalaikastro.408 259 may come froma pyxisas it is straightsided. Of thepalatial sherds292 is possiblya cup rhyton,as thefoliateband is one thirdof the way down the body.409277 belongs to the olive spraygroup; it has the same leaf withopen centreclosingto a A number tipand thesame dot circlefillas a cup fromKnossos and an alabastronfromPalaikastro.410 of sherdsare decoratedin the Marine Style 281-292. 289 has been assignedto a beaked jug,411but the interiorband of paint reachingto the base of the neck is not usual on beaked jugs, so it has seemed betterto reassignit here; 278 seems to be in the AlternatingStyle. 279 may belong to a or a beaked jug; not enoughis extantto be certain.280 is decoratedin reed style,but trough-spouted the reeds are not as dense as those of the reed paintersrecognisedby Popham,412since the leaves do not crosseach other.Chemical analysishas assigned280, 285, 291-292 to a Knossian provenance.413 Sub-LMIA

burnt on interior; 259 Buff, orange-brown paint.Papyrus. C.V.2 488. 260 Buff; shaded-brown paintwithaddedwhite.Volutes/ tadpoles;edgeofhandleringattopleftofsherd.S.I.5 1601, S.I.7 1607. 261 Buff; shaded-brown volutes. C.V.2 paint.Alternating 490. 262 Buff; shaded-brown volutes.S.I.9 paint.Alternating 1614. firedpinkish; shaded-brown 263 Buff paint.Voluteswith line. S.I.9 1614. wavy 264 Deep pink;buffslip, orangepaint.Reed above circles.S.I.i 1595,S.I.5 1602,Waceand Biegen1619. buff 265 Pink-buff; slip,redpaint.Reed.S.I.1 1596,S.I.7 1605. 266 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Reed. S.I.5 1601, S.I.7 1607,S.I.9 1614. 267 Deep buff;orangepaint.Reedbyhandle(onright). S.I.i 1595.

Palatial

277 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Olivespraywithedgeof leaf.S.I.8 1612. Popham1967,pl. 81c. dot-fringed 278 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. max. 13. Hatched crocuslinkedwithdot rosettefill.S.I.2 1596. Popham 19700,pl. 35b thirdrowleft. shaded-brown withfoliate 279 Pink-buff; paint.Papyrus band. S.I.i 1595, S.I.9 1614, Wace and Biegen 1619. Popham19700,pl. 33d secondrow. 280 Orange;buffslip,shaded-brown paint.Reed.C.V.1 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 122. 281 OctopusTypeA. S.I.2 1596. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos122. 282 OctopusTypeB. S.I.2 1595. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos126. 283 OctopusTypeB. S.I.7 1605. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos127. shaded-brown 284 Buff; paint.S.I.7 1605.OctopusType Β withspray.

408Dawkins 1905, 281, fig. 12b. 409 Compare with Phaistos sacral knot: Betancourt 1985, pl. 22F. 410 Popham 1967, pl. 79c-d.

268 Greyfiredpink-buff; buffslip,orange-brown paint. Urchin.S.I.9 1615. buffslip,shaded-brown 269 Pink-buff; paint.PUrchin. Waceand Biegen1618. 270 Buff;orangepaint.Double-axe.C.V.2 488. 271 Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paintwithadded white.Circles.S.I.i 1595,S.I.7 1607,S.I.9 1614. 272 Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. max. c. 20. Running spiral.S.I.9 1613. blacktobrownpaint.Dottedspirals. Waceand 273 Buff; Biegen1619. 274 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Diagonalpattern.S.I.9 1614. whitish brownpaint.Foliate 275 Pink-buff; slip,fugitive S.I.1 1595. diagonalpattern. 276 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Foliateband. Wace and Biegen1619.

285 Triton.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos 137; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 123. 286 Triton.S.I.2 1596. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos 139· 287 Triton.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos 140,Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 124. 288 Tritonwithspray.C.V.2 488. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos145. 289 Starwithfoliateband.S.I.8 1612. Mountjoy1984, 175 Knossos9. 290 Spray.S.I.8 1612. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos 152. 291 Weed. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos 155; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 125. 292 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Double-axewithfoliate band withurchinfill.C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting 2000, 159 no. 126.

411 Mountjoy 1984, 175 Knossos 9. 412 1967, 341, pl. 79a, e, f. 413Popham and Mountjoy Ponting2000, 163, table 1 nos. 122-6.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.20. LM IB pottery:259-292 closed shape. Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY ROUNDED CUP (FIGS.4.21-4.22)

The shapeis generally witha slightly evertedrim,roundhandle,in contrast to theLM semi-globular IA straphandle,and flator flatconcavebase,butthereis muchvariety in the especially shapeofthe rim.Twovases322-323 have a verysmallrimdiametersimilarto thatofthehandlelessogivalcup, butbothvaseshave a narrowdecorative zone notfoundon ogivalcups,whichgenerally carryreed of332 maybe due to thefactthatthe moreover, 323 has a handle.The largerimdiameter pattern; extantrimis close to the handleattachment. Commonmotifsused on Sub-LM IA vases include tailsto flying ivy295-302, spirals314-318414and foliateband 321-327. 302-303 have spiraliform theivy.Otherplantmotifs used includecrocus293-294, vetch305 and reed306, buttheyare not common.There are examplesof multiplestem307-308, dot rosette309, semi-circles 311-312, volutes313 and quirk319. 310 is decoratedwithtricurved rockpatternwithsolidcentresimilarto thaton a spoutedbowl 361 and on a beakedjug fromNirou.415 Scale is pendentfromtherim328 and coveredwithstipple,while329 is completely Both these stippled. cupsshoulddateto thisphase eventhoughtheyhave a roundhandle;thereis one late exampleof ripple330. The verynarrow base 331 withfinebandingdownthelowerbodybelowa broaderbellyband is an exactparallelto thelowerbodyoftheolivespraycup fromKnossos.416 Palatialvesselsoftenhave scale withfill349417or papyruswithsolidheads 346 or barredheads Shieldis also popular346339~341·418346 is hybridMarineStyleas it has weed on therim.419 in on close with has the shield as twoseparatesemi-circles lilies; 347,420 346 Alternating 348 Style withfoliatecoil betweenthem;itmayalso be in theAlternating The dotfestoonon 332-333 Style. be the stem of an olive as on a from the olive itself Knossos,421 may spray, cup possiblybeingdepicted atthebottomof333. Lilyis depictedon 335 and stylised iris337-338, thaton 337 in theAlternating rimdecorations. Palatial Stylewithurchin.343 is decoratedin theReed Style.350-352 showdifferent vesselshave decorationreachingup to thelip,whereasSub-LMIA vases have a band on therim. SeveralSub-LMIA exampleshavea bandedinterior insteadofa monochrome one. Chemicalanalysis a Knossian for suggests provenance 297, 299, 333422 Sub-LMIA (fig.4.21)

293 Buff;darkbrownpaint. D. rim 11. Crocus pendent fromrim,monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. buffslip,red-brownpaint.Crocus. Wace 294 Pink-buff; and Biegen 1618. 295 Deep buff;shaded-brownto black paint. D. rim c. 8. Flyingivy,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. 296 Buff;orange-brownpaint. Flyingivy,monochrome interior. S.I.7 1607. 297 Buff; orange paint. D. rim 13. Flying ivy, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting

2000, 159 no. 127.

298 Buff; orange paint. D. rim 11.6. Flying ivy, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614, C.V. 2 488. 299 Buff;black to orange-brownpaint.D. rim 12. Flying ivy, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting2000, 159 no. 129. Buff;brownto orange-brown 300 paint.D. rim11. Flying ivy.Wace and Biegen 1618. 301 Whitish;black to brown paint. D. rim 11. Flying ivy,monochromeinterior.S.I. 9 1614. 302 Orange; buffslip,brown paint,orange on interior, D. rim 11. Flyingivywithspiraltail,monochromeinterior. S.I.4/9. 303 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. rim 12. Flyingivywithspiraltail,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 489. Buff,orange-brownpaint.Flyingivywithspiraltail, 304 monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595. 305 Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Vetches, monochrome 414 Catling et al. 1979, 52, fig.37.256. 415Xanthoudides 1922, 17, fig. 14 top row right. 116 1967, pl. 79a. 417Popham 1925, A657, fig. 137. 418Forsdyke See Warren 1976, 93, fig. 4 for an example fromRoyal Road South.

interior.S.I. 9 1614. 306 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownto black paint. Reed, monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595. Buff;black paint. D. rim 14. Multiple stem. S.I.9 307 1614. 308 Orange; white slip, orange paint. Multiple stem, monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Buff; brown paint. D. rim 13. Dot rosette, 309 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. Buff;dark brown paint. D. rim 20. Tricurvedrock 310 pattern.C.V. 2 490. 311 Orange firedbuff;black to red-brownpaint.D. rim 16. Semi-circles,monochrome interior.S.I.i 1595, S.I. 8 1612, S.I. 9 1614. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. rim 13. Pendentsemi312 circlesfromrim,monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595. Buff; shaded-brown paint. D. rim 11. Volutes, 313 monochromeinterior.S.I.4/9. Greenish;fugitivebrownpaint.D. rim 15. Running 314 spiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.4/9. Buff;red-brownpaint. D. rim 10. Running spiral. 315 Wace and Biegen 1618. 316 Thickeningforhandle attachmenton rightside of sherd. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. rim 12, H. ex. 5.1. Retortedspiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.5, S.I.7. Buff;brown paint. D. rim 13, H. ex. 4.3. Retorted 317 spiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.7.

419 1984, 166-7. 420Mountjoy 1984, 192, fig. 15 Mallia 8. 421Mountjoy 1967, ygd. 422Popham and pl. Mountjoy Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 nos. 127, 12930.

P.A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.21. LM IB pottery:293-331 roundedcup. Scale i*a

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 4.22. LM IB pottery:332-352 roundedcup, 353-356 roundedcup withmetallicprofile.Scale 1:3.

318 Deep pink; white slip, fugitiveblack paint. Spiral with thick outer coil, monochrome interior.S.I.7 1607, S.I.10 1616. 319 Orange; buffslip,black to brownpaint.Quirk.S.I. 1 Buff;orange-brownto black paint.D. rim 13. Wavy 320 line withblob in curve,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. 321 Orange; whitishslip, orange-brownpaint. D. rim 14. Foliateband, monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Buff;brownpaint.D. rim8. Foliateband. S.I.i 1595, 322 S.I.9 1615, C.V.2 488. 323 Orange; buffslip, brown paint. D. rim 8. Foliate band. S.I.7 1607, Wace and Biegen 1619, C.V2 488.

324 Buff; orange-brown paint. Foliate band, monochrome interior. S.I.9 1614. 325 Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. rim13. Foliateband,

monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614.

326 Buff; shaded-brown paint. Foliate band, interior. Waceand Biegen1619. monochrome buff 327 Deep pink; slip,orangepaint.D. rim12.Foliate

band with pendent semi-circles on rim, monochrome interior.S.I.5 1602, C.V. 2 490. Stub of round handle. Buff;black to brown paint. 328 D. rim 13. Scale pattern partly covered with stipple, monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595, S.I.4/9. Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim 12. Stipple.Wace 329 and Biegen 1619. 330 Orange; buffslip,orange-brownpaint.D. base 3.9. Ripple, monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 488. Buff;orange-brown 331 paint.D. base 3. Edge of ?spiral, monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Palatial [fig.4.22)

Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 18. Edge of dot 332 festoonwithfillof dot rosette,monochromeinterior.S.I.g 1614. Popham 1967, pl. 81c. 333 Orange; buffslip,orange-brownpaint.Ivy and edge of ?olive sprayflankingdot festoon.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting2000, 159 no. 130. Buff;orange-brownpaint.Ivy withdot fringedstem, 334 monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595. Buffwithsmall grits;shaded-brownto black paint. 335 Lily.S.I. 5 1602. Pink-buff;buff slip, red-brown paint. Flower, 336 monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Buff;brown paint. D. rim 12. Iris alternatingwith 337 urchin,monochromeinterior.S.I. 10 1616, 1617. Popham 1967, pl. 81c one sherdillustrated. Buff;orange paint. Iris. S.I.8 1612. 338 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim14. Papyrus.S.I.4/ 339 9, S.I.9 1614, C.V.2 490. Buff;orange-brownpaint. Papyrus, monochrome 340 interior.S.I.5 1602. shaded-brownpaint.Papyruswithurchin Pink-buff; 341 fill,monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. Buff; shaded-brown paint. Flower, monochrome 342 interior.S.I.4/9. Buff;black to brown paint. Reed, monochrome 343 interior.Wace and Biegen 1618. ROUNDED

CUP WITH METALLIC PROFILE

Weed withfoliateband. S.I.9 1614. Mountjoy1984, 344 188 Knossos 89. 345 Deep buff;dark brown paint. D. base 5. Tricurved rock patternwith urchinfill,monochromeinterior.S.I. 2 1597· Buff;brown paint. D. rim 14, D. base 4.8, H. 9.2. 346 Shield alternatingwithpapyruswithfillof tricurvedrock patternand weed, monochromeinterior.S.I.2 1596, S.I.9 1614, C.V.2 488. Mountjoy 1984, 188 Knossos 90. Buff; orange paint. Shield with tricurved rock 347 pattern,monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1601. Popham 1967, pl. 8ie. Buff;orange-brown 348 paint.D. rim13. Foliatecoil with upper half of shield, monochrome interior.C.V.2 491. Popham 1967, pl. 81c. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 14. Scale pattern 349 with blob fill,edge of handle ring on left,monochrome interior.S.I.7 1607. Popham 1967, pl. 81c. 350 Orange; buff slip, red-brown paint. D. rim 14. ?Leaves, monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595. Popham 19700, pl. 35d top right. Buff;black paint. D. rim 11. Quirk, monochrome 351 interior.S.I.5 1602. Popham 19700, pl. 35b bottomrow. 352 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. rim 13. Foliate band, monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595.

(FIG. 4.22)

Some vessels,bothSub-LMIA 353-354 and palatial355-356, have a moremetallicshapewitha muchtaller,sharplyoffset rimwithzonal decorationon it 353, 356, a straphandleand a conical lowerbodyclosingto a discoidbase insteadoftheusualflatone 355·423This sametypewithoffset rimis foundat Chania- Kastelli424 and at Kastrion Kythera.425 The Sub-LMIA 353 has a broken whitewavylineon therimsimilarto thaton a flatbasedvesselfroma LM IB depositat Kommos;426 itis decoratedwithhookedspirals, while354 hasrunning spiralwithirisfill.The palatial355 maybe decoratedin theAlternating Style,as theshieldsaresetagainsttheopengroundusualon thisstyle.427 MarineStyleis popularon thesepalatialmetalliccups,428 butpapyrusalso appears.429 Sub-LM IA Buff;whitishslip, orange-brownpaint with added 353 white.D. rim 12.4, H. ex. 8. Hooked spiral. C.V.i 485, 486, C.V.2 490.

Palatial

Burnt,blackpaint.D. base 3.3. Shield,monochrome 355 interior.S.I.5 1601.

SPOUTED

ROUNDED

Buff;black to brown-orangepaint. D. rim 13, H. 354 ex. 5.8. Runningspiralwithirisfill.S.I.5, S.I. 10.

Buff;orange paint. D. rim 13. Scale patternwith 356 blob fill,monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1601. Popham 1967, pl. 81c; 197ου, pl. 35b thirdrow.

CUP (FIG. 4.23)

The spoutedcup continues fromLM IA.430The shapeis thatoftheroundedcupbuttherimis pulled outto forma spouton thesideto theleftofthehandle.On 358 theedgeofthespoutis on theleftof thesherd;therimis bentslightly out,butnotenoughto showon thedrawing;on 359 thethickening oftheedgeofthespoutis on thetopofthesherd;no diameter measurement is possiblefor357 as the rimis bentto formthe spout.Sub-LMIA vesselsincludethewell-known olive spraycup431and

423See a Sub-LM IA example decorated withgroups of double wavy lines: Catling et al. 1979, 52, fig. 37.257 for the strap handle and a palatial vase fromArchanes: Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, pl. 24, fig.32 forthe base. 424Tzedakis and Hallager 1978, 44, fig. 16. 425Coldstream 1978, 398. 426Watrous 1992, fig. 17.257.

427See Betancourt 1985, pl. 22G fora metallicprofilecup from Mochlos decorated in this style. 428 Mountjoy 1984, 187, fig. 15 Phylakopi 32, Palaikastro44, Kastri 24, Knossos 93. 429Archanes: Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, pl. 24, fig.32. 430 Popham 1977, pl. 3oe-f. 431 Popham 1967, pl. jga.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTER'

examplesdecoratedwithretorted spirals365~366,432crocus357, ivy 358, foliateband 368 anc line has tricurved rock withsolidcentresimilartothaton theroundedcup 31c 367. 361 wavy pattern and a beakedjug fromNirouChani.433 is 360 a miniature example.Palatialvasesare decoratedwith hatchedcrocusin closeAlternating with tricurved rock Style pattern 369 and papyri.434 Sub-LMIA Buff;whitishslip,brownpaint. Crocus. S.I.5 1601. 357 Burnt,black paint.D. rim 12. Flyingivy.S.I.8 1612. 358 Buff; shaded-brown paint. Coils, monochrome 359 interior.S.I.9 1614. 360 Miniature.Buff;red-brownpaint.D. rim5.4, D. base 3.5, H. 4.3. Reed. S.I.7 1607, S.I.g 1614. Buff;brown-orangepaint, partlyburntin. D. rim 361 15, H. ex. 5.5. Tricurvedrock patternwith solid centre, monochromeinterior.S.I.i, S.I.5. Popham 19700, pl. 35b top left. Buff;orange-brown 362 paint.Semi-circles pendentfrom rimband, monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1607. Buff;black paint.D. rim 17. Semi-circlesalternating 363 withiris,monochromeinterior.S.I. 5 1602. Popham 19700,

pl. 35e thirdrow. Pink; buffslip, brown to orange paint. D. rim 13 364 Runningspiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. Sand-buff;brown-orangepaint.D. rim 14. Retortec 365 spiral,monochromeinterior.S.I. 10 1616. 366 Thickeningfor spout on upper leftside of sherd Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Retorted spiral, monochrome interior. S.I.7. Buff; black paint. D. rim 10.8. Wavy line 367 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1607, S.I. 10 1616. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 10, H. ex. 5.6 368 Foliateband, monochromeinterior.S.I. 1 1595,8.1.5 1602 S.I.8 1612.

Palatial

369 Orange;buffslip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim13. Hatchedcrocusalternating withtricurved rockpattern, monochrome interior. S.I.5 1601,S.I.9 1614. HANDLELESS

OGIVAL CUP (FIG. 4.23)

Thereis muchvarietyin thisSub-LMIA shape.It maybe bell-shaped371 or rounded370, with It is alwaysdecorated straight 372 or everted370 rimand flat374-375 orpedestal376-377 base.435 withreeds;theinterior is usuallymonochrome. Thereis a parallelto thedetacheddropletleavesof 373 fromKnossosSME.436 Sub-LMIA 370 Orange; buff"slip,orange paint. D. rim 11. Reed, monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1601. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. rim8.3, D. base 3.2, 371 H. 5.9. Reed, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 372 Buff;black to dark brown paint. D. rim 12. Reed, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 485. to black paint.D. rim9.8. Reed, Buff;orange-brown 373 monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1602. Buff;black to brown paint. D. base 3.6. Reed, 374

monochromeinterior;base monochromeunderneathwith reservedcentrecircle.S.1.2, C.V. 2 490. Buff; orange-brown paint. D. base 3.5. Reed, 375 monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595.

376 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. base 4.4. Reed, monochrome interior. C.V.2 490. 377 Pink-buff; orange-brown paint.D. base 4. Reed, monochrome interior. S.I.9 1613.

cup/bowl (fig.4.23) A numberofrimsherdsbelongto a smallshapewithroundedbodywith lipless379, 381 or slightly rim378, 380, 382-383. Thereis no evidenceofa handle,butthismaybe due flaring to chanceof Decorationincludesfoliateband 382-383, spiralwithdot-fringed preservation. stem380 and semicircles379. 384 is decoratedin theAlternating Style,381 has added whitesplodgeson thecircles and 378 looks forwardto the pendentrockpatternof MycenaeanLH IIB. Interiorsmay be monochrome or linear.A Knossianprovenanceis suggested for382 by chemicalanalysis.437 Sub-LMIA

378 Buff; shaded-brown to black paint. D. rim 8.6. Pendentrockpattern.C.V. 2 488.

Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 9. Semi-circles. 379 S.I.5. Popham 19700, pl. 35b top row.

432 Catling et al. 1979, 45, fig.31.226. 433Xanthoudides 1922, 17, fig. 14 top row right. 434Nirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 22, fig.20; Archanes:SapounaSakellaraki1989, pl. 24, fig.33.

435 Catling et al. 1979, 45, fig.31.227 flatbase; 52, fig.37.254 pedestal base. 436Warren 1981, 89, fig.53. 437 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 132.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.4.23. LM IB pottery: 357-369 spoutedroundedcup,370-377 ogivalcup,378-384 cup/bowl, handles.Scale 1:3. 385-389 bowlwithhorizontal

THE LATE MINO AN POTTERY 380 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. rim 8. Hooked spiralwithdot fringedstem.S.I.5 1601. 381 Orange; buffslip, orange paint with added white. D. rim9. Circles,monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605. 382 Buff; red-brown paint. D. rim 8. Foliate band,

ιo;

monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 159 no. 132. Buff; orange paint. D. rim 7. Foliate band, 383 monochromeinterior.S.I.2 1596.

Palatial

Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim8.6. Irisalternating 384 withdot rosette.S.I.i 1595. BOWL WITH HORIZONTAL

HANDLES

(FIG. 4.23)

in theprofileofthebody.The palatial The shapeis thatoftheroundedcup,butthereis muchvariety has a everted the of the round the horizontal handlestubcan be seen rim; upperedge 388 long ring on theleftofthecentrallily.The handlecan be on therimofSub-LMIA vases385-387 or on the It maybe thattheSub-LMIA sherdsalso had a verticalhandle; bodyofpalatialvessels388-38().438 notenoughis extantto be sure.Chemicalanalysissuggests a Knossianprovenancefor385·439 Sub-LMIA

385 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownto black paint. D. rim 10. Ivy, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting2000, 159 no. 128. 386 Orange; buffslip,orange paint.D. rim 13. Ivy with

Palatial

Buff;brown paint. D. rim 13.4, H. ex. 8. Lily, 388 monochromeinterior.S.I.2 1596, S.I.9, S.I. 10, C.V.i 483.

coil tail,monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim11. Retorted Pink-buff; 387 or runningspiral.C.V.2 488.

389 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Tricurved rockpattern,monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595.

BELL CUP (FIG. 4.24)

A narrowstraight-sided lowerbodywithraisedconcavebase; shapewithliplessrimand inturning thehandleis strap.Sub-LMIA vases are decoratedwithreed,crocus,ivy,spiraland semi-circles shield395 and 390-394. Palatialvasesare decoratedwithscale396 withfill,440 lilyand argonaut,441 withtricurved trefoil rockpattern.442 is a odd with rim. 391 very example out-flaring Both390 and a have Knossian to chemical 395 provenanceaccording analysis.443 Sub-LMIA

Buff; black to brown paint. D. rim 9. Crocus, 390 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 159 no. 133. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 9. Flying ivy, 391 monochromeinterior.S.I. 1 1595. 392 Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim7. Reed, edge

Palatial

buffslip,shaded-brownpaint,black on 395 Orange-buff; interior. D. rim7. Shield,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 134.

STRAIGHT-SIDED

of handle with handle splash at top right of sherd, monochromeinterior.C.V.2 488. 393 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. base 3. Retortedspiral,monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605. Buff;red-brownpaint. D. rim 6.8. Semi-circles, 394 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1607.

Pink; buffslip, red-brownpaint. D. rim 7. Scale 396 pattern,monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612.

CUP WITH VERTICAL LOOP HANDLE (FIG. 4.24)

The shapeis straight-sided witha discoidbase and a smallloop handlejustbelowtherimwitha clay studat thetop; thebase is pierced.The bestknownexampleis thatfromZakrodecoratedby the Reed Painter.444 The deep rimband on interior and exterior rimof397 is unusualforthisshape. 438 Archanes,scale withfill:Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, pl. 24, fig-31· 439 and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 128. 440Mountjoy 10. 8, 441Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, pl. fig. 1989, pl. 8, fig.9.8. Sapouna-Sakellaraki 442 Mountjoy 1984, 188, fig. 14 Knossos 86.

44S Mountjoy and Ponting2000, 164, table 1 nos. 133-4: no. 133 is assigned to the handleless ogival cup (ibid. 159), but only reed patternseems to be used on thatshape, so I have reassigned it here to the bell cup 390. 444 Popham 1967, pl. 79a.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

^ 393

394

Fig.4.24. LM IB pottery: 390-396 bellcup,397 straight-sided loop handle, cupwithvertical in and out fruit stand,406 lid.Scale 1:3. bowl,403-405 398-402 Sub-LMIA

397 Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim17. Reed. S.I.7 1607. IN AND OUT BOWL (FIG. 4.24)

to itsexistence.398 is datedto this The shapeis rarein thisphase,butthepalatialexamplestestify of399 is presenton a vase fromthePhase phasefromtheivy,butitmaybe LM IA. The decoration

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Vllb destructionhorizon at Ag. Irini.445 The two palatial examples have lily 401 and Marine Style There is a small vessel from Palaikastrodecoratedin the AlternatingStylewithsolid 402. complete crocusesand tricurvedrock patternon the exteriorand crosseson the interior;it is spouted and has threelug handles on the rim.446 Chemical analysisassignsa Knossian provenanceto 40 2.447 Sub-LMIA

Buff;shaded-brownto black paint.D. rim20. Flying 398 on exterior, ivy wavy line on interior.S.I.5 1602. Buff;black to brown paint. Solid 8 's on exterior, 399

Palatial

Buff; shaded-brown paint. D. base 8. Lily on 401 exterior,scale patternon interior.S.I.i 1595, S.I.7 1607, S.I.9 1614.

edge of ?fatwavy line on interior.S.I.4 1600. Buff; shaded-brown paint. Dot filled motif on 400 exterior,wavy line on interior.S.I.g 1614.

402 Papyruson exterior,weed and ?tritonon interior. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy1984, 189 Knossos 99; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 135.

FRUITSTAND (FIG. 4.24)

The shape continuesfromLM IA.448It has a tall tubularbody topped by a flatplate withlipless405 or downturning403-404 rim. Exteriordecorationis linear,but the interiorof the plate generally carriesreeds 403 or spirals404-405. Sub-LMIA

403 Orange; buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim22. Reed on interior.S.I. 7 1605. Pink; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. rim 19. 404

Runningspiralon interior.S.I.i 1595. 405 Orange; buffslip,orange paint.D. rim26. Running spiralon interior.Wace and Biegen 1619.

LID (FIG. 4.24)

It would 406 is the lid of a small cylindricaljar, such as vessels fromNirou Chani or Archanes.449 have fittedonto a ledgejust below theinteriorrimand would have had a horizontalhandle acrossthe centre,such as thaton the lid of the Archanesvessel and on one fromPseira.450The parallels cited here are all palatial but 406 would have belonged to a Sub-LM IA vessel. Sub-LMIA Buff;orange paint.D. rim 20.5, D. base 20, H. 2.4. 406 Spiral on interior.C.V. 2 488.

LATE HELLADIC

IIA (fig.4.25) The fabricofthesepieces suggeststheyare Mycenaean imports.Their decorationcannotbe separated fromthatoftheirMinoan counterparts; ifmade in mainlandGreece,theywould belong to thePseudoMinoan class.451 PIRIFORM JAR FS

21, 27

The broad flatrim 407 probablybelongs to the conical piriform jar FS 21452while 408, decorated withzones of curved stripes,may come fromthe lower body of thisshape, which normallycarried zonal decoration,curved stripesbeing a popular motif.453 An amphora withsimilardecorationfrom Knossos SME may also be a Mycenaean import.454 409 belongs to the smaller FS 27; there are similarexamples fromGrave Circle A at Mycenae,one ofwhichis decoratedwithdouble-axe against a backgroundof stone patternas 409.455

445Cummerand Schofield 1984,pl. 74.1151 Room 21. 446Sackettand 1970, Popham pl. 57b. 447 and Ponting2000, 164,table1 no. 135. 448Mountjoy See Popham1967,pl. 76f-gforLM IA examples. 449Nirou: and Mountjoy1984,pl. 27f;Archanes:Sakellarakis Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, 146,fig.138.

50Archanes:ibid.;PseiraIV fig.15 BQ5. 51See RMDP 21-2 fora discussion ofthisclass. 52MDP fig.17.5. 53 Comparewithan examplefromThebes:RMDPpl. 3c. 54Warren 1981,87, fig.46. 55 RMDPfig.12 Argolidnos. 23-8, especiallyno. 27.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

ψ 413

414

Fig. 4.25. LH IIA pottery:407-409 piriform jar, 414 askos. jar, 410-412 bridge-spouted jug, 413 stirrup Scale 1:3.

407 FS 21. Orangefiredbuff;darkbrownpaint.D. rim 17. Chevronson rim.S.I.9 1614. 408 FS 21. Buff;greenish slip,crackledblackpaint.FM 67, curvedstripes. S.I.7 1605.

409 FS 27. Buff;whiteslip,blackpaint.FM 76, stone withtipofdouble-axe.S.I.2 1596.Popham19700, pattern pl. 35a thirdrow,thirdfromright.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

BRIDGE-SPOUTED JUG FS 103

It has thetypicaltroughhandleand flatrim 410 has ogivalcanopy,a commonmotifon thisshape.456 A numberof sherdsfromit are storedin the decoration.457 of thisshape,bothwithcharacteristic Museum.Pophamnotesthatitcouldbe LM IB or AshmoleanMuseum,therestin theStratigraphical LH IIA,458butthegreenishslipand crackledblackpaintfitbestto LH ILA.411 is decoratedin the MarineStyle.Clay analysishas alreadysuggested thatotherMarineStylesherdsfromKnossosmay It havea mainlandorigin(Athenian).459 412 is also MarineStyle,butbelongstotheArcadeGroup.460 probablybelongsto a bridge-spouted jug, but a plumpbeakedjug FS 143 cannotbe ruledout.461 a 50/50Athens/Knossos Clayanalysishas suggested provenanceforthispiece.462 AMO 1938.489. Greywithmica firedbuff;greenish 410 slip,crackledblack paint.D. rim 1 1, D. max. c. 30. FM 13, ogival canopy. S.I.2 1596, S.I.3 1598, Wace and Biegen 1618. PM Il.ii fig.291; Popham 19700, pl. 35a second row, second fromright. 411 Greyfiredbuff;black paint. FM 22, argonautType STIRRUP JAR FS

Β withspray.S.I.2 1596, S.I.5 1601, C.V.2 488. Popham 19700, pl. 35a centreleft;Mountjoy 1984, 175 Knossos 13· Pinkish;whiteslip, shaded-brownpaint. FM 30.1, 412 weed above arcades. C.V.i 483. Mountjoy 1984, 189 Knossos 156; Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 157 no. 115.

169

The roundedlowerbody sherds413, whichalso belongsto theArcadeGroup,could come from eithera stirrup jar or a bridge-spouted jug FS 103. However,thefilledlozengeabove thearcades the vase was with decorated retorted suggests spiralas a main motif,as the stirrup jar 243. The combination of retorted above arcades is found on but there are no bridgespirals stirrup jars,463 with this motif so so it has seemed better to to the far, spoutedjugs assign413 stirrup jar. Greenish; fugitiveblack crackled paint. FM 66, 413 arcades roundbase. S.I.i 1595·

ASKOS FS 195

The based askos is a commonLM I shape,but the appearanceof 414, in spiteof the burning, itis LH IIA. The decorationofstackedzigzagis foundon Mycenaeanvessels,464 butis not suggests knownso faron LM IB or LH IIA askoi. Burnt,black paint. D. spout 2.4. FM 61, stacked 414 zigzag. C.V.2 488.

LATE MINOAN II on Crete(fromPalaikastro to Chania),thereare not as yet Althoughwidelyspreadgeographically well stratified of LM II The are best located atKnossos,bothstratified many groups pottery.465 deposits settlement material466 and tombgroups,thelatterespeciallyfromthe so-calledWarriorGraves.467 The materialis amplified Further afieldLM II stratified by tombgroupsfromKatsamba.468 deposits havebeen foundat Mallia469 and Kommos.470 The LM IB corpusofshapescontinues. Closedshapesincludethelargejar,oval-mouthed amphora, four-handled and hole-mouthed and beakedjugs, stirrup jars, trough-spouted, bridge-spouted jar, conicaland pegtoprhyta;popularopen shapesare thespoutedroundedcup,handlelessogivalcup and bowlwithhorizontal handles.LM IB shapeswhichno longerappearare theewer,thepearand and the bell cuprhyta cup.Pophamliststhreenewshapes,all ofthemborrowedfromtheMycenaean are the smallpiriform andgoblet.471 Othernewshapescomprise repertoire. They jar,squatalabastron 456MDP fig.24.1. 457 MDPÎig. 24.1. 458 Popham 19700, 58. 459 Mountjoy and Ponting2000, nos. 113, 117. 460See RMDP 23 fora definitionof thisgroup. 461See ÄAfZXPMesseniano. 18. 462 and Ponting 2000, 173. 463Mountjoy Zakro: Betancourt 1985, pl. 22E.

464MDP fig. 28.4 jar. 465See ABAC 81-2stirrup foran overview. 466MUM passim; SME: Warren 1983, 63-6.

467Hood and de Jong1952,243-77; Hood 1956,81-93. 468Alexiou 1967, Ts.A, Gamma, D, E, Zeta. 469Pelon 1970,71-9, 83-90, 95-113: House Ε Level IIIB. 470 Watrous 1992, 20-30. 471 Popham 1967, 344.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

thelargepiriform jar, theverysmallbeakedjug and theringvase. The pyxis,whichwas notvery commonin LM IB, is nowmuchmorepopular.It is a smallversionofthecylindrical jar,butwithout thespoutofthatshape.472 The decorationofLM II pottery is a continuation ofthatofLM IB, butit is muchmorestylised withmassedzonesofcircumcurrent motifs or facialmotifs oftenplacedagainsta heavybackground fill.473 Decorationcan varyfromthe heavilyornateto the utterlysimple.Ornatedecorationis reflected on thelargepalatialjars. These may depictfacialmotifs, suchas octopusor particularly in set a or zonal in motifs down thevase,475 or papyrus, denselystippledbackground,474 registers surfacemotifs, suchas retorted or scale the latter now with Smaller spirals pattern, tripleoutline.476 vesselsaredecoratedwiththesameornatemotifs, suchas tripleoutlinescalepattern withpapyrusfill on a stirrup jar477and withiriscrossfillon a beakedjug.478Otherbeakedjugs depicthugepapyri, whilebridge-spouted birdsamidstswirling fishes479 and collar-necked holejugs mayhave overlarge mouthjars and piriform roundthebase oftheneckextending down jars a massivefriezeofmotifs roundthehandleswithfloralsprays,argonauts or birdsin thedecorativezone.480 In contrast to this a motif theargonaut, forexample heavydecoration maybe setagainstan openbackground, especially on beakedjugs and piriform Gobletsmaybe decoratedin theEphyraeanStyle,a borrowing jars.481 fromtheLH IIB repertoire. It consistsofa singlemotifin thecentreofeach sideofthevase,therest ofthevase beingunpaintedapartfrombase,rimand handles.Utterly suchas a simpledecoration, is foundon small-sized singlesmalltrefoil, Ephyraeangoblets.482 LargeEphyraeangobletstendto havelargerand moreelaboratemotifs entire the surface.483 Iris is frequent cross,a newmotif, filling on bothlargeand smallEphyraeangoblets.484 Othernew motifsincludeiriszigzag,whichis used on open and closedshapes,485 and irischain, on and on die necks of closed is used on cups and depicted open shapes486 shapes442. Stipple and another new used on are and closed Reed festoons, motif, goblets487 open shapes.488 pattern continuesfromLM IB, butis muchmorestylised,489 oftenbeingreducedto singleverticalrowsof blobs.490 Scale patternalso continuesand is now morepopular,oftenhavinga fillingmotifin the scales.491 Anothermotifwhichcontinues is netpattern,492 butit seemsto be lesspopularthanscale thin foliate band is used on the shoulder of the beakedjug,extending fromthebase of pattern. Long theneckdownto thehandlebase.493Decorationon open and closedshapesmaybe framedby a innercurves494 or mayhave an ordinary wavylinewiththickened wavylineon one or bothsidesof themainmotif.495 The clayofLM II pottery at Knossosis mostoftengreenishor buffwithfugitive brownto black paint. JAR (FIG.4.26)

The shapeis conical-piriform witha broadflatrim,discoidbase and threeverticalshoulderhandles. The nine-handled LM IB typeand thatwiththreehorizontal handleshave disappeared.The jar is oftendecoratedwithmarineorfloralfacialmotifs orwithzonesofdifferent motifs.496 The neck415 is unusualin thatit is decoratedwithscale patternwithfill,since LM II jar necksare normally monochrome orhavereserved However,one vase fromKnossoshas reedson theneck wavylines.497 and one has curvedstripes.498 416 depictslargeivyleaveswithsea urchinas a fillingmotifin the sherdhasa typicalLH II-IIIAi versionofthepapyrus witha blobinthecorners.499 coils;a non-joining

472For the Sub-LM IA cylindricaljar see: Gourniapls. 7.14, 8.21 and the Sub-LM IA pyxis: ibid. pl. 7.13. 473See Betancourt 1985, 149-58 fora general surveytogether withMUM 159-81, withpls. 164-8 forthe motifs. 474Niemeier 1985, pls. 2-3. 475Niemeier 1985, pl. 6 top left,pl. 7 top left. 476Niemeier 1985, pl. 7 bottomleft,pl. 6 bottom right. 477Niemeier 1985, 24 top right. 478Hood and de pl. Jong 1952, 263, fig.9. 1.3. 479Alexiou 20-2. 1967, 480Hole-mouthedpls.Alexiou 1967, pl. 4d argonauts.Piriform jar: jar: ibid. pl. 3d floralsprays; Hood and de Jong 1952, 266 fig. 10.I.6 birds. 481Hood and de Jong 1952, 266, fig. 10.III.2; Alexiou 1967, pls. 4 gamma, 3 a. 482 151.1-6. 483MUMpl MUM pls. 149.1-3; 150.1, 3, 5.

484 MUMpl 58. 485MUM pls. 50a, 93a thirdrow right. 486 MUMpl 156.13-14. 487MUM 5ia-d, 57g. 488MUM pls. 50b, 53c, 61a, 93a top leftand centre. pls. 489 MUMpl 165.37-9. 490 MUMpl 165.40-3. 491 166.69-77. 492MUMpl 50h. MUMpl 493 MUMpl 60b. 494MUM pls. 165.3, 166.66. 495 MUMph. 148.5, 152.1-2. 496 e.g. Popham 19700, pls. 4-5. 497 68-70. 498MUMph. Niemeier 1985, pl. 3 IIAi bottomleft,pl. 6 XIAi bottom right. 499MDP figs.47.1,74.1.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

109

Thereis foliatebandconsisting offatdroplets roundthebase oftheneck.The ivyis similartothaton a kraterdatedby Pophamto LM IIIAi fromtheshapeofthevase ratherthanfromitsdecoration, whichPophamadmitscouldbe LM II.500Sincethegreenfabricof416 is a featureofLM II rather thanLM IIIAi, ithas seemedbestto datethevase to LM IL 419 has a fishby theverticalshoulder handle,theedgeofthehandleringbeingpresentatthetopofthesherd.Thereareno otherexamples offishpublishedso faras a filling motifon theMarineStyleLM II jars.417 has a chainofstylised rendered as arcades with ofreservedrosettes fill in thecentresin place oftheusuallowestpair palms ofcurledleaves.The sherdis fromthelowerbodyofthevasejustabovethebase,so thetrunks ofthe would have terminated in the found at the base of arcades235. Only one palms probably droplets below the foliateband whichwould have been 418 has a largedaisy-rosette parallelis known.501 The rosette has concentric circlesin thecentreas on an example pendentfromtheneckofthevase.502 fromtheTomboftheDouble Axes503 and knobsat theouterjointsofthepetals.504 Otherjar sherds fromtheSouthFronthavepictorial decoration: a rhyton and olivespraysaredepictedbetweenhorns ofconsecration;505 Anothervase has a helmetagainsta theymaybelongto one or to twovessels.506 ofstipplepattern.507 background Buff;brown paint. D. rim 23. Scale withblob fill. 415 S.I.7 1605. Coarse green; sepia paint. Foliate band, ivy and 416 papyrus.S.I.2, C.V.? Popham 19700, pl. 36b left,plate 6 c. Buffwithblack grits;greenishslip,black to brown 417 paint.Palm. C.V.i 483. Niemeier 1985, pl. 13 IIIBi.

Pink-buff withbrowngrits;mattdark brown paint. 418 Rosettebelow foliateband. S.I.5 1601. Popham 19700, pl. 35 bottomrow second fromleft. 419 Deep pink with black and white gritsfiredbuff; lustrous black paint. Fish by handle stub. S.I. 7 1605. Crouwel and Morris 1995, 158 no. 16.

PIRIFORM JAR (FIG. 4.26)

The shapehas a conicalbodywithplumproundshoulders508 witha shortwide neck509 or a taller narrower therimis broadand flat;therecan be threeverticalor threehorizontal handleson one;510 theshoulder;511 thebase is discoidor flat.512 The heightvariesfrom20-35 cm. 420 belongsto a vesselwithrelatively wide neck,mostprobablya largepiriform jar. Thereare parallelsto thescale decoration fromKnossos,513 motifand thereis a zonal motifbelow althoughthescale has no filling theneckon thosetwovases. in itsassignation. It has theedgeofa verticalhandleringwithconcaveoutline 421 is problematic on therightsideofthesherddepending fromtheneckbandand an interior bandofpaintreaching to thebase oftheneck.These features to both the krater and the The belong amphoroid piriform jar. forthehandlestubis present, butnottheactualstub,so itcannotbe saidwhether itis the thickening base oftheverticalhandlerunning fromshoulderto rimoftheamphoroidkrateror thetop ofthe verticalhandleextending fromshoulderto bellyofthepiriform jar. The verticalhandleringofthe at thetopwhereitjoinstheneckband,514 whereasthehandlering piriform jar is generally incurving oftheamphoroidkrateris similarto 42 1,515 buttherearepiriform with concavecurvinghandle jars neckbandreachingto thebase oftheneck,517 rings.516 but Mycenaeanpiriform jarshavetheinterior Minoanpiriform all have theinterior rimband jars and Mycenaeanand Minoanamphoroidkraters If itis an amphoroidkrater, terminating higherup theneck.518 421 shoulddateto LM IIIAi, when thefirst examplesofthisshapeappearon Crete,buton balanceitis probablya piriform jar.422 has a largeneckdiameterand shouldalso belongto a piriform but the neck does not have theusual jar, monochrome decorationofthisshape.

xy^/> 34o> 'T'"1111 1967, 345, F1· 84c. pl. °4^· 501Popham Niemeier 1985, 76, pl. 13 IIIB2. 502MUM 68 forthe foliateband. pl. 508Niemeier 1985, fig. 29.18. ' 2O~1' Ζ PM fif 2u9'17' ρί?Γνί6Γ ig8Q5' 1 IV.i fig. 289; Popham 19700, pl. 50.17-20, 24-7; and Niemeier 1985, pl. 21 XVII B7, XVIII B4. *,« * IVl v.i 344-5, iNiemeier1905, 344"5; xupinun xyyua, 72; Niemeier PoPham W00* 1985, 250 νχτπΎ "7· xYn{1Β7· Popham 1978, 179, pl. 22b; Niemeier 1985, pl. 20 XVII , ,j T υ Hood and dejong 1952, 266, fig. 10.1.6,7.

«» Hood nooa and ana de Jong 1952, 1.7. *io 10Hood and aejong de 1.6. su 11Hood and de Jong 1952, 268, fig. 1 1952, dejong Jong I.7, 1.III.5. 11.III.5. 5» 12Hood and de 1952, dejong Jong I.7, III.5. 513 13Ho°d Hood and de χ952, 266, fig. 10.I.7 and pl. 54b right. >nS 1952, 514 14Alexiou dejong 1967, pl. 3a-c. 515 15RMDP RMDp no. 3 (IIIAi). -516AlexiouKarpathos 1967, pl. 3d; Hood and de 1907, dejong Jong 1952, 266, fig. the latteralmost vertical. 10.Ι.7, tne 517 MDPfigs. 40-2. 518 Amphoroid krater, Minoan: RMDP Karpathos no. 3; Mycenaean: ibid. Rhodes no. 70 (LH IIIB).

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.26. LM II pottery:415, 417-419 jar, 421-422 piriform jar, 423 oval-mouthedamphora, Scale 424-437 pyxis1:3·

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY Buff;black to orange-brown 420 paint.Scale patternwith blob fill.S.I.2, S.I.5, S.I.7, Wace and Biegen 1619, C.V.i. PLATE6 d.

421

Buff;orangepaint.Scale patternwithblob fill.S.I. 7

OVAL-MOUTHED

1606,C.V.2 490.

422 Orange; buffslip,darkbrownto black paint.Wavy line on neck,coils on shoulder.S.I.5 1601. Popham 19700, pl. 35c bottomleft.

AMPHORA (FIG. 4.26)

Fine ware 423 is a smallfinewareexample.Pophamnotesthatthe shape is rarein fineware.519 vesselsarelowwitha wideovoidbody,wideflatbase and veryshortneckwithtwooppositelaid on handlesfromrimto shoulder.520 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 4 by 4.8. Quirk. 423 C.V.i 486. PYXIS (FIG. 4.26)

The pyxisis a smallversionof theLM I cylindrical Thereis muchvarietyin the shape.It jar.521 a tallcylindrical wideand low collarneckand a flator flat comprises bodywitha narrowshoulder, raisedbase. However,the sides can be outslanting, eitherstraight or rounded,and theremay be baskethandleson therimor horizontal oftheshoulderand body.A straphandleson thecarination handlelesstypehas theuppershoulderpiercedjustbelowthecarination fortheattachment ofthelid 424> 43°·522436 is a smallnarrowbottle-shaped typesimilarin formto the lowerbody of bell theblob fillin thescalepattern as, forexample, figurines;523 mayhavebeen intendedas dotrosettes on a stirrup Decorationcan be floralwithflower jar fromKnossos.524 424-425 orpalm426-427, but are used,suchas verticalwavylines429, net428, scale pattern withfill436mostlysurfacemotifs 437 and zigzag431-433; thereis a parallelto thezigzagon 432 on a pyxisfromtheUnexplored Mansion.525 rockpattern.The decorationon theneckof 435 is unusualforthis 434 has tricurved butthereareno othershapestowhichitcouldbelong, monochrome, shape,sincenecksaregenerally as itis notdeep enoughfora trough-spouted jug. Pink-buff; 424 orange-brownpaint. D. rim 18. Flower. C.V.2 488. Pinkwitha fewgrits;buffslip,orange-brownpaint. 425 D. base 13. Floral spray.S.I.5 1601. 426 Purple; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Palm. C.V.i 486. Buff;warm buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Palm. 427 C.V.2 491. Buff;brown paint. H. ex. 17.3. Net pattern.S.I.7 428 1605, C.V.i 486. Buff;brownpaint. D. base 11. Verticalwavy lines. 429 S.I.5 1601. Greenish;fugitivebrown to black paint. D. rim 20. 430 Iris zigzag. S.I.7 1605. FOUR-HANDLED

COLLAR-NECKED

Buff;black to brownpaint. Zigzag. S.I.9 1614. 431 432 Orange; buffslip,red-brownto black paint.Zigzag. C.V.i 483, C.V.2 490. 433 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. D. base 22. Edge of decoration?zigzag. C.V.2 488. Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. base 20. Tricurvedrock 434 pattern.C.V.2 490. Buff;brown-orangepaint.D. rim22. Quirkon neck. 435 S.I.7 1605. Pinkish;buffslip,wornblack paint.D. base 6.8, H. 436 ex. 6.8. Scale patternwithdot fill.S.I.9 1614. Buff;orange-brownpaint. Scale pattern with fill 437 above wavy line. S.I.7 1606.

JAR (FIG. 4.27)

438 shouldbelongto thefinewareversionofthisshapewithcollarneckand ovoidbody,butofthe fourhandles,twooppositeverticaland twooppositehorizontal, onlyone verticalhandleis extant. Thereare Sub-LMIA finewareexamplesfromNirou,526 butthereare no LM II parallelsamongst thefineware vases fromthe UnexploredMansion.Chemicalanalysisassigns438 to a Knossian provenance.527 blackpaint.D. rim18.Reed.S.I.5 1601,C.V.i 438 Buff; 483, 484, 485, C.V.2 490. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 136. 519MUM 171. 520MUM 88e, 159.2. pls. 521 e.g. Seager 1910, fig. 1 1 = PseiraIV fig. 14 BQi. 522See MUM pls. 154.4, X55 f°r examples of all types. 523 MUMpl 159.5.

524Warren 1983, 66, fig. 5. 525 155.7. 526MUMpl Xanthoudides 1922, fig. 15 bottom row. 527 Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 164, table 1 no. 136.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

we

443

collar-necked Fig. 4.27. LM II pottery:438 four-handled jar, 439-440 hole-mouthedjar, 441 trough-spouted jug. Scale 1:3. jug, 442-443 bridge-spouted HOLE-MOUTHED JAR (FIG.4.27)

Both the typewithcollar neck and the typewithledged rim continuefromLM IB,528but 439-440 belong to the variantwithlipless rim as the LM IB 198. Both 439-440 have scale patternpendent fromthe rim band terminatingon the lower body and on the shoulder respectively.A similar arrangementof scale patternis foundon a pyxis.529

528Collar neck: Alexiou 1967, pl. 4d. Ledged rim: MUM pl. 63e; Hood and de Jong 1952, 268, fig. 11.III. 3.

529MUM pl. 155.8.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY Buff;whitishslip, fugitivebrown paint. D. rim 11. 439 Scale pattern.S.I.4/9, S.I.7 1607, S.I.g 1614.

TROUGH-SPOUTED

113

Buff;pale orange-brownpaint. Scale patternround 440 base of neck. S.I.5 1601.

JUG (FIG. 4.27)

The shape is a continuationoftheLM IB shape,but possiblyhas a tallercollarneck 44 1.530As in LM IB theneck is generallypatterned,althoughthereare monochromeexamples.531441 has two parallel wavylines at the top of die shoulderwiththe edge ofwhatis mostprobablyrunningspiralbelow; the decorationis similarto thaton a stirrup jar fromKnossos.532 Buff;black paint. Quirk on neck, wavy line on 441 shoulderwithedge of ?runningspiralbelow. S.I. 9 1614.

BRIDGE-SPOUTED

JUG (FIG. 4.27)

The shape is a continuationof the LM IB palatial shape witha metallicribbedhandle withclay studs metalrivetsat thetop and witha ridgeat thebase oftheneck442. 533442 has been associated imitating but it is almosta twinto a fragmentary LM II vase from by Popham withthe LM ΠΙΑ destruction,534 a WarriorGrave at Knossos.535The decorationofblobs withwavy outlineroundthe base of the neck continuesdown round the bottom of the handle; the same systemof decoration appears on the WarriorGrave vase; insteadof the usual monochromedecorationthe spout of 442 is decoratedwith foliateband, thatof the WarriorGrave vase withtonguepattern;the handles ofboth vases are barred and have clay studsat the top, two on the WarriorGrave vase, fouron 442. LM IIIAi vases do not have suchrichsubsidiarydecoration.The main motifon 442 is wavy-stemmed papyriand spiraliform there is iris chain framed line on the the vase has spiralswith Warrior Grave motifs; neck; by wavy framed line on the neck. the on are similar to those on a LM Furthermore, papyri 442 quirk by wavy II bridge-spouted from Nirou.536 As no has been for the South House and South jug stratigraphy kept Frontand 442 is so similarto the LM II WarriorGrave vessel,it has seemed betterto date it to LM II. 443 has only quirkon the neck; unlikethatof the vessel fromthe WarriorGrave, the quirkis not framed. HM 15099. Three clay studs on rim in frontof 442 handlestud.Core notvisible,buffslip,orange-brown paint. D. rim 11.8, D. max. 28.4, H. ex. 25.4-8. Papyrus and

motifs.Popham 197ου, pl. 9c. spiraliform 443 Deep pink;buffslip,black paint.D. rimc. 11. Quirk. C.V.i 486.

BEAKED JUG (FIG. 4.28)

The LM IB conical-piriform versioncontinues,but may be more piriform.There is generally,but not always,a ridgeat the base of the neck (454, 456-458, 463-464) and the handle is usuallyround 457, 463 or oval 462 ratherthanmetallic;the base is flat.A wide varietyof motifsis used, especially surfaceones. 447-448 have volutes,while 449-453 have reed pattern,449 on the neck and 453 a detachedversion,all being similarto vases fromthe Unexplored Mansion.537445 has linkedrunning spiralswithblob centre,as LM IB examples 238, 240, but these spiralshave a thickoutercoil and the linksare also thickened,as on the Knossos stirrupjar mentionedabove.538The blobs round the top of the shoulderhave parallels on a stirrupjar fromthe Unexplored Mansion.539The spiralson Stackedzigzag is a 457 are stemmedand alternating.540 444 has tricurvedscale patternwithirisfill.541 motif with fill in a more elaborate version than that of LM IB. Rarer popular 458-459; 459 flyingivy motifsinclude 454 with ivy leaves pendent fromthe neck with 'dumb bells' in between; similar 'dumb bells' appear on ajar fromKnossos;542456 is also unusualwithtrefoilabove whatseems to be

530For example MUMpl 153.6-7, which is probably troughspouted (no distinctionis made [ibid. 169] between the troughspouted and the bridge-spouted jug and no sections are provided). 531Warren 1983, 67, fig.7. 532Hood and de Jong 1952, 263, fig.9.I.5. 533 153.4. 534MUMpl Popham 19700, 88, pl. 9c.

535Hood and de 1952, 263, fig.9.I.4. 536XanthoudidesJong 1922, 19, fig. 16 top left, 537MUM pls. 60b, e, 6id-e. 538Hood and de Jong 1952, 263, fig.9.I.5. "9 MUM pl. 64b. 54°For a LM II-IIIAi version see PTK fig.75. 541MUM pl. 166.76. 542Niemeier 1985, pl. 6 top left.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.28. LM II pottery:446-468 beaked jug. Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

115

retortedspiral.460-462 show the increasinguse of thinfoliateband round thebase of the neck.543 A numberof vessels are open ground,such as 455 withrosetteand dotted ball fill,458 with zigzag round the base of the neck, 460 withfoliateband round the base of the neck and 462 withwhat seems to be tassel as the main motif,544 while the foliateband round the base of the neck continues down roundthehandle base in a similarmannerto the decorationofthebridge-spoutedjug 442 and a piriform jar fromKatsamba.545463 has added whitecircleson the neck ridgeand added whitebars on the handle, but 462 has the usual bars across the handle. 464 has a late versionof foliateband. The brightorange clay of 450 suggestsit is an import. Buff;black to brown paint. Tricurvedscale pattern 444 withirisfill.S.I.5, S.I.7, S.I.9, C.V.2. Plate 6 e. Green; sepia paint. Zone of blobs and wavy line 445 above linked runningspiral withblob centre.S.I.5 1602, C.V.i 483, 487. Popham 19700, pl. 35b top right.Plate 6/ 446 Purply;buffslip, dark brown paint. Flower. C.V. 1 486. Pale orange; buff slip, orange-brown paint. 447 volutes.C.V.i 486. Alternating buffslip,brown-orangepaint.Alternating Pink-buff; 448 volutes.S.I.5 1601. Buff;black to brown paint. Reed on neck. S.I. 2 449 1596. Popham 19700, pl. 36c, second row. 450 Grey firedbrick orange; buffslip, black to dark brown paint. Wavy line on neck, reed on shoulder.S.I. 2 1596· 451 Grey firedorange; buffslip, shaded-brownpaint. Reed. S.I.i 1595, C.V.i 483, 486. Buffwithgrits;black paint.Reed. C.V.i 486. 452 Buff;black paint. Reed. S.I.7 1605, 1606. 453 Buff;black paint. Ivy with'dumb bells'. S.I.9 1614, 454 C.V.i 485.

455

1602.

dark brownto black paint. Rosette.S.I.5 Pink-buff;

Buff;pale cream slip,red-orangepaint.Trefoilwith 456 retortedspiral.S.I.5 1601, C.V.2 491. buffslip, fugitivebrown paint. D. max. Pink-buff; 457 17, H. ex. 14.7. Stemmedspiral.C.V.2 488. whiteslip, orange-brownto red-brown White-buff; 458 paint. H. ex. 9.8. Stacked zigzag. S.I.8 1612, S.I. 10 1616. 459 Orange; buffslip, red-brownpaint. Stacked zigzag withflyingivy fill.S.I.i 1595, S.I.9 1615. 460 Orange; buffslip,shaded-brownpaint.Foliateband around neck base. S.I.7 1606, C.V.2 489, 490. 461 Deep pink; thickcream slip, orange-brownpaint. Wavyline below foliateband round neck base. S.I.7 1607. Bufffiredorange; buffslip, black to orange-brown 462 paint.Foliateband round base of neck continuingdown to handle base, tassel on shoulder,zone of solid circles on belly.S.I.4 1600, S.I.9 1614. 463 Orange; pale yellow slip, orange-brownpaint with added white. Foliate band on neck, diagonal patternon shoulder.C.V.2 488. buffslip, orange to brown paint. Foliate Pink-buff; 464 band. S.I. 2, C.V.i 483,486.

BEAKED JUG, SMALL (FIG. 4.28)

A smallbeaked jug is also present,546 but onlya fewsherdscould be assigned.467 has the usual neck ridgeand 465 the usual flatbase. The lattercarriesthe common LM II versionof reed patternwhile the formerhas foliateband round the base of the neck reminiscentof LM IB vases. 468 has foliate band simplifiedinto separatedropletsand 466 has an unusual barreddiagonal pattern. Buff;whitishslip, black paint. D. base 3.5. Reed. 465 S.I.i 1595. Popham 19700, pl. 33d bottomrow. Burnt;black paint. Barred diagonal pattern.C.V.i 466 483.

Buff;white-buff 467 slip, brown-orangepaint. Foliate band roundneck base. S.I.5 1601. Popham 19700, pl. 35c top row,second fromright. Buff;pale brownpaint. Foliate band. S.I.9 1614. 468

STIRRUP JAR (FIG. 4.29)

The shape can be the low three-handledpalatial LM IB type47 1,547a medium-sizedtypebetween thelow and tall types548 or the talltype469-470, 472 ofwhich472 is coarse ware and 469-470 fine ware. 469 is decoratedwithoctopus set againsta backgroundof scale pattern.Althoughnow in the AshmoleanMuseum, thereare stillsherdsbelongingto it in the Stratigraphical Museum (plate 7 a). 470 belongs to a large vessel, such as thatfromthe Royal Villa,549to which in its extantpart it is almosta twin.Both vases have framedbarredhandles,rockpatternon the spout,thaton the Royal Villa vase antithetic, and shoulderdecorationconsistingofa reservedrosettein a circlein rockpattern; the Royal Villa vase has a broad band on the shoulderframedby narrowreservedbands and, as far as can be seen at the point where the decorationis presentbelow the handle, 470 seems to be the 543MUM pl. 60b. 544Similar to a Sub-LM IA vase fromNirou: Xanthoudides 1922, 17, fig. 14 bottomrow left. 545Alexiou 1967, pl. 3d. 546See MUM 169 (called miniaturejug), pl. 59j-k, m-n for

examples. 547MUM 64a-c. 548MUM pl. pl. 64d-e. 549 Popham 19700, pl. 9b.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

1

476

âfî^^^

477

Fig.4.29. LM II pottery: 469-472 stirrup jar,473 askos,474 ringvase,475-477 closedshape.Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

117

same.470 has dotrosetteon thefalsemouth;thedecorationon thefalsemouthoftheRoyalVilla vaseis notvisible.The mainmotifon 470 mayhavebeenthesameas thetricurved scalepattern with fill on the Villa vase.550 The Villa vase has two handles instead of three, papyrus Royal Royal only butnotenoughof470 is extantto knowifithad twoor threehandles.The crosson thefalsemouth 472 is also typical.551 471 decoratedwithscalepattern reachingto thelowerbodyis probablya low but an to the it is assignation stirrup jar, bridge-spouted jug cannotbe ruledout.The paintsuggests LM II ratherthanLM IB. AMO 1910.184. One handle and base not extant. 469 Grey fireddeep orange; buffslip, orange-brownto black paint.D. max. 26, D. falsemouth4.9, D. spout 6.5, H. ex. 28.5. Octopus Type Β withfillof scale pattern.S.I.2, S.I.7, C.V.i. PMll.ii fig.298; Niemeier1985, pl. 23 bottomright. Plate 7 a. 470 Purple-buffwith brown grits; buffslip, lustrous orange-brownpaint. D. false mouth 6.9. Rock patternon

shoulderwithreservedrosettein centre.S.I.i 1595, C.V.i 483, 486. Buff;black to brown paint. D. base 8, H. ex. 7.8. 471 Scale pattern.S.I.5 1602, S.I.9 1614, C.V.2 490. False mouthpierced in centre.Buffwithgrits;black 472 to brownpaint. D. falsemouth 9.2. Cross on false mouth, tracesof painton neck. S.I.8 1612.

ASKO S (FIG. 4.29)

fromthebase oftheneckacrossthebody.It is decoratedwith 473 probablyhad a handleextending reedon thetop,irischainon the sidesand iriscrosson thebase. The reed has disintegrated into blobs. separate

Buff;black paint. D. spout 2, D. max. 3, H. 4.9. 473 Reed on shoulder,iris chain on sides, iris cross on base. C.V.2 489. RING VASE (FIG. 4.29)

Furumark listsno examplesearlierthanLH IHC in theMycenaeanrepertoire.552 However,thereis a monochrome LM IIIA2 vesselfromEpiskopiHierapetra553 and anotherLM IIIA2 examplefrom Armenoi554 decoratedwithverticalbarsand havinga handleacrosstheringat rightanglesto the also decoratedwithverticalbars,is almostcomplete, butthereis no traceofa handle.It spout.474, is assignedto thisphasefromitsfabric, butitmaybe LM IIIA2. Buff;orange paint. D. max. 9.1. Verticalbars. S.I.i 474 1595· CLOSED

SHAPE (FIG. 4.29)

475 mightbelongto a largehole-mouthed jar,thetworingsatthetopofthesherdpossiblybeingthe of the horizontal handle since the handlesaregenerally sethighon theshoulder, butthe edge rings, for the stub is not on the sherd. LM a LM IB date cannot be thickening present Although probably II, ruledoutforthispiece. 476 couldcome froma beakedjug or a stirrup The decoration of jar. 477 itbelongsto a pyxis,buttheincurving suggests upperbodydoes notfitthatshape. 475 Deep buff;orange-brownpaint.Leaves. S.I.8 1612, C.V.i 483. Buffwithsmall grits;red-brownpaint.Spirals.S.I. 2 476 1596. Popham 19700, pl. 36c top left. CUP, SPOUTED

Bufffiredorange; buffslip, black to shaded-brown 477 paint. Net patternwithdot fill.S.I.5, S.I.7?, C.V.i, C.V.2 491. Popham 19700, pl. 35e bottomrow.

(FIG. 4.30)

Notmanysherdscouldbe assignedto thisshape.The bodyis roundedwitha flatbase and a long, everted vTvxvvu Miv handleχα iiuiiuiv, is strap. χ describesthe UCOVilUtO U1C isULSO Ulli the LUC UllCAUlUlCU Mansion555 IVldlxOxUxx rim;the nui) sharply k/ii«,i^4y oixci^s. Popham υ^/ΐΐαχίΐ cups11from Unexplored as havinga spoutpulledout at rightanglesto thehandleand a rimdiameterof 14-15 cm.556 The roundhandleof480 is a continuation fromLM IB. Floralmotifs arewellrepresented 478-482. The interiors oftheUnexploredMansionvasesaregenerally but481, 483 are linear. monochrome,557 150Niemeier 1985, fig.41.9 (LM II). m MUM ph. 98a bottomright,10 id left. 152Furumark 1941, 617, FS 196. 153Kanta 1 980, pl. 6 1. 1o.

«« Kretano. 141. 555MUM 160-1. 556MUM 50, i57a-b. ™ MUM pls. 161.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.30. LM II pottery:478-483 spoutedcup, 484-486 half-mooncup, 487 cup/bowlwithincurvingrim, 488 handlelessstemmedcup, 489-493 ogival cup, 494-496 cup/bowl.Scale 1:3.

478 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 14. Crocus, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. 479 Buff; black to brown paint. Floral spray, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. 480 Buff;red-brown paint.D. rim 14. Papyruswith flowerfill,monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1602. Popham 197ου,pl. 35e thirdrowleft.

481 Bufffiredpale orange;creamslip,orangepaint.D. rim13,D. base 4, H. 8. Alternating floralsprays.S.I.9. 482 Buff;black to brownpaint.Reed, ?bull rushes, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. buffslip,orangepaint.D. rim14. Wavy 483 Pink-buff; line.S.I.4/9,S.I.5 1602.

HALF-MOON CUP (FIG.4.30)

These cups have been dipped to give half-moonson interiorand exterior484-486. The shape is that ofthe spoutedcup, but it is smallerand shallowerand has no spout.Popham notesthatthereis much varietyin the shape, whichmay have a round or straphandle.558 MUM 162 (calledblob cups),pl. 160.2-3.

THE LATE MINO AN POTTERY Buff;brown to black paint. D. rim 11. Half-moon. 484 S.I. 10 1616. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. rim 12. Half-moon. 485

119

C.V.2 488. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. base c. 4. Half-moon. 486 C.V.2 488.

cup/bowl with incurving rim (fig.4.30) 487 couldbelongto a cup similarto an examplefromtheUnexploredMansion,whichhas thesame rim.559 incurving 487 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim13. Festoonwith fillofarcs,monochrome interior. S.I.7 1607. HANDLELESS

STEMMED

CUP (FIG. 4.30)

488 decoratedwithivycouldbelongto thisshape,whichhas a roundedbowlwithtallevertedlip and shortsolidstemwithdiscoidbase.560 488 Orange; whitishslip, orange-brownpaint. D. rim 13. Ivy leaves. Wace and Biegen 1619. HANDLELESS

OGIVAL CUP (FIG. 4.30)

The shape is the same as thatof LM IB, but the rimis moreeverted.561 These cups are always decoratedwithreedpattern. describes the interior as decorated witha band on the Popham generally in and a solid circle the base but have a monochrome interior. The decoration 491-492,562 490, 493 lip of489 is rendered as a surface but the reeds are similar to those on a from the pattern, cup Unexplored Mansion563 and on thebeakedjug 453. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 11. Reed. S.I.7 489 1607. Buff;whitishslip,mattbrownpaint.D. rim10. Reed, 490 monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595. Popham 19700, pl. 33d top row. 491 Orange; whiteslip, mattorange paint. D. base 3.4.

Reed, solid circlein base. S.I.8 1612. Buff;mattbrown paint,black on interior.D. base 492 3.4. Reed, solid circlein base. S.I.8 1612. Buff; orange-brown paint. D. base 3.3. Reed, 493 monochromeinterior.Wace and Biegen 1619.

cup/bowl (fig.4.30) The following piecescannotbe assignedto a definite open shape.494 and 496 come froma small is thin walled and interior. deepglobularshape.494 very 495 comes badlymade;ithas an unpainted froma smallsemi-globular LM the decoration is II-IIIAi. vessel; 494 Buff;brownpaint.D. rim8.6. Diagonalpattern. C.V.2 488. brownpaint.D. base c.4. Papyrus, 495 Greenish; fugitive BOWL WITH HORIZONTAL

HANDLES

monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. buffslip,shaded-brown 496 Pink-buff; paint.D. base 4. Foliateband.S.I.1 1595.

(FIG. 4.3 1)

The shape has a deep globularbowl withflator flatraisedbase, longevertedrimand tworound handlesjustbelowtherim.The rimdiameterof 17-18 cm is largerthanthatof oppositehorizontal thegoblet.564 The bowl is generallydecoratedwithcircumcurrent such as iris502, often motifs, framedby a wavyline497·565Surfacemotifs, suchas reed504, stipple500 and scale,oftenwithfill as wellas facialmotifs 499, 508-510, are also used,566 including lily50 1.567497 has double-axeon thelinksof thespirals,a forerunner of theLM IIIAi versionwhereit is reducedto blobs.568 The interior is generally linearwitha band on therimand a circlein theinterior base.569 Pophamnotes thatthereare generallythreebands on the lowerbody 497; 500 is unusualin havinga fineline group. 559MUM 161 notesthatitis the onlyexample,pl. 51b. 560MUM 162 pls. 151.7-9, 156.10. 561 59d-i. 562MUMpl MUM 162. 563 59h. 564MUMpl MUM 164-5.

565MUM pi 52b-d. 566 567MUMpl 52f,53b. 568MUMpl 52e. Popham1970a,fig.14.94-5. 569MUM 164.

P. A. MOUNTJOY brownpaint.D. 497 Orange-buff; greenish slip,fugitive rim17.1, H. ex. 9.2. Runningspiralwithdouble-axeon link.S.I.5, C.V.i 483. blackpaint.Quirk.S.I.9 498 Buff; greenish slip,fugitive 1614. blackto brownpaint.D. rim21, 499 Greenish;fugitive H. ex. 5.5. Scale patternwithcrossfill.S.I.i 1595, S.I.2 1597,S.I.5 1602. blacktoorangepaint.D. max.22. Stipple.S.I.2 500 Buff, 1597,S.I.5, S.I.9 1614. buffslip,blackpaint.D. rim 19. Lily. 501 Pink-buff; Waceand Biegen1618. PM IV.ifig.301q. 502 Orange;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. rim20. Iris.Waceand Biegen1619.

503 Buff;wornbrownpaint.?Barrediris.C.V.2 489. blackpaint.D. rim17. Reed. C.V.i 483. 504 Buff; 505 Buff;yellow-buff slip,blackpaint.D. rim18. Semicircleswithretorted spiral.S.I.5 1602. Popham19700,pl. 35c secondrow. 506 Buff;blackpaint.Festoonswitharc.C.V.2 489. 507 Buff;brown-orange paint.Festoonswitharc. S.I.5 1595. Popham1970a,pl. 35d secondrowright. 508 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim18. Scale pattern belowquirk.C.V.i 483. 509 Buff;pale yellowslip,blackpaint.D. rim18. Scale withblob fill.S.I.7 1606. pattern 510 Pinkish;buffslip,orange-brown paint.D. rim21. withfillofisolatedspiral.C.V.2 488. Scale pattern

Fig. 4.31. LM II pottery:497-510 bowl withhorizontalhandles,511 cylindricalcup. Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY CYLINDRICAL

12 1

CUP (FIG. 4.31)

vesseldecoratedwithfestoons and arcs;ithas scribbledecorationon theinterior. 511 is a miniature

Miniature.Buff;orange paint. D. rim 6.4, D. base 511 4, H. 4.7. Festoonswitharcs. S.I.2 1596. GOBLET (FIGS. 4.32-4.34)

The shapehas a deep roundedbowlwithstraphandlesand longevertedrim;thestemis shortand slimwitha highconcavebase,whichis generally hollowed,thehollowcontinuing up thestemalmost tothebase ofthebowl530, 533-534, 539~54<>.The rimdiameter variesfrom9-16 cmgivingriseto a largeand a smallsize.550 has a verysmallrimdiameter as itis bentoutofshape.552 has a large diameter as therimis pushedoutbythehandle(leftsideofsherd).The Ephyraeantypehas a single motifsetin thecentreofeach side.The rimofthistypemaybe unpainted513, banded524, have the diagonalfoliatedroplets 514, vertical 532 orwavepattern 528; thebase is monochrome, droplets stemunpainted,the handlebarred.The normalgoblethas circumcurrent with bands decoration, belowthehandles,on thelowerbodyand perhapson thestem580;570therimis generally banded and thebase monochrome, but some rimshave dropletson theinterior 544-545, 547 and some havedecoration roundtheexterior ofbothtypescanbe bandedormonochrome.571 542, 562. Interiors thatin theUnexploredMansionLM II material thegobletwas muchmorepopular Pophamnotes572 thanthecup; thesameis trueoftheSouthHouse. Apartfromoctopus519, argonaut 520, lily513, rosette 518 andgroupspiral524-525, Ephyraean motifs includefloralarrangements 514 and largetrefoils 521-522 on largegoblets;thesmallsizehas simplermotifs, especiallyiriscross531-534, but rosette536-537 and lily530 appear.The most unusualoftheSouthHouse Ephyraean hasbeenfullypublished goblets,512 decoratedwitha helmet, The motifis veryrare on Minoan pottery;it is otherwiseknownon a jar from by Popham.573 Katsamba574 and ajar fromtheSouthFront.575 516 haspapyrusas partofa groupspiral,similarto an and 521 theedge of examplefromtheUnexploredMansion.576 529 has thebase of a largetrefoil has a withblob fill, one,bothsimilarto a vase fromtheUnexploredMansion.577 522 largetrefoil similarto an examplefromKnossos.578 The circumcurrent witha widerrangeofmotifs. Floralmotifs gobletsaredecorated 541-551 include floralspray541, papyrus542, volutes546, flyingivy 547-549 and reed 550-551; othermotifs includeargonaut554-555, thelattersetagainsta dottedfield,tricurved rockpattern557, running and surface such as net chevrons and coils and scalepattern 560 spirals patterns, 567, 570 572-579. The small551 withreedpatternmaybe an ogivalcup,buttheblobbedrimis typicalofthegoblet notthecup. The rimband of 552 riseson theleftside of the sherdto accommodatethehandle. Theremaybe scale patternor semi-circles pendentfromtherimband on 558; rowsof quirkmay also be used 563. 567 has theedge ofthedecoration by thehandleat thetopleftofthesherd.It is notcertainthatthetwopieces572 belongto thesamepot.The large556 is a copyofa Mycenaean LH IIB form;579 itdoes notappearto be an import. The pendentrockpattern goblet,a characteristic of decoration at the bottom of the sherd be the line often found on the edge may wavy Mycenaean versionor an antithetically Chemicalanalysisassigns535 to a Knossian placedrowofrockpattern. provenance.580 UllllllUl

','J

Uli

V/kUlllLTlV

llUlll

XVLIV/OOUO·

(fig.4.32) Ephyraean Large

SMP 2064. Buff;orangepaint.H. ex. 11.4. Helmet. 512 S.I.5, Wace and Biegen 1618, 1619. Popham 1978, 17981· Buff;dark brown to black paint. D. rim 15. Lily. 513 S.I.2 1596, C.V.2 488. Popham 19700, pl. 35a bottomrow. Buff; maroon paint. D. rim 15. Papyrus, 514

monochromeinterior.Wace and Biegen 1619. Buff; black paint. Papyrus as filling motif, 515 monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Pink-buff withgrits;buffslip, orange-brownpaint. 516 Wace Papyrusas partofgroupspiral,monochromeinterior. and Biegen 1618.

570See MUM forcomplete examples. 571See MUM pi 149.4-5fora selection of goblets. 54-8 ph. 572MUM 165. 573 Popham 1978, 179-81. The paint on the interiorlower body shown by Popham is now no longer visible. 574Alexiou 1967, pls. 18-19. 55 Popham 1978, pl. 22b.

577 150.5. 578MUMpl Hood 1956, 69, fig. 1.1. 579 580MDPiig. 53.2-4. Mountjoy and Ponting 2000, 163, table 1 no. 131. It is dated to LM IB (ibid. 159) on the criterionof the motif,but the interiorbanding is unusual fora LM IB vase; it could, however, be thatof the Ephyraean goblet, so I have reassigned it here.

576 MUMpl 150.1.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.32. LM II pottery:512-540 Ephyraeangoblet.Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY D. rim 16. 517 Buff;maroonpaint,blackon interior. ?Palm.C.V.i 483. 518 Buff;orange-brown paint.Rosette,monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1618. 519 Buff;blackpaint.D. rim 16. Octopus.Wace and Biegen1618. C.V.2 488. 520 Buff;blackpaint.Argonaut. 521 Buff;black to brownpaint.Trefoilwitharc fill, monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1618. 522 Buff;black paint.Trefoil,monochromeinterior. Waceand Biegen1618. white-buff 523 Buff; slip,brown-orange paint.?Shieldwith dot fill.S.I.5 1602. Popham19700,pl. 35b bottomrow.

Small

530 HM 7748. Corenotvisible,buffslip,orangebrown to blackpaint.D. rim11.3,D. base 5.8, H. 10.3. Lily.PM IV.ifig.302c. 531 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim10.6. Iriscross, blobson rim.Waceand Biegen1619. 532 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim10.6. Iriscross, foliatebandon rim.Waceand Biegen1619. 533 Buff;blackpaint.D. base 5.4. Iriscross.Waceand Biegen1619. brownpaint.D. base 5. Iriscross, 534 Palebuff;fugitive monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1618.

Circumcurrent (figs.4. 3 3-4. 34)

buffslip,shaded-brown to orangepaint, 541 Pink-buff; blackon interior. D. rim 16. Floralspray,monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. 542 Buff;pale yellowslip, orange-brown paint,redbrownon interior. Papyrus.C.V.i 483. buffslip,orange-brown 543 Pink-buff; paint,orangeon interior. D. rim18. Papyruswithflowerfill,monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. thickwhiteslip,fugitive 544 Orange-buff; orange-brown rim.S.I.5 1602. paint.D. rim15.Flower,dasheson interior thickwhiteslip,orange-brown 545 Orange-buff; paint. D. rim17. Flowerwithsemi-circles, dasheson interior rim. S.I.5 1602. Popham19700,pl. 35b secondrowright. blackpaint.D. rim17. Volutes.S.I.5 546 Buff;fugitive 1602.

547 Buff;whiteslip,red-brown paint.D. rim16. Flying rim.S.I.7 1607. ivy,dasheson interior 548 Buff;pale yellowslip,maroonpaint.D. rim 18. interior. Waceand Biegen1619. Flyingivy,monochrome Popham19700,pl. 35e secondrow. 549 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim16. Foliateband pendentfromrimband,flying ivybelow.C.V.2 490. 550 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim11. Reed. Wace and Biegen1619. buffslip,orange-brown 551 Pink-buff; paint.D. rim9. interior. Waceand Biegen1619. Reed,monochrome 552 Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. rim19. Rosettewith urchinfill.S.I.5 1602. Popham19700,pl. 35e thirdrow. surfacewithwhiteslip, brown553 Sand; pink-buff orangepaint.D. rim9. Multiplestem,dasheson interior rim.S.I.9 1614. 554 Buff;blackto brownpaint.Argonaut. S.I.9 1614. 555 Buff;thickwhiteslip,mattpale red-brown paint. Argonautwithdot fillbelow scale pattern.S.I.5 1602. Popham19700,pl. 35b thirdrow. 556 Orange;buffslip,brown-orange paint.D. rim21. Rockpattern with?edgeofwavylinebelowit.S.I.2 1596, S.I.5 1601, 1602, S.I.9 1614. Popham 19700, pl. 35a bottomleft,pl. 35e fourth rowright. 557 Buff;shaded-brownto black paint. D. rim 13. Tricurved rockpattern, monochrome interior. Wace and Biegen1618.

524 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim15. Groupspiral withrosettecentres. S.I.8 1612. 525 Greyfiredorange-brown; deep buffslip,orangebrownpaint.Groupspiral.Waceand Biegen1618. 526 Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. rim 15. Arcs.Wace and Biegen1618. 527 Pink-buff; pale yellowslip,maroonpaint.D. rim motif. Waceand Biegen1618. 24. Barredfilling 528 Buff;shaded-brown paint.D. rim18. Barredfilling monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1618. motif, 529 Buff;black paint. Edge of trefoil,monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1618.

535 Buff;orange-brownpaint. Cross. C.V.i 483. Mountjoyand Ponting2000, 159 no. 131. 536 Buff;black to brownpaint.D. rim 10. Rosette, monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1619,C.V.i 485. shaded-brown 537 Deep buff; paint.Rosette.S.I.8 1612. buff 538 Palebuff; slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim10.4. Foliatebandon rim.Waceand Biegen1618. 539 Buff;orange-brown paint. D. base 5.7. Linear, monochrome interior. Waceand Biegen1618. 540 Buff;red-brown paint.D. base 5.4. Linear.C.V.2 488. semi558 Sand;brown-orange paint.D. rim8.4.Joining rim.S.I.9 1614. circles,dasheson interior 559 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Flyingivy,monochrome interior. S.I.8 1612. 560 Buff; orange-brown paint.D. rim17. Running spiral. C.V.i 483. 561 Buff;whitish slip,shaded-brown paint.D. rim16. Retorted spiralwithurchinfill.S.I.8 1612. 562 Buff;whitish slip,brownpaint.D. rim19. Running spiralbelowquirk.S.I.7 1606. 563 Buff;whitish slip,brown-orange paint.D. rim13. Rowsofquirk,monochrome interior. S.I.5 1602. Popham 19700,pl. 35e secondrow. 564 Deep pink;buffslip,orange-brown paint.Quirk. C.V.i 486,C.V.249i. 565 Buff;shaded-brown paint.Wavylines.C.V.2 490. 566 Buff; orange-brown paint.Zonesofwavylines.S.I.7 1607. buff 567 Orange-buff; slip,browntoorange-brown paint. D. rim16. Net.S.I.7 1606. monochrome interior. 568 Buff;blackpaint.Chevrons, S.I.9 1614. 569 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim13. Chevrons. Waceand Biegen1619. 570 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim20, H. ex. 10. Chevronswithcoils.S.I.2. PMYVAfig.301p. 571 Buff;brown paint. D. rim 13. Foliate band, monochrome interior. C.V.i 487. Popham19700,pl. 35b fourth row. scale 572 Buff; orange-brown paint.D. rim16. Tricurved witharcs.S.I.2 1596, 1597. pattern 573 Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim 14. Tricurved scale patternwitharcs,monochrome interior. Wace and Biegen1619. scale 574 Buff; brown-orange paint.D. rim16. Tricurved withirisfill,monochrome interior. pattern S.I.9 1615. blacktobrownpaint.D. rim18. Scalepattern 575 Buff; withblobsabove,monochrome interior. C.V.i 487. Popham 19700,pl. 35e thirdrow. 576 Pale orange;buffslip,blackto brownpaint.D. rim withblobsabove.C.V.2 490. 15. Scale pattern

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.33. LM II pottery:541-572 goblet Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY Buff; orange-brown paint. D. rim 14. Double577 outlinedscale patternwith iris fill,monochromeinterior. Wace and Biegen 1619. Whitish;green-whiteslip, sepia paint. D. rim 17. 578 Double-outlinedscale pattern.S.I.7 1607.

125

Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Pendent scale pattern, 579 S.I.9 1614. Sand; ginger-buff 580 slip,black to brownpaint.Linear. S.I.g 1613.

BOWL (FIG. 4.34)

itcouldbe a bowl 581 seemsto belongto a broadshallowbowl.It has an unusually largediameter; withhorizontal has a linearinterior. Thereis a parallelto thesolid handles,butthatshapenormally trefoil fillbetweenitsspiralson a gobletfromtheUnexploredMansion.581 Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim26. Retortedspiral, 581 monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612.

IN AND OUT BOWL (FIG. 4.34)

decoration has been reducedto a band 582-583 arethefinalexamplesofa LM I form.The interior on therimand wavepattern roundthebase. 582 has twohorizontal handles;no handleis preserved on 583.

SMP 9740. Buff;darkbrownto orange-brown 582 paint. D. rim 14.7, D. base 4.4, H. 7.2. Papyruson exterior,wave patternon interior.S.I. 2, S.I.5, S.I.g. Popham 1967, 342, fig.3.2.

Buff;blackto brownpaint.D. rim 14. Chevron,edge 583 of wave patternon interior,wave patternon rim. Wace and Biegen 1619.

LID (FIG. 4.34)

Thereare threetypes. Type1 Thistypehas shortstraight sidesand a flat585 or slightly concave584 top.584-585 are decorated on thetopand sides,and 584 also on theinterior. The topmaybe perforated in thecentre582 or have a handleacrossit?83Thistypeoflid was in use in LM IB on largecylindrical jars.584 Buff;brownto black paint.D. rim 18, H. 2.8. Quirk 584 and stacked zigzag on top, foliate band round sides, concentriccircleson interior.S.I.5 1601. Buff;brown-redpaint. D. rim 17.5. Wavy line on 585

top, rockpatternon sides. S.I.7 1605. 586 Orange; buffslip, red-brownpaint. Crocus on top. S.I.2 1596.

2 Type Thisis a continuation ofa LM I typewitha flatbase and shortsides.587 is a largelid whichwould havecloseda cylindrical ontoa ledgeon theinterior ofthejar belowtherim, jar.It wouldhavefitted theslightribon thesideslotting intothejar; itwouldhavehad a horizontal handleacrossthecentre. A LM IB examplewhichwouldfitontoa smallcylindrical 406. jar is illustrated 587 Purplewithred grits;whiteslip,orange-brown paint. D. rimc. 38. Barredsemi-circles on top,monochromesides. C.V. 2 490.

3 Type Thisis a straight-sided bowlwithliplessrim,carinated bodyand tallconcavetop,whichis sometimes andinteriors aremonochrome orbanded.588 hasbeenpublished pierced.Decorationis circumcurrent as LM IIIA, butthenredatedto LM II.585Pophamhas pointedout thatifthistypeis indeeda lid thenthedecoration wouldbe upside-down, butcan see no otheruse fortheshape.586 Thereis a close )81MUM pi 149.4. 182 Popham 19700, pl. yc-f. 183MUM pi 101c. m e.g. Catling et al. 1979, 49, fig. 35.234, a Sub-LM IA lid

withhorizontalside handles. ** MUM 173 n. 1 18. see MUM 1?3

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.4.34. LM II pottery: 573-580 goblet,581 bowl,582-583 in and outbowl,584-591 lid, 592-593 unpainted goblet,594-595 firebox,596-597 LateMattPaintedware.Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

similarto while591 has festoons of590 fromtheUnexploredMansion,587 parallelto thedecoration thoseon anothervase fromthatsite.588 slip, 588 SMP 2047. Basepierced.Corenotvisible,buff to blackpaint.D. rim11.4-8,D. base 4.7, orange-brown interior. monochrome H. 8.2-4.Zigzagwithirisfill, Popham 19700,102,fig.8.13,pl. îod. 589 SMP 2048. Core notvisible,greenish slip,fugitive blackpaint.D. rim14.1, H. ex. 6. Zigzag,monochrome

interior. C.V.i 483. 590 Buff;fugitivedark brown paint. D. rim 14. C.V.2 491. interior. volutes,monochrome Alternating blackpaint.D. rim11. 591 Buff;greenish slip,fugitive S.I.i 1595. interior. Festoonson rim,monochrome

Unpainted GOBLET (FIG. 4.34)

fromrimto witha flaring The shapeis deep semi-globular rim,twolargeear-likehandlesextending lowerbody,shortthinstemand concavebase withconcavityextending up thestemalmostto the base ofthebowl 592-593. Thereare closeparallelsfromtheUnexploredMansion.589 Onlyhalfof handles. two have had one or it is extant; 592 may Bufffireddeep pink; buffslip, standard.D. rim 9. 592 S.I.3 1598.

593

Deep buff,standard.D. base 5.8. S.I.3 1598.

FIRE BOX (FIG. 4.34)

at therims,theupper 594 belongsto Georgiou'sTypeIA.590It consistsoftwosaucersjoinedtogether witha largecentralhole in the lid and thelowerone beingperforated a dome-shaped one forming base surrounded by one 594 or morerowsofholesin thesides.Atthejointofthetwosaucersa rim is attachedwhichflaresoutwardand upward,594 withbroadflatlip. Georgiounotesthattherim diametervariesfromc. 8-29 cm; 594 is a largeexample.The closed dome of thejoined saucers was putintothearea betweentherimand thedome usuallyprojectsabove therim594. A substance ofthesaucers.Thereare usuallytracesof burningroundtheholes and insidethedome 594. It is possiblethatincensewas burntThereis a LM II parallelto 594 fromtheUnexploredMansion.591 belowtherimor at thejointoftherim The flangeis attached 595 is Georgiou'sType3 withflange.592 to reston anotherobjectsuchas a tripodsupportor pan. and capsule.It projectsdownwards smoothed.D. rim29, H. 8.6. 594 Buffwithinclusions, Interior burnton sides.C.V.i 486. Plate 7 b-c.

595 Buff with grits; brown paint. D. base 12. Monochrome. S.I.9 1615.

LATE MATT PAINTED WARE (fig.4.34) 596-597 come fromimportedvessels.The warehas been definedby LH IIB-IIIAi depositsfrom It is also presentin thePhaseVHb destruction wellson thesouthslopeoftheAcropolisat Athens.593 in thewaremayhavebeen common theAthensdeposits, at Kea.594 Irini, Although very deposits Ag. on Aigina. manufactured thevertical bandsflanking 596 couldbelongto an amphora,hydriaorjug,buttherisingdecorative It seemsto be wheelmadeand smoothedon handlesuggestan amphorais probablyrepresented.595 theinterior. itbelongsto a hydria.596 597 depictsa verticalpanel,whichsuggests 596 Stub of verticalhandle.Buff;mattorange-brown panelwithfillofwavyline.S.I.5 1601. paint.Horizontal 587MUM 59a. 588MUM pl. pl. 59b.

589MUM pl. 160.15-16. 590 1986,4-5. Georgiou 591MUM pl. 162.4. 592 Georgiou1986,4-5 and pl. 4.

597 Greenish;mattblackpaint.Verticalpanelwithfill ofwavyline.C.V.i 486. 593 1981,passim. 594Mountjoy Cummerand Schofield1984,46. 595See Mountjoy1981, fig.11.105 wi*ha similarstreamer below thehandle.See also fig.30.395-6 and fig.32b forthe decoration. panel 596 Mountjoy1981,fig.11.103andfig·32b forthedecoration.

128

P. A. MOUNTJOY

LATE MINOAN IIIA1 of whichthemostrelevantto this A numberof stratified groupscan be assignedto thisphase,597 to thesecan be added and from settlement burials;599 deposits598 studyare thosefromKnossosfrom LM the to attention drawn have Warrenand Hankey TombΒ at Katsamba.600 problemofseparating to the destruction has dated at Knossos.601 ΠΙΑ ι fromLM IIIA2 in termsofthedestruction Popham of the most that out but thisdateis upheldbyWarrenand Hankey,603 theypoint LM IIIA2 early;602 is LM IIIAi, especiallythatfromtheRoyalVilla.Justone or two materialillustrated by Popham604 debrisfromthe the destruction LM IIIA1-IIIA2, in particular groupsof materialare Transitional was still Much LM IIIAi pottery by Popham.605 republished Passageof theDemon Seals,recently thatthe LM IIIA2 stylehad onlyjust begunto aroundat the timeof the destruction, suggesting circulate. Closedshapeswhich and omissions. thatofLM II withinnovations The corpusofshapescontinues beaked and tall continueincludethepiriform alabastron, jug, tallstirrup trough-spouted pyxis, jar, a spout) without rounded the are and and conical (but strainer; cup open shapes pegtoprhyton jar, and thehandlelessogivalcup.The largejar is presentbutrare.Shapesno longerextantaretheholemouthed handles;theoval-mouthed jug and thebowlwithhorizontal jar,largeLM II bridge-spouted use. However,thebiggest out of have also collar-necked four-handled and gone jar may amphora the its and of the is the kylix,a shapewitha tallerstem by replacement goblet change disappearance and a shallowerbowl.Othernewshapesincludetheamphoroidkrater, feedingbottle,flask,conical are The last two conical carinated and shallow krater, shapes copiedfromtheMycenaean cup. cup ofthisphase.No sherdsfrom feature a definitive a now has rounded The ledgerim, cup repertoire. theSouthHouse can be assignedto thekylix;Pophamnotesthatitmightbe rarein thisphase,being replacedby theunpaintedversion.606 ones. An Decorationis tectonicwithmassedzones of abstractmotifsand veryfewnaturalistic The vessels. double and tall alabastra on flowers and of birds is the pyxides, portrayal exception Iris motif.607 on each variations are there but motifs is not of festoons, zigzag, many large, corpus all arcsandlinkedstemmed concentric scalepattern, tricurved spiralsarethemainmotifs, alternating roundthebasesof motifs Therearenowoftenseveralzonesofdifferent ornament. withvariedfilling motifbeingfoliateband,now renderedas long themostprevalent necksinsteadofa singlezone,608 to rowsof verticalblobs and Reed patternhas degenerated thindropletsset veryclose together. Interiors thestamens. to a semi-circular with to a reduced most often are flowers fringe represent calyx new shallow the rim a below sometimes or ofopenshapesaregenerally band; monochrome, stippled often are of closed Handles has a linearinterior. barred; jars, shapes,especiallystirrup cup generally maynowhavea but,in contrast, jar shoulders cup handlesareno longerbarredbutoutlined.Stirrup The half-moon continuous cup seemsto havegone loop enclosingthebasesofhandlesand necks.609 outoffashion. at Knossosis similarto thatofLM II, i.e. buff The mostfrequent claycolourofLM IIIAi pottery blackpaint. withfugitive or greenish PIRIFORM JAR (FIG. 4.35)

*.~w».~~. Kanta «λ· notes.610 as *»*·*.* wiv of 'jm. the »viaiwu a uiiiiui smallversion is xu u. AΆ. large IVUtO ofpiriform 'J± VJXLÍXKJLL1.Í iar.1 are two aid IWU There illClC types largeJHt) jar,*«"** XM15V XfAL·^**, type '.J γ/Κ, jai· tall withthreeverticalhandleson theshoulderand a relatively It maybe conicalor conical-piriform neckwithflatrim;thebase is discoid.The decorativezone reachesto thelowerbelly,oftenwitha A smallerconical-piriform in eachpanel.611 motif different typehas threeverticalshoulderhandles,a tall neckwithbroad rimand a discoidbase.612Theremay be two decorativezones.613 598-601 the fabricof but IIIAi LH a 601 are on The curve-stemmed to the smaller motif, spirals type. belong 601 lookslocal. The long evertedrimof 598 suggestsa date earlyin LM IIIAi; the edge of the

597See ABAC 83-4 foran overview. 598MUM 13, 152, 181-2; Warren 1983, 66, 69. 599 Isopata Ts II, III, IV: TDA 14-20, 27-31; Sellopoulo T.4: et
W7See Popham 19700, figs.11-15 formotifs,whichare mostl) LM IIIAi as opposed to LM IIIA2, and MUM pl. 171. 608 Compare LM II (MUMpl 152.1, 3) withLM IIIAi {TDj 6o)· fig·'-"-'/· "6* 609See MUMpl. 1 16 forshapes and decoration. 610Kanta 1980, 276. 6U Karpathos: Charitonides 1962, pl. 17a, c, e. 612Benzi 1992, pl. 32aT.i9-6. 613Knossos: ΡΓ/Γ27, fig. 23. See Mountjoy 19950, 24, fig.4c fora drawing.

THE LATE MINO AN POTTERY

12g

handle band pendentfromthe neck can be seen on the rightof the sherd.600 seems to have had a singledecorativezone, but 599 has two zones. Buff;brown-orangepaint. D. rim 11. Foliate band. 598 S.I.7 1605. Bufffired orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. 599 Runningspiral.C.V. 2 491.

AMPHOROID

600 Buff;dark and lightbrown paint. Curve-stemmed spiralwithfillof triangle.S.I.8 1609. 601 Bufffired orange; pink-buffslip, orange paint. Curve-stemmedspiral.C.V. 2 491.

KRATER (FIG. 4.35)

The shape was introducedin thisphase.614The body is conical witha tall collar neck witha ridgeat the joint with the shoulder,two opposite wide strap handles fromrim to shoulder and a discoid base.615602 has festoonsroundthe shoulderbelow a zone of quirk.There would probablyhave been anotherzone of decorationbelow the festoons;the handle is barredand is framedby a loop pendent fromthe neck ridge. Buffwithsmall red grits;brownto red-brownpaint. 602 Festoonswithpendentarcs and irisfill.S.I? Popham 19700, pl. 36a bottomleft.Plate 7 d.

603 Deep buffwithbrown grits;cream slip, mattredbrownpaint. Foliateband below neck. S.I.9 1613.

PYXIS (FIG. 4.35)

The shape, which is similarto that of the LM II version,consistsof a cylinderwith a shortflat shoulderand shortcollar neck. Popham notes a preferenceforbirds on this shape 604.616605 has large concentricarcs,each witha fatouterarc. There is a parallel to thisdecorationon a LM IIIAi stirrup jar fromKalami Chanion617and on an earlyLM IIIA2 stirrup jar fromKnossos.618The interior of 605 is rough. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. base 16. Bird. C.V.i 604 483. Popham 19700, fig.14.96, Crouwel and Morris1995, 158 no 11. BRIDGE-SPOUTED

605 Deep buff; orange-brown paint. Alternating concentricarcs. C.V.i 486.

JUG (FIG. 4.35)

606 is a small example of a bridge-spouted jug. There would have been a verticalhandle oppositethe spout. The shape is close to thatof the LM II collar-neckedhole-mouthedjar, but 606 cannot be classed as a hole-mouthedjar as thereare no side handles.The largeLM II bridge-spouted seems jug to have died out.619 606 Buff;black paint.D. rim7, D. max. 9, H. ex. 5. Iris zigzag. S.I.5, S.I.9. Popham 197ου, pl. 35e bottomright. BEAKED JUG (FIG. 4.35)

The shape is a continuationof thatof LM II, but it is more piriformand may be narrower;the base is now flatsplayingand the strap handle generallyoval and no longer metallic.620 Decoration may reachbelow the belly (Isopata) or stop at the handle base (Royal Villa). The WarriorGrave vase has open grounddecoration.Both Isopata and the WarriorGrave vases have a solid tongue below the spout extendingdown the neck. The decoration round the base of the neck is now much more elaboratewithseveralzones of motifsabove the main decoration607. A long thinversionof foliate

Ζ bee c°phD^ni^7' 34£' PLno. 84arfora KMDPKarpathos 3 completeexample.

197°fl> 77;BetanCOUrt ^βδ, %· 120. Ζ £°ΡίΤ Izedakis1969ο,365, fig.1.

flg·14 tOpleft" 6,9Î^V9?7*1,!^' VeSSel Publishedby Popham τ J IIIA2 rr^f to LM II. See above 442 is LM 442. It corresponds closelyin decoration to a LM II vase froma Warrior Grave:Hood and de

J°nS ^52, 263, fig.9.I.4; and also to a LM II vase exportedto Ialysos:Benzi1992,pl. 158a T.37.2.

**> SeeIsopata. TDAfig6oandpopham 19?8> pl 25Cforshm

Grave:Hood conical-piriform examples;AyiosIoannisWarrior and deJ°nS 2952,266, fig.10.II.1 fora plumppiriform vessel; and Royal Villa: Popham 1970e, fig.3.7 fora plumpconical version.Fora LM IIIAi date (or even LM II) fortheIsopata vasessee ABAC83.

Ρ. Α. MOUNTJOY

ο

band set close togetheris a favouritemotifforthiszonal decoration607, 609, 611. 608 depictsreed patternreduced to verticalrows of blobs. 610 has tricurvedscale patternbelow two zones of filling motifsat the top of the shouldercomprisingfoliateband roundthe base of the neck and irisbelow it. 607 also has reed reduced to blobs withthreezones of decorationround the top of the shoulder. Buff;orange-brownpaint.D. max. 17.7, H. ex. 8.5. 607 Zones ofquirk,foliateband and iriszigzag roundneckbase withreed below. S.I. 2. Popham 19700, pl. 36a top left,pl. 36d top right. 608 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. max. 22, H. ex. 9.8. Reed. S.I.2. Popham 19700, pl. 36a centre left,pl. 36c bottomleft. Buff;orange-brownpaint. Running spiral below 609

foliateband round neck base. C.V.i 483. 610 Buffwithsmallred grits;creamyslip,black to brown Zone of foliateband and of iriszigzag round base of paint. neck above scale pattern.S.I.5, S.I.7, C.V.i, C.V.2 490. Plate 7 e. 611 Pink-buff;pale yellow slip, brown-orangepaint, Foliateband round neck base below quirk.S.I. 7 1605.

STIRRUP JAR (FIG. 4.35)

The shape is piriformwithrelativelytall false neck and spout and two stirruphandles; the base is and Decoration on the shouldercan be simpleor elaborate;622 handles are oftenbarred623 splaying.621 neck and handles may have a loop round them.624 There is surfacedecorationextendingfromthe shoulderdown to the lower body.625The South House stirrup illustratedhere 612-614 jar fragments have the same fabricas that of the flask615 with grey interiorand matt paint; since they have horizontalwheel marksnotverticalones,theycannotcome fromflasks.613 has verysimilardecoration to thaton anothervase fromKnossos.626The decorationof 612 is on the shoulder. 612 Purple fired orange; buff slip, grey surface on interior,orange paint. Papyrus.Wace and Biegen 1618. 613 Grey firedorange; whitishslip, purple surfaceon interior,black to brownpaint.Tricurvedscale patternwith

bivalve fill.C.V.i 483. 614 Greyfiredpurple;pale yellowslip,pale brownpaint. Foliate band withedge of festoonsand arcs. C.V.i 483.

FLASK (FIG. 4.35)

Popham noted thatthe flaskwas a new shape in thisphase,627but subsequentlya LM II example was The shape consistsof two bowls clapped togetherand set vertically published fromRethymnon.628 withtwo oval stirruphandles flankingthe neck and extendingdown to thejoint of the bowls; it has a tall narrowneck with flatrim,sometimeswith a ridgejust below it629and a raised concave base. Decorationis facialconsistingof huge floralmotifs615630or an abstractcentralmotifsurroundedby foliateband;631thereis wave patternpendentfromthe rimonto the neck.The fewSouth House flask mostofwhichare small scraps,have a greycore firedpurpleor orange and a greyinterior fragments, the surface; paint is matt,the slip oftenpale yellow or white. 615 Greyfiredorange-buff; yellow slip,greysurfaceon interior,brown-orangepaint. Papyrus with foliateband. C.V.2 491.

RHYTON, CONICAL (FIG. 4.35)

The shape continuesunchangedfromLM II withconical body withrolled rimand high-swungstrap handle attachedfromthe interiorof the lip to the upper body. There may be a ridgebelow the rim, but 616 is ribbed.632617 is decoratedwiththe curvedstripestypicalof thisshape. It seems to be the lower part of a vase published by Popham,633but I have not been able to locate the vessel in the Museum. Stratigraphical 621 Popham 622 Popham 623 Popham 624 Popham 625 Popham 626 Popham 627 Popham

1967, pl. 85f. 19700, pl. ge-f. 1970a, pl. gî. 19700, pl. 9e. 19700, pl. gd-e. 19700, pl. gf. 1967, 345.

628Tzedakis 1971, 363-4. 629Tzedakis 1971, pls. 62-3. 630Tzedakis 6S0 1971, pl. 62. 631Tzedakis 6S1 1971, pl. 63. 632For a complete example see: Hood et al, 1959, pl. 54c. 633 6S3 Popham 19700, pl. 48a leftH.I.i 785-6.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig. 4.35. LM IIIAi pottery:598-601 piriform jar, 603 amphoroidkrater,604-605 pyxis, 606 bridge-spouted jug, 607-609, 611 beaked jug, 612-614 stirrup jar, 615 flask, 616-617 conical rhyton,618 ?fishrhyton.Scale 1:3. 616 617

Buff;blackpaint.Foliateband.S.I.7 1606. to blackpaint. Deep pink;buffslip,orange-brown

RHYTON, ?FISH (FIG.4.35)

Curvedstripes. C.V.i 484.

618 has a roughinterior withirregular wheelmarkswhichhavebeen smoothed.The diameter is too narrowforthepiece to be setvertically as a mug.The band flanking thescaleis curvednotstraight

P. A. MOUNTJOY

a possibleshapewitha narrowdiameter. thatthesherddoesnotcomefroma conicalrhyton, suggesting fish.634 a is represented, It maybe thata wheelmadefigure perhaps 618 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. Scale patternwith ?spiraladjacent. C.V. 2 488.

KRATER (FIG. 4.36)

bowl withfatroundedrim Thereare no parallelsfortheshapeof 619. It has a deep semi-globular in this withridgebelowand twohorizontal handlesinsteadoftheverticalhandlesfoundon kraters LM II has outlined but a alabastron outlined Nor are there to the decoration of volutes, phase. parallels It is possiblethat619 is LM II, but,as kraters seemto first fatwavylines.635 appearin LM III, ithas seemedbetterto assignit here.The papyrusfilling motifcan date to LM II or LM III. The piece It is noteastCretan,norfromthe seemsto be an importto Knossos,butitsprovenanceis uncertain. I can alsofindno parallelsfor620. It seemsto Mochlosarea,norfromcentralCreteortheMesara.636 handles,sinceitdoes nothave thelongevertedrim belongto a krater, possiblywithtwohorizontal whichusuallygoeswithverticalstraphandles.The double-outlined is unusual,sincethe scalepattern motifis normallytricurved,637 butthereare LM II examplesfromtheSouthHouse 421, 577 and thereis anotherexamplefromKnossos,638 ithasextrafilling motifs. Thereareno Mycenaean although for this version of the motif until LH Furumark does notlistit.640 620 is IIIC;639indeed, parallels datedto thisphasefromitsshape.Bothvesselswouldprobablyhave had a pedestalbase. 619 Purplywithblack and whitegritsfiredbuff;greenishbuffsurfacewithwhitishgrits,roughinterior,fugitiveblack paint. D. rim 32. Volutes with papyrus fill. S.I.i 1595,

C.V.i 485,486. 620 Orange; buffslip,orange-brownpaint.D. rimc. 30. Scale pattern.C.V. 2 490.

Fig. 4.36. LM IIIAi pottery:619-620 krater.Scale 1:3.

634For a later fish rhytonfromTiryns see: Guggisberg 1996, pl. 9.152.

635mum 174., pls. 66a-b, 154.2. The large size of the alabastron,its flatformand decorationhave suggestedto thatitis a local Cretandevelopment. Popham 636 I thank the following scholars for their opinions on the sherd: T. A. MacGillivray (east Crete); P. Betancourt,T. Brocan

(Mochlos area); E. Banou, A. Kanta (centralCrete and Mesara). E. Banou suggeststhe papyrus fill is borderline LM IIIA1-A2 or even LM IIIA2.

637 638Popham197ου,fig.13.53-6. 19700,fig.15.114. 639Popham ÄMDPElisno. 63.

640Furumark 1941, fig.70 FM 70.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTE:

cup (figs.4·37"4·38) to thatofLM II; itis semi-globular shallowin comparison The standardLM IIIAi cup is relatively rimand severalnarrowbandson band on the witha ledgerim,flatbase and straphandle.Thereis a or oftenstippledbelowa areusuallymonochrome, zone 621; interiors thebellybelowthedecorative roundthe stippled627; handleshave a band downeach edge continuing lip band 649, or entirely The whitish base 639; thebase is bandedwithnarrowbandsaboveit.641 clayand slipof656 suggest a Chaniotprovenance. A widerangeofmotifsis used on thisshape,mostofthemabstract. 621-622 are rareexamples are represented withbirds,onlytheeye beingpreservedon 622. Floralmotifs by volutes623-624, reed626, palm625 and flowers 627-634; ofthelatter630-631 arelinkedbythecalyxoftheflower in thesamewaythatothermotifs innercurves644, 647, are framedby a wavylinewiththickened 653. The wavyline withthickenedinnercurveis a featureof LM II and LM IIIAi. 632 has a in thatthe flowersare linkedby stemmedvolutes,in the same way as the different arrangement concentric arcsare linkedon 646. Festoons636, generally withfillofconcentric arcs637-639, are as also concentric arcs iris and Other motifsinclude 641-642 alternating popular, zigzag650-654. with blobs on the net stacked with concentric 648, running spiral tangent644, spirals645, zigzag arcs655, foliateband 657-661 and tricurved scale664. 635 seemsto be a transitional LM II-IIIAi whichis a LM II motif,642 butitslipband and stippledinterior are typicalof piece;ithas dotrosette, LM IIIAi. Moreover,therimis notquitetheledgeofLM IIIAi, butitis shortforLM II. 645, 653, insteadoftheusualmonochrome one. 656 have an unpaintedinterior has the LM II rounded with but has thetypicalLM everted rim, theinterior 665 long deep shape IIIAi bandingon therimwithstipplebelow.It seemstobe a transitional It has beenillustrated piece. as LM IIIAi.643666 has thesameLM IIIAi interior rim but the is knobbed notledged decoration, and theexterior decorationis framedby a narrowband belowthelip band.Boththesefeatures are thoseof LM IIIA2 examples,forexample724, 728. 666 seemsto be a transitional LM IIIA1-2 piece. 621 Buff; dark brown paint. D. rim 15. Bird, monochromeinterior. S.I.8 1612, C.V.i. Crouweland Morris1995, 158 no. 13; Popham19700,fig.14.97. 622 Buff;blackpaint.Bird,monochrome interior. S.I.5 623 Orange;buffsjip,orangetoorange-brown paint.D. rim14. Alternating interior. volutes,monochrome S.I.5 1602.Popham19700,pl. 33d toprow,pl. 36fbottomleft. volutes, 624 Buff; orange-brown paint.Alternating stipple interior. S.I.7 1606. Popham19700,pl. 36fbottomrow. 625 Pink;buffslip,blackto orangepaint.D. rim 13. interior. C.V.i 486. Palm,monochrome shaded-brown toblackpaint.D. rim14. Reed, 626 Buff; monochrome interior. S.I.i 1595. 627 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim22, sherdbent. S.I.2 1597.Popham19700,pl. 36c Flower,stippleinterior. thirdrow. 628 Ginger-buff; orangepaint.D. rim c. 20. Flower, monochrome interior. S.I.9 1613. 629 Buff;orangeto brownpaint.D. rim 15. Flower, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. 630 Buff;brownpaint.Flowerwithwavyline below, monochrome interior. S.I.9 1613. 631 Buff;orange-brown paint.Flower,monochrome interior withsomestipple.Waceand Biegen1618. brownpaint.D. rim18. 632 Buff;greenish slip,fugitive interior. Flower,monochrome S.I.7 1606. 633 Buff; pale yellowslip,browntoorange-brown paint. interior. Flower,monochrome S.I.7 1606. 634 Buff;darkbrownto blackpaint.D. rim16. Floral interior. spray,monochrome S.I.7 1606. D. rim17. 635 Buff;orangepaint,brownon interior.

Dot rosette, C.V.i 483. stippleinterior. 636 Orange;buff slip,orangepaint.D. rim18.Festoons, monochrome interior. S.I.i 1595. Popham19700,pl. 33d toprow,pl. 36fbottomrow. 637 Buff;whitish slip,brown-orange paint.D. rim14. Festoonswitharcs,monochromeinterior. S.I. 10 1616. Popham19700,pl. 36fcentrerow. 638 Buff;brown-orange paint.D. rim18. Festoonswith S.I.10 1616. Popham19700,pl. 36f arcs,stippleinterior. centrerow. 639 Buff;orange-brown paint.Festoons,monochrome interior. C.V.i 486. 640 Rimbentout of shape.Buff;orange-brown paint. Festoonswithwavyline,stippleinterior. Waceand Biegen 1618. 641 Buff; orange-brownpaint. Concentric arcs, monochrome interior. S.I.7 1605. 642 Buff;pale yellowslip,orange-brown paint.D. rim 13. Concentricarcs, monochromeinteriorwithsome stipple.C.V.i 486. on rightside of sherd.Buff; 643 Handle attachment shaded-brown Concentric arcs, paint,orangeon interior. S.I.7 1606. stippleon interior. 644 Buff;orangepaint.D. rim15. Wavyline framing monochrome interior. running spiralwithblob on tangent, S.I.7 1606. Popham19700,pl. 36e toprow. 645 Buff; orange-brown paint.Running spiral.Waceand Biegen1619. 646 Orange;orange-brown paint.D. rim16. Stemmed interior. C.V.i 483. spiralwitharcs,monochrome on interior. 647 Buff;shaded-brown paint,red-brown Framedarcs,monochrome interior. S.I.7 1607.

641 172.1-6. 642MUMpl In the Mycenaean repertoirethis version of the motifis classed as LH IIIAi Furumark1941, fig.53 FM 27.14.

643 Popham 19700, fig. 15.105. The drawing is back to front and has been so used by Niemeier 1985, fig. 16.33 and Betancourt1985, fig.ngB.

1602.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 4.37. LM IIIAi pottery:621-658 cup. Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 16. Net pattern, 648 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. 649 Grey firedbuff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 13. Chevrons,stippleinterior.C.V.i 483. Buff;black paint. D. rim c 13. Iris zigzag, stipple 650 interior.C.V.i 483. Buff;brown paint, orange on interior.Iris zigzag, 651 monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 19. Iris zigzag, 652 monochromeon top of stippleinterior.S.I. 7 1606. Popham 1970a, pl. 36f top row centre. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 18. Wavy line 653 framingiriszigzag. C.V.i 483. Buff;brown-orangepaint.D. rim17. Iriszigzagwith 654 solid triangles,monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1602. Popham 197ου, pl. 35e bottomleft. Buff;pale yellow slip,darkbrownpaint.D. rim 16. 655 Stackedzigzag withfillof arcs,stippleinterior.S.I. 7 1606. 656 White; pale cream slip, brown paint. Bivalve with fillof arcs. S.I.7 1606. Chaniot. Buff;black to brownpaint.D. rim 16. Foliateband/ 657 monochrome interior.S.I.2 1597. ripple,

HANDLELESS

Buff; black paint. D. rim 13. Foliate band, 658 monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Buff;black to brownpaint. Foliate band withblobs 659 above, monochromeinterior.C.V. 1 486. 660 Buff;pale brown paint. D. rim c. 18. Foliate band withirisabove, monochromeinterior.C.V. 1 486. 661 Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 14. Foliate band/ iris above main decoration,monochrome interior.C.V.i 486. 662 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. D. rim 14. Curved stripes,monochromeinterior.Wace and Biegen 1619. Pink-buff; 663 orange-brownpaint.Tricurvedarch with bivalve fill,stippleinterior.C.V.i 486. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 16, H. ex. 7.6. 664 Tricurved scale pattern, monochrome interior. S.I. 5. Popham 197ου, pl. 35c second row left. Buff;orange-brown 665 paint.D. rim13. Papyrus,stipple interior.S.I. Wace and Biegen 1618. Popham 19700, pl. 35e bottomrow. 666 Deep buff;buffslip, red-brownpaint. D. rim 14. Tricurvedscale pattern,stippleinterior.C.V.i 486.

OGIVAL CUP (FIG. 4.38)

on thebasisof theUnexploredMansiondepositsthatthisshape has died outby Pophamsuggests LM IIIA1.644However,the reed patternof 667-668 corresponds to the LM IIIAi version;their shapeis too smallto be thatof theusualLM IIIAi cup or theshallowcup; nor do theyhave the linearinterior oftheshallowcup 671-674; ithas,therefore, seemedbestto classthemas ogivalcups. A similar vesseldecoratedwithreedshasbeenpublishedfroma LM IIÍAi buildingat Chamalevri.645 Buff;whiteslip,mattblack paint. D. rim 10. Reed, 667 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605.

668 Buff; dark brown paint. D. base 3.4. Reed, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 486.

SHALLOW CUP WITH CONICAL LOWER BODY (FIG. 4.38)

ThesecupsareTypeB, as definedbyPopham,646 withthesidesnarrowing above thebase givingrise to a slightly conicallowerbody.Theyare theequivalentoftheMycenaeanFS 219 and FS 220,647 a shallowsemi-globular cup withstraphandleand raisedconcavebase, whichmay have a groove roundtheinterior 669 or be sunken.The Minoancup has a ledgedor knobbedriminsteadofthe Mycenaeanevertedrim.The curve-stemmed spiral669 is a Mycenaeanmotifdatingto LH IIIAiIIIA2 early,thedategivenbyPophamtotheintroduction ofthisshapeintotheMinoanrepertoire.648 These cupshave a linearinterior insteadoftheusualmonochrome one of LM IIIAi open shapes. 670 has foliateband. Buff;orange paint. D. rim 11.3-4, D. base 3.5, H. 669 4.3. Curve-stemmedspiral.C.V.2 490. Popham 19700, fig. 8.9. SHALLOW CUP WITH ROUNDED

670 Deep buff;orange paintwithmotifin black. D. rim 9. Foliateband. C.V.2 491.

LOWER BODY (FIG. 4.38)

Thiscup is TypeC in Popham'sdefinition;649 theshapeis thesameas TypeB, butthelowerbodyis morerounded.650 The irischain673 couldbe LM II, butthe 671 has a ringbase withsunkeninterior. bowlshapeand rimare LM IIIAi. The rimsof672, 674 are shortevertednotledged,butthereare no LM Ilshapes as shallowas thisLM IIIAi shape,so it has seemedbetterto assignthemto this phase.674 maywell have had a zonal decorationbelow theline of blob foliateband.651 672 has 644MUM 181. 645Andreadaki-Vlasaki 1997, 114, fig. 7; 117, fig. 11 ΧΑΜ 93/4. The catalogue entrynotes thatthe handle is missing,but, as an ogival cup, this fragmentwould not have had a handle. 646 Popham 19700, 69 and fig.8.6-9, l8·

647MDP figs.72, 100. 648 19700, 69. 649Popham 19700, 69 and fig.4.3-5. 650Popham See also Hood et al. 1959, 239, fig. 26. 651For instance Popham 19700, fig. 12.3 with volutes.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

36

curtailed The motif is presenton otherexamplesfromKnossos.652 running spiral,a Mycenaeanmotif. It is LM IIIA1-IIIA2 early. Buff;orange-brownpaint. D. rim 12, D. base 3.4, 671 H. 3. Runningspiral.C.V.2 491. Buff; shaded-brown to black paint. D. rim 11. 672 Curtailedrunningspiral.H. Li 786. CARINATED CUP FS

230

673 Orange; buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Iris chain. C.V.2 489. Pink-buff ; buffslip,orange-brown 674 paint.D. rim12.4. Foliateband. C.V.2 489.

(FIG. 4.38)

Thisis a Mycenaeanshape653 whichfirstappearsin LH IIIA1.654The body is conicalwithflaring rim and carination The Mycenaeanversion lipless just above theringbase; thehandleis strap.655 doesnothavea monochrome interior.656 The papyrusflower is a LM IIIAi 675 typeand thesmooth buffinterior is also typical.657 a curve-stemmed 676 depicts Mycenaean spiral. buffslip,brown-orangepaint.D. rim 10. Pink-buff; 675 Papyrus.S.I.7 1606. Buff;orangepaint.D. rim9. Curve-stemmedspiral, 676

monochromeinterior.C.V.2 490. Buff; orange-brown paint. Edge of spiral, 677 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 484.

CONICAL CARINATED CUP (FIG. 4.38)

678 is a conicalshapewithshortflaring upperbodywithevertedlip. I can findno parallelsofthis datefortheshape,butthereis a closeparallelto thedecorationon a LM IIIAi beakedjug froma Warrior Graveat Knossos.658 678 483.

Buff;orange-brown paint.D. rim 11. Papyrus.C.V. 1

BOWL WITH LUG HANDLES

(FIG. 4.38)

679 is a deep roundedbowl closingto an evertedlip; thereare oppositedouble lug handlesjust belowtherim;thebase wouldhavebeenbroadand flatas thatoftheunpaintedexample682. There areLM IIIAi parallelsto themultiple and on wavylineswithpointedcrestson ajar fromIsopata659 a stirrup jar fromZapherPapoura.660 Buff;brown-orangepaint. D. rim 18. Wavy line, 679 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605.

Unpainted (fig.4.38) CONICAL CUP

The conicalcup continues intoLM ΠΙΑ. In LM IIIAi ithas straight sidesand is quitewide outflaring and rathershallow.661 680 seemsto be theonlyexampleofthisphasefromtheSouthHouse. 680 Pink-buff, rough,smoothed. D. rim 11.3, D. base 4.5, H. 5-5.3. C.V.i 486.

652 Popham 19700, fig.8.7,18. 653Furumark 1941, 624, FS 230. 654MDP 64, FS 230. 655See Popham 19700, 70 and fig. 8.4-5 for discussion and complete examples. 656MDP fig. 74. 657I thank P. Warrenforthisinformation.

658Hood and de Jong 1952, 266, fig. 10.II.1. See ibid. 248 for the LM IIIAi date. 659Niemeier 1985, pl. 4 bottomrightand fig.37.18. 660 ΡΤΚη^ fig.83. 661See Popham 19700, fig. 7.10-11 and MacGillivray 1997, 197, fig. ic forparallels.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

t

■■» 680

Fig. 4.38. LM IIIAi pottery:659-666 cup, 667-668 ogival cup, 669-674 shallowcup, 675-677 carinatedcup, 678 conical carinatedcup, 679 bowl withlug handles; unpainted:680 conical cup, 681 rounded cup, 682 bowl withtwo horizontalhandles.Scale 1:3.

P.A.MOUNTJOY ROUNDED CUP

681 is a typicalexample of the LM III plain rounded cup. It is semi-globularwithan incurvingrim whichis burnt,suggestingit was used as a lamp. There is a good parallelfromPalaikastro,wherethe shape was a new featurein PK XIV.662 681 Rimburnt.Buffwithsmallgrits, rough.D. rim9.6, D. base 3.2-4, H. 6.4-6. S.I.10 1616. BOWL

WITH

TWO HORIZONTAL

HANDLES

AND LUG ON RIM

The shape of 682 is similarto thatof the bowl 679, but insteadof two lug handles on the sidesjust below the rim,thereare two round horizontalhandles in thispositionand two opposite lugs on the rim.682 is coarse ware. A LM II tripodpot fromthe Unexplored Mansion663has a similarprofile withtwo oppositehandles sethighon thebody,but enoughof 682 is presentto show thattherewere no tripodfeet.Its shortknobbed rimsuggestsa LM HIAi date ratherthan LM II. 682

Greywitha fewgritsfiredpink.D. rim16,D. base

11.5, H. 10.2-3. S. 1.8 1612.

LATE MINOAN

IIIA2

Museum Extensionprovide Once moredepositsfromtheUnexploredMansion and theStratigraphical include and also thebest stratigraphy at Knossos forthisphase. Warren Hankey Zapher Papoura T.76 and Katsamba T.Theta (both close to LM IIIAi in date) and T. Eta among usefuldeposits.664 Most shapes continuefromLM IIIAi. Closed shapes include the piriform jar, amphoroidkrater, tall alabastron,pyxis,beaked jug, feedingbottle,tall stirrup jar, flask,conical and pegtop rhytonand strainer;open ones are the conical kraterand the rounded and shallow cup. Popham notes a single jug fromthe Unexplored Mansion.665New shapes include unpainted example of the trough-spouted with than those of LM IIIAi666 and the pedestalled cup.667A LM IIIA2 sherd taller stems kylikes 696 has been assignedto the pedestalledkrater,a shape forwhichthereis no real parallelbeforeLM IIIB. However, a Minoan export to Enkomi, dated by Furumarkto LM IIIB,668 actuallyhas LM does providea parallel.Two LM IIIAi pieces IIIA2 decorationand, ifit dates to thisphase, therefore decorated also to this The 619-620 may belong cup no longerhas a ledged rim,but a lipless shape. rimwhich may be straightor inturning;the shape is thickerwalled and large. A tall versionof the latersquat LM IIIB mug withlong troughspout seems to have been introducednow. Decoration is similarto that of LM IIIAi.669 It comprisesmostlyabstractmotifs,but birds and floralmotifsappear, as well as the octopus. Popham notes an increase in the use of spiralsand the Linked stemmedspirals may still touch each introductionof the antitheticpendent semi-circle.670 Iris isolated but have now become some other, spirals.671 zigzag is stillin vogue, but now oftenhas a bivalve also appears in chains.673 bivalve fillat the corners;672 Festoons,whichwere so popular in LM In arcshave become exceedinglypopular. concentric seem to have almost contrast IIIAi, disappeared. Foliateband is also muchused, both as a main motifand as a fillingmotifroundneckbases. Tricurved scale patternis stillpresent,but seems to be less popular. The multiplezones of fillingmotifround neck bases so favouredin LM IIIAi have now shrunkback to a singlezone. Other motifsinclude volutes,horizontalchevrons,quirk,curvedstripesand zigzag. The clay of LM IIIA2 potteryat Knossos is most oftenbuffwitha buffslip and shaded-brownor orange-brownpaint; monochromeinteriorsare oftenmaroon.

662 MacGillivray 1997, 197, fig. 2a. 663 MUMpl 162.10. 664See ABAC 84-8 foran overview. 665MUMi 84, pl. 114c left. 666 MUMpls. i2id, 175.15. 667 MUMpl 176.10-11, 13-14.

668FS 303: Furumark1992, pl. 166. 669See MUM pls. 173-4 f<>rΛβ motifs. 670MUM 182, pl. 174.37-8. 671 Compare MUM pl. 173.30-2 withpl. 173.33. 672 MUMpl 173.5. 673 MUMpl 17313-14·

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

139

PIRIFORM JAR (FIG. 4.39)

and thehandleplacedjustbelow The band ofpaintreachingto thebase oftheneckon theinterior thenecksuggest683 is a piriform jar jar. The handlestubshouldbe thetop of a verticalpiriform widefora handle,as itis too closeto thebase oftheneckto be a jug handle.The neckis also rather It is oftheringwhichencirclesthehandlecan be seen.674 jug. Belowthehandlestubthebeginning date to LM IIIAi. that the small neat flowers possible 683

1614.

Buff;cream slip, orange-brownpaint. Flower.S.I.g

pyxis (fig.4.39) is present684. The shapeis similarto thatofLM IIIAi. The edgeofthedecoration 684 Deep buffwith small whitegrits;orange paint. D. base 18. Alternatingpendent and uprighttriangles.C.V.i 485. BEAKED JUG (FIG. 4.39)

The shapeis plumppiriform witha ringat thebase oftheneck,a wide oval handleand a discoid withflower. base.675 are decorated 685-687 Pophamnotesthatfloraldecorationis notcommonin of685 dateto LM IIIAi, butthedecorationat thisphase;676 itis possiblethatthesmalltidyflowers thebase oftheneckof685 consistsofonlya singlezone,insteadofthemultiplezonesusualin LM a thedecorative zone is framed IIIAi; moreover, by a narrowband above and twobelowsuggesting LM IIIA2 date;theloop joiningthebase ofthehandleto theneckcan be seen on therightofthe sherd.Concentric arcs,a commonmotifin thisphase,are depicted688-690. Buff;darkbrownpaint.Flower,edge ofhandle ring 685 on right.C.V.i 483. 686 Buff;darkbrownpaint Flower.C.V. 2 491. Buff;orange-brownpaint. Flower.S.I.9 1614. 687

688 Buff;red-brownpaint. Concentricarcs. S.I.7 1606. Buff;pale cream slip,brownpaint. Concentricarcs. 689 S.I.g 1614. Buff;brownpaint. Concentricarcs. C.V.i 483. 690

FEEDING BOTTLE (FIG. 4.39)

the The widecollarneckwithknobbedrim691 shouldbelongto thisshape,sincethepegtoprhyton, but bottle necks are othercandidate,has a widerflator ledgerim.677 monochrome, Feeding usually therearedecoratedexamples.678 The framed neckdecoration 691 is similartothaton theshoulderof thebeakedjug 685. A LM IIIB versionof the decorationcan be seen on the neck of a pegtop rhyton.679 Buff; black to brown paint. D. rim 11. Curved 691 stripes. S.I. 7 1606.

STIRRUP

JAR (FIG. 4.39)

The base 692 belongsto thetallertypeof stirrup jar; it is notthetorusbase of theMycenaeanFS but the Minoan raised base.680 166, splaying 692

Buff;red-orangepaint. D. base 6.8. C.V.i 486.

671See foran example a LM IIIAi vase: ΡΤΚζη, fig. 23. 675See 10.21 foran example. Gourniapl. 676MUM 182. 677Tzedakis 19690, 397, fig. 1.

678 Hallager 1997, 15, fig. 1; Kanta 1980, fig.8.8. 679Betancourt 1985, pl. 30P. 680See Mountjoy 19950, 24, fig.4a fora LM IIIA2 example withprofiledrawing.

P.A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.4.39. LM IIIA2 pottery: bottle,692 stirrup 683 piriform jar,684 pyxis,685-690 beakedjug,691 feeding krater, 697-725 cup.Scale 1:3. 696 pedestalled 695 conicalkrater, jar,693-694 conicalrhyton,

THE LATE MINO AN POTTERY RHYTON, CONICAL

141

(FIG. 4.39)

thereis ofthatofLM IIIA1.681The octopus693 has ratherfattentacles; The shapeis a continuation to that on a arcs similar of concentric is with a chain decorated a parallelfromKoumasa.682 694 beakedjug fromGournia.683 693 Slightlyburnt.Buff;lustrousbrown-orangepaint. Octopus. S.I.5 1602. Popham 19700, pl. 35c! thirdrow,pl. 48b.

694

Buff;brownpaint.Bivalve chain. S.I.9 1614.

CONICAL KRATER (FIG. 4.39)

ifthedecorationof theLM IIIA2 shape 695 could come fromthelowerbody ofa conicalkrater, does not stopon the belly.The monochrome to the amphoroid interior precludesan assignation krater. Buff;darkbrownpaint.Verticalcurvedstripeswith 695 edge of lozenge (?), monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. PEDESTALLED

KRATER (FIG. 4.39)

The knobbedrimsuggests withtwohorizontal handles.Thistypeis 696 belongsto thetypeofkrater in the LH IIIA2 but it is that ring-based Mycenaeanrepertoire,684 696 had a pedestalfoot, possible sincea vase ofsimilarshapewitha low pedestalfootis publishedfromtheUnexploredMansion685 anda Minoankrater fromEnkomihas a pedestalfoot.The latteris datedbyFurumark to LM IIIB,686 butitsdecoration ofalternating concentric arcsis thatofLM IIIA2. As faras can be seenbehindthe theEnkomivase has thesamelip as 696. Thereseemto be no other string holdingtherimtogether, LM IIIA2 publishedparallelsforthisshape.The narrowband belowtherimband 696 suggestsa LM IIIA2 dateratherthanLM IIIB; thevase fromtheUnexploredMansionand theEnkomivase also have thenarrowband belowtherimband. 696 maydepicta festoonwithfill;itsinterior and thatofthetwoparallelsis monochrome. Buffwith grits;black to brown paint. D. rim 32. 696 interior.C.V. 2 488. Edge of decoration,rrionochrome

cup (figs.4.39-4.40) The shapeis nowlargeandstraight-sided witha liplessrim,generally butsometimes straight, incurving or sometimes the base is wide and flat and the handlestrap.The walls 713 slightly 702; out-flaring aregenerally thicker thanthoseofLM IIIAi cupsandtheledgerimofthatshapehas disappeared.687 Decorationusuallyconsistsof a mediumwidthrimband,oftenwitha narrowband below it 714, 728, severalnarrowbandsat thebase ofthedecorativezone,as in LM IIIAi, or a finelinegroup framedby broaderbands735, 738, or severalmediumbands728; thereis a band roundthebase and one or twonarrowbandsaboveit;thehandlehas a band downeach edgerunning intothebelly bands749; theinterior is generally but there are one or two linear monochrome, examples739, 757, while703, 707 have a traceofstipplepattern in themonochrome. Thereis usuallya verticalband thedecorative zone at eachsideofthehandle718 (701, 724, 752, 758 have theedgeofthis limiting all on the of band, right thesherdexcept752, whereitis on theleft).MostoftheSouthHouse cups havea relatively shallowdecorative zone 718, 732, butsomearemuchdeeper726. Thereis a range ofdecorative motifs. Floralpatterns arestillin vogue701-712; bivalveis usedto fillangles713-722; concentric arcsare exceedingly stems736-739; popular726-735; isolatedspiralsnow have shorter zigzagappearsin a tightversion,bothhorizontal 749 and vertical750, as wellas theusuallargetype nowwithbivalvefill751-756; quirk743, serpentine loop 745-746, curvedstripes758 and lozenge

681For a complete example see: Banou and Rethemiotakis !997> 36, fig. 143· 682Kanta 1980, fig.32.7-9. 683Gournia 10.21. 684FS 281. pl. See RMDP Argolid no. 209 for a LH IIIA2 example.

685MUM pl. 174.1. It is smaller, being a bowl ratherthan a krater,and has an everted rim. ™ FS 303: Furumark 1992, pl. 166. See RMDP Argolid no. 272 fora LH IIIB version. 687For typicalexamples, see: Warren 19970, 163, fig. 13; 164, fig. 14; 166, fig. 16.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

759-760 all appear. 722 has a straight splayingrimwhichmightbelong to a mug,but the mug is rare in thisphase so it has seemed betterto assign it to the cup. 731 has a small rim diameter,slightly evertedrim and globularbody; it mightbelong to a small stemmedbowl.688 Pale buff;buffslip,shaded-brownpaint. ?Birdwing, 697 monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 698 Orange; deep buffslip, orange-brownpaint. Bird, monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491. Buff;red-brownpaint.Volute,monochromeinterior. 699 S.I.7 1606. Buff;black to brown paint. D. rim 15. Rosette, 700 monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. Buff;orange-brown Flower, 701 paint,orangeon interior. monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605. Buff; black to brown paint. D. rim 15. Flower, 702 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. Buff; orange-brownpaint. Flower, monochrome 703 interiorwithslightstipple.S.I.9 1614. Buff;brown paint. Flower, monochrome interior. 704 C.V.i 483. 705 Orange; buff slip, orange paint. Flower, monochromeinterior.Wace and Biegen 1619. Buff; orange-brownpaint. Flower, monochrome 706 interior.S.I.7 1606. Popham 19700, pl. 36e bottomright 707 Beginningof handle attachmenton righthand side of sherd. Buff; shaded-brown paint, black on interior. Flower,monochromeinteriorwithtouchesof stipple.S.I.5 1602. Buff;orange paint. Flower, monochrome interior. 708 C.V.i 486. Buff;red-brownpaint.Flower,monochromeinterior. 709 S.I.9 1614. Buff; orange paint. Flower with fill of arcs, 710 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 486. Buff; orange-brownpaint. Flower, monochrome 711 interior.C.V.i 486. Buff; dark brown to black paint. ?Flower, 712 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 486. Pink; buffslip, orange paint. D. rim 17. Bivalve, 713 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605. 714 Orange; buff slip, red-orange paint. Bivalve, monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1605. Buff; dark brown paint. Cross with bivalve fill, 715 monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. Buff;black to dark brown paint. D. rim 16. Cross 716 withbivalve fill,monochromeinterior.S.I. 7 1606. 717 Pink-buff;orange paint. Bivalve, monochrome interior.C.V. 2 491. Buff; orange-brown paint. Bivalve chain, 718 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 486. Buff;orange-brownpaint. ?Bivalve, monochrome 719 interior.S.I.9 1614. 720 Deep buff;whitishslip, matt brown-redpaint. D. rim 16. Bivalve, monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. 721 Orange; buffslip, shaded-brownpaint, orange on interior.Bivalve,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 486. Buff;black to darkbrownpaint.D. rim 17. Bivalve, 722 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. 723 Orange; buff slip, maroon paint. Trefoil, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. semiBuff;brown-orange 724 paint.D. rim15. Antithetic circles with edge of handle band on left,monochrome interior.S.I.9 1614. 725 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. D. rim 12. Semicircles,monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614.

Buff;shaded-brownpaint, maroon on interior.D. 726 rim 14. Concentric arcs, monochrome interior. S.I. 7 1606. Buff;whitishslip, fugitivebrown paint, black on 727 interior.D. rim 20. Concentricarcs,monochromeinterior. C.V.i 485. Buff; shaded-brown paint. Concentric arcs, 728 monochromeinterior.S.I. 7 1606. Buff; shaded-brown paint, orange on interior. 729 Concentricarcs,monochromeinterior.S.I.8 1612. Buff;orange paint. Concentricarcs, monochrome 730 interior.C.V.i 485. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. rim 11. Concentric 731 arcs,monochromeinterior.H. Li 786. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. D. rim 20. Concentric 732 arcs,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491. Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim16. Concentricarcs 733 witharcs,monochromeinterior.S.I. 7 1606. Buff;black paint. D. rim 14. Concentricarcs with 734 arcs,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 484. Buff;shaded-brownto black paint. D. base c. 6. 735 Concentricarcs,monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606. 736 Orange; buffslip, orange paint. D. rim 17. Linked stemmedspiral,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Isolated stemmedspiral, 737 monochromeinterior.S.I. 7 1605. Buff;orange-brownpaint. Spiral. C.V.i 483. 738 Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Linked stemmedspiral. 739 C.V.i 483. Buff; orange paint. Isolated stemmed spirals, 740 monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Buff;brown to black paint, maroon on interior. 741 Stemmedspiral,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Buff;orange-brownpaint. Isolated stemmedspirals 742 withblobs above, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 743 Orange withwhite grits;cream slip, orange paint. Quirk,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491. Buff;shaded-brownpaint.D. rim15. Horizontalrow 744 of antitheticisolated spirals, monochrome interior.S.I.7 1606. Buff; red-brown paint. Serpentine loop, 745 monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 490. Buff;shaded-brownpaint, maroon on interior.D. 746 rim 16. Serpentineloop withdot fill,monochromeinterior. S.I.7 1606. Buff; dark brown to black paint. ?Chevrons, 747 monochromeinterior.S.I. 7 1606. Buff;fugitiveblack paint. D. rim 19. Chevron fill 748 withedge of main motif,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 488. Buff;maroon paint. Zigzag, monochromeinterior. 749 S.I.9 1614. buffslip,shaded-brownto black paint.D. Pink-buff; 750 rimc. 16. Panelledwithzigzag,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. Buff;orange paint. D. rim 15. Zigzag withbivalve 751 fill,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 486. Buff;shaded-brownto black paint.D. rim 14. Zigzag 752 withbivalve fill,edge of handle band on left,monochrome interior.S.I.7 1606. Buff;shaded-brownpaint. Zigzag withbivalve fill, 753 monochromeinterior.S.I.7 1606.

688See Warren19970,163, fig.13 topleftforan exampleofnormalsize.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

ŒLED

Fig. 4.40. LM IIIA2 pottery:726-763 cup. Scale 1:3.

P. A. MOUNTJOY red-brown 754 Buff; paint.D. rim16. Zigzagwithbivalve interior. fill,monochrome S.I.9 1614. 755 Orange;buffslip,orangepaint.Zigzagwithbivalve C.V.i 483. interior. fill,monochrome brown Buff; 756 paint.Stackedzigzagwithbivalvefill, Waceand Biegen1618. interior. monochrome shaded-brown Buff; 757 paint. Tricurvedarch with bivalvefill.S.I.7 1606. 758 Buff;orangepaint.D. rim16. Curvedstripeswith S.I.7 interior. monochrome edgeofhandleband on right, 1606.

on interior. 759 Buff;shaded-brown paint,red-brown interior. S.I.5 1602. Lozengewithtieon top,monochrome red-brown Lozenge 760 Buff; paint,maroonon interior. interior. monochrome withspiralstreamers, S.I.7 1606. 761 Buff;blackto brownpaint.Combs,monochrome interior. S.I.7 1606. 762 Buff;black to brownpaint.D. rim 14. Urchin, interior. monochrome S.I.9 1614. to maroonpaint.D. rim 14. shaded-brown Buff; 763 interior. Waceand Biegen1619. monochrome ?Motif,

bowl/shallow cup (fig.4.41) fromtheLM IIIAi cups 764 couldbelongto a bowl or shallowcup. If a cup,it is a development to theLM a thickened IIIAi and has LM It than the is rim,in contrast shape 671-674.689 deeper not a cup.It a small bowl in fact be IIIAi ledgedor evertedrim.The deeperbodysuggests 764 may has a linearinterior. 764

Buff;orangepaint.Flower.S.I.7 1606.

IN AND OUT BOWL (FIG.4.41)

is Chaniot.690 and exterior 765 decoratedon interior

765 Whiteclay; pinksurfacewithwhiteslip,shadedbrownpaint.Stems.C.V.i 487. BOWL (FIG.4.41)

but the fabric to date. The long evertedrimwould fitintothe LM II repertoire, 766 is difficult the Crete or from it should be an either from east Kos/Kalymnos/Miletos; decoration suggests import Anatolian thaneastCrete.In theeastAegean-west ofparallelwavylinesindicates thelatterarearather in LM in were interface lines IIIA2;691766 is,therefore, assignedto parallelwavy particularly vogue thisphase.The interior is unslippedand washed. 766 Brickwithgold and silvermica; buffslip,orange paint.D. rim18. Triplewavyline.C.V.2 488. MUG (FIG.4.41)

flaring upperbody,liplessrimand 767 can be restoredon paper.It is a largeexamplewithslightly ofconcentric longtroughspout;thehandlewouldhavebeenin thecentreoftheside.The decoration arcsis typicalofthisphase.In LM IIIAi a MycenaeantypeofmugFS 225 is presenton Cretewith a tall cylindrical body withmidriband a handleset in the centreof the side; thereis a zone of and notesthatit is decorationeach side of themidrib.692 Pophamlistsothersherdsof thistype693 oftheMycenaeantype.It has the fromtheLM HIB shape.694 distinct 767 seemstobe a development ofthattype,butthelongspoutand lackofmidribare similar tallshapeand twozonesofdecoration Thereis to theLM IIIB type,althoughit has notachievedtheshort,squareshape of thattype.695 anotherexamplefromKnossosdecoratedwithstylised palms.696 767 Spouted.Buff;orangeto blackpaint.D. rim14,D. arcs.C.V.i 483, 485, 486. base 11.5,H. 14. Concentric 689For a LM IIIA2 shallow cup fromSME see: Warren19970, 164, fig. 14 P196. 690I thankB. P. Hallager forthis information. 691See Mountjoy 1998, 39; 43, fig.4.2; 44, fig. 5. 692 19700, 70, pls. 10a, 48m. 693Popham Popham 1970a, pl. 29c! top centre, 15c! right,45e centre

rightand bottomrow. 694 Popham 19700, 77. 695For LM IIIB examples see: Tzedakis 19690, 398, fig. 6; 406, fig. 24. 696'yarren 19970, 167, fig. 18.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

Fig.4.41.LM IIIA2 pottery: 764bowl/shallow cup,765inandoutbowl,766bowl,767mug,768-772kylix, rim.Scale1:3. 773kalathos, 774bowlwitheverted kylix (fig.4.41) The LM IIIA2 kylixgenerally has a deep roundedbowlwitha lippedrim,697 twolargeear-likeoval handlesrisingabove therim,a relatively narrow stem and a domed base piercedup the long high stemalmostto thebase ofthebowl.698 A secondtypehas a shallowbowlwithstraight uppersides andconicallowerbody76g.6" Decorationis generally zonal769,700 butfacialdecoration also occurs, as 768 withpalmsand 770, whichhasthestemsofa floralgroupsimilartothoseon an examplefrom Knossos.701 768 has a verticalband (on therightof thesherd)to limitthedecorativezone by the handlein themannerofLM IIIA2 cups,butit cannotbe a cup as thecurvature ofthebowlis high the as is usual for the the has a much bowl. The base but up body kylix; cup 772 is typical, deeper is as it is not It be a but the monochrome stem would not, 771 pierced. may Mycenaeanimport, and thatshapehas a muchhigherdomedbase than belongto FS 256 in theMycenaeanrepertoire the base of to that of FS 771; 771 approximates 257, butthatshapehas a linearstem.702 768 Buff;orange-brownpaint. Palm, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483. brownpaint.Flower.S.I.7 1606. 769 Buff;fugitive 770 Buff;red-brown paint.Flowerstems,spiralround

topofstem.S.I.7 1606. 771 Buff;orange-brown paint.D. base 9.3. S.I.8 1612. 772 Deep buff;orange-brown paint.D. base 8.1. C.V.i 486.

697MUM 174.2. 698See pl. Hallager 1997, 28, figs.21-2 forcomplete vessels and 175.17 fora section of the base. MUMpl. 699 175.16. MUMpl 700MUM pl. 174.2 volutes, pl. 175.16 horizontal chevrons;

Hallager 1997, 28, figs.21-2 flowerchain. 701Warren 19970, 163, fig. 13 P386. See ibid. 180, fig. 36 P1932 foranother example of facial decoration. 702See RMDP Attica,fig. 194.184-8 FS 256 withhigh domed base and fig. 195.192-4 FS 257 with low base and linear stem.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

6 KALATHOS (FIG. 4.4 1)

forthe 773 comesfroma smalloval kalathoswithbaskethandleson thelongsides.The thickening handleis presenton theupperlefthand sideofthesherd.Thereis a good parallelto theshapefrom Iigortynowiththe same wide flatevertedrimwitha carinationon the bodyjust below it. The itdatesto LM IIIB, but773 has typical ligortynovase has twooppositetriplerollbaskethandles;703 LM IIIA2 decoration. It has a monochrome interior. 773 Buff;brown-orange paint.D. rim 14. Concentric interior. arcs,monochrome S.I.7 1606. BOWL

WITH

EVERTED

RIM

(FIG. 4.41)

butthesidessuggesta conicalshape,perhapsa chalice. 774 mightbelongto a kalathos,

774 Buff;orangepaint.D. rim 19. Concentricarcs, monochrome interior. C.V.i 483.

LATE MINOAN IIIB Good stratified LM IIIB depositsare rare.Pophamhas publishedgroupsfromKnossos.704 Other come from and Chania.705 Gournia,Palaikastro deposits The rangeofshapesseemsto be smallerthanthatofLM IIIA2, butthereare newvarieties ofthe establishedopen shapes.The amphoroidkrater, pyxis,beakedjug, feedingbottle,stirrup jar and conicaland pegtoprhytaare amongtheclosedshapes;open onesincludethecup,mug,kylix,deep bowl and pedestalledkrater.The mostpopularclosed shape is the stirrup jar. As well as the tall fromLM IIIA2, thereis nowa verysquattypeand a globulartype.706 storagetype,whichcontinues The deep bowl,whichwas presentin LM IIIA2, butnotcommon,707 now becomespopular.It is a sidesand lipless,sometimes rim,flat largeshapewitha deep globularbodywithstraight out-turning base and tworoundhorizontal handles.The rimdiameter is large.The cup is a similarshapeto the deepbowl,butsmaller.The mugis nowa short,squareshapewitha longspout.The kylixhas a new formwitha veryshallowroundedbowl on a tallstemand smallhigh-swung handles;thefootno thestemis stillpierced.708 A secondtypehas longerhas thehighLM IIIA2 dome,butis muchflatter; a straight with rim and conical lower bowl.709 upperbody flaring Decorationis simplified and generally butthereare facialmotifs, suchas octopus, circumcurrent, whichis popularon stirrup and and which is used kraters, whorl-shell, jars amphoroid especiallyon The flower now has thin stems and a schematic bloom with a kylikes. multiple long semi-circular one of the LM hallmarks of IIIB. Stemmed are also and fringe, spirals popular maynowbe isolated insteadof linkedto theback of theadjacentspiral;some have multiplestems.Concentric arcsare muchlesscommon.Bivalveappearsas an isolatedmotif in a chainor as a filling motifin thecorners oflargezigzag.710 The clayofLM IIIB pottery at Knossosseemsto be similarto thatofLM IIIA2. a few sherds from the South House couldbe assignedto thisphase. Only FEEDING BOTTLE (FIG.4.42)

The feedingbottlehas thesameshapeas in LM IIIA2, consisting ofa globularbodywithwide,tall collarneckand baskethandlesetin linewiththetubularspout.711 It has a narrowdecorative zone on theshoulder775. 775 is decoratedwitha rowofantithetic one pendentfromtheneckband tongues, hookingintoone risingfromtheshoulderband. 775 Buff;darkbrownpaint.Antithetic tongues.C.V.2 491· 703 Mavriyannaki 1974, pls. 23~4a. 704 Popham 1964 passim; Popham 19700, 62-3, especially 195 (the LittlePalace); MUM 184-5. 705See ABAC 89-90 foran overview. 706 1967, 347, pl. 62a-b squat, pl. 62c globular. Popham 707MUM 183.

708 Popham 1969, 303, fig. 11. 70θ Popham 1969, 302, figs.9-10. 71°F°r an overview of LM IIIB motifssee: Popham 1970ο, 195-202. 7n For a complete example see: Tzedakis 19690, 406, fig. 23.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

147

STIRRUP JAR (FIG. 4.42)

776 belongsto thetallstoragetype(FS 164),sinceitssectionis too thinto be thatoftheamphoroid surfacefoundon LM the otherlargeshape whichcarriesoctopus.It has thegreyinterior krater, IIIB as thesac ofthe in is to LM and flasks the South House material. It IIIA2 stirrup assigned jars ofthe it LM reached the extreme IIIA2, sinceithas not proportions octopusis waisted,but maybe fillbeneath by Pophamas datingto LM IIIB.712The rockpattern wasp-waisted octopusesillustrated thesac mayperhapsalso be a LM IIIA2 feature ratherthanLM IIIB. 777 comesfromtheshoulder ofa typicalLM IIIB squatstirrup The edge oftheband roundthefalsemouthcan be seen at jar.713 thetopleftofthesherd.778 is fromthebodyofa tallerstirrup jar. The finelinegroupflankedby bandsand thezonaldecoration on thebellysuggest in whichcase itis a Mycenaeanimport, multiple itwouldbelongto thepiriform FS 167;714 itsfabricwouldnotbe outofplace as thatofa Mycenaean vessel. 776 Greywithgrits;deep buffslip withgritson surface, orange-brownto brownpaint. Octopus. S.I.2 1596, C.V.i 483. Popham 19700, pl. 36c top row. 777 Buff;yellow-buff slip, orange-brownpaint. Flower,

band round base of falsemouthon top leftedge of sherd, S.I.7 1606. FS 167. Buff;lustrousbrightorange paint. Quirkin 778 zone. S.I. 2 1596. belly

CUP (FIG. 4.42)

The cupis thesameshapeas thatofLM IIIA2, butmuchsmallerwitha roundedlowerbody,slightly rimand oval handles.715 fora cup,buttheedgeofthethickening for flaring 783 has a largediameter theverticalhandleand theedgeofthehandleringareapparenton therightsideofthesherd.All the assignableexamplesfromtheSouthHouse are decoratedwithspiralsexcept784, whichhas zigzag withbivalvefill.716 The 782 has a double-stemmed spiraltowhichtherearealso LM IIIB parallels.717 are the short stemmed which in LM with the stem the back of IIIA2, spirals type, appeared touching theadjacentspiral,except783 wheretheyare isolated.Pophamnotesthatthemonochrome interior base or theinterior maynowhave a reservedcirclein theinterior maybe unpaintedwitha spiralin thebase.718 He also notes719 thatthebellybandingis simpler thanthatofLM IIIA2, thecupgenerally it is a havingone band and thedeep bowl two.779 has twobands,butitssmalldiametersuggests Its with centre are LM IIIB.720 cup. spirals open 779 Buff;pale yellow slip, red-brownpaint. D. rim 12. Linked stemmedspiral,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. 780 Buff; orange-brown paint. D. rim 11. Linked stemmedspiral,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. 78 1 Buff;red-brownpaint.D. rim 11.9. Linkedstemmed spiral,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. 782 Deep buff;orangepaint.D. rim14. Double stemmed

spiral,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491. Buff;maroon paint. D. rim 16. Isolated stemmed 783 monochrome interior,edge of handle band on right spiral, side of sherd.C.V.i 483. Buff;black to brownpaint.D.rimf.15. Zigzag with 784 bivalve fill,monochromeinterior.C.V. 2 491.

cup/deep bowl (fig.4.42) Notenoughof 785-786 are extantto determine whether theybelongto thecup or thedeep bowl. a LM IIIA2 innovation.721 semi-circles, 785 probablyhad antithetic 785 Buff;orange brown paint, red-brownon interior. Semi-circles,monochromeinterior.S.I.i 1595.

712 1978, 183, pl. 26, especially 26c. 713Popham For an example see: Popham 1964, pl. 5e-f. 714 MDPfig. 127. 715 180.1-3. MUMpl 716For a parallel see: Popham 1970^ 198, fig. 2.6.

Buff; orange paint. Linked stemmed spiral, 786 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483.

717 Popham 1970*, 198, fig. 2.19. 718MUM 185. 719MUM l85 72° 179.9. 721MUMpl MUMpl 171.38.

P. A. MOUNTJOY

Fig.4.42. LM IIIB pottery: bottle,776-778 stirrup 775 feeding jar,779-784 cup,785-786 cup/deepbowl, 787-793 kylix,794-800 deepbowl,801-802 unpainted kylix.Scale 1:3.

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERY

149

KYLIX (FIG. 4.42)

Pophamnotestwovarietiesofkylix,one witha shallowroundedbowlwithtwosmallhandlesrising above the rim722 and the otherwithlow handlesand a slightcarinationgivingriseto a shallow The first straight upperbodyand a conicallowerbody.723 typebecameverypopular.790 belongsto thesecondtype,as thehandlestubis not thatof a highhandle.In theUnexploredMansionthe whorl-shell was thecommonest motifused on theLM IIIB kylix,724 butitis notextantin theSouth House material.789-793 decoratedwithoctopusare datedto LM IIIB by Popham.725 788 has an The latteris an import;ithas orange octopuspossiblymixedwithflowerand 787 a chainofflowers. fabricwitha yellow-orange an eastCretanor evenDodecanesianprovenance. All the slipsuggesting witha rimband, wherethe rimis kylikesillustrated except792-793 have an unpaintedinterior extant. 787 Orange; yellow-orangeslip, orange paint. Flower. S.I.7 1606. 788 Buff; orange-brown paint. D. rim 18. Octopus/ hybridflower.S.I.5 1602. Mountjoy 1999, pl. CXIIIb.i. 789 Buff;black paint. D. rim 20. Octopus. S.I.5 1602. Popham 19700, pl. 35f centreleft,1978, pls. 26a-b. 790 Buff;orange paint. D. rim 16. Octopus. S.I.8 1612. Popham 1978, pl. 26a.

Buff;red-brownpaint.Octopus. S.I.5 1602. Popham 791 19700, pl. 35f bottomrow. Buff;whitishslip, brown-orangepaint. Octopus, 792 monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1602. Popham 19700, pl. 35f top row, 1978, pl. 26a. Buff; black to shaded-brown paint. Octopus, 793 monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483.

DEEP BOWL (FIG. 4.42)

The deep bowlis a largeversionofthecup,butwithtwohorizontal handlesinsteadofone vertical one.726 which Onlya fewsherdscouldbe assignedto thisshape.794-796 are decoratedwithflower, is now popularagain;727 799 has spiralswithopen centre,while797 has bivalvechainand 798 motif.797 has a linearinterior and 798 an unpaintedone. triangular patchused as a filling 794 Buff; red-brown paint. D. rim 16. Flower, monochromeinterior.S.I.5 1602. on interior. Buff;shaded-bçownpaint,orange-brown 795 Flower,monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 796 Buff; brown paint. D. rim 15. Flower stems, monochromeinterior.S.I.9 1614. 797 Orange; buffslip,orange paint.D. rim 13. Bivalve. S.I.7 1606.

Buff;shaded-brownpaint.Triangularpatchby edge 798 of decoration.S.I.7 1606. Buff;black to brown paint. D. rim 18. Running 799 spiral,monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483. 800 Buff;brownto black paint.Isolated stemmedspiral, monochromeinterior.C.V.i 483.

Unpainted kylix (fig.4.42) The unpaintedkylixwithshallowbowl and highhandleis as commonas thedecoratedversion.728 The smallhighhandle801 and thelongstraight stempiercedall thewayup 802 suggesta LM IIIB dateforthesepieces.729 801 Pink-buff; white-buff slip,standard.Wace and Biegen 1619.

22 MUM

180.10.

185, pl. 23 180.9. 24 MUMiig. 25

MUM 185. Popham 1978, 183, pl. 26.

802

Buff,standard.S.I.3 1598.

726For an example see: Popham 1964, pl. 27c-d. 727

MUM 185.

728See Hallager 1997, 33 and fig. 28. 729For similai stems. Warren iqq7n 1?g fig. o4.

ANDJ.M. DRIESSEN P.A. MOUNTJOY

APPENDIX ^ NOTE ON A POSSIBLE

INSCRIBED

SHERD

FROM THE SOUTH HOUSE

J. M. Driessen AmongstthesherdsrecoveredfromtheSouthHouse one piece showswhatmayprobablybe the is remainsofa paintedLinearΒ inscription (fig.4.43,plate 7 /). The sign,although badlypreserved, vases Theban in a-re-me-ne on some to stand for the as the (Sacconi likely signme, anthroponym 1974,ThebesΖ 849, 851, 852), butpaintedby anotherhand.The signincreasestheexamplesof LinearΒ vase inscriptions foundat Knossos.So faronlytwopiecesareknown:a cup sherdfromthe Palace (Sacconi1974,Κ Ζ 1715),and a stirrup jar fromtheUnexploredMansion(Sacconi1974,Κ Ζ to severaldozenvesselsfromChaniaand sevenfromMallia. 1716) in contrast S.I.2 1596 Largeclosedvessel,probablystirrup and blackgrits;orangepaint. jar.Buffwithorangeinclusions

arelessconvincing. TwoothersherdswithpossiblepaintedLinearΒ inscriptions Theycarrythesign The sherdsare in Ka>whichis a LinearΒ signbut whichis also oftenused decorativepatterns. tothe an amphorae(but assignation cataloguedabove 186-187 as LM IB (Sub-LMIA) oval-mouthed Akrotiri four-handled suggestthe jar cannotbe ruledout) and it is pointedout thatparallelsfrom inscribedcrossmotifmaybe a symbolrepresenting liquid.

sherd.Scale 1:3. Fig.4.43. ?Inscribed

CONCORDANCE

OF CATALOGUE

NUMBERS

TO BOXES

is madeup fromseveralsherdscomingfromdifferent Whena fragment boxes,itscataloguenumber appearsunderall therelevantboxes. BOX1595 LM IA: 74, 75, 89, 97, 101, 141, 148, 150-151 LM IB: 175, 200, 204, 208, 233, 239, 246, 250, 264, 267, 271, 275, 279, 304, 306, 311, 312, 319, 322, 328, 331, 334, 350, 352, 368, 375, 384, 389, 391, 401, 404, 413 LM II: 451, 459, 465, 470, 474, 490, 496, 499, 507, 591 LMIIIAi:6i9, 626, 636 LM IIIB: 776, 785 BOX1596 LM IA: 85, 131, 140 LM IB: 175, 191, 199, 202, 204, 231, 233, 236,

«45» *47> «54» 365, 278, 281-282, 286, 346, 383, 388, 409-411 LM II: 449-450, 476, 511, 513, 556, 572, 586 LM IIIB: 778 BOX 1597

LM IB: 190, 243, 345 LM II: 499, 500, 572 LMHIAi:627, 657 BOX1598 LM IB: 410 LM II: 592-593 LM IIIB: 802

THE LATE MINOAN POTTERS BOX 16ΟΟ

LM IA: 87 LM IB: 399 LM II: 462 BOX 16OI

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 18 LM IA: 24, 74, 86, 92, 100-101, 112, 122, 128, 136, 153, 158 LMIB: 175, 179, 181, 188, 192-193,196,205, 219, 221-222, 227, 236, 239-240, 252, 254, 260, 266, 347, 355-357, 369-370, 379"38o, 411 LM II: 418, 422, 425, 429, 438, 440, 448, 456, 467, 556, 584, 596 BOX 1602

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 19 LM IA: 66, 86, 92, 132, 149, 169 LM IB: 190, 215, 243, 264, 327, 335, 340, 351, 363, 368, 373, 398 LM II: 445, 455, 471, 480, 483, 499, 505,523, 544546, 552, 555-556, 563 LMIIIAi: 622-623, 654 LM IIIA2: 693, 707, 759 LM IIIB: 788-789, 791-792, 794 BOX 1603

LM IA: 20-55 BOX 1604

LM IA: 56-60 BOX 1605

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 1 LM IA: 65, 73, 77, 116 LM IB: 265, 283-284, 381, 393, 403, 408 LM II: 415, 419, 428, 430, 435, 453, 585 LM IIIAi: 598, 611, 641, 667, 679 LM IIIA2: 701, 713-714, 737 BOX 1606

LMIA: 80, 111 LM IB: 225, 228, 239, 309, 341, 364 LM II: 421, 437, 453, 460, 509, 562, 567 LM IIIAi: 617, 624, 632-634, 643-644, 652, 655656, 675 LM IIIA2: 688, 691, 695, 699, 702, 706, 716, 722, 726, 728, 733, 735, 744, 746-747, 752-753, 757" 758, 760-761, 764, 769-770, 773 LM IIIB: 777, 787, 797~798 BOX 1607

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 4-6, 11 LMIA: 111, 120, 133, 144, 155, 160 LMIB: 175, 199,205, 207, 209, 212-213,215,229, 237, 256, 258, 260, 266, 271, 296, 318, 323, 349, 360, 362, 367, 394, 397, 401 LM II: 439, 461, 487, 489, 547, 566, 578 LMIIIAi: 647 BOX 1609

LM IB: 238 LMIIIAi: 600

box 1610 LM IA: 69, 83 BOX 1612

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 3, 13 LMIA: 71-72, 74, 108, 121, 125, 127, 161 LMIB: 194,243, 251, 257, 277, 289-290,311, 338, 358, 368, 386, 396 LM II: 458, 472, 475, 491-492»524, 537, 559, 561 581 LMIIIAi:62i, 682 LM IIIA2: 700, 715, 720, 729, 771 LM IIIB: 790 BOX 1613

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 2 LM IA: 79, 95, 99, 118, 129, 138-139, ^6, 164165 LM IB: 205, 244, 272, 377 LM II: 580 LMIIIAi:6o3, 628, 630 BOX 1614

LM IA: 24, 65-66, 85, 114-115, 117, 123, 157 LM IB: 175, 188-189, *95, *97, 202, 207, 223224, 226, 237, 257, 262-263, 266, 271, 274, 279, 293, 298, 3O1, 305, 307, 311, 324-325, 332, 339, 344, 346, 359-360, 369, 371, 400-401, 407 LM II: 431, 436, 439, 441, 454, 468, 471, 498, 500, 553-554, 556, 558, 569, 579 LM IIIA2: 683, 687, 689, 694, 697, 703, 709, 714, 719, 724-725, 742, 749, 754, 762 LM IIIB: 795"796 BOX 1615

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 8, 15 LM IA: 65, 84, 88, 90-92, 152, 170-171, 174 LM IB: 187, 235-237, 268, 322 LM Π: 459, 574, 595 BOX 1616

LM IA: 65, 72, 90, 107, 154, 162, 168 LM IB: 207, 221, 257, 318, 337, 365, 367 LM II: 458, 484 LMIIIAi: 637-638, 681 BOX 1617

LM IB: 177, 337 BOX1618 LM IB: 232, 269, 294, 300, 315, 343, 410 LM II: 501, 512, 516, 518-519, 521-522, 525-529, 534, 538-539, 557 LM IIIAi: 612, 631, 640, 665 LMIIIA2:756 BOX 1619

Transitional MM IIIB-LM IA: 9 LM IA: 65, 68, 70, 96, 103, 107, 130, 159 LM IB: 257, 264, 273, 276, 279, 323, 326, 329, 405 LM II: 420, 488, 493, 502, 512, 514, 53!-533, 536, 548, 550-55!, 570, 573, 577, 583

P. A. MOUNTJOY

LM IIIAi: 645, 662 LMIIIA2: 705, 763 LM ΙΠΒ: 8οι BOX483 LM IA: 63, 67, 82, 86, 98, 106, 109-110, 119, 126, 134, 142-143 LM IB: 175, 178, 182, 197, 202, 219, 230, 237, 239, 241-242, 248-249, 253, 255, 280, 285, 287, 291-292, 297, 299, 333, 382, 385, 388, 390, 395, 402, 412 LM II: 417, 432, 438, 445, 451, 464, 466, 470, 475, 478-479»482, 495, 497, 504, 508, 517, 535, 541543»560, 589 LM IIIAi: 604, 609, 613-614, 629, 635, 646, 648650, 653, 678 LM IIIA2: 685, 690, 704, 723, 738-739»741» 75o» 755»767-768, 774 LM IIIB: 776, 779"78i> 783» 786, 793, 799-8°° BOX484

LM LM LM LM LM

IA: 124, 142 IB: 184-186, 197 II: 438 IIIAi: 616, 677 IIIA2: 734

BOX485

MM IIIB-LM IA: 7 Transitional LM IA: 94, 113, 137 LM IB: 199, 204, 243, 353, 372 LM II: 438, 454, 536 LM IIIAi: 619 LM IIIA2: 684, 727, 730, 767 BOX486 LM IA: 85, 105, 147, 156, 163 LM IB: 211, 216, 233, 236, 353 LM II: 423, 426, 428, 443, 446-447»451~45*»464» 47°» 564, 594, 597 LM IIIAi: 605, 619, 625, 639, 642, 659-661, 663, 666, 668, 680 LM IIIA2: 692, 708, 710-712, 718, 721, 751, 767, 772 BOX487 LM IA: 167, 173 LM IB: 236

LM II: 445» 57 *» 575

BOX488 MM IIIB-LM ΙΑ: 2, 14 Transitional LM IA: 64, 66, 81, 9*~93» 1O5*» *35 LM IB: 201-203, 206, 217, 219, 221, 236, 254255, 259, 270, 288, 298, 322-323, 330, 346, 378, 387, 392,406, 411, 414 LM II: 424, 433, 444, 457, 463, 485-486,494, 510, 5*3»520, 540, 618 LM IIIA2: 696, 748, 766 BOX489

MM IIIB-LM IA: 17 Transitional LM IA: 76 LM IB: 237, 303 LM II: 460, 473, 503, 506 LM IIIAi: 673-674 BOX49O

TransitionalMM IIIB-LM IA: 12 LM IA: 78, 145-6

LM IB: 198-199,205,210, 218,220-221,237,254255, 261, 295, 308, 310, 320-321, 327, 336, 339, 353»374» 376 LM II: 421, 432, 434, 438, 460, 471, 515, 549, 565, 576, 587 LM IIIAi: 610, 620, 658, 669, 676 LM IIIA2: 740, 745 BOX491

MM IIIB-LM IA: 10 Transitional LM IA: 104, 166 LM IB: 348 LM II: 427, 456, 477, 564, 590 LM IIIAi: 599, 601, 615, 651, 670-671 LM IIIA2: 686, 698, 717, 732, 736, 743 LM IIIB: 775, 782, 784 BOX786 MM IIIB-LM IA: 16 Transitional LM IA: 172 LM IIIAi: 672 LMIIIA2:73i

Chapter5 Pithoiand staplestoragein theSouthHouse K. S. Christakis

THE PITHOI The presentdiscussionis concernedonlywithpithoiand pithosfragments foundin the main deposits of the South House. The body of evidence is limited.Ten pithossherdsand partsof a pithosare kept in the StratigraphicalMuseum; the excavation diaries and published reportsprovide information onlyfora pithoswhichhas not been located. The Inner Basement The remainsof one pithos,not located, are recorded as being found in the doorway of the Inner Basement,i.e. the Room withthe Bronze Tools (PM ll.i 381). In his excavation diaries Mackenzie reports:'We excavated above the thresholdof the door [of the Inner Basement]to findthe paving and while doing this we broughtout several fragmentsof a pithos with stamped bands in relief showinga sortof reticulatedesignwithverysmall knobs [bosseswrittenin margin]in the interstices . . . Afterwardsseveral otherfragmentsof the pithos were found scatteredall over the floorof the room. It looked as if somebody searchingfortreasurehad thrownthe fragments about in the course of his work' (DM/DB 1908, 29). It is not certainwhetherthe pithos was originallyplaced in the doorwayleading intothe storeroom,as is shownin thepublishedplan of the house (PMIl.i fig.214), or somewherein the innerpartof the storeroom.If thefirstwas the case, it could be assumed thatthe storeroomwas out of use duringthe last period of use of the house. It is more likely,however,that the pithos was originallyplaced in the inner part of the storeroomand found in the area of the thresholdas a resultof the destructionof the room. There is no direct evidence for the morphologicalfeaturesof the pithos and, therefore,for its which could shed lighton storagestrategiesadopted by the physicalperformancecharacteristics, inhabitantsof the house. However, some tentativeand partialspeculationscan be advanced on the basis of the briefdescriptiveremarksof Evans and Mackenzie. It is said thatthepithosis decoratedwithstampedbands in relief.On Minoan pithoithe decoration of bands in reliefoccurs exclusivelyin large ovoid and randomlyin large piriformspecimens.At Knossos bands in reliefalso occur in a special typeof conical pithos,but thisis the exceptionto the rule (Christakis19990, 31^)- The patternof 'reticulatedesign with small knobs in the interstices', describedby Evans and Mackenzie, is known neitherat Knossos nor at any otherMinoan site. On the other hand, raised bands with incised reticulatepatternsare widely reportedat Knossos and elsewhere.At Knossos theyare associatedwithlarge ovoid pithoi. One can speculate,therefore, on the basis of the exclusiveoccurrenceof raised band patternswith a particulartypeof pithos,thatthe fragmentary pithosdescribedby Evans and Mackenzie may have been a large ovoid specimenwithnarrow/widemouthand low/without collar.Pithoiof thistypeare distinctivefortheirhigh stability, low accessibilityof content,low mobilityand low graspability.On thebasis ofstatisticalconsiderationsan overallstoragecapacityof 350 to 450 litresmightbe assumed. This pithosis verylikelyto date to LM I. Raised band patternson pithoiare frequentfromLM I onwards in centralCrete, whereas in the rest of the island theywere not frequentbefore LM III (Christakis1999a, 327-9). Some raised band patternsdatingto MM III have recentlybeen isolated 1 I wouldliketo thankP. A. Mountjoyand P. M. Warrenfor discussion.Mythanksare also due to E. Hatzakifor stimulating facilitatingthe study of the South House pithoi in the

fortherestoration of Museum;to S. Chlouveraki Stratigraphical of 1, 5-10. 1; and to N. Ntoliaforthedrawings

154

κ· s· CHRISTAKIS

fromcentralCretan sites,but they seem to be ratheroccasional occurrences.Raised bands with reticulatepatternsoccur at Knossos on pithoidatingto LM I-IIIA. Takingintoconsiderationthe date of the two preservedceramicvessels fromthe South House, the pithosis dated here to LM I. Remains of a second pithos ι fromthe Inner Basement,apparentlynot mentionedin the diaries and published reports,are kept in SM Box 1608. Its exact findspotwithinthe Inner Basement is unknown.About 27 fragments have been preservedand formfournon-joiningpartsofrimand sides; handles and base are not preserved.The reconstructed profile(fig.5.1) is thatof an ovoid elongated with a wide mouth without a collar. Pithoi of this pithos typehave two seriesof verticalhandles,one set on the shoulderbelow the rim and anotherabove the base. The heightof 1 is estimatedat 1 m, themouthdiameteris 40 cm, the maximumbody diameter48 cm and thebase diameteris estimated at 26 cm. The overallcapacityis about 120 litres.The functionalcharacteristics ofthispithoscomprise medium capacity and mobility,low graspability,and high accessibilityof content.Morphology, decorativepatternsand formingtechnologydate 1 to MM IIIB. 1 is decoratedwithpaintedtricklepatternsand rope reliefpatterns.Tricklepatternsare formedby if placing dabs of mattdark red paint in spotson the rim,whichthenrun downwards.Alternatively, thepithosis inverted,thenthe tricklesrunfromthebase towardstherim.Generallyspeaking,trickles whereas invertedtricklesare very rare. 1 is runningfromthe rim are the most usual arrangement, unusualin havingboth typesof tricklepattern.The onlyparallelsare some EM II pithoifromMyrtos - FournouKorifi(Warren 1972, figs.79-83). The tricklepatternsmay have been inspiredby liquids from the It dripping pithoi. is worthnotingthattraditionalpithosmakerstoday on Crete drip oil or wine on the newlymade pithoiexpressingthe wish thattheyalwaysbe full. The rope reliefpatternson 1 are of two types:plain or withfingerimpressions.The plain rope is attachedbelow the rim. This arrangementis mostlyassociated with ovoid pithoi. The ropes with fingerimpressionsformtwo groups of threeropes each attachedbelow the upper series of handles and above the lower series.A wavy rope is placed in the centralfield,whichis widerthan the other two. This arrangementis typicalof MM III pithoialthough,in most cases, the wavy rope is usually made withraised bands are also typicalin LM III. placed in the upper field.Similararrangements The rope with fingerimpressionsis formedby pressingthe outside of the thumb/index/middle fingeragainstthe softclay braid verticallyand thenmovingitin one direction.The raisedportionhas a semi-circular/slightly in some parts,resemblesoverlappingscales. elongatedoutlineand the effect, The executionof the impressionsvaries,even in the same rope, fromverysymmetricaland carefully made impressionsto veryasymmetricaland roughimpressions.The use of the flattool suggestedby Evans forthe execution of this type of impression(PMUM 418) is improbable,as fingerprints are evidenton the surfaceof the impressions.Similarropes are frequentin centralCrete duringMM III, whileon the restoftheisland theyoccur sporadicallyduringLM I. The highfrequencyofthisrope in Cretansites,such as Knossos, Gaiatas,Galeni,Tylissosand Archanes,mightpoint manynorth-central to a regionalpottingtradition. As faras manufacturing technologyis concerned,1 is coil builtwithrotationassistance(turntable). This is thetypicalformingtechniqueofMinoan pithoibeforetheuse ofthewheel fromLM I onwards, and especiallyduringLM III. The junctionofthe coils is visibleon theinteriorof 1 withclear signsof smoothing.The widthof theformedcoils variesfrom15 to 18 cm. This is the mostfrequentwidthof coils in the middle body of Minoan pithoi and it is quite close to thatof modern traditionalpithoi (Voyatzoglou1972, 59-60; Vallianos and Padouva 1986, 120). 1 is wet wiped on the exterior.The rope patternsare affixedimmediatelyto the smoothedpithossurfacewithoutthe usual incisedguideline. Particularattentionhas been paid to smoothingthe edges oftherope patterns.The fabricconsists of deep buffcoloured clay, whichvaries fromdark-buff to buff-orange as a resultof firing;it is very coarse and richin siltstoneinclusions.This is the typicalfabricof most of the Knossian pithoi.The rope reliefsare made of the same clay,but withoutinclusions. A fragmentof a thirdpithos 2 was also foundin the Inner Basement.It belongs to a very large ovoid pithosdecoratedwithraisedband patterns.It can date to LM I or LM III. It is unclearwhether thefragment comes froman actualpithoskeptin thestoreroomor whetherit is intrusive.The latteris likely. The Lustral Basin Two pithossherds3-4 were foundin the fillof the LustralBasin. They are also describedin Chapter 4 (nos. 20-21), as theyformpart of a stratified deposit.The rim3 is similarto thatof a pithosfrom House D at Pseira (Banou 1995, fig.45 ADN2) and to anotherfromKnossos North-EastHouse (PM Il.ii fig.245). Both these pithoihave piriformbody profileswithnarrowmouthsand are decorated

PITHOI AND STAPLE STORAGE IN THE SOUTH HOUSE

'

L_ Fig. 5.1. Pithos:S.I.8 InnerBasement1.

56

Κ. S. CHRISTAKIS

in morphological surfacetreatment, withinterlocking features, forming spirals.The standardisation third from House D at Pseirawithidentical and that these as well as a techniques claysuggest pithoi, and decorativeattributes morphological exceptfortherim(Banou 1995, fig.45 ADNi), werethe of a Knossian active 19990,311). duringLM IA (Banou 1992, 141; Christakis products workshop The pithoifoundatPseiracouldeasilyhavebeenshippedfromKnossosbecauseoftheirpétrographie theirsurfacetreatment and theirhightransportability. Notethatin theearlytwentieth composition, from Isthmus of to Herakleion the were century antiquities by sea (Muhly2000, Ierapetra shipped for of see Mistakidou Blitzer Pithoi of similarshapeto 1926; 1990). fig.9; transport pithoiby sea, in thosedescribedabove,butwitha different surface are central Creteduring treatment, veryfrequent theLM I period;a similarversionoccursin theMesaraarea (Christakis The exclusive 19990,311)associationofthesteppedrimwiththisparticular treatment of the and the surface type pithos, clay, that3 comesfroma piriform fromPseiraand Knossos. suggest typesimilartothecompletespecimens Pithoiof thistypeare distinctive formediumstoragepotential, of content,low highaccessibility moderate and in As noted Chapter4, thepresenceof3 in stability, transportability highgraspability. LM IA contextprovidesa LM IA parallelfortheentirely a stratified preserved pithoifromPseiraand Knossos. The conglomerate decorationon the body sherd4 is ratherrareon Minoanpithoi(Christakis 19990,357)· Two otherpithoiwithsuch a patternare knownto me. The firstwas foundin the cemeteryof Sphoungaras(unpublished:Christakis19990, pi· 1Ο$); the second is fromPoros versiondatedto MM III comesfromthearea (Dimopoulou1993,pl. 141). A LOD (white-on-dark) ofPhaistos(unpublished: Christakis The surface treatment andpastesuggest 41?)· 19990, morphology, that4 comesfroma medium-sized piriform pithos. The Bathroom a sherd from a conical was a compartment builtas a resultof 5, body pithos, foundin theBathroom, Sie remodelling oftheLustralBasinin LM IA. 5 is also describedin Chapter4 (no. 56) as it comes froma box whichmaybe stratified. It is decoratedin LOD, possiblywithfloralmotifs, and datesto MM III. The Pillar Basement Fourpithossherdswerefoundin pottery assemblagesfromthePillarBasement.Two sherdscome fromconicalpithoi.The first found underdie north-west cornerofthestairstothebasement, 6, actually is a rimsherdwitha diameterc.48 cm,suggesting, on thebasisofstatistical analyses,thattheactual had an between cm. rim The is with decorated pithos averageheight 70-90 obliquelines.The second is a sherd decorated with retorted Both LM date to I. Conical 7 body spirals. pithoi pithoiofthistype are distinctive forhighaccessibility ofcontent, moderatestability, and and capacity transportability Two other 8 come from the of a are decorated highgraspability. fragments body piriform pithos.They withhorizontal bandsandwavypatterns. The wallthickness and convexity giverisetothesuggestion that8 belongsto a sizeablepiriform from cm 1 m to 90 pithos high. Landing of Lower Stair The last two sherds9-10 werefoundon thewestside of thehouse,on the landingof the lower staircasecomingup fromthePillarCrypt.Theyare bodysherds;theirclaytype,wallthickness and are to to two small convexity suggestthey verylikely belong piriform pithoi. In conclusion, thepithoifoundin themaindepositsoftheSouthHouse weretheproductsofpotters whofollowedtheMM III and LM I pithos-making tradition ofnorth-central Crete.Thisregionhas beenan important centre for containers since the potting storage proto-palatial periodandwasespecially so during theneo-palatial similarities in decoration andforming period.Strong morphology, technology observedin pithoiexcavatedat north-central Cretansites,despitevariation in pétrographie condition to a common 'mental and and (Day 1988,505),point template'. Petrography, ethnographic ecological information showthatthepossiblelocationforworkshops theKnossianpithoiis thearea producing aroundIuktas,southofKnossos(Day 1988). The pithosfragments fromthehousebelongto pithoioftwofunctional classes.The first comprises with low to moderate of and pithoi storagecapacity,highaccessibility content,highgraspability to reduce The second with low 1, height mobility 3-10. comprises pithoi highcapacity, highstability,

PITHOI AND STAPLE STORAGE IN THE SOUTH HOUSE

It can be ofcontent, lowmobility andgraspability (thepithosthatcouldnotbe located).2 accessibility on of here have an overall the basis statistical consideration that the examined assumed, capacity pithoi ofabout1,000litres. CATALOGUE 1 Twenty-sevenfragmentsof rim and side. Partly restored.Verycoarse deep pink clay withinclusionsfired pale orange; cream slip, mattdark red to brown paint. D. rim 40, D. max. 48, D. base est. 26, H. est. 1 m. Trickle decoration and reliefdecoration of horizontaland wavy ropes.S.I.8 1608. MM III. (The sherdwiththeuppergroup of fingerimpressedropes is only shown in sectionon the restoreddrawing,as it comes fromthe back side of the vessel). Fig. 5.1. 2 Body sherdfroman ovoid pithos.Verycoarse pink clay with inclusions. Max. dim. 12. Raised band of decoration.S.I.8 1608. LM I or LM III. = Chapter 4 no. 20. Rim sherd froma piriform 3 pithos. Stepped section. Coarse grey clay with inclusions fired orange; orange-brownto black paint. D. rim 32. Groups of verticalbars on rim,monochromeinteriorwith reservedband on lip. S.I.6 1603. LM IA. Figs. 4.2, 5.2. For the shape and decorationsee Banou 1995, fig.45; PM Il.ii fig.245. = Chapter4 no. 21. Body sherdfroma piriformor 4 ovoid pithos.Coarse deep mauve-pinkclay withinclusions firedbuff;shaded brownpaintwithadded white.Max. dim. 9. Stone pattern (conglomerate)with ?double-axe. S.I.6 1603. LM IA. Figs. 4.2, 5.2. = Chapter 4 no. 56. Body sherd from a conical 5 pithos.Coarse pink clay withinclusions;brown-redpaint withadded white.Max. dim. 11.8. ?Floralmotif,splashes

on interior.LOD. S.I.6 1604. MM III. Figs. 4.4, 5.2. For the shape see PM I fig.427a. Rim sherd froma conical pithos. Squared section. 6 Coarse pink clay withinclusions;brown paint. D. rim 48. Horizontalband below rimon exteriorand interior, groups of threeoblique lines on rim. S.I.3 1599. LM I. Fig. 5.2. For the shape see Catlinget al. 1979, figs.32, 33. 7 Body sherdfroma conical pithos.Coarse pink clay withinclusions;brownpaint. Retortedspiral;splashes and trickleson interior.Max. dim. 12.6. S.I.7 1605. LM I. Fig. 5.2. For the shape and decoration see La Rosa 1989, pl. XVIIIa. 8 Two body sherds froma piriformpithos. Concave profile.Coarse pinkclay withinclusions;brownpaint.Max. dim. 15 and 17. Solid semi-circlesand horizontalbands. S.I.7 1605. LM I. Fig. 5.3. For the shape see Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki1997, fig.401; Hazzidakis 1934, pl. XXIV 1. 9 Body sherd from a ?piriformpithos. Semi-coarse pink clay with inclusions;very eroded black paint. Max. dim. 7.3. Monochromeexterior.S.I.2 1596. LM I? Fig. 5.3. For the shape see Catling et al. 1979, fig. 34; MUM pl. 75c; Warren1981, figs.23-4. 10 Body sherd from a Ppiriformpithos. Semi-coarse withinclusions.Max. dim. 8. S.I.2 1596. LM I? clay pink Fig. 5.3. For the shape see 9.

STAPLE STORAGE AND SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY IN THE SOUTH HOUSE Generallyspeaking,the evaluationof staplestorageactivitiesin a specificcontextrequiresthe considerationof information concernedwithstoragecontainers,potteryassemblagesforfood and built installations and implements and preparation consumption, storageinstallations, processing of thesematerialresiduesis primarily organicremains(Christakis 19990, 100-4)· The availability relatedto taphonomic factors concernedwiththeformation ofthearchaeological record(La Motta andSchiffer As faras theSouthHouse is concerned, 1999) and thequalityoftheexcavationresearch. activities afterthe LM I destruction have substantially alteredthe LM I floorassemblages,while excavationbias and selectionofpottery has providedus witha partialpictureofdomesticactivities. The actualnumberof pithoikeptin the storesof thehouse is, therefore, unknown.Besidesthese ithastobe keptinmindthatstaplestoragemightalsohavetakentheformofperishable shortcomings, suchas baskets, woodenbarrelsand leathersacks,whichdo notalwaysleave tracesin the containers, record.Architecture is anotherparameter forconsidering archaeological staplestorage.Storagein elitemansionstendsto takeplace in spaceswithstandardised architects Moreover, layout. designed with the needs of each in circumstance mind The discussionthat spaces specific (Rapoport1982). followstriesto combineinformation frompithosfragments and architecture in orderto highlight of behaviour the inhabitants of the house and to shed possiblepatterns staplestorage adoptedby on the the household's subsistence light economy. As faras thespatialdistribution ofthepithosfragments is concerned, theconcentration offragments in thebasementlevel of thehouse,theabsenceofpithossherdsfromothercontextsin thehouse, materialoftheLustralBasin,and apartfromthoseon theweststairlandingand thosein thefilling thearchitectural of the basement the Inner Basement and thePillarBasement, rooms, layout namely to the use of these for activities. The foundin thefillofthe points spaces storage pithosfragments LustralBasinare verylikelyto come fromtheupperstoreysofthehouse,as are thoseon thewest The pithos 2 is not taken into account here as it is very likely to be intrusive.

Κ. S. CHRISTAKIS

Fig. 5.2. Pithos:S.I.6 LustralBasin 3-4, S.I.6 Bathroom5, S.I.7 PillarBasement6-7. Scale 1:3.

stairlanding. The archaeologicalrecord shows that,in most cases, pithoi withpainted decorations and/orhighmobilitywere placed on upper floorsbecause of theirfunctionas objects of displayand the ease of lifting(e.g. the Palace Stylejars at Knossos: Niemeier 1985, 141-62). The area devoted to

PITHOI AND STAPLE STORAGE IN THE SOUTH HOUSE

Fig. 5.3. Pithos:S.I.7 PillarBasement8, S.I.2 Landingof Lower Stair9-10. Scale 1:3.

the storageof staples,domesticimplementsand prestigegoods represents14% of the overall floor activities.3 extentof the house juxtaposed to 10% forcult (?) and 76% forprivate-guest/ceremonial The InnerBasementand thePillarBasementare ofespecialinterest. The qualityoftheirconstruction, includingwell-builtashlar masonryand plasteredwalls [MAMAT2 1, 103), the absence of windows and the locationin the basementof the house would provide a stable and cool temperatureand dark and clean conditions,while the complex patternsof accessibilityforboth spaces and the systemof has lockingtheirdoors increasedsecurityand controlof the storedwealth.Ethnographicinformation shown that spaces with these functionalpropertiesare highlypreferredfor the storage of staples (Panagiotakopoulou2000). Both rooms cover 29.64 mm2and, takinginto considerationpatternsof internalcirculation,theycould house about 16 large pithoi or a considerableassemblage of storage containersmade of perishablematerials,the exact numberof whichcannotbe estimated.Alongside pithoiand othercontainers,both rooms provide space forthe custodyof domesticimplementsand If we assume an average storagecapacityof 200 litresforeach pithoswe have an preciousartefacts. overallfigureof 3,200 litresforthe 16 pithoithatthe storescould have held. What could the hypotheticalfigureof 3,200 litrestell us about the subsistenceeconomy of the householdlivingin the SouthHouse duringitsfinaloccupation?The answerto thisquestionrequires, among otherthings,informationon the kind and quantityof storedgoods, the compositionof the householdand thepatternsofconsumptionimpliedby nutritional and social obligations. requirements There is no information in thatdirectionand onlyhypothesis,on thebasis of cross-cultural corollaries, can provide some indirectand somewhatambiguousinsights. Generally speaking,the number of familymembers is estimatedon the basis of cross-cultural considerationsabout the metricarea necessaryforan adult.The mostwidelyused ratiois thatof 10 mVperperson,based on NarolPsmode 1 (1962, 587).* In the case of the South House, theuse of this

3 These estimatesare based on the floor extent of the Inner Basement and the Pillar Basement for storage activities,on the floorextentof the supposed columnarhall above the PillarCrypt and the Lustral Basin forcult (?) and on the floorextentof the Pillar Crypt (ground floor),the Minoan Hall (ground and first floor), the rooms above the Inner Basement and the Pillar Basement (ground and firstfloor),the Latrine (ground and first

floor), the light well (ground floor) and the room above the LustralBasin and the staircases.The area of the staircasesis not takeninto consideration.It is self-evidentthatthese estimatesare workinghypotheses. 4 Estimates vary from a minimum of 8 m2 per person to a maximumof 50-100 m2per person (Kramer 1982, 125; Sumner !979)·

Κ. S. CHRISTAKIS

model produces a figureof nineteen individuals.5The estimateof nineteenindividuals,however, mightbe unrealisticifwe take into considerationthe architectural layoutof the South House and the function of some a more reasonable estimate is a minimumof five to a specific spaces. Perhaps maximumof eleven persons. On the basis of informationabout dietaryregime in ancient Greek society and ethnographic information(e.g. Foxhall and Forbes 1982; Gallant 1991; Garnsey 1998) and excludingfromour estimatesfreshgoods that were not suitable for long term storage,we mightspeculate that neopalatialhouseholdskeptin storecommoditiesthatcoveredabout 82% oftheirnutritional requirements.6 If we assume a daily intakeper capita of 2,583 calories (Foxhall and Forbes 1982, 71) and take into considerationthe calorificpotentialof basic dietarygoods, such as cereals and pulses, olive oil and wine, we may speculate that 3,200 litresof storedgoods could provide subsistencesupportfor a householdoffiveadultsfortwoproductiveseasonsand fora householdoftenadultsforone productive season. These conclusionscertainlydo notreflectactualsubsistencepatterns, but theymight,however, help us to understandthe range of meaningsthatstoragecapacitiesmighthave in a certaincontext. The absence ofpithoi,however,fromthe storesofthe SouthHouse is striking, especiallyifwe take into considerationthatboth Evans and Mackenzie were verycarefulin reportingentirelypreserved or fragmentary pithoi.There are threecases thatmightexplain thispicture.First,it is possible that most pithoi were salvaged afterthe destructionto retrievevariouslythe vessels or theircontents. Second, the storagecontainersused in the house mighthave been made of perishablematerialthat did not leave tracesin the archaeologicalrecord.And third,itis possible thatstaplestoragewithinthe house was limited:the storesofthehouse could be mainlyused forthestorageofdomesticimplements to give any answerof and/orforotheractivities.In the presentstateof our information, it is difficult decisivevalidityto thisquestion.It is worth,however,advancingsome thoughtsin orderto arriveat some broad conclusions. Generallyspeaking,pithoiwererarelyremovedafterabandonmentbecause oftheirexcessiveweight or were (Schiffer 1989, 95). Althoughthereare cases wherepithoiwere salvaged aftera conflagration found in later contextsthan the date of theirmanufacture,these are exceptions not the rule. An extensivestudyof Minoan storagecontainers,in timeand space, has shown thatin 98% of cases the date of the pithoscorrespondsto the date of its context(Christakis19990). Salvagingand reusingof pithoi,therefore,althoughit cannot be excluded withreferenceto die South House, is not widely practised. On the other hand, the use of storage containersmade of perishable material is not oflargequantitiesofstaples.The fabricofperishable suitableforthelong-term particularly preservation environmental conditionsand rodentsmore easily than containers their content to storage exposes thatof ceramic containers.Historicaland ethnographicresearchon the use of storagecontainersin Crete has shown thatperishablestoragecontainerswere mostlyused for shortterm pre-industrial of storage staples and for transferpurposes (Christakis19990). It has also shown that the use of perishablestoragecontainerswas limitedin the centraland elite sectorof the societalorganisation. Withoutunderestimating theimportanceofthefirsttwooptions,thepossibilityof a low to moderate subsistencereserveseems to be the most likelyexplanationforthe absence of pithoi in the South ofpithoiin the area ofKnossos shows a high House. It is worthnotingthatthe functionaldistribution percentageoflargepithoi,whichimplylargescale storageand highsubsistencereserves,in thePalace; and a veryhighpresenceof low storagepotentialpithoiin the settlement(Christakis19990, 159-68). For instance,the storagecontainersrecovered in the LittlePalace and its annexe the Unexplored Mansion had low storagecapacities and veryhigh transportability. This may implythe subsistence dependence of high-statusdwelling on the centraladministration(Christakis19990, 163-4; idem 19993, 12-13). Althoughthe picturefromthese contextsreflectsstoragebehaviour datingbeyond the temporalframeworkof the South House, similarpatternsare also observedin the LM I domestic unitsof the Knossian settlement. In the case of the South House, analysisof the functionalproperties of the pithoi fromthe main depositshas shown thatmost specimenshave low to moderatestorage capacity,high accessibiltyof content,high graspabilityand high to moderate mobility,while only

5 The estimateis based on a floorextentof about 191 m2. 6 The working model proposed here is based on Gallant's suggestionforthe dietaryregime of ancient farmers.He argued that the daily diet consisted of 65-70% cereals, 20-25% fruits, pulses and vegetables, and 5-15% oils, meat, fishand wine. On the basis of these estimates and excluding freshfood, such as fruits,vegetables, wild plants, lattices,meat and fish,which are

not suitableforlong termstorage,one can speculate thatstorage containersheld 70% cereals and pulses (60% cereals and 10% pulses), 8% olive oil and 4% wine, leaving a reserveof 18% from the overallstoragepotential,forotheredible commodities(driedand fish,salted olives etc.) as well as forwater. salted fruits/meat The calorificpotential of edible goods is based on estimatesin Holland et al. 199 1.

PITHOI AND STAPLE STORAGE IN THE SOUTH HOUSE

161

one pithoshas highcapacity,highstability, low accessibilityof content,low mobilityand graspability. A presumable pictureof low to moderate subsistenceautarkyis difficultto explain, bearing in mindthe economic and perhapsthe social positionof the dwellersof the South House.7 It is perhaps likelythatthe household had regularor periodicalaccess to food suppliesstoredin storeroomswithin the Palace or in peripheralwarehouses(e.g. the North-EastHouse: McEnroe 1979, 127, 207; idem 1982, 6; Christakis19990, 161-2; idem 1999Ä,12). Food rationscould have been providedeitheras a subsistencesupportto members of the elite or in exchange for servicesgiven to highlyplaced administrative personnel.The abilityofthe rulingclass to controlaccess of subsistencesuppliesto the elite allowed them to restrainthose groups with conflictingclaims to power and status.The high activitiesand foodconsumption percentageofvessels(mostlyin sherds)suitableforpouringand transfer and the lack of implementsforfood processingand preparationmightpointto a constantmovement ofgoods.8Likewise,the membersof thishouseholdmighthave consumedfood withinthe area ofthe Palace. Food consumptionwithin a ranked context may have been a way of expressing social inequalitiesand reaffirmimg power relationships(Potter2000).

7 The architectural layout, constructiontechniques and the presence of sumptuaryartefactsdemonstratethe wealth of the owners of the South House. It is worthnoting,however, thatin some societies material wealth and high social rankingdo not go hand in hand (Modjeska 1982; White 1985).

8 It should be noted that this picture does not necessarily reflectactual patternsas it is stronglyrelated to excavation bias, It seems that Evans usually threw away domestic potteryand processingimplements,e.g. querns and mortars(P. A. Mountjoy per litteras).

Chapter6 The silvervessels P. A. Mountjoy

A groupofsilvervasesconsisting ofthreebowlsand a smalljug was foundnearthewestwallofthe SouthHouse. Theyfellfromtheroomabove thePillarCryptto 75 cmsabove thepavementofthe PillarCrypt.Evanssuggests theymighthavebeencontainedin a woodenbox and so stayedtogether as theyfell.2 Mackenziedescribesthestratigraphy: 'The mostinteresting findof all, however,has been made insidethehousein thenwangleoftheroomwiththepillarbelowwherethetwostepsofa stairgo up north.This consistedof threesilvercups and a smallveryelegantcreampot in thesame material. The objectswerefoundat almost.75 abovetheleveloftheflooroftheroomembeddedin thetough compactclayeydepositin theverycornerand thiswas how theywereoverlookedwhentheroom itself was excavated.Theywerefoundin thecourseofsupplementary tidying up afterthehousehad been completely uncovered.The bowlswereofextraordinary and as theyhad been placed thinness one insidetheotherit was foundthattheyclungtogether and itwas withgreatdifficulty theywere detachedfromeachother.The 'creampot'was onlyattached bytheclay.Twoofthebowlswereplain withstraight out rims,a thirdhad repoussédecorationin tailedspirals,such as are characteristic especiallyofMM III.'3 1 HM 404. Beaked jug. D. base 3.6, D. max. 8.6, H. 11.7. Th. wall 0.05. Handle, attachedby two rivetsat the top,is corrodedand green. PMll.i fig.221b. Fig. 6.1. HM 401. Bowl. D. rim 14.4, D. est. base 3.5, H. 2 est. 5.4-6.4. Th. wall 0.075. β^β an^ Partof rimrestored. PMll.i fig.22 id. Fig. 6.1. f

HM 402. Bowl. D. rim 12.4, D. base 5.7, H. 4.53 PMll.i fig.221c. Fig. 6.1. 9. Th. wall 0.125. Fragmentary. HM 403. Bowl. D. rim 14.4-5, D. est.base 5.4, H. 4 est. 5.3-7. Th. wall 0.125. Base and small part of rimand side restored.Six isolated spiralsin repoussé linkedat top, two ridgesbelow rim.PM ll.i fig.221a. Fig. 6.1.

All thevesselswereveryprobablyraisedfromcastsilverplates;theyhave extremely thinwalls.The beaked spout.The roundhighjug 1 has a flatbase, ovoid body and low neckwithshortupright swunghandleis attachedby silverrivets;thereare twowithconvexheadson theinsideoftherim, buttheone at thebase ofthehandle,mentioned by Davis as smalland flat,was notvisible.Davis thehandlehas a copperrodon theinterior to whichsilverwas fused;thiswouldaccountfor suggests thegreencorrosion andperhapsalso forthefactthatthelowerrivetcan no longerbe discerned.4 The bowl2 is semi-globular witha broadflatslightly evertedrim.Evanshas publisheda restoration ofit as a cupwitha shallowbodyand a ring-handle on therim,5 butDavis pointsoutthatthebody sitting has a deepershapeclose to thatofa silvertea cup fromMycenaeShaftGraveIV6 and suggests the handlewouldhavebeen similarto thaton thisvessel.The bowl3 is shallowwithstraight sideswith witha slightly thickened rim.Itsdecoration is fully liplessrimand raisedflatbase. 4 is semi-globular describedby Davis:7it has twoconcavechannelsbelowtherim;thesix spiralson thebodyhave a convexcentralboss and concavechannelswithraisedarrisesmadefromtheinterior. The spiralsare notretorted butlinkedat thetop.Davis suggests thetailsconvergeat thebase ofthevessel.Thiscan be seen clearlyin a recentcolourphotograph.8 Driessenand Macdonaldcitethe decorationon a 1 I thankDr H. W. and Catlingforreadingthemanuscript making many helpful suggestions. 2 PMll.i 3 DM/DB386-7. 49. 4 Davis 25-30.5.1908, 1977, 105. As faras I know,no chemicalanalysishas been carriedout on thesevases. For lead isotopeanalysisand

therole of theLavrionas a sourceof silversee Stos-Galeand Macdonald1991,249-88, especially270-9. * PMll.i 221c top. 6 Davis fig. 1977, 107 no. 67; Karo 1930,pl. 127 no. 509. 7 Davis 106. 1977, 8 Karetsouand Andreadaki-Vlazaki 2001, 75 no. 57.

P.A. MOUNTJOY

Fig. 6.1. Silvervases fromthe PillarCrypt.Scale 1:3.

as a parallel,9 buttheretorted LM IA bronzebrazierfromAkrotiri spiralson thebrazierarelinkedat topand bottomwhereason theSouthHouse vesseltheyare onlylinkedat thetop.A secondbronze also has retorted brazierfromtheUnexploredMansionKnossos,forwhicha LM I dateis suggested, wavylineratherthanbeinglinked.10 spirals,buttheseare framedby a continuous seriesofpreciousmetalvases;indeedMatthäus The SouthHousevesselsareearlyintheneo-palatial die othervessels)is one oftheearliest. notes11 thatthejug fromtheSouthHouse (andby implication The bowlsaredifficult to dateto LM IA orLM IB as theshapewasin use overa longperiodoftime. In facttwoshapesare involved:thebowl and thecup;12LB I- II examplesofbothshapescan have sides. verticalsides,as theSouthHouse vessels,or outcurving The Cup arethreebronzecupsfromMochlos The closestparallelto theshapeoftheSouthHouse cups/bowls foundin topsoilabove GraveIX and possiblyfroma burial,13 althoughthesidesofthesevesselsare sides. The Mochlosvases have a raised have vertical whereas the South House vessels outcurving bronze from a rim are made sheet,thehandlebeinga tailoi base,lipless and highhandleand single bronzepulledoutfromtherimand bentdowninsteadofbeingattachedby rivets.Theyhave been III-LM XjIVX X. datedto UdlCU tU 1VX1VX MM XXX~ I.

Other parallelsto the shape of 2-4 include a silvercup fromHerakleion;14it comes froma tomt whichmay have belonged to a cemeteryon the west edge of the harbourtown of Knossos.15It hai outcurvingsides and two stand rings.The base of 4 is not extant;it mightalso have had two stanc rings.A gold cup fromKnossos Ag. Ioannis withverticalsides is decoratedin repousséwithretortec spiralsabove arcades.16Its shape is close to the SouthHouse decoratedexample 4 and it also has twc stand ringsas the Herakleion vase, suggestingthatit is probably close in date to the latter.Hooc suggestsan earlyLM I date, as thereis a parallelto the decorationof the Ag. Ioannis vase on a LH silverewer fromShaftGrave V,17but notes thatLM IB cannot be ruled out, as the decorationi popular on LM IB clay vases (itdoes not appear on LM IA ones).18However,in additionto the Shaf 9 Troubled Island 149; Doumas 1994, 60, fig.47. 10MUM 2 10 and pl. 202. 11Matthäus 1980, 204. 12The possibilitycannot be ruled out that,in addition to 2, 3 and 4 also had handles, as both are missingparts of the rim. 13Matthäus io8o. Form * a. 210-21. ol. ai.q.%8.

14Davis 1977, no. 18, figs.84-5. 15Hood 1956, 87. 16Hood 1956, 94, fig.5.1. 17Matthäus 1980, pl. 74.1; Karo 1930, pl. 134 no. 85t 18Hood 1956, 92.

THE SILVER VESSELS

The presence withspiralsandarcades.19 decorated Gravevesselthereis also a bronzejug fromAkrotiri of two metalvesselswiththisdecorationin LH I/LM IA contextsperhapsmitigates againstthe Herakleionand Ag. Ioanniscups beingLM IB; the appearanceof the motifon LM IB ceramic frommetalvessels. theresultofinfluence vesselswas a laterdevelopment, datedto of4 is providedbya goldcup in theAeginaTreasure, An earlierparallelto thedecoration for the There are also on the MM III, whichhas retorted shapeamongstthe parallels body.20 spirals of these vasesis uncertain, MM IBbut since the to silvercupsin theTôd treasure II, origin dating discussed here.21 are not bothAnatoliaand Cretebeingsuggested, they On themainlandthereareLH I-IIA silverparallelstotheshapefromtheShaftGravesatMycenae. An examplefromGraveIV22has outcurving sidesand a ringhandlebuta vase fromGraveI23has vertical sides,as do theSouthHouse examples.BothShaftGravevasesaremadefroma singlesheet also madefroma singlemetalsheet,is ofmetal.A plaingoldcup fromthetholostombat Marathon, closein shapeto theSouthHouse bowls3, 4, butitscontextis notwelldated.24 in use intoLM IIIAi as twobronzevesselsfromSellopouloT. 4 The simplecup shapecontinued bearwitness.25 No. 33 is shallowwithslightly sideswhereasno. 34, whichis spouted,has outcurving verticalsides.Apartfromtheflatbase theirshapeis closeto SouthHouse 3, 4. If the vesselshad handlesand wereindeedcups,thenthereare no reallyclose LM I ceramic and parallelsto theirshape,notevento theevertedrimof 2. The ceramicshapeis taller,narrower witha tallevertedrim.26 Some LM IB ceramiccups do have a 'metallic'formwitha semi-globular rimand a discoidbase,butthebodyis stillsemi-globular.27 Moreover,although sharplyout-turned thereare manyLM IA ceramicparallelsto theretorted on are not ofthelinkedtype 4, spirals they on thesilvervase. In theLM IB version,oftenfoundwitharcades,thespiralsare differently linked, because are later.28 they perhaps V/lUaV

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The Bowl bowlwithout a Apartfromthefactithas a flatbase nota raisedone,theshapeofthehemispherical handleis also close to thatoftheSouthHouse bowls.29 The bestparallelsto theshapeoftheSouth HousevasesaretwosilverexamplesfromtheShaftGraves,although thefirst, fromGraveV, is much and the second,fromGraveVI, a rimfragment,31 has outcurving sides.There is a later deeper30 exampleoftheshapein bronzefromKatsambaGraveB.32Althoughit datesto LM II, it is a close parallelto theSouthHouse shapeexceptthatthebase is flatnotraised.A silverrimfragment dating to LM IIIAi comesfromSellopouloT. 4;33ithas an outcurving upperbody. Matthäusnotesthatthishandlelessbowlhas no ceramicparalleland was probablyonlymade in butin facttheceramicLM I in and outbowlsreflect thisformverywell(see Chapter4). metal,34 The Jug Thereseemto be no metalparallelsextantto thesmalljug, butMatthäusobservesthattheround handleformis similarto smallbronzehandlesfromShaftGraveV, as well as to a bronzehandle fromSellopouloT.4,whichperhapsbelongedto similar jugs.35 Evans suggeststhe SouthHouse vases were a groupforceremonialuse.36Matthäusalso notesa inasmuchas thelistofgoldvesselson theLinearΒ TabletTn possibleritualuse forthecups/bowls,37

19Matthäus pl. 33.281. By extensionthe ewer fromthe NorthWestTreasureHouse Knossos witharcades endingin fatdroplets (ibid. pl. 31.352) could also have been made in LM IA; the dropletsare close to those on the Thera vase. See ibid. 177-87 fordiscussion,especially 181-2, 185. 20 Higgins 1957, 42-57, especially 54 no. 23; Higgins 1979, passim. 21 See ABAC 131-5 for a good overview; Karetsou and Andreadaki-Vlazaki 2001, 68-70 nos. 50-6 for colour illustrations. 22 Karo 1930, pl. 127 no. 519; Davis 1977, no. 68. 23 Karo 168 no. 213; Matthäus 1980, pl. 74.4. 1930, 24 Matthäus pl. 220 and 1980, pl. 74.5. See also Hood 1956, 88 n.7. 25 Popham et al. 1974, 235, fig. 22.33, 34·

26 See Popham 1967, pl. 76h LM IA; pl. 79d LM IB. 27 e.g. Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1989, pl. 24, fig. 32. 28 e.g. Betancourt 1985, pl. 2 2Α, Β, Ε. 29 Matthäus 1980, Form 47 A, 277-9. 30 Karo 1930, 151 no. 875; Matthäus 1980, pl. 76.7. 31 Karo 1930, 162 no. 919; Matthäus 1980, pl. 76.8. 32 Matthäus 1980, pl. 49.414; Alexiou 1967, pl. 8b bottom centre. 33 Popham et al. 1974, 215, fig. 13. 34 Matthäus 1980, 279. 35 Mycenae: Matthäus 1980, 202, pl. 37.306-7; Karo 1930, 151 nos. 878b-c. Sellopoulo: Matthäus 1980, pl. 37.304. 36 iWII.i 387. 37 Matthäus 1980, 279.

i66

P. A. MOUNTJOY

316 fromPylosincludestwohandlelesshemispherical gold bowlsin a cultinventory, probablyfor use as votiveofferings.38 He also citesa further use as a libationvesselon a reliefserpentine rhyton fromKnossos,39 whichdepictsmenprocessing to a shrinewiththistypeof bowl in their fragment outstretched hands. The idea thattheSouthHouse vasesforma ceremonial by theuse ofsimilar groupis supported of in vessels later LH IIIAi tombs. The Kokla tholos tomb contained a groups groupofsevensilver vesselscomprising a high-handled three carinated and three conical Othertombs kylix, kylikes cups.40 have setsconsisting ofone pouringvesseland a numberofdrinking vesselsand theseare tinnedin imitation of silver.On Cretenot all thevesselsin the set are tinned;forexamplethe LM IIIAi withan unpainted SellopouloT.3 has threetinnedkylikes together kylixand cutaway-necked jug and has a set of tinned and conical with an untinned two more T.4 kylikes cups together jug, stirrup conicalcups and a shallowangularbowl.41Similarsetsare foundin LH IIIAi tombs,but these vesselsare all tinned.42 On theotherhand,iftheSouthHouse vaseswerenota ritualgroup,itcouldbe thattheycomprise a hoardhiddenbeforea disaster(thiswouldpresupposea man-madedisaster), similarto thepalatial hoardsof bronzevases fromtheHouse South-East of the SouthHouse, thebasementcell by the ButI thinkit unlikelytheywerea hoardas they SteppedPorticoand in theNorth-West Treasury.43 werefoundnearlya metreabove thefloorof thePillarCrypt,whichsuggeststhattheyhad fallen froman upperfloor.Evans'sidea thattheywerestoredtogether in a containeris moreplausible. theprivatepossessionoftheresident ofthehouse Theycouldsimplybe partofthehousefurniture, caughtup in a disaster. The SouthHouse vesselswerefoundin thedestruction debrisofthehouseto whicha LM IA date is hereassigned.Otherwisetheycannotbe morecloselydatedthanLM I. ThisLM I dateis based ratheron theircontextthanon parallelpieces,sincethereare no parallelsto thejug and thebowl shapewas in use overa longperiodoftime.

38 In a discussion of the tablet Chadwick 1976, 89-96 states that 13 gold cups and bowls and 10 human beings were offered to 3 groups of deities. 39 PMII.ii fig.486.

40 Demakopoulou 1990, 117-19 41 Popham et al. 1974, 203-10. 42 1995 b, 30-1. 43 Mountjoy PM Il.ii 627-33, 637-47.

Chapter7 The stone,bone,ivory,bronzeand clayfinds R. D. G. Evely

Thisstudyembracesonlythatmaterialrecoveredby Evansin 1908 and to a lesserextentin 1924, frombothwithin(SM Boxes 1596-1615) and without(SM Boxes 1595, 1616-20, 483-491, 785787) theSouthHouse.Workin die areainmorerecentdecadesis notcoveredhere.Sincethedetailed recordsand stratigraphical accountthatone relieson in today'sexcavationsare lacking,assigning itemsto securecontexts is thatmuchharder,in factreallyimpossible. One does notknowas a ruleif thisor thatpiece has droppedfroman upperstorey, tumbledoutintoa streetor,here,even fallen fromthePalace above (see forexampleSM Boxes 483-91 wherethe contentshave accumulated outsidethenorthfaçadefromthePalace). storedin the wooden boxes in the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos,in Takingeverything withthatheldin HerakleionMuseumand thatreported conjunction by Evansin PM ILi, we have a totalofjust over 200 pieces availableforanalysisand observation,1 to whichcan be added the loomweights (Chapter8) and thesilvervessels(Chapter6). Thiscorpuscan be brokendownin different ways. thereare47 bitsof'chipped'obsidianand 17 potential'ground'stonetools, Byclassesofmaterial, natureand 6 ofa generalcharacter; stonevasesand relatedpieces 7 stoneitemsofan architectural number95. Together, stoneaccountsfor172 objects:some 80% of thewhole.Of bone/ivory are listed7 entries(3%); ofmetal25 (12%); and ofclay 16 (7%). If one comparestheSouthHouse with thelargerUnexploredMansion,itis clearthatthesmallerstructure conforms reasonablywellto the of in in but not or metal. these willhave stone, However, patterns recovery clay,bone/ivory patterns no meaning, thefinds,made theirwayintoa if,as is argued,thevastbulkofthesoils,and therefore relatively emptystructure by severaldumpingevents.Perhapsonlythebronzetoolsand thesilver vesselsare msitu- datingto LM IA in all probability. In termsoffind-places fig.i), close to one-third of objectscome fromoutsidethe (Introduction: houseitself:the majority fromthelevel groundto thenorth.Here todaya 4-5 m wide platform terraceexists,cutintothesouthflankofthePalace tell.Insidethehouse,thenorthand centreparts AreasS.I.2 + S.I.4, S.I.5, S.I.7 and yieldthemost:perhapsbecausemorefillremainedthereabouts. S.I.8 produced57, 22, 44 and 21 articlesrespectively, whereasAreasS.I.3, S.I.6 and S.I.9 gaveup a mere8, 4 and 3. AreaS.I.5 Box 1602 apparently thepointmade yieldedno smallfinds.To reiterate above,very,veryfewof diese cataloguedobjectsneed have been in use in thebuilding:themost valuableexceptionsare thesilvervasesoverAreaS.I.5 and thehoardofbronzetoolsin Area S.I.8. Noris it reallypossibleto place chronologically a greatdeal ofwhatwas found.Driessenargues thattheessentially somestructural alteration in LM IA (filling in of neo-palatial buildingexperienced LustralBasin- Area S.I.6). He has suggested continuedoccupationof somekindthrough LM IB and LM II intoLM IIIA.2 This coverssome 200-250 years:say c. 1600-1360 bc. However,the andjoinswithintheceramicmaterial) hasbeen stratigraphical study(basedlargelyon thedistribution to show that later than LM IA had beenthrown in.Thiswouldmean arguedbyMountjoy everything of thesmallfindstoo are laterratherthanearlier.Accordingly, that,in all likelihood,themajority suchdatesas are givento objectsare based onlyon comparison withsimilaritemsretrieved from better knowncontexts. Sucha datewillbe thatofmanufacture and immediate generaluse- notthat whenthepiecebecamefinally in thearchaeological record. incorporated 1 Evans gives an account of the South House, includinga few of its small finds,in PM ILi 373-90.

2 Troubled Island

149-50.

R. D. G. EVELY

The objectsare cataloguedby materialand withineach materialby area of discovery,the SM Box numberbeing located at the end of each entry.The listopens withinthe South House beforeturning to the south-west,east and northsides in order.The objects are arrangedin the followingorder: STONE (tools;architectural and otherobjects;vases),BONE, IVORY, METAL and CLAY. A running in is number, bold, adopted throughoutto give each piece a unique reference.3

Obsidian The eclectic body of obsidian does not, in itself,representa coherentbody of material(fig. 7.1): almostcertainlyit representsa casual accumulationof debrisand loss fromanytimein the preceding two millenniathathas ended up in the ruinsof the South House by accident.Accordinglylittletime will be spenton it.4 It is sufficient to say thatthe collectionis typicalofthatto be foundon manyLM sites.So faras can be told all, or almostall, is connectedwiththe processesofmanufacturing blades: thatis to say in the Bronze Age ratherthanthe Neolithicera. However,some pause forreflectionis needed here because the South House is cut into the southernedge of the Neolithicmound of Kephala. As a result,it is highlyprobable thatitemsfromthe Neolithicstratawould have workedtheirway out and been rethe authorhas no experienceof obsidianproductionfrom depositedin the LM earths.Unfortunately, the Neolithicand is unable to pronounce as to whetheror not the flakesrecoveredmightrepresent such earlymaterial. For the momentthen,the pieces will be viewed purelyas Bronze Age. Of raw material,two slablike pieces were recovered.47, fromGiali, is unlikelyto have been intendedforthe productionof tools of any sortor date: brokenon all sides,and withcortexremainingon itsmain faces,the tabular fragmentdoes not declare its intendedpurpose. The larger43 of ?Melian is similarlyunworked:its size would make it suitable for exploitationas a source for a core. The 33 flakesand 5 chunkier (thelast not illustrated)could all be the wasteleftfromsuch core preparations:theymostly fragments look to have been removedby percussion,a fewperhaps being pressuredoff6-21, 30-34. It is not clear to the authorthatany have been eitherdeliberatelymodifiedwiththe intentof servingas a tool or fortuitously put to such an end. A singlecore 35 is preserved:effectively exhausted.On the small side, it has had blades removed aroundtwo-thirds ofitsperiphery,theremainder(stillwithcortex)presumablybeing thatpartgripped in the vice in the productionprocess. Most of a crestedblade 1, ragged blades (?fromcorrecting faults)2-3 and substantialpartsofthreetrueprismaticblades 4-5, 41 sketchilyindicatethe sequential stepsin manufacture. The distribution offindspotsunderlinesthe casual natureoftheloss applyingto thisobject class. In factvery few have accumulatedoutside the South House (6 - includingboth the unworkedbits), whilstwithinthe majority(34 or some 70%) came fromthe fillof the stair-case(Area S.I. 2) in the north-west corner. s.i. 2 1 section. Blade,crested.Black,proximal, triangular L. 4.4, W. 1.3, Th. 0.4. Joinsto piece from1598. 1597. Fig.7.1. 2-3 Blades- 2. Black,ragged.Up to L. 3.6, W. 1.8, Th. 0.6. Corrective 1597.Fig.7.1. piecesinproduction. 4-5 Blades- 2. Black,smallerandneater.Up toL. 2.9, W. 1.1,Th. 0.45. Likelyblades.1597.Fig.7.1. 6-21 Flakes- 16. Black,no cortex.Between4.1 χ 4.0,

Th. 1.1 and 1.8 x 1.8,Th. 0.3. Flatter bydegrees;probably directpercussion. 1597.Fig.7.1,plate8. 22-29 Flakes- 8. Black,sliverof cortexon one. Up to 4.1 x 3.8, Th. 1.0. Less chunky;directpercussion.1597. Fig.7.1. 30-34 Flakes- 5. Black,cortexon a mainface.Up to 3.9 x 3,9, Th. 1.4. Chunky- thickand angular;direct 1597.Fig.7.1. percussion.

S.I. 5 Core,bullet-type; 35 complete.Black,somelustre.H. 3.8, W. 1.95,Th. 1.55. Ellipticalsection,tapered;cortex on one side.Scarsof 9 bladesacrossworkedregion(one

withplunging madeofflakes- 2/3main, distal).Platform crushed.1601.Fig.7.1. 2/3smallerat edge;overhang,

3No exhaustive to searchforparallelshas beenmade attempt fromwhich here,giventheneartotalignoranceofthecontexts the findscame; a slightexceptionbeing made forthe more unusualpieces.Somegeneralindication ofbasicbibliography is

wherefelt given 4See Blitzer appropriate. forchert)Blitzer1992, 1995,488-96; and (mostly and 712-27. Also morerecentworkby Carter(forthcoming) Dierckx(1999).

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

- 30-34

Fig. 7.1. Obsidian: slabs 43, 47, flakes6-21, 22-29, 3°""34>4*> 45> prismaticblade production:core 35, crestedblade 1, blades 2-3, 4-5, 41. Scale 1:2.

R. D. G. EVELY S.I. 6 Chunk. Black. Complete,cortexon one face. 3.6 x 36 2.7, Th. 1.2. 1603. Chunk. Black with some lustre. Angular, much 37 cortex.5 x 8.3, Th. 2.2. 1604. Chunk. Black with some lustre. Angular, some 38

cortex.5.5 x 6.6, Th. 2.6. 1604. Chunk. Black withsome lustre.Cortex on one side. 39 2.8 x 3.8, Th. 1.7. 1604. Flake, distal fragment.Black. Complete, a little 40 cortex.2.0 x 2.1, Th. 0.5. 1603.

s.1.7

Blade. Grey-black,semi-lustrous. Medial, 2nd series. 41 L. max. 2.8, W. 1.3, Th. 0.35. Edges muchdamaged. 1607. Fig. 7.1.

S.I.I

Flake. Black,cortexon main surface.6.4 x 5.3, Th. 42 1.0. Early stage of preparationof block or core. 1595. Fig. 7.1. C.V.I Raw material,tabular;twojoiningfragments. Black, 43 lustrous.L. 13.4, W. 9.9, Th. 4.1, Wt. 615 gm. All-over cortex,of two types.One cornersevered and small parts lostand damaged. Probablyintendedas core. 487. Fig. 7.1. H.I.I

Flake/blade;chunky.Black, some lustre.Complete; 45 cortexat top. L. 3.3, W. 2.8, Th. 0.9. 786. Fig. 7.1. Flake; angular.Black,some lustre.Complete; cortex 46 on one side. L. 4.1, W. 3.5, Th. 1.3. 786.

Chunk,angular.Grey-black,streakyand semi-matt. 44 Complete in itself.4.4 x 3.1 x 3.9, Wt. 35 gm. 2 planes have cortex; rest lost to indirect percussion work presumablyfromcore production.487. Slab; natural tabular. Giali: black with white 47 spherulites.Cortexon main faces:brokenall round.L. 7.3, W. 4.7, Th. 1.05. Purpose unclear.786. Fig. 7.1.

Ground Stone Tools In thestonetools (fig.7.2, plate 8), thethreemainclassesof actionare all represented: namely, the terms used seen from As can be and polishing/grinding abrading/whetting.5 pounding/grinding, in use. to describetheseactions,theypotentially overlap threetypicalpiecesexist.One 62 is theall-overworked,roughly Of thefirst, thepounder-grinders, butin thiscase restricted onlyto itssubsphericalsort;55 displaysa verysimilar'pitted'surface, The last a low to cuboidperiphery and so leavingtwoflatter specimen63 makes polish. planes carry is restricted to thedefinededge-zone, cobble:themainwork-damage use ofa moreunevenly-shaped overthenaturalridgesand irregularities ofsmoothing thougheventhebroaderfacesshowtheeffects of the brokensurface.The presenceand natureof the polishesseen on 55 and 63 need some In the ofworking? and/ortheresultofsomepattern to whatextentare theyintentional explanation: couldimplythatthey ofthetwoopposedplanesthatcarrythepolishcertainly case of55 theflatness used. However,thisis not so obviouslythe case for63, whoseuneven wereindeed deliberately surfaceis notso suited,butwhichnonetheless displayssomepolish!The matterofthepolisheson suchstonesneedsfurther investigation. definedas polishers.61 is a brokenexampleofthe Anothertriooftoolsweremoreconfidently one with their sides (someflat, roundedin section)and facesalikeall potentially 'triangular'-class, as a in into service. some version,ifsomewhatcompromised 51 wayscouldbe a chunkier pressed truetriangle. The last60 is lessobviousa case; someofitsfacesareleftin a roughcondition(51 and and onlyone mainsurfacehas a polishto it.Its actualuse 61 are alikemostneatlymanufactured), to one ofthesides:ifso, itwouldsuggestthat still be indicated some might by lime-plaster adhering created. an offcut or wasterhad been recycledratherthanthata toolhad been purposefully here. well Nextcomethebroadsetthatcouldbe termedwhetstones: represented In termsof quite to varying theirform,all are variantson thebar- an elongatedstripfinished degreesofregularity. to makeflatfacesand sidesmeetingat crisp was done by thesaw,aided by grinding Suchworking 5The best and most is thatof introduction comprehensive have come Blitzer1995, 416-88. Otherrecentcontributions

and Dierckx(1999). fromCarter(forthcoming)

THE STONE,BONE,IVORY,BRONZEAND CLAYFINDS

Fig.7.2. Groundstonetools:grinder-pounders 61, 51, 60, whetstones 52, 56, 53, 64, 57, 55, 62-63,polishers 58, other54. Scale 1:3.

- signs Theycarryscratches angles.52, 53, 56, 57 are all plainbars,ofvaryingsizesand weights. witha perforation hole thanuse. 58 is muchthesame,butit has been fitted moreofmanufacture final in house. The the or the it about which could be from both sides)by (drilled hung person ofitsuse arewornintoitsfacesand sidesin theform example64 is a simplebar,butheretheeffects ofchannelsor grooves.Theseresultfromtheshapingofpointsand tipsmorethanthecutting edge lesswell-defined and leavesa shallower, proper(thelastis moreeasilyachievedon a broadersurface, Anotherwayof dividingup thesetoolsis by theirmaterial:52 is a fromthestropping). depression - itsgrainsnaturally do theworkofabrading;53 maybe ofa poor-grade sandstone emery,towhich

R. D. G. EVELY

similar thesedo nothavea truly observations granular apply,onlymoreso. The restareall limestones: with structure and arenotas hardas quartzor emery.Rathertheirworkmustbe donein conjunction to whicha polish an abrasivepowder(heldin oil or water),orbe on materials softer thanthemselves maybe slowlyimparted. Whenone considersthematerialsof thesetool sets,some specificand deliberatechoiceson the a hardand densemineralseemsto stand partoftheMinoansare visible.Withthepounder-grinders minimises ofrepeatedblowsand shocks,and an even,finecrystalline structure up bestto therigours effective and is a tendencies to break(though55 failedin part).Forpolishers, limestone is perfectly a naturally Forabradersand whetstones good vehicleforanyabrasivepowdersusedin conjunction. granularmaterialis a greatassistance(hencesandstonesand emery),thoughagainlimestone-plusabrasivepowderis equallyeffective. The finalfiveitemscan be dismissedrapidly.Two 50, 54 have potentialas tools,but carryno obviouswearmarksnow54; or arebutfragments ofa oncebiggerwhole50. Pebblessuchas 48, 49 the arecommonin thesoilsaroundKnossosand mayjustbe naturally presentin thesoils.Essentially of this samemaybe trueof59, thoughrockcrystal of the mineral is notgenerally make-up part part Thisexample ofCrete:suchpieceshavepotential usesin craftand perhapsdomesticcircumstances. is unaltered fromitsnaturalstate. As to theirpositionin theSouthHouse,onlythethreewhetstones 56-58 fromS.I.8 mighthave a directrelevancein thattheyare froma roomin whicha groupofbronzetoolswererecovered. s.1.3

Pebble, flatand irregularovoid. Limestone,grey48 brown.L. 6.3, H. 5.4, Th. 1.9. Smooth; oblique hole (1 x natural.1599. 1.5) near 'top'. Water-worn,

Pebble, flatovoid. Limestone,grey.L. 5.9, W. 4.4, 49 Th. 1.9. Very low polish, general bruised, especially periphery.Probablywater-wornand natural.1599.

S.I. 4 ?Tool,fragment. Limestone,grey-black, 50 fine-grained. Corner.L. max. 4.3, H. max. 3.8, Th. max. 1.6. Crispangles define3 fairlyflatplanes - smooth with abrasion. End,

once lightlyrounded, now chipped. Possibly part of a burnisher?1600.

S.I. 5 Polisher;triangular. 51 Serpentine,black withoff-white blotches.Complete,bar a fewchips.L. 7.8, H. 5.3, W. 3.7, Wt. 180 gm. All-oversmoothto low polish: especiallythe long working edge. Angles often rounded or lightly chamfered;manufacturescratcheson sides. 1601. Fig. 7.2, PLATE 8.

Whetstone, bar. Sandstone, mid brown-red, 52 medium-coarsegrains. One end lost. L. max. 5, W. 1.9, Th. 0.9, Wt. 15 gm. Workedto neat bar-form;cornersat S.I.8 ?Tool; ovoid. Limestone, beige and yellow-grey. 54 Complete.L. 6.1, W. 4.8, Th. 4.1, Wt. 150 gm. No obvious signsof use. 1611. Fig. 7.2. Metabasite,dark 55 Pounder-grinder; cuboid/spherical. brown-grey. Complete,bar one large flake.Η.4·9,Ό. 5.76.1, Wt. 300 gm. 'All-over'damage, leaving two planes flattish and withlow polish. 1612. Fig. 7.2, plate 8. Whetstone,bar. Limestone,grey.Complete, quite 56 regular.L. 5.3, W. 1.7-2.2, Th. 1.1, Wt. 20 gm. Slightly tapered,probablynaturallyso, fromtabularform.Smaller end rounded,as are angles; hintsof manufacturing on side and largerend. No othersignsofuse. 1610. Fig. 7.2, plate 8. bar. Limestone,black 57 Whetstone/abrader-polisher;

C.V.I 60 ?Polisher; wedge-shaped. Limestone, grey-black. Unusual form;reutilizedpiece? L. 7.7, W. 7, Th. 3.8 to 1.5, Wt. 150 gm. Main flatsurfaceis smooth;others,including curved one, are less so (and one has lime-plaster adhering). Possibly an offcutput to use as a plastering-

end a littlerounded; surfaces slightlyconvex. All-over scratchingalong and oblique to main axis: manufacture. 1601. Fig. 7.2. Whetstone, bar. PEmery,grey and layered; fine 53 crystals.Complete,bar chips. L. 11.4, W. 5, Th. 1.9, Wt. in section;anglesrounded; 130 gm.More or less rectangular one end sawn in fashioning.Generallysmooth,one end and a side more so. 1601. Fig. 7.2, plate 8.

(burnt).Near complete - one end lost; semi-regular.L. max. 7.3, W. 3.5, Th. 1.9. One surfaceflat;otherroughly domed; sides partly sawn/brokenoff; end deliberately facetted,polished here. 1612. Fig. 7.2. Whetstone;bar, perforated.Limestone,greys and 58 blotched. One end lost; rectangularand regular.L. max. 3.8, W. 2.2, Th. 0.8, stringhole0.25 at intersection.All surfaces smooth, some fine abrasion scratches from manufacture.Stringholedrilled both sides (one mostly). 1610. Fig. 7.2, plate 8. Rock crystal; natural form. Brown and green 59 staining.Complete; irregularshape. L. 5.3, W. 3.5, Th. 2.3.

tool. 486. Fig. 7.2. one end lost.Limestone,banded 61 Polisher,triangular; greys.L. max. 5.6, H. 2.7, Th. 1.8. 2 flattishsides, longest morerounded; all surfaceslow polish,withscratchesalong main axis fortwo sides. 485. Fig. 7.2.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS 62 Pounder-grinder,depressed sphere. ?Dolomitic limestone,grey-black,veined. Complete. D. 5.2, H. 4.5, Wt. 170 gm. Basic all-over,pitting.485. Fig. 7.2, plate 8. 63 Pounder-grinder; irregular discoid. Metabasite, black. Naturalfracturedstone. L. 7.3, W. 6.3, Th. 3.2, Wt. 180 gm. Periphery both crushed/groundand smooth; fractured facewornsmoothoverirregularities. 486. Fig. 7.2.

173

Whetstone;bar. Calcareous sandstone,grey-black, 64 Regular,one end lost. L. max. 7.6, W. 3, Th. 1.1-1.2, Wt. 40 gm. Neatly made, angles slightlyrounded, smooth surface.Two planes have worn groove (0.6 wide, 0.1-0.2 deep) withscratchesalong; one facehas slightgroove along side (?saw mark in fashioningblock). End rounded and smooth.486. Fig. 7.2.

Architectural Pieces ofsomequality: Of thismiscellaneous group(7), four65, 68-70 belongto a piece ofembellishment of the Palace or SouthHouse. Made froma greyto adornedthefaçadeor interior it presumably is in theformofa stripapparently theornament limestone, capable ofbeingpositioned pinky-grey divisionofnearenough a threefold worked into front is plate Its or (fig.7.3, 9). vertically horizontally hollowed(cavetto). the is the centre domed, flanking partscorrespondingly lightly equalproportions: oflightand shadowresults. A pleasinginterplay preserved(no piecesjoin); theoriginalextentis Onlysome 30 cm or so in lengthare collectively a is from made Each squared-upblock,whosesides and frontweresawn and unguessable. piece statein whichthestone to therearwhichis alwaysleftin thefractured abradedneatly- in contrast had been quarried.The initialtripledivisionof thedecorativeband was achievedby verticalsawfromwhichthefrieze on thelengthofthestonesegments cuts,whichwillhave putsomeconstraint wouldhave been composed.The restof the shapingwillhave requireda considerableamountof abrasivework. A clue as to thenatureofthesepiecesis givenby thebrokenedge (seenbeston 65 and 68). This can be takento implythatthefourspecimensare butbordersbrokenofffromlargerarchitectural In severalplaces wholes.Referenceto Evans,as is so oftenthe case, explainsthe matterbetter.6 as 'a prominent them to he came that so aroundthePalace,he recoveredexamples: many regard two border indeed ornament'. in Minoanarchitectural feature elements, defining always Theywere and simplest, classesofobject.In thefirst, plaindado-slab,thoughit is theybelongto an otherwise not clearwhethertheywereplaced at the top or the bottomof this.Theirseconduse was as a workedin and half-rosettes bandofrosettes elementin a flamboyant designwitha repeating flanking is broader(up to 9 cm) forthe reliefbetween.In so faras can be toldthewidthofthemouldings dadoes,beingonly5-6 cm acrossifassociatedwiththemoreelaborateschemes.Thisfact,ifcorrectly deduced,would make the SouthHouse pieces morelikelyto have brokenoffa band of rosette as indeedmightthedeep division(see 65, 68) thatmarksofftheborderfromtherest. ornament, Of theotherfragments (fig.7.3),a couple66 (block)and 71 (slab)wereprobablyintendedas wall and interesting tojudge fromtheirsize,preparation or floorcomponents, colouring.The last67 of a laterprojectofunknown from a waster almost is but an limestone offcut, certainly purple eye-catching nature:theworkofthesaw is againobviousin itsformation. The findspotsrevealnothing. s.i. 4 with 65 Moulding; fragment.Limestone, pinky-grey, darkerspecks.Ends missing,back fracturedaway. L. max. 4.7, H. max. 6.7, Th. max. 3.0. Sides: one smooth,other has angle sawn out. Carved main surfacehas hollowed-

is slightly roughto touch, grooveand ridgesequence (g/r/g) Divided off laid out 1.9 by saw-work. apart. Tripledesign 1600. Fig. 7.3.

S.I.5 66 Possiblefragment fromlargeblock. Limestone,pale grey,with subtle banding. Angle/corner.L. max. 5.8, H.

max. 4.1, Th. max. 1.9. Surfaces are smooth and sawn. 1601.

s.1.7

?Offcut;bar-form.Limestone,purple. Complete in 67 itself?L. 8.2, H. 1.6, W. 0.7-1 .3. Createdin sawingprocess: two faces carryclear linear and coarse scars, and one a

brokensurfaces.1607. Fig. Elsewhereare naturally breakoff. 7.3.

S.I. 9 As 65, but slighter. L. max. 7.5, 68 Moulding;fragment. H. 6.8, Th. max. 2.8. 1614. Fig. 7.3, plate 9. 6PMIU

596-9, 695-6.

R. D. G. EVELY OUTSIDE S.I.I

Limestone, 69 Moulding;fragment. grey,fine-grained. Endsmissing, backlooksfractured away;onesidedamaged. L. max.10.9,Th.max.3, H. 5.2. Sidessawn/abraded neatly hashollowed(scarsalongmainaxis).Carvedmainsurface itis smoothtoverylow grooveandridgesequence(g/r/g), C.V.I As 65. L. max. 7.8, H. max. 70 Moulding;fragment. 5.8,Th. max.2.5. 485. Fig.7.3. Slab,fragment. 71 Conglomerate, greylimestone, pale

polish;tracesofscratches alongmainaxis.Groovesare 1.41.5 across,hollowedto 0.26; dividedofffromcentral ridge verticalcut(sawn)of0.3 depth;ridgenotquite by a nearfullyrounded(2.2 across).1595. Fig.7.3, plate 9. in a whitecalcareousmatrix. Fromedgeofa beigephyllite slab.L. max.8.3,W.max.5.5,Th. 1-0.7.Surfaces: smooth, somehintsofabrasion/saw work.486. Fig.7.3.

Fig.7.3. Stonearchitectural: borders68, 69, 65, 70, and others67, 71. Stoneobjects:74-75. Stonevases: alabaster/calcite' 'Egyptian 137,78, 86, 139, 138, 131, 120. Scale 1:3.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

175

Other Stone Objects Amongstthisassortmentof oddities,thepair ofpyramidalstands72, 73 alone are worthyof comment - in thattheyare fromthehouse itself.7 η2 is stillon sitein thePillarCrypt(plate 5 a). It is a fairlysquat, four-sidedpyramidwith a flattop containinga socket,presumablyfora double-axe. As itemsthat belongto thecatch-allcategoryof 'ritual',thepresenceofstandsin a town-houseshouldnot cause any embracedthe sacred on no small scale. surprise,as such buildingsseem to have aspectsthatdefinitely Of the rest,the intriguing 76 remainsunlocated:8the circumstancesof itsapparentconcealmentin a block of limestoneare baffling.One assumes it is Minoan. It could be componentsintendedfor some complex piece of inlay (Evans toyswiththe idea of a foundationdeposit),and thusa candidate forinclusionhere: the range of materialsis verylavish in its mix of precious stonesand metals.The unfinished'knob' of limestone74 and the chunkof lapis lacedaemonius 77 probably come froma workshop(s)somewhere:the firstis big enough to serve as a small pommel, the latterwould yield a sealstoneor two. The conical 'button'75 is typicalof its type,and presumablya late intruderinto neo-palatialearths. s.1.5

72 Pyramidalstand; gypsum;completeif a little abradedat angles.H. 28, base 28 square,top 18 square. In PillarCrypt Squaresocketin top,6-7 in all directions.

to westofpillar. stand,withsocketon topfordoubleaxe; 73 Pyramidal ofgypsum. Notlocated.

s.1.7 ?Knobfinial;complete.Limestone, 74 rough-textured, touches(heat?).Unfinished, yellowwithred/pink perhaps; shankbrokenaway.D. 3.4-3.6,Shaft:H. max.0.3, D. 1.5, Wt.25 gm.Shaped,butnotsmoothedfurther. 1607. Fig. 7.3.

'Button',conical. Steatite,black. Complete,if 75 battered. D. base 1.7-1.8,top0.8, H. 1, D. stringhole 0.6. Mediumpolish,roundedangles;verticalmanufacturing scratches;hole smoothinside; scratcheson exterior accidental. 1607.Fig.7.3.

C.V.I

twopieceswithhollowinterior of Block,limestone, 76 one:inwhichweretriangular 'tesserae' ofstone(rockcrystal,

amethyst, beryl,lapislazuli)and metal(bronzeand gold). Notlocated.

C.V. 2

6 x 3.7 77 Lump;angularchunk.Lapislacedaemonius. x 4.5, Wt. 160 gm. Unworkedpiece: big enoughfor sealstone. 490.

Stone Vases The quantity- and indeed the quality of many - of the stone vase fragmentsis an astonishing featureofthe smallfindsfromtheSouthHouse.9 Equally imposingis thefactthatonly4 are complete or nearlyso; two oftheseare smallishlids,and thusmore likelyto have escaped damage, and belong to earlierdates.It may be thatonlyBird'sNestBowl 103 fromArea S.I.6 can have any possible claim to have been in use in the structureat the time of its destruction.The Vapheio cup 135 fromArea S.I. 10 was foundin the LM IA dump outsidethe east wall of the house.10 Whateverthe case may be concerningthese veryfew items,it is an inescapable conclusion that virtuallyall the pieces of stone vases recovered were accidentallyintroducedas rubbishinto the archaeologicalrecord.This statementhas considerableimplicationsin any estimateconcerningthe scale of the Minoan stonevase craftdrawnfromonly completespecimens.It is a point thathas been made beforewithregardto the Unexplored Mansion - and indeed can probablybe assumed to be trueof Knossos generally.It is quite amazingthatafterceramics(and at timesloomweightsand stone tools),stone vases and theirshatteredremainsare the commonestfindslikelyto be encounteredin neo-palatialcontextsor soon after. Withinthe South House, the westernrooms (bar the 'empty'Area S.I.5 Box 1602) tend to contain 10-15 fragmentsapiece, but to the east thisdrops offto singletons.This simplyreflectsthe general run of materialdistribution, and thus can have no significance.Similarly,on the outside,the north regionwith25 pieces dominates. 7 PMIU 386 fig. 223. 8 PM ll.i 9 MSV is 373-4. still the essential starting-point for this object class. In tryingto isolate importsor influencesfromabroad, I owe a

debt of gratitude for the generous help fromJacke Phillips (Egyptian) and Rachael Sparks (Near Eastern). They are not formy comments. responsible 10PM Il.ii 380.

76

R. D. G. EVELY

In thefollowing review,theobjectshave been dividedintoa numberof categories by shapesometimesrathermoregeneric(e.g. sometimesspecific(e.g. Bird'sNestBowl or conicalrhyton), bowlor closedvase). so-called(known is theirmaterial:'Egyptian is a setwhosecommonfactor alabaster', First, though, calciteor evensome as 'travertine'). Thereis alwaysa dangerofvisuallyconfusing to Egyptologists here.Thesepieceshavebeenassembled(fig.7.3, is notjustified limestones withthis:totalconfidence plate 9) simplybecause - at the veryleast- the materialwouldhave to have been imported are fromEgypt).Of the8 pieces,onlya body 119 and a handle120 fragment starting (ultimately whose uninformative. The bestpiece is the ovoid bowl 137, partlyasymmetrical/ovoid relatively is further enhancedbya defining groovealongeachlongerside.Twosizeablevessels139, 131 profile are represented pieces: 139 is perhapsfroma spoutedjug, 131 from by shoulderand shoulder/rim an open-mouthed globularjar 78 of jar? To themmaybe added partof an elegantand thin-walled mediumsize,a smaller,straight-sided jar (ortumbler)138 and finallya mouldedfootfromajar or bowl86. Giventhatthestoneitselfis foreign to Crete,itis obviouslypossiblethatanyvase made ofitwas A reviewoftheprofiledrawings has notyetyielded also manufactured elsewhere. and photographs definite candidates. and the are both Indeed the handle 120 any decidedlynot spoutedjar 139 a bowl cannot More basic like the or the base of be 86, forms, safelypronounced Egyptian. jar 138 upon. However,theremay be candidatesforimportor at leastoverseasinfluencein designamongst othersof thiscorpus(fig.7.4).11For example,164 (ofblotchygreylimestone- thoughtravertine lower appearssimilarwhenheavilyburnt)has theprofileofan 18thDynastyEgyptianalabastron's a dark a rim from a tall-necked ?dolomitic resembles limestone) body; 163 (of jar (cf. typicalledge MSyP6i8, 619), a jug or evenamphoraofNew Kingdomdate,thoughthegroovingon itis neither an Egyptian norNearEasternfeature.12 couldbe 141 (againofa blotchedgreyand whitelimestone) a minoanising version- a spheroidbowl- butthistimeofan earlyEgyptianshape (saidto range betweenlate Pre-Dynastic-Dynasty II/III, ie. c. 3500-2800 bc),butsee below too.13137 has been as an is likelytobe a suggested perhapsbeing importofsimilardate,butifso thegrooveddecoration Minoanaddition.14 ofopen vases/bowls (figs.7.4Quitea numberofpiecesmaybe assignedto thebroadcategory plate A identifiable is the Bird's Nest Bowl (MSVtype3): 106 and 103,bothof 7.5, 9). readily species arelikelyto be ofneo-palatial in theinterior serpentine, thoughthelackofundercutting production, and in small size can indicate an earlier of terms of size and date; 82, limestone, profile relatively materialcouldbe ofFirstPalace date.The Bowlwithverticalgrooves89 (MSVtype12) forsimilar reasonsas thislastcouldbe proto-palatial too. Anotherdistinctive of bowls ofgypsumis represented group plain by at leastone brokenexample This much a of from recalls body debrisretrieved theWestWingofthePalacethat 79. very byEvans has been published.15 Like them,thesoftgypsumis hereworkedby chiseland knifeblade (thedrill can be closelyparalleled.The SouthHouse beingeschewed)- and themannerofthemanufacture butdiffers a littlein profile and apparentlackofhandles. exampleis aboutthesamesizeas theothers, it would be surprising if the two setswerenot of the same date (LM II-IIIA) and Nonetheless, somewhere in Knossos. perhapsfromthesameworkshop Bowlsaremostreadilyidentified their size and byupperbodyand rimprofiles. A considerable by the with are incurved 88 witha rim; rangeof formsis represented. Amongst larger 115, slightly rim everted and and which had a and shallow handles; slightly lug 132 plain profile.152 is even smaller across and with a rim. moulded also a moulded 121 shallower, rim,butlooks slightly sports tobe tallerandwithmoreupright workedon itsevertedrim,with sides;166 is evenmoreelaborately a curving profilebelow. Smallerforms(fig.7.5) are represented by theplain 104; by 81 withitscurvedformand slightly definedrim;by themoreupright 80 withitswaveringpairof shallowgrooves;and by 125 witha fullydecorated(ridged)rim.The lastrecallsan obsidianequivalentfromKnossos.16 11Forthe I thankJ. underlying knowledgein thisparagraph, forgeneroussharing. Phillips 12 164 can be comparedwithburntalabastraon displayin Herakleionand Siteiamuseums(HM 2736, Room VIII, case 118 fromZakro; and 3151, Case 18); 163, forthe addingof rimfluting, cf.a vase fromMycenaein Warren1997, 217 no. 10, pl. lxxxii.c.

13 141 has a parallel in MSV 75 P403: HM 2146 from Knossos. H Information fromRachaelSparks,gratefully acknowledged: see Aston1994,type46. 15See Warren 1967, 195-201; and Evely1980, 127-37. 16MSV 25, AM 1938.466,D 98.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

177

or limestone)are concerned,all oftheabove So faras formand material(almostall serpentines in manufacture, the willbe neo-palatial though simplestand smallercouldjustpossiblydateearlier do for (butprobably not):81, example,is ofcalcite. witha suitably Base fragments profilearealso candidatesforbowls(andindeedforcups expanding and somejugs andjars).Abouthalfa dozenare allocatedhereforthesakeofconvenience(fig.7.5). The largerand moresplayed(e.g. 161, 148) are perhapsthemostlikelyto be bowls,whilst154 to curvequitedistinctly in again)couldratherbe partofa jug orjar. 151 (whosesidesarebeginning a definite foot One surfaceof a bowl (afterall, has slightbut moulding. mightexpecttheinterior in if as theexterior: but so, thisbeliefis confounded highlyvisible use) to be as wellfinished by 161 and 148 (whichhave a slightly pittedsurfacewithin)and by contrast154 has a smooth,even low date. polishedinside.It is hereassumed(notnecessarily wisely)thattheyare all ofneo-palatial Piecesfrommoreor lessverticaland straight-sided vasesofmediumheight(fig.7.5, plate 9) may - thelattergroupformone ofWarren's be fromcups(withhandles)and tumblers (without) jar class one of (MSVtypes20 and 21). The prideoftheseis theVapheiocup 135 in bandedgreylimestone, thehandfulthatmighthave actuallybeenusedin theSouthHouse. It is almostcertainly neo-palatial in execution. Of considerable interest toois 136,whichmightwellbe froman openshape,butwitha different Similargroovedrimzonesdo appearon conical profileand oflargersize;itis ofserpentine. buttheprofile heredoesnottaperenoughforthatlastidentification, ratheritswellsoutslightly rhyta, belowtherim.It has thesameprovenanceas 135 and shouldbe thesamedate. Forthethreerimpieces90, 100, 130 and thetwobase 99, 114, theclosestparallelslie withthe class:theangledfoot/base is quitedistinctive, as is theconcavelineof 100. 130 might tumbler/?jar - given to a The wall thickness of and 100, justpossiblybelong rhyton. perhaps90 too,is surprising thesmalldiameter ofthevessel.Thereis no especialreasonto preventthemall beingneo-palatial in date. it is includedhere from 129, of calcite,is a different proposition.Of miniatureproportions, convenience ratherthanconviction. Itsbroken'base' rather that it was attachedto something implies it was of some 'ritual' vessel? larger:perhaps part offering Jars,excludingthoseabove linkedwiththetumbler species,arerepresented by onlytwopotential and and of 162 blotched limestone comesfromthelip (figs.7.4 141 7.6 respectively). pieces: 141 and is globularin formwitha slightly mouldedrim- it is probablybetterseen as a bowl,though is notunliketheearliervase (MSVO266; type36) fromMochlos.Thisvase largeritssurviving profile is also potentially identified as a minoanisedversionof an Egyptianshape (see above). 162, of has a well-moulded and elaboratefoot:itsprofileand smallsize bothsuggestit comes serpentine, froma smalljar.The reasonably smoothinterior, indicatesthatitsrim-opening was nottoo however, narrow. Forthesamereason,thebase fragment of a maroon/blue stone(probably 150 quartz-based an agate)mustalso be froman open-mouthed shape- a tumbler/goblet, perhapseven a bowl or jar.17The use of such stonesis rareand moreor less exclusivelyassociatedwiththe neo-palatial itis an imported rawmaterial. period.Likethe'Egyptianalabaster', are a readilyrecognisable Lamps(MSVtype24) (fig.7.6),two group.Of thefourpiecesretrieved 143, 144 arefromthelargerand plainerpedestalledsort,theotherpair92, 142 thelowerand more ornateversions. All areofserpentine, andsurelyneo-palatial in date.As is oftenthecase withMinoan stonevases,individual details.Thus,144 has a secondary examplesofa classsportidiosyncratic ridge (thatdefinesthe basin) lyinginsidethe main rim;whilst92 has the pendantlug-handles simply outlinedand - moreunusually- a muchdeeperfuelreservoir thatis cut downto an unknown distancewithinthecentralcolumnitself. Withlids(MSytype27; fig.7.7,plate 9), one encounters one ofthemostprolific ofall vase types - iftheycan be so termed.Theywereeach,ofcourse, to with a vesseland are designed go particular theBronzeAge. The majority hereare ofserpentine, withtwoofbreccia108, producedthroughout 156 and one ofgreylimestone157. So faras can be toldeightbelongto theknob-handled version, withtwofromthearch-handled type.Datingis veryhard:theappearanceofbrecciacouldsuggesta timebeforetheSecondPalaces; smalldiametersize (under8 cm) has also been arguedto showan The inclusionin thislastsetofunusually earlytendency (133,93, 124, 156 all thusbeingcandidates). decorateditems(e.g.93) mightmakesensetoo. The massiveness ofsuchas 145, 109 and arguably 122 (all perhapswitharchedhandles?)strongly were intendedforbucket-jars or pithoi, suggestthey evenopenbasins. 17The use of such semi-preciousstones to make vases fromis rare: see MSV 136 (for rock crystal); and one of agate from

Mycenae: Evely 1992, 17, fig. 10.

178

R. D. G. EVELY

The twopyxides96, 158 (MSVtype33),minustheirlids,arecircularand madeofserpentine: 158 is a body sherdand itsfullsize is unknown, but even so, it musthave been twicethe size of the diminutive of horizontal bands,channels 96. Each ofthemis enlivenedwithvariousarrangements and cordonsworkedin lowrelief;eachalsohas a drilledholebywhichthelidwillhavebeen secured cordonon the body).Theirdecorationand (96 has it in the base moulding;158 in a projecting materialdiffer fromthosecollectedbyWarrenin MSV,and as sucharehereconsideredto be oflater date.It shouldbe notedthata plainer,circular (neo-palatial) pyxishas been arguedby Warrento be which leaves that these are further the then, 'Egyptian:18 examplesofoverseasinfluence open possibility, on theMinoancraft. Partsoffiverhyta(MSTtype34; fig.7.8, plate 10),wererecovered, anonymous mostlyrelatively bodysections.159 is quitenarrowin itsdiameterand withan unusuallyrestricted taper:perhapsit in itsshape,butis largerand sortofcylindrical vase? 112 is equallyanonymous belongsto a different - it probablybelongsto theupperhalfofthevessel.97 consistsofthe itstapermoreappropriate was stillbeingextracted (see below),theexterior verytop as theflatrimplainlyreveals:itsinterior carriesa singlehorizontal in exterior channel.Ratherdifferent butstillessentially conicalis 98 finish, withitscouple of verticalflutedchannelspreserved.123 lookslike thetip of a shellvase,but its drilled-out centralholemarksitoutas a rhyton too- an unusualcombination. noneof Interestingly thestoneshereis serpentine: theremainder aremarbleorlimestone and decorative 123 is ofchlorite, in beingblotched,bandedor brecciated. Theyare surelyall - thematerialof 123 notwithstanding - neo-palatial in date. Moremassivethoughnotnecessarily largerare thetwotables134, 113 (MSTtype38), ofwhich one-third ofthelatterremains- a borderline case fora vase in use withinthehouse.Bothare of and in circular with a recessed basinto taketheofferings or whatever. Buttheyare serpentine shape nototherwise alike.A majordifference is in themanneroftheiruse: 113 is free-standing and complete in itself.134 is not:itapparently else,orpossiblyhad requirestobe slottedontothetopofsomething removable It 1 seems without For on the a other hand, simple legs. 13, parallel. veryclosecounterpart is illustrated Warren who sees the a whole as as Thisis themost (MSTDi82), by group neo-palatial. date for this as well. likely pair - orsimplysmaller- fragments Of thelessreadilyunderstood (a good scoreorso),a fewdeserve tobe brought tothefore(fig.3.3); therestwillbe leftsilenthere.Ofinterest becauseoftheirmoulding arethebodyand rimpieces110, 117, 163. 166 is froma large,openvessel- perhapsofcomparable dimension to a bucket-jar: mostunusualhereis thethreefold ridgeat thetopand on theinside.More delicateis 163 (of?dolomitic the rim ofan unknown vase type,gracefully limestone): expandedledge adornedwiththreeshallowchannels(fig.7.5). Such ledgesare not a commonfeatureof Minoan stonevases - a fewrhytahave something comparable.Is it in factMinoan (see above)? Another is that the 'break' at the neck has been workedsmoothin antiquity. If thisis notsomeact of oddity dismemberment or reuse,thenit wouldindicatethatthiswas partof a compositevase (probably as attachment wouldbe difficult). is represented a unlikely, Finallywith117 (ofcolouredserpentine) thinwalledjar (?) witha delicately mouldedridgeemphasising thebase ofthewaistedneck. Alsotreatedin thesamedecorative mannerarethesmallerfragments 155, 146, 118 (fig.7.7). The of is of a curvedstraphandle,workedin a pattern ofridgesandgrooves. first, serpentine,part strongly Suchare seen on metalvases,oftenwiththesortoflow cup knownas a phiale:no suchstonevase has been found,but it wouldbe a possibleformto produce.Otherpotentialsourcescould be a conicalrhyton or a moreregularcup form.146 is a shortspout,also ofserpentine. 118 comesfroma sizeablevase,once inlaidwithcircular ofa bridge-spouted itis theremnant discs;almostcertainly jar knownonlyfromKnossos,datingtoMM III).19The fragment has a groovealong (oneofa sub-group one edge,whichhelpsto place thepiece at theborderof theinlaidzone (whichwas definedby a used herewouldhave shownoffwellthe groupofsuchgrooves).The blackcolouroftheserpentine whitediscsgenerally employedin thisclass. Finallycometwogreybanded/blotched jar (ifthe pieces.One 149 couldbelongto a collar-necked fig.7.8); theother164 is fromanotherclosedjar-likeform. angleoftheprofileis drawncorrectly; The kernos167, mentioned by Evans,can no longerbe found.20 Whenone looksat thematerials bulklargest(48:20 respectively), and limestones used,serpentine withalabaster/calcite breccia(4) with foranother10. The restare minorcontributors: accounting ?marbleand a quartz-based A is a substance(agate)at a singleton visual chlorite, apiece. patterning 18Warren 1989, 5.19, fig. 13. 19 MSVtype 13: bridge-spoutedbowls, 33-4, P.187-8. 20Unless it is on site. It is difficultto know if the kernos

referredto by Evans, PM Il.i 44, is the same as the item with threeholes in it, PM Il.i 386.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

Fig. 7.4. Stone vases: withpotentialoverseasinfluence141, 164, 163, bowl ofgypsum79, otherbowls/open shapes 152, 121, 132, 115, 88, 160, Bird'sNestBowls 89, 103, 82, 106. Scale 1:3.

off as to howtheywerefinished markedfeature ofthemajority, whichmusthave someimplications in orderto getthecoloursto standout. In termsof theirmanufacture, glimpsesof a numberof stages,processesand tool typesmaybe albeitslightly all within The clearest, the established canon ofMinoancraft atypical, gleaned: practice.21 21MSV 157-65; Evely1993, 172-94.

R. D. G. EVELY

I

I

F 125

81

wK Fig.7.5. Stonevases:bowls/open shapes104,80, 81, 125, 161, 153,148, 151, 154,cups135-136, 130, 100,90, 99, 114, 129. Scale 1:3. tumbler/?jar instanceis obtainablefromthe set of gypsumfragments 79. The exteriorhas been workedto give a seriesoffacetsin roughlyhorizontalrows:potentialchiselor blade work.In theinside,the centrehas been chiselledout more deeply,withthe tool held verticallyand workedin a circle;nearerto the rim thechiselhas been held obliquely,paringout a sliverhere ratherthanchippingout angularchunksas had been done at the middle. The out of the ordinaryaspect to thiscomes fromthe softnessof the stone,and the consequentreliance on chisel and blade ratherthan the drill.The process has been exploredmore deeply previously:thesepieces fitwell into the same scheme. For therest,in workingthe exteriors,thefinalstageofpolishinghas almostuniformly removedany rima guide-lineput on by a signsof the workingprocedures:only 115 mightcarryon itsflat-topped (in orderto markout thevase's dimensions).Obviously,theless polished thesurface, cutting-compass the coarserand more visible the lines left.This is also trueforsurfaceswithina channel or groove, whose positionhas ensuredtheypartlyescaped the finishing touches. Abrasionwork- witha splinterprobably- is also responsibleforthe cuttingof the serrationsin the rimof 125.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

Fig. 7.6. Stone vases: jars 162, 150, lamps 144, 143, 92, 142, tables 134, 113. Scale: 1:3.

Drillsarenotmuchusedon theexterior, butsmalleroneswereneededto opentheholesin suchas thebase mouldingofthepyxis96, whilstmuchlargeroneswereemployedon theundersideofthe table134. A moredecorative intent wasbehindtheuse madeofbothsolidand shapedbitsto cutthe circular holes of 118: the basesresulting inlay irregular profiled mighthave assistedin thepresumed disc. gluingoftheinserted Interiors oftenrevealmoreaboutthemanufacturing as thefinalpolishing wasnotalways processes, so assiduously carriedout,especiallyon themoreclosedshapeswhereaccesswas anywaydifficult. shouldersofa Bird'sNestbowlsuch Rotaryabrasioncan leaveverycleartraces,e.g.in theundercut as 103 and 82, or in plainerprofileslike tumblers90 and jars 164. All the above instancesare connectedwithregularising thefinalprofile.The drill(ofthetubularsort)was also instrumental in openingup theinterior, (see borecores102, 166 below)and otherwise by honeycombing attacking therawblock.The rhyta97, 123 makethisclear.

R. D. G. EVELY

Fig. 7.7. Stone vases: Lids 157, 95, 124, 156, 108, 93, 85, 133, 145, 94, 109, 122, pyxis96, 158, inlaid 118, spout 146, handles 140, 155. Scale 1:3.

A pittedinteriorsurfaceis encounteredat times.Though withsuch largergrainedmaterials,like the 'Egyptianalabaster' (e.g. 119), thismay resultfrompartsof the crystalsbreakingaway, yetwith 81 and 161 the effectlooks more like a deliberatechippingaction. A possible explanationcan be seen in the rhyton97: whilstthe lowest portionhas been drilled out, the upper and wider part anotherapproach.Using the hole made by the initialdrilling,he firstmade a permittedthe craftsman series of verticalsaw cuts in the interiorand then proceeded to chip out the blocks of stone so isolated. are also habitsattestedto elsewherein the Minoan corpus.Two Reshapingand reuse of fragments here: the alabaster be found body piece 131 has had one of its sides abraded smooth, examples may the ledge rim of 163 may have been detached or tidiedup by the same process. Why such actions were undertakenis anothermatter. Despite the unfinishedstateof rhyton97 and the gypsumbowl 79, no evidence can be marshalled to argue thatany stone vase productionwas undertakenin the South House. It is truethattwo bore and theformerhad probablydone service cores 102, 166 were found:thelatteris a brokenfragment, as a pestletojudge fromthepolished stateofone ofitsends (itssmall size and attractivecolourwould make it most suitedforsome cosmeticpurpose,perhaps?).

:he stone,bone,ivory,bronze and clay finds

Fig. 7.8. Stone vases: rhyta112, 97, 159, 123, othershapes 149, 110, 117, bore cores 166, 102. Scale i:s S.I. 2

?Bowl. Alabaster,off-white, 78 'zigzag' markings. fromneckand body; brokenall round.D. oi Fragment mouldedshoulder10.8,6.4 x 5.1,Th. 0.5 to 0.3. Exterior: low ridge at shoulder/neck junction,mediumpolish. Interior: smoothto low polish.Stonecutso thatnatural 1596. Fig. 7.3. zoningrunsdiagonally. debris.Gypsum, white,hints Bowl,manufacturing 79 Acidofdarkerspots.5 joiningpieces;two-thirds complete. D. rim9.6, H. 4, Th. wall0.9, base 1.8 damagedsurface. Exterior: workedup tc No signsoflaying-out guide-lines. armrovimatenrofileand contours: rnucrhfacets in

approximatehorizontalrows.Rim flat.Base (4 across lightlydelineated.Interior:in processof work.Centr droppedthemost(3 x 4) by chisel,heldnearverticalan chunk inseriesofcutsina circle, worked detaching angular Nearerrim,setofmarks:chiselheldobliquely;blade 2 ci wideand edge 1 mmthick,eachparingcut3-8 mmlonj 1596 + S.I.5 1601 and S.I.7 1607. Fig.7.4, plate 9. t blackwithoff-white 80 ?Bowl;fragment. Serpentine, streaks andveins.Pieceofrimandupperbod; pale-brown D. rim18.2,H. max.4.2, W.max.3.5,Th. rim0.65,bod 0.7 Pi.Exterior:well-polished, veryfineand horizonti

R. D. G. EVELY abrasionscratchesvisiblein places; two groovescutparallel to each other but not with rim, remnants of coarser scratches.Interior:medium polish, slightlymore obvious abrasionwork. 1596. Fig. 7.5. 81 Rim and Bowl, small; fragment.?Calcite,off-white. body piece. D. rim 8.2, 2.9 x 2.4, Th. wall 0.9. Exterior: rim has groove below, with abrasion scratches visible; medium polish. Interior: rim zone similarlypolished, otherwiseleftslightlypitted fromextractionof material. 1596. Fig. 7.5. Bird's Nest Bowl, low form;fragment.Limestone, 82 whitewithgreyblotches.Half the vase survives.D. max. 9.6, H. 4.1, Th. base 0.7, walls to 2.3. Exterior:smoothed,

s.1.3

regular,naturalblemishes.Interior:tracesofrotaryabrasion, undercutat rim. 1596. Fig. 7.4. white Closed vase, fragment. Limestone,crystalline, 83 withblack spotsand blotches.Wall piece; brokenall sides, regularprofile.D. body c. 16, 3.6 x 4.4, Th. 0.35-0.65. Exterior:well-polished,withveryfinehorizontalabrasion scratches.Interior:smoothto verylow polish,some coarser marks.1596. 84 Open vase; fragment.Serpentine,greyishwithoffwhite and greenish patches. Body fragment;broken all round.4.9 x 3.1, Th. 1.3-1.5. Exterior:medium-light polish, withabrasion scratchesquite visible. Interior:low polish, withfinerscratches.Heavy-calibrevase. 1597.

Lid, with knob handle; two joining fragments. 85 and pale brown blotches. Serpentine,grey with off-white Less than half,chipped rim. D.12, H. 2.5 withknob, disc

1. All surfaceshave mediumpolish; slightbevel (1 across) on undersidehas some scratches.Handle domed on top, 2.2 across. 1599. Fig. 7.7, plate 9.

S.I. 4 86 Vase, open and small;fragment. ?Alabaster,off-white to cream.Base piece. D. base 4, 3.6 χ i.8, H. max. 1.1, Th. base 0.3, wall 0.25. Exterior:smooth and matt on base, low polish sides. Interior:matt,smooth. 1600. Fig. 7.3. Vase, ?nearcylindrical,large; fragment.Limestone, 87

greybanded. Body piece, broken all sides. D. max. c. 24, H. max. 4.9, W. max. 8.4, Th. 0.7-1.4. Exterior:smooth, verylightpolish.Interior:smooth,mattwithhintsofrotary scratches- drilledoffcentre.1600.

S.I. 5 88 Limestone,grey Deep bowl,heavycalibre;fragment. withbrownveins. Rim and body piece; lug handle at rim. D. rim c. 26, H. max. 9.1, W. max. 12.6, Th. rim 1.2, wall up to 2. Exterior:lippedrim;smoothto low polish;moulded handle (L. 6, H. 0.8, projects 1.3). Interior:rim and top have low polish,restis roughifmatt.1601. Fig. 7.4, plate 9· Bird'sNestBowl, small;fragment. Limestone,white. 89 Full profile.D. rim6.6, base 3.4, H. 2.6, Th. base 0.5, wall 1.3. Exterior: smooth, to base with low polish; vertical ribbing(5-6 mm apart),slightlyabraded. Interior:smooth, matt.1601. Fig. 7.4. Tumbler/ 90 ?jar; fragment. Serpentine,grey-blackand whiteveins. Rim and upper body piece. D. rim9, H. max. 5.2, W. max. 4.4, Th. 0.8-1.1. Exterior:incurvedslightly, good polish and random fine scratches.Interior:coarse rotaryabrasion,polished but not removed. 1601. Fig. 7.5. 91 ?Cup; fragment. Serpentine,mid brownwithdarker greyblotches. Body sherd,withstumpof verticalhandle. D. max. over 10, 7.3 x 7.8, Th. 1.7 by handle to 0.8. Exterior:smooth, very low polish - similarin interior. Stumpof circularsection(2 x 3). 1601. 92 Lamp, low pedestal fragment.Serpentine,brownygrey.One-quarterof rim and bowl; battered.D. rim 10.8, 8.4 x 4.3, H. max. 4.6, Th. side 1.7, bowl side 0.4. All surfaceshave a mediumpolish. Wick area has a highside; oil reservoirdeeper and more verticalthanusual. Rim zone and wick decoratedby ridge and groove pattern;pendant lug handle carriessimplemoulding.1601. Fig. 7.6. Lid, moulded and with knob or arched handle; 93 and black fragment. Serpentine,a netofpale grey,off-white veins. Badly damaged at periphery.D. 6.5, H. withhandle 2.7, Th. disc 0.5. Exterior:polished,3 stepsin mouldingof disc; groove at handle base and oblique cuts around expanded top. 1601. Fig. 7.7. Lid, with knob handle; 3 joining fragments. 94 discreteblotches.Near oneSerpentine,black withoff-white quartersurvives.D. rim over 17, 12.1 x 5.8, Th. 1.6 to 1.3. Top: low polish. Under: smooth; flange carries manufacture scratches.1601. Fig. 7.7. Lid, withknob handle; fragment. 95 Serpentine,mixed grey,black and brown.Disc nearlygone. 8.4 x 7.2, H. with

handle 4.6, Th. disc 1. All surfacessmooth.Large handle 3.6 across. 1601. Fig. 7.7. 96 Pyxis; two joining fragments.Serpentine,black to grey-bluemix. Complete profile.D. rim 5.6, base 6, H. 3.9, Th. base 0.75, wall 0.3-5-0.2. Exterior:mediumpolish, finehorizontalscratches;two cordons,one at rimand base (0.4-0.5 broad); slanthole drilledin mouldingat foot(0.20.25 across). Interior:medium polish, random scratches. 1601; ?49i too. Fig. 7.7. Limestone,grey 97 Rhyton,conical; 6+1 fragments. and whitebands. Parts of upper body withrim:joins. D. rim 10, lower 7, H. max. 14.8, Th. walls 1.8-2.8, at rim 0.5. Exterior:shaped - smoothand low polish; one heavy groove (2.5 mm across,1 deep). Interior:stillbeingworked - lower drilled out (matt;some rotaryscratches),upper broken up by sawing over 8-11 cm, and then chipping. Saw withblade at least 15 cm long, less than 1 mm thick: cuts made every4-8 mm apart; chippingleaves irregular surface,some 4 mm thick.1601, 1602. Fig. 7.8, plate 10. Limestone,off-white 98 ?Rhyton,fluted;twofragments. and pale greyblotches.Two body pieces; brokenall round. 4.8 x 4.4, Th. 0.6-1.2 and 4.5 x 5.1, Th. 0.7-1.1, D. inside c. 16. Exterior: smooth to low polish, very fine vertical abrasion.Interior:smoothto matt.Partsof two ridgesand two grooves on each: taperingin width.1601. 99 ?Tumbler/jar;fragment.Serpentine,grey with offwhiteblotches and greenytouches. D. base 4.2, H. max. 1.6, Th. base 0.2, wall 0.5. Basal piece. Exterior: base smooth,side low polish withverticaland veryfineabrasion 1601. Fig. scratches.Interior:rotaryabrasion,fine-medium. 7-5100 Tumbler/?jar,heavy; fragment.Serpentine,black withsome whiteveins. One-thirdof rim and upper body, batteredand chipped. D. rim9.8, H. max. 5, W. max. 7.5, Th. 1.9-2.1. Exterior:medium polish. Interior:smooth, low-medium polish over rotary abrasion (some rather heavy). 1601. Fig. 7.5. 10 1 Vase, heavy;fragment. Serpentine,greywithdarker veins and off-white blotches. Body fragment;broken all sides,D. max. body c. 33, H. max. 10.7, W. max. 9.3, Th. 1.5-2.6. Exterior:low polish, random scratches.Interior: smooth,mattand ghostsof rotaryaction. 1602.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS 102 Borecore;completeas itstands.Limestone, mauve, L. 4.4; D. 2.6-2.8, tapers.Probablyreused. fine-grained. Sidesaresmoothandmatt, withrotary grooves.Endscarry smallchipsaroundedges:workordetaching? Producedby of vase interior, as can be seen at smaller honeycombing S.I. 6 103 Bird'sNestBowl; complete.Serpentine; grey,offwhiteflecksand brownblotches.Rim quite chipped; someoffbase. D. max. 8, H. 4.3, Th. base 1.6,wall 1.8, bowl 4.8 across, 2.7 deep. Exterior:once polished. Interior: abrasion.Damagedbyheat. smooth,clearrotary 1604. Fig. 7.4.

s.1.7

end,whereghostofa preceding layer'sremovalvisiblein scarof hollowdrill(1.9 across,cutting edge 1.5-2 mm). Largerend flatand withlow polish- fromuse perhaps. Cosmeticpurpose?1601. Fig.7.8, plate 10.

blackandgreeny-grey. 104 Bowl;fragment. Serpentine, Rimandbodypiece.D. rim14,H. max.4.7, W.max.7.8, Th. 0.5-0.65. Exterior: low-medium polishwithveryfine andhorizontal abrasion scratches. Interior: lowpolish,much fineabrasion,withsome heavierrotaryscars. horizontal DM/DB 1924,42. 1603.Fig.7.5.

bandedgreys.Body Limestone, 105 ?Bowl;fragment. sherd;brokenall sides.D. max. c. 15, H. max. 5.8, W. max. 9.1, Th 1.4. Exterior:low polish.Interior: smooth, traceofrotary abrasion.1607. 106 Bird'sNestBowl;one-third to one-half lost(upper). blackwithdiscreteoff-white blotches.D. base Serpentine, lowpolish, 5.1,H. max.5.3,Th.base 2.2,wall2.9.Exterior: considerablerandomscratches.Interior:medium-low abrasion.1605.Fig.7.4. polish,somehintsofrotary 107 Handle,probablyhorizontal; 3 joiningfragments. blackwithoff-white and pale-brown blotches. Serpentine, ofcircular-section. L. max.8.2, D. ovoid3.7 x 3 Curving, to 2.2 x 2.7. Surfacehasmediumpolishwithfineabrasion scratches. 1607. 108 Lid, withknob handle;fragment. Breccia,black inreddymatrix. limestone withhandle,survives. Centre, 4 x 4.8, Th. withhandle2.2, ofdisc0.7. Surfaces:smooth, 1605. Fig. uppera littlemoreso; fineabrasionscratches. 7-7blackwith 109 Lid; twojoiningfragments. Serpentine, someoff-white to pale-brown streaksand blotches.Small ofrim:large,heavyduty;highly cracked.D. rimc. portion 28, 9.2 x 9, Th. 2.6. Surfaceshave low-medium polish, withrandom scratches.Flange (2.2 across, not very 1.6thick).1607.Fig.7.7. distinguished; 110 Openvase;fragment. Serpentine, greywithoff-white veinsandpale-brown blotches. Rimandupperbodypiece; heavycalibre.D. rimc. 30, H. max.8.5, W. max.9.6, Th. medium-low 1.6-2.5. Exterior: polish,veryfineabrasion scratches.Interior:low polish,seriesof ridges/grooves, ofincreasingly apparently largersize. 1605.Fig.7.8. 111 ?Open vase; fragment. mixedblack, Serpentine, brownand greys.Body piece, brokenall edges; heat damaged.D. max. c. 20, 8.7 χ 6.2, Th. 1-1.3. Surfaces smooth.Interior: lessso,irregular from damaged.Exterior: excisionofstone.1607. 2 possibleotherfragments (up to 3.4 long). 112 Rhyton, conical;4 fragments, 3 joining.Limestone, - blackpiecesin a brown/white brecciated matrix.Body pieces.D. max. 22, downto 16.5, H. max. 21, Th. 1.3-

0.8. Exterior: scratches. Interior: smooth, veryfinevertical smooth.1605.Fig.7.8. one-third of.Serpentine, 113 TableofPresentation; greyblackwithoff-white blotches.One fragment, withchips, butwholeprofile. D. rim17,H. 6.3, Th. wall4, base 3.5. Exterior: medium-low polish;rimtop and side concave/ base carriescoarser recessed,withfineabrasionscratches; ones in all directions. Interiorwithbowl: medium-low foot.Bowlis polish,somefineabrasion.Smallmulti-sided 9-10 across,2-2.5 deep. 1605. Fig.7.6. blackwithoff114 ?Tumbler/jar; fragment. Serpentine, whiteveinsandpale brownblotches.Partofbase. D. base 4.5, H. max. 1.6, Th. wall 0.35, base 0.8. Exterior:very lowpolishon side,betteron base andabrasionalso visible. Interior: fineabrasion.1607.Fig.7.5. matt/smooth, rotary 115 Bowl,heavy;fragment. Serpentine, grey.Rim and rim D. H. max. 9.1, W. max. 9.3, 24, upperbodypiece. Th. 1.1-1.7. Exterior:low polish,randomscratches over fineabrasion. Interior: withmediumabrasion. smooth/matt, On topofflatrimis a minorgroove:laying-out mark.1607. Fig.7.4. 116 Vase,large;fragment. Serpentine, greyand brown blotches.Rimfragment, swellingof handle.D. rimc. 25, H. max. 2.9, W. max. 3.9, Th. 1.4. Exterior:low polish, abrasionaroundhandleclear.Interior:rotaryabrasion. 1607. 117 Vase, open; sets of 2 and 3 joining pieces. mixedgreys, Rimandbody Serpentine, greensandbrowns. D. rim13.2,3.9 χ 6.4, Th. rim0.6, body0.2fragments. 0.6. Exterior: low-medium smooth/matt, polish.Interior: veryoccasionalrotarytrace.Rim and neckmouldedand defined bygrooves.1607.Fig.7.8. 118 Vase; fragment.Serpentine,black. Piece from carinated shoulderarea;brokenall sides.H. max.4.1, W. max. 2.9, Th. 0.8-1.3. Exterior:smoothto low polish, concavezone has fine,horizontal abrasionscratches; two recessesforinlaysremain- drilledout,one witha solid bit,theotherwithshaped-head (0.7 across;to depthof0.5smooth.1605.Fig.7.7. 0.7). Interior:

S.I. 8 119 Vase;fragment. Alabaster/calcite, creamywithpale orangetingeat bordersof zones.Bodysherd,brokenall wayround.D. max. 19.6,H. max. 6.1, W. max.4.6, Th. smooth/matt. Interior: withsmall 0.5-0.6.Exterior: smooth, abrasion.1609. pitsfromincomplete 120 Handle,probablyhorizontal; Alabaster/ fragment. Wherejoins body.L. max. 2.7, D. calcite,creamy/white. base 2.3 to 1.4, Th. wall 0.2-0.3. Circularsection(1.65 across).Exterior:smooth.Interior:smooth,fineabrasion scratches. 1611.Fig.7.3. 121 ?Bowl;fragment. blackwithoff-white Serpentine, streaks. Rimpiece.D. rimover20, H. max. 2.2, W. max. all mediumpolish,fine 2.1,Th. rim0.9,wall0.7. Surfaces:

and randomscratches. Rimhas grooveon it (0.25 across, 0.1 deep). 1610.Fig.7.4 122 Lid, heavy; fragment. Serpentine,mix of grey, brownand off-white. Piece fromthe periphery, much cracked.D. rimover30, 3 x 3.7, Th. 2.8. Surfaces smooth tolowpolish.Flange2.4 across,0.5 deep. 1610. Fig.7.7. conicalorshell-form; twojoiningfragments. 123 Rhyton, L. max.4. 1, Chlorite, greeny-grey. Tip of,splitvertically. D.i. 9, tapersto 1.3,Th. 0.3-0.6, Hole 0.4-0.6. Exterior: low polish,seriesof ridges/grooves, abradedto shape. Interior:rotaryabrasionfromdrillinghole forlibations. 1610.Fig.7.8.

R. D. G. EVELY 124 Lid, withknobhandle.Serpentine, greywithoffwhiteto greyblotches.Complete,bar some chips at D. 6.4,H. withhandle2.8,Th.disc0.8. Surfaces: periphery. most smooth,base even a low polish;abrasionscratches visibleon handleand bevel (2-3 mmacross).1612. Fig. 7.8.

125 ?Bowl; fragment. Serpentine,black withbrown Rimpiece.D. rim8.6, H. max. 1.1,W.max.3.3, blotches. Th.rim0.35,wall0.15. Surfaces: low-medium polish,with finehorizontal Rimserrated abrasionscratches. (3 g/rper rather thansaw.1612.Fig. cm),puton byabrasivesplinter 7-5S.I. 9 ?Calcite/marble, white, 129 ?Cup,miniature; fragment. sometranslucency. Two-thirds present.D. rim4, H. 1.8, Th. base 0.9, wall0.4. Surfaces: lowpolish,someabrasion scratches on exterior. Base irregular: unfinished or broken offa biggeritem.1614. Fig.7.5.

S.I.I

and 131 Vase; fragment. Egyptianalabaster,off-white veined.Brokenon threeedges along crystalline linesof another sawn/abraded inantiquity: from fracture, probably neckorfootzoneofa largeitem.L. max.6.7,W.max.4.4, Th. 1.6,D. at ?neckc.22. Exterior: lowpolish,angleslightly grooved frompreparation.Interior: smooth,linear action.1595. Fig. 7.3. scratching probablyfromrotary Limestone, 132 Bowl,broad;fragment. grey.Rim and upperbodypiece.D. rim29.6, 14.2 x 5.1, Th. 1.1. Main surfaceshave low polish (exteriora littlebetter);fine abrasionon both- horizontal andoblique.1595.Fig.7.4. black 133 Lid withknobhandle;fragment. Serpentine, withwhite/off-white blotches.One-third present;battered atrim.D. rim6.8, 4.7 x 3.2, Th. 1.15.Mainsurfaces have somepolish,though undermorescratched Side (randomly). S.I. 10

135 HM 2098. Vapheio cup; restoredfrommany Limestone,banded greys.Much of rimlost; fragments. andpainted.D. rim10.5,base 8.6, H. 8, Th. rim plastered 0.35,walls0.6-0.8,base 0.6. Typicalceramicshape:flares outfrombase;threezonesofridges/grooves; spool-handle. Surfaces:smooth,even low polishon exterior;mediumfineabrasionscratches, horizontal. Alsofromsouthandeast C.V.I

bandedwhite/ 137 ?Bowl,ovoid; fragment. Alabaster, creams.One-quarter wholeprofile. D. base 3, rim survives, c. 12 by7-8 est,Th.base 1,wall0.6-0.9. Exterior: smooth to low polish(one roughpatch),sidesdefinedby groove. Interior: smoothifirregular. 487. Fig.7.3, plate9. bandedinwhite/offAlabaster, 138 ?Tumbler; fragment. semi-translucent. survives. whites, Full-profile, one-quarter D. rim5.5,base 4.8, H. 4, W.max.4.1, Th.base 0.45,wall 0.15-0.5. Exterior:smoothto verylow polish.Interior: smooth/matt. 487. Fig.7.3. Alabaster,banded,white/creams. 139 Vase; fragment. Rimand upperbodypiece.D. rimc. 13, H. max.4.3; W. max.4.9,Th. 0.5-0.9. Exterior: smoothtoverylowpolish, rimtwisting into?spout.Interior: smooth/matt. 487. Fig. 7-3140 Handle, strap; curved fragment.Breccia, grey limestone in pinky/white matrix.H. max. 2.55, W. max. smoothtolowpolish,withveryfine 3.7,Th. 0.9. Surfaces: abrasionscratches alongaxis.484. Fig.7.7. 141 Bowl, spheroid?;fragment. Limestone,greyand

Frombody, 126 Vase;fragment. Serpentine, black-grey. brokenall roundand one surfacetoo. 3.5 x 2.8 x 1.65. 1610.

inpalered/ Breccia,blacklimestone 127 Vase;fragment. matrix. either orbase carinated shoulder, Bodypiece: pink 2.8 χ 3 x o.g. angle;brokenall roundand on interior. Exterior:low-mediumpolish,'base' has muchveryfine abrasionscratches. 1611. too smallto determine: 128+ Fragments 4 ofserpentine, 1 ofwhitegranular Allunder1.5 long. material. grey-black; 1611.

130 Tumbler/?jar- ??rhyton,conical; fragment. bandedgreys.Rim piece. D. rimc. 9-10, H. Limestone, max.4.9,W.max.2.5,Th.0.15-0.7.Exterior: smooth, very lowpolish.Interior: remnants ofremovalin smooth/matt, pittedsurface.1613.Fig.7.5.

profileshowsa flange(0.7 broad,0.3 deep): unpolished and abrasion/cutting damagevisible.Hintofknobhandle 1595.Fig.7.7. preserved. blackwithoff134 Table,circular; fragment. Serpentine, whiteveinsand patches. Justunderone-quarter preserved ofrim;somechips.D. rim22,base 21, H. 6.4, 11.7 χ 7.8. in form,withveryslightly hollowed Basicallycylindrical sides taperingto bottom- all well-polished withfine horizontal scratches visible.Base is flattish, buthollowsleft fromworking intoitis drilleda (toolsnotdistinguishable): verticalhole (3.1 acrossto 2.6 at base, deep 3.5), rotary abrasionmarks,slightstepsat bottom.Top fashioned into a bowl-form, withlowrimand ledgedefining it (1.3 wide, 0.6 high; 1.2 acrossrespectively): reasonablypolished, thoughlessso in basin.1595. Fig.7.6, plate 9. areas.Fig.7.5,plate 10. 136 Cup/tumbler; fragment. Serpentine, greyand offbrownblotches.Rimand upperbodysherd.D. white/pale rim16, H. max. 3, W. max. 3.6, Th. 0.4-0.5. Exterior: mediumpolish, upperpartdecorated by4/5groove/ridges; all-over. Interior: similar. 1616. veryfineabrasionscratches Fig.7.5. whiteblotches.Rimand upperbodypiece.D. rim11, H. max.5.4, W. max.7.8,Th. 1.5. Holejustbelowrim(0.65 defined.Interior: across).Exterior:smooth,rimslightly rotaryabrasionmarks,especiallyin undercutsides.487. Fig.7.4. black 142 Lamp,lowpedestal;onefragment. Serpentine, withoff-white veinsand pale-brown blotches.Two-thirds ofvasesurvives; somechips:fullprofile. D. rim13.9,base 7.5-7.9, H. 8.4, Th. wall 2.4. All surfaces:low-medium - especially on exterior, withits polish,abrasionscratches mouldeddecoration. 486. Fig.7.6. 143 Lamp,pedestal;2 joiningfragments. Serpentine, withwhiteveins.Rim/wick and basinarea. D. grey-black rim35, 20 x 16,Th.rim5.2. Exterior: medium-low polish, low manyandrandomfineabrasionmarks, plain.Interior: polish,abrasion.487. Fig.7.6. blackwith 144 Lamp;pedestalled fragment. Serpentine, whitestreaksand pale-brown blotches.Rim,handleand cracked.D. rim26,H. max.8.4, upperbodypiece;surface W. max. 18.8,Th. rim4.5. Exterior: low-medium polish,

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS fineabrasion.Interior:the same, less regular plentiful abrasion.Handle:plain,pendantform.Basinsimpleand defined bysmallridgefromroundedrim.485. Fig. 7.6. greywith 145 Lid,archedhandle;fragment. Serpentine, Brokenallsides. andpale-brown. ofblack,off-white blotches D. over20, 11 x 10.1,Th. 1.4,handle2 across.Surfaces: underlessso. 486. Fig.7.7. quitesmooth, 146 Spout/channel; greywithpaleSerpentine, fragment. brownblotches.L. max. 2.6, W. 3.2-3.4, Th. 0.8-1.3. smoothtoverylowpolish;fineabrasionscratches. Surface: 486. Fig.7.7. 147 ?Vase,heavy;fragment. greywithoffSerpentine, whiteand pale-brownblotches.?Partof rim.3.6 x 3.8, Th. 3.2. Twofaceshavelowpolish;othercarriesabrasion / ?rotary marks.485. Limestone,broad grey 148 ?Bowl,open; fragment. bands.Base andlowerbodypiece.D. base 7, H. max.3.3, C.V. 2 152 Bowl,shallowand broad;rimand bodyfragment. greyand pale brownblotches,withoff-white Serpentine, blotches.D. rim24, H. max. 2.6, W. max. 6.1, Th. 1.8. Exterior:smoothto verylow polish,abrasionscratches, belowrim.Interior: low heavierin slight groovemoulding 488. Fig.7.4. polish,veryfineabrasionscratches. withpale153 ?Bowl;fragment. black-grey Serpentine, brownblotches.Base and lowerbodypiece.D. base 7.7, H. max.2.8,W.max.11.1,Th. wall0.7,base 1.2.Exterior: base has low polish,ratherrandomveryfinescratches, heaviermarkson mattfinish.Interior:low polish and randomabrasionscratches. 489. Fig.7.5. withvague 154 ?Bowl;fragment. Serpentine, brown-grey Base and lowerbodypiece.D. base 7, blackcomponent. H. max.6.4, W.max.8.2, Th. wallandbase 1.2. Exterior: similar. smoothto verylowpolish.Interior; 489. Fig.7.5. 155 Handleofcup; ribbedstrap;fragment. Serpentine, blackwithpale-brown discrete patches.L. max.3.1, W. 3 to2.5;Th.0.4-0.7.Exterior: medium-low tapers polishwith fineabrasionvisiblein moulded:heavyedges,3/4ridgessimilar, groovesat centre.Interior: perhapshintsofchisel work.490. Fig.7.7. 156 Lid, withknobhandle.Breccia,blackand brownmauvein white.Near complete;batteredperiphery and handletop.D. 4.3,H. withhandlemax.1.15,Th.disc0.55. Surfaces: smooth toverylowpolish,abrasion scratches. Simple bevelon lowerside 0.3 across.489. Fig. 7.7, plate 9. 157 Lid,withknobhandle.Limestone, grey.Overhalf battered.D. 15.8, H. withhandle3.6, Th. disc survives;

187

W. max. 4.7, Th. base 0.3, wall 0.7. Exterior:smoothto mattto uneven,pits verylow polish,base matt.Interior: ofstone.487. Fig.7.5. fromextraction bandedgreys.Rim/neck Limestone, 149 Vase;fragment. ofuncertain shape.D. 16.5, 7.3 x 7.8, Th. 1.2. Exterior: - hints smooth/matt smoothto verylow polish.Interior: action.486. Fig. 7.8 (withtwopossibleviewsof ofrotary rimorientation). white, maroon,pearly150 ?Jar; Quartz-based: fragment. blue. Base piece. D. base 7, H. max. 2, W. max. 3, Th. mediumpolish,withveryfine base 1.2,wall1.5. Surfaces: horizontal. abrasion, 487. Fig.7.6. 151 ?Bowl; fragment. Serpentine,greyand greenydefinedand mouldedfoot.D. yellow.Base piece; slightly base 3.4, H. max. 2.2, Th. wall 0.6, base 0.75. Exterior: smooth,verylow polishwithveryfineabrasion.Interior: medium-low polish.484. Fig.7.5. 0.6-1.4. Surfaces:damaged,tracesofverylow polishand coarsescratching. Verygradualbevel - over 2.5-3 cm· Fig. 7.7. 489. blackwithpale-brown 158 ?Pyxis;fragment. Serpentine, blotches.Calcinedcondition;body sherd.D. max. 11.1, H. max. 4.3, W. max. 5.8, Th. 0.5-0.7. Exterior:lowmediumpolish,all-overhorizontalveryfineabrasion - quitecomplexpattern ofhorizontal scratches ridgesand similarstate.489. Fig.7.7, plate 9. Interior: grooves. white conical;fragment. Marble/limestone, 159 Rhyton, and greyblotches.Wallsherd,brokenall round.D. max. H. max.8,W.max.6.9,Th. 1.4-1.5.Exterior: 7-6.4,tapers, abrasionscratches. smoothto lowpolish,veryfinevertical Interior: smooth,less polish,similarscratching. 489. Fig. 7.8.

160 Vase, bowl/?jar;fragment. Limestone,greywith somewhitecrystalline veins.Rim and upperbodypiece. D. rim24.6, H. max. 2.5, W. max. 5.7, Th. rim1.4,wall 0.8-1.1. Elaborately mouldedrim.Surfaces: smooth/matt, fineabrasionscratches. 490. Fig.7.4. 161 Bowl,open;fragment. bandedgreys. Part Limestone, ofbase. D. base 12, H. max. 2.9, W. max. 9.1, Th. base smooth.Interior: even,slight 0.9,wall1.1. Exterior: pitted fromexcision.488. Fig.7.5. withoff-white 162 ?Jar; fragment. Serpentine, black-grey blotches.Base sherd,mouldedfoot.D. base 4.8, H. max. medium-low 1.85,Th. base 1.1,wall0.5. Exterior: polish, medium-fine abrasion.Interior: smoothtoverylowpolish, tracesofrotary abrasion.491. Fig.7.6.

H.I.I ?Limestone,dolomitic: 163 Vase, ?closed; fragment. burntblack-brown. Rimpiece. D. rimc. 10, H. 1.35,W. max. 3.35, Th. rim0.6. All surfacessmooth.Top of rim hasthreeshallowridges/grooves. Eitherbroken/reused in - surface belowworkedsmooth;or intended as antiquity a detachable rim.786. Fig.7.4. Limestone, 164 Vase,closed;fragment. greyandslightly blotchy banding.Upperbodypiece;brokenall round.D. (body)max.18,H. max. 7.8, W. max. 6.5, Th. 0.7-1.2.

Exterior: low-medium smooth,butpitted polish.Interior: fromexcision.786. Fig.7.4. 165 Vase; fragment. Serpentine, greywithpale-brown blotches. hasabrasion Bodysherd.2.7x2.9x1.5. Interior scratches. 787. 166 Borecore;halfof.Serpentine, greywithpale-brown blotches.Cracked,by ?heat.D. 3, H. max. 1.9. Rotary abrasionclear:one changeofposition.787. Fig.7.8.

AREA UNKNOWN 167 Kernos.PM II.i.44. Unlessitis theobjectdescribed byEvansin AreaS.I.5 as 'curiousbase withthreesockets' PM Il.i 386. This comprisesa gypsumfloorslab (66 cm squareand 6-7 thick),in which3 holesare cut (setin a

row:c. 8-9 cmacross,4-5 deep).Thisis termedbyEvans 'standforsacralobjects'.It is not a kernosin the sense appliedto a portablestonevase. 168 Vacat.

R. D. G. EVELY

i88

BONE AND IVORY As perhapsmightbe expected,theutilitarian itemsare ofbone,whilstthedecorativeitemsare of Withonlytwo169, 170 retrieved froma centralarea (S.I.8) ofthebuilding ivory(3:4 respectively).23 - and thosefirmly mundanein character, therecan be no suretythatanyofthemoreinteresting, outsidehave anything to do withtheoccupationofthe highlyfragmented piecesthatwereretrieved SouthHouse. Of theeveryday in thatthesaw cutswhichat least items,thehorncorefragment 170 is ofinterest detachedthisportionindicatethatsome deliberateactionwas beingundertaken. What- remains elusive.The point170 and thespatula171 fragments are self-explanatory (fig.7.9, plate 10). The resemblance in and rounded the last to much items of antler ends) (pointed larger (datingtoLB IIIB/ is or due to a common solution to some as fundamental andpersistent fortuitous,24 C) probably problem in LB IIIC as in LB IB. Farmoreappealingarethedecorative pieces(fig.7.9,plate 10).All areofelephantivory,as faras can be told.Threeare ofthebroadgroupthatwereusedtoproducemarquetry or inlaidworkbased on repeating, in low relief. The with its geometric-based designs plaque 172 diagonalridgesfinds the rod with its smaller is likewise both manyparallels; 173 ridgedpattern commonlyencountered: are designedto sitflaton a surface(e.g.furniture).25 Another rodfragment moulded in a 174, simple is fromsomemorefree-standing as itwas meanttobe viewedfromanyangle: manner, arrangement, ifnot detailof decoration, are known,but are rarerthantheinlays.26 piecescomparablein intent, Each oftheabove carriesevidenceofhow thecomponent was fixedto theothersin itsgroup.The relies on a it into the as well,no doubt, plaque singlepeg (lost)running through backingsubstance, on glue.The largerrod piece 173 has a mortisecutin itsbase to receivea tenon:thejoin being effected intoposition, andheldpartly byslidingthepiecessideways byglueandpartly bythecloseness offitof adjacentcomponentpiecesof theensemble.The otherrod piece 174 has theremainsofa connectedto thenext. peg-holedrilledintotheend,by whichthispartcouldbe easilyand invisibly - ofa verydifferent The lasttobe considered is a work- or a remnant order175,namelya freeaboutsomeotherunfortunate piece ofthree-dimensional standing sculpture, showinga griffin setting creature a bull,orperhapsa deer).Whatremainsis thetopofthegriffin's head- cranium, (probably and beak and thelowerlimbofitsvictim.Thoughheavilyimpregnated withwax (fromolder eyes conservation andhavingsuffered further andinitialdrawing,27 processes) damagesinceEvans'srecovery ofthepowerofthisminiature workis stillpreserved, albeitin a blurredfashion.Though something thisremnant brokeofffroma largerpieceofivory(seefig.7.9,whereEvans'sdrawingis reproduced forcomparison), itis probablethatelementsofitwereproducedseparately and thenpeggedtogether - a compositeapproachis veryoftentheruleforsuch As is still pieces. partlyobservablehere,a smallmortise lieson thetopoftheskull,injustthecorrect to take the crest.It is also verylikely place wereenlivenedwithsomesortofinlay(?painted (thoughno evidenceremains)thattheeye-sockets See Introduction forfind-spot. rock-crystal). ■ww »... ww*.

τ M.Mv^.«..a.

^/*

ν

vvwuvwy

W"«

iJMiiilL·

uuilVlVU

1U1U1V1

s.i. 8 169 Horn core; fragmentof end. Sawn at each end. L. 2.6, 2.5 x 2.1. 1610. 170 Point;tiponly.Creamy.Sliverof ?longbone. L. max.

UU1X1U&V

U111V/V/

AJV U11J

O 1WV/VV/1Y

CU1VI

XillXAO*

'Λί

CL VV 1XXS1,

4.3, W. max. 1, Th. 0.4. Moderatelysharp. Splinterprised off,then abraded smooth at edges (very fine scratches visible).Main face has scratchesalong axis. 1610. Fig. 7.9.

C.V. 2 171 Spatula/point;fragment.Pale brown-white. Both ends lost; rib of cow/horse.L. max. 5.5, W. 1.6-1.9 at shoulders,Th. 0.2-0.3. Low polishon outside,sidesabraded

smooth,finelines in places; cancellous interior.One end probablypointed,otherrounded. 489. Fig. 7.9, plate 10.

23For bone and ivoryobjects the work of Krzyszkowska1981 is particularlyvaluable for the more utilitarianaspects. Blitzer !995> 497-500 succinctlydeals with some of the same. Evely 1993, 219-56 looks at the craftand itsoutput,and has references to such as the essential work of Poursat and Sakellarakis. 24Those of antler are especially common in LH IIIB-C mainland sites, a good example being LH IIIC Xeropolis at The parallel is, however, Lefkandi,Euboea (Evely,forthcoming). not an exact one in terms of size/length, only the worked

appearance of the two ends. 25The best parallelscome fromthe debrisof an ivoryand bone workingarea on the Royal Road at Knossos (House of Ivories, LM IB) - at present unpublished - though here they are of hippopotamus ivory. A comparable plaque (though with the ridges running across rather than diagonally) can be seen in Evely 1984, pl. 221.12. 26 Evely 1984, 243. 21PMIl.ii 388, fig. 222.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

C.V. 2 172 Plaque,inlay;2 joiningfragments. Elephantivory, L. max.5.5, W. off-white and pittedsurface.Rectangular. 3.8, Th. 0.3. Uppersurfaceworkedto a seriesofdiagonal abrasionscratches; reverse is flatwithplentiful marks ridges, of?chisel andabrasive/saw; sidesworked flat, obliquemarks ofabrasive/saw. Hole drilledthrough forpeg (1.25 across). 489. Fig.7.9,plate 10. 173 Rod; 4 joining fragments. Elephantivory,pale brown.Bothends lost. L. max. 4.7, W. 0.85, H. 0.65. Smoothto verylow polish all over. D-sectionedrod, decorated:seriesofridgescreatedon topbysaw/abrasion Base has mortise tenon,workedbychisel, (finescratches). paring(L. 2.4,W. 0.25-0.35,Deep 0.4). 489. Fig.7.9. 174 Rod; fragment. Probablyelephantivory,off-white. Endonlypreserved. L. max.0.7, H. 0.9, W. 1.55. Smooth

189

lowercorto low polish;mouldeddecoration:chamfered ners,concavechannelsdefineridgeon top.Tracesofsaw/ markson end;hole(0.4 coarseabrasion;sawandbreak-off across)drilledintoendto angleoutatbase. 489. Fig.7.9. 175 HM 195. Sculpted group of griffinand bull; fragment. Highlyreconstructed; Elephantivory,off-white. withwax;worn;breaking alonglamellae.7.6 impregnated x 4.8, Th/H.max. 1.9. Partof?free-standing composition: - head, beak and shoulder;probablygripping griffin in beak,perhapsleg ofpreywhichlies folded something hollowedout- once the alongside head. Eyes ofgriffin, inlaid?Centrally on topofhead (partly lost)is rectangular mortise(L. 1.2, W. 0.2-0.3, Deep 0.6), arguablyto take crestofgriffin. Detailsofcarving notnowvisible:verysubtle Fig.7.9. though.

Fig. 7.9. Bone: 170-171; ivory:175 (withside view afterPMll.i fig.222b, 172-174; metal: 177, 176; clay: 188-190. Scale 1:2.

ιgo

R. D. G. EVELY

METAL foritemsof metalthe South thoughit may be in some classesof small-finds, Under-represented sheetand rodthatwere of the nine aside House does notdisappoint. Leaving scraps copper/bronze scattered hereand there,twosetsstandout.Firstthereare thefourvases ofsilver(see Chapter6), thenthehoardofbronzetools178-187: bothfoundin thehouse(AreasS.I.2 and S.L8 respectively). closetothecentre thebronzehoardin AreaS.I.8 werefoundaltogether The eighttoolscomprising at of were found a In two bronze oftheroomon thefloor. addition depth 1.20 m fromthe cylinders corneroftheroom.The collectionofbronzetoolsis existing topofthewestwallnearthesouth-west date:28 fromcontexts ofbroadlyneo-palatial theyoftencombinesaws typicalofmanysuchretrieved markongoingworkin thehouse withvariouschoppingor chiselling devices,and couldpresumably was sucha craftsman thefactthatthehouse-owner or,in thecase ofsmaller by specialistcraftsmen, home-maintenance kit. thepresenceofa do-it-yourself and moremixedcollections, and a length In thisparticular ofcurvedprofile, case,thethreesaws178-180 have a cutting-edge of 37-53 cm. Theyrecallin calibretherunofmodernhandsawssuitedto a rangeof tasks(mostly concernedwithwoodworking):the curvededge is not used in the Westtoday,but is seen in New KingdomEgypt.The apparently createdhammer-axe 183 is a very deliberately contemporary is obvious.Double axes rareform(onlyone otheris known,fromTourloti), butitsbroadusefulness 181-182 are verycommontoolsin MinoanCrete:theyare generallyarguedto be wood-working tools.Indeedthewholekitheresurelyarguesforthepresenceofa carpenter. The cylinders 186-187 arebelievedto be sheathsforthewoodensaw-handles, butdirectproofis lackingon thispoint. The otherfindsfromAreaS.I.8 include3 whetstones, suitablecompanionsforthetools,thatmay have been of the same The accordingly part set-up. presenceofa smallselection(8) ofloomweights further the idea thatsomehowthecontents ofa chestor a cupboardhave (See Chapter8) encourages becomespilled. Somewhatsurprisingly, if the identification is correct,alongsidethesepracticalitemsforwoodwere a of 'knives' called'razors')184-185. Of coursea blade or a (sometimes working placed pair knifeis a usefultoolto have in manycrafts, thoughthesamecannotreallybe said forrazors.These seenin Minoan are not the two-edged regularsingle-(orevenrarerdouble-)edgedimplements objects but it their size and would them a use. On allow hands, balance, maybe better weight comparable or hereto viewthemas crafttools,ofuncertain rather than items of personalaccoutrement purpose, toilet. As wellas thehoard,twootherbronzeobjectsremain(fig.7-9).29 One 177 is saidbyEvanstobe a fit to some device for a door evidence for which he discusseswithregardto 'lockingpin', securing In essencetheobjectis indistinguishable thishouse.30 fromanyofa numberofpunchesorheavyduty The finalpiece 176 is a fragment ofwire,composedofthree points.Speculationis probablyfruitless. strandstwistedround on each other:a mostunusualdiscovery,but one incapable of further as itis onlya fewcentimetres context. interpretation longand in no illuminating s.i. 2 176 Wire; fragment.Cu/Ae. Slightlycorroded.L. max. wire: three 2.4, W. 0.5, each 0.25 d. Piece of three-strand twistin 1.5 cm. 1597. Fig. 7.9. S.1.7 177 HM 2160. 'Locking-pin'; complete. Cu/Ae. Complete,ifcorrodedand splitting.L. 9.2, shaft0.25 butt, 0.5 shaftto bluntpoint. May change fromsquared section S.I.8 Hoard oftools.Bronze.These pieces have notbeen located, apartfrom187 in the AMO. Saws - (a) L. 37, W. 8, (i) L. 45, W. 6.5, {c) 178-180 L. 53. w· 9· Double-axes - (a) L. 16, W. 3.8-4.5, round 181-182 L. shafthole,(b) 16, W. 4-5.5, round shafthole1.3. 28PM Il.ii 630, fig. 393. For furtherdetails: Evely 1993, saws 31.39-41, cylinders 36.1-2, double-axes 42.6-7, hammer-axe 101.11. 29Nine corroded fragmentshave not been catalogued. They

at ends to rounderat centre.Could be a punch/awl.Fig. 7.9.

183 Hammer-axeL. 10.5, Th. 2.5 mid, 1.5 hammerface, round shafthole. Razors - {a) L. max. 14, W. c.4, (i) L. max. 184-185 c-22·5> W. c. 4. AMO 1910.180. Cylinders - with metal 186-187 crosspeg, D. 4.5, L. 10. come from:S.I. 2 1596, S.I.3 1599, S.I. 7 1607 (2), S.I.8 161 1 (2), 1612, C.V. 2 488, 489. 30ΡΜΠΛ 382-4, fig. 217-18; PMIVÀ 212 η 4.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS

191

CLAY Thereare threepieces (fig.7.9, plate 10). So scantya collectionis almostunheardofin a houseof suchsize (see theUnexploredMansionfora contrast).31 Theycomprisea roughbead 190 and a pair much classis pretty ofenigmatic pieceslikenedto supports188-189 forsomesmallobject.The first same circumstance form but that interest virtue of its unusual the last has some by by self-explanatory, couldbe It is termeda supportonlyin thatsomething is unexplainable. veryslightand lightweight in error. in the'socket':butthisinterpretation be stoodupright may quite s.i. 2 188 ?Support; roughly conical. Pale beige, fine. Complete.D. 2.4; H. 1.6. Hole 0.55 across,1 deep. 1596. Fig.7.9,plate 10. S.I. 8 189 ?Support, roughly conical. Pale beige, fine. Complete.D. 2.5; H. 1.2. Hole 1 across,0.4 deep. 1609. Fig.7.9. C.V. 2

fine.Complete, 190 Bead;roughspherical. Beige-brown, D. 2.4; D. stringhole hand-modelled. 0.3-0.4. Irregular surface. 490. Fig.7.9.

ADDENDUM 'NEOLITHIC

AXES AND EM/MM SPINNING BOWL

The Axes Museumare Almostone-half(14) of the stonetoolsin the wooden boxes in the Stratigraphical untilone realisesthatall barthreeof 'Neolithic'axes (fig.7.10,plate 8) - a mostsurprising array,32 theseweretakenfromthedepositsoutsideand to thenorthoftheSouthHouse.Evenmorethanwas the thecase withtheobsidian,thistoolgroupis mostlikelyto have fallenfromthesoilsunderlying meanthattheyare all Neolithicin date,thoughtheir BronzeAge Palace. This does notnecessarily at Knossos.It is, settlers reflects theircommonpresenceamongsttheearlyfarming namecertainly the EBA at least. into the start of to be and used that continued however, they produced likely froma lackofrecentresearch:a lackthatthisstudyin no Atthemoment, thissetofobjectssuffers wayaddresses.In termsoftheirsizeand shape,all thoserecoveredhereare aboutor moreoftenless than8 cm long:theyare nevera largetooland mustsurelyhavebeen haftedto havebeen effective in intent:theydo all carry herethatall suchwereutilitarian forcutting purposes.It is an assumption facetscarryclearabrasion a cutting-edge of two Some of these sides/bevels. comprised equallytapered marks5, fineat times7, 8, all witnessto the mannerof cuttingand sharpening the cutting-edge. Othersequallyclearlyshowthesortsofdamagetheedgeincurred some 1,3, beingeffectively destroyed 11 or perhapsreusedforotherpurposes(12 has grinding damagevisible).However,itcouldbe that thepragmatic choiceofmetabasites denseand evenly-crystalline (toprovidethenecessary make-up) alsopermitted an aesthetic often'attractive' in consideration to playa part:thestonesarethemselves theircolourand patterning. The naturalcobbleselected,theprocessoftransformation involvesa variabledegreeofpercussion work:designedto create,or atleastitwasrestricted the butt and sidesin themain.The reasonthat to, thiswas donemayonlyhavebeenpartlyintendedto shapethestone;theroughsurfaceso produced wouldalso have enhancedthekeyingor gripwithina woodensleeveofsomebindingagent(likea confirmation of thispracticality of approachis perhapsindicatedby thelow polish resin).Further over much of the rest of main the surfaces (no doubtsimplybuildingon naturalwaterencouraged 31 Evely 1984, 249-50. 32For othersof early date in the Knossos area: see Warrenet al. 1968, 239-40. Now the focus of furtherresearch by T. Strasser, who gave a paper at the Knossos Conference of

November 2000, entitled'Knossian celts and theirimplications for Neolithic society'; he also has a major research project in progress,namely The Cretan Celt Project'. In later contexts,a typicalcase is the Unexplored Mansion: Evely 1984, 237.

R. D. G. EVELY

wornones).Thiswouldhelpprevent thetoolfromsticking in,say,thewood andgivea cleanercutin use. In termsoftheshapeofthe'axe', twobroadformsdominate.The first is longerthanitis broad9, the second has the in thisfeature: two dimensions about 8. There seems no 2, significance equal 5, thetwoare aboutequallyrepresented here.A longerand thinner versionis perhapsindicatedbythe broken14: theterm'chisel'has been appliedto thisform.Thougha fairly robusttool- in thatfew are foundbroken- occasionallytheydo suffer. for whatever Thus, reason,13 has been sawn for use as a Almost this was effected in lengthways, perhapsprepared polisher? certainly alteration theBronzeAge,and itformsthereby an exampleofreuseand adaptation. s.i. 2 1 'Neolithic' axe; near complete. Basalt, black-very dark green. L. 6.5, W. cuttingedge 4.2, butt 2.4, Th. 2.7, Wt. 100 gm. Workingedge is polished (veryfinescratches notespeciallysharpand now chipped visible),fairlystraight, S.I. 6 'Neolithic'axe; complete.Basalt,greyand black. L. 2 5.5, W. cuttingedge 3.7, butt1, Th. 1.9, Wt. 35 gm. Cutting

in use. Rest of tool has varyingamountsof naturalragged surfaceleft;only one spot on side seems flatand polished enough to have been worked. 1596. Fig. 7.10, plate 8.

edge has low polish, and a sharpishedge (a cornerlost). Buttand sides less regularand carrychips. 1603. Fig. 7.10.

Fig. 7.10. 'Neolithic axe*. Scale 1:2.

THE STONE, BONE, IVORY, BRONZE AND CLAY FINDS S.1.7 blackanddark 'Neolithic' Metabasite, axe; complete. 3 olivegreen.L. 5.9, W. cutting edge 4.5, butt2, Th. 2.8. some manner, Cutting edgesharp,polishedin an irregular

and groupsof scratches.Buttand sides left chips/flakes and chippedtoroughcontours. battered 1607. Fig.7.10.

OUTSIDE S.I. 1O 'Neolithic' axe; nearcomplete.?Basalt,greeny-grey low-medium 4 polish;actualedge has evidenceofabrasion L. max.7.6,W. andsomeblack.Muchofbuttlost/cracked. frommanufacture. 1616.Fig. scratches all across,probably max.5, Th. 2.8, Wt. 120 gm.Cutting-edge tendsto show 7.10. C.V.I 'Neolithic'axe, complete.Metabasite,black and 5 Smallpebble,withendworkedup. L. 3.6, W. olive-green. formed 3.8,Th. 2.0,Wt.25 gm.Cutting-edge byabrading twoplanes (abrasionscratchesvisible);butthas all-over peckingmarkwithsomepolishin places.484. Fig. 7.10,

extendswell to butt.Sides and butthave some original butbutthas twofacetswithsomeverylow polish pitting, over.485. Fig.7.10,plate 8. 10 'Neolithic' Diabase,blackwithwhite axe; complete. veins.L. 5.3, W. 4.1, Th. 2.5, Wt. 45 gm. Cutting-edge PLATE 8. polishedbutmuchchipped;restpeckedall over.487. Fig. 6 'Neolithic'axe; buttlost.Greenstone, 7.10. greenwith 'Neolithic'axe; complete.Basalt,black.L. 6.4, W. greytouch.L. max.5.7,W.5.9,Th. 1.9,Wt.45 gm.Cutting- 11 5.5, butt3.6, Th. 3.5, Wt. 165 gm. Cuttingedgepolishedwithfineabrasionacross,smallchipslost; cutting-edge restcarriespolish,withsomesurface Fig. butpolishingand facetsvisible;buttand 487. roughness. edge destroyed, sidespecked.487. Fig.7.10. 7.10. 'Neolithic'axe; complete.Metabasite, darkgreyto 'Neolithic'axe; complete.Diabase, grey-black. L. 12 7 black.L. 4.5, W.4.2, Th. 1.7,Wt.35 gm.Cutting-edge has 8.1, W. cutting edge 5.2, Th. 3.2, Wt. 235 gm. Cuttingmedium-low across;butt edgehas slightfacetswithgrinding, polishwithveryfinescratches polishedzonebehind; andsidescarryroughtexture. buttandsidespeckedandrough.487. Fig.7.10. 484. Fig.7.10,plate 8. 8 'Neolithic' 'Neolithic' axe; complete. Metabasite, Diabase,greeny-black. (?) axe; fragment. 13 greyandblack L. 4.9, W. 5.8, Th. 1.6,Wt.35 gm.Cutting-edge L. max. 5.8, W. max. 1.3, Th. 2.2. No cutting-edge blotches. left, has medium-lowpolish,withabrasionscratchesacross; sawnlengthways. thoughhintsofsmoothfacets.Seemingly sidesand butthavepittedcondition. 484. Fig. 7.10, plate 486. Fig.7.10. 8. 'Neolithic'(?) chisel/axe;fragment. 14 Amphibolite 'Neolithic'axe; complete.Peridotite, brownand Buttportionlost.L. max. 2.9, W. 2.7, Th. 9 (serpentinised). black.L. 7.2,W. cutting 1.5. Low polishovermuchofsurviving 486. edge5.4,butt3.5,Th. 3.2 atbutt, cutting-edge. Wt. 175 gm. Cuttingedge quite worn,polishedzone Fig.7.10.

The Spinning Bowl A largefragment as a 'spinning bowl'.It comesfromthebase and lowersideof 15 can be identified an openand shallowvessel:theclinching detailas to itsidentification beingtheinterior straphandle herewitha linearnetwork in blackpaint)seton thebase. The objectclassitbelongsto is (decorated notthatnumerous, butexamplesareknownfromEM through to at leasttheFirstPalaces:33 itis here assumedthatthisexampleis a straysherdfroman earliercontext. The recognition ofthe'spinning bowl' and themannerofitsemployment owesmuchto Egyptian of a similarobjectin tombpaintings; actualobjectsare knownfromthe Levant.34 representations theNearEastborrowedan Theydateto theregionalMiddleand Late BronzeAges:Barbersuggests existingEgyptiantechnique.She also points out that the term'spinningbowl' is open to The bowlwasnotusedtoproducea spunthreadfromtherawmaterial, buteither misunderstanding. tofinish ones wound in a or to combine several into a ball) partly-worked (probably up stronger yarn The thread(s), thearchofthehandle,are keptthusundera bettercontrol (plying). passedthrough and a degreeoftensioncan be exertedto keepthemtautand equallyso. Barberalsopointsoutthatthewholeprocessmaywellbe indicative moreofa flax/linen production thanof woollentextiles.She envisagesthatthebowl could containa littlewater,the presenceof whichmakesthevegetablefibresmoredocileand malleable(salivais also muchused: theenzymes - wouldbe to suggest The implications ofthis- ifcorrect helpingto bindthebastfibrestogether). thatlinenwas beingworked,evenon marginalsites(e.g.Myrtos) in EM II. The factthatsuchbowls have notbeen recoveredfromLM contexts, Barbercautiously thechangeoverto reflects suggests, 33See Barber 1991,70-7, especially74 fora listofpotential Minoanpieces.

34Barber 1991,70-7. AlsoforEgyptian:Vogelsang-Eastwood 2000, 272-4. And Minoan:Evely2000, 496-8.

R. D. G. EVELY

Fig. 7.11. Spinningbowl. Scale 1:3.

wool production, especiallyby thetimeoftheSecondPalaces.This author,whilstnotdenyingthe findsithardto believethatthecreationoflinenclothceasedin LM centralroleofwoollentextiles, suchas the'clewboxes' ofEvans,tookovertherole times.It maybe thatotherdevices,conceivably ofthe'spinning bowl'.35 withsmallgrits;matt 15 Spinningbowl. White-buff blackpaint.49 1. Fig.7.11.

35PMII.ifig.177.

Chapter8 The sphericalloomweights BrendanBurke

fromMinoanCrete:spindle indicators fortextileproduction Thereare twoprimary archaeological whorlsandloomweights.1 Thesetoolsaremostoftenmadeofclayin variousshapesand sizesand are usedto spinrawwool and flaxintousablethreadand thenused to add tensionto thethreadduring weaving. thread.In theAegeanthiswas Allweavingtechnologies oftension-spun dependuponsomesystem whorls are achievedwiththedropped,whorl-weighted These usuallysmall,firedclayobjects spindle. thatare attachedto thebottomofa longslenderrod calleda spindle.2 Raw wool is drawnout and spunmanuallyintothreadbeforeitthenwindsitselfaroundthenarrowspindleby theactionofthe whorl.Barberestimates thatittakessevento eighthoursto spinenoughthreadthatcouldbe rotating wovenintoclothin one hour.3 the Becauseofthis,one wouldexpectto findmanywhorlsthroughout recordon Crete.This,however,is notthecase.4In theSouthHouse,likemanysites archaeological on MinoanCrete,no spindlewhorls, finds;see below),havebeenrecovered. (apartfromNeolithic stray Thereis, however,verygood evidenceforweavingfromtheSouthHouse,in theformofeleven thatwouldhave been partofthewarp-weighted loom.Eightwerefoundin theInner loomweights Basement(S.I.8 1612),theremainder outsidethenorthfaçadeofthehouse(C.V.i 486, C.V.2 488).5 On Creteit is generallyassumedthatthewarp-weighted verticalloom was used mostoftenforthe to of Minoan textiles. This on numerous findsofclayweights is based thought production assumption be loomweights, in and on later that looms, pictograms Aegean scripts depict standingwarp of weavingin Archaicand Classical Greek art and literature. representations Suspended clay at thebottomof a standingloom. loomweights gave tensionto thewarpthreadshangingvertically The weights wereattachedin a variety to bunchesofthewarp ofways.Theywereeithertieddirectly attachedto a cordthatwasfastened tothewarp,ortheyweretiedto a thinbarthathad warp threads, threadsconnectedto it.6 Of theelevenloomweights associatedwiththeSouthHouse (table 8.1, fig.8.1), all wereofthe or This typeofloomweight seemsto occuronlyon theislandof spherical, 'melon-shaped' variety. Creteand mostoftenin neo-palatial levels.7None has been foundat Akrotiri or on Kythera, Kea or areas with a deal in of Minoan of Cretan are concentrated contact. Most the Rhodes, great examples thenorthern and easternpartsoftheisland,particularly aroundthearea ofKnossos.Examplesare

1 Otherartefacts associatedwithtextileproductioninclude weftbobbins,needles,dyevats,fibre-wetting bowls,and decks oftabletsfortabletweaving.See Hoffman1964,Chapters1, 5; Smith1975; Barber1991,Chapters2, 3, 6, 12, 14Carington 16; and Tzachili1997. In additionto theartefactual evidence, thereis substantialevidenceforthe administration of textile foundin Minoanand Mycenaeandocuments. activity 2 Tzachili Barber1991,51-68, 299-310. 3 Barber 1997, 105-23; 1997, 515. 4 The totalnumberof spindlewhorlsfromCreteare:48 from theEarlyMinoanperiod,15 fromMiddleMinoansites,and 11 to theLate Minoanperiod.Tzachili1997, 126. dating 5 It is not possibleto knowwhetherthe threeloomweights fromtheyardcamefromtheclayeydepositwhichmightbelong to thedestruction ofthehouseor fromthepost-destruction fill. Theyare treatedhereas belongingto thehouse.

6 Smith1975,275-9; Barber1991,104-5; Tzachili Carington of theseweightswas first 1990, 380-9, fig.9. The attachment illustratedin Hatzidakis 1934, 105, pl. 30.1. The weights, as 'clayaxe and clubheads' forritual however,wereidentified in theClassicalperiodalso seem purposes.Some loomweights tohaveuseda woodenrodinserted thetop through horizontally oftheweights.One oftheloomson thefamousaryballosin the CorinthMuseum illustratingthe weaving contestbetween Arachneand Athenashowsloomweights attachedto horizontal bars. Two loomweightsfoundat Nemea show thisrod. See 1981,79-81. McLaughlin 7 Evely1984,249. Evelystatesthattheseweights appearfrom MM III-LM III. He also believes thatthey'are the direct descendants oftheplainsphericalweightsknownto existsince EM times'.

BRENDANBURKE

Fig.8.1. Loomweights, spindlewhorls.Scale 1:2. Table 8.1. Spherical from theSouthHouseatKnossos. loomweights weight (grams) 5-3 5.6 4.8 5-7 5-5 5-9 6.7 6.2

6.4 6.3 6.5

0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 2.OF I.4 O.9 O.8 O.9 I.4

IS? I56 169 178 205 214 252 266 268 287 336

and whorhfrom theSouthHouse Description ofweights ι Two restingsurfaces.Tan-redclay,fairlyfine.Mottledfromlightto dark.(fig.8.1) ί Buffclay,smoothsurfacewithsmallinclusions.One restingsurface. Reddishbrownclay,darkinclusions.Tracesof 3 grooveswithred and whitepaint. j stones. j. Lightbrownwithinclusionsofmulti-color inclusionsbut smoothsurface. 5 Two restingsurfaces,darkred to tan-pink.Large gritty 3 Two restingsurfaces.Lightswirlsaroundwide hole. Orange red clay withred and whitegrit. 7 Reddishorangeclay withangularred stonegrit.Some quartzalso. Groove tracesare faint. 5 Lightorangered withmulti-coloured stoneinclusions. Red orangeclay withred,angularstones.Dark paintin six grooves,(fig.8.1) ) 3 Dark to lightred surface,possiblyfiredamaged. One grooveand one restingsurface. 1 Three deeplyincised,largecrosses,about 3.5 cm. Brownred clay,probablyfiredamaged,(fig.8.1)

StratMuseum Box no. 1612

488 1612 1612 486 1612 1612 1612 1612 488 1612

THE SPHERICAL LOOMWEIGHTS

knownfromMallia,8Vathypetro,9 Archanes- PhourniBuilding4,10theNorthBuildingof SME at theAcropolisHousesat Knossos,12 theUnexploredMansion13 and theSouthHouse. The Knossos,11 inbuildings concentration ofthistypeofweightin thenorth-central of the often connected island, part withcultactivity, that these were used weavers with associated the suggests weights by rulingelitesat and were used for Knossos, religious possibly purposes. The weights arefairly thesizeofan orange(rather thana melon,as theyhave large,approximately beennicknamed).14 often have to the hole acrosstheentire They groovesrunning parallel suspension surfaceoftheweight.The numberofgroovesvariesbutmostoftenthegroovesquarterthesphere. Thesecan be fairly broad,approximately 0.5 cm in widthand depth,or theycan be veryfaintand wear if thread the worn,perhapsindicating weightsweresuspendedby meansof thegrooves.The exterior and the interior central holeweresometimes grooves suspension paintedwiththesamedark red-brown iron-based when paintused on Minoanfinewares,perhapsin orderto preventsnagging theweightswere threaded.15 Moreover,whiletheseweightsappearfairlyspherical,close analysis showsthatsome have slightly flattened as iftheywereplaced on a flat sides,or 'resting surfaces', surfacewhilethe clay was stillsoft.The suspensionhole is oftenat a 45-degreeangleto thisflat thatthe malleableclay ball was restingwhenthe suspensionhole was pierced surface, indicating witha stickor finger.16 Wearmarksfoundat bothendsofthesuspensionhole indicatethat through theweights weresuspendedwiththehole on thehorizontal plane,parallelto theground.17 Of theelevenweights fromtheSouthHouse,all areofa similarred-brown clay.Threearegrooved acrossthebody,radiating fromthesuspension hole. The recoveredweavingtoolstendedto cluster intotwogroups,mediumand large-sized One setofsixrangedfrom137-214 grams,while weights. theremaining fiveweighedbetween252 and 336 grams.Theseweightsseemwellin linewithother foundat Knossosand elsewhere.18 One ofthemore comparableexamplesofsphericalloomweights remarkable is the heaviest 8.1: and is decorated with three (fig. 11) weights largecrossmarkings, fairly a markthatis foundon otherloomweights fromMinoanCrete.Thesemarksarenotincised,however, butfirmly intothesoftclaypriorto firing. Theirmeaningis lostto us. impressed The totalnumberof elevensphericalloomweights fromthe SouthHouse is not overwhelming, in to the Old Palace at Knossos where EvansfoundintheLoomWeight Basement especially comparison oftheEast Wingover400 discoidloomweights. Whilethestratigraphy that these suggests weights camefromfroma disturbed theconsistency oftheloomweight context, type,thesphericalor melonand comparisons withsimilardepositsaroundKnossosmaketheweightsfromthe shapedvariety, SouthHouse additionalevidencefororganised craft associatedwiththePalace.Theseweights activity followthegeneralpatternofdepositswithfewweightsin outlying areasofnorth-central Crete.How were used and differ in form from the more usual Minoan discoid will they whythey loomweight haveto awaitfurther evidenceand analysis.

ADDENDUM Two spindlewhorlsfromtheSouthHouse (AreaS.I.i) seemto be Neolithicstrayfinds(fig.8.1).19 The surfaces showburnishing similarto examplesfoundin theNeolithicexcavationsoftheCentral Court.20 Over 150 clayspindlewhorlsare reported fromthelatestthreeNeolithicperiods(III- I) of theCentralCourtexcavations, a ofintensive textile atKnossos. suggestingfairly longhistory production 1 Some burnishing. Grey-brown. H. 1.7, W. 3.6, D. hole 0.9, Wt. 8 gm. S.I.2 1596. 8

Deshayes and Dessenne 1959, pl. 22.2, 3; Pelon 1970, pl. 26.3 a seal-impressedspherical weightfromQuartier E. 9 Marinatos 1952, 594, fig. 7. See the recent analysis of this 'villa' withreligiousassociations:Driessen and Sakellarakis1997, 63-77. 10Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1991, 87, fig. 62; Sakellarakis 1974, 209, pl. 153; and Deligianni 1995, 229-33, pl. 1, fig. 139. There are 46 loomweightsreportedfromRooms 1 and 2 of the East Wing of Building 4. 11Warren 1981, 73-93, especially 85, figs.42-3. 12 Catling et al. 1979, 1-78, especially 61, figs.43-4. 13 1984, 247-9. 14Evely Evely 1984, 247 where they are compared to pomegranates. 15 Evely 1984, 249.

Some burnishing. Light brown. H. 1.1, W. 2.2, D. 2 hole 0.5, Wt. 7 gm. S.I.2 1596. 16This traitwas noticed when the weightswere photographed; all the weightslined up easily on their restingsurfacewithout rollingaway and the suspensionholes faced forwardat a uniform angle. 17Futureresearch comparingthe Knossos depositsof spherical loomweightsto those at outlyingsites such as Vathypetroand Archanes,or at anotherpalace like Mallia, mightshow distinctive palatial featuresof textileequipmentin form,weightand context. 18For a discussion of textile equipment fromthe Bronze Age Aegean and fromIron Age Anatolia, see Burke 1998. 19The drawings of the two spindle whorls are by D. Evely, those of the loomweightsby P. A. Mountjoy. 20 Evans 1964, 132-240; Warrenet al. 1968, 239-76; Evans 1994, 1-20. See also Strasser 1992, 65-73.

Chapter9 The seals Ο. Η· Krzyszkowska

oftheSouthHouse.The operativewordis vicinity, Six or sevensealsseemto comefromthevicinity andthatlayoutsidethehousein thebackyard. sinceonlyone ofoursealshas a documented find-spot, lentoid ofMackenzie'sDB is especiallyvaluable,as itis an outstanding Forthispiece,thetestimony which failedto have it drawnor photographed, of lapis lazuliencasedin gold 1. Evans curiously in PM II.1 The a inaccurate for his brief and somewhat (as ring-stone) description perhapsaccounts that does his observation as or less with Mackenzie's Evans tallies more which record, gave find-spot Our with of Palace from the Palace theseal mayhavefallenintotheyard fragments Stylejars.2 along excavationnotebooks.Twowere a worsefate,fornoneappearsin contemporary othersealssuffered to the describedbyEvansas sealingsand,alongwithanotherone ofourseals,attributed erroneously Forthe areincorrect.3 Othersealswereignoredaltogether. LittlePalace: theaccompanying drawings on theHerakleionMuseum ofthesesixorsevensealswiththeSouthHousewe relychiefly association whereHM 838-45 are described(in Greek)as comingfrom'HousesS. ofthePalace of inventories, theentriesareundated,thesequencemoreor lessfitsthe1908 excavationdate.4 Knossos'.Although Publicationof the seals in the CMS volumesfortheHerakleionMuseum,compiledby Nicolas oftheseseals.Fourpieces1, 2, 5, 6 wereincludedin twistto thesorryhistory Platon,addeda further included CMS II. 3 - thevolumededicatedto theneo-palatial period(whichin Platon'sdefinition LM II-IIIA).5 Two moreseals 3, 4 wereconsignedto CMS II.4..This volumemostlycontainssoft or whichwereregardedas 'undatableLM seals': stoneseals,whichweredeemedto be 'post-palatial' In his and fell into the second 4 3 category.6 capacityas generaleditorofthe CMS series,Ingo Pini to CMS II.4 and in thedetailedintroduction endeavouredto correctsome ofPlaton'sdescriptions7 demonstrated thatmanyso-calledpost-palatial or undatablesoftstoneseals are, in reality,LM I Pinitooktheattribution ofour sealsto theSouthHouse to be reasonablysecureand,in products.8 most can be linked to othersealsfromsecurelydatedcontexts.9 case, Unfortunately, any stylistically ofthevolumestends Pini'sintroductions arechiefly readbyglyptic expertsandPlaton'sarrangement toperpetuate dateandstylistic One moreseal 7 waspublished regarding misconceptions development. in CMSII.2 - correctly as ithappens,sinceitcanbe readilydatedtoMM II, wellwithintheremitof thevolume,devotedto theOld Palace period.10 Of coursewe have no wayofknowingwhether the came a LM of HM is from disturbed context or was found with material. The fate unknown.11 844 piece

1 See Catalogue (below) fordetails of DM/DB and PM entries. I am indebted to Dr Ε. S. Sherrattfor supplyingcopies of the relevantDM/DB pages. 2 See (below) forfurtherdiscussion of the context. 3 For Dating the attributionsee below n. 13; for the drawings see Catalogue. 4 Popham 1995, 63 asserts thatno chronological sequence is perceptiblein the Inventory:the entriespreceding HM 838-45 relate to seals found at Zapher Papoura in 1904 and the succeeding entry is a seal from Praisos, which had been excavated in 1901 (but this may simply indicate a delayed arrival).The next entriesare dated 1909 and relateto purchased seals. See below n. 13 forthe notion thatHM 840, 843 and 845 come fromthe Little Palace. 5 Platon and Pini 1984: CMSIl.% nos. 22, 23, 24, 25. Context: 'Haus südlich des Palastes' (= South House?). Inverted commas indicate uncertainty.

6 Platon and Pini 1985: CMS1II. 4 nos. 116, 1 17. Context: 'Haus südl. des Palastes' (= South House?). Inverted commas indicate uncertainty. 7 CMS II.3 pp. xlix-lxv; CMS II.4 pp. lxiii-lxxi. 8 CMS xix-lxii; Cf. Pini 19950. II.4 9 CMS II. pp.xxxi list no. 4 p. 42. Here Pini omits CMS II. 3 no. 24 (the lapis lentoid): see also Dating below. 10 Platon, Pini and Salies 1977: CMS II. 2 no. 33. Context: 'Bereichder Häuser im Süden des Palastes'. Althoughthisimplies a different find-spot,Platon's originalcatalogue card in the CMS Archivehas exactly the same designation(in Greek) as the seals published in CMS II.3 and CMS II.4 (above nn. 5, 6). 11 Popham 1995, 63-4 n. 4 draws attentionto this fact. He states thatin the InventoryHM 844 is described as a flattened cylinderengraved witha standingwoman having her righthand on her hip and her lefthand upraised; infrontofhertwo female(?) dresses (my italics). I have not seen the entrymyself,but the

Ο. Η. KRZYSZKOWSKA

ofour MervynPopham'susefulaccountofthesealsfoundatKnossosmeansthattherecenthistory and from the is information somewhat DBs, preliminary reports PM By correlating pieces happier.12 the to some of withentries intheHerakleion was able untangle manyinconsistencies Inventory, Popham described He also that the regarding recognised byEvansin PM find-spots. correctly lapis'ring-stone' of II was noneotherthanthelapislentoidCMSII.3 no. 24 (a pointwhichhad eludedthecompilers even the CMS). That said,Pophamseemedinclinedto put too muchtrustin Evans'sattributions, whentheyaredemonstrably incorrect. Thisappliestoseals2 and7 whichEvanserroneously published as sealingsfromtheLittlePalace,as wellas seal6, attributed byEvanstotheLittlePalacebutcorrectly publishedas a seal.13 In viewofthislongand undeniably itseemsappropriate tobringtogether hereall tortured history, ofthesealswhich- accordingto theHerakleionInventory and volumesofthe CMS- comefrom thevicinityof the SouthHouse. In the Commentary below I highlight any significant aspectsof a further sectiondealswithDating.The Catalogueprovidesbasic technique, styleand iconography; and selectedreferences descriptions updatingtheinformation publishedin the CMSvolumes.14 COMMENTARY The lentoidoflapislazuliencasedin gold 1 is one ofthefinestsealsto survivefromtheimmediate environsof the Palace, whichmakesEvans'sneglectall the moresurprising. Withno drawingor to his in PM II he describes it as a The in photograph jog memory, 'ring-stone'. slipis understandable - and theyare fewand farbetween- tendto have a viewofitsgold casing,buttruering-stones flattened backto facilitate and an oval seal face.15 setting Nowadayswe arebetterplacedto recognise thisas a normalbiconvexlentoid,whichhas been elaborately encasedin gold. The exceptionally lavishdecoration is without the of or caps and parallel,although embellishing sealswithgoldcirclets at the end of well attested in is the LBA. Since most granulation string-holes exampleshave been foundon themainlandorin LM II- III contexts on Crete,thefashion be might regardedas peculiarly But one or two from the antedate theLM IB destructions. Mycenaean.16 examples,apart lapislentoid, One is a three-sided of with at the found prism carnelian, granulation string-holes, in PorostombΠ the context is no later than LM IB.17 The other is known 1967; through sealingsfromLM IB Chania, with an that was decorated with impressed (CMSV Suppl.1A no. amygdaloid apparently granulation itsdate of manufacture 181). If anything maybe somewhatearlier,sincethemotifbelongsto the 'talismanic' in MM III-LM I is generallyaccepted.Our inability to locate style,forwhicha floruit richneo-palatial burialshas doubtlessdeprivedus offurther examples.

soundssuspiciously likeCMSIl.$ no. 16 (HM 1279). description This is a cushion(i.e. flattened cylinder)depictinga standing female(sometimes calledtheWarrior Goddess)whohas herleft handupraised(ontheoriginal) a swordandherright brandishing hand(on theoriginal)at herhip.She appearsto be wearing two an ordinary flouncedskirtand a strangesee-through garments: cloak.Accordingto Evans,thisseal was foundwiththebronze hoardneartheSteppedPortico(PMIl.i 793, fig.517, IV.ii937, fig.907). The Inventory agrees,placingitwiththebronzehoard south-west of the SouthHouse, excavatedin 1923. Whilethis doubtslinger,sinceCMSll.$ no. 16 oughtto clinchthematter, in Mackenzie'sDB (HM 1279) was notsketchedor mentioned for 1923, whichdoes describethe discoveryof the bronzes 1995,62 no. 26). (Popham 12 1995,60-4. Popham 13The Little Palace was excavatedin 1905 and so fallswithin the period betweenentriesin the HerakleionInventoryfor ZapherPapoura(1904) and thepurchasedseals (1909): above n. 4. Thus,thereis theoretically ButEvan's scopeforconfusion. seals as sealings)makesme inclined (in describing unreliability to trusttheInventory's attribution ofHM 840, 843 and 845 (3, 6, 7) to theSouthHouse. Anotherclueliesin Evans'sstatement thatÉmile Gilliéronfilswas responsiblefordrawingseal 7. Between1905-8 Gilliéron /ί&(b. 1885) studiedat theAcadémie des BeauxArts,Paris,returning to Greeceas an archaeological and restorer in 1908 (thesameyearas theSouth draughtsman Houseexcavations). One imaginesthatdrawings weregenerally executedwhilesealswerestillin Evans'spossession(i.e. before

accessionto the Museum),whichshedsfurther doubton the LittlePalace being the provenancefor7 (cf. below n. 38). Thoughwe cannotbe surethatGilliéron filsalso drew2 and 6, thisseemsmorethanlikely,as thesedrawings arealso incorrect, i.e. executedfromtheseals,notfrommodernimpressions (see on Gilliéron Catalogue).Forinformation filsI am mostgrateful to Professor K. D. S. Lapatin. 14The decisionto include theseals in thisvolumecame too late to obtaina studypermitforthe HerakleionMuseum,but severalcan be seenin GalleryIX case 128. Mydescriptions are based on thosepublishedin the CMS, augmentedby studyof the impressions and drawingsin the CMS Archive,Marburg, duringJuly 2001. They also incorporateobservationson materialsmade by the CMS team, which are recorded in annotatedvolumes held in the Archive.I cordiallythank ProfessorDr Ingo Pini forhis assistance,forsupplyingthe illustrations usedhereand forprofitable discussions on dating. 15CMS II.3 p. xxxi;Sakellarakis1997. See now CMS 11.8p. 12 forfurther 16FromLM examples. II-III contexts:CMS II.3 nos. 52, 64; Popham 1974,220, 224,pls.35a-b, 38 Si (cf.222,J5); Pini 1992c,1989 (colour),219-20nos.295-7. Forthemainlandsee Korres1976, 148-63; add CMS V Suppl. ιΑ no. 345; V Suppl. îB nos. 61, 77, 116, 117, 190. CMSV no. 688 (Orchomenos)has a gold circletand granulationat the string-holes;CMS V no. 654 VII no. 168 foundat (Ialysos)has a circletbutno granulation; Enkomiis a lapiscushionencasedin gold (see n. 20 below). 17 Muhly1992, 141, 190,pl. 32 no. 302.

THE SEALS

The gold casingon ι was certainly a fitting fora seal made of lapis lazuli,a semiadornment stone that seems in to occur The stoneused for1 is offine (Mohs5-6) precious only Afghanistan. a blue with small of flecks whitish quality, deep only veining.Aegean seals made of lapis are rare: fewer than exist in and thereis considerable variation in the toto^ exceptionally twenty examples of the stones.18 For a MM II bar from Palaikastro no. instance, (CMSII.2 286) has quality rectangular numerous calciteinclusions to from its could be an Near Eastern and, judge shape, imported cylinder trimmed down.Closerin dateto ourseal is HM 1699,a cylinder ofdeep blue lapisfroma LM IB contexton the Royal Road. This too may have startedlifeas an importedcylinderor bead, reworkedat Knossosin theso-calledCut Style.19 The fewlentoidsand cushionsmade oflapis- most are datableon stylistic groundsto LB I- II suggestthatsmallquantitiesof unworkedlapis also trickled intothe Aegeanin thisperiod.That fiveexampleswere embellishedwithgold servesto ofthismaterial.20 emphasisethepreciosity The iconography of our lapis seal is equallyimportant. The motifshowsan outsizedlion being restrained man'smastery overtheanimalworld.Similar by a male figure, presumably symbolising occurson a numberofLBA sealsand seal-types, several ofLM I date.Bestknown imagery including is the'Goddessand Lion' fromtheTempleRepositories: in reality, showinga male figurewearinga and peakedhelmet.In hisoutstretched handhe holdsa staff in a 'gestureofcommand', longgarment the otherhand touchesthe rumpof a diminutive lion.21In othercases male figuresstandbehind outsizedlions,in muchthesamewayas on ourlentoid.A good exampleis a carnelianamygdaloid fromtheMavrospelioCemetery, whichon stylistic groundsshouldprobablyfallin LM II- III.22We shallreturn to datingin due course. Our secondseal 2 is anotherbiconvexlentoid,in thiscase made of redjasper.This hardsemiusedin MM II and,alongwithgreenjasper,gainedpopularity in preciousstone(Mohs6-7) wasfirst theneo-palatial when it comes to we fall back on educated sources, generally period.Unfortunately While somejasper may have been availablein the Aegean,highqualitystoneswere guesswork. red probablyimported.A particularly impressive lumpwas foundat Archanes- Tourkogeitonia; has also been from a LM I at Poros Katsambas.23 Hard jasper reported workshop semi-precious stoneshad to be workedwithfastrotarytools,i.e. cutting wheelsand drills,attachedto thebowpoweredlapidarylathe.On ourjasperseal,we can readilymakeoutthedrillsofvarioussizesused fortheheadsand wingtipsofthebutterflies. Butthemotif is noteasytoreadon twocounts:theseal itself is damagedandthecarverseemstohavemisjudged thespaceneededforthisunusualcomposition, in a whirling Theirundulating involvingfourbutterflies antennae,fluttering pattern.24 wingsand sinuousbodiesheighten thesenseofmovement andcreatea naturalistic foralltheartificiality impression of detailand composition. Butterflies are well attestedin neo-palatialiconography, appearingin a of media.25 In the in variety glypticrepertoire, theyusuallyoccursinglyor pairedwithdragonflies;

18CMSl nos. 181, 255, 288, 289; I Supp. nos. 5, 34, 63; II.2 no. 282; II.3 no. 24; V nos. 312, 424, 600, 639; V Suppl. ιΒ no. 101; VII no. 168 and BM G & R 1897-4.1-620 (both from Enkomi); Kenna i960 no. 235; HM 1699. Cf. Pini 19920, 2078 nos. 2-3, 209 η. 16. Also found in the backyard of the South House was a small stone box containing'tesserae' of amethyst, crystal,smokycrystal,beryl,lapis lazuli, gold and copper (now lost): AE/NB 1926, 13; PMU.i 373-4. 19Betts 1984, 188 η. 12; Pini 2000, 211, 216. HM 1699 (ex-2092) is displayed in Gallery V case 65. 20CMSl no. 255 (Vapheio), II.3 no. 24 (Knossos), V no. 312 (Delos), V no. 639 (Gouvalari), VII no. 168 (Enkomi). Cf. Pini 19920, 209 n. 16. Also noteworthyis a ne cylinder,found at Knossos, probably embellished (and possibly re-cut) in the - ι CMS1 <-""" λ.λ..λ, II. 2 nu. no. «^ vl uz< Ayy£)> ιai . Aegean: ***'ÖV'»*X*· 29 ^(Aruz 6-11, ι, ligo. 1995, yJ 4, 7a). figs.4, 21CMSU.S no. 237; PMI 505, fig.363a; I 680, fig.500a; Il.ii 831> % 546; HI 465, fig. 325; widely illustrated.Other LM seal-types include: CMS II.6 no. 36 (Ag. Triadha: another diminutivelion, with hunter?) and CMS II. 7 no. 27 (Zakros). Note that CMS 11.8 no. 236 depicts a male figureand hunting dog, not a small 'lioness or pard' as Evans thought(cf.PM I 505, fig·363b and the new CMS drawing; also Pini 1992*, 17 pl. Ie). 22 CMSll.9, no. 27. Other examples include: CMSl nos. 133, 280, 512; II.3 no. 329; V Suppl. ιΒ no. 77; VII no. 169; IX no. 114; X no. 135*; XII no. 207. Some lions are visibly collared

and tethered, others merely restrained (i.e. hand placed on mane). Variations occur with tetheredgriffins(e.g. CMS I no. 223; Demakopoulou 1996, 73 no. 5) or tetheredbulls, implying sacrifice(e.g. CMSV Suppl. ιΑ no. 173; VII no. 102). Note that the chalcedony cushion fromIsopata (CMS II.3 no. 52) probably depicts an outsized collared bull-dog,not a lion (contraYounger 1988, 149; Marinatos 1993, 171). See Kenna 1962, 9-10 forthe dubious attributionof CMS II. 3 nos. 24 (lapis lentoid 1), 27, 52 and VII no. 102 to the same hand, stylisticdifferencesbeing linked to immaturity, client demands, and confidence; he dated all to cm i-jivi 11. iu LM II. 23Archanes: Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 614, fig.649 (dimensions: c. 15 χ ι8 χ 14 cm); Poros: Dimopoulou 1997, 436· 24Based on the originaldrawingEvans (PM IV.ii 490 fig.42 1), Kenna (i960, 132) and Younger (1988, 204-5) counted three; Betts (1984, 192) counted two. 25 e.g. the Triest-King'fresco;the MiniatureFrieze in the West House at Akrotiri(ships' prows); ivory inlay fromZakros; gold ornamentsfromShaftGrave III at Mycenae. 'Butterfly' may well be a misnomer: as Evans himselfnoted (e.g. PM Il.ii 789 n. 3) some representationsresemble moths. The recent identification at Akrotiriof a lepidopterous cocoon (probably Pachypasaotus>a silk moth) raises the intriguingpossibility that wild silk was known in the ΒA: Panagiotakopoulu et al. 1997.

Ο. Η. KRZYSZKOWSKA

suchcases theinsectsare renderedfrontally, bothwingsdisplayed.26 wingsalso playtheir Butterfly in with creatures at combined of Zakros, part creatingstrangehybrid foreparts lionsand heads of animals.27 no we on a close exist for our note a similarcomposition motif, may Although parallels from two butterflies Triadha no. a of and (CMSÏ1.6 128),showing pair argonauts (originally) sealing Ag. inprofile. A moredistant in profile, a butterfly lentoidfromKnossos,depicting parallelis a haematite in several'cultscenes', an argonautand long-necked motifs bird.28 Butterflies also occuras subsidiary wheretheyare thought thesegraceful to heraldan epiphany.29 FollowingtheLM IB destructions, creatures vanishwithout trace. The remaining which seals3-7 are all madefromsoftlocal stones,namelysteatite and serpentine, couldbe carvedwithhandtools.Once seenas themarkofpost-palatial were soft stones decadence, used of seals attested on the the the 20% actually throughout neo-palatial Ag. period.Indeed,roughly Triadhasealingsweremade ofsoftstonesand,ifanything, thefigure in circulation mayhave been a theverynotionof 'post-palatiaP Furthermore, good deal higher.30 glypticnow seemsto be a myth: thereis scant evidencethatseal productioncontinuedafterLM IIIA2/B1.31By and large the on softstoneseals reflects trendsin hard stone.The main iconographie repertoire contemporary differences lie in style,forthisis closelyboundup withmaterialsand carvingtechniques. It is also worthremembering thatlittlecan harmthesharpcarvingon semi-precious stones,whereassoftstones No doubtthewornconditionofmanysoftstoneseals (Mohs2-4) are easilyabradedand battered. contributed to the beliefthattheywereof inferior qualityand advanceddate. While seal 3 is in lion thistellsus nothing aboutwhenitwas made.Happily,therecumbent decidedlypoorcondition, has a good arrayof parallels,includingone foundin a LM I contextat Archanes- Phourni(HM and the indicatedby a dotand circleor crescent 2645). On sealsin thisgroup,thehead is normally maneby a seriesof shortparallelstrokes. Anotherfeatureof LM I softstonecarvingis theuse of contourlinesto definethe outlineand principalanatomicalforms.32 This characteristic is clearly visibleon seal 4, whichdepictsa lively-looking with beak turned back. The seal griffin appearsto be in almostmintcondition: thestring-holes arestillsharp,thecarvingcrispand contours clear.Although no closelydatedparallelsexistforthisseal,theaffinities betweengriffins and lionsoffer groundsfor the Griffins also on a and unusual lentoid carvedon dating piece stylistically.33 appear 5, large bothfaceswithmotifs thatarerelatedin themeand composition.34 One showsa dappleddeerattacked theothera bristly withbothwingsoutstretched. In bothcasesthe boarand griffin bya profilegriffin, animalsare set back-to-back. Whileno exactparallelsexist,severalseals depicta bull beneatha withoutstretched none has a secureprovenance, muchless a datable griffin wings.35 Unfortunately context. on our seal sits within LM Ithe on However, stylistic II, grounds comfortably profilegriffin

26 include: CMS 11.$ no. 46; II.6 nos. 126-7; Single butterflies V no. 677b; V Suppl. îA nos. 169-70, 188; VII no. 71; VIII no. 152; X no. 102; Kenna i960 nos. 233-4; Xénaki-Sakellariou no. 329. With dragonflies: CMS I no. 270; II. 3 no. 237; V no. 677c; Betts 1984, 192-3, pl. 187a (no. 1: softstone). 27CMS 1'.η nos. 83-4, 157-60. 28Kenna i960 no. 302. 29 e.g. CMS 11.6 no. 4 (Ag. Triadha: ringimpression);HM 989 (Archanes: Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 654-60, figs.722, 724); Ashmolean Museum 1938.1 130 'Ring of Nestor': Pini 1998, 1-5, figs.2-3. 30For Ag. Triadha see CMS 11.6 and Pini's introductionp. xxiv; also Pini 19950; Younger 1983, 117. A high proportionof the Zakros sealings are also impressed with softstone seals, locally made: CMS II. 7. See also Dimopoulou 2000 forunfinishedsoft stone seals fromPoros (also below n. 36). 31The mythgoes back to Evans (e.g. PM IV.ii, 534-5, 59495) but was widely disseminatedby Kenna (i960, 64-7; 1966; and his arrangement of CMS IV, VII, VIII, XII) and was perpetuatedby Platon (see above). The definitionof the 'Cretan Popular Group' by Younger (1983, 117-19; 123-7) and Betts (1984, 187-8) was a major step forward,since refinedin studies by the CMS team, e.g. CAf£II.4 xxvii-lxii; Pini 1995Í; Müller 1995· 32Pini 1995^, 194-7, fig. ia (HM 2465 fromArchanes) and fig.4a forour seal 3. Note thatthe contourlines on 3 cannot be later additions or signs of modern forgeryas Platon maintained

at CMS II.4 no. 116 (cf.Pini's correction:CMS II. 4 p. lxvi). See Müller 1995 forthe LM I 'contour style'on bulls and goats. For HM 2465: Sakellarakisand Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 697, figs. 798-9· 33The griffinon a steatitelentoid from LM IB Archanes and in details differs somewhat (head, wing) Tourkogeitonia pose: Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki 1997, 697 fig. 798. For griffinsregardant on soft stone seals see CMS II. 4 p. lvi. Examples include CMS II.3 no. 79; II.4 no. 171; IX no. 138; XI nos. 40, 178; XII no. 266; XIII no. 56; Kenna i960 no. 35P. stand: e.g. CMSV Suppl. ιΒ no. On latersoftstone seals griffins 228 (Armenoi). 34There is no doubt thatthe two faces were carved at the same time (CMS 11.4 p. lvii). Lentoids carved on both faces are not common, best known is the CMS II. 3 no. 13 from the Little Palace (profile male head and profile bull's head). Other examples include: CMS 11.$ no. 330; II.4 nos. 2, 54, 212; V nos. 180, 184; VII no. 65; X no. 192; XI no. 195; XII no. 201. See also CMS ΊΙ.3 p. xxvi forcushions and amygdaloids. 35 e.g. CMS II.3 no. 334; XII no. 228; Kenna i960 no. 366. Similar composition (lion and bull): Betts 1984, 193, pl. 187b (no. 2). See also CMS II.4 p. lvii. For deer: CMS II.4 pp. li-lii; the dappled hide is common, e.g. CMS II.3 no. 74; II.7 no. 63 (Zakros); IX nos. 170, 171. For LM I depictionsof boar see CMS II. 3 no. 21, II.6 no. 72, V Suppl. ιΑ no. 118: none provides a close parallel.

THE SEALS

no securecriteriafor faceA comparingwell withthaton 4. As to the size of the seal, thisoffers in over cm are unusual but not diameters 2 dating: glyptic.36 unparalleled neo-palatial Our lasttwosealsmaybe dealtwithswiftly. The amygdaloid6 is an odd piece,forit appearsto bearan inscription. To EvansitlookedlikeLinearA, butthefaceis simplytoowornforthescriptto be identified. In fact,withthe demiseof the Hieroglyphic seals script,the fashionforinscribing waned:onlytheMavrospelioringbearsa 'legible'LinearA inscription.37 when Nevertheless, literacy is restricted, Our lastseal 7 also bearsa motifthatis anyinscribedseal can stillmakea statement. hardto interpret. Evansregardeditas a snakecauldron, butturnedupsidedownitseemsto resemble a lyre.The rathercrudecarving,executedwithknivesand burins,precludesa firmidentification. Material,techniqueand shapeall pointto a MM II date.38 DATING Mackenzie(DM/DB 25-30 May 1908) notesthatit Onlythelapislentoid1 has a knownfind-spot. was foundin thebackyard,1.20 m above theexternalflooroftheSouthHouse in toughcompact observesthat clayeyearth.His sketch-plan places it about 2.80 m northof the house.He further 'thereis hardlyanydoubt... itbelongedto depositthrown outfromthePalace'.Although no section in the this area was it is clear from his account that the made, illustrating stratigraphy toughclayey materialunderlaya loose depositcontaining ofan octopusjar (whichhe datedto LM II) fragments and displacedgypsumslabs(Introduction: fig.vi). He believedthismaterialhad been thrownoutof thePalaceattheend ofLM II orearlyin LM III; higherstillwasLM III pottery. Mountjoy's re-study ofthepottery confirms Mackenzie'sbasicobservations, butclarifies certaindetailsand (Introduction) refines the dating.Mountjoydatestheoctopusjar to LM IB (Introduction, Chapter4). Somewhat more was thrown into the and both house Since thiscomprises LM IA, later, area,covering tip yard. LM IB and LM II material, it mayrepresent i.e. moved from elsewhere at one time, secondarytip, in LM II. Further materialwas added duringLM IIIA2 and IIIB.39 presumably Seals are harderto date thansherds.Datingon stylistic grounds- takingaccountof material, motif and demands a and shape,technique, composition thorough knowledgeof therepertoire muchexperience. Above all we relyon sealsfromclosedand narrowly datedcontexts to provideus witha chronological framework, againstwhichtojudge lessfortunate piecesthatcome frommixed levelsorlackanyprovenanceat all.40Buta datedcontext merelyprovidesus witha terminus postquern in other the seal cannot be later than the context in whichit was found.Obviouslyit non, words, couldhave been made considerably earlierand similarsealsmighthave been made (and used) at a laterdate.Giventheseuncertainties, we can rarelydatean individualseal to a singleceramicperiod. To be on thesafeside,we ordinarily content ourselves witha longerfloruit, e.g.MM III-LM I, LM Iitis well II, LM II-IIIAi. Moreoverin theLBA, sealscouldand did traveland,on stylistic grounds, mainlandfromCretanproducts,exceptwhen softlocal stonesare nighimpossibleto distinguish involved.As a result, we areoftenforcedto designate piecesLB I- II or LB II-IIIAi. Froma Minoan thiscloudofuncertainty can be extremely whatwe reallywantto knowis perspective disconcerting: whether certainclassesofmaterial- sealsincluded- antedatetheLM IB destructions or whether newand intrusive theyrepresent phenomenain LM II-IIIAi. On stylistic mostlapissealsclusterin LB I- II, a groundsthelapisseal is noteasyto date.Although fewarelater.Seals embellished withgoldgranulation are also attested fromLB I-IIIA. The samecan be said formotifand composition, whilethemannerin whichtheseare executed- thestyle- is j^X^OUXXXClIL/Xjr

XXX JL^i-VX

XX.

1U1U1U

ΧΧΧΑΙΛ^Χ

XCIX

VYOO

αίΛΙΛ^ΙΛ

36At CMS 11. 4 p. lvii Pini suggeststhatthe size points to LM II (when outsizedlentoidsin hard stone were brieflyfashionable, e.g. CMS 11.$ nos. 62, 63). But some Minoan softstone seals from secure LM I contextsalso have diametersin excess of 2 cm, e.g. CMSV Suppl. iA no. 186 (Nerokourou: D. 2.8-2.9 cm) and an unfinishedseal fromPoros: Dimopoulou 2000, 35 fig.3.23, no. 23 (D. 2.4 cm). See below: Dating. 37CMS II. no. 3 38. Almost all our Hieroglyphicseals can be dated MM II- III on stylisticgrounds; a curious exception is a sealing fromZakros impressedwitha cushion carved in the MM III-LM I 'talismanic' stylewith the troweland eye signs: CMS II. 7 no. 215. Regarding 6 ProfessorJ.-P. Olivier observes thatit was rejected in Godart and Olivier 1982, xxi withthe comment 'hiéroglyphiquecrétois?', but was not included in Olivier and Godart 1996 (withoutexplanation). He is, however, inclined to

UUXXIXK

J-JXVA

lllil^

CtXlU.

XXXXJ.

regard the signs as writing,though which scriptis represented remainsunclear, due to the worn surface.I am most gratefulfor these comments,in litt.,15 August 2001. See also Catalogue. 38Evans dated it to LM II, at firstsightan astonishingmistake, since button-shapedseals were made in MM II- III. But when Evans wrote his account in PM IV, he was working from Gilliéron'sdrawingof the seal face,and believed it to be a sealing (see Catalogue and above n. 13). 391 am most gratefulto Dr Mountjoy forclarifyingthe picture in litt, 13 and 26 August 2001. I also thankDr Ε. Β. French for usefuldiscussions.For the gypsumslabs see Popham 1970a, 59. Naturally, for interpretations expressed here I alone am responsible. 40See Niemeier 1981 forfurtherdiscussion.

Ο. Η. KRZYSZKOWSKA

harderto assess.Humanfigures arenotoriously difficult to date,whichleavesus thelionon whichto base our verdict.Head, muzzle,mane and paws need to be scrutinised, modellingand pose taken intoaccount.Butunfortunately thislionstubbornly resistsourattempts to findconvincing mates,let alone ones fromdatablecontexts.41 If we had to relyon experienceandjudgementalone,thelapis lentoidwouldstraddletheLM IB/LM II divide.IndeedPiniexcludedthepiecefromhislistofseals witha terminus nonofLM IB fromtheSouthHouse.42No doubtthisreflected someunease postquern withstylistic considerations the lavish thanks to Mackenzie's decoration. and, perhapsalso, Now, valuabletestimony and Mountjoy'sanalysiswe have a muchcleareridea oftheseal's trueposition. Whiletheoriginand precisedateoftheclayeydepositin theyardis open to question,itmustantedatethefallengypsumblocksand octopusjar.Thejar,evidently thrown intotheyardin lateLM IB or in thewakeoftheLM IB destructions, thusoffers a terminus non postquern fortheseal. Closerthan thiswe cannotget,but at leastthe lapis lentoidcan finallytakeits due place as an outstanding exampleofneo-palatial craftsmanship. The othersealspresentfewerproblems. The butterflies on thejasperlentoid2 place itcomfortably in LM I, notlater.Fortherecumbent lion3 we haveLM I parallelsand thatis also thelikelydatefor thegriffin herethat4 is innear-mint andso musthavebeendeposited condition, 4. It is worthrecalling aftermanufacture. The same is surelytrueof thelargelentoid5 carvedon bothfaces.As shortly a alreadynoted,itssize does notprecludea datein LM I, thoughtakingintoaccountcomposition, broadertimespan(i.e.LM I- II) wouldbe safer.43 The amygdaloid 6 withitsenigmatic no signsoffers firmgroundsfordating.That said,thehabitof inscribing seals was on thewane by MM III; and shape,materialand itswornconditionsuggesta datewithinMM III-LM I. As alreadystatedthe steatite buttonis MM II. Of coursenoneofthesepieceshasa recordedfind-spot and,strictly speaking, Nevertheless theyoughtto be demotedfromtheranksofsealsfromdatablecontexts. theycouldhave been amongstthe materialtippedin duringLM II or, forthe matter,been associatedwiththe destruction oftheSouthHouse itself.In anycase,thepristine conditionof4 and 5 surelyrulesout laterdeposition. CATALOGUE

(fig.9.1)

1 H M 839. Lentoid withverticalstring-hole. D. (with gold casing) 1.9-2. ο cm, Th. 0.65 cm, D. string-hole0.13 cm. W. casing c. 0.15-0.30 cm. Deep blue lapis lazuli with finewhitishflecks. Around the edge of the seal is a casing made of gold leaf,narrowat the sides and broader at top and bottom,on whichgranulationis evenlyapplied. On the sides thereis a singlerow of granulation;skirtingthe string-holetop and bottomthereare two rows. Passingthroughthe string-hole is a thingold tube,the ends of whichare turnedback onto the casing and embellished with granules. Condition excellent:a fewgranulesmissing. On a double ground-linestandingto the rightis a large lion withopen mouth,protrudingtongue,mane rendered withfineshortstrokesand tail curledover itsback. Behind the lion stands a male figurewearing a flathat, in right profile,withone arm bent at the elbow, the othercrossing the lion's shoulderand mane, as ifto restrainit.

DM/DB 24-25 April 1908, 21-2. [space between S. wall ofPalace and S. House] 'Gem in lapislazuli[sic]encased in gold' [positionmarkedon sketchplan] (citedby Popham 1995, 61 no. 12). 'The gem was foundon a level withthe bottomof the second course of ashlar masonryof the wall opp. reckoningfromthe top i.e. .80 fromthe top of the wall.' DM/DB 25-30 May 1908, 49-50. '... seal in lapis-lazuli encased in a thinband of gold with filigreeornament. . . found at the point indicated on the general sketch[i.e. c. 2.80 m Ν of South House] at a level 1.20m above external floorof house ... in the toughcompact clayeyearthwhich is characteristic ofthe whole area . . . hardlyany doubt ... it belonged to depositthrownout fromthe Palace.' PMll.i 373: fromback yard'level withthesecond course ofthe Northwall'. Described as 'lapis lazuli ring-stone with a gold setting'... 'of Late Minoan work' . . . 'may, like the jar fragments,have been derived fromthe Palace'. Not

41 Younger 1985, 64-5 attributesthis seal to his 'Keos-Berry Lion Group', which he dates to *1500-1475 B.C.', though the other'Keos' lions have no provenance or come frommuch later contexts.More to the point,none is a good parallel for 1. Two of his 'BerryLions' repeat the man + lion motif(CMS l nos. 133 and 512), but the same objections apply. Indeed the criteriafor seals to groups,circlesor hands are mattersfordebate, attributing so too the use of absolute dates; but these issues lie well beyond the scope of this chapter. 42CMS II.4 p. xxxi list no. 42, which does include CMS Il.§ nos. 22, 23, 25 and II. 4 nos. 116, 117 (our seals 2, 6, 5, 3, 4 post quernnonfor these he accepted respectively).As a terminus

the LM IB destructiondate of the South House proposed by Popham (19700, 59). Cf. also CMS II.3 p. 10, CMS II.4 p. 141. In his account of seals fromdatable contexts,Niemeier included the lapis lentoid and accepted Popham's dating (Niemeier 1981, 96 n. 26, fig.8). It is worthre-iteratinghere thatthe CMS team (of which Niemeier was then a member) was unaware that the lapis lentoid came fromthe backyard,see above. 43 Althoughsymmetricalcompositionsbecome popular in LB II- III, some examples pre-datethe LM IB destructions, e.g. CMS II.6 no. 101 (Ag. Triadha): back-to-backgriffins withoutstretched wings,offspringbelow.

THE SEALS but markedon plan by C. T. Doll, fig.208. illustrated, CMS II.5 no. 24 withearlierreferences(add PMll.i 373). Younger 1985, 64, fig. 62 (Keos-BerryLions); Younger 1988, 149; Marinatos 1993, 171, fig. 169; Popham 1995, in Christopoulosand Bastias 61-4. Also colour illustrations 1974, 214; Sakellarakis1985, 85; Sakellarakiset al. 1994, 203, pl. 86. HM 840. Lentoid with horizontalstring-hole.D. 2 1.75-1.85 cm, Th. 0.8 cm, D. string-hole0.20 cm. Edges damaged,lower portionof seal missing.Deep redjasper. Four butterflies arrangedin a whirlpattern.Top centre is a largefrontalbutterfly withwingsdisplayed,to thelefta in rightprofilewithone wing displayed. second butterfly The remainsof a third,facingthe same direction,appear at thebreak(below centre).On theright,thefourthbutterfly is treatedin a cursorymanner: a strokeforthe wing,two smalldotsand slenderbody.The antennaeand lowerbodies of the insectsare renderedas sinuousJ-spirals;theirwings have threeor fourcusped projectionsand a centraleye. PM I 705-6, fig. 259 where attributedto LittlePalace and described as a sealing; likewise at PM Il.ii 789, fig. 515. PM IV.ii 490, fig. 421 attributesthe 'sealing*to the 'Palace site'. Note that the drawing is not made froma modernimpression(as customary)but fromthe seal itself. CMS 11.$ no. 22 withearlierreferences.Younger 1983, 128 (Theban Butterflies); Younger 1988, 204-5; Popham 1995, 62-3 no. 23. HM 841 . Lentoidwithdiagonalstring-hole. D. 1.653 1.75 cm, Th. 0.6 cm, D. string-hole0.25 cm. Seal face damaged and worn in places. Olive green serpentine. Recumbentlion facingleftwithhead turnedback, plant fillerbehinditsback. A seriesofshortparallelstrokesrender the mane, which is set offfromthe head by a semi-circle. The head is treatedin a cursoryfashion:a large dot with smallersemi-circleand dot forthe eye. CMS II.4 no. 117 withearlierreferences.Younger1988, 41 (pose); Pini 1995, 196 fig.4a (date,style);Popham 1995, 62-3. HM 842. Lentoid,withverticalstring-hole. D. 1.554 1.65 cm, Th. 0.7 cm, D. string-hole0.20 cm. Condition verygood: edges of seal and string-hole sharp,back of seal Black conical. steatite. slightly Griffin runningto rightwithhead turnedback and wing outstretched. The feathersare indicatedby a seriesof thick verticalstrokes,beneath a horizontalcontour.The eye is shownas a circleand dot. CMS II.4 no. 116 withearlierreferences.Younger1988, 43 (pose); Popham 1995, 62-3.

HM 838. Lentoid, with horizontalstring-hole.D. 5 2.25-2.3 cm,Th. 0.5 cm,D. string-hole 0.25 cm. Condition good: edges of seal and string-holessharp. Dark grey serpentineor steatite. Carved on both faces. (A) Attackscene involvinga deer to the leftwithforelegsbent,turneddown below itsbelly; above a griffin runningin rightprofilewith outstretched wing. The creaturesare arranged back-to-backwith the head touchingthe shoulderof the deer. The hide griffin's of the deer is renderedwithshortirregularstrokesand the antlersare flat(presumablyindicatinga fallowdeer). (B) A crouchingboar with bristlyback in leftprofile;above a with both wings displayed. The creatures runninggriffin are again arranged back-to-back;perhaps another attack scene. CMS 11.$ no. 25 withearlierreferences.Younger 1988, 108, 113, 218; Popham 1995, 62-3. HM 843. Amygdaloid withhorizontalstring-hole. 6 L. 2.2 cm, W. 1.7 cm., Th. 0.7 cm, D. string-hole 0.33 cm. One end damaged near string-hole;string-holesworn. Greyishblack serpentine. Fourunidentifed signs,includingan S-spiral,disposedacross the field; above them foursmaller symbols,includingan X. Comment: inscriptionregarded as doubtful by J.-P. Olivier: CMS 11.$ p. 1. See also Commentaryn. 37 forhis recentobservations. PM I 670, fig. 490 where described as 'green steatite amygdaloid fromLittle Palace with inscriptionof Linear Class A'. Note thatthe drawingis not made froma modern impression(as customary)but fromthe seal itself. CMS 11.$ no. 23 withearlierreferences.Younger 1988, 222; Popham 1995, 62-3 no. 22. HM 845. Button,with tongue-shapedhandle. L. 7 1.85 cm, W. 1.7 cm, Ht. 1.15 cm. Grey-greenPserpentine. Tool marks(abrasion)on back of seal. Uncertainmotif:above a half-moonshaped element,two antitheticalsnake-likemotifsseparated by a verticalline, above thisan irregularhorizontalline. PM IV.i 150-1, fig. 116 where described as a 'seal impression',depictinga snake cauldron, 'fromthe Little Palace'. Note that the drawingby E. Gilliéronfib is not made froma modern impression(as customary)but from the seal itself.Dated by Evans to LM II. CMS 11.2 no. 33 where identifiedas cauldron or lyre (withearlierreferences).Younger 1998, 18, 20, 76-7 cat. no. 59, pl. 24.1 (earliestrepresentationof a lyre);Popham 1995,62-3 no. 25.

Ο. Η. KRZYSZKOWSKA

Fig.9.1. Sealsfromthevicinity oftheSouthHouse.Photographs oftheoriginals and drawings ofimpressions ofProfessor I. Pini).Scale c. 3:2. (CMSArchive, Marburg;courtesy

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Index

Abstractand GeometricStyle 78 abstractmotifs,overview 79 AcropolisHouses, Knossos 52, 54, 197 DepositsC-E 75 adder markmotif 79, 82, 92, 94 AeginaTreasure 165 Ag. Ioannis,Knossos 164, 165 Ag. Irini,Kea 105, 127 Ag. Triadha 82, 202 Aigina 127 Akrotiri 39, 57, 68, 82, 150, 164, 165, 195 House oftheLadies 39 alabasterpattern 79, 82 alabastra squat 107, 132 tall 78, 79, 82, 84, 94, 95, 128, 138 LMIB 82 Alternating Style 78, 79, 86, 88, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 105

amethyst 18, 175 amphorae 11, 34, 66, 105, 127, 176 oval-mouthed 42, 49, 52-3, 55, 56, 69, 78, 82, 83, 107, 110, 111, 128, 150, 159 LMIB 82 111 LMII III MM 49 MMIII-LMIA 52-3 amphoroidkraters.Seekraters arc motif 119, 120, 121, 123, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144, 146 Arcade Group 107 arcades,decorationof 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 89, 92, 107, 109

Archanes 32, 105, 154 Phourni 197, 202 Tourkogeitonia 201 stone. Seestone,architectural architectural Area oftheEarlyPaving 3 1 argonautmotif 79, 80, 89, 103, 107, 108, 121, 123 Armenoi 117 askoi 106, 107, 116, 117 LHIIA 107 LMII 117 Athens 75, 80, 89, 92, 107, 127 axes, Neolithic 6, 11, 14, 17, 191-3 choice ofmaterials 191 shape 192 use marks 191

Barbotine'prickle'decoration 49 barreljars, Seejais Basements 1, 6, 27, 33 construction 33 contents 33 contentsofboxes 6 InnerBasement. SeeInnerBasement PillarBasement. SeePillarBasement basins 60, 61,76, 77 in and out 60, 61, 76, 77 LMIA 61,76 baskets 157 Bathroom 11,25, 37» 62, 15^- ^ee a^° LustralBasin LM IA pottery 62-3 pithoi 62, 156, 158 bead, clay 18, 191 beaked jugs. Seejugs bell cups. Seecups beryl 18, 175 Berbati 80 birdmotif 108, 128, 129, 133, 138, 142 Bird'sNestBowls 11, 175, 176, 179, 18 1, 184, 185 bivalvemotif 130, 135, 138, 141, 142, 144, 146, i47> 149 bone objects 167, 188, 189 date 167 horncore 188 point 188, 189 spatula 188, 189 worked 13, 18 bore cores,stone 181, 182, 183, 185, 187 bowls 59, 60, 73, 74, 125, 126, 144, 145 bowl/cup 44, 101-3, X19>X44>X45>l47- ^eea^c cups,cup/bowl deep 146, 147, 148, 149 EM III/MM I 49 evertedrim 145, 146 flaring 49 horizontalhandles 78, 102, 103, 107, 119-20, 137» 138 in and out 52, 56, 60, 61, 74, 76, 77, 78, 104-5, 125, 126, 144, 145, 165 incurvingrim 53, 55, 59, 60, 73, 74 ledge rim 44, 45 LMIA 59>6l>74>75>76 LMIB 103, 104-5 LMII 119-20, 125 LMIIIAi 136,138

LM IIIA2 144,146 LMIII 149 MMIIA-IIB 44 MMIIB 49 MMIIB-IIIA 45 MM ΠΙΑ 45 MMIII-LMIA 53,54 lughandles 136,137 pedestal 49 rounded 52, 53, 55, 56, 136 silver 163,165 sided 54, 55, 60, 61, 73, 75, 76 splaying stone 11, 176-7,179,180,182,183-4,1^5, 186, 187. SeealsoBird'sNestBowls breccia.Seestone,breccia bridge-spouted jars. Seejars jugs. Seejugs

bronze 6, 10, 12, 18,23, 25, 166,167,175,190 cylinders33, 190 date 167 double-axes 190 find-places167 fragment10 hammer-axe190 hoards 1, 12,25, 166,167,190 South-East House 1,25 'locking-pin'190 axes 12,33 pickrazors 190 saws 12,33, 190 scraps 13, 18 shaft 13 tesserae 18, 175 tools 167,190 vases 166 wire 6, 190 bullrushmotif 118 stone 175 'button',

Cameron,M. A. S. 37, 38, 39 Caravanserai 27, 35, 38 Frieze 38 Partridge CentralCourt,Palace 27, 31 Chamalevri 135 Chania 78, 79, 107,146,150,200 Kastelli 100 chevron motif 88, 106,121,123,125,135,138, 142 circlemotif 45, 53, 56, 57, 58, 59, 62, 63, 64, 66, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 109, 115, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125,

138,139,142,147 clay.Seealsoterracotta bead 18, 191

objects 167,191 date 167 find-places167 (?) 6, 13, 191 supports coilmotif97,100,101,111,121,123. Seeaho motif foliate collar-necked jar. Seejars collared jar. &*jars Hall 28,32, 34 Columnar combmotif 144 concentric arcmotif 128,129,133,138,139,141, 142,144,146 decoration 156,157 conglomerate conical cups. Seecups kraters.£a?kraters rhyta.Seerhyta, construction SouthHouse 30 creampot. Seesilver crescent motif 53, 56, 70 crocusmotif 56, 70, 72, 73, 75, 79, 82, 95, 97, 101, 103,105,118,125 crossmotif 44, 82, 105,117,120,123,142, 150. Seealsoirismotif, cross decoration of 52, 56 cross-hatching, crystal 18, 172,175,188 cups 41, 44,45, 51, 133-5,137,140,141-4,146, 147,148 gobletfoot 44 angular, bell 52, 56, 60-1, 72, 73, 74, 78, 103,104,107 carinated 41, 44, 47, 128,136,137 conical 10, 11, 12, 14, 18,42, 45, 49, 50, 52, 545, 62, 63, 73, 75, 76, 77, 128,136,137 cup/bowl 45, 101-3,ιχ8,X19>147>l4&- Seeabo bowls,bowl/cup cylindrical120,121 half-moon. Seehalf-moon cups handleless 41, 74,75, 101,107,118,119,128, 135 LM IA 59, 60-1, 62, 72-3, 74, 75, 76 LMIB 97-103,103-4 LMII 117-18,119,121 LMIIIAi 133-6,138 LMIIIA2 141-4 LM IIIB 147 loop-handled78 miniature42, 47 MMIA/IB 42 MM IB 42, 44, 47, 49 MMIB-II 47 MMIB-IIA 44,47 MM II 45 MMIIA 44,50 MMIIA-IIB 44 MMIIB 44 MM III 50 MMIIIA/(A) 45,47,5o

MM III(B) 50 MMIIIB-LMIA 49,53,54-5 ogival 56, 73, 74, 78, 97, 101,102,107,118, 119,121,128,135,137 pedestalled 138 rhyton.Ätfrhyta rounded 52, 53, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 71, 72-3, 78, 97-101, 102,103,107,128,137,138 shallow 128,135-6,137,138,144,145 silver 34, 163-6 spouted 78, 100-1,107,117-18,120 stone 177,180,184,186,187 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 53, straight-sided 54»55, 56, 60, 61, 72, 73, 75, 103-4 Vapheio.SeeVapheiocups curvedstripe motif 79, 89, 92, 105,106,108,130, 131,X35,*38,X39,H1, X44 cutaway-necked jugs 52, 166 bronze 33, 190 cylinders,

M. 22, 23, 163,167 Driessen,J. ofstratigraphy 22 interpretation motif 79, 109 daisy-rosette SeeOOL dark-on-light. dating SouthHouse. Seephasing deepbowls.Seebowls,deep Dendra 80 destruction ofSouthHouse 23-4 datesproposedfor 22, 24-5 earthquake25, 30, 52 dietary cereals 160 oliveoil 160 provision 160 pulses 160 regime 160 wine 160 DOL 47, 52, 54, 56, 68, 70 dolphinmotif 93 DomesticQuarter 3 1 East-West StairsDeposit 56 dot festoon motif 97,100 motif 41, 56, 60, 72, 76,92, 95, 100,101,103, 105, 111, 115, 117, 121, 123, 142

rosette motif 79, 86, 88, 95, 97, 100,103,111, 1]L7,133 double-axe motif 56, 57, 67, 70, 78, 79, 80, 94, 95, 105,106, 119,120,157 bronze 190 drain 31,33 motif 101,109,115,121,128.Seeabo droplet foliate motif 'dumbbell'motif 113,115

earthquake 23, 25, 30, 52. Seealsodestruction EastWall outside 14 contents ofboxes 14 eggcup 41,42 'alabaster'.Seestone,Egyptian 'alabaster' Egyptian EM EM II-III Houses 1 terrace wall 1 pottery41-2,47,49 EM IIB 42 EM III 49 EMIII-MMIA 47 EMIII/MMI 49 Enkomi 138,141 entrance SouthHouse 28-3 1 Ephyraean goblets 3, 14,51, 108,121-3 LMII 121-3 Style 108 EpiskopiHierapetra 117 Evans,A.J. 1,3, 11, 13, 14,22, 23, 24, 27, 28,30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39,41, 42, 51, 52, 153,154,160,163,165,166,167,173,175, 176,178,187,188,190,194,197,199,200, 203,205 ewers 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 78, 87, 88, 107 LMIA 57 LMIB 88

faience 14, 16,34 bottles 128,138,139,140, 146,148 feeding LMIIIA2 139 LMIIIB 146 festoon motif 52,97, 100,108,119,120,121,127, 128,129,130,133,138,141 finicky style 52 firebox 126,127 LMII 127 fishmotif 108,109,131 bowl. Seebowls flaring flasks 128,130,131,138,147 LMIIIAi 130 flaxproduction193 floral motif 56, 62, 72, 100,108,111,115,117, 121,123,128,130,133,138,139,141,142, 144,145,146,147,149,157. Seeahocrocus FloralStyle;irismotif; motif; lilymotif spray

108, 111, 118, 121, 123, 133

FloralStyle 78, 79, 88 flying ivymotif 56, 61, 66, 69, 78, 86, 88, 92, 97,

101, 103, 105, 113, 115, 121, 123. Seeahovvy

motif

foliatemotif bands 56, 61, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82, 86, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 108, 109, 113, 115, 119, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, coils 97, 100 droplets 121 scrolls 79, 80, 88, 92 footedgoblets. Seegoblets frescoes 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 28, 32, 33, 34, 37-9 artists22, 37 date 37-8 discussionofmotifs 38-9 locationof 37 fruitstands54, 56, 78, 104, 105 LMIB 105 function ofSouthHouse interpretations34-5

Gaiatas 154 Galeni 154 glypticiconography.Seeseals,iconography goblets 49, 107, 108, 119, 121-5, 126, 127, 128 EM III 49 Ephyraean 3, 14, 51, 108, 121-3 footed 42, 49, 50 LM II 121-5, 127 MM IA 42, 49 MMIB-IIA 50 gold 18, 164, 165, 175, 199-201, 203, 204 gorgonmotif 94 Gournia 56, 58, 59, 64, 94, 141, 146 GrandStaircase 3 1 grassmotif 67 Grave CircleA, Mycenae. SeeMycenae ShaftGraves griffin ivory 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 34, 188, 189 on seals 202-5 groundstone. Seestone,ground Gypsadhes 27, 68 Well 72, 75 Upper Deposit 56 gypsum 27, 28, 32, 33, 34, 176, 180 antae 32 bench 34 blocks 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 33, 34, 204 bowls 176, 179, 180, 182, 183 dadoes 28, 32 floor 11,28,32,37,57 kernos 178, 187 28 krepidoma slabs 11, 13, 15, 16, 17,22,24,28,32,34, 187, 203

stands 34, 175 steps 10, 33, 34

half-moon cups 118-19, 128 decoration 118, 119 LMII 118-19 hammer-axe,bronze 190 hatchedloop motif 83 helmetmotif 109, 121 Herakleion 156, 164, 165 hoards. &e bronze hole-mouthed jars. Äejars horncore 188 hornsofconsecrationmotif 109 House D, Pseira 154, 156 oftheChancel Screen 35 oftheFallen Blocks 30 oftheFrescoes 22, 28, 30, 34, 37, 39, 62, 70 oftheHigh Priest 35 oftheLadies, Akrotiri 39 South-EastofSouthHouse 166 contentsofboxes 14

in and out basins. &i basins bowls. Seebowls InnerBasement 1, 10, 12-13, 14, 23, 28, 33,41, 42-5, 89, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 195 as storagearea 159 bronzehoard 12 construction 159 contentsofboxes 12-13 deposit 41 EM/MM pottery 42-5 excavationnotes 12 pithoi 12, 153-φ !57-9 Room ofBronzes 12-13 irismotif chain 108,113,117,135,136 cross 108, 117, 121, 123 motif 56,97, 100, 101, 103, 108, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130» *33> *35> *36> X38 zigzag 108, 111, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138 Isopata 129, 136 IsthmusofIerapetra 156 Iuktas 156 ivory 18,34 fragments 15, 16, 17, 18, 22

griffin17, 18,22, 24, 25,34, 188,189 objects 167,188,189 date 167 find-places167 plaque 188,189 rods 188,189 griffin sculpted group. Seeherein ivymotif chain 80 flying56, 61, 66, 69, 78, 86, 88,92, 97, 101,103, 105, 113, 115, 121, 123

motif 53, 56, 61, 66, 69, 70, 76, 78, 79,80, 86, 88, 89, 92, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 113, 115, 119, 121, 123

jars 45,51,62,64,65,80-1,

108-9, 110

barrel 66, 67, 87 41, 44, 45, 50, 89 bridge-spouted collar-necked66, 67, 70, 81, 86, 108,111, 112, 128

collared 68, 69 cylindrical32, 51, 56, 57, 63, 65-6, 67, 105,108, 125 withlid 78 four-handled56, 66, 67, 78, 81, 82, 107,111, 112, 128, 150

hole-mouthed52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 66-7, 68, 78, 84-6,95, 107,112-13,117,128,129 large 56,78,80, 107,128 LHIIA 105-6,107 LM IA 57, 63-8, 70 LMIB 22,80-1,84-6,87 LMII 108-9,109-11,112-13 LMIIIAi 128-9 LMIIIA2 139 MM IB 45 MMIB-IIA 50 MM II 45 MM HA 46 MMIIA-IIB 44 MM III 45

octopus 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 34, 80, 176, 203, 204 piriform 105-6, 107, 108, 109-11, 128-9, 131, 138, 139, 140

Seestirrup jars stirrup.

stone 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 187 jasper 201,204,205. Seealsoseals jugs 44, 45, 47, 62, 83, 84 beaked 6, 44, 47, 49, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 78, 87, 88-9, 90, 94, 95, 97, 101, 107, 108, 113, 114, 115, 117, 119, 128, 129-30, 131, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146 bridge-spouted 51, 56, 68, 70, 78, 88, 106, 107, 112, 113, 129, 131

52, 166 cutaway-necked EM III 49 EMIII-MMIA 47 handmade 41 LHII 107 LM IA 58, 68, 70, 88 LMIB 83,86,88-9 LMII 113,115 LM IIIAi 129-30 LMIIIA2 139 'milk' 22,56,62 MM II 45 MMIIA(?) 47 MMIIA-IIB 44 MMIIB(?) 44 silver 163,165-6 stone 176,177 52, 56, 59, 68, 69, 70, 78, 85, 86, trough-spouted 95, 107, 111, 112, 113, 128, 138

juglets 56, 62, 63, 68, 69, 76-8 LMIA 62,68,76-8

Kalami Chanion 129 kalathoi 145, 146 LM IIIA2 146 Kalymnos 144 Kastri,Kythera 79, 100 Katsamba 107, 115, 121, 128, 138, 165 Kea 195 Ag. Irini 105, 127 Kephala 168 kernos,stone 178, 187 'knob',stone 175 Knossos Ag. Ioannis 164, 165 AcropolisHouses 52, 54, 75, 197 Magazine XVIII 68 North-EastHouse 154, 161 SME 52, 53, 54, 60, 63, 66, 70, 74, 86, 101, 105, Museum Extension 197. SeealsoStraügraphical WarriorGraves 107, 113, 129, 136 Kokla 166 Kommos 52, 100, 107 Kos 144 Koumasa 141 kraters 109, 128, 129, 131, 132, 138, 140, 141, 146, 147 amphoroid 109, 128, 129, 131, 138, 141, 146, 147 conical 128, 138, 140, 141 LM IIIAi 129, 131, 132 LM IIIA2 138, 140, 141 LM IIIB 146 pedestalled 138, 140, 141, 146 krepidoma 28

kylikes 128, 138, 145, 146, 148, 149 LMIIIA2 145 LM IIIB 149 Kythera 195 Kastri 79, 100

lamps stone 177, 181, 184, 186-7 use as 54, 138 pottery, LandingofLower Stair 6, 156-7, 159 pithoi 156-7 lapis lacedaemonius 175 lapis lazuli 18, 175, 199, 200, 201, 204. Seealso seals latrine 10,33,159 Lavatory 10, 12, 24, 28, 37, 38 leafmotif 42, 59, 74, 76, 80, 82, 95, 100, 101, 109, 117 leathersacks 157 LH pottery LHIIA 105-7 lids 51, 104, 105, 125-7 LMIB 105 LMII 125-7 stone 177, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187 &é?LOD light-on-dark. Ligortyno 146 lilymotif 45, 51, 56, 70, 79, 89, 97, 100, 103, 105, 119, 120, 121, 123

limestone 13, 15, 16, 18, 27, 28, 32, 33, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 184, 185, 186, 187 architectural 16 blocks 13,27,28,33, 173 box 18, 175 drain 33 columnbase 32 masonry 13, 15, 27, 28, 32, 33 moulding 173-4 offcut 173 slabs 15,32,174 stylobate 32 threshold 33 'knob' 175 tools 172-3 vases 176, 177, 178, 184, 185, 186, 187 linearzigzagmotif 89 LinearΒ inscription 150, 165-6 Chania 150 Knossos 150 Mallia 150 Pylos 165-6 linenproduction 193 LittlePalace 31, 32, 35, 41, 160, 199, 200, 205 LM pottery boxes 5 1 joins 51-2

LM IA 56-78 Bathroom 62-3 decoration 56 deposits 56 DomesticQuarterEast-WestStairs 56 GypsadhesWellUpper Deposit 56 Museum Extension 56 Stratigraphical LustralBasin 57-6 1 Minoan Hall 63-78 LMIB 78-107 abstractmotifs 79 Alternating Style 79 clayvarieties 80 corpusofshapes 78 decorativemotifs 78 definition ofphase 78 pictorialmotifs,overview 79 abstractmotifs 79 FloralStyle 79 Marine Style 79 Sub-LM IA style 78. See alsoSub-LM IA style LM II 107-27 corpusofshapes 107-8 decorativemotifs 108 LMIIIAi 128-38 corpusofshapes 128-38 decorativemotifs 128-38 LMIIIA2 138-46 corpusofshapes 138 decorativemotifs 138 LM IIIB 146-9 corpusofshapes 146 decorativemotifs 146 'lockingpin' 189, 190 LOD 52, 53, 56, 57, 61, 62, 68, 69, 75, 82, 95, 103, looms. See alsoloomweights;spindlewhorls;spinning evidencefor 195 loomweights 1, 13, 17, 18, 167, 175, 190, 195-7 weavingtechniques 195-7 warp-weighted 195 loomweights 17,18,175,195-7. Seeabo looms shape 195 terracotta 1, 13, 17, 18, 167, 190, 195-7 lozengemotif 107, 14 1, 144 LustralBasin 11, 22, 28, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 57-61, 62, 64, 72, 74, 154-6, 157, 158, 159, 167 construction 32 contents 32 contentsofboxes 11 LM IA pottery 57-6 1 pithoi 57, 154-6, 157-9

Macdonald, C. F. 22, 23, 163 ofstratigraphy 22 interpretation

Mackenzie,D. ι, 3, i6, 17, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31» 32, 33» 34» 39» 57» 58, 59» !53» ι6°» ι63» 199, 2O3, 2O4 ofstratigraphy 22 interpretation of the Magazine Tripod 54 Mallia 56, 107, 150, 197 Marathon 165 MarineStyle 18, 22, 51, 78, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89, 92, 93» 94» 95» 97» 1O°» 1O5»1O7»*°9 mason'smarks 28, 33 MattPaintedWare 126, 127 MavrospelioCemetery 201,203 Mesara 42, 49, 132, 156 metalobjects. &£ bronze Miletos 144 'milkjugs' 22, 56, 62 Minoan Hall 6, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 32, 33» 34» 35» 39» 56» 63» 64» 68, 159 construction 32 contentsofboxes 13 layout 32 LM IA pottery 63-78 MM pottery 4 1-50 MM IA 42, 49 MM IB 42, 44, 45, 47, 49 MM IB-IIA 44, 47, 50 MMIB-II 47 MM II 45 MM ILA 44, 47, 50

MMIIA-IIB 44 MM IIB 44, 49 MMIIB-IIIA 45 MM III 45, 50 MMIII/LMIA 50 MM ΠΙΑ 45, 47, 50 MMIIIB 50 MMIIIB-LMIA 49,52-5 decoration52 LM IA dark-on-light 52 vessels 52 MM III DOL rippledecorated MM III light-on-dark 52 Mochlos 56, 78, 94, 132,164,177 arc alabaster motifs.Seeaddermarkmotif; pattern; motif; of;argonaut motif; arcades,decoration birdmotif; Barbotine 'prickle'decoration; chevron bullrushmotif; bivalvemotif; motif; concentric coilmotif; combmotif; circlemotif; crescent arcmotif; decoration; conglomerate cross crocus motif; motif; motif; cross-hatching, decoration of;curvedstripemotif; daisy-rosette motif; motif; dot;double-axe, dolphinmotif; 'dumb-bell' festoon motif; motif; motif; droplet foliate fishmotif; floralmotif; flying ivymotif; hatchedloop motif; gorgonmotif; grassmotif; hornsofconsecration helmetmotif; motif; motif; linear irismotif; leafmotif; lilymotif; ivymotif; stemmotif; zigzagmotif; lozengemotif; multiple decoration olive netpattern, of;octopus, motif;

spraymotif;palm motif;papyrusmotif;pendant motif;pendentsemi-circlemotif;pictorialmotifs; plantmotifs;quatrefoilmotif;quirkmotif;reed motif;retortedspiralmotif;rhyta,motif;ripple pattern;rockpattern;rockworkmotif;rosette motif;runningspiralmotif;sacralknotmotif; scale pattern;scribblewavyline motif;semicirclemotif;serpentineloop motif;shellmotif; shieldmotif;solid; spiralmotif;spiraliformmotif; splashdecoration;sponge pattern;spots,decorationof; spraymotif;squillmotif;starmotif;stone pattern;tadpole; tasselmotif;tonguepattern; trefoilmotif;triangle;tricklepattern;tricurved; tritonmotif;urchinmotif;V pattern;vetchmotif; volutes,decorationof;wave pattern;wavyline decoration;weed motif;wheel motif;whitespotteddecoration;whorl-shellmotif;zigzag motif moulding,stone 173-4 mudbrick 23, 27, 28 mugs 138, 142, 144, 145, 146 LMIIIA2 144 multiplestemmotif 97, 123, 146 Mycenae ShaftGraves 165 Grave CircleA 105 I 165 IV 1, 163, 165 V 164, 165 VI 165 Mycenaeanimports 105 Myrtos 193 Myrtos FournouKorifi 154 Myrtos Pyrgos 28, 78

'Neolithic'axes. Seeaxes, 'Neolithic' netpattern,decorationof 49, 52, 53, 56, 70, 72, 92, 108, 111, 117, 121, 123, 133, 135 NirouChani 66, 97, 101, 105, 113 NorthBuildingofSME, Knossos 197 North-EastHouse 154, 161 NorthFaçade 42 outside EM/MM pottery 47, 49 NorthWall Area oftheIvoryGriffin 18 contentsofboxes 18 outside 15-17, 18 excavationnotes 15-17 and South-EastLustralBasins 32 North-West North-West Treasury 31, 166

obsidian 6, 10, 11, 12, 17, 18, 167, 168-70, 176 blades 168, 169, 170

chunks 168, 170 core 168, 169 findspots 168 flakes 168, 169, 170 Giali 168 Melian(?) 168 raw material 168,170 slabs 168, 169, 170 octopus Ephyraeangoblet 121, 123 jar 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 34, 80, 176, 203, 204 kylix 149 motif 15, 18, 51, 79, 80, 89, 92, 93, 95, 108, 115, 117, 120, 121, 123, 138, 141, 146, 147, 149 rhyton 93, 141 stirrup jar 51,92, 115, 117, 147 vases 95 off cuts,stone 173 ogivalcups. Seecups olive spraymotif 79, 82, 95, 97, 100, 109 painters 79 orientation 27 ofSouthHouse discussion 28-31 oval-mouthedamphorae. Seeamphorae

paintedplaster 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 39 Palace CentralCourt 27,31 DomesticQuarter 31,56 Grand Staircase 3 1 Palaikastro 56, 72, 78, 80, 88, 89, 94, 95, 105, 107, 138, 146,201 PalatialTradition 78, 80, 82, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101, 103, 105

palm motif 79, 89, 93, 109, 111, 123, 133, 144, 145 papyrusmotif 70, 79, 80, 82, 95, 97, 100, 101, 105, 108, 109, 113, 117, 118, 119, 121, 123, 125, 130, 132, 135, 136 PartridgeFrieze 38 pearrhyta. Seerhyta. pebbles 10, 172 pedestalbowl. Seebowls pedestalled cups. iS&cups kraters.Seekraters Pediadha 41,47 pegtoprhyta.Seerhyta pendantmotif 79, 92 pendentsemi-circlemotif 97, 99, 138 Pendlebury, J. D. S. 1,31 phasing 34-5 SouthHouse 34-5 pick-axes,bronze 12,33

pictorialmotifs,overview 79. See alsomotifs;styles FloralStyle 79 Marine Style 79 pie-crustdecoration 66 PillarBasement 11-12, 13, 14, 23, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34>39>!56, 157 as storagearea 159 construction 159 contentsofboxes 11 pithoi 156, 157-9 Room ofThree Pillars 11 PillarCrypt 6, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 23, 28, 34, 35, 156, 163, 164, 166, 175 contentsofboxes 1ο staircase contentsofboxes 6 StairsNorthof contentsofboxes 1ο excavationnotes 10 piriformjars.Seejars pithoi 12, 13, 33, 35, 57, 58, 62, 63, 82, 89, 153-61 Bathroom 62, 63, 156, 158 conglomeratedecoration 156, 157 decoration 153 fromInnerBasement 12, 153-4, X57~9 fromLustralBasin 57, 58, 154-6, 157-9 functionalclasses 156 LandingofLower Stair 156-7, 159 LMIA 57,62,63 manufacturing technology 154 PillarBasement 156, 157-9 tradition 156 pithos-making relief rope patterns 154, 157 offragments 157-9 spatialdistribution 160-1 storagecapacity tricklepatterns 154, 157 workshops 156 plantmotifs 14, 44, 52, 72, 75, 78, 79, 97. Seeaho motifs plaque, ivory 188, 189 plaster,painted 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 39 point,bone 188, 189 polishers 170, 171, 172, 192 polychrome decoration 41, 42, 44, 49, 50 pedestalbowl 42, 49 Popham,M. R. 1, 3, 10, 22, 23, 24, 25, 37, 51, 53, 54, 72, 75, 76, 79, 80, 82, 89, 92, 95, 107, 109, 111, 113, 117, 118, 119, 121, 125, 128, 129,

*46> X47>H9> 200 !39> X44>i46> !38> 139» i3°> *35> *38> of stratigraphy22 interpretation Poros 156, 200, 201 pottery decorativemotifs. Seemotifs joins, explanationoflistings 6 motifs,^motifs shapes. Seealabastra;amphorae;askoi; basins; bowls; cups; egg cup; ewers;feedingbottles;fire

box;flasks; fruitstands; goblets; jars;jugs;juglets; kalathoi; kraters; lids;mugs;pithoi; kylikes; ringvases;stirrup jars;strainers; pyxides;rhyta; tankard; Vapheiocups tripodvessels;tumblers; styles.Seestyles 170,171,172,173 pounder-grinders Priniatikos Pyrgos 72 Pseira 56, 57, 66, 78, 105,154,156 pyxides 66, 95, 108,110,111,112,117,128,129, 131,138,139,140,146 LMII 111 LMIIIAi 129 LMIIIA2 139 stone 178,181,182,184,187

motif 88 quatrefoil quirkmotif 66, 82,97, 99, 100,111,113,120,121, 123,125,129,130,138,141,142,147

rockpattern 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 89, 94, 97, 100, 101, 103, 105, 111, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125,

147 motif 79, 8 1, 94 rockwork rods,ivory 188,189 Room ofBronzeImplements10,41,51 depositsfrom 42-5 ofSilverVases 10 ofThreePillars 3, 11,51 withtheBronzeTools 153 roperelief patterns154, 157 rosette motif 34,82, 109,115,117,121,123,142. motif Seealsodot;daisyrosette rounded bowls. Seebowls cups. Seecwps RoyalRoad 78, 201 RoyalVilla 28,31,32,34,35, 115,117,128,129 rubbish tipping 22 running spiralmotif 53, 54, 56, 59, 66, 72, 75, 78, 80, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 95, 97, 100,101,103, 105, 113, 115, 120, 121, 123, 129, 130, 133,

bronze 190 razors, reedmotif 52, 53, 56, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76>78>79>80, 82, 86, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, io8, 111, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 128, 130, 133,

135 ReedPainter 103 reedstylepainters 79 retorted spiralmotif 42, 49, 52, 56, 59, 63, 66, 67, 68, 72, 75, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 89,92, 94, 97, 101, 103, 107, 108, 115, 120, 123, 125, 156,

157 Rhodes 195. SeealsoTrianda rhyta 109 conical 56, 69, 70, 78, 92, 93, 107,128,130-1, 132,138,140,141,146 cup 56, 78, 93, 94, 95, 107 fish(?) 131-2 LMIA 70 LM IB 92-4 LMIIIAi 130-2 LMIIIA2 141 motif 109 pear 78, 82, 92-4, 107 pegtop 56, 59, 70, 78, 82, 93, 94, 107,128,138, 139,146 stone 166,176,177,178,181,182,183,184, 185,186,187 ringvases 108, 116,117 LMII 117 ripplepattern 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73»74»75»7^ 78, 82, 97, 99, 135 ritual silvervases 165-6

sacralknotmotif 79, 86, 88, 94 saws bronze 12,33,190 scalepattern 79, 88, 89, 92, 97, 99, 100,103,105, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135,

138 scribble wavylinemotif 59, 61, 66, 70, 74, 76 sea urchinmotif.Seeurchin seals 199-206 dating 203-4 iconography201-4 argonauts202 boar 202,205 bulls 202 butterflies201-2,204-5 deer 202,205 dragonflies201-2 griffins202-5 humanfigures2ο 1, 204 lions 201-2,204-5 jasper 201-3,205 lapislazuli 18,24, 199-201,203-5 history 199-200 publication softstone 199,202-3 Sellopoulo 165,166 motif 44, 45, 49, 59, 62, 76, 86, 97, 99, semi-circle 101, 103, 120, 121, 123, 125, 142, 147

serpentine polisher 172

seals 202, 205 vases 166, 176-8, 183-7 serpentineloop motif 79, 82, 93, 141, 142 ShaftGraves,Mycenae. SeeMycenae ShaftGraves shallowcups. Seecups motif shellmotif 89. See aho whorl-shell motif shield 79, 89, 94, 97, 100, 103, 123 silver creampot 34, 163 cups 34, 163-6 parallels 164-6 vases 10, 23, 25, 163-7 as ceremonialitems 165-6 bowls 163, 165 parallels 165 date 166 hoard hypothesis 166 jugs 163, 165-6 parallels 165-6 slabs,stone 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 28, 32, 34, 168, 170, 173, 174, 187, 203. Seeaho gypsum,slabs; limestone,slabs; obsidian,slabs; stone,architectural Slope surface EM/MM pottery 42, 49-50 solid -centrespirals 52, 56, 72, 88 circles 56, 58, 63, 66, 75, 88, 94, 115, 119 semi-circles 59, 157 loops 78, 80 trefoilfill 125 triangle 135 zigzag 89 South Corridor 1, 15, 16, 30, 3 1, 34 Façade 3 1 Front 3, 15, 18,22,42,51, 109, 113, 121 Porch 3 1 Portico 15 South-EastHouse 1, 16, 25, 35 basementrooms construction 1 bronzehoard 1,25 South-West House 1,25 spatula,bone 188, 189 Sphoungaras 156 spindlewhorls 12, 195, 196, 197 Neolithic 6, 197 'spinningbowl' 193-4 spinningtechnique 195 spiralmotif 47, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 107, 108, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 156, 157 motif 113 spiraliform

splashdecoration 44, 62, 72, 76, 103, 157 bowl. Seebowls splaying-sided spongepattern 11, 79, 82 spots,decorationof 45, 47, 154 spout,stone 182, 187 spoutedcup. Seecups spraymotif 8 1, 89, 94, 95, 107. Seealsofloralmotif, spray;olive spraymotif squatters 22, 23 squillmotif 79, 94 stands stonepyramidal 34, 175 clay. Seeclay,supports StandardTradition.SeeSub-LM IA style starmotif 49, 79, 92, 93, 94, 95 SteppedPortico 1, 6, 30, 31, 42, 166 stirrup jars 32, 51, 52, 56, 63, 64, 68-9, 78, 86, 8992,94, 106, 107, 108,111, 113, 115-17,128, 129, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139, 140, 146, 147, 148, 150 LHIIA 107 LMIA 63,68-9 LM IB 89-92 LMII 115-17 LMIIIAi 130 LMIIIA2 139 LM IIIB 147 octopus 51,92, 115, 117, 147 stone 14 amethyst,^amethyst architectural6, 10, 11, 14, 17, 167, 173-4. See aho limestone;gypsum moulding 173-4 Poffcut 173 slabs 11, 13, 15, 16,17,22,24,28,32,34, 173, 174, 187, 203. Seeaho slabs,stone axes, Neolithic 6, 11, 14, 17, 191-3 beryl. Seeberyl vases bore cores. Seeherein box 18 breccia 177, 178, 185, 186, 187 'button' 175 crystal,^crystal drainagechannel 33 Egyptian'alabaster' 174, 176, 177, 182, 186 ground 170-3 tools 167, 170-3 choice ofmaterials 171-2 pebbles 10, 172 polishers 170, 171, 172, 192 pounder-grinders170, 171, 172, 173 rockcrystal 172 whetstones 170-2, 173 gypsum. Seegypsum jasper. Seejasper 'knob' 175 lapis lacedaemonius 175 lapis lazuli. Seelapis lazuli

limestone.Seelimestone objects 18, 168-87 date 167 find-places167 obsidian.Seeobsidian pebbles 10, 172 polishers 170,171,172,192 170,171,172,173 pounder-grinders stands 34, 175 pyramidal Seeserpentine serpentine. slabs slabs. Seeherein architectural, tools 10, 11,13, 17,17Ο"3· $eeak° herein ground vases 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 167,174, 175-87 Bird'sNestBowls 11, 175, 176, 179, 18 1, 184, 185 borecores 181,182,183,185,187 bowls 11, 176-7,179,180,182,183-4,l85> 186,187 closed 184 cups 177,180,184,186,187 designinfluences176 fragments176,178,184,185,186,187 bowls 176,179,180,182,183 gypsum handles 176,178,182,185,186,187 jars 176,177,178,180,181,184,185,186, 187 jugs 176,177 kernos 178,187 lamps 177,181,184,186-7 lids 177,182,184,185,186,187 techniques 179-82 manufacturing ovoidbowl 176 pyxides 178,181,182,184,187 rawmaterials 176,177,178,179 rhyta 166,176,177,178,181,182,183,184, 185,186,187 spout 182,187 tables 178,181,185,186 tumblers176,177,180,181,184,185,186 Vapheiocup 14,34, 175,177,186 whetstones170-2,173 stonepattern 56, 57, 62, 64, 72, 74, 80, 86, 89, 105,106,157 storage capacity 159,160-1 containers157 baskets 157 leathersacks 157 woodenbarrels 157 cups. Seecups straight-sided strainers69, 70, 88, 128,138 LMIA 70 stratigraphy analysis 34-5 22 interpretations Museum Stratigraphical ofpottery 1 storage

damagetoboxes 1-5 MuseumExtension 52, 56, 78, Stratigraphical alsoKnossos,SME See 138. deposit 56 andGeometric Style;Alternating styles.SeeAbstract style;FloralStyle; Style;finicky Style;Ephyraean MarineStyle;Sub-LMIA style Sub-LMIA style 78, 82, 86, 87, 88-9, 92, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101-3, 104, 105

PalatialTradition78 subsistence economy 159-61. Seeahodietary (?),clay 6, 13, 189,191 supports

tables,stone 178,181,185,186 tadpole motif 95 spiralmotif 56, 72 'tankard' 49 tasselmotif 88, 115 TempleRepositories52, 53, 201 Seeahoc'zy terracotta. loomweights1, 13, 17, 18, 167,190,195-7 tesserae 18, 175 textile production195-7. Seeahoflaxproduction; linenproduction; looms;loomweights; spindle whorls;weaving Thera 52, 56, 68, 82 Akrotiri39, 57, 68, 82, 150,164,165,195 HouseoftheLadies 39 Tôd treasure 165 TomboftheDoubleAxes 109 tonguepattern 88, 89, 94, 113, 129, 146 MM MM IIIB-LM IA. S^MM pottery, Transitional IA IIIB-LM tools bone. »S&bone bronze.Seebronze stone.Seestone motif 79,82, 103,108,113,115,121,123, trefoil 125,142 Trianda 78 triangle fill 129 motif 135,139 trickle pattern 154,157 tricurved archmotif 135,144 rockpattern 78, 79, 80, 88, 89, 94, 97, 100,101, 103, 105, 111, 121, 123

scalepattern 113,115,117,123, 128,130,133, i35> 138 tripodvessels 62, 63, 138 LMIA 62 motif 79, 80, 81, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105 triton

trough-spouted jar. Seejars jugs. Seejugs tumblers 41 MM IB 47 Pediadha type 47 stone 176, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186 Tylissos 31,154

walls construction 28 dimensions 28 outside 28 WarriorGraves,Knossos 107, 113, 129, 136 wave pattern 44, 69, 76, 121, 125, 130 wavyline decoration 49, 52, 56, 59, 61, 66, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 86, 89, 92, 95, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108, 111, 113, 115, 118, 119, 121, 123, 125,

UnexploredMansion 1, 31, 41, 52, 53, 54, 60, 62, 66,70,72,75, 111, 113, 117, 119, 121, 125, 127, 135, 138, 141, 149, 150, 160, 164, 167, 175,191,197 unpaintedpottery 76, 78, 127, 136-8, 149 LM IA 76-8 LMII 127 LMIIIAi 136-8 LM IIIB 149 urchinmotif 79, 82, 94, 95, 97, 100, 108, 123, 144

V pattern 61 Vapheio cups 52, 54, 55, 56, 73, 74, 75 LMIA 75 MMIIIA-LMIA 54 stone 14,34, 175, 177, 186 vases bronze. Seebronze pottery.&e pottery silver.&* silver stone. Seestone Vathypetro 197 vetchmotif 63, 66, 67, 74, 97 viaduct 31,35 Vlychiavalley 27 volutes,decorationof 56, 78, 80, 86, 88, 94, 95, 97, 113, 115, 121, 123, 127, 132, 133, 138, 142

127, 132, 133, 135, 136, 144 weaving. See abo textileproduction evidencefor 195-7 looms evidencefor 195-7 loomweights 195-7 warp-weighted 195-7 techniques 195-7 weed motif 79, 81, 94, 95, 97, 100, 105, 107 West Court 1 Rooms ColumnarHall 34 PillarCrypt 34 construction/architecture 34 wheel motif 44 whetstones 170-2, 173 decoration 41 white-spotted whorl-shell motif 146, 149 wire,bronze 6, 189, 190 wooden barrels 157 wool production 193-4 workshops Knossianpithoi 156

Zakro 72, 88, 89, 103, 202 Zapher Papoura 136, 138 zigzagmotif 44, 79, 82, 89, 92, 93, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147 iris 108, 111, 128, 129, 130, 133, 135, 138 linear 89 Zou 82

Plate ι

Ashmolean Museum,Oxfordneg.ET 424; (a) The northfaçadeand theyard,eastsectionbeforerestoration. Ashmolean Museum,Oxfordneg.ET 427. (b)The MinoanHall lookingnorth. 1

Ashmolean (a) The PillarBasement. Museum,Oxfordneg.ET 433 (ΡΛίΠfig.216); (b)ViewfromsouthlookingacrossthePillarBasementtothenorthwallofthehouse;PillarCrypton westside. Ashmolean Museum,Oxfordneg.ET 432 (ΡΛίΠfig.215).

northfaçadeofhouselookingeast;(b)Eastend ofhouse:reconstructed MinoanHall; (a) Reconstructed LustralBasin;(d) Reconstructed centralarea aboveInnerBasement, westofMinoanHall (c)Reconstructed

(a) Stairdownto PillarBasement;(b)Mason'smarkon westsideofstairdownto PillarBasement; PillarCryptwithColumnarRoom withbolthole;(d) Reconstructed (c)Doorwayto InnerBasement aboveit,lookingnorth.

Plate 5

withpyramidical double-axestandand stoneslabwiththreehollows;(b)PillarCryptnorth (a) Pillarcrypt west ofstairsabovePillarCrypt, wallwithbench;(c)Reconstructed ColumnarRoomandupperflight outerwallofhouseat front.

{a) LM IB jar 176; (i) LM IB jar 184; (c) LM II jar 416; (á) LM II piriform jar 420; (e) LM II beaked jug 444; (/) LM II beaked jug 445.

krater 602; (d)LM II stirrup 594; {d) LM IIIAi amphoroid jar 469. Sherdsin SM; {b)-(c)LM II firebox LM IIIAi sherd. beaked ?Inscribed [e) jug 610; (/)

51

53

58

ObsidianfromAreaS.I.2; 'Neolithic axes' 9, 1, 5, 8, 7; stonetools55, 62, 51, 53, 56, 58. Scale 1:2.

Stone architectural 68, 69; stonevases 137, 79, 134, 88, 85, 156, 158. Scale 1:2.

Stone vases 97, 135 and bore core 102; ivory172; bone 171; clay 188. Scale 1:2.