The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Text and Plates) (Supplementary Volume)

THE MINOAN UNEXPLORED MANSION AT KNOSSOS TEXT BY M.R. POPHAM WITH J. H. BETTS M. CAMERON H. W. AND E. A. CATLING D. EVEL...

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THE MINOAN UNEXPLORED MANSION AT KNOSSOS TEXT BY M.R. POPHAM WITH J. H. BETTS M. CAMERON H. W. AND E. A. CATLING D. EVELY R. A. HIGGINS D. SMYTH and others

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1984

©M. R. Popham 1984

Printedin Great Britainat the Alden Press,Oxford

Contents Preface

PAGE

Abbreviations 1. The Excavationby M. R. Popham 2. The Architecture by D. SmythwithM. R. Pophamand K. McFadzean 3. The Frescoesby M. Cameron

1 99 127

4. The Potteryby M. R. Popham 5. The Sealstonesand SealingbyJ. H. Betts

151

6. The TerracottaFigurinesby R. A. Higgins

197

7. The Bronzesand Metalworking Equipmentby H. W. and E. Catling 8. The OtherFindsof Stone,Clay,Ivory,Faience,Lead etc by D. Evely

203

187

223 261

9. Summaryand Conclusionsby M. R. Popham NOTES to Sections1-9

265

Appendices 1. The LM II PlantRemainsby G. Jones

303

2. The AnimalBones by O. Bedwin

307

3. The HumanSkeletonsbyJ. H. Musgrave

309

Abbreviations AAA AC ^ AE AEMI

AthensAnnalsofArchaeology J. D. S. Pendelbury,TheArchaeologyof Crete.London, 1939 Deltion,Athens Archaiologikon

Archaiologiki Ephemeris,Athens A. Lucas and J. R. Harris,AncientEgyptianMaterialsand Industries. London (4th ed.) 1962 AF K. P. Foster,AegeanFaience of theBronzeAge. New Haven, 1979 AGDS AntikeGemmenin DeutchenSammlungen APG M. S. F. Hood, The Artsin PrehistoricGreece.London, 1978 AR ArchaeologicalReports, published annually by the Society for the Promotionof HellenicStudiesand the BSA BEFAR J. C. Porsat,Les IvoiresMycéniens.Paris,1977 kenisch Kultur, H. Matthäus, Die Bronzegefàsseder Kretisch-My BKMW Munich 1980 Band Prähistorische 1, Bronzefunde,AbteilungII, CN A. J. Evans, 'Minoan Weightsand Mediumsof Currency',in Corolla Numismática,London, 1906 CBMW H. W. Catling,CypriotBronzeworkin theMycenaean World,Oxford 1964 Β Ε. Mylonas,Ο TaphikosKuklosΒ tonMukenon,Athens,1972 G. Circle V. Ε. G. Kenna,CretanSeals, Oxford1960 CS DPK M. R. Popham,The Destructionof thePalace at Knossos; SIMA XII. Lund, 1970 Ch. Tsountas,I ProistorikaiAkropoleisDiminiou kai Seskloi.Athens, DS 1908 Europa: Festschrift fürErnstGrumach,ed. W. C. Brice,1967 Europa GCA K. Davaras,Guide to CretanAntiquities,NewJersey,1976 GGFR J. Boardman,GreekGemsand FingerRings.London, 1970 R. A. Higgins,Greekand RomanJewellery.London, 1981 GRJ Guida L. Pernierand L. Banti,Guida degliScavi Italianiin Creta,Rome 1047 HT C. Singer,Ε. J. Holyardand A. R. Hall (editors),A Historyof TechnologyVol. 1 (corrected).Oxford,1965 Int. S.C. Theral Acta of the 1st InternationalScientificCongresson the volcano of Thera,Athens1971 Int. S.C. TheraII Theraand theAegeanWorld,London 1978 and 1980 in theAncientNear East, 1965 Interconnections W. StevensonSmith,Interconnections Y. Tzedhakisand A. Kanta,KastelliHanion 1966, Rome 1978 Kastelli St. Alexiou, YsterominoikoiTaphoi Limenos Knosou (Katsamba), Katsambas Athens,1967 KCron KretikaChronika

ABBREVIATIONS

KFA KMS KnossosSurvey KWS LDPK MSV NP Outils PKU PM Praktika PTK PylosII SAT SM TalismanicStone TDA Techniques TEM Thera The LM HI Period Thesauri TirynsII TT VMT VTM Zakro

M. A. S. Cameronand M. S. F. Hood (eds.), SirArthurEvans9Fresco Atlas, 1967 J. C. Poursat, 'L'atelier de seaux de Mallia etc' in Die KretischmykenischeGlyptik.Munich,1974 S. Hood and D. Smyth,ArchaeologicalSurveyof the Knossos Area, BSA Suppl. Vol. 1981 H-G. Buchholz, Kriegswesen,Teil 2 (ArchaeologiaHomérica I.E.2). Gottingen,1980 M. R. Popham, The Last Days of the Palace at Knossos, SIMA V. Lund 1964 P. M. Warren, MinoanStone Vases.Cambridge,1969 L. Savignoni,'Scavi e scopertenella Necropolidi Phaestos'inMA XIV (1904) J. Deshayes,Les Outilesde Bronze de VIndusau Danube, Paris1960 R. M. Dawkins, The Unpublished Objects from the Palaikastro Excavation(1902-1906), BSA Suppl. Paper 1. London, 1923 A. J. Evans,ThePalace ofMinos. London, 1921-1936 Eteraias Praktikatisen AthenaisArchaiologikis Α. J. Evans, The Prehistorictombs of Knossos' in Archaeologia59 printed,London 1906. (1906) pp. 391-562 and independently M. B. Lang, The Palace of Nestorat PylosII, The Frescoes,1969 R. J. Forbes,Studiesin AncientTechnology,Vol. IV Leiden, 1956 vonMykenai.Munich,1930 G. Karo,Die Schachtgräber V. Kenna, The CretanTalismanicStone in theLate BronzeAge, Lund, 1969 A. J. Evans, The Tomb of the Double Axes etc' in Archaeologia65 (1914) pp. 1-94 J. Shaw, Minoan Architecture:Materialsand Techniques,Annuario 49(1971) J. Hazzidakis,Tylissosά VèpoqueMinoenne,Paris,1921 S. Marinatos,Excavationsat TheraI-VII, Athens1968-1976 A. Kanta, The Late Minoan HI Period in Crete,A surveyof Sites, SIMA LVIII, Göteborg1980 Potteryand theirDistribution, Elladikoi Thesauroi,Athens1972 Ysteromukenaikoi Th. Spyropoulos, G. Rodenwaldt,TirynsII: Die Freskendes Palastes,1912 R. Hampe and A. Winter,Bei Töpfernund Töpferinnenin Kreta, Messenienund Zypern.Maintz,1962 J. Hazzidakis,Les VillasMinoennesde Tylissos.Etudes Cretoisesiii, 1934 S. A. Xanthoudides,The Vaulted Tombs of theMessara.Liverpool, 1924 N. Platon,Zakros: To Neon MinoikanAnakteron.Athens,1974

In catalogueentries; D = diameter H = height Th = thickness

W = width AH measurements are in centimetres.

Preface The 'UnexploredMansion' was Evans's provisionalname forthe buildingwhichhe found but did not excavate: despite the illogicality,its title,now firmlyestablished,has been retained. The imposingfacade he uncovered,and perhapsits intriguing name, have led several on listof intended the School's had been its excavation which to consider long archaeologists of School the Committee in the at Knossos. approved Managing projects Eventually, 1967, its explorationundermy directionwhenI was AssistantDirector,and, subsequently,agreed that this should continueafterI had moved to a post at the Universityof Cincinnati.My colleagueon otherexcavations,HughSackett,readilyacceptedto undertakeand publishthe excavationof the considerabledepthof Roman constructionsabove the Mansion,whileI was studyingthe findsfromour digat Lefkandi;I am mostgratefulto himnot onlyforthis in the but also duringthe excavationof the Mansionitself,when he helpedme throughout a complexand productivedig. day-to-day problemsof directing Investigationof the Minoan levels began in 1968, was interruptedfor two years by emergencyexcavationsat Lefkandi,and was completedin 1972 and 1973 apart froma short season in 1977 to tidy up the area and to investigatethe platformsouth of the Mansion. Study of the findsand preparationof thisfinalreporthave takensome tenyears,again with an interruptionfor emergencyexcavation at Lefkandi.This would have taken far longerbut for severalcolleagueswho have generouslyundertakenvarious aspects of the excavationand its findsof whichtheyhad expertknowledge.Despite manyothercommitmentsHector Catlingwith his wife Elizabeth agreedto studythe bronze objects and the frescomaterial,John foundryequipment.Mark Cameron took on the very fragmentary theanimalbones werestudied Betts the seals and ReynoldHigginsthe terracottafigurines; by MikeJarmanand Owen Bedwin,thehumanremainsbyJonathanMusgraveand theplant called - though remainsby GlynisJones.The massof Otherfinds',as theyare conveniently the termhardlyreflectstheirimportance- was accepted by Don Evely who was studying Minoantechnology. Duringthe excavation,Ken McFadzean was architect,planned thebuildingand made a catalogue of those buildingblocks which we decided to retain.Whenhe was not freeto writean account of the architecture, David Smythagreedto take over thistask withmy he also the assistance; many supplemented originalplans and elevations,as well as correcting of myerrorsin theexcavationreportand helpingto clarifyit. The various contributors,who have each prepared their own cataloguesof objects, accepted with greattolerancemy decision to incorporatetheirdescriptionsinto lists of Room Contentsratherthan keep themas separatespecialisedcatalogues,even thoughthis meant renumbering and some rewriting. Whereobjects have no clearMinoan contextor a have been Misc. post-Minoanone, they given (miscellaneous)numbersand are listedat the end of thesectionto whichtheybelong. In writingup the finalaccount of the digging,I have reliedheavilyon the excavation notebooks and plans, and have appreciatedthe care withwhichtheywere kept,oftenin

PREFACE

Theirnamesare listedat theend, difficultcircumstances, by the varioustrenchsupervisors. I here of if Sackett and CressidaRidley,thisis because make mention and, Hugh special were work. of hard and had the lion's share they presentthroughout The balance between overwhelming detail and brevityis a difficultone in a reportof this kind. If I have erredon the side of conciseness,the detailsand observationsomitted remainavailablein theexcavationnotebookskeptin theSchool's archivesin Athens. My study of the potterycould not have been so fullyillustratedbut forthe skilland for PetrosPetrakis,althoughI mustbearresponsibility patienceof theSchool's vase-mender were made Oliver by paintingthe restoreddecoration.The initialpot notes and catalogues Dickinson,Don Evely, Elizabeth Schofieldand PennyMountjoy.If the catalogueentries are at timesless than ideally full,thisis due to all the vases beingrequiredby Heraklion Museumbeforetheirstudywas completed.A fullerrecordof thestoragejars had been made and by PhilipMudd while studyingthesepots, and he has kindlywrittentheirdescriptions theaccountof them. Throughoutthe excavationand study,the ManagingCommitteeprovidedthenecessary funds,fromits own resourcesand fromgenerousgrantsmade by the BritishAcademy. Support and encouragementhave been unfailinglygivenby the School's Directors,Peter Megaw, Peter Fraser and Hector Catling,while the Departmentof Classics at Cincinnati me Universityand subsequentlythe Universityof Oxfordhave been generousin granting time for excavationand research.Not least,I gladlyacknowledgemy appreciationof the constanthelp givenus by the thenEphor in Crete,StylianosAlexiou, and by his staffin HeraklionMuseum. Even withall thisassistance,thesuccessof a complicatedexcavationgreatlydependson and at Knossos we wereblessedwith the skillof those workmenwho do the initialdigging, a devoted team of Knossians havinga wealth of long experienceand, usually,endless patience. In dedicatingthis book to our Foreman, Antoni Zidianakis,I should like to acknowledgenot only his contributionbut that,too, of the otherKnossianworkmenwho helpedme, some of whom,alas, are no longerwithus. A preliminary account of the excavationas a whole, includinga reporton the postMinoan occupation of the site by L. H. Sackett, appeared in ArchaeologicalReportsfor account the next year. Two vases with 1972-3 pp. 51-7, with a shortsupplementary Linear Β inscriptionshave been fullypublishedand illustratedin Kadmos 8 (1969) 43-5 and 15 (1976) 102-7. In addition,variousscientificstudieshave been carriedout on some of the excavation finds.Metal objectshave been analysedby R. E. Jonesand theresultspublishedby himand H. W. Catlingin Archaeometry19 (1977) pp. 57-66; other analysesby N. Gale will be Research Clay analysesof somevasesweremade by theOxfordUniversity publishedshortly. those results at in School for and the Athens; (mostlyinconclusive) Laboratory Archaeology will be included by R. E. Jones in Greek and CypriotPottery,A Review of Scientific BSA publication.Some analysesof the frescoesare includedin an Studies, a forthcoming articleby M. A. S. Cameron,R. E. Jonesand S. E. Philippakisin BSA 72 (1977) 121-184. Pumice specimensfromthe Mansion have been studied and publishedby H. Pichlerand W. Schieringwith H. H. Schock in AA (1980) pp. 1-35. Carbon 14 dates forfourwood

PREFACE

of Pennsylvania are givenby theUniversity samples(two probablyCupressussempervirens) LM II in of wood burnt by publishedin Radiocarbon 20 (1978) 211-2, and threeothers theHannoverLaboratory(unpublished)gaveresultsof 3300 ± 65, 3250 ± 95 and 3365 ± 50 yearson theLibbyhalflife. Studiesoftheplantremains,humanskeletonsand animalbones (of the 1972-3 seasons) appearhereas Appendices1-3. for illustrations have been made in the Plate Volume. I am again Acknowledgements Helen of Wilkinson theInstituteof Archaeologyat Oxfordformuchhelp on the gratefulto roomplansincludedhere. Personnel: Foreman,AntoniZidianakis; ExcavationSupervisors,Hugh Sackett (1968, 1972), Cressida Ridley (1968, 1972), Roger Howell (1968), Elizabeth and GeoffreyWaywell (1968), RichardHeyhoe (1972), DyfriWilliams(1972-3), John Younger(19/r2);ApothekeStaff, Petros Petrakis (vase-mender1968, 1972-3 and many study seasons), Mark Cameron (1968), OliverDickinson(1968), ElizabethSchofield(1968), Don Evely (1973-4), Penny Mountjoy(1972), AngelaWales(1972); Assistants,R. Beaton (1972), M. J. Parker(1977). MervynPopham LinacreCollege,Oxford.

Section1 The Excavation (Plans,PLATES 1-3 and fold-out;sections,PLATES 9-14; viewsPLATES 15-42) M. R. POPHAM

Introduction Room A Room B Rooms C and D, and CorridorE CorridorF StaircaseG PillarHall H StaircaseJ/K CorridorL Room M StaircaseΝ and O Room P Room Q NorthCorridor NorthPlatform South Corridor South Platform

Page 1 3 5 7 14 15 16 40 41 53 69 76 88 89 93 94 97

INTRODUCTION The UnexploredMansionwas discoveredby Evansin 1908 when,continuinghis excavation of the LittlePalace, he examinedthe space W. of it. It was then thathe uncoveredthe E. facade, PLATE 16b, and was impressedby its "magnificentlimestoneconstruction";he surmised,too, rightlyas we shall see, that the two butresseswhichcan be seen projecting fromthe facade towardsthe Little Palace, "may have been an actual bridgebetweenthe two buildings".1 At the same time he made two tests behind the Mansion's facade and cleared the elevatedarea SE of it, PLATE 17a, wherehe clearlyencounteredwalls. In his accountsof the Little Palace no mentionis made of these tests and the platformis leftbare on the publishedplans,whichdo, however,show two stretchesof wallingwithinthebuilding,one witha gypsumdoorjamb.2

2

THE EXCAVATION

The deep accumulationof lateroccupationabove the Mansionwas, no doubt, a severe deterrentto its furtherexcavation,but Evansmayalso havebeen discouragedby the results of his tests,neitherof whichwould have givena trueindicationof thebuilding'sunusually richcontents. The site remainedunexploreduntil 1967, apart fromthe diggingof a tunnelalong the N. wall of thebuildingin 1940 and the clearance,duringthewar,by Germanexcavators of partof a Romanhouse above theN. end of theMansion.3 Excavation of the Mansion itselfwas completedin threeseasons. The first,in 1968, followeda previousseason when the post-Minoanremainswere excavatedby Mr. Sackett, recorded and removed.The area investigatedlay to the northof Section 3 (PLATE 2), comprisingthe N. sector of the building,the North Corridorand the North Platform (the roomslaterdesignatedas A, B, C, D, most of J/Kand E, togetherwithNC and NP on the plan at PLATE lb).4 In the second and thirdseasons,in 1972 and 1973, whichagain followeda previousyear'sexcavationof thepost-Minoanremains,theregionS. of Section 3 was uncovered,comprisingthe remainderof the Mansion (Rooms G- Q and the South Corridor,SC). A furthershort season in 1977 was spent in furtherexplorationof the S. Corridor,in removingthe debriswhichhad accumulatedon the S. Platform(SP) and in extendingslightlythe area excavatedthereby Evans in orderto followup thewallsshown in his photographs.They turned out to be an extension of the Roman 'House of the Diamond Fresco' thoughunder them were found traces of a previousMinoan building, PLATE 4a.5 The Unexplored Mansion, to retain its establishedif now inappropriatetitle, was revealedto be a largeLate Minoanbuilding,unusuallyregularin plan and rectangular except fora slightjog in its southernwall,PLATES 1-2. It is set into a deep cuttingmade into the rock whose surfaceat the back of the buildingis about level with the top of the lower storey.The other threeexposed sides of the Mansionare faced withfinelydressedashlar masonrywhich,in the case of the wall facingthe Little Palace is recessedin fourshallow steps or set-backs.To the north,a flaggedpassagewaydividesthe buildingfroma raised platformor terrace,while outside its south face a narrowearthramp originallyascended fromthe court situatedbehindthe Little Palace, beforeit was blocked off.South of this passageway,anotherraisedplatformprojectsoutward,closerto the LittlePalace. The Mansionmeasuressome 24 by 14.5 m, coveringabout a thirdof the area occupied the more scatteredcomplex of the adjacentLittle Palace whichdiffersconsiderablyin by its alignment.Much of the buildingwas severelydamagedby firein LM II. Now it is best preservedon the west,whereseveralwalls of the lower storeystillstand to ceilingheight; but in the north,pits have destroyedconsiderableparts of the building,even removing the foundationcourse in a few places with evidence for a possible entranceat thisend. Therewas,however,an approachby a bridgefromtheLittlePalace; forEvans'ssurmisethat thisexistedwas shownto be correctby our findingof a doorwayin theE. facadebetween thetwo projectingbuttresses(PLATE 38c). The groundplan of the Mansion comprisesbasicallythreesectors: in the northand south, a series of rooms openingoff one side of a corridor,while the centralportionis mainlyoccupiedby a pillarhall: each sectorhas its own stairwayleadingto theupperfloor. As will be seen, the buildingwas constructedin LM IA, afterthe adjacentLittlePalace, but was not completed.It was firstoccupiedin LM II thoughnot in themanneritsplanners was one of the purposesit was made to serve.Withinthe had envisaged;bronze-working same period, around 1425 BC, a fireso seriouslydamagedthe structurethatmuch of its

THE EXCAVATION

3

upper floorcollapsed.The centraland southernsectorswerethenleftin ruinsbut muchof the northernpart was cleared out, patchedup and reoccupied.This sectorcontinuedto be occupied until LM IIIB when it was abandoned and the area in generalneglectedforthe remainderof the Late BronzeAge. THE EXCAVATION The account of the excavationwill follow in alphabeticalorder the lettersgivento the various rooms, corridorsand staircaseswithinthe building,beginningat the northern sector,the reoccupiedregion,precededby the NorthCorridoroutside.The centralportion southern will thenbe considered,principallythe PillarHall (H), followedby theremaining, sectorincludingthe South Corridor.Finallyan account will be givenof the two elevated areasoutsidetheMansion,theNorthand South Platforms. At the end of the account of each room,corridoror area is appendeda catalogueof its contents,accompaniedby plans givingthelocationof the findsin thoseregions(the central and southernsectors) where this is of importance.In these catalogues,the plotted finds appear first,followed by those not plotted, the latter being mainly vases which were restoredlaterfromsherds,or objectsnot thoughtworthplottingat the timeof excavation. These listshave been assembledfromthe specialisedcataloguespreparedby the authors responsibleforthe sectionsdealingwiththevariouscategoriesof finds. The potteryillustratedis necessarilyselective,witha strongbias in the case of the N. sectortowardsdecoratedpotterywhichis more susceptibleto chronologicalclassification. It must be stated,also, that in nearlyall areas, some half of the sherdswere of MM III/ LM IA character,clearlyout of contextand withno joins; thesehave been ignoredas having originatedin wall and floorfills.6 There is some inconsistencyon plans and sectionsas to the conventionsused. On the mainplans at PLATES 2-4 and the fold-outat the end, gypsumblocks have been givena dottedfill,as too on PLATE 8 and FIG. 7. Elsewhere,gypsumis indicatedby a half-moon areas of mudbrick,and cross-hatching (or crescent)fill, with heavier dottingsignifying carbon. This account will inevitablyduplicate to some extent that givenin the architectural detailsare describedmorefullyand discussedthere. sectionthough,in general,architectural Both sectionsshouldbe consultedto obtaina completepicture. Room A (PLATE 20a and e) All but the foundationsof the N. wall and of the NW cornerof theroomhad been robbed by a pit which had also removedthe adjacent fill,leavingonly a smallpartundisturbed againstthe betterpreservedE. and S. walls,PLATE 10a, Section 2. This consistedof loose of gypsum;over brownearthcontainingstonesof mediumsize, includinga few fragments In the kouskouras. of thiswas a layerof harderyellow soil, seeminglya wash disintegrated while in its of paintedwall plaster,mostly fillwere scatteredfragments mainly upperpart, at a deeperlevel,below the stones,occurredpartsof two stirrup jars, a coarseversionand a cover,PLATE 105a- c and e, of which squat one in fineware,and partof an incense-burner the latestof the fewdecoratedsherds These and only the firstwas anythinglike complete. LM IIIB to the with them appear to belong phase thoughperhapsnot late in it ('C on PLATE 105fandg-h).

4

THE EXCAVATION

The fillof the room could be dividedfairlyclearlyinto two mainlevels,theupperwith stones and plaster (PLATE 10a, Section level 2), and the lower of softbrownearthwith vase fragments (level3). Althoughwe attemptedat severalstagesto definea floorwithinthe it seems best to soil changes which occurred,none could be convincinglydistinguished; regardthe contentsof the room as a slowlyaccumulatedfillor dump,the stone fall and plasterbeing,perhaps,a latercollapse fromwhat remainedstandingof an upperfloor.Nor underwas thereany indicationof an LM II destructionin thisroom.The layerimmediately neath (level 4) containeda fragmentary cup and few decoratedsherds(PLATE 105d and Ά- B' on 105f). Below this,and immediatelyabove the levelledrock,was a shallowlevel (level 5) of darkerbrown soil with yellow patches with an area of burningin the centre of the room; the sherdswere LM IA. A testwas made in theNW cornerwherea depression in therockhad been filledin; it producedsherdsof MM ΠΙ/LM IA. It is likelythattheroom was unflooredin LM IA and remainedunfinishedthoughits walls had been plastered,as shownby tracesof whitelimestilladheringin places to theS. wall. The originalpurpose of the room is uncertain.It mighthave been no more than a cupboardor storeforthe adjoiningRoom B, or it could have supplieda meansof entryinto the buildingfrom the W. end of the N. Corridor,evidencefor which would have been removedby thesevererobbingof theN. wall. had been A roughblockingwall,restingon two preservedflagsof the originalthreshold, in its insertedin the doorwayinto Room B, PLATE 23a- b; the few sherds upper courses LM included two which are probablyLM ΠΙΑ 2, while two othersof II/IIIA 1 typewere found around the originalthresholdblocks, givinga terminuspost quern for the initial blocking.It is difficultto see how the room could have been enteredand used afterthis door was blocked, since even if therewas anotherentranceinto it throughthe N. wall, approachto it was preventedby the LM IIIA 1 debriswhichfilledtheNorthCorridor. RoomContents handle. A 1 Cup, 1 hnd,dec, PLATES 105d and 115,8. H. 5.8; D. rim10.2. About 1/5lostincluding lustrous rather red-brown Globularwithringbase. Fine yellow-buff paint. slip, yellow-cream clay, 'S's; solidpainted groupof bodybands;zone of interlocking Lip and base band withintermediate interior. 72/P366. A 2 Stirrup jar, dec, PLATE 105a- b. H. 27.5; D. base 8.5. Banded,withflowerson shoulderandwavy bandaroundbody.Rathercoarsebuffclay,lightpink/orange paint.68/P55. slip,red/orange A 3 Stirrup jar, dec, PLATES 105c and 115,7. Spout,mostof handleand fewbodysherdslost.H. ext. paint.Bodyandbasebands; 8; D. max.14. Finegreenish lightbuffclayand slip,darkbrownfugative ofbase. 72/P367. on shoulder;spiralon underside Flowers,whorlshellandhatchedstreamer A 4 Bronzerod. L. 5.5; D. 0.5. Splitand whollyoxydised.Probablyshaftof lighttool.68/178.Section level.3. D. at top PLATES 216,7 left;229,7. L. 15.3; W. 6.4; Th. 1; internal A 5 Stonefrag,of ?conicalrhyton, trefoils. 12. Alabaster',creamyveined.Body frag,carvedin low reliefwithpatternof interlocking MSV Type34A. 68/113.On edgeof Geo pit. withchlorite, 0.45. Serpentine A 6 Stoneconicalbead, PLATE 219,1. Η 1.6; D. 1.6 to 1.1, ofstringhole wornat edges.68/94.Sectionlevel2. streak.Slightly withblue-green green-grey 0.45. Glassy-faience, pearlygreyexterior A 6a Faiencespherical bead,PLATE 225,15.D. 1.5, of stringhole overgreycore.Fragmented. 68/168.To Geo. 0.2. Glassyfaience, A 6b Faiencestemmed'button',PLATES 225,14; 232,27.H. 1.2; D. 1.8,of stringhole 68/107.To Geo. partofheadmissing. greyandfriable.In decayedcondition, A 7 Stone whetstone, plaque, PLATE 227,17. L. 10.2; W. 4.4; Th. 1.1; Wt. lOOgm.Purpleslate.Recwithwell squaredfaces,polishedwithtracesofabrasivewearon sides.68/123.Sectionlevel tangular 2. flattype,PLATE 230,19.L. 6; W.4.2; Th. 1.5. Blackwithdarkbrownpatches A 8 Stoneaxe, 'neolithic',

THE EXCAVATION

5

and speckling;ground with good polish. Cutting edge undamaged but slightlychipped elsewhere. 68/155. Section level 3. A 9 Faience sphericalbead, PLATE 232,18. D. 1.2, of stringhole0.15. Beige-whiteexterior,pure white powderyinterior.Slightlychipped. 68/111. On edge of Geo pit. A 10 Clay sphericalbead, PLATES 224,15; 232,10; H. 1.3; D. 1.6, of stringhole0.2. Red with small grit. Slightlyfriable;surfacepitted. 68/132. PLMII-IIIA. A 11 Clay sphericalloomweight.6.8 X 6.7. 4 grooves.68/136. PLMII-IIIA. A 12 Clay sphericalloomweight.5.8 X 5.5. 68/147. LM IA. Section level 5.

In additionto cataloguedfinds,Section 2 level 3 containedthe incense-burner lid and sherdsat PLATE 105e, 'C on f, and g-h; level 4 the sherdsat Ά-Β' on PLATE 105f. The frescofragments are describedin the sectionof frescoes.There were also 8 recorded and flakes of obsidian,see PLATE 2 Hi andj. blades frags, Room Β (PLATE 20b and f) The room was best preservedto the south wherein places it standsto near ceilingheight, whereasof theN. wall onlythe firstcourseand one block of the second survive.The fillhad been extensivelydisturbedby pits,one of whichhad removedseveralcoursesof the central portionof the W. wall, whilea second,largerand deeper,had robbed the E. wall, in one place even of its foundationcourse.Moreovera Classicalwell had penetratedthroughthe floorneartheN. wall. Disintegrated pisée witha considerablestone fallconstitutedmuchof theremainingfill of the room (PLATE 10a Section 2 level 6), whichin theleast disturbedregion,in theSW, formeda mound of debris,amongwhichwas a largestone trough,Β 5, PLATE 24a. It is of probablethatthis debris,whichincludedsome largeashlarblocks and severalfragments gypsumpaving,was collapse fromuppercoursesof the walls,togetherwiththe flooringand clay-bondedstone walls of the upper storey.The cause of the collapse is unclear.Signs of firewere few: the more or less verticalmatrixof a circularbeam,some 20 cm in diameter, containingsome charcoal,was preservedjust S. of the doorwayinto Room A, and a burnt area was noted nearby;thiswas thoughtat the time of excavationto be possiblya fallen beam since some of the charcoal was surroundedby fragmented burntclay. Elsewhere, of burnt wood were In noted in the stone debris. patches clearing general,however,the soil did not resemblethat which resultsfroma violentconflagration. Abandonmentand slow disintegration of the buildingwould suit the evidencebest, thoughsome firedamage cannot be excluded and mightaccount for a considerableamount of charcoal found in places over the latest clay floor (level 7). This charcoal,however,may equally well have originatedfroman open hearthsuggestedby a burntarea of flooroppositethe entranceinto Room A. The clay floor lay immediatelyabove the originalflooringwhich consistedof thin gypsumslabs,foundin a verydecayedcondition,runningthelengthof the roomwitha clay surroundagainstthe E. and W. walls.On cleaningthisfloor,two cistswererevealed,both of gypsumand ill-preserved (PLATE 24c). The northernone containedmuch ash, thoughtto have derivedfromthe hearthmentionedabove, while the otherwas filledwithsoftblack earthcontainingsome sherd. Before the finalabandonmentof the room,a roughblockingwall withearthpacking had been constructedin the entrancefromCorridorΕ (PLATE 24b); a similarblockingof the doorwayinto Room A has been describedin the account of thatroom.On removalof this blocking,the decayed gypsumthresholdand jambs of the originaldoorway were revealed. Remnantsof a burnt timberupright,some 40 cm long and 14 cm wide, were

6

THE EXCAVATION

preservedoverthe easterndoorjamb,the resultof some firewhichmustpredatetheblocking of the door and the abandonmentof the room; it could well representsome extension into thisregionof the LM II firedestructionso markedin theS. partof theMansion.This same destructionmay also have led to the fillingin of the cists,since the potteryin the southernone consistedof a groupof LM II sherds,withone of LM IA (PLATE 106d group G), and LM II sherdswere the latest foundimmediatelyabove the gypsumfloor(PLATE 106c- d, groupsH and F). This would have been followedby the laying,or accumulation, of the clay floorand theblockingof the doorways.The potteryin thebuild-upbetweenthe gypsumpavingand the upper clay floor,includingthe floorcontents,was sparse,ranging fromLM ΠΙΑ 1 to perhapsan earlystageof IIIB but witha predominanceof LM ΠΙΑ 2. The blockingof the entryinto Room A, it has been suggested,took place afterLM 11/ IIIA 1 and could have happenedas late as LM ΠΙΑ 2 to judge fromthe sherdsin itsupper course. The potteryfound in the S. doorway blockingwas less, and not so indicative (PLATE 106c, group I), thoughthe latest sherdsfall withinthe LM IIIA 2 to IIIB stages. The entrancemay, however,have fallenout of use beforethat since on the otherside of the doorway,in CorridorE, therewas preservedwhatseemsto be partof the LM II destructiondebris. The date of the abandonmentand collapse of the room is farfromclear.Therewas no floordepositapartfroman unhelpfulconical cup and threestone 'buttons'(B 6-7 and 11). Untilthe finaldigginglevel,some 15 cm above the floor,thepotterycontinuedto containa considerablenumberof Geometricsherds,a fewpersistingeven into the finallevel. These clearlycame fromthe numerousdeep pits whichwe cannothave clearedout as completely as we thought.On the otherhand, in the uppermostlevelsmuch of thepotterywas LM II The of upper structures. and earlier,presumablyfromsubsequentwash and disintegration fromtwo vases sherdsfromthefinaldigginglevel(PLATE 106a, groupD) includefragments apparentlyIIIB in style but these cannot be entirelyrelied upon because of the slight contagion even of this level. More helpfulmay be the considerablyrestoredstirrupjar, PLATE 11Of-g, much of whichwas spreadin theupperlevelsassociatedwiththestonefall in this room, thoughits top was found in a similarcontextin Room D. Though precise it would seem to fitbest into LM IIIB thoughnot,perhaps,to its classificationis difficult, lateststage. Withthe blockingof both its doorways,no obviousentryinto theroomremains.It can only be suggestedthat,as happenedbetweenRooms C and D, a doorwaywas opened in the E. wall, linkingit with the reoccupiedN. part of Room C, whereany evidencehas been destroyedby the robbingwhichremovedeven some of the foundationcourseof theparty wall. RoomContents L. extended6.4; D. 0.3. Probablycomplete;fivejoiningpieces.Two armsbentat right Β 1 BronzePgraver. anglesto eachother;one endblunt,theotherpointed.Shaftofroundsection.68/181. Β 2 BronzePtinker's patch. L. extended6.1; D. of holes 0.55. Crumpledsheetwith3 holes.Eithera 68/167. patchorpartofa vesselmadeup ofseparatesheetsrivetedtogether. Β 3 Bronzedroplet.1.3 X 0.9 X 0.5. bothends. Β 4 Bronzemouldwire.L. 4.1; W.0.55; Th. 0.1. Incomplete Β 5 Stonetrough,ovoidand spouted,PLATE 212c. L. 92; W. 64; H. 14; depthofbasin12. Limestone, mediumhard,off-white. Irregularshape, almostpiriform.Rim brokenoppositespout,generally abradedand pitted.Spout (L.I 7) has 'IT profiledchannelwithtransverse groovejust beforeitstip. 72/450. 0.4. Steatitepale Β 6 Stoneconical'button',PLATE 218,7 topright.H. 1.3; D. at base 2.1, ofstringhole

THE EXCAVATION

7

grey,chipped. Edges of stringholeworn. 68/184. Stone conical 'button'. H. 1.5; D. at base 2.1, of stringhole0.3. Serpentine,grey-green.Worn and chipped but originalfacettingstilldetectable. 68/186. Β 8 Stone whetstone,grooved. L. 6.4; W. 4.6; Th. 0.7; Wt. 71 gm. Limestone,pale grey.Frag,of plaque withscratchesand roughlineardepressionalong one edge. 68/90. Β 9 Ivory 'pin', PLATES 221,20; 230,8. L. 9.2; D. 0.8. Probably ivory;brokenat point. Head has transversegroove (0.2 wide) and 2 drilledtransverseholes at point of fracture.68/119. Β 10 Clay pierced disc. D. 2.5; Th. 0.7-1; D. of stringhole0.3; Wt 8 gm. Beige clay red at centre,finewith few small inclusions.Cut down fromkylixstem. 68/57. Β 11 Clay conical 'button', PLATE 224,19. H. 1.3; D. of base 2.3, of stringhole0.25. Fine off-whiteto pink-beigeclay, burntgreyish.Polished. 68/185. Β 12 Faience spherical bead, PLATES 225,10; 232,20. D. 1, of stringhole0.25. Blue faience. Surface rough.68/116. Β7

In addition,an ordinaryconical cup was foundon the floor.The sherdsat PLATE 106 and of stonevases and two pieces theircontextsis discussedin theaccountabove. Six fragments of obsidian(a flakeand a blade) werecontainedin the fillof theroom. Rooms C and D, and CorridorΕ Initiallythese two rooms and corridormay be consideredtogethersince theyformedan The N. unit and the eventswhichbefellthemare also interconnected. intercommunicating end of both rooms was fillednearlyto the tops of the survivingwalls witha stone fall, (PLATE 10a Section 2), whichalso survivedalong much of theW. wall of Room C. To the south,the regionhad been severelydamagedby a largerobbingpit,or seriesof pits,which cut away any of the stone fallwhichmayhave spreadto thatarea and completelyremoved the end of the partywall betweenthe two roomstogetherwiththe doorjambs adjacentto it. Thispit extendedas faras the E. facadeof thebuildingwhereonlythe foundationcourse survivedand even thatwas in partremoved,(PLATE 11 Section 3). As a result,althoughit to thoseof Rooms Β and C, is likelythattherewas a doorwayinto Room D corresponding no evidenceat all for it remains.The main pit was filledwithrefusemostlyof the SubMinoan stagebut it is probablethatthe robbingtook place earlierat a stagein the LM IIIB sequence subsequentto the abandonmentof thebuilding.For it is at thistimethata spread of LM IIIB sherdswas depositedin theS. halfof theregion:thispotteryis veryfragmentary but includesa fairproportionof decoratedwareswhichclearlyresemblesthatin Pits3 and 4 on the N. Platform.7Laterstill,in Geometrictimes,surviving uppercoursesof theS. wall of CorridorΕ and partsof theW. wall of Room C wereremoved. and of usage of much of the rooms has This means thatevidenceof both architecture been destroyed.The N. ends of Rooms C and D had not been so disturbed.Here, at the latest stageof occupation,a doorwaythroughtheirpartywall gave access fromone room to the other,and both were filledwith a similarfall of stones,indicatingthat they,and probably Room Β also, with its correspondingfill,sufferedthe same end. Some of the fallenstoneswere wall blocks and a fewwere gypsumfloorslabs.8There were no obvious signsof destructionby fire,and a gradualfall fromthe upper coursesof the walls and, to judge fromthegypsumslabs,froman upperfloortoo, seemsthelikeliestexplanation. The abandonmentmay have been sudden since an animalaskos (C 8) and a femalecult figurine(C 6) were left behind: the former,lackingits head, lay smashedjust above the of the figurinewere scatteredhigherup in the floor of Room C, whereasthe fragments debrisof the same northernpart of the room,one piece beingin the doorway(PLATES 191b and 192b). The only vase with them was a miniatureconical cup, chronologically

8

THE EXCAVATION

unhelpful,which givesimportanceto a small depositin the adjacentN. end of Room D, and less easily dated thancould havebeen wished. thoughthe potteryis more fragmentary This pottery,too, lay some way above floorlevel, (PLATE 26e), and, like the figurine, presumablyfell froman upper floor.Only two vases were more or less whole, a storage stirrupjar with a painted Linear Β inscriptionon its shoulder(PLATE 110a- c) and a 'champagnecup'; therewere also pieces of two plain kylikes,a plain cup and a decorated kylix,the last with its double whorl-shelldesignbeingthe best evidenceforthe LM IIIB date of the deposit.On the floorin the same regionof Room D were an incompletemale plaincup. Another'champagnecup' was foundin figurine(PLATE 192a) and a fragmentary the doorwayin the samelevelas the maindeposit.9 Furtherchronologicalevidenceis scant.Decorated sherdsabove and on thelatestfloor in both rooms were remarkablyfew (PLATES 107a and 109c). Excludingthe usual high proportionof LM IA wash, theyrangefromLM II to IIIB (with two intrusiveSubminoan sherdsfromthe centralpit fill) and much the same is trueof the potteryabove the stone and included fall (PLATES 107b and 109a-b) thoughLM IIIB is slightlybetterrepresented in debrisof the scattered the top part of the stirrupjar (D 6) of whichthe restwas high rather Room Β (PLATE HOf- g). This contrastswiththeless mixedand greaterquantityof LM decoratedLM IIIB material(possiblyextendinginto IIIC), whichwe have fragmentary pit (PLATE 107c- d). alreadymentionedas beingthe earliestfillin thelargestone-robbing of theindividual an account This generalpictureof the area will now be augmentedby rooms. Room C (PLATE 20c and g) Before its abandonment,a flimsystone wall had been built across the widthof the room, dividingit into two more or less equal parts.Basicallyone stonein thicknessand preserved for six to sevencourses,the wall was faced to the northbut irregularto the south. Its W. end was incompleteand, sincethereis no suggestionof a doorwayand thegap seemsin any case too narrowfor one, it is likely that this end was destroyedby the same pit which removedthe adjacent stretchof the main W. wall togetherwithany evidencetherefora possible access into Room B, discussedabove. The roughS. face of the crosswallsuggests that when it was built the S. half of the room had alreadybeen abandoned, - perhaps followingsome collapse of the walls and doorwayin thissector,evidenceof whichwould have been largelyremovedby the subsequentrobbing.But, if so, it had been used forsome timepreviouslysincethe earthfloorin theN. continuedinto thissector.This floorwas laid, or accumulated,above the originalfloorof whichtracesof fourdecayedgypsumslabswere still apparent.These slabs stretchedalong the middle of the room with a clay surround similarto thatin Room B. In thiscase, however,a singlestone eitherside in an arrangement cist had been set centrallyin the room withits rimslightlyprojectingabove the adjacent gypsumflooring.The later crosswallran over one cornerof this cist (PLATE 24e). The LM II to IIIA but sherdcontentof thelatestearthfloorand its build-upwas predominently could be later(PLATE 108a- c). A morereliableterminusante quernis given two fragments by the contentsof a pit in the NW. cornerof theroom (PLATE 23e), overwhichthelatest floor seems to have run since the existenceof the pit was not noticeduntil the floorwas removed.The pit containeda good homogeneousdeposit of LM IIIA 2 pottery,seemingly belongingto an earlystageof thatphase.10 The cist contained stone chippings,a burntlayer, a deposit of kouskouraspossibly weatheredand finallya littlegreyearthat thebottom.It had presumablyneverbeen put to

THE EXCAVATION

9

any use and none of the sherdsin it was laterthanLM IA. It had been set into a cuttingin the rock (PLATE 23c), propped witha stone whereits lowerNW cornerhad been broken, and thenpacked aroundwithsmall stonesand lumps of kouskouras. perhapsin transport, The few sherdsrecordedas beingfromthispackingincludetwo fragments of an LM IA jug and, the restwheredatable,belong to the same period withthe notable exceptionof four sherdsof a decoratedjug with an iriszig-zagpatternwhichmustbe later,LM II or early IIIA (PLATE 108d). Unless some errorhas been made in recording, it can onlybe assumed thatalthoughthe pavinghad been laid up againstthe N. and S. edgesof the cist,the other sides had not been completelyfilledin whenworkwas interrupted and theyremainedopen until the LM II occupation of the building,of which no otherevidenceremainedin this room. It was apparentlysweptout duringthisand the subsequentLM IIIA 1 stage,thenforno obvious reason a pit was dug in the NW. cornerand filledin LM IIIA 2, an earth floor accumulatedor was laid above the originalone of gypsumand then,seeminglyin LM MB, the roomwas contractedby the construction of the crosswalland itsnortherncompartment enteredby the doorwayfromRoom D, to be consideredbelow. The goddess figurineand askosvase werefoundin thispartof the subdividedroom. the foundationtrenchforthe W. wall, whichwas found to be Finally,in investigating some 25 cm wide and 15 deep, the skeletonof a newlybornbaby was discovered,lyingon its rightside in a crouchedposition,PLATE 26f. The shallow pit in which it had been buriedwas positioned1.4 m fromtheN. wall and 10 cm away fromtheW. wall. C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

C9 C 10 C 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 15

Room Contents Conicalcup, plain and intact.H. 5.5; D. of rim 10.5, of base 3.6. Fine buffclay and slip.Profile similarto PLATE 176,17.68/P53.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). Kylix,2 hnd,plainandintactPLATES 121dand 175,15.H. 21; D. oflip 17.5, of foot9.5. Finebuff clayand slip.Tall stemon archedfoot;globularbowl withhandlesof ovoidsectionrisingabovelip. 68/P50.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). 'Champagne'cup,plain,PLATE 176,11. H. 7.5; D. of lip 10.5, of base 5.5. Fine buffclayand slip. Archedandhollowedfoot 68/P52.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). 'Champagne'cup,plain,PLATE 176,13. H. 7.2; D. of lip 11.2, of base 5.4. Fine buffclayand slip. Handlemissing. Archedandhollowedfoot.68/54.FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). Shallowbowl,plain and straphandled,PLATE 175,13. H. 4.5; D. of rim16, of foot4. Frag,and indentedbase. 68/P51. lackingone handle.Fine buffclay and slip.Markedledgedrimand slightly FromPit8 (LM IIIA 2). Goddessfigurine, PLATE 191b. H. 33; max.W. 16. Mostof leftarmmissingand somebase frags, restored.Fine pale brownclay and reddish-brown paint.Solid modelledbodypeggedintohollow skirt;base openunderneath. 68/255.Fromaboveupperfloor. Vacat. Askosof horsecarrying jar, PLATE 192b. H. 17.8; L. 15.4. Head,rightforelegandmostofjar misshollowbodywith left ing; hind-leg damaged.Pale orangeclay;creamyslip;dullredpaint.Wheelmade handmadeadditions.Decoratedwithdotsovermostofbodyandwashofpainton rearendincluding backofhind-legs. 68/257.Fromon and aboveupperfloor. PLATE 194,14. H. 3.7; L. 43. Frontof trunk.Yellowybuffclay, bull figurine, Frag,of terracotta finercreamsurface, reddish-brown paint.68/201.Fromcentralrobbingpitfill,LM IIIB -SM. Bronzedaggeror knifefrag.L. 2.4; W. 1.7; Th. O.3. Whollyoxydised.Traceof grooveon top one side,notvisibleon other.68/176. Upperfill. Bronzeneedlefrag.L. 2.3; D. 0.3. Frag,of shaft.68/173.Upperfill. Bronzedroplet.1.3 X 1.0. Whollyoxydised.68/70.Upperfill. Bronzelump.1.7 X 1.2 X 1.0. 68/175. Upperfill. Bronze?webor spill.L. 5.4. In 3 pieces;amorphous. 68/177.Upperfill. 0.3. Serpentine, Stoneconical'button',PLATE 218,7 top left.H. 1.5; D. of base 2.3, of stringhole

10

C 16 C 17 C 18 C 19 C 20 C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 C27

THE EXCAVATION pale blue-greywith darker veins and green-brownpatches. Bevel of bottom edge chipped. 68/152. To Geo. Stone stemmed 'button', PLATE 232,26. H. 1.2; D. of base 1.7, of stringhole0.2. Serpentine,grey withoff-whiteareas. One side of head broken. 68/121. Lower fill. Shell ?ring,PLATE 222,9 top right.L. 1.4; ovoid section 0.5 X 0.3; originalD. 2. Whiteshell; curved frag.68/187. Upper floorcontent. Bone 'pin', complete, PLATE 222,6 bottom right.L. 8.5; W. 6; Th. O.4. Mammalianlong bone. Top rounded and slightlyswollen; bluntpoint has some scratches.68/79. Uncertaincontext. Bone 'point', PLATE 222,7 top. L. 5.3. Bone ?fromflatfish;doubtfulif utilised.68/118. Lower fill. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.7, of stringhole0.6; Th. 1.0; Wt. 8gm. Fine brown-redclay. Slightlyconcave faces,chipped. No doubt cut fromkylixstem. 68/120. Lower fill. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.7, of stringhole0.6; Th. 0.7-1; Wt. 9gm. Pale beige-brownfine clay with some inclusions.Surfacesflat,chipped; marksof cutting.68/117. Lower fill. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.2, of stringhole0.4; Th. 1.5; Wt. 12 gm. Fine off-whitesoft clay. Flat faces, signsof facettingon sides wherecut down. 68/130. Above upper floor. Clay pierced disc. D. 2.4, of stringhole0.6; Th. 2; Wt. 17gm. Fine beige clay with orangetint. Flat faces,chipped on edges; clear facetsand cuttingmarks.68/134. To SM? Clay pyramid,PLATE 224,18. H. 2.3; W. at base 3. Fine red-greyclay, burnt.Rounded profilewith convex base, slightlyfacetted above. 3 shallow grooves on one face; none on other 2 faces. Base smooth. 68/153. Lower fill. Clay circular 'lid', PLATE 224,4. D. 1.7; Th. O.5. Fine pale brown-redclay. Thinner at centre, abraded edges. Fingermarkswherepressedinto shape. 68/225. Upper floorcontent. Faience vessel frag.,PLATE 225,4. L. 3.2; H. 3; Th. 0.8-1.4. Shoulder and neck only. Pale yellowwhite core with glassywhite surfaceoutside and brown-blacklayer inside. Traces of lineardesignin black outside. 68/154. Lower fill. Sealstone blank, flat cylinder,PLATE 219,22. L. 1.9; W. 1.45; max. Th. O.8. Steatite in varying shades of green. Slightlychipped; abraded to facetted stage of preparation. 68/182. Upper floor content.

In additionto cataloguedfinds,therewerethe sherdsat PLATE 107, (a) fromthelowerfill, (b) fromupper levels,(c- d) fromthe earliestfillof the largecentralrobbingpit; PLATE 108, (a- c) fromthe latest floorand its make-up,(d) fromcistpacking,(e) contentsof the bowl on latest floorin AR 1972-3, late divisionwall. Add a plain, shallowstrap-handled 60 Fig. 44 left. Additionalpotteryfromthe LM ΠΙΑ 2 pit fillin NW corner(not to be confusedwith the LM II Pit 8 in Room D), PLATES 121c-d, 175,8,9,13 and 15 (not as statedon theplate title),176,11, 13 and 18. There were also 6 individualfrags,of stonevases; 3 pieces of obsidianincludinga flake, PLATE 21 lj; a piece of pumiceand a rockcrystalfragment. Room D (PLATE 20d and h) The doorway in the wall between Rooms C and D, some 55 cm wide and 1.5 m high (PLATE 25a- b), has a gypsumthresholdblock sunk into the rock,thoughthelatestearth but thesehad been floorseems to have run overit. The sides of the doorwayare irregular cloaked witha thickcoatingof mud plaster,as had the adjacentwalls of both rooms.Part of the femalecult figurineand a 'champagnecup' were containedin the earthwhichhad filledthe opening. The stone fallin the N. part of theroom,thepotteryand the findingof a male figurine have been describedabove. They restedabove a clay floorsome 10 cm higherthan thatin hearthof clay, withraisedsides and an open front,had been conRoom C. A rectangular structedup againsttheE. wall,PLATE 25f,and had survivedeventhoughthewall had been robbed to its foundationsat thispoint. Partof a stonequernhad been used in themake-up

THE EXCAVATION

11

of the hearth,while among the ash in it were two clay pots, a small decoratedjug and a cylinderof coarse clay, PLATE llOd, neitherclosely datable withinLM III. As stated earlier,the S. half of the room had been severelydamagedand its supposeddoor removed by an extensivestone-robber's pit, whileEvans had completelycleared the soil above the blocksof theMansion'sW. facade. remaining The latest earth floor had been relaid, or repaired,in places. Below it, therewas no earlierfloorof gypsumslabs,as in Rooms Β and C; most probablytheroomhad not been flooredin LM IA thoughsome levellingof the rock surfacemay have been startedsince a layer of fill with LM IA sherdsoccurredin places. It was not, however,completeduntil LM II when a large depression(Pit 8) with potteryof this stage (PLATES 111b- e and 112a) was filledin.11At the same time the two cists againstthe N. wall may have been covered,since,althoughthe potteryin theirfillwas generallyscrapsof MM ΠΙ/LM IA type, one LM II sherdoccurredin theirsurroundand anotherpossiblycontemporary in the fill of the W. cist (PLATE 109d, A and B). No certainLM II floorcould be tracedover the whole room thoughpatchesof a clay level above therockmayrepresenta floor,littleused and soon covered with ash, perhapsthe resultof two hearth-like areas foundagainstthe W. wall. Also to LM II may belong the cuttingof a windowthroughthe N. wall, PLATE 22b and e. It was hardlypart of the architect'soriginalintention,and was laterblocked fromthe insideby a wall, apparentlyafterLM IIIA 1 since it was filledwithdebrissimilar to thatdepositedin LM IIIA 1 in theN. Corridor.Contemporary debris,too, is likelyto be the explanationof fragmentary slabs and wall blocks gypsum restingabove the lowest ash in the room PLATE level had been levelledwithsandysoil which 10a, layer (Section 2, 19) to make for a foundation the earth floor,or seriesof floors,on which (level 18) overlying restedthe finalcollapse.12 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

D6

D7 D 7a

RoomContents Frag,cup, decorated,1 hnd,PLATE 11If. H. ext. 7.5; D. of rim 14. About 1/5 extant,missing handleand base. Pinkishbufffineclay,red-brown paint.Lip band,bodybandsandfloralzone outside;spongeprintinside;possiblypartlyburnt.72/P283.Fromfillbelowfloor. Frag,cup, decorated,1 hnd,PLATE lllg. H. ext. 6; D. of rim14. Two non-joining fragsof rim, missingbase and handle.Bufffineclay,blackto brownpaint.Lip bandwithfloralzone below;solid paintedinside.72/284.Fromfillbelowfloor. Frag,pyxis,decorated,2 hnd.,PLATE 163,1. H. 10.8; D. of base 10.6. Rim,mostof handlesand largepartof bodymissing.Pinkishbufffineclay,blackpaint.Basebandand4 bodybands,incisions aroundshoulderledge,splashdecoration inside.72/P282.Fromfillbelowfloor. Smalljug decorated,PLATE llOd. H. 6.5; D. 6.4. Intact.Lip,neck,base andbodybands,groupsof 6 verticalwavedstrokeson shoulder.Slip, cream;paint,orange -brown.Roll handle,flatbase,no pouringspout.68/P29.In hearth. Storagestirrup jar, decorated,PLATES 110a- c. H. 40.3; D. max. 30.5, of base 11.6. A fewbody sherdsmissing.Fairlycoarsereddishbuff,hard-baked thinand lightbuff clay, somewhatstreaky, slip,brownto blackpaint.2 shoulderand 3 base bandswithdoublewavedbandaroundbody;handle stumpsand falsewithtruespoutoutlined,stripesalonghandles,a crosson shoulderto leftof spout, a 3 letteredLinearΒ inscription behind.68/P47.Abovelatestfloor.Publishedin Kadmos8 (1969) 43-5. restored. Storagestirrup jar, decorated,PLATE HOf- g. H. ext. 28.5. Base and body frags,missing; Rathercoarsebuffclay,yellow-buff -redpaint.Neck,shoulderandbase bandswithsingle slip,orange wavedlinearoundbody;multiplearcdecoration betweenwavybandson shoulder.68/P48.Top part, fromupperlevelsoverRoomD; mostfromupperlevelsoverRoom B. Smallcoarse'cup', PLATE 1lOd. H. 4.3; D. ofrim4.5, ofbase 5; Th. ofwalls1.3. Intact.Coarsered 68/P31.Fromhearth. clay.Cylindrical. PLATE 192a. H. 12; W.3. Armsandmostofrightlegmissing. Handmade manstanding, Clayfigurine,

THE EXCAVATION

12 D 8

D9 D 10 D 11 D 12 D 13 D 14 D 15 D 16 D 17 D 18 D 19 D 20 D 21 D 22 D 23

and solid. Pale green,veryhard clay, dull red mattpaint. 68/163. On upper floor. Sealstone, PLATE 185c. 1.45 X 1.48; Th. 0.62; D. Of stringhole0.23. Green serpentine.Lentoid with slightlyridgedback; verticalstringhole.Extremelyworn on engravedface and at ends of stringhole. Animal right,standing; the short down-turnedtail suggestsa goat or deer; lines above its rump, perhapsfoliage.68/141. Fill above upper floor. Sealstone, PLATE 186a. L. 1.7; W. 15; Th. 0.54; D. of stringhole0.2. Dark green serpentine. Amygdaloid with rounded back. Extremelyworn on engravedface and at ends of the stringhole. Patternof lines,groupeddiagonallyin relationto the amydaloid face. 68/142. Fill above upper floor. Bronze, folded frag,of thin sheet, completely oxydised. 2.1 X 1.5 X 0.1. 68/165. Fill above upper floor. Clay crucible,PLATES 199d and 206,3. H. 5; W. 6.2; L. 9.1. Nearly complete, of 3 pieces, part of spout missing.Surface much heat cracked. Bridge. Tiny trace of metal (copper or bronze) in a crack. 68/P160. In upper fillabove upper floor. Pumice disc, PLATE 21 Id. D. 6.6; Th. 2; D. of centralhole 1. Half missing.Fairly close texture. 68/232. Fill below floor. Stone 'neolithic' axe, flat variety. L. 6.4; W. 5.8; Th. 2.2. Purple stone with white and pinkish inclusions.Ground,brokenat butt,workingedge scarred.68/150. Fill above upper floor. Two frags,of rock crystal. Smaller, L. 2.7; W. 1.5: larger,L. 5.1 froma much biggercrystal.Unworked. Smaller,fromfillabove upper floor;larger,fromfillbelow floor,in LM II pit 8. Ivory plaque. L. 3.3; W. 2.3; Th. 0.45. Frag, splittinginto lamellae. Base and sides carrysaw marks; top polished. 68/169. Fill over upper floor. Clay sphericalloomweight.5 X 5.5. 4 grooves.68/189. Fill below floor. Clay reel, PLATES 224,3; 231,15. H. 3.9; D.3-2.8; Wt. 55 gm. Beige-brownfineclay, grittyto touch. 68/96. Fill above upper floor. Faience ?bead, spherical, PLATE 225,11. D. 1. Grey-white.No stringhole.68/54. In upper fill (into SM). Stone grinder-pounder, spherical with facets,PLATE 227,16. H. 4.3; D. 6; Wt. 300 gm. Grey-green stone,much utilisedat edges. 68/161. In filloverupper floor. Stone whetstone,plaque. L. 6; W. 3.1; Th. 1.3; Wt. 38 gm. Limestone, grey-black.68/101. In fill above upper floor. Stone quern, saddle, PLATE 210b bottom centre.L. 16; W. 18.5; Th. 4; Wt. 2 kilos. Calcareous limestone, yellow-creamand fine-grained.Half missing.Flat top, little used; roughlyrounded lower side. 68/102. Fill above upper floor. Clay disc, pierced, PLATES 224,11; 232,15. D. 3.4, of stringhole0.4; Th. 0.6; Wt. 7 gm. Beige-brown fineclay, painted red. Roughlymade and paint fugative;chipped. 68/159. Fill below floor. Clay disc, pierced, PLATES 224,6; 232,12. D. 2, of stringhole0.8; Th. 2-3; Wt. 11 gm. Brown-red fineclay, burntin places; abraded. 68/157. Upper fillabove upper floor.

In addition therewere the uncataloguedplain cups at PLATE 115,9-11, and the kylix frags.,champagnecups and bowl at PLATE 180 fromthe fillof the room: the sherdsat PLATE 109, (a- b) fromtheupperfill,(c) fromthelowerfilland (c) fromcistsand hearth: the sherdsat PLATE 111, (a) fromthe upper floor,(b- g) fromPit 8 (not to be confused withthe LM IIIA 2 Pit 8 in Room C), and PLATE 112, (a) fromPit 8 and (b-d) fromthe fillbelow the latestfloor.A flutedgypsumblock fromthe same pit is at PLATE 4 Id and section.Threeindividualfrags,of stonevases cataloguedin AppendixC of the architectural and 6 pieces of obsidian,includinga flakeand blade, werealso found,PLATE 211k. Corridor Ε

Pits had removedmost of the fillat the east end of thiscorridorwhichoriginally provided access to Rooms B-D and StairwayG (Section 3, Plate 11). An LM IA depositof miniature vases,clearlyvotive,was foundin the foundationtrenchof the S. wall (PLATES 26d and 137d), and at the same stage the wall may have been givena whitelime plasterand the floor similarlytreated(Section 3 levels 9-10) thoughthese could equally well be LM II features.13

THE EXCAVATION

13

Subsequently,a blockingwall was built acrossthe corridorshuttingoffaccess to Room B; only two of its stonecourseshavepartiallysurvivedlaterrobbing,so its originalheightis uncertainthough it was probably at least 1.5 m to judge fromthe stratigraphy it had retainedon its W. side. This wall was constructedon top of some 0.5 m of accumulated debris and soil, which we have left unexcavated.It would, however,appear to be an extensionof the level (Section 3 level 11) to theW. of it,and thiscontainedLM II destruction debris,withpottery(PLATE 113), stonesand patchesof burningabove an earthfloor whichwas set on a shallowlevellingwithsomeMM III/LM IA sherdsin it (level 10). To theE. of thiswall,themanylevelswerebadlydestroyedand producedlittlepottery. Even so, it looks as thoughan LM II layeraccumulatedabove the plasterfloor,whereit could be traced,- possiblyan extensionof the destructiondebristo the west; above this were successivewash levels, suggestingthat this part of the corridorhad lost its roofing; these contained LM IIIA sherds though subdivisionis uncertain.Unsatisfactoryas the evidenceis, it indicatesthat the blockingwall was builtin LM IIIA and possiblyin an early successivelevelshad accumustage as the materialW. of it suggests.In thiscompartment, lated but were ill-definedand hard to differentiate. They containeda considerablenumber of vases, none completebut severalcapable of restoration.Immediatelyabove the LM II destruction material,werelevelswithpotteryof the LM IIIA 1 and IIIA 2 stageswhichwere dug separatelybut have cross-joinsin the potterywhich,in otherrespectstoo, reflectsno firmstratigraphical sequence(Section 3, PLATE 11, combinedlevel 12). Fromthesecame a decoratedcup (E 3), a plain spouted cup or bowl and plain kylix(PLATES 115, 5-6 and 176,8) to whichshould be added the sherdsat PLATE 114c- d (successivedigginglevels), and a champagnecup of earlyIIIA 2 type.Above these(in level 13) werefounda decorated bowl (E 5), a plain kalathos(E 9) and a coarsewarebrazier(PLATE 115, 1, 3-4), whileyet of vasesΕ 5 higherin the fill(level 14) was part of a plain kylix(E 2) withsome fragments and 9 mostof whichwerefoundlowerdown.The sherdsfromtheselevels(13 and 14) are a completechronologicalmixture,at least half beingearlierthan the vases but containinga littleLM IIIB withwhichthe kylixprobablybelongs(PLATE 114e). Whythe blockingwall was erectedand how the potterywas depositedin the enclosed space now created,is farfromclear. If the space were a cupboard,it could onlyhavebeen used fromRoom B, and then only if the blockingof its S. doorway was a subsequent modification.However,the natureof the stratigraphy and the potterysuggestmuch more stronglya dump, possibly fromabove, with subsequentwall collapse. The S. wall of this space, the stone backingto the ashlarblocksof thePillarHall, was insecurewhenexcavated and had to be partlyreconstructed by us; so, it mayhavebeen theunsafeconditionof this wall whichpromptedthe blockingoffof thispart of the corridor.Its more secureW. wall stillcarriespatchesof its originalwhiteplastercoating. Ε1 Ε2 Ε3

Ε4

RoomContents Buff Kylix,plain,1 hnd,PLATE 113d. H. 10; D. of rim10.5, of foot6. Some bodyfrags, missing. fineclay.68/P38.LM II typefromlevel11 Section3. Kylix,plain,2 hnd,PLATE 115,2. H. 14.5; D. of rim19. Partof stemand footmissing.Bufffine clay.68/P39.Fromupperlevel14 on Section3. missing, Cup, dec, 1 hnd,PLATES 114a and 115,5.H. 9.4; D. ofrim16, ofbase 6. Somebodyfrags, restored.Orange-buff fineclay,orange -redto brownpaint.Lip, body and base bandswithfriezeof panelswitharc fillin opposite2 cornerson one sideandin all cornerson other.68/P43.Fromintermediatelevels12 on Section3. Finebuffclay. Champagnecup', plain.H. 7.9; D. of rim,of base 6. Muchof rimand footmissing. LM IIIA type.68/37.Fromlowerlevel.

14 Ε5 Ε6 Ε 7 Ε8 Ε9 Ε 10

Ε 11 Ε 12 Ε 13 Ε 14

THE EXCAVATION Bowl, dec, 2 hnd, PLATES 114b and 115,1. H. 10.8; D. of rim 19.2, of base 7.1. Partof rimand 1 handle missing,restored. Fine buff clay, orange paint. Lip, body and base bands, frieze of very stylisedfoliateband; solid painted interior.68/P41. From intermediatelevel 13 on Section 3. Jug, collared neck, dec, PLATE 113a- b. H. 25; D. of rim 12. Much of body and rimmissing;1 hnd. Fine buffclay, dark brown paint fugative.Lip, body and base bands withshoulderfriezeof ?stylised argonautsand circleswithdot fill.68/P42. From level 11 on Section 3. Jug,plain, frag.Ext. H. 18.8; D. of body 8, of base 6.5. Part of body, all neck and handle missing; piriform.LM ΠΙΑ 1 type. Fine buffclay. 68/P44. From lower level 12 on Section 3. Amphora, dec, frag.,PLATE 113e. Ext. H. 38. Very frag.,lackingbase and 1 handle and much of body. Green-buffrathercoarse clay and slip, fugativeblack paint. Neck and body bands withcircle and cross motiveon shoulder.68/P45. From lowest level 11 on Section 3. Kalathos plain, PLATE 115,3. H. 12.5; D. of rim 24, of base 7.3. Parts of body, rim and handles missing.Fine buffclay. 68/P40. From intermediatelevel 13 on Section 3. Foundation deposit of votivevases, PLATE 137d. 3 small,round-mouthedjugs with 1 hnd; H. 8-8.5; compare PLATE 143,15 for type. 6 miniatureconical cups; H. 2.5-3; D. of rim 3.5-4.2, of base 1.4-1.8. 2 normal conical cups; H. 4.5; D. of rim 8.2, of base 3.5. 2 'lamps', scollop shaped, made by pressinginwardone side of a wide-mouthedshallow conical cup; residualstumphandle of pinchedout clay at indented and raised side; H. of originalcup 3; D. of rim 7.2-10, of base 4.2. All of redbufffairlyfine clay and roughlyshaped on the wheel. In foundationtrenchalong S. wall of corridor at E. end, PLATE 26d. Stone polisher/grinder, squared, PLATE 208,14. H. 5.3; W. 3.3; Th. 1.1; Wt. 50 gm. Fine-grained and 1 end polished; 1 face rough,an end broken. 68/122. Intermediate black. 3 sides rock, igneous level,LM II-IIIA 2. Bone 'point', PLATE 222,8 bottom. L. 4.2; D. 0.3-0.1. Rib frag;circularsection; slightlycurved, polished withtracesof burning.No signof use. 68/129. Intermediatelevel,LM II- LM ΠΙΑ 2. Clay sphericalloomweight.6.5 X 6.3. 2 grooves(on same side). 68/131. LM II level. Faience spherical bead, PLATE 225,9. D. 0.6, of stringhole0.1. Blue with rough surface.68/188. LM II level.

brazierand cup at PLATE 115, 4 and 6, and the To theseshould be added the fragmentary sherdsat PLATES 113-4. Therewerealso two individualfrags,of stonevases. CorridorF This corridor,whichprovidedthe only obvious means of access on thegroundfloorto the N. sector of the building,was the least well preservedpart of the Mansion.Both its side walls had been badly robbed,even to theirfoundationsat the northernend; two wellshad penetratedits floor,and its easternedge had been clearedby Evans in exposingthe outer facade. The gypsumdoorjambsof itsS. entranceremainedundisturbedand a roughthresholdof slabs laid in packed clay had been set between them. Stones in the doorway,initially thoughtto be a possibleblockingwall, were foundto be lyingin loose earthand are better explainedas fallfromabove whenthelintelcollapsed. The largeLM IIIA 2 robbingpit, whichstretchedfromthe SW cornerof thePillarHall into the adjacentarea of CorridorL, had extendedinto thiscorridoras well and had been in part responsibleforthe loss of upper coursesof the wall at the S. end. Somewhatfurther north,beyond thewelland on theline of Section 5, earlyIron Age intrusionoccurredas far W. wall, here threecourseshigh(Section 5, PLATE 12a, levels as the top of the surviving below this The level (level 3), containingsome wall blocks,stones,carbonand a very 1-2). This littleLM II pottery,probablyrepresentsall thathas survivedof the LM II destruction. debrisrestedabove a shallowlevel of darkashy soil, probablythe originalfloorabove the rock, laid in LM II on the evidenceof a few sherdsin its make-up:it was but littlecomit had had no prolongeduse. pacted,suggesting

THE EXCAVATION

15

Furthernorth,tracesof the continuationof the drainfromRoom H were found,- a space in the blocks of the W. wall and a cuttingin the main E. facadeof theMansion.But here, and beyond it to the north,robbingpits had reached the rock and the retaining evidence. coursesof the E. facade,removingall further StairwayG This stairwaywas the only decentlyappointedapproachto theupperfloorin theMansion. Its qualitymay be gaugedfromthe two gypsumstepsfoundin positionat its entranceand fromthe one survivingflankingblock of gypsumwith dowel holes on its upper face to carryits wooden superstructure,14 (PLATE 26c, afterreplacementof a thirdstep). Fragmentsof a gypsumslab foundrestinga littleabove the lowerstepmayhave been partof a dado flanking the steps(PLATE 26a). The NE cornerof the stairwayhad been robbed of stonedown to floorlevel,and both its supportingwalls were, at best, preservedto no more than a metrehigh,while the SE cornerhad sufferedmore severelyfromthe same LM IIIA 2 pit whichhad removedmuch of theadjoiningS. wall of thePillarHall. a covereddrainhad been built(PLATE 26b), About a thirdway down thecompartment withits entryin the adjoiningPillarHall. This may also have helpedretainthe fillof earth and kouskouraschippingswhichsupportedthe firstsix steps or so. A fewsherdsand a cup of MM ΠΙ/LM IA type were foundin the drainwhenits coverslabswereremoved.A fillof similarcharacter,basically of yellow disintegrated kouskouras,was foundin the southern part of the compartmentand led to our initialbeliefthatthe whole of the space had been filled in to support the stairs (Section 5, PLATE 12, top of level 4). This conclusion, however,turnedout to be mistakenwhen excavationwas continuedto enable the drawing of the E- W section which passed throughit. A fallengypsumstair treadwiththe same triangularsection as those still in position was foundupside-down.Somewhatbelow it a gypsumstand (G 4). The soil packingof large stones was encounteredand a fragmentary a considerablequantityof with floor below, resemblingsilt, overlaya greyashy (level 5), LM II of on rested a animal bones, which sherds,though only one vase was deposit G sufficiently completeto be restored, 1, (PLATE 98). Beneath the floor was a packingof stones and kouskouraschips (level 6) and, below this, remainsof LM IA occupation, - grey ash with much carbon and sherd (PLATE 139e), - whichhad been partlycut into by the foundationwallsof the staircase.This may representsome LM IA occupation of a largerarea, attestedby a shortstretchof walling beneaththe floorin the adjacentregionof the PillarHall (FIG. 5). The general sequence seems reasonablyclear. LM IA occupation destroyedby the foundingof theMansion;the stairsthenplaced overa solid fillto thenorth,and presumably compartment supportedon a timberframeto the south; then,some use of theunderstairs in LM II, followed by the collapse of the stairway.Subsequent upper disturbanceand robbingwould have removedevidenceof any subsequentrepairand reusethoughit maybe that this is indicatedby the stone fill and upper levels of kouskouraswhichmighthave servedas packingforstepsat a higherlevel. The difficulty lies in relatingthissequence,or its finalstages,to eventsin thePillarHall. A further of the same typeand materialhad been incorporatedinto a low retainstair-tread in NW wall the ing part of the hall. This suggeststhat the stairwayitselfhad lb already and the collapsed space below it was no longerusable beforethiswall was built. In fact, entryto this space would have been considerablyimpeded by anotherof the late LM II

16

THE EXCAVATION

retainingwalls in the hall, the E. end of which runs over its threshold(PLATE 3). This would imply that the staircasewas destroyedin LM II aftersome use of its understair compartmentbut before the finalLM II disaster.The LM II depositabove its floor,with only one fairlycompletevase, mightthen representupper floor fall at the time of the earlierdestructionand so account fortheabsenceof anyjoins betweenitspotteryand that foundin the finaldestructiondebrisin the adjacentPillarHall. A fragment of an incisedclay tablet(PLATE 232,28) was foundin the fillof a pit above F and G at itsN. end,some 70 cm S. of the partlyrobbedpartywall betweencompartments the 2nd survivingstair tread in G. The sherdsfound with it range fromSub-Minoanto LM IA and the same admixtureoccurredin an extensionof thissamepit to N. and S. of the findspot of the tablet.A joining fragment was foundin a similarpit just to the northin Room D wherethe associatedsherdswere of a similarmixture,basicallySub-Minoanbut in thiscase includingevenlatermaterial. RoomContents G 1 Jug,dec, 2 hnd.,PLATE 98a and 152,2. H. 15.4; D. max. 11.5, of base 4.1. Considerable partsof restored.Piriform bodywith2 handlesarchingfromshoulder upperbody and one handlemissing; fineclay,blackto brownratherfugative to rim;neck has pouringspout frontand back. Red-buff paint. Lip, base and shoulderband; irisbuds on neck,row of discswithfoliateband below,on festoonswith'floral'fillaboveand arc fillbelow;3 bodybands; shoulder;mainzone of tricurved seriesof 'V strokesacrossrollhandles.72/P201.On LM II floor. G 2 Bronzesmall awl or drill,PLATE 205,13. L. 4.6; Th. O.7. Sn 11%. Probablycomplete;much head or buttwhichmusthavebeensetin haft oxydisedand split.Approx.squaresection,thickened ofperishable or boringedge.72/16.Pit 1. To LM IIIC. Tracesof flattened material. cutting G 3 Stonepebble,elongated.L. 6; H. 2.7; Wt.88 gm.Marble,brown-red (?burnt),withwaterwornpolish. LM II context. PLATE 214c. H. 23; base 15 square;top 8 X 4.5. Gypsum, G 4 Stonepillar,pyramidal, creamywhiteof mixed crystalsize. Tapers frombase to damagedupperportions.Sectionnot completelyclear; neatlychampfered perhapsan increasein thesteepnessof thetaperpartway up. Cornersoriginally off,and each side givena shallowlyconcaveprofile.Undersidealso lightlyhollowed.Verybadly weathered, pittedanduneven.72/441.LM II context. roundel. PLATE 224,5. D. 3.4; Th. 0.35. Red-brown G 5 Clay ?lid,circular, Irregular claywithinclusions. ?Lidorcounter,gaming pieceetc.LM IIIA 2 context.

In additiontherewere the LM II jug and stirrup jar frags,and thesherdsat PLATE 98b- d. LM IA sherdsfromthelowestlevelare at PLATE 139e. The cup fromthe drainis similarto PLATE 79,1. The gypsumstair tread in the fill was relaid to forma thirdstep in the staircase. Pillar Hall Η

Introduction

This room,the most imposingin the buildingwithits ashlarwallsand fourstoutpiers,was remarkablypreservedat its west end where it had been set into a cuttingof the hillside. Here, remainsof two courses of its upper storey and of an upper divisionwall were heightsof thewallsshelvedown so thatonly preserved.To the east, however,the surviving two coursesof the E. wall remain.This damage,whichmaybe largelyascribedto deliberate robbingforstone by laterbuilders,is uneven.Much of the N. and S. walls at theireastern ends have been removedtogetherwiththe top two blocksof theNE pillar,but theSE pier has been leftintact.Onlyin one instancehad thislaterdisturbancepenetratedto floorlevel; a deep pit was sunk to removeall of the NW pier except its footingsand at the same time

THE EXCAVATION

17

dug away a considerablearea of the destructionfill in a regionwhich turnedout to be particularlyrich in finds.It did not, however,extendas faras the SW pier whichsurvives intactto its fullheight. The westernthirdof the room was choked to ceilingheightwitha massivestone fall, which spilled into the centreof the hall but did not spread extensivelyto the east. The fallenblocks presentedconsiderabledifficulties in excavation.Althoughit quicklybecame it was apparentthat the hall containeda destructionfillwithoutsignificant stratigraphy, decided to recordan E- W section,(Section 5 at PLATE 12), passingthroughthe southern piers,whichmeantthat the area had to be excavatedto different depthsin varioussectors whilemaintaininga more or less comprehensive plan of the stonefall.This problemlargely determinedthe arbitrary levels followedin the digging.In additiontherewas the difficulty but posed by the size of manyof the fallenblocks,most smashedbeyond reconstruction some withfeaturesrequiringstudyand preservation. to The compromisereachedwas plot the stone fall in arbitrarylevels and, afterroughlycalculatingthe cubic capacity of the stones in a determinedarea, to removemost of them,reservingonly those blocks with significantfeatures,which were afterwardsremovedby crane to the groundabove the Mansionwheretheywerenumberedand recorded.16 To anticipatethe more detailed account whichfollows,therewas no floordeposit of vases or other objects; most of the vases,laterreconstructed, and otherfindsoccurredin fill of the room fallen from in the the upper storey,and pieces of the same fragments were often in of distributed various levels the fill,thoughcertainregionshad a greater object concentration of finds. Upperlevel(plansat PLATE 6 and FIG. 1) Two coursesof the upper storeysurvivedin part above the W. wall. Each consistedof two massiveblockswhichwerecantedslightlyinwardas a resultof theslow disintegration of the supportingwooden beam, whichmusthave occurredafterthelowerroomhad largelyfilled with debris,17PLATE 29a. The same processhad kept more or less in positionpart of an upper crosswall runningN- S over the two westernpiers(dottedon theplan at PLATE 6). The northernend of thiswall was preservedforthreecoursesand restedon theN. wall of the hall, whiletherestsloped down into theroomwhereits continuationhad been removed by the deep CentralPit dug to rob the NW pillar,PLATE 27a- b. Little remainedof the southernend of thiswall; a splinteredblock lay in alignmenton top of theSW pillarand a further block at a lowerlevelbetweenit and theS. wall,PLATE 27c- e. The originalnature and purposeof thiswall, and whetherit stretchedacross the fullwidthof theupperroom, are consideredin the architectural account in Section 2, as too is the possible association with the wall of two circularcolumn bases of gypsum.One of them was foundslightly below the level of the N. wall and lay close to it and the transverse wall, PLATE 27a; the other,deeperin the fill,had fallenfurtheraway, in the E. partof thehall (block 22-19 on theplan at PLATE 7a). Pits had been dug along manyof the wall tops to removestone. These variedin date, most being Geometric.A superficialone, Pit 4-5, across the S. doorwayis likelyto have removedsome remainingpart of the upper storeyover the S. wall since thisstillstood to ceilingheightwith its upper dowel holes, PLATE 29c, and remainsof a carbonisedbeam along its top. Furthereast a much deeperpit, no. 11, filledwithLM IIIA 2 material,had robbedthe wall down to its second course in the SE cornerand extendedinto theadjacent CorridorL, whereit removedpart of its blockingwall.18The SE pillar,however,survived

18

THE EXCAVATION

unscathed,so it is likelythattheE. wall too had survivedto fullheightafterthe destruction but later robbingstrippedboth it and the adjoiningpart of the N. wall to theirsecond courses(Pits 3 and 8), whileanotherpit (no. 1) had removedthe top blocksof theNE pier, PLATE 29f. In the W. part of the hall, apart fromthe complete removalof the NW pier by the CentralPit, disturbancewas limitedto the NW cornerwherestonerobbershad takenaway what mighthave survivedof the upper storeyof the W. wall thoughtheyhad leftboth it and the adjacentpart of the N. wall standingto ceilingheightas shownby the dowel holes on the upper faces of both walls. It is likelythat at the same timepart of theupperstone fall was removedsince furthersouth it survivedto the lower course of the upper storey blocks,PLATE 27c. Withall this disturbancelittlewould haveremainedof any subsequent Minoan occupationtheremay have been above the debris.Even so, an ashygreylevelwith floorof patches of pebble could be traced in the centralarea, seeminglyan out-of-doors some kind19(plan at FIG. 1). The associatedpotterywas LM ΠΙΑ 1, PLATE 121a. This floorwould have been on the same level as the upper floorof the northernrooms of the Mansionif theyhad survivedthe destructionor weresubsequentlyrestoredto theiroriginal stretchesof height.So it is possiblethat thiswas an open area,partlyenclosedby surviving theupperwallsof the PillarHall, withan access to it fromthe floorabove Rooms B- D.20 Stonefall and fill (plansat PLATES 6-7 and FIGS. 2-4) The hall was filledto the top of the surviving wallswitha stonefalland earth.This was not will be convenientto considerit in sectors, the it distributed and evenly throughout room, the west end. at beginning As statedabove, the fillwas excavatedin arbitrary levels,varyingin depthaccordingto its natureand the requirements of recording.These have been equated as faras possibleand reducedto the fourstagesreproducedon theplans at FIGS. 1- 4.21 They,and themainE- W section(no. 5) at PLATE 12a, illustratehow the stone fillwas heavilyconcentratedin the W. sector,and densestin the SW corner.It did not extendinto theS. doorwayor to the fill above its flankingparapet,- perhaps because the lintel above had not collapsed at this stage; a similarsituationis reflectedin the N. doorway,thoughthe picturetheremay be partlydue to Pit 3W and theblockingwall builtacrossthe doorway. The stones in the fillconsistedlargelyof ashlarblocks,flooringslabs and otherarchitecturalmembersof theupperfloorwhichcollapsedinto thelowerroomwhenthe supporting timberswereburntthroughor weakenedin the destruction,PLATE 28. Dents on the W. wall, particularlyon the lower 2nd and 3rd courses,and on the surviving pillarshowed the forcewithwhichtheblockshad fallen,whilemanyof themwereso splinteredthatonly a singleoriginalface,or none at all, was preserved.The moreimportantblocksare discussed in the architectural sectionwhichalso considersthe information theygiveof the character of theupperfloor. Therewas ampleevidenceof the firewhichcaused the collapse,- burningon the stones, calcinatedgypsumand the remainsof carbonisedbeams. Hollows in the compactedearth between the stones indicatedthatall the timbershad not been burntthoroughlybut had subsequentlyrottedaway. The excavationrecordsand the sectionthroughthe debris,PLATE 12a, suggestthatthe intervalto allow some earth collapse may have happenedin two main stageswithsufficient without much evidence of burningto accumulate between the two events,thoughthe intervalis unlikelyto have been a long one.

THE EXCAVATION

19

It will be seen fromthe findspots of objects plotted on FIGS. 1-4 that theytoo are concentratedin the W. sector, especiallynear the N. doorway,and that a considerable numberwere foundhighup in the debris.The same is trueof the vases not shown on the fromsherdsdistriplans since they were smashedinto fragmentsand werereconstructed buted throughmany levels and often scattered.Parts of many of them are recordedas havingbeen foundin the NW area, some even havingfallenpartlyintoStaircaseJ/Kto the that they had originatedfroman upper storey.22Another, north,yet furtherconfirming less dense,concentrationof objects occurrednear the S. doorway,in thiscase mostlynear the flooror above theparapet;theseare probablymostlyspillfromthelargedepositsof the the most noteable findsin upper adjacent CorridorL.23 Apart fromthese concentrations, levelswere the bellows nozzle (H 58), PLATE 30c, two spearheads(H 62-3), and partsof a largeclay box (H 57) much of whichhad falleninto CorridorL and Room M, well to the south.Also highin the debris,betweentheS. wall and SW pillar,lay thehead and leg bones to explain(PLATES 28c and of a horse,the presenceof whichis as curiousas it is difficult 30b; FIG. 2). Could the animal'sleg have been trappedin a subsidenceof the debrisas it walked over the top, or was it part of a carcase throwninto the bottom of the laterPit 4 whichhad extendedfardeeperthanwas recognisedduringexcavation?24 On clearingthe parapet flankingthe S. doorway remainsof a carbonisedbeam were foundstandinguprightagainstthe S. wall on the SW corner.A line of stonesrestedon the parapetand amongthemwerethreehandlelesscups of an earlytype(plan at FIG. 5: H 1079). Under the stoneswas a layerof charcoalwith some pieces of bone and pottery,not a beddingof clay. freeof stones,mostof whichwerenearfloorlevel The centralsectorwas comparatively and seem to be largelyspreadfromthe W. whichpenetratedthe spaces betweenthepillars. There is no indicationwithintheroomof any substantialcollapsefromtheupperN. and S. walls thoughthe lattermay have fallenin the opposite directioninto CorridorL. Mention has alreadybeen made of the two circulargypsumcolumnsand theirpossible association with the upper divisionwall, otherparts of which may also have falleninto thissector. thefragments Objects,too, werefewerin thisarea,thoughtheyincludeda goddessfigurine, that a groupof of which were spread (H 53 and 122). There is, moreover,some evidence wellhave could vases fellnear the easternedge of the subsequentCentralPit,whose digging removedothers.25 There were yet fewerstonesin the east sector,thoughthe plans may givea somewhat distortedpicturein thatlargeamountsof the fillhad been dug out by theextensivestone robbing;the fill,moreover,preservedat this end was much less deep. Even so, we may be sure that the upper E. wall did not collapse in the firewhile the paucityof finds,though vases (H 128-9), could indicatethattherewerefewobjects theyincludedtwo fragmentary in thispart of the upper storey,providedthe upper floordid collapse at thisend,whichis not certain.It is clear,however,thatsubsequentrobbingof thewallswas heremoresevere thanelsewhere. The earthfillthroughoutthisand much of the centralsectorwas not markedwiththe largepatchesof carbonisedwood so noticeablein the W. sector,thoughcarbon flecksand the occasionalpiece of largercarbonwerepresent.Nor was theearthscorchedto brightred or blackenedas it had been in muchof Room M and CorridorL. Two largestone blocks standingon edge betweenthe NE pillarand theN. and E. walls werenotpartof the destructiondebrisas is shownby theirassociatedfloors,but respectively stateof thehall,to whichwe shouldnow turn. wereexistingfeaturesof thepre-destruction

20

THE EXCAVATION

Floor level (plan at PLATE 3 and FIG. 5) Beforeits destructionthe hall had been subdividedinto areas by low walls, one or two coursesin height,withpossiblythe two blocks mentionedabove servingthe samepurpose, PLATE 29b and d. The W. sectorwas dividedfromthe restof thehall by wallsbuiltfrom the two W. pillarsto theN. and S. walls;the space betweenthesepillarswas similarlyclosed if we assume that the shortstub of wall againstthe SW pillarcontinuedas faras the NW pillar and had been robbed when the pillaritselfwas removed.A blockingwall had been insertedinto the N. doorwaywhichis preservedforsix courses;thislefttheS. doorwayas theonlyobviousmeansof entryinto the hall. The southernregion was enclosed by a wall stretching between the two pillarsand from SE from the SW S. wall and the to the pillarin an arc to the doorway continuing pillar in the SE corner,whichhad originally servedas an entryto the space below StairwayG but was now obstructed.The NE cornerof the room was partiallyenclosedbetweenthe two upstandingblocksmentionedabove. The centralspace between the fourpillarsappears to have been the workingarea, to servewhichan open clay hearthhad been builtneartheSW pillar,26PLATE 29e. The purpose of theselow divisionwalls is not quite clear.That in theNW cornerof the in StairwayG room containeda gypsumstep identicalin shape and size to those surviving fromwhichit seemsmostlikelyto have been takenfollowingthe collapseof the staircasein some earlierLM II damageto the buildingof whichthereis otherevidence.27Some of the debrisfromthatdamagemay have been heaped up in the S. sectorand the wallstherebuilt to retainit, leavingtwo blocks to be set up on edge and used in theNE corner,one resting on the remainsof a gypsumfloorslab, to be seen in Section4 (PLATE 12b). Layersof ash and earth accumulatedin the N. regionwhichthe NW divisionwall was probablybuilt to retain.Ash,earthand refusewerethrowninto a heap in theNW cornerwherelevelsbuiltup until they reached the top of the parapetflankingthe by-nowclosed doorway(Section 4 (PLATE 12b) levels7-8). The latestfloorsthroughout the hall wereof earthwiththesingularexceptionof theSW cornerwhere the thick carbon level at the bottom of the destructiondebrisrestedon a 'carpet' of sherdsmost of which were lyingflat on a bedding of clay, PLATE 38e and Section 5 (PLATE 12a) level 24. The sherdswere basically LM II, some of the highest quality;fromthemthevasesH 147, 150-1 and 374 werereconstructed. Earlierearth 'floors' or layersof ash and earthcould be tracedin variouspartsof the room otherthan those alreadymentioned,forexample in the SE, to be seen on Section 5 levels on Section 8 (PLATE 14). These con(PLATE 12a) levels 12-16 and corresponding so fromthe vases of the finaldestruction, tainedLM II sherdsstylistically indistinguishable thetimeinvolvedin theiraccumulationwas probablynot long,PLATES 96-7. These earlier floorsresteddirectlyon therock or kouskourasfill,and provideevidencefortheunfinished state of the buildingwhen it was occupiedin LM II. Confirmation comes,too, fromthe fill of pits in the floor,eg. Pits 11 and 13 (Sections 5 and 8, PLATES 12 and 14), whichcontainedan admixtureof LM II sherdsevenwhentheircontentswerebasicallyMMIII/LMIA. So too with the blind well or cistern,Pit 8, (Section 8 (PLATE 14) level 22 and PLATE 30a) whose originalfunctionor purpose is uncertain.It cut throughsome constructions of theMansion(hatchedon theplan at FIG. 5) and is likely whichpre-datetheconstruction to be associated with part of a clay drainpipe whichlay below the level of the E. wall's PLATE 30d. foundations,

THE EXCAVATION

21

Function Since the originalplan for the hall was left uncompleted,no objects were foundto help indicates determinethehall's intendedpurpose,thoughthe sophisticationof its architecture an importantfunction.A PillarCryptwitha religiouspurposeis an obviouspossibility,and it could be thatPit 12, betweenthe two southernpillars,whichunderlaythe laterhearth and retainingwall, had been dug preparatoryto the placing thereof a stone cist which wouldhaveprecededa flooringwiththe customarystoneflags. No attemptwas made to completetheconstructionof thehall in LM II whenit was first occupied, thoughthe pits in the floor and the cisternwere filledin. Then, the Mansion sufferedsome damageby firewhichdemolishedStaircaseG and lefta markedstratumof charcoalin some places in the hall, eg. Section 4 (PLATE 12b), thebottomof levels8 and 4.28 The debriswas then cleared out of the centraland west sectors,low retainingwalls built to contain it, and a clay hearthconstructed.The hall continuedin use in thissorry state until the final destruction,long enough for layers of ash to accumulate over the originalfloorsand to be heaped up elsewhere,especiallyin the NW cornerwherethe N. entrancehad already been closed with a blocking wall, probably because the stairway beyondhad also been damagedand fallenout of use. The purposeof the room at thisfinalstage,withits centralhearthand heaps of ash,is itsuse. It is temptingto farfromcertain.Nothingfoundon the floorassistsin determining held a fireof sufficient not hearth had it for but the as a centre metal regard clay smelting heat to fuse its clay walls, and the bellowsnozzle, and the crucibleswitha knownprovenance, were found high up in the destructionfill,indicatingthat they had fallenfrom above.Nor could thehearthbe directlyassociatedwithany cookingpots foundin theroom. There must,surely,too have been some egressforthe smokeotherthantheS. doorway whichwas at thisstagethe onlyentranceand sourceof air and ventilationforwhichthereis anyevidence. Upperfloor The collapse into the PillarRoom of upperstructures togetherwiththeircontentsprovides some evidenceforthe layout of the upper storeyand forthe use made of it. The architecture will be consideredin Section 2. The findsin the debrisgive a somewhatconfused picture of activities.The bellows nozzle, crucibles,whetstonesand a numberof bronze objects,includingtwo spearheads,a brokendouble axe and scrap,point to metalworking. A largenumberof finelydecoratedvases, especiallykylikes,cups and jugs, some of the highestquality,indicatea livingroom for occupants of considerablestanding,whichthe The goddessfigurine (H 53) mightwellhave outstandingPalace Stylejar (H 181) reinforces. been associatedwithtwo rhyta,one of stonethe otherof clay (H 19a and 179), witha large flat alabastron(H 180) and, perhaps,the five decoratedpyxides (H 10 and 376-8) in a domesticshrine. Room Contents Plottedfinds

levels,H 1-52, plottedon FIG. 1. (a) Uppermost H 1 Copperhaftingrivet,large,PLATE 205,25. L. 3.2; D. of shaft0.5, of heads0.8 and 0.5. Sn 1%. Complete, slightly oxydisedandbent.72/69. H2 Bronzeweb. L. 4.5; W. 1.5; Th. c. 0.15. Squashedand twisted;brokenoffand foldedup immediatelycastingremovedfrommould.(L).

22

THE EXCAVATION

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23

Clay sphericalJoomweight;6.8 by 7.4. 3 grooves.72/42. Stone whetstone,plaque. Stone bead, spherical,PLATE 219,8. D. 1; of stringhole0.15. Carnelian,slightlyflattenedat stringhole. 72/126. Bronze small graveror workingpoint, PLATE 205,10. L. c. 3; D. 0.1. Tin bronze. Brokenin several pieces. 72/170. Bronze smallgraveror workingpoint, PLATE 205,9. L. 1.9; D. 0.1. Much oxydised. Must have been mountedin handle - Pstyluspoint or graverforfinework on softmaterial.72/165. Bronze loop of chain, PLATE 205,20. 1.8 X 1.1; D. of wire 0.2. Sn 20%. 2 or 3 linksof bent wire, crushedand much oxydised; formof individuallinksdifficultto see. 72/194. Copper droplet.L. 2.3; W. 0.8; Th. O.8. Sn 2%. Much oxydised and split. 72/176. Pyxis and lid, dec, PLATES 65b-c and 156,1-4. Pyxis,H. 10.5; at lip W. 9.2; L. 17.5. Lid, H. 2.1; max. W. 11.5, L. 18.5. About 1/5 of pyxis and 1/6 of lid missing,restored.Ovoid with straight sides. The pyxis has a collared rimonto which the flangedlip of the lid fits: 2 holes pierced on both long sides of pyxis for securinglid. Bufffine clay and slip, the latterbeing smearylightbrown in places; dark brown to black fugativepaint. Pyxis, lip and base band with main zone of elaborate scene depictingbirds and floral sprays. Lid, outside, 2 rows of dog-toothat rim,then row of ivy leaves, with dotted trellisin centre; outside of rim,row of iris buds: inside, patternof blobs with zig-zagin centre.72/P190. Bronze graveror workingpoint, L. c. 1; D. 0.1. Oxydised; broken;not certainlycomplete. 72/172. Bronze ?web frag.,2.6 X 1.2; Th. 0.2. Oxydised. (M). Ivory piece, decorated, PLATE 221,14. Max L. 2.2; W. 1.6; Th. O.3. Split crescentshape (or 2 conjoining crescents),well polished and carved in low reliefon both sides with same design. Tips and lower part missing;perhaps representswing feathers.Each side divided into 2 zones by bordering grooveswithinternalpatternof diagonal cuts. 72/153. Clay sphericalloomweight;6.6 by 7.5. 72/43. Bronze ?tool frag.L. 2.5; Th. 0.5. Sn 10%. Frag,of slimrod, distortedby oxydisation.?Tip of awl. 72/70. Bronze fine spatula, PLATES 198c; 205,26. Ext L. (extended) 8.7; blade W. 0.4; Th. of shaft0.2. Sn 10%. 4 joining pieces; much oxydised and split.Shaftbent at rightangles. PFunction. 72/202. Stone whetstone,grooved, PLATES 209,9; 227,11. L. 5.8; W. 2; Th. 0.7; Wt. 20gm. Micaceous sandstone,brown-grey.Rectangularblock, with abrasivemarksfromits shaping;sawn at both ends. One face has *U' profiledgroove,composed of separate cuts; the other a broader,smootherequivalent withslighttracesof polish. The channelin eithercase extendsacross the whole face. 72/47. Ivory toggle,PLATE 221,8. L. 3.8; Max W. 0.8. Two 'arms' irregularlyfacetted (6-7), expanding towardscentrewhereit is crisplydifferentiated by recessedsection. 72/233. Stone lid, circular with handle, PLATE 229,5. H. 1.6 includinghandle; D. 4.2. Mauve limestone withwhitecrystallineveining. Stone conical rhyton,PLATE 213d. Base and 2/3 of upper part missing.Ext. H. 16.4; D. of rim 8.3; Th. of wall 0.8 at top, 0.1 at break. Chlorite,greenishgrey.?Brokenduringmanufacture.Joins fromRoom J/K. 68/92 (J/K),72/64, 128 and 214. Found togetherwith H 19. Stone quern, saddle, PLATES 210a; 210b middle. L. 36; W. 16; Th. 5; Wt. 4.5 kilos. Limestone/ marble,grey-blue with dark red patches and whiteveins. Slightlyconcave top; elongated ovoid with slightlyrounded base; most of one side lost. 72/158. Mixed stone tool group, PLATE 210a. Five small to medium sized natural pebbles (limestone): one spherical (4.0); two similarwith facets (D. 5.0), and two ovoid (L. 8 to 9; W. 4 to 4.5). All have fairlysmooth surfacesand no obvious signsof grinding,despite association with quern and pounder, H 20a and 21. Stone grinder-pounder, flat disc. D. 11; Th. 5; Wt. 800 gm. Limestone, badly burnt to grey-black and in poor condition. Found withquern and mixed tool group,H 20a and 20b. 72/157. Rock crystalfrags(2). Naturalcrystals,not worked. 72/145. Copper frag, of Pskület handle of lamp, PLATE 204,16 Ext. L. 5.8; W. 1.1; Th. O.4. Surface oxydisation.Taperingbar of rectangularsection. 72/79. Glassy faience sphericalbead, PLATES 225,8; 232,3. D. 1.8; of hole 0.4. Pale blue-whitecore with yellow patches, thinlyoverlaidwithpearl grey.Surfaceflaking.72/107. Copper double axe, PLATES 1961 and 201,12. Ext L. 8.8; ext W. of blade 6.2; W. at shafthole 2.6. Sn 1%. Broken across oval shafthole. Oxydised. Furthereffortsat breakingup to be seen in

24

THE EXCAVATION

cold chisel markson the lower part. Pronounced lunate cuttingedge; grooveadjacent to shafthole on one narrowedge. 72/112. H 26 Bronze handle, PLATE 204,13. L. 8.5; max. W. 1.1; max. Th. O.2. Sn 12%. In 3 joining pieces; oxydised and distortedby process of scrapping.Pendsof ribbon handle of smalljug. 72/81. H 27 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.8 by 7.1. 3 grooves. 72/61. H 28 Clay sphericalloomweight;5.8 by 6.8. 72/60. H 29 Bronze scraps,(a) 1.2 X 1.2; Th. 0.2 (b) 2 X 1.2; Th. 0.4. Formlessscraps;not sheet metal. (K). H 30 Conical cup, plain. H. 3.1; D. of rim 10, of base 4. Pink-bufffine clay; burntaround lip. Usual LM II type. 72/P5. H 31 Copper frag,of lekane, PLATE 203,5. L. 6.6; W. 3.7; W. of ledge 0.5. Sn 0.5%. As 1%. Rim and part of wall; evertedledge lip. Much distortedby breaking-upprocess. 72/77. H 32 Bronze rod, PLATE 205,8. L. c. 15; D. 0.3. Sn 12%. Probablycomplete; much oxydised; only ends little altered. Section, round one end and squarer the other. ?Part of hingingsystemfor box lid, used withsuch objects as L 41 and M 3. 72/68. H 33 Bronze needle(s), PLATE 205,7. (a) L. 6.6; D. 0.2: (b) L. 2: (c) L. 1.2. Sn 10%, As 1%. Much oxydised. ?From same object. 72/111. H 34 Clay sphericalloomweight;7.8 by 8.0. 3 grooves. 72/131. H 35 Ivory rod, PLATES 221,4; 230,4. Max L. 3.9; W. 0.50. Quatrefoilsection slightlytaperingwithtip lost; polished. 72/108. H 36 Bronze frag., of lekane, PLATE 203,4. 6x4.5. Sn 12%, As 1%, Pb 1%. Rim and part of wall; evertedledge lip. C/H 31. 3 frags,of sheet metal found withit, possiblyfromsame vessel. 72/101. H 37 Bone 'pin', PLATE 222,2. Max L. 6.2; D. 0.3. Shank and head (slightlyrounded) taperingto assumed tip (lost); well polished. 72/89. H 38 Stone bead, spherical,PLATE 219,9. D. 1.1; of stringhole0.2. Amethyst,crackedinternally.72/88. sheet. 72/185. H 39 Copper scrap. 3.1 X 2.2; Th. 0.15. Sn 1%. Formlessscrap of thin/medium H 40 Kylix, 1 hnd, frag,PLATE 176,9. D. of lip 11.8; Ext. H. 8.5. Lower stem and foot missing.Fine reddishbuffclay; mottled yellow to reddishbuffsmooth slip. PMycenaean. 72/P389. From upper LM ΠΙΑ 1 level. Η 41 Stone frag,of vase. Almost a cube with 2 polished surfaces,Ppartof a handle. 72/157. Η 42 Clay Pbutton,sub-rectangular, PLATES 224,2; 232,2. L. 3.3; W. 2.7; Th. 0.7. Fine clay burntgrey, lightlypolished. Rounded corners with bevel on upper side, slightlyconcave below. Stringhole (D. 0.2) near centre;chipped. 72/181. Η 43 Bronze Pinlay.L. 2.8; W. 0.2; Th. c. 0.1. Probablyincompleteboth ends; oxydised. 72/80. Η 44 Limestoneblock, Ppivotstone. L. 17; W. 12.5; Th. 6. Socket, D. 7; depth 1.5. 23-19. Η 45a Stone Prhyton,piriformor conical, PLATES 215,1-2; 229,9-10. Largest frag. 5.1 by 4.2; Th. and 0.5-0.9. Serpentine,dark blue-black. 2 pieces fromrim and body of at least D.15. Rim has 4 low 45b ridges. Scene depicts bull: horns and top of head visible. Interiorpolished; exteriorin low relief. Crackedby heat. MS V Type 34A or B. 72/119 and 72/122. Η 46 Bronze frag,3.8 X 1.4; Th. 1.2. Product of some casting process - Pjet froma crudelycut gate; Pweb froma scar on the mould face; Pspilleddrop fromfoundryflow. (G). Η 47 Copper droplet,lxl; Th. 0.6. Much oxydised; shapeless. (F). Η 48 Bronze handle frag.,PLATE 203,3. L. 5.5; W. 2.5; Th. c. 1. Whollyoxydised; grosslyswollen and split. Segmentof cast handle of heavy vessel (Ppan). Reliefridgeson long sides. (C). Η 49 Bronze handle frag.,PLATE 204,8. L. 1.9; D. 1.1. Sn 6%. Segment of handle of small cauldron or pan. 72/109. Η 50 Sealstone, PLATE 185b. D. 1.65 X 1.55; Th. 0.75; D. of stringhole0.18. Serpentine,dark grey. Lentoid with rounded back; stringholevertical. Considerablyworn at ends of stringholeand on engravedface, especially at centre along alignmentof stringhole;slightlychipped on the back face (not illustrated)at ends of stringhole.Animal (the legs suggestbull or goat, the long tail Plion) piece. 72/85. right,running;lines above its back, perhapsfoliage.A worn and undistinguished Η 51 Bronze lunate cutter,PLATE 205,22. H. 4.8; ext W. 3; Th. c. 0.1. Pointed tang at rightangles to crescentineblade, the tips of which are lost. Much oxydised. 72/A/PC,H. Η 52 Bronze staple. Described underΗ 195. (b) Upper mid levels,Η 53-70, plotted on FIG. 2. Η 53 Figurineof goddess, PLATES 159,5 and 191a. H. 14.3; W. 7.5. Few frags,includingleftbreastand end of one hand missing;restored.Creamybufffineclay; dull black paint. Head and body solid and

THE EXCAVATION

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handmade. Head tongued into body and body tongued into skirtwhich is wheel-made,hollow and closed below. 72/388. See also H 122. H 54 Juglet,PLATE 84a. H. 8.4; D. of lip 5.1. of base 3.9. Round mouth with small lug handle at rim; plain. Fine buffclay. 72/P182. H 55 See H 259. Plottedbut in likelypost-LM II context. H 56 Amphora,storage type,dec, PLATE 72b. Extant H. 36.5; D. max. 29. All base and about 1/6 body missing;partlyrestored.Buffmealy clay withmuch grit;lightbuffself-slipped;black to dark brown fugativepaint. Piriform,with 2 verticalhandles fromshoulder to lip; lip, slightlyovoid and pulled out into smallpouringspout. Lip, neck-junctionand handle stubs outlined;shoulderdesignof circle withinternalcross and arc fillin each segment,with 3 bands below. 72/P370. H 57 Frag,of clay chest,L 69. H 58 Clay bellows nozzle, PLATES 199i; and 207,5. L. 11.8; D. of nozzle 5.4, of mouth 6.7. Very coarse clay, brown-redto dark brown. Surface,lightto dark brown. Nozzle charredfromuse. 8 stitchholes in flaringmouth, that will have been insertedin the bag. The collar will have preventedbag from scorching.AR 1972-3, 58 Fig. 36. 72/148. H 59 Clay sphericalloomweight;7 by 7. One groove. 72/144. H 60 Ivory rod, PLATES 221,3; 230,5. Max L. 4.7; W. 0.7. Quatrefoilsection,taperingto one end, both broken. Grooves incompletelyworked fromsquare rod and in process of being cut to 'V profileby blade. Abrasionor small chisel marksvisible. 72/234. H 61 Ivory 'ear', PLATE 221,10. L. 3.4; W. 1.1; Th. 0.48. Piece of ?free-standing composite figure.'S' twistalong one edge, well polished; one end broken. 72/225. H 62 Bronze spearhead,PLATES 195a. and 200,1. L. 31, of socket 14; blade W. 3.7; D. rivetroles 0.5. Oxydisation makes thicknessuncertain.Sn 17%. Complete thoughbroken; socket crushed.Rather heavierversionof H 63; no distinctmidrib.The crushedsocket suggeststhismay have been a casting reject. 72/357. H 63 Bronze spearhead, PLATES 195b-c and 200. L. 25.7, of socket 10.5; blade, W. 2.8, Th. 0.6; D. rivethole 0.6. Sn 11%. Complete in two joining pieces. Oxydised. Socket crushed and blade bent. Simple design without distinctmidrib; divided socket, opposite rivetholes. The piece is unfinished, for the seam on the socket resultingfrom casting in a two-piece mould has not been removed. Possibly the break at the socket follows the line of a castingflaw, and the piece was rejected on removalfromthe mould. 72/358. H 64 Copper melt. 4.3 X 4.3; Th. c. 1.4. Sn 2%. Shapeless lump eitherfroma crucible or poured out as excess aftercast. 72/255. H 65 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.9 by 7.4. H 66 Clay sphericalloomweight;estimatedD. 8. 72/140. H 67 Amphora, storage type and dec, PLATE 72a. H. 40.8; D. max. 28.5, of base 12.7. A few body sherds missing;restored.Piriformwith 2 handles fromshoulder to lip; slightlyovoid mouth. Buff grittyclay; red-brownto black paint. Lip, neck-junctionand handles outlined; shoulder design of circle with internalcross and arc fill in each segment,with 3 bands below; base band with 2 further bands above. 72/P210. H 68 Large clay crucible, PLATES 199j and 207,1. H. 8.1; W. 20.2; L (extant) 19.5; max. Th. 2.2. Recomposed of many frags.;part of body and nearlyall spout missing;Poriginallybridged.Heavy traces of metal over whole surface,some oxydised. Bubbly slag surfacein places; fullof gas blows; vitrified.72/P92 and PI 85. See also H 79, a joiningpiece. H 69 Cup, hndless,monochrome,PLATE 80b. H. 4.8; D. of rim9.5, of base 3.7. Ogival shape withslight out-turnedrim.Bufffineclay; orangepaint all over. 72/P91. H 70 Amphora, storage type, dec, PLATE 72c H. 3 7.3; D. max. 26, of base 10.6. A few sherdsfrom neck and body missing;restored.Coarse oatmeal clay with some grit;black paint. Band at lip and neck junction with cross strokeson neck; shoulder designof a clump of reeds,with 2 bands below; base band with 2 furtherbands above. Shape as H 56. 72/P209. (c) Mid levels,H 71-79, plotted on FIG. 3. H 71 Bronze ?tool frag.,PLATE 205,12. L. 3.4; W. 0.5 ; Th. c 0.4. Sn 6%. Probablyold breakseach end. Oxydised and split. ?Part of shaftof lighttool, oval section becoming shallow U shape at one end. ?Gouge. 72/259. H 72 Copper needle. L extended 5.7; D. of shaftc 0.25. Sn 1.5%. Frag, of shaft;head and point lost. 72/261.

THE EXCAVATION

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29

Bronze scrap. 3.5 X 1.5; Th. 0.1. Formlessscrap of sheet. 72/200. Bronze fragsof cauldron or pan. (a) PLATE 203,8. L. 5.5; H. 2.2. 4 joining frags.Old breaks all round. Much oxydised. Arc of rim where lip has been folded over a reinforcingring,(b) PLATE 204,15. L. 2; W. 08; Th. 0.15. Sn 10%. Oxydised. Segment of reinforcing ring,probablybelonging to (a). 72/186. Copper needle, PLATE 205,16. Ext L. 8.5; D. of shaft0.2. Eyelet and extremetip lost. Twisted and oxydised. Section round; slightflatteningat head, and tracesof grooveforeyelet (lost). 72/257. sheet. 72/184. Copper scrap. 3.4 X 3; Th. 0.26. Trace of As. Scrap of medium/thick Bronze Pcompass, PLATE 205,24. L. 3.1; W across points 1.4; Th. 0.1. Sn 10%. Complete, in 3 pieces; oxydised. Made in this form,not folded; thereforeimportantthat should be rigidat the forworkingon wax. 72/347. angle. ?used as a fixed distancecompass-graver Cup, lhnd., spouted, monochrome,PLATE 81a. H. 8.4; D. of rim 12, of base 4. Usual LM II form withroll handle. Bufffineclay; black paint inside and out. 72/P90. Partof H 68, clay crucible.

(d) Lower levels,H 80-96, plotted on FIG. 4. H 80 Bronze needle?, PLATE 205,3. Extended L. 10; greatestD. 0.4. Sn 3%. In severalfrags.,new breaks. Much oxydised. If needle, no trace of eye remains.72/365. H 81 Bronze small graveror workingpoint, PLATE 205,11. L. 1.4; D. 0.2. Whollyoxydised; broken. 72/260. H 82 Bone fragment.L. 4.9; W. 1.1; Th. 1.0. Vaguely rod-shaped;workedwith saw and blade. H 83 Kylix 1 hnd., plain. Foot missingand a littleof rim. Rim D. 10.8. Fine buffclay and slip. 72/P357. H 84 of band Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 9 If. One handle, 2/3 of body and rimmissing.Two rows foliate with 2 wavy lines between and bands below; solid painted interior.Fine buffclay and mattishslip; red-brownglossypaint. 72/P379. H 85 Stone table/palettefrag.,L. 15.5; W. 13; Th. 5. Pink-brownlimestone.Cornerof square/rectangular table; rest lost. Batteredcondition. Lightlyhollowed top suggestsgrinding,small leg inseta littleat corner.MS F Type 28. B.2. 72/442. H 86 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 54c and 149,3. H. 16; D. of rim 16, of foot 7. About 1/3 of body and 1 handle missing;restored.Fine buffclay and smooth slip; black paint somewhat fugative.Single isolated argonautwith 3 tenticleson each side; band around foot; inside,lip band and solid disk at base with3 intermediatebands; handlesbarredwith 3 lunates below stub. 72/P179. H 87 Bronze scrap. 3.5 X 3. Th. c 0.2. Sn 13%. Formlessfrag,of thin/medium sheet. 72/302. H 88 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 56f and 149,4. H. 15.6; D. of rim 15.2, of foot 8. About 1/4 missing including-1 handle; restored.Usual LM II shape with 2 straphandles. Greenishbuffclay; black very fugativepaint. Lip band with main zone of linked 'C spiralshavingiris flowersabove and below tangents,3 bands below, further3 on stem with band around edge of foot; inside,lip band, centre solid disk and 2 intermediatebands; handles barred. 72/P183. H 89 Stone lid, circular,PLATE 229,6. Ht. 0.9; D. 5. Whitecrystallinemarble/limestone.Flanged (0.7 deep) with groove in flange to take top of vessel wall. Part of flange missing.MSV Type 27.6. 72/310. H 90 Bronze billet, PLATE 204,7. L. 5.6; 0.5 square. Sn 5%. Cut froma longerbillet. Old breakseither end, perhapsmade by cold chisel. Oxydised,slightlybent. 72/306. H 91 Bronze staple frag., PLATE 205,4. L. 68; 0.5 square. Sn 3%. Old break; much oxydised. Tip blunted. Probably lower part of staple like H 195. 72/404. Found with a shapeless droplet, 1.5 X 1 X 1. H 92 Clay crucible,PLATES 199e and 206,4. H. 3.7; W. 6.1; L. 6.2; max. Th. 1. Complete save chip at mouth. Bridged.No metal accretions.?unused. 72/PI 6 6. H 93 Bronze one-edged knife,PLATE 201,15. Ext L. 11; W. 1.7; Th. 0.25. Sn 12%. Fragm.,butt lost; oxydised. Straightcuttingedge except at tip; convex back. 72/392. H 94 Copper frag,of ?melt,2.8 X 1.3; Th. 0.5. Much oxydised. 72/303. H 95 Bronze shatteredmelt,4 X 3.5; Th. 2.5. Sn 8%. 72/276. H 96 Firebox. D. 4.8; H. 2.8. Coarse clay with considerable grit.Edge of 'saucer' broken, with 7 holes pierced around and largercentralopening.See PLATE 162, 4 forshape. 72/279. (e) Floor levels,H 97-129, plotted on FIG. 5. H 97 Bronze ?pin, PLATES 198a and 205,6. Ext L. 8.8; D. of head 0.5, of shaft0.2. Sn 13%. In 3 pieces;

30

THE EXCAVATION

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THE EXCAVATION

H 98 H 99 H 100 H 101 H 102 H 103 H 104

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31

tip lost (ancient break). Much oxydised. Small clumsilyformedconical head. Shaft section round. Identificationdoubtful.Could it be castingwaste? 72/406. Glassy faience bead, spherical,PLATE 225,7. D. 0.9; of stringhole0.2. Core white, silversheen to exterior,both lustrous;flakingsurface.72/408. Bronze needle, PLATE 205,5a. Extant L. 11.2; D. c. 0.3. Sn 9%. Severaljoining frags.Completely oxydised. 72/374. Bone, rib fragmentof cattle. L. près. 10.5; W. 2.3. Th. O.3. Worked, carriespolish on one side. 72/354. Stone 'neolithic' axe, flat form,PLATE 218,1. L. 5.5; W. 4.2; Th. 1.2. Fine grainedigneousrock, black. Ground smooth,except butt withpeckingmarks.Few chips on workingedge. 72/378. Copper mould wire. 2.7 X 1.4 X 1.0. Sn 1%. Much oxydised; shortbits of wire crumpledinto a small lump. (J). Clay sphericalloomweight;estimatedD 7.5. Grooved 72/291. Sealstone, PLATE 184b. D. 1.5 X 1.48; Th. 0.5; D. of stringhole0.2. Serpentine,dark green. Lentoid with rounded back; stringholevertical. Worn and chipped at upper end of stringhole, damaging engraved face. Animal (probably bull) left, running. Belongs to same large group of LM I- II seals as NP 18, and has numerousparallels (eg. CS 385, CMCG 230-234 and 246; CMS IV 281; CMS VII 193; CMS VIII 82 and 126). 72/277. Stone Pgrinder-pounder, roughlyfacetted. Stone whetstone,plaque. L. 9.3; W. 2.9; Th. 1.2; Wt. 48 gm. Limestone, grey - burnt black in places; irregularoutline to object, severalpotentialworkingplanes. Cup, hndless,dec, PLATE 80b. H. 5.3; D. of rim 8.5, of base 2.7. Dipped in paint on eitherside with small reservedarea between. Bufffairlyfineclay; black veryfugativepaint. PerhapsLM I; built into top of parapet to S. door. 72/345. 2 conical cups, plain, (a) H. 4.3, D. of rim 10.2, of base 3.1. (b) H. 3.9; D. of rim 11, of base 3.8. Fine orange clay. Both have very flaringsides. Illustratedbelow at scale 1:3. 72/180 and 181. Found insideparapet to S. doorway and ?LM I.

H 110 Ivory plaque, rectangular,PLATE 221,7. Max L. 5.2; W. 2.4; Th. 0.5. Irregularoutline,part broken. Some polishing, cross hatching on one face, abrasion traces elsewhere. 2 shallow drilled holes (D. 0.2) at one end, one survivesat other. 72/343. Hill Clay small crucible,PLATES 199f and 206,7. H. 2.7; L. 6.3; W. c. 4.5; max. Th. 0.8. Part of rimand body lost. Small spouted saucer withledge handle. No tracesof metal. 72/P184. H 112 Stone Pstand,PLATE 216,8. Max. H. 13.8; D. estimated 12; Th. of wall 1.0, of base 3. Limestone, banded (greys,whites and brown) with crystallineinclusions. From a curved base, sides rise vertically preservingnine facets (2-2.5 wide). Base coveredwithnetworkof shallow handcut lines. The line of interiorprofile arguesat least two stagesof drilling,but no work markssurvive.Broken,top lost and part of side and base. Joined fromfragments.72/342,351,352 and 399. H 113 Ivory comb, PLATE 221,2. L. 6.6; W. 2.5 to roots of teeth;Th. 0.5. Teeth are preservedto L. 1.5. Broken. Back plain perhapstaperingto rod-likehandle; polished. Teeth roughlyovoid in section and 7 per cm. 72/356. H 114 Coarse jar, lower part only. H. ext. 9.7; D. of base 5.7. Shape uncertain.Coarse greyclay fired orangeon surface.72/P188. H 115 Partof H 19a, stone vase. H 116 Figurinefrag,of goddess, PLATE 193, 1. H. 3.1; W. 4.1. Left shoulder and breast. Yellowish buff clay; red paint. Hand-madeand solid. 72/387. H 117 Clay sphericalloomweight;7 by 6.8. 4 grooves.72/365. H 118 Clay sphericalloomweight;8 by 7.5. 72/366. H 119 Clay sphericalloomweight;7.5 by 6.5. 4-5 grooves. 72/382. H 120 Clay cylindricalloomweight,PLATE 231,10. H. 7.2; W. 4.9; Wt. 150 gm. Grey-pinksandy clay with inclusions.72/381. H121a Clay sphericalloomweight;8 by 8. 3 grooves. 72/339.

32

THE EXCAVATION

H121bClay sphericalloomweight;7 by 7.5. 72/340. H 122 Partof H 53, goddess figurine. H 123 Clay sphericalloomweight;8 by 8. 2 grooves. 72/363. H 124 Clay sphericalloomweight;6 by 5.5. One groove. 72/364. H 125 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.5 by 7. 72/393. H 126 Clay sphericalloomweight;PLATE 223e top right.EstimatedD. 9.6. 72/100. H 127 H 128 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51f, 147,2 and 156,2. H. 8.7; D. of rim 15, of base 4.3. About 1/4 of rim missing;restored. Fine lightbuffclay and smooth, almost matt slip; brown to black paint. Lip band, frieze below of loops with floralcentre and iris flowerfill below; 3 body bands and 2 base bands; leaves on handle,PLATE 157c. Somewhat shallowerthan usual, with shorterand sharperrim and exceptionalstraphandle. 72/P16. H 129 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 55b and 150,2. H ext. 9.8, as restored 11.5; D. of rim 12.4. Few rim sherdsand base missing;restored. Fine buffclay and smooth buffslip; slightlyglossyred-brownto dark brown paint. Scolloped dec on rim, spiral spray on body with stemens above and arc fill below; bars on handle; solid painted interior.72/P15. Unplotted Finds Vases H 130 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50f and 147,6. H. 9; D. of rim 14, of base 4.5. Few sherdsmissing; restored. Fine buff clay and almost matt slip; orange-redto black paint. Lip band, networkwith solid disk fill on body, 3 bands below and base band; mottle inside with solid paint at base. Usual LM II shape withsmallpouringspout and roll handle,barredwithpaint. 72/P175. H 131 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51b, 148,2 and 156,5. H. 6.5; D. of rim 13, of base 3.8. Almost complete. Unusual shallow form with undifferentiatedlip, small pouringspout and strap handle. Small rim band with mottle on body eitherside of narrowverticalreservedstripcarryinglunates; 2 base bands; solid painted interior;bars and opposing half disks on handle. 72/P176. H 132 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50c and 147,3. H. 8.5; D. of rim 14.5, of base 4.8. Part of handle missing;restored. Usual LM II shape with small pouring spout, uptilted lip and roll handle. Lip band, main body dec of verticalreeds, 3 bands below and base band; solid painted interior.Buff clay, slightlyyellowishbuffslip and black slightlylustrouspaint. 72/P178. Most sherds fromnear S. doorway. H 133 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50e and 147,7. H. 8.7; D. of rim 16.5, of base 5.1. 1/4 of body and rim, and handle missing;restored. Pinkish buff fine clay, buff slightlypolished slip, brown to black somewhat lustrouspaint. Usual LM II dec shape thoughroll handle and spout missing.Lip, 3 body and base band with main friezeof floralhooks, with droplets above and wavy line below; handle outlined;solid painted interior.72/P237. H 134 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51c and 157,7. H. 5.7; D. of rim 10, of base 3.5. Few frags,of rimand body missing;restored.Bufffine clay withsome inclusions;black, veryfugativepaint. Smallerthan usual LM II dec and spouted cup and withunusual, straphandle. Mottle dec all over except vertical reservedstripeon both faces filledwithlunates; bars across handle; solid painted interior.72/P239. H 135 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATE 50h. H. 9.7; D. of rim 14.4; of base 5. Little of rim and nearly 1/4 of body missing;restored.Bufffineclay with orangetinge,lighterbuffand now matt slip,red lustrous paint. Usual LM II dec. cup shape with pouringlip and roll handle. Lip, 3 body and 2 base bands with main dec. of trellismade by joining verticallines of zig-zag;solid painted insidewithbase very worn ?fromuse; bars across handle. 72/P240. H 136 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50b and 147,4. H. 10.2; D. of rim 14, of base 4.5. Nearly 1/2 of body and rim,and handle missing,restored. Fine orange-buffclay, fine polished buffslip, orange-redto brown lustrouspaint. Solid triangles(or 'adder mark') on rim with fine line below; main friezeof pendent arcs with 'bud' at centre and loop fill below, bordered on top withdropletsand below by singlethinband, 3 bands at base; solid painted interior.72/P247. Some sherdsfromStaircaseJ. H 137 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51a and 156,4. H. 9.7; D. of rim 15, of base 4.9. About 1/5 of rimand few body sherdsmissing;restored.Usual LM II spouted cup shape but withstraphandle. Lip band and, unusually, multiple base bands; between, mottle with reservedpanel under spout and on opposite face with4 rows of verticalreed pattern;bars across handle which is outlined; solid painted inside. 72/P248.

THE EXCAVATION

33

H 138 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50g and 147,8. H. 7.9; D. of rim 13.5, of base 3.8. Handle, one rimand few body sherds missing;restored. Usual LM II dec. spouted cup shape (handle restored as roll type). Fine buffclay withorangetinge,softand poorly baked; orange-brownslightlylustrouspaint. Lip, 3 body and base band; main dec. of network with leaf fill; solid painted interior.72/P249. SeveralsherdsfromStaircaseJ/K. H 139 Cup 1 hnd., monochrome,PLATE 81a. H. 7.5; D. of rim 12, of base 4.2. Few body and rimfrags, missing.Fine buffclay; very fugativeblack paint in and out. Usual LM II spouted and roll handled shape. 72/P219. H 140 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome, PLATE 80a. H. 5.7; D. of rim 10.5, of base 3.6. Handle and 1 body sherdmissing.Usual LM II shape. Bufffineclay; black paint in and out, veryfugative.72/P341. H 141 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome. H. 5.3; D. of rim 10.5, of base 5.3. Handle and 1/3 of rim missing. Green-bufffine clay; black paint in and out, veryfugative.Slightlyimpresseddisk on base inside. 72/P354. H 142 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 52a. H. 12.3; D. of rim 18.9, of base 6.3. About 1/3 of body and both handles lost; heavily restored. Buff fine clay and matt slip; red-brownalmost matt paint. Lip, 3 body and 1 base band; main frieze of alternatingsprays with droplets above; lip band and base disk inside. 72/P220. H 143 Standedbowl, dec, PLATES 66c, 148,4 and 158,8. H. 12.3; D. of rim 13, of base 5.3. About 1/3 of rim and more of base lost; restored.Depressed ovoid bowl withledged rim,set on ringfoot; base of bowl not pierced. Very fine buff clay; very smooth and slightlylustrousdark buffslip; black to mauvish dark brown fugativepaint. Strokes on top and side of rim with thin band below; main friezeof floralhooks between a row of linked *C spiralsabove and below; then 3 body bands with another row of linked 'C spirals just above foot which is solid painted; unpainted,interiorand undersideof foot. 72/P221. H 144 Miniature?bowl, dec, PLATE 591. H. 3.6; D. of rim 7.2, of base 2.6. Part of body, rim,base and Phandle missing. Fine buff clay; brown to black paint. Lip, 3 body and base band; frieze of iris buds. 72/P241. H 145 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 92d. H. 11.5; D. of rim 17.5, of base 5.5. About 1/2 of body and rim, and handles missing. Buff fine clay and slip; red-brownto black rathermatt paint. Usual LM II shape. Lip, 3 body and base band; friezeof interlocking'S' patternwithwavy line above; lip band only inside. 72/P359. H 146 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 52c and 156,14. H. 9.3; D. of rim 17.8, of base 4.7. About 1/2 of body and rim, and 1 handle missing;restored.Bufffine clay and darkerbuffslip; dark brown to black nearlymatt paint. Usual LM II bowl shape. Lip, 3 body and base band; friezeof irisbuds between wavyline above and below; lip band and circle at base inside; bars across handle. 72/P364. H 147 Kylix, dec, PLATES 55a and 150,1. Foot, one handle and body frags,missing,restored.D. of rim 14.2; H. as restored 15.5. Fine buff clay and smooth cream to light buff slip; red-brownpaint. Droplets at rim; motive of elaborate floral spray of 2 linked spirals springingfrom a stem with 'foliage' at its terminal;petal fill within spirals; arc of hanging'stemens' below and ?irisbud fill above; 2 waved lines above motivewith 'leaf attachments.Interior,painted overall. 72/P192. H 148 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57h. H. 15.6; D. of rim 14.7, of foot 7.3. Few body sherdsmissing; restored.Fine creamy buffclay and slip, the lattervery soft and crumbling;paint black, nearlyall effaced.Coarselypainted largeiriscross of singlestrokeswithirisfillin each quarter. 72/P222. H 149 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 56c and 149,6. H. 9.2; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.2. Large part of body and 1 handle missing.Fine buffclay and slip; brown to black paint. Usual LM II kylixshape with 2 strap handlesbut smallerthan usual. Droplets on rim,body dec of cloverwith singledot filland 'V link between leaves; foot painted; bars across handle; lip band and solid disk on base inside; handle stub outlined. 72/P238. H 150 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 55d and 151,5. Foot, part of rim and 1 handle missing.H. 8.6; D. of rim 11. Orange fine clay; brown to black paint. Droplets on rim with centralmotive of vertical 'sacral ivy' motive. 72/P242. H 151 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57g. Foot, 1 handle and some rimand body sherdsmissing;restored.H. as restored 9; D. of rim 10. Fine orange-buffclay, darker slightlypolished slip; brown to black ratherglossy paint. Lip band and foot painted; rest covered with mottlewithcentralverticalwavy line and same underhandles; mottle over handles; lip band and base disk inside. 72/P246. H 152 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec PLATES 56a and 150,5. H. 16; D. of rim 15.5, of foot 8.5. About 1/4rim,1/8

34

H 153

H 154

H 155

H 156

H 157

H 158

H 159 H 160 H 161 H 162 H 163 H 164

THE EXCAVATION of body, 1 handle and 1/2 foot missing;restored. Fine buffclay and slip; red-brownratherglossy paint. Droplets on rim,elaborate clover leaf with iris fill,foot and interiorpainted, latterworn at base; handlesbarredand outlined. 72/P261. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 168,108 for central motive. Foot, 1 handle and some body sherds missing;restored. H. restored 16.3; D. of rim 16. Fine yellowishbuffclay; red to brownishblack paint. Droplets on rim, main dec. of 2 linked spiralswith arc fill above and below; solid painted interior.72/P262. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57b. H. 10.5; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.3. Large part of one side and one handle missing;restored.Bufffine clay and slip; dark red-brownslightlyglossypaint. Droplets on rim, central ornament of 3 short strokes arrangedin triangularform,foot and interiorpainted. 72/P339. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 57c and 158,1. H. 9; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.3. About 1/2 missing includingmost of body sherdsand 1 handle. Greenishbufffine clay and slip (hard-baked);black fugativepaint. Droplets on rim, small ornament below of 2 closely spaced *V's, foot painted, handles outlinedand barred;bands on interior.72/340. Pedestalled cup (or goblet), dec, PLATES 51k and 151,9. About 1/4 of rimand body missing.Outturned rim and moulded base (without a hole in the base). Bufffine clay and slip; orange-brown paint. Lip, 3 body and base band withmain friezeof horizontalvetchdesign;splash dec on interior and lip band. 72/P343. Kylix, 2 hnd., ?dec, PLATE 160,14. H. 11.2; D. of rim 12.5, of foot 6.6. Much of rimmissingbut complete profileexists. Red, rathermealy clay; red fairlysmooth but veryworn slip; tracesof red paint in and out. Probably solid painted but could have been decorated with droplets at rim and even more doubtfullywith double foliatescroll. 72/P350. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 92a-b. H. 17; D. of rim 14, of foot 9. About 1/2rim,somebody sherds and 2/3 of foot and both handles missing,partlyrestored.Reddish buffmealy clay; buffmatt slip; muddy lightto dark brown matt paint. Droplets on lip, main dec. of 3 linked spiralsin clover-leaf foot painted; inside,lip band and centralsolid disk. 72/P351. arrangement, Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 58f. Foot, part of handle and some body sherdsmissing.Ext. H. 9; D. of rim 10.8. Reddish buff clay and slip; red slightlyglossy paint. Droplets on rim with roughly painted iriscross on each face; bars across handle; interiorsolid painted. 72/P352. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 57d and 158,2. H. 9.5; D. of rim 11, of foot 5.3. About 1/3rimand body and 1 handle missing.Fine buffclay and slip; red slightlyglossy paint. Droplets on rimwith small 'leaf on centralbody; foot and interiorpainted; handles barred. 72/P353. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 92c and 151,6. About 1/2 missingincludingfoot and 1 handle. Ext. H. 9.5; D. of rim 11. Rosette on each side with looped tail terminatingbelow in a 'V shaped 'leaf at the stem of the kylix.Solid painted interior.72/P380. Kylix, 1 hnd., plain but painted interior,PLATE 82f. H. 9.2; D. of rim 10.1, of foot 5.5. Small parts of rimand body missing;restored.Fine buffclay with orangetinge;interiorsolid painted with red paint. Single straphandle. 72/P245. Kylix, 1 hnd., plain, PLATES 83a and 160,16. H. 9; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.8. About 1/5 body missing;restored.Fine buffclay and slip. Single straphandle. 72/P338. Vacat.

H 165 Pedestalledbowl 2 hnd.,dec, PLATE 83d. Nearly1/2body and rim,1 handleand partof foot restored.H. 8.8; D. ofrim12.4,of foot3.2. Fineorangybuffclay;redpaint.Shallowbowl missing; withevertedlip and 2 smallhorizontalhandlesbelowlip, set on a stemof kylixtype.Onlyfoot inside,lip decoratedwithbarsandbowlbanded.72/337.In S. doorway. paintedon exterior; H 166 Jug,dec, PLATES 60b and 152,1. H. 20.9; D. max. 14.5, of base 5. About 1/5of body and all handle except stub missing;restored.Greenishbuffclay and slip; dark brownfugativepaint. to handle.Bandsacrossneckand at junction terminal Piriform withopen beak spout;out-turned withbody;3 bodybandsand one at base; maindec offoliatebandwithalternating spraysbelow. 72/P223. H 167 Jug,dec, PLATE 60d. H. 25.6; D. max. 21, of base 7.1. About1/5ofbodyand tipof spoutmisstroughspout;straphandle(no riveton body,neckmouldingand up-tilted ing;restored.Piriform row small dotsbelow;mainbodydec. of irregular of framed with on neck and Bands moulding top). with3 bodybandsanda basebandbelow. trellis, joiningzig-zags, paintedas a seriesof horizontal Handle barredand stub outlinedto moulding.Lightbrownclay slightly polished;darkbrown lustrous paint.72/225. slightly

THE EXCAVATION

35

H 168 Miniaturejug, dec, PLATE 59j. H. 6; D. max. 5.3, of base 2.5. Part of spout, neck and body missing. Depressed ovoid body with beak spout. Upper spout painted; band around neck with4 further bands low on body and base band; main dec. of row of irisbuds between wavy lines. 72/244. Fine buffclay and slip; black to brownpaint. H 169 Miniaturejug, dec, PLATE 59k. Much of neck and all mouth and handle missing.Ext. H. 5.5; D. max. 6, of base 2.5. Fine buffclay and slip; black mattpaint. Foliate band below neck junction and reed patternover body. 72/P355. H 170 Jug, dec, PLATES 61f and 159,1. About 1/3 body and all neck and handle missing;partlyrestored. Ext. H. 21; D. max. 21, of base 11.5. Globular body with slightlymoulded base. Foliate band or disks around neck withlargestylisedargonauts(withno body) takingup the whole field;cloverleaf fill inside spiral of tenticlesand the same with arc fillbetween the argonauts;4 bands low on body and base band. Fine lightbrown clay, very fine slightlylustrousslip, mauvishblack very fugative paint. 72/P358. H 171 Jug,2 hnd., dec, PLATE 63a. H. 24; D. of rim 14.8, of base 8.2. Few body sherdsmissing;restored. Pinkishbuffclay with much grit;black flakingpaint. Collar neck with troughspout and 2 vertical handles at each side. Rim, spout and handle stumps outlined; wavy line on neck; main dec of lily sprays with wavy line above and below; 3 body bands and 1 on base; handle has transversebars. 72/P236. H 172 Fragm.jug, dec, PLATE 92f and restoreddrawingPLATE 153,5. Much of rim and body, handle and Pspout missing;tentativelyrestoredin drawing.Collar neck and piriformbody; hole pierced in base. Band around rim,neck junction and moulded base; verticalspraysof vetch on body. 72/P250. H 173 Juglet,miniature,dec, PLATE 59m. H. 8.3; D. max. 7.5, of base 1.9. Large part of body lost; restored. Fine pinkish buff clay; black ratherfugativepaint. Bands around neck, mid neck and junction withbody; main zone of linked 'C spiralsbetween wavy lines; 2 more bands and base band below; bars across handle. Depressed ovoid in shape withup-tiltedtroughspout and ovoid sectioned handle. 72/P217. H 174 Pyxis, dec, PLATES 6 7c-d and 155,5. H. 7.1 ; D. of rim 10.3, of base 4.2. Very finebuffclay and slip; black very fugativepaint. Ledged rim with basket handles at rim. Few body rim and body sherds and all handles except stub missing;restored. Floral spray on each face with blobs on rim and shoulder, and base band; splash inside. 72/218. Frags, of a twin vase are illustrated on PLATE 94d. H 175 Fragm. pyxis lid, PLATE 94c, right.External D. 9; H. 1.2. Over 1/3 missing.Flat disk with ledge rim. Buff fine clay and slip; dark brown to black paint. Waved band on externalrim; floralspray below Pargonauton top; plain underside.72/P356. H 176 Fragm.large pyxis, dec, PLATE 94e and restoredin drawingPLATE 154,4. About 1/2missingbut whole profile preserved.As restored,H. 20.5; D. of rim 18, of base 15.5. Red-bufffine clay and light brown slightlylustrous slip; black to dark brown paint. Fairly straightsided with narrowing neck without a ledge; 2 pairs of holes pierced below neck. ?for securingmissinglid. Lip, neck and base band; disks on shoulder; quatrefoilpattern over most of body with some isolated disksbelow. Dribble patterninside. 72/P376. H 177 Fragm.large pyxis, dec, PLATE 94f and restoredin drawingPLATE 155,7. About 1/2missingbut whole profile preserved.As restored,H. 14; D. of rim 14, of base 15. Fairly straightsided with incurvinglip; moulding at shoulder, mid body and base; holes below shoulder ?for securinglid. Yellowish buff mealy clay; black very fugativepaint. Lip band with open single zig-zagbelow; 4 rows of closer zig-zag on upper body with row of 'S' design on mouldings;floral spray with ?net below, flowerswithoutstemens;plain inside. 72/377. H 178 Fragm.pyxis, dec, PLATE 94b, right,and restoredin drawingPLATE 155,6. About 1/2 rim and body, and 1/3 base missing;no join between upper and lower sherds. As restored,H. 8; D. of rim 12, of base 11. Greenishyellow mealy clay; very fugativeblack paint. Rather curved sides with out-turnedlip; holes pierced below shoulder. Lip and base band, with festoon patternon body. 72/P378. H 179 Rhyton,conical, dec, PLATES 65a and 154,1. Tip, few body sherdsand smallpart of rimmissing, restored.H, as restored26.5, as preserved23.5; D. of rim 11.5. Conical with slightbody swelling; out-turnedlip; strap handle with 3 'rivets' at junction with rim. Creamy bufffine clay and slip; warm brown to black paint, slightlyglossy. Horizontal zones of 'sacral ivy' with dot fill between, linked 'C spirals between waved bands, festoons with arc fill,foliate band, and multiplevertical wavylines; solid painted at base. 72/P189.

36

THE EXCAVATION

H 180 Alabastron, flat, H. as restored 8; D. of base 26.5, of neck as restored 1.5, PLATES 66a-b and 154,2. 1/3 base, about 1/5 of body, 2 handles and all rim missing;restored.Soft buffmealy clay; creamybuffmatt slip; lightbrown to black slightlyglossypaint. Base rough and pitted as though cast on sand. Neck band with another thin below, outlined wavy line around shoulder,wavy line near base, base band with 2 thin ones above; handles with splash along theirlengthand outlined, and withloops below. 72/P191. H 181 Palace Style jar, PLATE 68a- b. H. 50.7; D. of rim 22, of base 19. Large part of one side, piece of rim, one handle and some other body sherds missing; restored; one heavily restored side (not illustrated).Coarse red-brownclay with considerablegrit;fine cream smooth slip; warmred-brown to dark brown ratherlustrouspaint. Foliate arcs on collared rim;neck painted solid inside,outside has two reservedwavy lines; disks, then foliate band with single dot fill on shoulder; sprays of papyrus set in area between the handles consistingof almost verticalbut waved tendrilsterminating in flowerswith differentfillingon each of the 3 sides, that not illustratedhavingsolid tips with a barred arc between the spiralterminals;outlinedmottlefillbetween the spraysoccasionally divided internallywith bars; occasional solid disks as fill in plain background around the sprays; solid painted torusbase; handlesgroovedand painted all over. 72/P193. H 182 Stirrupjar, dec, PLATE 64b. Large parts of shoulder, body and base, and back handle missing; extensivelyrestored. As restored H. 16; D. max. 20. Orange fine clay; orange-redpaint. Globular with 3 handles. Waved bands on shoulder separated from row of disks (with dots between) by double bands; networkwith dot fillon body; 2 bands and base band below; cross on false spout and leaves on handles. 72/P251. H 183 Stirrupjar, dec, PLATE 64e. About 2/3 of shoulder and upper body, and nearlyall lower body missing;extensivelyrestored with no join between upper and lower body. As restored,H. 24.5; D. max. 26. Globular with 2 handles. Bufffineclay; orangybuffslip and red to dark brown slightly glossypaint. Waved bands on shoulder; row of 'sacral ivy*on upper body; 2 (or 3) body bands and 2 base bands; lattice on false spout, and handles solid painted. 72/P348. H 184 Bowl, 2 hnd., plain, PLATES 84g and 161,9. H. 14.8; D. of rim 18, of base 10. Some largebody and rim sherdsmissing;restored. Fine red clay and lightred-brownsomewhatpolished slip. Ovoid body withspreadingbase and evertedlip; 2 straphandles at rim. 72/P224. H 185 Fragm. 'trick vase', PLATES 87d and 162,5. Internal funnel,part only of rim, upper body and handle preserved.D. of rim 14. Fine greyclay and slip, latterpolished in places. Cone fittedto neck from above and hole then pierced since its making has bruised the cone on the outside. Cone smooth on exteriorbut with fingergrooveson interior.72/P374. From the 'sherdfloor' on W. side. H 186 Cooking jar, 1 hnd., PLATE 162,7. Large part of body and handle missing.H. 10.2; D. of rim 11, of base 4.7. Cup-shaped with 1 verticalhandle set below rim. Orange-redheavily grittedfabricwith dark core; self-slipped.72/P252. H 187 Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 162,10. Large part of body and ends of legs missing;restored.Ext. H. 114.4; D. of rim 14.5, of base 10. Rathershallow versionwith 2 horizontalstraphandles eitherside. Orange-brownheavilygrittedclay; wet smoothed. 72/P253. H 188 Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 162,11. Large part of body and ends of legs missing;restored.Ext. H. 11.2; D. of rim 13, of base 8.3. Rather shallow versionwith pouring spout and one verticalside handle. Orange/brownheavilygrittedclay, wet smoothed. 72/P254. H 189 Large basin, dec, PLATE 72d. H. 24; D. of rim 25.6, of base 20.2. Few rimand body sherdsmissing; restored.Rolled lip, troughspout, 2 horizontal side handles and stud behind. Lightbuffgritty clay and slip; black matt paint. Strokeson rimand handles,latteroutlined;irregularwavy bands on body; all very crudely executed; some lines and splashes on interior. 72/P331. Most from S. Doorway. H 190 Large basin, mono, PLATES 87g; 159,4. About 1/2 preservedplus some non-joiningsherds.H. 16; D. of rim (lug to lug) 42, of base 18. Reddish buffclay withmuch grit;deep red slightlyglossythick paint. Shallow, rounded sides with out-turnedlip, set on ringbase which is grooved underneath; 'ear' and tab-likelugs on rim; ?had straphandles. A clear hangoverfromMM. 72/P382. H 191 Pithoidjar, medium sized and dec, PLATE 77b. H. 48; D. of rim 19.5, of base 17.8; capacity c. 24 litres.1/2rimand about 1/3 body missing;restored.Piriformbody, collared neck. 2 largehorizontal handles and 2 small vertical ones on shoulder. Light brown grittyclay; greenishbuff slip. Very 'pock-marked'surfacewith fugativematt brown paint. Rim, solid painted with horizontalband at base of neck; verticalhandle has 2 smearsof paint; horizontalone 1 stripeand outlined. Main zone on body, band of retortedspirals;below 3 bands and at base further3 bands. 72/P332.

THE EXCAVATION

37

H 192 Pithoidjar, fragm.,unrestored.D. of rim c. 74; profileuncertain.2 round sectioned handles from lower body survive. Pale grey to red clay with many inclusions; no visible paint. Large square sectioned rimwithhorizontalband havingimpressedchevronsbelow. Otherreliefdec. consistingof, a wavy band with oblique impressedhatchingprobably formingspirals,a zone withimpressedsec. of small stampedspiralson wavy frond-likebands, a wide band of impressedcrosshatching. Metal objects H 193 Copper arrowhead,PLATE 200,5. L. 4.8; W. restored2.6; tang,W. 0.8. Th. 0.1. Sn less than 0.5%. Complete save one barb; much oxydised. 72/207. H 194 Bronze needle. L. c. 6.2; D. c. 0.2. Completely oxydised; joining frags,of shaft,head and tip lost. 72/A/PC,D. H 195 Copper staple, PLATES 196h and 203,14. L. extended 14.5; head, 1.4 X 1.7. Complete,bent, only slightlyoxydised. Shaft of square section except at head, where hammeringhas made it 8-sided. 72/110. In fact,plotted; see H 52. H 196 Bronze, vessel body frag.2.5 X 2.5; Th. c. 0.1. Sn 9%. Scrap of thinwalled vesselpreservingmost of a rivethole (ie. part of handle attachment),D. 0.3. Breaks show clear signsof breakingup process. 72/258. H 197 Copper rivet,PLATE 204,17. D. 1.6 X 1.8; H. O.8. Head and part of shaft. Oxydised. Probably internalhead of rivetused to secure handle to vessel neck or wall. 72/258. H 198 Copper rivet,PLATE 204,24. D. 1.2 and 1.0; Th. O.9. Roughly made heavy rivetwith relatively smallheads, perhapsof type used in assemblingthe componentplates of largecauldron. 72/373. H 199 H 200 Bronze scrap,2 X 1.1; Th. 0.5. Slightlyoxydised formlessscrap of sheet. (E). H 201 Bronze scrap, 2.8 X 1.2. Whollyoxydised formlessscrap of thinsheet. 72/803. H 202 Bronze scrap,2.2 X 0.8 ; Th. 0.25. Sn 8%. Snippet of mediumsheet. 72/346. H 203 Bronze scrap, 2.5 X l;Th. 0.3. Sn 3.5%. Formlessscrap of mediumsheet. 72/187. H 204 Bronze frag,of ?web, 2.3 X 0.9; Th. 0.15. Slightlyoxydised. (B). H 205 Bronze frag,of ?web. L. 1.7; W. 1.2; Th. 0.2. Probablyfromcentreof waste bar. (I). H 206 Bronze droplet,1.5 X 1 X 0.7. Much oxydised. (B). H 207 Bronze waste, 1.5 X 1.1. Small formlesslump of gassywaste. (A). H 208 Copper wire. L. 4; W. 0.6; Th. c. O.2. Oxydised. Widergauge than most examples. 72/372. H 209 Clay crucible, PLATE 199d bottom. H. 3; L. 6.8; ext. W. 5.7. Rim and spout incomplete. Discoloured dark inside,but not vitrified.No metal traces.Probablyunbridged. H 210 Clay small crucible, PLATES 199f and 207,2. H. 2; ext. W. 3.5; max. Th. O.9. Less than half preserved.Stained greyinside.No tracesof metal. 72/P186. H 211 Vacant. -13 Otherfinds H 214 Stone polisher,triangular,PLATE 208,1. L. 9.5; W. 4.5; Th. 3; Wt. 225 gm. Crystallinelimestone, grey (burnt partly black, even calcined). Underside well polished with rounded ends and fine scratchesalong major axis. Upper side has rounded profilewith 5-6 facets at tip. Sides also carry polish. H 215 Stone polisher,triangular,PLATE 208,2. L. 6.8; W. 3.3; Th. 3.3; Wt. 50 gm. Crystallinelimestone/ marble, dark blue-black. Its triangularproportionsare distortedby numerousirregularfacets and low protrusions.All sides carrysome polish. Traces of red ochre on 2 planes, ?fromsome crushing operation. bar form,PLATE 208,6. L. 6.2; Max D. 2.3; Wt. 20 gm. Limestone, H 216 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, grey. Roughly cylindricaland tapered, ?fromtripod leg or bore core. Smooth but for some chips. 72/41. flat disc, PLATES 208,12; 227,2. D. 7; Th. 3; Wt. 220 gm. Whitemarble. H 217 Stone grinder-pounder, Smooth surfacewithtracesof grindingand lightpounding at edges. H 218 Stone whetstone,thin plate, PLATES 209,7; 227,8. L. 11; W. 2.7; Th. 1.2; Wt. 50 gm. Phyllite, Irregularprofilewithslightbevel at one end; naturalpolish. silver-grey. H 219 Stone quern, saddle. H 220 Stone 'stand', PLATE 210c. L. 12.8; W. 9.4; Th. 7;Wt. 1.2 kilos. Medium-grainedsandstone,beige. Ovoid beach pebble with regularand smooth surface naturallypitted. Shallow depression (D. 4; 1.5 deep) in each main surfacewithno signof rotarywear. Part of one side lost ?frompounding.

38

THE EXCAVATION

H 221 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, PLATE 208,3. L. 7.4; W. 3.2; Th. 1.5; Wt. 40 gm. Marble, pale white-pink.Rounded with irregulartaper fromweathering. H 222 Mixed stone tool group, PLATE 210d. Medium limestone and shale objects, all burnt: one flat plaque (L. 8.2; W. 6.6; Th. 0.8), an elongated rubber(L. 7.2; W. 3.0; Th. 2.2), a triangularfacetted grinder(L. 7.5; Ht. 4.0 - work marks),six ovoid naturalpebbles (1 facetted;L. 10-4) and one flat ovoid (L. 7.3; W. 6.3; Th. 1.8). Most carrya low waterpolish. H 223 Stone polisher,triangular.L. 7.3; W. 3.5; Th. 5.0; Wt. 121 gm. Limestone (crystalline),dark greyslightlybanded. H 224 Stone pebbles, water-worn,PLATE 209,1-4. Spherical (D. 2.8); ovoid (L. 5.4; Ht. 3.3); flat discs (D. 3.0, Ht. 1.3; D. 2.7, Ht. 0.8). All crystallinelimestones,greys,burntto black, and whitemarble. H225a Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form. L. près. 5.2; W. 3.1; Th. 1.4; Wt. 26 gm. Sandstone - perhaps a whetstone.Edges rounded,piece tapersacross its width. (calcareous), grey,fine-grained H225b Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form. L. 5.4; Max. W. 2.3 ; Th. 1.7; Wt. 24 gm. Quartzite,greywhite. Subrectangularform. H 226 Stone grinder-pounder, flat 'disc'. L. 11.1; W. 8.7; Th. 4.6; Wt. 752gm. Limestone,pinky-white. Pittednaturalsurface. H 227 Stone Pwhetstone,plaque/polisher,triangular.L. près. 4.1; Max. W. 1.5; Ht. 3.5; Wt. 21 gm. Limestone,grey,burntblack. Two main faces flat;one edge rounded; polished with scratcheson face. H 228 Mixed stone tool group: two medium near-sphericalgrinder-pounders (limestone: L. 7.5, Ht. 5.4; L. 9.5, Ht. 6.2); two rounded, one ovoid burntpebbles (quartzite and marble: D. 4.0, L. 4.1, Ht. 3.1; L. 7.5, W. 3.4, Ht. 2.3); and one marblefragment. H 229 Stone axe, shaftholetype, PLATE 218,4. Max L. 6.5; W. at hole 4; Th. 3.8; D. of hole 1.5. Fine grainedlimestone,greenwithdarkerveins. Polished; blade expands slightlyto badly chipped cutting edge. Upper surfaceconvex, undersidewith a concave curve;shaftholedrilled.Snapped at shafthole withhalfsurviving.72/437. H 230 Stone bead or pin-head ornament,spherical,PLATE 232,5. D. 3.9; of stringhole0.5. Rock crystal. Top flattenedwith traces of grinding;interiorslightlycracked. Hole drilledmainly fromone end. 72/436. H 231 Stone disc, pierced, PLATE 219,12. D. 2 to 1.5; of stringhole0.35; Th. O.6. Fine grainedigneous rock, dark grey-black.PTriangularmotivesat largerend. Stringholedrilledoff-centre; edges rounded but smallerend slightlyirregular.72/355. H 232 Stone ?spindie whorl,circular.D. 2.7; Th. 1.3. Circularoutline, but bevelled on 'upper' side where centreis indentedbut not fullypierced. 72/220. H 233 Stone lid, circular,PLATES 224,1; 232,1. D. 4.3; Th. 0.5. Kouskouras, off white. Flat faces with slight bevels at edges; chipped at periphery and one face. Painted brown-black,most effaced. 72/448. H 234 Pumice of close texture,PLATE 211a. L. 5; W. 4.5; Th. 4. Irregularwith 7-8 facets,4 havingnetwork of grooves,2-12 in numberwith 'V profile,suggestiveof sharpeningblade tips or points. H 235 Pumice of medium texture,PLATE 211c. L. 8.3; W. 6.7; Th. 3.5. Plano-convexwith plane face carryingparallel scratchesfromgrindingand groovewith shallow 'U' profile. H 236 Ivorychips and fragments.Up to L. 1.7; W. 1.3; Th. 0.4. Burnt.Four or fivepieces. H 237 Faience vessel, two body frags.,PLATE 225,3 and 5. Largestpiece 3.5 X 2.5; Th. 0.7. Surface-skin white over brown-blacklayer with compact core sandy, white. Traces of lineardec. in dark brown. Burntpink in places. H 238 Faience vessel,rim-neckfrag.,PLATE 225,1. Max. L. 5.8; H. 2.8; Th. 0.8. Thick white surfaceover porous, orange-browncore withgreen-grey painted dec. as shown. H 239 Clay sphericalloomweight;5.7 by 6.3. 72/44. H 240 Clay sphericalloomweight;6 by 5.5. 4 grooves. 72/293. H 241 Clay sphericalloomweight;6.8 by 6.5. 72/91. H 242 Clay, near cylindricalloomweight;5 by 7. PLATE 223e top left. 72/381. H 243 Wooden disc/roundel,small. H 244 Lead frags,entangledsmall rods. 72/130. Post-LM II contexts H 245 Stone grinder -pounder,spherical with facets. D. 5.6-6.2; Ht. 5.7; Wt. 362 gm. Marble, greyand whitemottled;surfacenow powdery.Pit 3; to LM ΠΙΑ. Η 246 Stone grinder-pounder,spherical, PLATE 208,15. L. 6.6; W. 5.8; Wt. 210gm. Limestone, soft,

THE EXCAVATION

39

withhighlypitted surface.Context to LM IIIB. 72/289. off-white H 247 Stone grinder-pounder, spherical,PLATE 227,19. D. 4.9 to 5.3; Wt. 250 gm. Sandstone (calcareous), fine-grained, beige-grey.Pit 8; to PG. H 248 Obsidian, 10 pieces includingcore, flakesand blade. H 249 Stone button, stemmed,PLATE 218,7 bottom right.W. 0.8; D. 1.8, of sh. 0.3. Steatite,pale green. Shank broken,some evidenceof verticaltrimming;head concave, trace of hollow drillwork. To Geo context. 72/125. H 250 Stone 'button', conical. H. 1.35; D. 2. Serpentine,black. LM ΠΙΑ 2 context. 72/245. Η 251 Stone ?bead blank, amygdaloid,PLATE 219,7. L. 3.6; W. 1.7; Wt. lOgm. Banded tufa,brownwith brown and black veining.Bottom flat,rest rounded. Perhaps a weight,sealstone blank or gaming piece. 72/49. Pit 1 to Hellenistic. Η 252 Rock crystal.Up to 3.5 in length.Naturalcrystals,two pieces. Η 253 Clay sphericalloomweightwithprobably4 grooves.5.9 X 6.1. 72/74. Η 254 Clay sphericalloomweightwithprobably4 grooves.4.7 X 5.7. 72/82. H255a Clay sphericalloomweight;7.3. Pit 3, to Geo. Η 255b Clay sphericalloomweight;small,fragment.4 grooves.Pit 3 to Geo. H255c Clay sphericalloomweight;large,fragment.?3 grooves.Pit 5 to Geo. 72/45. Η 256 Clay with cloth impression,PLATE 222,5. D. 1.8; Th. O.6. Roughly circularfrag,of clay burnt grey-black.Impressionof textile of simple weave: plain or 'tabby' with equal numberof warps and welts;closely woven with4-5 threadsto half cm. To LM ΠΙΑ context. Η 257 Bone 'pin', withpointed end, PLATE 222,6 bottom left.L. 4.7; D. 0.5. Triangularsection. Top lost. To SM, context. 72/4. Η 258 Bone 'haft',fragment.To SM, context. Η 259 Sealstone, PLATE 186d. D. 1.3; Th. 0.65; D. of stringhole0.15. Steatite (or serpentine),greenwith slightlytranslucentsurface and soapy feel. Discoid, with almost flat faces. Slightly worn and chipped on both faces amongst the cross-hatching;broken throughthe stringholeon face (i) at centre of the concentriccircles. Much of damage may have been caused duringengravingprocess. Rough cross-hatchingon both faces, more carelesslyexecuted on face (i) with 2 concentriccircles having central dot. Only face (ii) illustrated.The combination of cross-hatchingand concentric circles appears on sealings impressed by disc rather than rectangularseals as early as MM IIB amongstthe Phaestos sealings (eg. CMS II, 5, 51 and 34) and on sealstones (eg. CMS II, 2, 51) of an MM IIB to earlyMM III date. This piece is probably a survival.72/40. Η 260 Figurinefrag.,head of goddess, PLATE 193,10. H. 4; W. 2.5. Yellowish buffclay; red paint. Solid and hand-made. Applied blobs for eyes and ears; gash for mouth. 72/6. In a general LM ΠΙΑ 1 context. Η 261 Copper needle, PLATE 198b right.Extant L. 12.5; D. 0.25. In severalpieces, eyelet and tip missing. Much oxydised. Section, round. 72/262. In Pit 11, an LM ΠΙΑ 2 context. (also Η 40, LM ΠΙΑ 1, listedabove).

not restorable,of the followingdecoratedvases, In the LM II debris,were largefragments, most illustratedin PLATES 89-94: cups usual 11, reed cups 3, blob cups 1, monochrome 2; pyxides 1; lids, domed or flat3, with 1; bowls 5; kylikes4; jugs 4, jugs trough-spouted of these came fromthe make-upof 1. Some coarsewar handle/foot1; collar necked jar, of decorated as too the feet with 33 floors, kylikes,17 bases of blob and wash cups and 1 of feet 27 plain kylikes(two being hnd). The individualdecorated sherdsfrompreLM II floorsand fillsare at PLATES 96-7. destruction In fineplain wares,apart fromthese,were 1,079 bases of conicalcups but manycould be derivedfromearlierwall and floorfills. Of coarse ware,nearlyall were individualsherdswithabout 35 bases. Most of the rim of sherdswere fromamphoras,basinsand pithoidjars withflatledgelips. Severalfragments such a jar, withone handlesurviving and tracesof a socketbase, has reliefdec. of horizontal and wavybandswithpoorlyexecuted'rope' decoration.Therewere2 stirrup jar tops. The same fragmentary stateis true,too, of the cookingpot wares,withpieces of large tripodpots and similarlyshaped vases withoutfeet;also, 5 handlesof ewers(like PLATE

40

THE EXCAVATION

86a- b), lids with handles,traysand large open dishes(2 withcrinkledrims)of the type withshortwallsand verythinbase, discussedin thepotterysection.Some body sherdshave appliedwhitebandsand strokes,on a darkslip.A selectionis illustratedat PLATE 95. There were also some 8 pieces of pumice; mostup to L. 5.5 and H. 4; one largerhaving L. 10.1, W. 6.9 and Th. 6; some have a flatterplane forgrinding, PLATE 211e. In addition therewere38 pieces of stonevases,all beingindividualfragments; and 38 pieces of obsidian, includingcores,preparationflakes,flakesand blades,PLATE 211h- k. StaircaseJ/K(PLATES 20a and e and 21b) The two compartmentsform a staircase,Κ containingthe lower steps and J probably intendedas an understairscupboardwithan entrancefromK. Entryto the stairwayfrom the PillarHall Η had been closed by a blockingwall insertedinto the doorwaybeforethe mainLM II destruction, afterwhicheventtherewas no reoccupationin thisarea. The staircasewas coveredby a stonefallwhichhad been disturbedby robbingpitsover the outerW. wall and overthe partywall withRoom B. Moreover,compartment J had been of the well had into of blocks a built Geometric which cut some the penetratedby partly W. wall. In compartmentK, the four remainingsteps of the stairwayare roughlyconstructed and approachedby a slightlyslopingearthrampleadingfromthe doorway.Lower stepsand ramp were covered with burntdestructiondebriscontainingparts of carbonisedwooden posts,LM II pottery,a stone pendent(no. 4) and a loomweight(no. 6). The sherdsin the earthof therampwereof theMM IIIB/LM IA charactercustomaryin fillsbelow floors,and similarpotteryoccurredin the foundationtrenchfortheE. wall whichextended30 cm into thepassage.In cleaningthisramp,sealstoneno. 3 was found. In J, the understairscompartment, the fillof the usual Minoan yellow soil, withsome carbon flecksand a few fragments of gypsumslabs (Section 3, PLATE 11, level 18) cleaned down on the S. side to a thinashy level whichmay be spill fromRoom H whereat a late stage of LM II a bank of ash was heaped up againstthe S. face of the block flankingthe doorway(PLATE 5, N. elevation,and Section 4, PLATE 12, levels6-8). Below thiswas a furtherfillof clean yellow soil whichrestedabove a darkbrownlevel,probablythe original floorof the compartment. The entryfromK, flankedwitha gypsumblock on itsN. face, was partlyblocked by a stone fallrestingabove the originalfloorand stratified underthe level lower levels. An was found in the mentioned above. ashy ivorytoggle(no. 5) (level 17) Sherdsbelongingto vases,themajorportionsof whichwerefoundin the fillof Room H to the south,occurredin upper levels of compartment J, above the layerof ash (level 17) LM II destruction;29 and mustrepresent floor the final fall amongthesewas following upper the kylix,no. 1 (PLATE 99a). However,no suchjoins were foundbetweenthismaterial and the LM II sherdscontainedin theburntdestruction materialin theadjacentstairwayΚ (PLATE99b-eandg).30 It would, therefore, appear thatstairwayΚ was damagedbeforethe finalLM II destruction, at an earlierLM II stage,and thatconsequentlythe stairwayfell out of use and was closed offfromRoom Η by theblockingwall builtacrossthe doorway. J to suggestit was everput to any Nothingwas foundin the understairscompartment valuable as a would have been it use, cupboardor store.If it is correct specialised though thatthe upper ash level thereis spill fromRoom H, as suggestedabove, thiswould indicate thatthe space above the flanking block of the doorwayinto Room Η was at thisstageopen and not carrying a superstructure as would be expected.

THE EXCAVATION

41

Staircase Contents

J/K1 Kylix dec, 2 hnd., PLATE 99a. Foot, most of both handlesand about 1/5 of body missing; restored.H. as restored14.8; D. ofrim15.5. Fineorange-buff clay;darkredto brownpaint.Single rimandbase ofbowlpainted.72/P243. floralsprayon eachface;interior J/K2 Fragm.collar-necked jug, PLATE 99d. Base, handleand spoutmissing;mostof body and 1/3rim D. max. 22. Lightbuffmealyclay;lightbrownmattslip;darkbrownpaintbadlyflaked. preserved. Dottedzig-zagon neck;mainzone of elaborateivypatternwitharcfillaboveandhatchedtriangles foliatebandabovebasebands.72/P369. below;inverted 0.15. Lentoidwithrounded J/K3 Sealstone,PLATE 184d. D. 1.64 X 1.55; Th. 0.65; D. of stringhole red. In fineconditionwithhardlyanywearat the endsof back and verticalstringhole. Carnelain, facefrombehindanimal'sneckacrossits hindthe stringhole; only one minorcrackon engraved 2 lineswithdot quarters,and a smallchipon itsbody aboveforeleg.Goat (agrimi)left,running; betweenbehindits neck,?weaponin its neck,or foliage;2 linesin front,Pfoliage;groundline or LM II use. below.72/785.Cleaningfloorof RoomK, so LM IA construction 0.2. Jasper,green. PLATES 219,13; 232,4. H. 2.2; D. 1.4, ofstringhole J/K4 Stonependent,peg-topped, drilledfromeitherside. 68/196. Polishedapartfromgroovedividingtop frombody; stringhole LM II context. J/K5 Ivorytoggle,PLATES 221,9; 230,10. L. 4.1; max. W. 0.6. 2 armswithtracesof facetting(6), lightly polished.Gentleexpansionto centrewhereshortlength(0.4) crisplyrecessed.68/226.LM II context. 6.1 X 6.5. 1 or 2 grooves.68/198.LM II context. loomweight, J/K6 Clayspherical

In addition therewere the sherdsat PLATE 99b- c, e- g, and partsof othervases found mainlyin Room H and detailedin notes 29 and 30. CorridorL (plansat PLATE 8) This corridorextendsthe fullwidthof thebuilding,fromtheW. wall as faras the doorway leading to the bridgeand the Little Palace, PLATE 33c. Apparentlyintendedas a direct approachto the PillarHall, and to the storeroomsand stairwayopeningoffit to the south, access to it fromthe bridgehad been blockedbeforethe LM II destructionby a roughcross wall erectedimmediatelyafterthe entranceto Room Q. Internally,access could be further controlledby two doorseach suppliedwithgypsumjambs; thatto the E. had a thresholdof The floorwas of clay and the walls had been mud wood, carbonisedin the destruction.31 plastered. East of theblockingwall onlya stripof the originalfloorremained,the resthavingbeen dug throughto bedrockby one of Evans's testspits. So, the main partof the corridorwill be consideredfirst. The destructiondebriscontaineda considerablestone fall,thoughless than in the W. part of the PillarHall, and in thiscase it was concentratedin lowerlevelsand just above the floor.Most of the potterywas restingon the floor but many of the otherobjects were be convenientto considerthisfillin distributedthroughoutthe upper fill.It will,therefore, threelevels, the upper fill (PLATE 8a and FIG. 6), the main stone fall (PLATE 8b and FIG. 7), and the floordeposits(FIG. 8). The top of the destructionfillwas markedby red crumblysoil withashy patches and the occasional burnttimber(Section 6, PLATE 13, levels 2-4). Remainsof burntbeams werepreservedhorizontallyabove theN. wall,neartheentranceinto thePillarHall, and at a lowerlevel verticallyagainstthe E. face of thisdoorway:a stripof carbonisedwood, 13 cm wide, lay along the N. face of the pier with dowel holes whichflanksthe doorwayinto Room M, and, somewhatlower,similarevidenceappeared along its E. facein the doorway itself. These carbonised remains for the most part seem to representceiling supports mortisedinto the dowel holes on the top of theN. wall and of thepierto the south.

42

THE EXCAVATION

Finds began to appear almostat the preservedsurfaceof the fill,nearlyall beingconcentratedat the W. end of the corridor,in the area betweenthe doorwayinto thePillarHall and that of Room M, as well as in the alcove-likespace againsttheW. wall of theMansion, L 1-31, FIG. 6. These included a bronze basin and knife,a stone blossom bowl, stone poundersand whetstonesand a few objects of ivory.A littlebelow themwereotherpieces of bronze,L 34-42, FIG. 7; whilethe of ivory,more stone vases and tools, and fragments same area continuedto produce a few similarobjects,in particulara birdsneststonebowl, beforethe floordepositwas reached. Elsewhere,objectsin theupperfillwereveryfew,- a bronzefigurine (L 32) and partof a largestone bowl (L 44), opposite the entranceto StairwayO, a vase-stopperand several pieces of decorated wall plasterand of a much coarserplasterset with small pebbles32 (Section6, level8). The lattermaybe roofingmaterialsincethereis ampleevidencethatthe uppercorridorhad been flooredwithgypsumslabs,two of whichhad fallenside by side and of on edge againstthe face of the N. wall of Room P. Furthereast again,the fragments decoratedplastercontinuedto appear. The stone fallrested,forthe most part,a littleabove the floor,but in an upperlevelat the W. end, a gypsumslab and some blocks stretchedacross the corridorbetween the entrancesinto the PillarHall and Room M (FIG. 6). These were thoughtat the timeto be possiblyremainsof an upper wall originallysituatedacross the lintelof the doorwayinto the PillarHall, while tracesof a possible beam acrossthisspace werenoted at a lowerlevel; but equally thesestonesmayhavebeen upperwallingwhichremainedin positionsomewhat of clay longerthan most of the tumble.In the same region,but higherup, manyfragments were observed,some with the impressionof roundbeams, othersapparentlyhad been in contactwithsquared timbers,and a few flatpieces carriedtheimpressionof rushes;one or two pieces consistedof two layersof clay withtwigor smallreedstalkssandwichedbetween them,perhaps the bedding for the upper paving(PLATE 42f- g). Unlike the restof the corridor,the W. end contained few fallenblocks lower down, above the floor deposit, block of ashlarhad a dowel hole on one face: instead,therewas a thougha fragmentary concentrationof carbonisedtimber,one patchmeasuring80 by 40 cm, thoughit mighthave two timbersside by side. represented fromthe door of Room M eastwardto theblockIn the restof the corridor,stretching on the floorand in thelevelsabove. Amongit were of a fallen mass masonry,lay ing wall, of many fragments gypsumslabs, presumablyupper storeyflooring,and manyshattered ashlarblocks which may have been the interiorfacingof the room above the PillarHall to suggest whichfelloutwardinto thecorridor.Pieces of mud brickwerefew;not sufficient of this material. upperwalling Whenthe stone fallhad been clearedaway,muchof thearea betweentheW. end of the corridorand the door of Room Ν was carpettedwithshatteredpottery,amongwhichcould be seen stone lamps and a stone stand,PLATE 33a. There were two main concentrations, one at the farW. end, in the alcovelike space there,and the otherextendingfromthe door into the PillarHall (H) up to the entranceinto StoreroomΡ (FIG. 8). A smallergrouplay further east,oppositeStairwayΟ againsttheN. wall. The W. depositin the alcove,L 47-68, consistedalmostexclusivelyof pottery,PLATE 33d, but amongit were a lead earring,crucibleand a pair of bronzescale pans. Most of the pots were cups and bowls thoughtwo decoratedjugs, a stirrupjar, kylixand two cooking pots were also present.Some of thesevasesagainsttheW. wall lay about 20 cm below floor of gypsumsuggestedthe collapse of a slab coveringa cist, level; beneath them fragments whichturnedout to be thecase.

THE EXCAVATION

43

In thecentraldeposit,L 75-110, PLATE 33a and e, thepotteryconsistedprincipallyof cups and kylikes,plain and decorated,togetherwitha small alabastronand some cooking pots. Otherobjects were thistime,however,more numerous,includingtwo stonelamps,a stone stand, a pestle and a whetstone.One of the lamps containedtracesof a brightred of thepoundingof a colour.There stained,suggestive powderwhile the pestle was similarly werealso a fewscrapsof gold foil. In the third,much smaller,group,L 111-122, furthereast againsttheN. wall,pottery and cups in particularpredominated,thoughin the same context or nearbywere a clay mouldand bronzependent. At the E. end of the corridor,near the blockingwall, therewas a scatterof bronze objects,includinga razor and tweezers,on or just above the floortogetherwitha stone birdsnestbowl, L 122-130. Againstthe N. wall, a groupof copper strips,L 124, lay in an area of carbonisedwood, perhaps the remainsof a box in which they had been stored, PLATE 33f. The destructiondepositin the corridorraisesa problem,commonto severalregions,of tryingto determinewhat fell fromabove and what belongs to the lower compartment. It is likely Clearlythe stone fall and the paintedplasterbelong to upper floorstructures. thatmanyof the shatteredashlarblocks are collapse froman upperN. wall constructedin the same manneras that on whichit rested.The paintedwall plasterin the E. half of the corridoris insufficient to have once decoratedits lower walls and musthave fallenfrom is fromwhere.33There is ample evidence that the firstfloor it uncertain above, though had with been passage paved gypsumflags.Upperfloorfalltoo is indicatedby theirposition and in the debris of severalobjects, notably the bronze basin, knife,razor and figurine, severalstonevases. But what of the objects on the floor?Those at the E. end, includingthe copperstrips, may confidentlybe allotted to the upper floor,and the two floorslabs standingon edge againstthe S. wall show dramaticallyhow the upper floorcollapsed.The concentrationof potteryin the W. alcove, and the fact that it includedtwo jugs whichwere not smashed (though one lacks its handle) indicate that these pots are not greatlyout of position, perhapsfallenfromshelvingsetup in the alcove: othernearbyvases,at a higherlevel,above the stone balustradeadjacentto the door of thePillarHall, could also have fallenfromhere, unless the structureabove the balustradewas unusuallyan open timberframewhichhad been fittedwithshelves.34 The centralgroup is less readilyexplained.As a unit,it can hardlyhave been placed whereit was found,straddling thewidthof thecorridor.On the otherhand,the stonestand founduprightseems to be in position.And is itjust coincidencethatboth stonelampswere face upwards?Perhapsone lamp had been placed on the stand and the otheron thestone block S. of it, and used to lightthe passage whichmust otherwisehave been verydark.As for the potteryand otherfinds,theycould have been housed on shelvesset eitheragainst the pier betweenRooms M and N, or againstthe oppositewall,nearthe door into thePillar Room. One object nearby,however,was clearlyout of context,thelargeclay chest,or part of it, L 69; its fragments betweenthispassageand thePillar were about equally distributed seems in were the where of the some fill,while a similardistribution Hall, highup pieces indicatedin the case of the clay stopper,L 46, which appears to fit a vase in the Pillar Hall.35There are other grounds,too, fordisquiet: one of the tripodcookingpots is only L 70, whileseveralof the othervases werefarfromcomplete. halfpreserved, This is true,too, of the deposit,L 111-9, halfwayalong the corridoragainstthe N. Anothervase here, L 43, foundwell above wall: two of its cups were very fragmentary.

44

THE EXCAVATION

the floorwas incompleteand presumablyfellfromabove. Otherfragmentary vases,which shouldbe upper floorcontentin the fillare describedbelow in the catalogue(afterL 168): unusualare two,a jug and amphora,decoratedsimplyin light-on-dark. Withthe removalof the W. deposit,the existenceof a cist suspectedto exist below it was confirmed.Basicallya pit excavatedinto the kouskouras,it was linedwithstoneson all of gypsumfoundin it supportedthe theorythata slab of but the S. side; furtherfragments this materialhad originallyserved as a cover. The skeletonof a newly born baby was discovered47 cm below floorlevel: it lay crouchedand on its side withhead to thesouth36 (PLATE 33b and Section6). A testbelow the floordown to rock was made across the fullwidthof the corridor,in the area between the blockingwall and the gypsumdoorwayW. of it. The heavyfoundations of the E. wall of Room Ρ were seen to continueacross the corridor,under the blockingwall, and to reston the rock a metrebelow floorlevel. Faint tracesof an earlier floor were foundjust below the latest one, and it had been laid over a fill80 cm deep, consistingof the usual yellowsoil withpieces of kouskourasand flecksof charcoal(Section 8, PLATE 14, level 10). There had been severalstagesin the fill,since30 cm fromthe top one phase when was a thin layer of fine white stone chippings,presumablyrepresenting the Mansionwas underconstruction and its stoneswerebeingdressed.A bronzeaxe, L 169, which may have been used forthispurpose,lay in the fillabove, PLATE 37d. Below the by a layerof silt,suggestiveof rain wash during chipppings,the fill was again interrupted some breakin construction.The same kind of fillcontinuedbelow thisto a level of compacted soil (level 11), a littleabove therock,whichrose slightlyto theW. The latestsherds in the fill were of the usual MM IIIB/LM IA characterfoundin otherfillsin the building (PLATE 139c-d). The easterncontinuationof the corridor,beyond the blockingwall, had lost most of its floor in one of Evans's tests,as has been mentionedabove. Its N. wall as far as the gypsumdoorjamb into CorridorF had been badly robbed of stone by an LM IIIA 2 pit, whichhad penetrateddeeplyenoughto removemost of the N. end of theblockingwall as well (Section 6, PLATE 13, wheretheblockingwall is projected). The main eventin thisregionwas the discoveryin theMansion'souterE. wall of a doorway with gypsumjambs, leading out betweenthe butressesto Evans's conjecturedbridge linkingthe buildingwiththe Little Palace. Evans had been unawareof the door sinceoverlyingRoman walls had confinedhis test to just W. of it. A clay floorsome 60 cm thickhad been laid between thejambs coveringits foundationstones and the undressedpart of the jambs themselves.The latest sherdsin this floorand its make-upwere LM IA, apart from threeGeometricfragments whichmustbe intrusiveand havepresumablywasheddown the E. edge of the excavation.Above the thresholdwas a wash of Minoansoil some 30 cm deep and onto thishad fallensome largeblocks: amongthemneartheN. faceof the door was the skeletonof a fetus.37Its date is uncertain,the few sherdswithit were of LM II type,and presumablybelongto the earthintowhichtheburialhad been dug. CorridorContents Plottedfinds

fill,L 1-32 plottedon FIG. 6. (a) Uppermost L1 Stonewhetstone. L2 Stonegrinder -pounder. 5.5 X 4.8; 3 grooves.72/285.Foundwith L3 loomweight, Clayspherical

THE EXCAVATION

45

Stone polisher/grinder,bar form,PLATE 208,4. L. 5.8; W. 2.2; Th. 1.4; Wt. 40 gm. Crystalline limestone,grey-black.Sawn faces,one withpolish, ends broken. L4 Stone whetstone. L 5-7 Stone blossom bowl, PLATE 213c. H. 5.8; D. 10.5; Th. of wall 2.7. Serpentine,grey-black,discoloured brown by fire.Petals may have centralrib flankedby slightgroove. Cracked by fireand 1/3lost. MS V Type 5. 72/236. L8 Clay sphericalloomweight,7.5 X 7.10 grooves. 72/217. L9 Stone whetstone. L 10 Bronze handle of 1 hnd basin, PLATE 203,2. W. 6.4; Th. 0.5. In 4 frags.Heavily oxydised and split. 4 groupsof double lines between flatplanes. No rivetsremain. 72/275. (See also no. 22). L 11 Stone polisher,triangular.L. 5.1; W. 3.7; Wt. 70gm. Siltstone,dark brown. 72/216. L 12 Ivory plaque, 'D'-shaped. L. près. 1.9; Ht. 1.5; Th. 0.4. Burntgrey-black.One fragmentfromnear tip - remainsof a pair of drilledholes. L 13 2 bronze scraps, formless,too thick to be classed as sheet. 2.2 X 1.5; Th. 0.4; 2.4 X 2.5; Th. O.5. Frag,analysedhas Sn 7%. 72/249. L 14 Stone pestle, expanded cylinder,PLATE 227,5. H. 6.1; D. of base 6.1; Wt. 380 gm. Andésite,dark grey.D-shaped in section,some trace of polish on flatsurface;partlybroken. 72/211. L 15 Bronze one-edged knife.PLATE 201,14. L. 15.1 ; W. 1.7; max. Th. 0.3. Complete,repaired.Straight cuttingedge, convex back. 2 rivetsin butt. 72/285. L 16 Bronze 1 hnd basin, PLATE 203,1. As restoredfrommany frags.,D. 32; H. (includinghandle) 13, of basin 7. Handle and about half vessel survive.Oxydised and split. Body raised froma singledisk casting;the folded rimis undecorated.Separatelyattached,heavyribbed handle securedby 4 rivets. The middle top rivetmust secure broad end, before 'tail' of handle pinned in place. 72/420. L 17 Copper mould wire. L. 8.3; W. 0.3; Th. less than 0.15. 6 much oxydised newlybroken frags,of wire of flatsection. No signof folding.72/273. L 18 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form,PLATES 208,5; 227,14. L. 4.6; W. 2;Th. 1.4; Wt. 20 gm. Marble, pale green-greywith small crystals.Carefullyfacettedperhaps by abrasion. Slightpolish. 72/213. L 19 Four ivoryfrags.Plaque, 'D'-shaped. Up to L. près. 2.6; H. 1.6; Th. 0.6. Burntpale greyand blue. Two fragments:one from near tip - remains of a pair of drilled holes; other from body. Rod hollow top. L. près. 1.6; W. 0.6; H. O.4. Burntgrey-black.Two fragments. L 20 Bronze scrap. 6.8 X 2.2; Th. 0.45. Sn 6.5%. Formlessfrag,of much oxydised heavy sheet. 72/268. L 21 Stone 'neolithic' axe, stubby variety.L. 4; W. 4.7; Th. 2. Fine grainedblack stone. Well polished, slightchippingon butt and cuttingedge. 72/215. L 22 Bronze,part of no. 10 above. L 23 Bronze frag,of Ptripodcauldron. PLATE 203,9. Restored D. 36; frag. 7.5 X 4. Sn 5%. Breaks all round. Rim frag,probably tripodcauldron withheavy evertedrim.There may originallyhave been a rimring/strengthening collar pinned on to evertedlip. No trace of rivetssurvive.72/270 and 248. L 24 Bronze rivethead, PLATE 204,22. D. 2; Ht. 1.2. Sn 1.5%. Old break at shaft,grosslyoxydised and split. Large head probably frominside the handle attachmentof a vessel such as a tripodcauldron. The state of preservationof the metal recallsno. 23 and theymay have a common origin.72/271. L 25 Bronze, 3-4 frags.One, 4 X 1.5; Th. uncertain,may be segmentof reinforcing ringforcauldron or has Sn 5%. 72/248 and of sheet metal. One X formless rim. Th. 2.5 1.7; Two, 0.2, frags, pan larger 270. L 26 Stone grinder-pounder,rod form. L. près. 10.2; Max. W. 4.6; Th. 2.8; Wt. 251 gm. Sandstone Rectangularsection. One end broken. (calcareous), mauve-brown,fine-grained. L 27 Copper, 3 frags.Two, larger2.5 X 1.7; Th. 0.2, formlessfrags,of medium-lightsheet (one Sn 2%); one, 2.8 X 0.3; Th. 0.1, flat,rectangularsection, ?mould wire. L 28 Ivory 'button' domed. H. 0.45; D. 0.85. Burntblack. 72/229. L29 Copper mould wire, PLATE 198b. L. extended 9.5; W. 0.3; Th. 0.15. Folded, much oxydised. Patternof foldingperhapsreflectssize and shape of mould it was used to secure. 72/267. L 30 Bronze mould wire, 8 newly broken frags,Pjoining,L. 13.5; W. 0.3; Th. 0.1. Sn 4%, As 1%. Most segmentsflat,but at least 2 sharplybent to show wire was originallyfolded. 72/304. L 31 Copper mould wire, 7 newly broken frags. ?joining, L. 8.7; W. 0.3; Th. c. 0.15. Much oxydised. Severalbreaksat sharpfolds,so wire originallyfolded up small,perhaps afteruse. 72/272. L 32 Bronze draped female figure,upper part, PLATES 195h-j; 200,8. H. 5.7; W. 3.1. Whollyoxydised. L3a

46

THE EXCAVATION

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THE EXCAVATION

47

The complete figurewill have stood frontal.The hands are graspedin frontof the face, away from the body, at chin level. Little or no signof facial features;the hair is dressedin long tressesreaching below shoulder level. Narrow waist, tightlygirt with broad belt at the top of an apron back and front(best seen, in fact,at the back). The figurestops shortat the upper flouncesof the skirt;there are two peg-likeprotrusions(much swollen by oxydisation) on the under-side,which at firstglance suggestfeet and give the figurean air of ungainlycompleteness.The figuremay have been intended to be made in two parts, the lower being cast on to the upper, the two pegs being leftin the upper part firmlyto bond the join. Less likely, this may be all that remainsof a composite figure,the upperpart of bronze, the lower in wood or ivory.72/401. (b) Lower fill, L 33-46 plotted on FIG. 7. L33 Stone quern, saddle. L. près. 15.9; W. 8.6; Th. 7.2. Sandstone (calcareous), gritty,beige. Quarter survives. L34 Two ivory pieces, (a) 'Button' domed, PLATE 230,14. H. 0.45; D. 0.9. Burnt grey. 72/232. (b) PColumn, PLATE 221,11. H. 1.9; D. 2.5 to 3. Burnt grey-black,broken. Cylindricalwith splayed out terminal,hollow at centre?forfixingpeg. L 35 Bronze vessel frag.7 X 3.5 X c. 0.3. Sn 4%. Composed of 6 newlybroken frags;old breaks all round; wholly oxydised and split. An articulationon one side mighteithermarkthe shoulderof a vessel or the foot withbase disk broken away. 72/251. L 36 Stone birdsnestbowl, PLATE 213b. H. 8; D. 14; Th. of wall 4. Serpentine,black. Friable and nearly destroyedby fire.MS V Type 3 (MMIII-LMI group). 72/283. L 37 Stone birdsnestbowl. H. 11; D. 17; Th. of wall 3. Serpentine,black. Friable and nearlydestroyed by fire.MSV Type 3 (MMIII-LMI group). 72/282. L 38 Ivory 'button' domed, PLATE 220,5 right.H. 0.5; D. 1.2. Burntblack. Top polished, saw markson base. 72/230. L 39 Bronze frag.? of vessel,decorated. 2.5 X 2.5 X c. 0.3. Sn 9%. Body frag,broken all round, oxydised and twisted.PTracesof ornament,possibly floral,tracedratherthan cast. L 40 Stone whetstone. L41 Bronze small hinge,PLATES 198g and 205,35. L. 2.4; W. 1.3; L. extended 6. Sn 6%. Complete but chipped; oxydised. Terminalspierced. As M 181 and M 3. 72/266. L 42 Copper frag,of runneror riser? 2.7 X 1.9 X 0.7. Whollyoxydised, distorted.Projection frommain stemsuggestsrunner.Sn 1%. 72/250. L 43 Red-warejug, PLATE 86b, near complete except lip. H. 33, max. D. 26.5. Fired unevenly,dark mauve above to red below > self-slipped.Flat base, horizontal ledged rim, pinched into spout in front.Roll handles. 72/P388. L44 Stone bowl, open and Pspouted,PLATE 229,2. H. 16.5; rimD. c. 16; Th. 1.2-1.5. Serpentine,grey black, badly discoloured by fire.Slightlyevertedrim,curvingbody, flatbase. Remains of one (? of pair) circularhorizontalhandle. Warpedby heat, 1/4preserved.MS V Type 37 or 8E/F. 72/418. L 45 Wallplasterfrags.,dec, Cameronno. 55. L 46 Clay stopper of large vase, PLATE 88a-c. L. 12.5; W. 9; H. 8; to fitoval mouth 8x7. Red-brown clay with some very large gritinclusions.Moulded by hand but no obvious fingerprints.Probably originallyunbaked but hardenedin the firedestruction.Mushroomshaped with4 stringimpressions on top, crossingstopperwidthwiseand knottedat one side. 72/P375. (c) Floor deposit, L 47-130 plotted on FIG. 8. L47 Lead earring,PLATE 232,8. D. 2 X 2.5; Th. 0.2. Cast crescentloop, taperingat tips with conical pendent terminatingin small sphere. PStylisedbull's head. 72/403. Found with 2 conical cups, plain, usual type and no. 47a. L47a Reed cup, PLATES 59d and 151,10, nearly complete. H. 5, D. rim 9.7, base 3. Fine buffclay, black-orangepaint. Reed decorationoutside with lip and base band; painted interior.72/P173. L 48 Tripod cooking pot. Feet and 1 handle missing.H. 13.9; D. rim 14.9, base 12. Coarse orangeclay with much small grit: burnt. Almost cylindrical,straightsides, no lip, 2 horizontal loop handles, spout between at front,plastic 'stud' behind. 72/P160. L 49 Tripod cooking pot. 1/4 lost and 1 handle. H. 28.9; D. rim 24.5, base 17.5. Coarse orangeclay with whitegrit;burnt.Shape as PLATE 162,10. 72/P163. L 50 Spouted bowl, plain, PLATES 84e; 161,7. 1/3 lost, restored.Evertedlip, troughspout at lip in front and 1 horizontalloop handle behind. Fine buffclay and slip. 72/P146.

48 L 51 L 52 L 53 L 54 L 55 L 56 L57 L 58

L 59 L 60 L 61 L 62 L 63 L64 L 65 L 66 L67

L 68 L 69

L 70 L 71

THE EXCAVATION Stirrupjar, dec, PLATES 64c; 158, 7. Complete. H. 9.5; D. 9.6. Globular,small. Bufffineclay and slip, black paint; burnt.Handles barred,spout painted solid, both togetheroutlined,reed patternon body, base bands as shown. 72/P125. or metal Crucible frags,(a) 7 X 4; H. 3. Rim and wall piece. Trace of blackeningbut no vitrification stain,(b) Est. W. 11; H. 4. Much of body, part of rim (in 5 frags.).No vitrification or trace of metal. Reed cup, PLATES 59h; 151,12. Rim frag.lost. H. 5.9; D. rim 9.2. Bufffine clay and slip, black paint. Lip band in and out, reed patternall over,disc at base inside. 72/P140. Cup, handless,plain, PLATE 85g. l/3rd rim lost. H. 5.3; D. rim 10. Orangecoarse clay, resembling cookingpot fabric,smootherslip discolouredby fire.72/P144. Cup, handless, PLATE 791. Complete. H. 5.2; D. rim 9.5. Buff fine clay and slip, orange-black paint. Lip band in and out, dipped in paint whichhas dribbleddown. 72/P126. Jug, dec, PLATE 61a. Intact but for most of handle. H. 24.3; D. 16.3. Beak spout partlypinched in, slightprojectingcollar and handle stub. Pinkishbufffine slip,black paint. Linked 'C's on neck, festoonwitharc fillon shoulder,base bands as shown: handle outlined to collar. 72/P135. Cup, 1 hnd, plain, PLATE 85; 162,6. Near intact. H. 11.4; D. of rim 12.7. Coarse red clay of cookingpot type,burntin and out. Globular,evertedrimand roll handle set below rim. 72/P159. Jug, dec, PLATES 62d; 153,4. H. max. 15.5; D. 16. End of spout lost, otherwiseintactbut badly cracked and ratherdistorted?by heat. Fine greenishbuffclay and slip, black veryfugativepaint. Bridgespout, collar neck, piriformbody 2 groovesalong handle whose stub projects. Strokesacross ledged rim and down neck, row of dots below banded projectingcollar, on shoulderdesignof leaf trelliswith circles at intersectionsand a dot fill;irisfillat top and bottom,bars across handle which is outlinedto collar,banded as shown. 72/P134. Conical cup, plain, usual LM II type. Cup, 1 hnd, plain, PLATE 79h. 1 rim frag.lost. Orange-bufffine clay and slip. Shape, a truncated kylixwithone straphandle. 72/148. Plate, plain. H. 4.5; D. rim 24, base 18. Orange-buff clay, heavilygritted.Flat base, slightlyeverted straightsides. 72/P258. Pedestalled cup, 2 hnd, plain, PLATES 82h; 160,10. H. 7.4; D. rim 10.2, base 4. Few frags,and lower ends of both handleslost, restored.Bufffineclay and slip. Ogival body, 2 straphandlesrising above rim,projectingmouldingaround foot. 72/P142. Kylix, dec, PLATES 58d; 150,7. H. 9.9; D. of rim 10.3, of foot, 5.4. Small frag,of body and of 1 handle lost, restored. Pink-bufffine clay and slip, dark red paint. Droplets fromrim,centraliriscross,banded foot,leaves (blobs) on handle withbars, outlined; solid painted interior.72/P156. Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, bar form. L. près. 6.0; W. 3.7; Th. 1.4; Wt. 73 gm. Sandstone well shaped originally,end facettedin use. black; (calcareous), fine-grained Kylix, 1 hnd, PLATE 83b - foot lost. H. ext. 7.4; D. rim 10.5. Bufffineclay and slip,brown-black paint. Solid painted interior,band around stub of stem. 72/P158. Jar, bridge spouted, fragm.H. c 10; D. rim 6.7, base 3.9. Fragm.,base not joining top, very thin finebuffclay, now flakedand plain but ?originallydec. Bronze pair of scalepans, PLATES 197f; 203,6-7. D. 8.5; H. c 0.3; Th. 0.1. Sn 16%. One pan nearlycomplete but shatteredand repaired.About half the second survivesplus many small frags. 2 certain,1 probable suspensionholes remain(D. 0.1). Both raised fromsmall disc castings.72/407. (Found togetherwithmany verysmall frags,of thinsheet metal,in all c 2 square cm. 72/249.) Cup, 1 hnd, solid painted, PLATE 81a. H. 7.1; D. rim 15, base 4.5. Some body frags,and handle lost. Bufffineclay, painted black in and out. Pulled out spout at rightanglesto handle. 72/P155. Clay chest, PLATE 78c-d. H. 61.5; L. 65; W. 32. Several large pieces lost, restored.Coarse gritty red-brownclay, pinkishbuffsmooth slip, red slightlyglossypaint. Rectangulartall chest enclosed on all sides except for an ovoid aperture (23 X 21), with raised surround,at one end of the top which itself is recessed 2 cm below a square projecting moulding. 3 of sides decorated with horizontalslightlywaved bands, 3 thin between 2 thick;4th, shortside, and top have spiraldesign. About equally distributedbetween Room H and thiscorridor,see H 57. 72/P360. Tripod cooking pot, about 1/2 including one handle and foot lost. H. 26.7; D. rim 24, base 18. Coarse orange red clay with white grits.For shape cf. PLATE 162,10, but with slightlystraighter sides. 72/P165. Stone whetstone: four pieces. Max. L. 6.5; W. 3.0; Th. O.6. Slate, dark brown to black; phyllite, pale silvery -green.Thin plaques - burnt,and brokenfromlargerpieces.

THE EXCAVATION L 72 L 73 L 74 L 75 L 76

L 77 L 78 L 79 L 80

L 81

L 82 L 83

L 84

L 85 L 86 L 87 L 88 L 89 L 90 L 91

L 92 L 93 L 94

49

Lead fragments.Up to L. 1.3. Three pieces in a powderyand corrodedcondition. Bronze ?web. L. 4.3; W. 0.56; Th. c. 0.3. Sn 9%. Much oxydised. Shares distinctiveplanoconvex outline of H 2, H 12, H 204, H 205, L 141, Ν 10 and Ν 32. 72/367. Cup, solid painted, PLATE 81a. H. 6.5; D. rim 10.7, base 4.5. Rim frag.lost. Bufffineclay, black paint. Shape as no. 68. 72/P147. Conical cup, plain, usual LM II type. Cup, dec, PLATES 51e; 147,5. H. 6.5; D. rim 14.2, base 3.7. Very small rimfrag.lost. Orange-buff fine clay, cream-buffsmooth slip, tomato red to black paint. Rathershallow,markedlyevertedrim, wishbone handle. Rim band, networkwith iris fill,multiplefinebase bands as shown,thickstrokes across handle; solid painted interior.72/P130. Stone pestle, cylindrical,PLATE 227,4. H. 4.8; D. of base 3.8; Wt. 116gm. Limestone, pinky mauve; taperedto rounded top withpolished sides; chipped and abraded at edges. 72/380. Kylix, 1 hnd, plain, PLATE 82e. H. 7.9; D. rim 10.2, foot 4.8. Complete. Bufffine clay, orangy buffratherlustrousslip. 72/P133. Kylix, 1 hnd, PLATES 82g; 160,11. H. 10; D. rim 10.4, foot 5.9. About 1/2 body lost, restored. Pink-buff clay and slip, orangepaint. Lip band and foot band; solid painted interior.72/P141. 2 kylikes. (a) Solid painted, PLATE 83c. H. 9; D. rim9, foot 5.4. Few frags,frombody and handle lost. Greenishbufffine clay and slip; black paint in and out but nearlyall effaced.72/P128. (b) H. 8.2; D. rim 10, foot 5.1. Half lost includinghandle(s). Buff fine clay and slip, probably plain. 72/P129. Kylix dec, PLATES 55c; 150,4. H. 11.4; D. rim 12.5, foot 6. 1 handle lost, restored.Bufffineclay, black-orangepaint, very fugative.Blobs along lip, stylised voluted flower with large 'stamen' on body with triple outlined tricurvedarch to left and tripleoutlined 'V above. Foot and Pinterior painted. Handles barred. 72/P136. 2 fragm.kylikes,plain, (a) 1/2 body and foot and stem lost. Rim D. 11. Fine buffclay and slip. 1 handle preserved.72/P177. (b) Many frags.,fewjoining. D. foot 6.2. Bufffineclay. 72/P187. Bowl, dec, PLATES 52b; 148,5. H. 11.5; D. rim 18, base 5.5. Few small frags,lost, restored.Buff fine clay and slip, red to dark brownpaint. Lip band, alternatingfoliateband framedbetweenwavy bands, bands below as shown: blobs across handles: interior,lip band and furtherthick band at base. 72/P157. 2 kylikes,plain, 1 hnd. (a) PLATE 83b. H. 8.4; D. rim 11, base 5.3. Few frags,lost, restored.Buff fine clay and slip, orange paint. Plain except solid painted interior.72/P137. (b) PLATES 83a; 160,16. H. 7.9; D. rim 10.2, base 5.1. Fine buff clay and slip. Few fragsand bit of handle lost, restored.Plain. 72/P138. 3 conical cups, plain, usual type. Stone whetstone,grooved. L. 12.4; Max. W. 4.2; Th. 1.3; Wt. 124gm. Slate, micaceous - mauve/ Very shallow groove,polished. silver-grey. Irregularlines,but basically sub-rectangular. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Stone bucket-jar.H. 11.2; W. 9.5; Th. rim 1.3, body 2.3. Serpentine,dark blue with grey,brown and off-whitemottling.Frag,of wall and spout, much chipped. MS F Type 14. 72/359. Stone stand, PLATE 214a. H. 21; base 21 square, top 16. Gypsum.Brown-whitewithlargecrystals. Tapers evenlyfrombase to top withflatsides and rounded corners;roughlycentralsquarishhollow, 5.5 square and 2-3 deep, on top. Slightlydecomposed and brokenabove. 72/443. Bronze ?web, L. 3; W. 0.6; Th. c. 0.25. Much oxydised. Found with 2 rivetblanks PLATE 204,25. (1 X 0.6 X 0.4) much oxydised,one of Sn 10%. 72/376. Stone lamp, PLATE 228,2. H. 7.4; rim D. 16.5; base D. 5; depth of basin 2. Serpentine,greywith many brown and off-whitepatches. Rim has 2 shallow grooves and scalloped outline; 2 opposed wick holders,2 opposed pendent handles,foot gentlyrounded. Cracked by fire;chipped ? by wear. MS V Type 24. 11.A8. 72/415. Alabaston dec, PLATE 67b; 154,3. H. 5.6; D. lip 4.7, base 6. Rim chipped. Pink-bufffineclay and slip, black paint. Squat, 3 horizontalsmall handles,rounded at base. Banded as shown with friezeof runningspirals;6 concentriccircleson base in 2 groupsof 3. 72/P132. Copper mould wire, PLATE 198a. W. 2; L. extended 5.3; W. 0.4; Th. 0.15. Wire of flat section, much oxydised,rolled into open circle. 72/405. Stone lamp, PLATES 212b; 228,3. H. 9.8; rim D. 18; base D. 7.5; depth of basin 2. Serpentine, grey-blackwith brown and off-whitepatches. Interior moulding of rim continues into the two

50

L 95 L 96 L 97 L 98 L99 L L L L

100 101 102 103

L 104 L 105 L 106 L 107 L 108 L 109 L 110

L 111 L 112 L 113 L 114 L 115 L 116 L 117 L 118 L 119 L 120

THE EXCAVATION opposed wick holders; exteriorhas 3 slightlyconcave and stepped facets.Ends of wickholdershave 2 small horizontalridgesflankinglargercentralone. 2 opposed pendant handles definedby slight concavity. Rounded moulding on foot. Interiorcoated with compacted powdery red substance ?redochre. Cracked fromfireand missingsome frags.MSV 24.II.A6. 72/411. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Kylix, 1 hnd, PLATE 83b. H. 8.6; D. rim 11.2, foot 5.5. Fine buffclay and slip,brownpaint out, black in. Lip outlined,foot painted and interior.72/P151. Kylix, 1 hnd, plain, PLATE 83a. H. 8.5; D. rim 9.7, foot 5.3. Handle lost. Fine buffclay and slip. 72/P152. Kylix dec, PLATE 56g. H. 9; D. rim 10, base 5.3. Few body and foot fragslost, restored.Fine buff clay and slip, black paint. Blobs at rim,floralsprayplaced diagonallyin the fieldwith circleof dots above, foot plain, handlesbarredand interiorpainted. 72/P143. Cup dec, PLATES 79e; 156,6. H. 4.7; D. rim 11, base 4.2. Few rim frags,lost. Bufffine clay, brown veryfugativepaint. Shallow, ringbase, straphandle; groovedcircle on interiorbase. Lip, foot and interiorpainted; mottlepattern.72/P150. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Gold leaf, PLATE 232,7. Max. L. 1.1 ; W. 0.5. Folded fragments.72/413 and 414. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Pedestalled bowl, plain, PLATES 85a, 162.2. H. 8.8; D. rim 12.6, base 5. Small rimfrag.lost. Buff fairlyfineclay and slip withgrit.Conical bowl withledge rimset on solid foot. 72/P145. Cup, plain, PLATE 79i. H. 3.1; D. rim 9.5, base 2.8. Fine buffclay and slip. Basically truncated kylixshape with straphandle. 72/P131. Tripod cooking pot. Ext. H. 22; D. rim 20, base 15. Few body sherds,one handle and ends of feet lost. Coarse orange-buff clay withmuch grit.Shape as PLATE 162,10, but less shallow. 72/P162. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Kylix dec, PLATE 58c H. 9; D. rim 9.9, foot 5.7. Frag, of 1 handle lost, restored.Bufffineclay and slip, black veryfugativepaint. Band at lip and around foot, iris-crossdesign on body, handles barred;interior,lip band, base painted and 1 intermediateband. 72/P154. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Bronze ?tool frag.L. 3 X 0.9 X 0.45. Sn 9%. Cut frombillet of rectangularsection; old breaks each end; oxydised. Roughlymade. 72/375. Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 86h. H. 19; D. rim 17, base 11. Parts of body and ends of feet lost, restored.Coarse orange red clay with much grit;burntinside. Smallerversionthanusual withsmall pouringspout at rim,verticalroll handle at back and a small lug at rimintermediateeitherside: legs set towardsback. 72/P164. Cup, 1 hnd, solid painted,PLATE 81a. H. 9.2; D. rim 12.6, base 4.5. Few small frags,lost. Bufffine clay, paint probablyblack but effacedwithburning.Shape as no. 68. 72/P124. Cup, handless, PLATE 80b. H. 4.2; D. rim 9.7, base 3.5. Fine buffclay, black paint, burnt. Rim dipped in paint. 72/P122. Pedestalled bowl, plain. H. 8.3; D. rim 13, base 4.7. Orange-bufffineclay with some grit.Shape as PLATE 85b, but pedestal hollow and wall but littlethickened.72/P149. Cup, handless,PLATE 80b. H. 5.2; D. rim 10, base 3.2. Few small frags,lost. Bufffine clay, redbrownpaint,veryfugative.?Solid painted in and out. 72/P119. Cup, handless. H. 6.9; D. rim 12, base 4. Half lost. Bufffineclay, black paint veryfugative.?Solid painted in and out. Pedestalled cup, dec, PLATE 51j. H. 9; D. of rim 11.2, base 3.6. Few small frags,lost. Bufffine clay, black fugativepaint. Lip and base bands with reed dec. between; solid painted interior. 72/P120. Terracottaopen mould, PLATE 207,7. 6.5 X 5.2 X 2.2. Complete and intact. Fairlyfinelightbrown clay discoloured grey from use. Rather roughlymade. On each broad face is a roughly formed narrowmatrixforcastingsmallbillets,side (a) L. 4.2; W. 1.2 (b) L. 4.5; W. 0.8. 72/290. Reed cup frag.1/3rimonly. Bufffineclay, black paint, solid painted interior.Est. D. 9. 72/P171. Conical cup, plain, usual type. Bronze pendant, PLATE 205,27. L. c 5.5; W. c 3; Th. c 0.1. Sn 7.5%. Newly shatteredin many pieces; heavily oxydised. Axe-shaped pendant of sheet metal; suspension loop formedby rolling top. 72/298.

THE EXCAVATION

51

L 121 Wallplasterdec. See Cameronno. 55. L 122 Jug dec. H. 21.5; D. rim 10, base 7. Many body sherds,neck frags.,handle and spout lost. Piriform, trough-spoutedwith verticalroll handle to rim. Red fine clay, red veryfugativepaint, darkened surface, badly burnt. Banded body with shoulder zone of badly drawn, open, runningspirals. 72/P260. L 123 Stone birdsnestbowl, PLATES 231a; 229,3. H. 5.8; rim D. 12.8, base 5.8; Th. of wall 2.8. Serpentine,black with small off-whiteand brownpatches. Clear rotaryabrasionmarkson interior.Cracked by fireand l/5th surfacelost. MSV Type 3 (MMIII-LMI group). 72/287. L 124 Copper bars, a bundle (cf, PLATE 33f). Overalldimension54 X 16: bundle 3x5. The largestbar is 54: random widths 1.5, 1.2, 1.1. Th. varies 0.3-0.1. The 3 samples analysed are copper. The elementsthat make up the main bundle adhere to each otherby oxydisation.Probablya maximum of 10 bars, most of which survivedstraight,but one or two were bent up to 180 degrees.The group was found amid remainsof carbonisedwood, ?box in which the bars had been stored. S F 87. L 125 Conical cup, plain, usual type. L 126 Copper small tongs, or tweezers. ?Forge tool, PLATES 198h; 205,1. L. 7.2; Blade W. 1.8; Th. of metal 0.15; W. between blades 2.5. Sn 1%. Complete, newlybroken in four.Oxydised. Open spring tweezerswithbroadeningblades with inturningworkingedges. 72/410 and 412. L 127 Bronzejet. 2 X 2.4. 2 joiningpieces, much oxydised. From a roughlycut mould. SF 84. L 128 Copper leaf-shapedrazor, PLATES 195e; 201,7. L. 18.2; W. 4; Th. 0.2: rivet,1.2. Sn 1%. Complete in 3 joining pieces, edges much chipped. Wholly oxydised. 1 of the 2 rivetsgrosslyswollen and distorted.Section, veryflatelipse. 72/416. L 129 Bronze light chisel or graver,PLATES 196d; 205,2. L. 13; 0.5 square. Sn 8%. Newly broken in 3 frags:probably complete at taperingbutt,workingedge lost. Much oxydised. PSlightlybent by use. SF 83. L 130 Clay sphericalloomweight.6.8 X 7. 72/390. UnplottedFinds (From upper fillor floor,as stated) L 130-168 L130a Reed cup, PLATES 59g; 151,11. H. 5.1; D. rim 9.5, base 3. Few small body fragslost. Fine buff clay and slip, black paint. Lip band and verycoarse and open reed patternout; in lip band and base disc. 72/P127. (Floor, W. end). fine L 131 Reed cup, PLATE 59i. H. 6.1; D. rim 9.7, base 3.2. Body and rim sherdslost. Greenish-buff clay, black fugativepaint. Rim and base band with intermediatewidely spaced, well executed reed pattern.72/P256. (Floor) L 132 Kylix, plain, PLATES 82a; 160,15. H. 10; D. of rim 10.2, of foot 5. Fine buffclay and slip. Part of base lost. 72/P139. (Floor, W. end). L 133 Cup, plain. H. 4.4; D. of rim 11, base 3.1. Some body sherdsand part of handle lost. Fine buffclay and slip. 72/P153. (Floor, W. end). L 134 Tripod cooking pot. H. ext. 11.2; D. rim 16, base 10.2. About half body and most of legs lost. Coarse orange-redgrittyclay; burnt in and out. Cf. PLATE 162,10 for shape. 72/P161. (Floor, W. end). fine clay, L 135 Cup, handless, solid painted, PLATE 80b. Body and some rim frags,lost. Greenish-buff red to dark brownpaint. 72/P255. (Floor). L 136 Frags, of dec. jar, PLATE 103b. Pieces, not joining and lacking handles and base, probably from large amphoroid 3 hnd jar with collar neck, ledged. Est. D. 34, of neck c. 9. Greyishbufffineclay with fine grit;firedpink on outer edge near base; splitsinto slithers;smooth yellowishbuffto warm buff smooth slip; black to dark brown paint, fairlyglossy and cracked. ?Curved stripeson ledged rim,solid painted neck, 2 zones of tricurvedarch patternon body. 72/P259. (Fill, E. end). L 137 Bronze ?tool frag.L. 4.3; D. 0.4. Sn 7%; much oxydised and split. Featurelesspart of round section rod - ?shaftof awl or the like. 72/264. (Fill). L 138 Copper triangularinlay, PLATE 205,30. L. ext. 3.2, of side 2.3; Th. 0.1. In 3 pieces, tips lost. Completelyoxydised. 2 straight,1 concave side. Cornerpiece in an inlay scheme, Proundelenclosed withina square. 32,G. (Fill). L 139 Bronze frag.,wholly oxydised,unidentifiable,greatestdimension4. 32,A. (Fill). L 140 Copper frag.,formless,oxydised,Sn 1%, 1.5 X 0.8 X 0.2. 72/299. (Fill). L 141 Copper frag,of ?web. L. 2.1; W. 0.7; Th. 0.4. Sn 2%. Whollyoxydised. 72/301. (Floor). L 142 Bronze 2 waste lumps (1.5 X 1.3 X 1; 2.7 X 1.1 X 0.15). Much oxydised. Probably crucible drops. 32,D. (Fill).

52

THE EXCAVATION

L 143 Bronze sphericaldroplet,0.5, whollyoxydised. 3 2,Β (Floor). From a crucible,of which traceson L 144 Bronze gassy waste (in 6 pieces, perhaps once one), 4x4x2. 1 frag.32,C. (Fill). L 145 Copper mould wire, 1.1 X 1 X 0.4; W. 0.3. Length of fine wire of flat section, rolled into a pellet. 32,H. (Fill). L 146 Copper mould wire. L. 4; W. 0.5; Th. 0.15. Much oxydised. Wireof flatrectangularsection. 72/300. (Floor, E. end, SF 55). L 147 Bronze, 5 frags.,2 probably mould wire (L. 2.2; W. 0.2; Th. 0.1). Another (1.5 X 1.3; Th. 0.15) mightbe frag,of spearheadsocket. Rest verysmall and unidentifiable.32, F. (Fill). L 148 Bronze frags.,one of mould wire of flat section oxydised, 1.7 X 0.25 X 0.1: other small, formless scrap, 1.3 X 1.1; Th. 0.2. 32,E. (Fill). L 149 Crucible frag.,5X3; Th. of wall 1.5. Small body piece, brown outside, inside covered in gaseous mineralscum. (Fill). PLATE 208,9. L. 6.4; W. 7; Th. 2.2; Wt. 200 gm. Igneous rock, L 150 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, black. Ovoid disc withhighpolish (scratched)on main faces; edges broken and pitted. (Floor). L. près. 9.0; W. 7.6; Ht. 6.5; Wt. 700 gm. plus. Limestone, grey, L 151 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder. banded. Half lost; plano-convex: flatsurfacecarriesscratches,one end poundingscars. (Fill). slightly bar form. L. 7.1; Max. W. 2.7; Th. 1.6; Wt. 50 gm. Marble, white. L 152 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, Pebble with dull water-polish,grinding/crushing damage at largerend. (Floor). Cobble ovoid. L. 10.1; W. 6.5; Th. 4.9; Wt. 534 gm. Limestone,grey-white. L 153 Stone grinder-pounder, end used. and broken split, (Fill). L 154 Stone rod, plano-convex, PLATE 209,11. L. 4.3; W. 1.5; Wt. 15 gm. Emery,dark grey. Series of slightregularlypositioned low ridgeson flatface ?forfiling;end broken. (Floor). L 155 Stone pebble, depressed sphere. L. 4.7; W. 4.1; Ht. 3.4; Wt. HOgm. Limestone (crystalline),grey. Water-worn and thuspolished dully. (Fill). L 156 Stone quern, saddle. L. près. 18.0; W. 9.4; Th. 7.3. Sandstone (calcareous), gritty,grey- some signs of heat discolouration.One end only exists. (Fill). L 157 Stone quern, saddle. L. près. 13.0; W. 6.1; Th. 3.6. Sandstone (calcareous), gritty,grey.Middle section extant. (Fill). L 158 Stone 'lens', trapezoidal, PLATE 219,17 bottom left. L. 3; W. 2; Th. O.3. Rock crystal.Hollow underside,lightlyconvex and bevelled upper surface.Coarsely ground edges, slighttraces of finer abrasionon faces. Inlay frag.72/292. (Probably Floor). L 159 Stone sphere, PLATE 219,11. D. 1.7. Limestone, grey brown and veined, discoloured by heat. Remnantsof polish. ?Undrilledbead or counter. 72/438. (Fill). L 160 Pumice of close texture,PLATE 211b. L. 5.5; W. 5; Th. 3.3. Roughlycuboid withone end pointed, having4 facets.3 faces carryshort*U' shaped groove. (Floor). L 161 Pumice, 3 pieces. Up to L. 6.7; W. 5.6; Th. 4.0. Close and open textures.Some flatgrindingplanes. (Fill). L 162 Six pieces of obsidian, frags,and flakes (Fill). L 163 Ten small frags,of stone vases (Fill and Floor). L 164 Clay sphericalloomweight,PLATES 223e bottom 2nd left; 231,9. H. 8; D. 8.4; Wt. 350 gm. Near 1/2 lost. Pattern of grooves unusual, resemblingarcs on tennis ball, containingtraces of paint. 72/284. (Fill). L 165 5 clay sphericalloomweights,3 with4 grooves;from6 to 8.5 in diam. 72/284. (Fill). L 166 Silver sheet frags.,PLATES 224,20; 232,9. (a) Largest frag.L. 2; W. 1.5; Th. 0.1. Five frags,two with turned over edge. 72/409. Attached is (b) a gold sphere, hollow, flattened,PLATE 232,9. H. 0.15; D. 0.3. (Floor). L 167 Lead fragments, includinga piece of litharge.L. up to 2.0. (Floor). L 168 Wood plaque, PLATE 223d. L. 4.5; W. 3; Th. 0.7. Burntblack, friableand in frags.Sawn edges. 72/379. (From burialcist at W. end of Corridor).

In additionto the above, therewerethe decoratedsherdsat PLATE 103a- c, whichinclude whichtogetherwith a largepart of a jar with ogivalcanopy dec, a Mycenaeanpreference, were also frags,of 6 plain There Mainland a its fabric(black crackledpaint) suggests import. near as retained conical of 33 and the bases complete)and partsof at least cups (15 kylikes

THE EXCAVATION

53

2 tripodcookingpots and of 2 ewers(of the typeat PLATE 86a- b). In coarseware,there were 2 large sherdsprobablybelongingto storagestirrupjars withspiraldec, and a large part of ajar withreed dec. (PLATE 101a wronglyascribedto Room M). A largeshoulder came froman uppermostlevel; it has bands and neck frag,of an amphorain light-on-dark on thebody and barsacrossthehandleswhichare outlined(PLATE 87a). The decoratedfrescofrags,scatteredthroughoutmanylevels to the east are discussed by Cameron,his nos. 54-9 in Section 3. Testbelowfloor,LM IA context L 169 Bronzedoubleaxe, PLATES 196k; 200,7. L. 20; W. max. 6.2, at shafthole 5.4; D. shafthole 1.8; Massiveaxe, some splitting. Th. at shafthole 2.5. Sn 5%. Complete,muchsurfaceoxydisation, roundshafthole,one cutting edgewiderthantheother.S F 36. L 170 Lead fragments, a meltedrun.L. up to 2.0. including Objectsfrompost-LM II contexts,as stated L 171 Stone grinder-pounder, sphericalwith facets,PLATE 208,17. L. 6.5; W. 5.2; Wt. 300 gm. Fine pittedespeciallyat ends grained,igneousrock,greenyblack.2 fairlypolishedsurfaces;remainder andmiddleof one side.(LM III A2; Pit 10). L 172 Stonegrinder-pounder, rod form,PLATE 227,15. L. 9.5; Max. W. 5.2; Th. 4.4; Wt.390 gm.Limealso stone (crystalline), poundingscarsat one end in particular, pale grey.Slightlyplano-convex, naturalcracks.(LM III A2, Pit 10). L 173 Stonegrinder Naturally -pounder, sphericalwithfacets.D. 5.5; Wt.310gm. Basicrock,blue-black. pittedandcracked.(To Geo). ovoid.L. 9.6; W. 7.5; Ht. 6.3; Wt.788 gm.Sandstone(calcareous), L 174 Stonepolisher /grinder -pounder, - discolouredbrownand red. Surfacerough,one mainfacetwithlow white,softand fine-grained polish.(To Geom.) L 175 Stone whetstone, grey. plaque. L. 10.7; Max. W. 3.0; Th. 1.0; Wt.48gm. Limestone(crystalline), Pit (LMIIIA2, 10). L 176 Stonequern,saddle,PLATE 210b, top. L. 40; W. 30; Th. 7; Wt.over13 kolos.Limestone/marble, and chippedalong edges. greywithpaler patches.Veryconcaveupperface,lumpyunderneath (LMIIIA2,Pit 10). L 177 Stone'button',conical.D. 2.0; Ht. 1.1; Sh 0.3. PSerpentine, UM/71/408.(Roman). brown-grey.

Room M This was one of the bestpreservedroomsin the building,withits wallsstandingin largepart to ceilingheightand its filllittledisturbedapartfroma Hellenisticpit in the southernregion and anotherpit dug to rob the upper two blocks of the E. pierof its doorway.Evidenceof firewas veryobviousin thisroom;its fill,mostlyof loose finesoil variedin hue froma vivid brickred to orangeand black. It was clear that the upper floorhad been paved withgypsumslabs and thatthe E. end of its supportingbeams had givenway at an earlystagein the collapse; the lines of debris overmuch of the room sloped acutelyin thatdirectionso thatsome gypsumslabslay little below wall top in the west but near floorlevel to the east. Individualslabs,however,had of the fallenat differentstages of the collapse, while earlyon part of the superstructure E. wall had slippeddown againstthelowerwall forming a heap of pink-colouredconcretion quite distinctfromtheearthof the fillitself. Many of the findswere highup in the destructiondebris,makingit certainthat they were upper floor contents,but it is less easy to determinewhat was storedin the lower room since in places objects fromabove could have fallenonto the lower floor,a problem further complicatedby the likelihoodthat thislower floorconsistedof timberscarriedon raisedsupportswhichitselfburnedand collapsed. Even so, enoughobjects can be securely

54

THE EXCAVATION

located to indicate that the upper room was of particularimportancecontainingPalace Stylejars,vesselsand tools of bronzeand inlaysof ivory. Since it soon became apparentthat,apartfromthepitsmentionedabove,the fillof the room had remainedundisturbedafterthe final collapse, it was decided that ratherthan attemptto followthe variousslopes of the fill,the earthshould be excavatedin arbitrary horizontallevels, mostly of about 30 cm depth but varyingsomewhataccordingto the natureof the fill,a procedurewhichshould be borne in mindwhenreadingthe accountof the excavation,which follows.A section of earth was leftagainstthe S. wall (Section 7, PLATE 10, indicatedon the plan at PLATE 2). The objects withknownprovenancehave been plotted on two plans, FIGS. 9-10, the fill and floorlevels respectively, and four successivestagesin theexcavationare illustratedat PLATE 34. Immediatelybelow the wall tops a fall of stones was encounteredin the NW corner, seeminglytumblefromupper structuresabove the two adjacent walls.Justbelow,patches of fallen gypsumflooringappeared in the W. part of the room amid much charcoal. A curiouslimestoneblock, slottedon one face withremainsof gypsumin the slot,was found canted almost verticallyagainstthe section line, PLATE 35a. Above the floorslabs were some importantbronzes,- a brazier(M 63), a plaque (M 9), 3 chisels(M 9, 26 and 29) and pieces of a large pan (M 12-3), while in the E. half of the room werelargepartsof two Palace Stylejars (M 21 and 76) and a pithos (M 41). A littlebelow thelevelof thehighest of vasesagainsttheW. wall,and vases continuedto appear gypsumflagswas a concentration in thisarea lower in the fill;theyincludeda storagestirrup jar (M 66), ajuglet (M 43), and many conical cups. A pithoidjar (M 50) and a basketvase (M 45) were located near the centreof the room. Scatteredovermuch of the area, but withsome concentrationin the bronzesincludinga chisel(M 47) and a further W.,werefurther plaque (M 48). At thisstage,the fallof gypsumflooringwas reachedin thecentralpartof theroomand it was noted that one unusuallywell-preserved piece measured60 by 60 and was 7 cm in thickness.Apart fromfurther pots and bronzestherewas a scatterof ivories.The NE corner containedmanyunworkedstones,presumablyfall fromupper wallsto east and north.The concentrationof pots in theW. nearthesectionline continued,consistingmostlyof conical stacked.Withthemwas partof a cups, severalinsideone anotheras theyhad been originally stonestand(M 87) layjust to the south. storagestirrup jar (M 72), whilea fragmentary Slightlylower, furtherbronzes appeared,- a handle and otherpartsof the largepan (M 12-3) of which other pieces had been found higherup, a staple (M 82) and, in the central area, a knife (M 80). The sporadic scatterof ivoriescontinued,with a pommel among them (M 64). In the centreof the room was a group of small vases and a juglet midwayalongtheroom,reachingas far (M 67). Fragmentsof gypsumslabsweredistributed E. as the heaped concretionfromthe upper wall there;when thiswas removed,theywere foundto continueunderit. At this stage, threearchitecturalfeaturesappeared; againstthe W. wall an irregularly shaped block of limestonewith a central depressionon its top, a block in the S. wall positionedbut projectedinto theroom,and,in the doorway,a fillof largestonesirregularly It was threshold. a raised and above them fall from the destruction resembling differing noted thatagainstthe W. wall was a line of yellowclay withan outerblackenedfacewhich continuedaround one cornerof the block withthe depression;a similarline of clay was tracedaroundone cornerof the projectingblock in the S. wall. It seemslikelythattheW. and S. walls had a thickcoveringof clay to masktheirratherroughstonefacesand thatthis leavingtracesof its existence plastering slippeddown fromthewallsduringthe conflagration

THE EXCAVATION

55

mud plasteron the E. wall remainedin position only near floorlevel.38The corresponding to wall heightbut it was securedto a firmerbackingof rubbleand clay of whichthewall had been constructedwithreinforcing uprighttimberpostsset into it,PLATE 39c- d. A layer of carbon, 2 to 10 cm deep, lay over most of the clay 'floor'.This, in combination with the three architecturalfeaturesmentioned above, - the block with its depression,the projectingblock in the S. wall and the stonesof a possiblethreshold, led to theconclusionthattheroommayhave been providedwitha raisedtimberfloorat a level some 30 cm above the clay 'floor'.This hypothesisfoundfurthersupportin the fact that the reinforcing posts in the E. wall restedon stone slabs at much the same level while the base of the N. wall was roughlyfinishedwithsome slightlyprojectingblocks,but above this level,is muchmoreregular. At floorlevel,some 25 vaseswererecorded(not includingconical cups), whilea further 15 were restoredfromsherdsfound on, or just above, it. Otherfindswere few,- some ivoriesand minorbronzes.Do thesevasesrepresenta floordepositin thelowerroom?There mustremainconsiderabledoubt. The vaseswereveryshatteredand mostwereupside down or on theirsides thoughthis is not inconsistentwith a fall of some 30 cm froma raised wooden floor(if its conjecturedexistenceis correct).But it is noticeablethat,apartfroma groupin the SW corner,thepotterywas concentratedagainstor nearthe E. wall,a position to which they would have been projectedwith the collapse of the upper floor,had they been on it. There are otherreasonsfordoubt. Two largeamphorabases on the floorcould not be joined to any otherpieces, whilemost of at least two othervaseswereat floorlevel but the restof themwas foundhigherup in the fill.39Moreover,sherdsfromtwo vases on fromelsewhere,fromthePillarHall in one case the floorwere foundto join withfragments wherethevase basicallybelongedto Room M, in the otherinstancefromCorridorL.40 The clay 'floor' at the bottomof the debriswas reasonablyflat.A testwas made below it across the central third of the room, against the section line. Beneath a clay and kouskouraspacking,a level,possiblyan earlierfloor,was foundsome 10 cm lower down, and on it was a deposit of carbonash varyingin depthfrom3 to 15 cm (Section 7, PLATE 10, level 18) evidencefor some earlierfirebut still withinLM II, the date of the latest sherdsbetweenthe two 'floors'.On thislevellay mostof a largepithoslid (M 175), beneath which,some 20 cm lower, appeared an oval pit in the rock (c. 56 by 32 cm), containing greyishearthmixed withash and kouskouraschippings,at the bottom of whichrestedthe skeletonof a humanfoetuswithits head to the south(level 19 and FIG. 10). To complete the investigation, the foundationtrenchof the W. wall was excavated: it extended60 cm into the room and at its bottom,some 30 cm below rocksurface,was a layerof clay which ranunderthelowestcourseof thewall,presumablya beddingdeliberatelylaid forit. detailsare discussedin Evidence for a windowin the S. wall and furtherarchitectural thearchitectural section. Whatcan be learntof theupperroomand its function?Therewas abundantevidenceof its flooringof gypsumslabsand remainsof its supportingtimberbeams.41The concretionof burntclay and smallstonesagainsttheE. wall show thattheupperstoreywall therewas of much the same natureas the lower one, rubblebonded withclay and witha clay plastered facing.Unlikethe PillarHall, veryfew ashlarblocks werecontainedin the fillto show that the upper structures over the S., W. and N. wallshad been of thistypecf construction;the one largelimestoneblock withits curiousslot musthave had a specificfunction.The scatter of irregular stonesnear the W. and N. walls suggestseithera continuationupwardof much the same type of buildingthoughwithstonesmuch less massivein character,or, as seems

56

THE EXCAVATION

morelikely,therewerepackingbehinda clay facingwiththeN. outerface,above groundat this level, being of ashlar which did not collapse inward.Some burntclay or mud blocks were containedin the filland, in severalcases,theyare said to havehad a plasterface,red in colour. Had the upper structure, however,been of mud bricks,witha fireof theintensity in the it have been expectedthatmanymorerecognisablebricksin a apparent region, might of reasonablestate preservation would have been foundin thefill. The questionof whichvases werestoredon thelowerfloorhas been alreadyconsidered in part above. Of the largerpots, fromtheirpositionin theupperfill(or of partsof them), we can be sure thatat least a pithos,two Palace Stylejars, fivestoragestirrup jars,a pithoid floor. two other on sizeable and a basket vase had been housed the jar, Assuming jars upper most of the othersimilarlargevases also came fromthere,theywould have occupiednearly thewholeof the two longwallsof theroomhad theybeen rangedalongthem.This takesno accountof the smallervases,bowls,kylikes,jugs and conical cups,whichmaybe assumedto havebeen storedon shelving. Apart fromvases, it is certainin nearlyall cases that the bronzesfell fromabove; of these the most notable are a brazier,a largepan, plaques, spearhead,chisels,a knifeand as scrapmetal.Threewhetpartsof bronze saws,some of whichDr. Catlingwould interpret stonesmay be associatedwiththe weapons and tools, and possiblytwo crucibleswiththe the scrapmetal,thoughthesewerefoundat groundlevel.In additionthereweremanyivory piecesand a sealstone. Whatall thisadds up to is farfromclear,- manystoragejars, two largevasesprincipally for display, kitchenware, objects suggestiveof ritual (a basket vase, a stone table and perhapsthe brazier),bronzesof varyingtypesincludingtwo weapons(a spearheadand large knife) and parts of large saws, a pommel of stone and two of ivory,with otherivory objects some, at least, for inlays.No obviouspictureemergesfromsuch a heterogeneous collection.Here, too, we meet the same difficultyas elsewhere,thoughnot to the same of degree,- the spreadof upper floorcontentsover a considerablearea. A few fragments Pillar the one reached vase thelargeclay chest(H 192) werefoundin the fill,some sherdsof Hall (M 99), and, it maybe suspected,thatthebronzebasins(L 10 and 16) and knife(L 15) in the adjacentupperreachesof CorridorL originatedfromthisroom. There remainsone furtherproblem to be considered.Generally,in the undisturbed rooms of the Mansion,many,if not most,of the sherdsin the fillwereMM III/LM IA in typeand it became clear that thesehad originallybeen incorporatedin themud bindingof walls and in upper floorbedding.In thisroom only,vases of LM IA typescould be partly or whollyrestoredfromthesherds,or wereintact,- ledgedconicalcups and two decorated juglets.The considerablenumberof restoredpots includedecoratedand monochromecups, which monochromejugs and a largepart of a bridgespoutedjar decoratedin light-on-dark, are sufficiently intact to be certainthat theywere not strays.Many of thesepots can be firmlylocated in the upper fill,but it is clear fromthe close associationwiththemof the Palace Style amphora (M 76), kylikesand other contemporaryvases in the same stratigraphicposition,above and just below the fallengypsumpaving,thatthe destructionof the upperroom took place in LM II, like therestof thebuilding.Not onlythatbut thereis the evidencefromthe lower room to reinforcethe position;therea lower 'floor'bore signsof some destructionat an earlierstagein LM II and thislowerroomhad been repairedbefore the finaldestruction.There is no obviousexplanationforthepresenceof theseearliervases vases in a certainLM II context.It is not a questionof stylisticoverlapsincecorresponding of earlytype are, witha veryfewindividualexceptions,absent fromthe otherlargestores

THE EXCAVATION

57

couldthey of pots.Nor,in suchquantityand conditionand in theirstratigraphie position, be washafterthedestruction fromhighergroundor fromLM I refuseoutsidetheroomto anda withritualis feasible, thesouth.A cupboardofantiquated pottery possiblyconnected is butneither fillof earlierpotterybelowtheupperflooris notprecluded, explanation very convincing. RoomContents Plottedfinds

Fill,M 1-93, plottedon FIG. 9 M 1 Bronzefrag.7.3 X 6 X Th. O.3. 2 joiningpieces(old break).Probablyfroma vessel.72/26. M 2 Bronzefrag.(4 X 2) X 0.2 estim.Newlyshattered formless (M). frag,ofsheet,mediumthickness. M 3 Bronzesmallhinge,PLATE 205,33.L. 2.3; W. 1.3; L extended6. Sn 6%. As M 181. 72/13. M 4 Ivorybutton',domed.H. 0.55; D. 1.1. Two. 72/51. M 5 Bronzefrag.8.8 X 4.5; Th. c. 0.4. Sn 4%. Twistedin scrapping. 72/329. M 6 Copperfrag,of ?pan,PLATE 204,14.ExtantL. 4; W. 2. Sn 0.5%. Partofplainrimandwallof open forscrap.72/34. broken,presumably vessel,heavilyoxydised.Anciently M 7 Copperfrag.6 X 5.4; Th. c. O.2.Sn 1%. 72/315. M 8 Stonewhetstone, grey(porous).Part plaque. L. près.7.4; W. 5.8; Th. 1.8; Wt. 105gm.Limestone, on face. ofrectangular roundedcorners;somescratches plate,withlightly M 9 Bronzechisel,largewithogivalprofile,PLATES 196a and 201,1. L. 42.5; W. of cuttingedge4.8; greatestTh. c. 1.4. Sn 10%. Complete,muchoxydised,splitand crazed.Cast in open mould. Markedcurveinvertical expanded.72/54. plane,perhapsfromuse. Buttslightly M 10 Bronzefrags,(a) 5 X3.8; Th. 0.15. (b) 2.5 X 1.7; Th. 0.15. Possiblyfromsameobject.72/30. M 11 Stone whetstone, thinplate,PLATES 209,15; 227,12. L. 9; W. 4.8; Th. 0.75; Wt.50 gm.Slate, brownto silver-grey. withcornersknockedoffto formroughpoint. Nearrectangular M 12 withotherpieces,M 19, 20, 24, 27, 34, 37, 46, 52, 75, 95, 102, 116, 119 and 133. of -13 Bronzepan, large,shallow,2 hnd.,PLATES 197c and 200,9. Foundin up to thirtyfragments in thesheetmetalscrapfromthisroom size.Therearedoubtlessothersunrecognised varying greatly The measurements but theywould not contributeto the reconstruction. proposedare estimates thehandlesizesare reliable.The pan wasprobably13.0 based on theapparentrimcircumference; - (a) Span 15.7; Th. ofmetal2.3, Ht. 11.0. (b) slightly high,60.0 in diameter.Its handlesdiffered Span 14.7; Th. of metal2.2; Ht. 9.8. D. of associatedrivethead 3.0. The rimW.is 1.6; theTh. of the largestpiece measured the body varies 0.3-0.4. Taking account of joining fragments, madein one piece, The bodywas originally 45.0 oftherim'scircumference. 51.0 X 32.0, preserving diskcasting.The fourencircling whathadbeentheedgeof theoriginal and therimmadeby folding reliefridgeswithwhichthe rimis decoratedwereperhapsincludedin the originalcasting.Tin castridgedhandles(one of whichwas bronze,now in atrociousconditionapartfromtheseparately a bronzecontaining 20% tin).The handlesare securedby one rivetat eachattachment point,with externalhead (D. 1.1). The head (D. up to 3.2) and smaller,unobtrusive largeinternalmushroom bronzeof one rivetsampledhad a muchlowertin content(6%). The pan had been deliberately brokenup forscrap. Joins:M 27 + 52 + 133; M 24 + 46; M 13 + 39. (72/22,23,25, 27, 182, 196,314,316,317,319,323 and 330.) M 14 Ivory'button',domed,PLATE 220,5 bottomleft.H. 0.6; D. 1.05. Burntgrey.Top polished;sides facetted;sawmarkson base. 72/9. lightly M 15 Obsidianarrowhead, bifacial,barbed,PLATES 219,21; 230,16. L. 2.7; W. 1.5; Th. 0.2. Banded lustrousblack PMelian.Pressureflakedon bothsidesto leaf-shape. Tips of barbandpointbroken. 72/15. M 16 Ivory'button',domed.H. 0.4; D. O.9. 72/14. brown-black. L. 10.8; W. 8.6; Th. 0.8; Wt.123gm.Slate/shale, M 17 Stonewhetstone, Probably thin-plate. sameobjectas M 32, oncerectangular. M 18 Bronzefrag.14 X 9.4; Th. 0.2. Bentin scrapping. Possiblyfroma vessel.72/103. M 19 Bronze,frag,ofM 12-13. 72/27.

THE EXCAVATION

58

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Af9 Γ?(τΟΐν50

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FIG 9. Room M. Fill. Scale 1 : 25.

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-^ 9i

THE EXCAVATION M 20 M 21

59

Bronze,frag,of M 12-13. 72/23. Large dec. jar, one hnd, spouted, PLATE 71a-b. H. 55; D. of rim32, of base 25.4. Few body sherds missingand tip of spout; restored. Coarse pinkishbuffclay and black to red glossy paint. Heavy ledged rim,roll handle and probably uptilted spout. Row of frameddisks around neck; clumps of floral sprays with intermediatereeds on upper body, framedrow of disks below with base bands. Handle, solid painted. 72/P168. M 22 Bronze frags.8.5 X 7; Th. c. 0.2. 72/29, and 3x4. 72/32. M 23 Bronze frag.7.5 X 4; Th. c. O.4. Probablyfroma vessel. 72/25. M 24 Bronze frag.2.8 X 1; Th. 0.15. Sn 11%. Lightsheet metal. 72/24. See M12-13. M 25 Ivory 'button', domed. Ht. 0.4; D. 0.85. Burntpale grey,(as are the majorityof these in Room M: greyto blue-black). 72/8. M 26 Bronze chisel, PLATES 196b and 201,3. Extant L. 21.8; shaft0.6 X 0.6. Probably complete. Butt completelyoxydised and split; shaftless so (Pdifferential oxydisationinduced by haftingof butt). Light tool, rectangularsection, too oxydised to be sure of workingedge shape (possibly flanged). 72/35. M 27 Bronze,frag,of M 12-13. 72/22. M 28 Ivory jointing device, PLATE 230,6. L. 5.3; W. 1.4; Th. 0.7. Rod but broken so shape uncertain; ?5 or 6 sides,well polished. Penetratedby 3 groupsof paired holes (D. 0.2), angled. 72/360. M 29 Bronze chisel, PLATES 196b and 201,2. L. 21; shaft 1.5x2; W. of cutting edge 1.5. Sn 9%. Complete though cutting edge broken in antiquity. Heavily oxydised, split. Rectangularsection; cuttingedge forgedon narrowside. 72/36. M 30 Bronze small chisel/graver, PLATES 196g and 201,4. L. 11. Too distortedto measurethicknessbut less than 0.5. Sn 10%. Complete; grosslyoxydised with extensivelongitudinalsplitting.Probably rectangularsection,plain butt,forgedcuttingedge. 72/18. M 31 Ivorybutton', domed. H. 0.4; D. 1.1. 72/52. M 32 Stone whetstone,thin-plate.L. près. 6.3; W. 3.2; Th. 0.2; Wt. 12 gm. Slate/shale,brown-blackwith paler brownveins.Probablybelongs to M 17. M 33 Bronze large saw frag. 2 joining pieces, PLATES 197a and 201,8. Extant L. 17; W. 9. Th. c. O.2. Sn 7%, wholly oxydised. One end of large saw with straighttop, convex cuttingedge. L. of teeth c. 0.15. 18 teeth in 5 cm of edge. Much bent and distortedby deliberatebreakingup for scrap. 72/73 + 326. See also M 128. M 34 Bronze,frag,of M 12-13. 72/314. M 35 Sealstone, PLATE 184c. D. 1.55 Χ 1.5; Th. 0.8; D. of stringhole0.15. Lentoid withrounded back; stringholevertical. Fluorite. In good condition; very little wear on engravedface or at ends of stringhole;only minorpittingof engravedface and tiny fractureson edges, eg. below lion's lower hind leg. Lion in crouched position, with head turnedback. In 'cut-style'and only such example in fluorite.Cf. CMCG 63. 72/86. M 36 Bronze scrap, large frag. 21.5 X 17.5; Th. c 0.35. Sn 12%. Possibly fromthe base of a large pan. 72/320. M 37 Bronze,handle and part of rim,frag,of M 12-13. 72/22. M 38 Bronze, 2 frags.,(a) 14.6 X 6.7; Th. 0.3 (b) 6.2 X 5.5; Th. c. 0.3. Similar to the fragsof M 12-13. 72/312. M 39 Bronze frags,(a) 7x 5.5; Th. 0.25 (b) 9 X 5; Th. c 0.25. Sn 14%. 72/313. M 40 Stone pestle, cylindrical,PLATE 209,13. H. 6.8; base D. 4.2; Wt. 200 gm. Marble,banded - greys and white.Top has transversegroove,flatbase, highpolish, chipped on side. M 41 Pithos, PLATE 78a. H. 72; D. of rim 25, max. 53, of base 22. About 1/10 missing,restored.Rather globular upper body becoming conical towards base; collared rim; 4 thick vertical handles on shoulder. Red-brown clay with coarse grit; fine light brown to red-brownslip. Decorated with incised 'rope' bands, 2 wavy bands between horizontal. Projectingridge about 2/3rdsdown body. 72/P325. M 42 Conical cup, plain. Normal LM II common type,similarto M 78. M 43 Jugletdec, PLATE 102e. H. 7.4; D. of lip 4.5, of base 3.6. Complete. Round mouth,saggybody, handle fromlip to lower body, flat base. Bufffineclay; red to black paint. Lip and base band with row of 'C spiralsaround body. 72/P9. M 44 Cup, hndless, plain. H. 5.9; D. of rim 8, of base 3.4. Complete. Somewhat ogival form.Pink-buff fineclay and slip,burnt.72/P8. M 45 Basket vase, PLATE 65d-e. H. 39; D. of rim37.5 (max.) 10.5 (min), of base 21-3. 1/3 of rimand

60

M 46 M 47 M 48 M 49

M 50

M 51 M 52 M 53 -62 M 63

M 64

M 65 M 66

M 67 M 68 M 69 M 70 M 71 M 72

THE EXCAVATION body, most of base and 1 handle missing,restored.Nearlycircularbase, rimpressedin to elongated 8 shape with 2 basket handles. Red-brown clay with considerable grit;creamy brown thick slip, smooth but showing grits; red-brownpaint almost matt. Body divided into zones with zig-zag skeumorphicpattern,bars on handle,plain inside apart fromrimband. 72/P167. Bronze,frag,of M 12-13. Bronze cold chisel, PLATES 196e and 201,5. L. 9; shaft0.7 X 0.4; W. of cuttingedge 1.2. Sn 9%. Probably complete, somewhat oxydised. Rectangularbillet casting,with forgedcuttingedge. No trace of hammeringon butt. 72/335. Bronzefacingplaque, PLATES 197d and 203,15. 19 X 19; Th. c. 0.4. Complete thoughrecomposed. Heavily oxydised, slightlybent. Appears to be an attachmenthole at each corner.Signs of illegible tracedornament.Presumablyoriginallyattached to furniture.72/333. Storage stirrupjar. H. 46; D. max. 31, of base 11.5. About 1/10 missing,restored.Oatmeal light brown clay, hard baked; self-slipped,light brown to greenishbuff; brown to black glossy paint nearlyall effaced.Body and base bands withband of probable spiralsof uncertaintype above; spout and handles outlined; sunkendisk on false spout; bars on the 2 handles. 72/P387. Pithoid jar, PLATE 77d. H. 65; D. of rim 23.5, max. 41, of base 18. Capacity c. 43 litres.Some body sherdsand part of rim missing,restored.Tall ovoid withnarrowbase, slightlypiriform;small rolled rim; 2 horizontaland 2 verticalhandles on shoulder. Buffto pink grittyclay, fugativeblack decorated,verticalones paint. Rim, solid painted down to startof handles; handles ratherarbitrarily having tricklingdab, horizontal ones smears that hit the pot surface behind them. At level of one between each pair of handles; below, 3 horizontalbands, handles, large painted rings/circles, with 3 more at base. 72/P285. Bronze scrap. 9.5 X 8.7; Th. c. 0.3. Sn 7%. Bent by scrapping.Possiblyfroma vessel. 72/321. Bronze frag.,part of M 12-13. 72/330. (No finds.Accidentallyomittedon the plan). Bronze brazier,PLATE 202. L. 35; W. c. 29; H. c. 12; D. of foot 18.4. Almost complete, though found in many fragments,nearly wholly oxydised. Bowl of sheet metal raised froma disc casting decorated on the wall with a boldly executed runningspiral,embossed and chased. The separate handle escutcheon and socket are cast in thick metal, the top bent over at 180 so as to appear crimpedon to the thin wall of the vessel, though it is also secured by six, perhaps seven,rivets.In the cylindricalsocket are fourrivetor securingholes, in opposite pairs. 72/21. Ivory pommel, PLATES 220,1-2; 230,1. L. 8.9; W. 8.2; Ht. 4.2. Burntpale greyin places, fragmented and warped. Slightlyovoid knob with upper part domed, rounded edges and underside sloping gentlyback to short shank (with D. 3.5). Central socket, 1.5 square and 2 deep, stained mauve-red.Transversepin hole (D. O.5.). 72/237. Copper staple, bent, PLATES 196j and 203,11. L. 10.2 (extended 12.2); D. of head 1.4, of shaft 0.5. Sn 1%. 72/336. Storage stirrupjar, PLATE 73a. H. 44; D. max. 34, of base 12. About 1/10 of body missing, restored. Oatmeal fabric, buff to light red-brownslip, red-brownslightlylustrous paint. 3 base bands, 3 body bands withrow of linkedretortedspiralsabove; handles and spout outlinedwithrow of solid disks at base of handles. Spout has 3 projections,solid painted. False spout has projecting lug at frontand back withcross withina circleon top. 3rd small handle behind. 72/P371. Juglet,dec, PLATES 102e and 163,12. H. 7.2; D. of mouth 5, of base 3. Complete. Round mouth, saggy body, handle from lip to mid body, flat base. Buff fine clay, red to black paint. Painted mouth and base withrow of 'C spiralson body. 72/P14. Bronze small workingpoint, PLATE 205,17. L. 3.8; D. 0.2. Heavily oxydised. Pointed at each end, one for insertionin its haft,the other as point for fine tooling - Pworkingover wax cartoons in investmentcasting.72/105. Glassy faience bead, biconical, PLATES 225,6; 232,6. H. 0.8; D. 1, of sh. 0.15. Core yellow-brown to pale blue; surfaceflakedaway. 72/113. Copper scrap,3.8 X 8.5; Th. 0.3. Sn 1%. Possiblyfroma saw. 72/332. Ivorylentoid. H. 1.5; D. 2.6. 5 holes arrangedas on dice. Burntblue-grey.72/12. Storage stirrupjar, PLATE 74e. H. 42.5; D. max. 31, of base 11.6. About 1/5 body, top of spout and false neck and 3rd small handle missing.Oatmeal buffclay with much grit;orange-buffslip; brown paint badly effaced. 2 groups of 3 bands on body, handles outlined with spout, uncertain foliatedec. on shoulderPpalms,handles barred. 72/P324.

THE EXCAVATION M 73

M 74 M 75 M 76

M 77 M 78 M 79 M 80

M 81 M 82 M 83

M 84 M 85 M 86 M 87

M 88 M 89 M 90

M 91 M 92

61

Stone shell vase, PLATE 216,6. H. 6; W. 9.2; Th. 0.6-1; spout L. 1.7. Serpentine,black. Frag,of rim/spoutof tritonshell. Rim outlinedby irregulargroovewithcross cuts; spout groovedand series of shallow sweeping grooves on body; interiorand exteriorpolished. MSV Type 35. 72/59 and 72/167. Ivory knob terminal.H. près. 2.0; W. près. 1.2; socket 1.2 deep. Slightlyburntto offwhite. About l/5thremainsof a 'button mushroom'form.72/8. Bronze,frag,belongingto M 12-3. 72/316. 'Palace Style' jar, 3 hnd, PLATE 69a-c. H. 68; D. of rim 22.7, of base 19.1. Large versionof the piriformjar with 3 verticalridged handles on shoulder,ledged rim and torus foot. Large parts of lower body missing,especially on one side; restored.Bufffairlycoarse clay; red-brownpaint. Rim, scenes on body but neck and handles solid painted, foliate band below neck, base band; 3 differing all set against sponge-printbackground, (a) spray of 4 lilies, each flower with differingfill, (b) argonaut (considerablyrestoredin painting)with 3 tentacleswithvaryingfillin theircoils, (c) bird with ornate plumage in flightwith fish above and in frontof head, lower half of scene missing. 72/P169. Bronze medium saw frag.,PLATE 201,9. Extant L. 7.5; W. 8.8; Th. c. 0.15. Segment of blade, heavilyoxydised; twistedin breakingup. Teeth worn; 8 in 2 cm of edge. Tool probably of convex profile.72/328. Conical cup, plain. Complete. H. 4.4; D. of rim 8, of base 3.8. Pinkishbufffine clay. Usual LM II common type. 72/P6. Bronze mediumsaw frag.,PLATES 197b and 201,11. Extant L. 11.5; W. 7.5; Th. c. O.2. Segmentof blade much oxydised, bent in breakingup. Small worn teeth (L. 0.1); 7 teeth in 2 cm of edge. 72/322. Bronze one-edgedknife,PLATES 195f and 201,16. L. 29; W. 3.8; Th. 0.8; L. of rivets2.5 and 2.2, D. of heads 0.8 X 0.9 and 0.8 X 1.4. Tin bronze. Complete, chipped, wholly oxydised save butt where metal partly preservedby decaying butt plates. Bent. Unusually heavy blade, with convex profilefrombutt to tip. Nearlystraightcuttingedge; shortbutt with 2 heavyrivets.72/334. Bronze cup handle, frags,(a) L. 3.9; W. 1; (b) L. 2.5; W. 1. Th. of both 0.1. Tin bronze. Both incompleteat each end; heavilyoxydised. Probablypart of same handle. 72/20. Copper staple, bent, PLATE 203,10. L. c. 9.5 (extended 13); D. of head 1.5, of shaft0.5. Sn 2%, As 1%. Slightlyoxydised. Sturdy piece with mushroom head, blunt tip. Probably a basic casting finishedby hammering.72/104. Ivory plaque, decorated, PLATE 220,12. L. 4; W. 2.3; Th. 1. Burnt, split and friable. Convex, polished top, resembling'dog's biscuit' in outline, is decorated with series of grooves around expanded ends and 5 shallow grooves along axis endingin cross cut. Cuttingmarks on back and undercutmortiseexcised by drilland blade. SilverPstrip.Less than 0.5 in length. Disintegrated. Lead frags,8 pieces; largest,L. 5.2; W. 3.5; Th. 2. The group includes a strip,numbersof lesser pieces, runsof melted lead and a piece of litharge.Most corrodedto white-yellow.72/164. Bronze scrap,2.8 X 1; Th. 0.15. Sn 11%. Light sheet metal. 72/177. Stone table, round, PLATE 212d. H. 9.1; D. 29; Th. at base 4. Serpentine,black with many offwhite streaks.Simple raised rim; single groove on side and definingleg, itselfhavingfurthergroove on face and sides. Less than half preserved;considerablychipped on rim and leg. MS V Type 38. B. 72/152. Ivory lentoid, PLATES 220,3; 230,12. H. 1.5; D. 2.5. Burntblack. Domed upper side, polished; lower curvedwith4 holes arrangedin square (0.6 deep; D. 0.3). 72/154. Ivory plaque frag.,PLATE 220,11 top right.L. 2.1; W. 2; Th. 0.35. Burnt,most lost, ?originally rectangular.Polished on top and sides. 2 parallel groovesof 'V section,and 3 drilledholes. 72/166. Bronze spearhead, PLATES 195d and 200,3. L. 20.8; W. 3.1; Th. of midribc. 2.2. Sn 9%, As 2%. Probably complete but sockett smashed on discovery.Wholly oxydised, split; sockett squashed. Short bladed weapon, probably with plain round midrib. Blade and sockettof almost equal length. Sockett finishedwithcollar W. 1.3. 2 rivetholes in sockett. 72/338. PLATE 205,18. L. 5; greatest Th. O.3. Sn 9%. Perhaps complete; heavily Bronze graver/drill, oxydised, split. Suitable tool for use with bow drill. Hafted in wood, could have been used as awl. 72/197. Copper inlay, triangular,PLATES 198f and 205,32. H. 1.5; W. 1.3; Th. 0.2. Copper. Complete, oxydised. Edges bevelled. Cf. M 96. 72/199.

62

THE EXCAVATION

M 92a Bronze scraps, 5 frags.3 (largest 3.7 X 2.3 X 0.1) are formlessscraps of medium lightsheet. The fourthis section of flat rectangularbar (1.8 X 1 X c. 0.4), the last (L. 1.7; D. 0.2) is a scrap of wire or needle shaft.(D). M 93 Copper staple, bent, PLATES 196i and 203,12. L. 12.4 (extended 17); D. of head 1.7, of shaft0.7. Copper. In excellent condition. The unusually good condition of these staples (see M 65 and 82) suggestsa common factor,- were they buried in slowly decaying wood which retardeddecay, for instance?72/337. Floor level,M 94-143, plotted on FIG. 10. M 94 Stone quern, saddle, PLATE 210b bottom left. L. 24.1; W. 17; Th. 6.8; Wt. 5.5 kilos. Conglomerate, Wellshaped thoughone end lost; top slightlyconvex and polished. 72/159. pale grey,fine-grained. M 95 Bronze frag.,part of M 12-13. 72/323. M 96 Bronze inlay, 3 pieces, PLATES 198c and 205,31. 3.2 X 2.7 X 0.8. Sn 5.5%. 3 superimposedpieces adheringthroughoxydisation,one lozenge-shaped,the otherstriangular.One of the latter1.8 X 1.8; former2.8 X 1.8. Bevillededges. C/M 92. 72/201. M 97 Copper scrap,4.5 X c. 5.5; Th. 0.3. Sn 1%. Possiblyfroma saw. 72/190. M 98 Copper inlay, crescentine,PLATE 205,29. L. 5.4; W. 1.1; Th. 0.2. Copper. Complete but broken; whollyoxydised. 72/191. M 99 Pithoid jar, PLATE 75d. H. 60; D. of rim 18.8, max. 42, of base 20-21. Capacity c. 46 litres. Almost 1/2 missing,mostly on one side, restored. Ovoid with narrow base, slightlypiriform. Defined neck with small roll rim and neck ridge; 2 large horizontal and 2 small verticalhandles on shoulder. Buff grittyclay, lightgrey-buff matt slip; fugativematt black paint; grey-browncoating inside. Rim, band of paint, and band at neck-ridge;horizontalhandles outlines;main zone of large retortedlinked spirals,with horizontalband above and below; 2 more bands at base. 72/P33 with4 joining sherdsfromRoom H. M 100 Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 52d and 156,13. H. 10.5; D. of rim 16, of base 5.3. About 1/3 missing includingone handle. Fine buffclay and smooth slip; paint Poriginallybrown,now badly burntand most of dec. in negative.Lip and base bands withfriezeof irisbuds between pair of wavy lines. Lip band and solid disc at base inside; handles outlined with 2 wavy lines below. 72/P18. M 101 Bronze frags,part of M 12-13. 72/182. -102 M 103 Copper jet, PLATE 204,2. H. 2.7; Th. 1.5. Copper; nearly conical. Cold chisel marksat the break. 72/180. M 104 Amphora,coarse-ware,dec, PLATE 67a. H. 26; D. max. 23, of base 11.5. About 1/8 body missing, restored. Oatmeal fabric with some medium sized inclusions; self-slipped,greenishto buff; dark brown to black mostly effaced paint. Neck, body and base bands with shoulder dec. of 2 wavy lines; unpaintedslightlyoval mouth; handles barred. 72/P361. M 105 Ewer, plain, PLATE 86a. H. 37; D. of rim9.6, of base 12. Few body sherdsand part of rimmissing, restored.Cooking pot fabric of red clay withgrit;self-slippedmauvishred to near black. Somewhat piriformbody withneck havinga sharplyledged lip withpinched in pouringspout; roll handle from upper shoulderto lip; smallhorizontalhandle low on body behind. 72/P118. M 106 Bronze scrap,9.5 X 4.8; Th. c 0.35. Sn 7%. Bent by scrapping.Possiblyfroma vessel. 72/324. M 107 Ivory knob terminal,PLATES 220,9; 230,9. H. 2.35; D. 2.35; socket 0.6 wide, 1.6 deep. Burntgrey and split vertically.Resembles a button mushroomin shape. Socket drilled;junction of head and stem trimmed.72/228. M 108 Conical cup, plain, PLATE 163,4. H. 6.9; D. of rim 10, of base 4. Complete. Tall versionwithnear straightsides and square lip. Fine buffclay and slip,burnt.72/P31. M 109 Bowl, 2 hnd, plain. H. 16.5; D. of rim 18.5, of base 10.5. About 1/4 of rimand smallpart of body missing.Orange-red fine clay and slip, somewhat polished. Large out-turnedrim, 2 strap handles, highbase. Twin of H 184 in shape and fabric.72/P384. M 110 Basin, 2 hnd, dec, PLATE 87f. H. 20.5; D. of rim 24, of base 18.5. About 1/3 of rim and upper body, and handle missing.Greenish yellow coarse clay with grit; self-slippedand badly burntin places; paint now greyand veryfugative.Slightlyledged rimwith troughspout in frontand circular boss below rim at back; 2 horizontalhandles; flat base. Rim and base bands with double wavy line on body. 72/P385. (Part of rimfromCorridorL). Mill Bowl, plain, PLATE 85f. H. 8.9; D. of rim 15, of base 4.4. Complete and badly burned. Orange-buff fineclay and slip,now discoloured.Evertedlip withpulled out spout; 2 solid lugs eitherside. 72/P23.

THE EXCAVATION

63

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FIG. 10. Room M. Floor level. Scale 1 : 25.

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64

THE EXCAVATION

M 112 Basin, 2 hnd, dec. H. 20; D. of rim 20.5, of base 18. About 1/6 missingincludingmuch of base which has disintegrated;restored. Coarse orange-brownclay with large white and black grit,selfslipped, cherryred to dark red-brownpaint. Slightlyledged rim with troughspout; 2 horizontal handles; flat base. Rim, body and base bands with frieze of interlocking'S' pattern;bars across handles. Similarto H 189. 72/P386. M 113 Bronze scrap,4 Χ 2.2; Th. 0.25. Sn 9%. 72/188. M 114 Storage stirrupjar, PLATE 73c. H. 44.2; D. max. 31, of base 12.7. Some body sherdsmissing, restored. Pink-redclay with much grit;pale buff slip; brown paint much effaced. 2 groups of 3 bands on lower body, spraysof reed on shoulder;handles outlinedwith spout and barred. 72/208. M 115 Kylix, 2 hnd, monochrome. H. 9.3; D. of rim 10, of foot 5.7. About 1/2 missingincludingone handle and part of other. Fine buffclay; black paint inside and out. 72/P96. M 116 Bronze frag.,part of M 12-13, PLATE 197e. 72/319. M 117 Amphora (?) large,base only, PLATE 101e. Torus base withbase bands. Remainderof vase missing. M 1 18 Storage stirrupjar, dec, PLATE 74a. H. 32.8 ; D. 24. Few frags,missing;restored.Pink-buffoatmeal fabric;red-brownpaint. Shoulder and lower body bands with frieze of largeretortedspirals;spout with 2 projectionspainted all-over;no trace of dec. on false spout top. 72/P52. M 119 Bronze frag.,part of M 12-13. 72/196. M 120 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 57a. H. 9.4; D. of rim 10, of foot 5.3. Nearly intact. Pink-bufffine clay; buffsmooth slip ?lightlypolished; brown-redratherlustrouspaint. Foot painted, dropletsat rim and handlesbarred;3 facingarcs with 3 dots between on eitherface; lip band and lower interior painted inside. 72/P27. M 121 Amphora (?), large frag,of lower body and base, PLATE 101b. Toros base withbase bands and row of solid disks;row of retortedspiralsabove. Upper half of vase missing. M 122 Cup, hndless,plain, PLATE 80b. H. 5.9; D. of rim 8, of base 3.3. Small rimfrag,missing.Tea-cup shaped, plain?, now stained dark. Fine buffclay. 72/P22. M 123 Kylix, 1 hnd., plain, PLATE 83a. Few frags,missing.H. 8.4; D. of rim 10, of foot 5.3. Fine buff clay; self-slipped.Strap handle. 72/P76. M 124 Miniaturejug, dec, PLATE 59o. H. 6.6; D. of rim 4.9, of base 2.9. Complete. Fine buffclay and slip; brown-blackpaint. Trough spouted. Lip, neck and base bands; wavy line around collar; body friezeof irisbuds between wavy lines; handle barred. 72/P24. M 125 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57f. H. 9.6; D. of rim 10, of foot 5. Partsof handles and foot missing. Pink-bufffine clay; orange-brownpaint. Droplets on rim, no body dec, foot painted; handles barred;solid painted interior.72/P25. M 126 Cup, 1 hnd., plain, PLATE 80a. H. 5.5; D. of rim 12, of base 3.5. About 1/2 missing.Shallow with evertedrim,flatbase and straphandle. Fine buffclay, burnt.72/P20. M 127 Bronze scrap, 12.7 X 7; Th. c 0.4. Sn 5%. Possiblyfroma vessel. 72/327. M 128 Bronze saw frag.,part of M 33, PLATE 201,8. M 129 Bronze scrap, 16.5 X 10 X 0.4. Sn 4.5%. Heavy sheet frag.,composed of 8 newly broken pieces. 72/318. M 130 Bronze scrap,4 X 3.4; Th. O.4. Sn 8%. Much distortedby scrapping.72/198. M 131 Bronze body frag,of vessel, 8.5 X 5.5; Th. 0.5. Sn 9%. Brokenall round,distorted,much oxydised. 72/179. M 132 Bronze scraps, (a) 6.5 X 6; Th. 0.25 (b) 5.5 X 1.5; Th. c 0.25. Sn 11%. Probablyoriginallyadhering to each other. 72/311. M 133 Bronze frag.,part of M 12-13. 72/317. M 134 Wooden plaque, PLATE 223c L. 2.4; W. 2.1 ; Th. 0.25. Burntbrown,in pieces and slightlywarped. Rectangularwith flangeon one edge 0.4 deep and hole drilledthrough.72/226. M 135 Small tripod cup, plain, PLATE 102c H. 5.2; D. of rim 8. Complete. Rounded body with everted clay. 72/P21. lip, 2 lugs on body and 3 smallfeet. Orange-buff M 136 Clay sphericalloomweight,6 X 6; 4 grooves. 72/204. M 137 Ivory corner block, PLATE 221,5. L. 3.5; W. 0.9 square. Burntgreyand broken. Part of rod of square section with one bevelled corner,well polished. 4 positioningcuts on one side and seriesof 5 drilledholes. 72/169. M 138 Ivory roundel, decorated, PLATE 221,18. L. 4.1 ; D. c 7; Th. O.5. Burntbrown-blackand splitting. Part of edge preserved.Top polished, base abraded; centre ?cut out. Decorated withcircularframe line withborderof lunates. 72/239.

THE EXCAVATION

65

M 139 Bronze largesaw frag,PLATE 201,10. L. 5 ; ext. W. 6; Th. O.3. Sn 20%. Heavily oxydised; broken all round except cuttingedge. L. of teeth0.15; 9 teethin 2.8 cm of edge. 72/189. Cf M 33 and 238. M 14.0 Kylix, 2 hnd., monochrome,PLATE 83c. H. 10.6; D. of rim 11, of foot 5. Few frags,missing includingone handle. Green-buffclay and slip; originallycoveredwith darkpaint but now effaced. 72/P72. M 141 Cup, 1 hnd, spouted, monochrome,PLATE 81a. H. 8; D. of rim 12.2, of base 4. Pink-bufffineclay; black paint inside and out. About l/3rd of rimand body missing,and part of roll handle. 72/P65. M 142 Cup, 1 hnd, plain, PLATES 102h and 160,4. H. 4.8; D. of rim9, of base 3.8. Complete. Evertedlip, roll handle and flatbase. Bufffineclay and slip. 72/P51. M 143 Stone rubber,facetted,PLATE 209,5. L. 4.1; W. 3; Wt. 35 gm. Fine-grainedsandstone,beige-grey. Ratherirregularwithbroad flatplanes and groovesat 'waist'. 72/195. UnplottedFinds Pottery M 144 Cup, hndless,plain. H. 6.2; D. of rim 8, of base 3. Complete. Pink-bufffine clay and slip. Slightly burnton 1 side. Similarto M 122. 72/P7. M 145 Cup, Phndless,monochrome. H. 7.2; D. of rim 12, of base 3.2. About 2/3 missing.Ogival profile withslightlyout-turnedrim.Pink-bufffineclay, black fugativepaint inside and out. 72/P98. M 146 Cup, hndless.,monochrome.H. 6.3; D. of rim 9, of base 4. 1/3missing.Bufffineclay; black paint. 72/P108. M 147 Cup, hndless.,monochrome,PLATE 102i. H. 6.4; D. of rim9.8, of base 3.4. Few small frags,missing. Bufffineclay; near black paint. 72/P105. M 148 3 cups, handless,monochrome.Usual buff,hard-bakedclay. - 150 (a) H. 6.4; D. of rim 8.5, of base 3.6. 1/3missing.Mauvishbrownslightlymottledpaint inside and out. 72/P343A. (b) H. 6; D. of rim 9.8, of base 3.6. 1/5 missing.Mauvish matt paint, rough and mottled red inside and out. 72/P343B. (c) PLATE 163,5. H. 6; D. of rim9.3, of base 3.9. 1/5missing. Dark mauvishbrownpaint inside and out, mostlyeffaced.72/P344. M 151 Cup, Phndless dec, PLATE 100e, bottom row, 1st. H. 5.8; D. of rim9, of base 3.3. 2/3 missing,but complete profile,ogivalwithundifferentiated lip and flatbase. Orange-bufffineclay and orange-red paint. Lip and base bands with friezeof linked 'C spirals; lip band and lower body painted inside. 72/P112. M 152 Cup, handless, dec, PLATES 100c-d and 163,13. H. 5.1; D. of rim 9, of base 3.3. 1/3 missing. Ogival profile with undifferentiated lip; flat base. Fine buffclay; black paint. Lip and base bands withfriezeof linked 'C spirals;lip band and lower base painted inside. 72/P113. M 153 Cup Phndless,PLATE 100e, bottom row, last. H. 5.7; D. of rim 7, of base 3.3. 2/3 missingbut complete profile.Pink-bufffine clay and black paint. Lip and base bands with frieze of linked 'C spirals;lip band inside. 72/P114. M 154 Cup Phndless,PLATE 100e, centre row, 1st. H. 6.3; D. of base 3. 3/4 missingbut complete profile; flat base. Fine buffclay and slip; brown paint. Lip and base band with frieze of linked 'C spirals; monochromein. 72/115. M 155 Cup, 1 hnd., plain, PLATES 79g and 160,5. About 1/4 of rimmissing.H. 4.4; D. of rim 10, of base 3.5; Shallow with evertedrim,flatbase and thickstraphandle. Fine buffclay and slip. 72/P19. M 156 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 51d and 148,3. H. 5.4; D. of rim 10, of base 3.2. Small part of rimmissing; restored. Undifferentiatedlip, strap handle and flat base. Pin-bufffine clay; red-blackpaint. Sponge printall over outside; monochromeinside. 72/P29. M 157 Cup, 1 hnd, dec, PLATE 79d. H. 4.3; D. of rim9.3, of base 2.8. Complete. Evertedlip, straphandle and flatbase. Fine buffclay; black paint. Blob decorationin and out. 72/P30. M 158 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome,PLATES 102j and 163,11. H. 8.6; D. of rim 11, of base 4.4. Some frags, missing;restored. Somewhat everted lip, roll handle with pulled-outpouring spout at rightangles to it. Pink-bufffineclay; red paint. 72/P78. M 159 Cup, 1 hnd., spouted. H. 6.6; D. of rim 12, of base 3.9. Pink-bufffine clay; red paint in and out. About 1/2missing,includinghandle. Similarto M 158. 72/P97. M 160 Cup, monochrome. H. 8; D. of rim 18, of base 4.4. About 2/3 missing.Bufffine clay; red paint. Part of handled cup like M 158. 72/P99. M 161 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATE 80a. H. 5.7; D. of rim 11.6, of base 3.7. About 1/3 missing,including most of handle. Shallow with everted lip, strap handle and ringbase. Lip band and solid painted base withbody dec of sponge print;lip band on interior.72/P102.

66

THE EXCAVATION

M 162 Cup, hndless,monochrome,PLATES 102 and 163,8. H. 4.4; D. of rim 12.7, of base 3.8. Few small frags,missing.Flaringsides withcrinkledrim. Fine pink-buffclay; brownpaint. 72/P103. M 163 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome. H. 5.4; D. of rim 11, of base 3. About 1/3missing.Slightlyavertedlip and straphandle. Bufffineclay; pale yellow-brownpaint. 72/P106. M 164 Cup, 1 hnd, monochrome. H. 8.3; D. of rim 12, of base 4. About 1/3missing;restored.Somewhat evertedlip pulled out into pouring spout at rightangle to roll handle. Pink fine clay; red paint. 72/P107. M 165 Bowl, 2 hnd, plain, PLATE 86c. H. 20.7; D. of rim27. About 1/5 of body and part of rimmissing; restored.Fairlycoarse buffclay withgrit;self-slipped.72/P111. M 166 Amphora,dec, PLATE 159,2. H. 21.5; D. max. 16.2, of base 8. About 1/4body missing.Clay, fine and burnt to grey; paint burnt to dark brown/blackand very fugative.Ovoid, with 2 hnd from shoulderto oval mouth; flat base. Neck, body and base bands with running'C spiralsbelow neck and row of buds beneath; handlesbarred. 72/P383. M 166a Jug, 1 hnd., spouted, monochrome,PLATE 102g. H. 17; D. of rim 11, of base 5.5. About 1/3body and rim missing,restored.Rather pirifòrmwith open spout opposite horizontalroll handle at rim. Red-brownslightlygrittyclay; mauvishblack wash now almost gone. Deep rimband with splash on interior.Probablydipped since foot unpaintedat verybase. 72/342. M 167 Jug, monochrome,PLATES 102f and 163,9. H. 19; D. of rim 5.7, of base 5.5. Few body sherds missing;restored. Roll handle from shoulder to ledged lip, round mouth without pouring spout opposite. Fine pink-buffclay; black paint. 72/P109. M 168 Bridge-spoutedjug, dec, frag.,PLATES lOOf and 163,14. D. of rim,c 13. More than 2/3 missing but complete profile preservedapart frombase. Pink-bufffine clay; painted overall in black with applied white bands, spiralsand blobs. Subsidiaryfinered bands. Groups of bars on collar-neckand basket handles; bands at neck and lower body; main body friezeof retortedlinked spiralswithrow of blobs below. 72/P110. M 169 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 57e. H. 9.6; D. of rim 10, of foot 5. Part of handles and of one side missing.Bufffineclay and black paint. Droplets at rimwith small circleof dots below; foot painted; banded interior.72/P26. M 170 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 58b. H. 9.3; D. of rim 10, of foot 5.2. Bufffineclay and smoothmatt slip; black slightlyglossy paint. Few small sherdsmissing;restored. Foot painted, droplets on rim, bars on handle whose stumpis outlined; iris-crosson eitherface; banded interior.72/P28. M 171 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 100b, 151,3 and 158,3. H. 8.5; D. of rim 10.0. About 2/3 missingbut complete profile. Bufffine clay; black paint. Lip band and lower foot painted; 'S' spiraldesignwith arc fill and pendent lunate; solid painted interior.Fragmentsof 2 or 3 other identical kylikes allow restorationin drawing.72/P95. M 172 Kylix (?)frag, plain. D. of rim 10. A small part of rim and body with 1 handle of strap type. Greenishbuffclay. 72/P100. M 173 Palace Style jar, PLATE 70a- b. H. 77; D. of rim 34. About 1/3 missing,mostly fromone side includingrim there, partly restored and decoration partly completed. Buff-orangeclay with large grit;lightbuffsmooth slip; orange-brownto black slightlylustrouspaint. Two octopuses depicted in islands between sandwork (sponge-print)with stylisedargonautson shoulder (PLATE 88f) nonjoining. One octopus without suckers shown at an angle; the other,larger,with disk suckersshown almostvertical.Neck, solid painted. 72/P365. M 174 Small spouted jar, dec, PLATE 102a. H. 8.4; D. of rim 7.8, of base 6.8. Few small fragsmissing, restored. Near vertical sides; 2 horizontal handles either side of bridge spout, 1 vertical handle behind. Buff-greyclay, black paint. Wavy band around lip and 2 more around body with intermediate horizontalstraightbands. 72/P93. M 175 Coarse lid with handle, dec, PLATE 101c D. c 28. 1/2missingbut top handle preserved.Probably pithos lid. Linked spiral dec. around top; plain underneath.Coarse lightbuffclay with much grit; orange-redpaint. 72/P94. Below upper floor. M 176 Bucket vase, plain, PLATE 86d. H. 21.6; D. of rim 21, of base 11. Few frags,missing;restored. Deep conical shape with 2 horizontalhandles below slightlyledged rim.Coarse buffclay withmuch largegritshowingthroughself-slip. 72/PI01. M 177 Bowl, hndless., monochrome, PLATES 102k and 163,10. H. 10.9; D. of rim 16.8, of base 5.5. About 1/3 missing.Pink-bufffineclay; black paint mostlyeffaced.72/P104. M 178 Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 86g. H. 20; D. of rim 16.2-17.5, of base 12.5. Few body sherdsand part of one handle missing.Cooking pot fabricwith much large grit,wet-smoothed;lightgreenish brown to dark brownratherroughsurface.72/P372.

THE EXCAVATION

67

Bronzeobjectsand crucibles M 179 Bronzegraver, PLATE 205,14. Ext. L. 2.3; shaft0.4 X 0.4. Incomplete, heavilyoxydisedand split. of shaft. and Working point part (B). muchoxydised. M 180 Bronzesmallworking point,PLATE 205,15. L. 5.1; D. 0.15. Incomplete; M 181 Bronzesmallhinge,PLATE 205,34. L. 2.3; W. 1.3. Complete,oxydised,split.Flatstripofbronze foldedintoeyeloop. Terminals piercedoffcentre.72/797. M 182 Bronzescrap,4.3 X 2.3; Th. 0.1. Sn 9%. Triangular piece; one edgeperhapsoriginal, ?plainlip ofa vessel.72/99. of rimreinforcement. L. 3.6; W. 0.8; Th. 0.1. Long edgesfinished. M 183 BronzePsegment Perhapsfor foldedrimofa panlikeM 12. (H). strengthening M 184 Bronzescraps,2 pieces, (a) brokenall round,4.3 X 3.8 X 0.4; (b) segmentof reinforcing ring, M 183. 72/183. 2 X 1.1 X 0.4, PLATE 204,9. Sn 17%. (b) resembles M 185 Bronzescrap,13 X4.4; Th. 0.25. Sn 5%. 72/331. M 186 Bronzescrap,2.7 X 2.5; Th. O.8.Sn 6%. 72/106. M 187 Bronzescrap,10 pieces;5 (largest3.7 X 3.6 X 0.2) are formless scrapsof sheet,3 perhapspartsof castingwaste- ?web (largest5.7 X 3 X c. 0.3); one a crumbof wireor needleshaft;lasta frag,of mouldwire.(K). M 188 Bronzescrap,9 pieces; 8 (largest2.5 X 1.5 X 0.2) are formlessscrapsof sheet;last, a roughly a rivethole, ?partof tinkered triangular piece of sheet1.5 X 1.5 X 0.1, PLATE 204,18,containing patch.(J). M 189 Bronzescrap,4 pieces: 3 (largest3.2 X 2 X 0.15) are formless sheet;fourth scrapsof medium-thin of castingwaste- ?web.(F). (6 X 0.9 X 0.3) is segment M 190 Bronzescrap,8 pieces,7 (largest4.8 X 2 X c. 0.3) are formless scrapsof sheetmetal;eighth(L. 3, D. 0.8) is shortsegment of roundbar,one endpointed(Pworking pointofbrokentool). (L). M 191 Bronzescrap,6 pieces;2 (larger2.5 X 1.8 X 0.2) mayhavebeenpartsof triangular inlayslikeM 92 and 96. One (4 X 1.6 X 0.2) is rimscrapfromvessellikeM 12-3. A smallheavilyoxydisedscrap scrapsofmedium(1.5 X 1.5) maybe partof a blade. 2 others(larger2.4 X 1.7 X 0.1) areformless lightsheetmetal.(E). M 192 Bronzedroplet,0.6 X 0.5. Completely oxydised.(C). M 193 Bronzedroplet,0.8 X 0.6. Completely oxydised.(N). M 194 Bronzemouldwirefrag.,0.9 X 0.5 X 0.1. Flatrectangular section,muchoxydised.(A). M 195 Claycrucible, PLATES 199c and 206,5. Ext. H. 4; W. 7.6; Ext. L. 8.5; Th. 1.1. Repairedfromfrags; withsmalltracesofmetaladhering. 72/P117. bridgeandmouthlost.Onepartof lip clinkered, M 196 Claycrucible,PLATES 199b and 206,1. H. 4.6; L. 10.3; Th. 1.2. Repairedfromfrags;partofbody No traceofmetalaccretion.72/P116. andrimmissing; bridgeandmouthpreserved. Otherfinds PLATES 208,7; 227,13. L. 12.2; W. 7.8; Th. 2.6; Wt. 600 gm. M 197 Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, red fine white with plate: 'back' in blockedout state; Limestone/marble, veining.Nearrectangular one edgesawn,otherssmoothed.One endbroken. M 198 Stone polisher PLATES 208,8; 227,6. L. 9.1; W. 4.5; Th. 4; Wt.250 gm. Fine/grinder-pounder, facewithpronounced white.Roundededges,one flattened gloss,endsroughened. grainedquartzite, 72/156. rod form,PLATE 227,7. L. 9.5; squaresection3.8; Wt.300 gm.FinesandM 199 Stonegrinder /pounder, stone,grey-brown. Roughlysquared;endsslope back from'lower'side havingtracesof horizontal bit. hollow.ResemblesEgyptiandrilling striations. Longsidessmooth,top slightly M 200 Stonepolisher, PLATE 227,9. L. 8.0; W. 1.0; Ht. 1.8; Wt.22 gm.Sandstone,fine-grained, triangular, outlineon sides,probablyonlytipused. Ratherirregular browny-grey. L. 15.5; W. 11.1; Th. 8.7; Wt.over1^ kilos.?Trachyte, M 201 Stonepolisher/grinder-pounder. greyshot flatwitha littlepolish. one siderelatively withredandwhite.Vaguelytriangular; through M 202 Stonepolisher/grinder-pounder, bar form.L. 3.8; W. 2.8; Th. 1.6; Wt. 19 gm.Marble,grey-brown. Facettedto rectangular block,edgesnowwornto roundedcontour. M 203 Stone,whetstone, plaque. L. près.4.5; W. 6.8; Th. 1.7; Wt.78 gm.Sandstone(calcareous),finebut Surfacesflat,edgescarefullyrounded:the whole taperingacrossits distinctgrains,grey-white. width. M 204 Rockcrystal. crystals. Up to 2.0 in length.Two piecesfromunworked

68

THE EXCAVATION

M 205 Stone quern, saddle. L. près. 18.1; W. 13.5; Max. Th. 4.O. PLimestone(crystalline),blue-grey.Sides show signsof workingto shape, hollow fromuse on top verydistinct. M 206 Ivory lentoid, PLATE 220,4. H. 1.1; D. 2.3. Burntgrey-black.Domed above and polished, curved below with4 drilledfixingholes arrangedin Ύ' pattern.72/71. M 207 Ivory lentoid. D. 2.9; Ht. 1.3. Burnt blue-grey.Half preserved,probably once a pattern of five holes drilledbelow (3 left). M 208 Ivory knob terminal/pommel, PLATES 220,6; 230,2. H. 1; D. 3.4; socket 1.5 square. Burntbrownblack, frag.?Base of sphereon slightstem; slightlyhollowed below withverticalsocket. M 209 Ivory knob terminal,PLATE 220,8. Max. L. 2.8; W. 1.5. Burntpale grey.Eitherpart of a terminal withsquared centralexcision; or a piece of a plaque, withcornercut away. M 210 32+ ivory buttons', domed with Hs. 0.95-0.4; Ds. 1.2-0.8. PLATES 220,5; 230,13. 72/57, 92,

-15 114-5,227. M 216 Ivoryplaqueresembling M 89. M 217 Ivoryplaque, elongated'D' shape,PLATE 220,11 bottom.L. 9.5; W. 2.5; Th. O.5. Burntgrey, brokenand partlost.Uppersidepolished,reversehas cutmarksandscratches, edgeinraw straight statebutrounded.Pairof drilledfixing holesat pointedends.72/115. PLATE 220,11 topright(2). Max. M 218 Ivoryplaque,elongated'D'-shaped;up to 10 potentialfragments, L. près.8.6; Ht. 2.6; Th. 0.5. Burntpale greyandblue-grey. Partsof twoat least- pairsofholesat thetips.72/115. at least.L. près.2.5; W. 1.6; Th. O.6.Burnt. M 219 Ivoryplaque,elongated'D'-shaped:a dozen fragments of thetips. 4 holes at 3 or with such pairs Probably represented M 220 Ivoryplaque, PLATE 220,11 top centre.L. 2; W. 1.5; Th. O.4. Burntand broken.Plainexcept incisedcrosson reverse. Slightpolishand abrasionmarks. M 221 Ivorycornerblock,fragment, PLATE 221,6. L. près.3.1; W. près.0.7; Ht. 1.0. Burntblackand polished.Of the sameshape,andno doubt,fromthesameobjectas M 137 - holesdrilledfromtop andsides(0.25 D.). M 222 Ivoryrods,dozensof frags.,PLATE 221,1. L. up to 3; W.0.5; Th. O.3.Mostburntandveryfragm. Top onlypolished,eitherhollowor flatin section. M 223 Clayloomweight, nearcylindrical, PLATE 223e top 2ndleft.6 X 5.5. 72/98. M 224 Faiencebead. Originally perhapsaboutD. 1.0. Blackenedbyheat,andcrushed. M 225 Lead fragments: rivet(L. près.1.1; D. 0.5), andpieceoflitharge. rod/ modelledby hand - its surfacenow M 226 Kouskourasball, PLATE 224,12. D. 2.1. Pale grey-brown; pittedandirregular.

In addition to registeredvases, therewas little decorated LM II pottery,- the frags,of kylikesand of a reed cup at PLATE 100a and the individualsherdsat PLATE 10 If. The kylix frags,include parts of severalwithdropletsat the rimand of others,clearlyby the samepainteras made thatpartlyrestored,M 171, at PLATE 100b. and light-onOf LM I types,therewere sherdsof cups withspiraldec. in dark-on-light dark, of which one could be restored,M 152, (PLATE 100c-e). There exist frags,of 2 certainand 2 probableotherone-handledcups of the same kindas PLATE 102j, and of 12 thatat monochromehandlelesscups like PLATE 102i, and probably7 otherjugs resembling PLATE 102g. Therewere,also, partof a smallwash-covered, jug withbasket bridge-spouted handles,and at least 23 plainledgedconicalcups,as PLATE 163,4. In coarse ware, apart fromthe bases at PLATE 101b and e, therewere the tops of severallarge stirrupjars (PLATE lOld) and body sherdsof at least 2 withretortedspiral dec. all the spouts of whichhave bosses. There was also presenta largebasinof the typeof PLATE 87e. In cooking pot ware, there is part of a very large example of the tripodvase and probably 2 others of the smallerversion;also, a rim frag,of a flat tray with diam. of c. 40 cm. Otherfindsincluded2 pieces of pumice withsizes up to L. 7.4; W. 5.3 and Th. 4.9: 8

THE EXCAVATION

69

individualfrags,of stone vases,and 13 obsidianpieces fromthe upper levels - core,blade and flakesincluded,PLATE 21 If. StaircaseΝ and Ο Ν and Ο togethercomprisea staircase,the lower flightof steps beingin O, Compartments withthe landingand returncontainedabove the L-shapedcompartment N. The space below the returnhad been used as a storeroom.In markedcontrastwiththe adjacentroomsM and P, no object of note was foundin theupperfill,sincetherewereno roomsabove. In compartment N, a smallarea at its entrancehad been disturbedby a pit whichhad removedthe upper blocks of thepieron theW. side of the doorway;thispit,whichdid not penetrateto the floor,was the onlydisturbancecaused to the fillof the room.Initially,the red burntearthof theupperlevelsin theN. halfwas dug separatelyfromtheblackersoil to the south, but the difference soon became indistinct.Since it was clearlyone destruction fill, with the sherds being uniformlyMM ΠΙ/LM IA scraps, it was decided to dig the remainderin arbitrary horizontallevels;a thinearthsectionwas leftagainstthe W. wall as a control. Fallen stones,includingsome largeblocks,lay highup at thenorthend whilean area of white calcinatedstone withburntfragments of gypsumand charcoalwas markedtowards the south(PLATE 36a), wheretheexistenceof a crosswall soon became apparent.South of this wall, a scatter of stones in burntdestructionfill resembledtumble fromits upper courses.No stoneblockssuitableforstairtreadswererecordedthoughit is possiblethatany theremighthavebeen nearthe crosswall,wheretherewas intenseburning,would have been reducedto powder. A generaldeclinationof the lines of debrisfromN. to S. indicatedthegeneraldirection of the collapse but it is likelyto have been less uniformthan appearedin the section.The mass of burntgypsumjust N. of the crosswall,at about thelevelof its top surviving course, suggeststhatwooden supportsmay have held part of the flooringtherein place forlonger than elsewhere.Isolated gypsumpavingfragments at floorlevel indicatesthat the collapse of theuppercorridorwas not a suddenand singleevent. The floordeposit of vases,plottedon FIG. 11, spreadovermuch of the roombut had the appearanceof havingbeen stacked originallyagainstthe E. wall. It did not continue beyond the divisionwall into the compartmentto the south.Thoughtherewerepatchesof charcoal over much of the floor,most was concentratedagainstthe E. wall with what seemedto be the remainsof wooden beams.These mightrepresentshelvingon whichsome of the storeshad been housed, thoughthey could also be the remainsof verticaltimber supportsforthe upper floor,since similar,thoughless marked,evidencewas noted against theW. wall,nearerthe divisionwall. Stacks of crushedpots lay on the floor;some conical cups were found one inside the other,a tripodcookingpot containeda cup and kylixand two kylikeswerefittedinto each other,but none of the vases stood uprightin position,PLATE 36b- c. One conical cup, foundupside down, covereda heap of fibrouscarbonisedmaterialand seeds, obviouslyits originalcontents,PLATE 233k. Therewas no indicationthatat the finalstatethe compartmenthad been used otherthan as a storeroom.However,unlikethose on eitherside of it, it containedno largestoragejars and only two kitchenpots. The pottery,principallycups and kylikes,was mostlytable-ware,and included an unusual tea-potlike jug (N 25) with ritualisticdecorationof shieldsand horns of consecration,PLATE 60a. Among the pots, againstthe E. wall, lay a heap of over ninetyclay loomweightwithfourmore of stone,

70

THE EXCAVATION

PLATE 36e. Apart fromthese and the vases, objects were few;theyincludedseveralwhetstones,stonepoundersand pieces of pumice,thesebeingfoundin close proximity. The rectangular area beyond the divisionwall, most readilyexplainedas a space under the turnand landingof the stairway,was evidentlyhollow at the time of the destruction, since it containeddebriscorrespondingto that in the storeroomnorthof it (Section 7, PLATE 10, levels9-11). A fewLM II sherdswerefoundat variouslevels,includingpartsof of an unusual bowl (PLATE 103e). The fill containedsome fallenstones and fragments frame. of a timber remains with of burnt lenses the carbon,perhaps Highup totally gypsum in the debris and close to the S. wall was a fragmentary pyramidalstand of limestone (PLATE 214b). This space cleaned down to a thin layerof ash over a somewhatuneven surfaceof kouskourasfill. The S. face of the divisionwall is constructedof dressedblocksforsome threequarters of its heightand is thencompletedwithunshapedstonesbonded withclay (PLATE 36g). the wall The blocks on the N. face end afterfour courses in flat slabs and, thereafter, becomes thinnerand was givena roughmud-plaster facing.A carefullyconstructedopening had been leftmidwayin thiswall at floorlevel,30 cm wide and 50 cm high(PLATE 36f). It was filledwithlayersof drifteddestructionmaterial,while the uncoveredspace in front of it on theN. side containedveryloose black soil. A test to bedrockwas made againstthe N. face of the divisionwall whichshowedthat some 6 cms below the latest floor,undera packingof yellowclay,was an earlierearthfloor with a thick coveringof charcoal. This was particularlydeep in the centreof the room where some fairlylarge fragments, suitable for cooking purposes,were found. That this mighthave been the functionof the room at that timeis also suggestedby thepotteryon the floorwhichconsistedalmostentirelyof kitchenwaresapartfromtheubiquitousconical cups and a miniaturecup of votivetype. The constructionof the W. wall has alreadybeen describedin the accountof Room M. withverticalposts The E. wall was of similarcharacter,rubblebonded withmud,reinforced and givena mud-plaster finish;it formedthe partywall withstairwayO, whereit had been givena similarsurfacing. StairwayΟ was filledwithdebrisof much the same kind as its adjoiningcompartment N, except thatit containedno fallengypsumslabs. Again,the earthfillseparatedinitially into a red area to the northand near black soil to the south.There was a fall of stones, mostly high up in the fill and concentratedabout midwayalong the compartment.As each step was reached in the digging,it was noted that the soil above it was brownwith more evidencethan higherup of burntwood. The only findof note was a smallbronze pendent(O 2) foundabove the second step, while the potteryconsistedalmostentirelyof theusual MM III/LM IA scrapsderivedfromwall and ceilingcontents. PLATE crudein construction, The four surviving steps, of limestoneand surprisingly mudwere floor. The walls mud side L an inclined Corridor 32c, were approachedfrom by an Archaic well; this plasteredbut the N. end of the E. wall had been largelydestroyedby wall,too, had internalsupportsof verticalwooden posts. fillof An earlierfloor was foundbelow the inclinedapproachwitha thinintervening under E. wall the A test LM II sherds burntearthcontainingsome against (PLATE 139f). the steps showed thattheyhad been set on a fillof kouskouras,above whichwas a packing of brownsoil and smallstones;thelatestsherdswereLM IA (PLATE 139g). Earlierin the excavation,a gypsumblock withdowel holes on two of its faceshad been found at the heightof the top surviving step (PLATE 35d- f indicatedby an arrow),and was possiblypartof thelandingconstruction.42

THE EXCAVATION

71

RoomContents PlottedFinds All atfloorlevel,Ν 1-45, plottedon FIG. 11. Ν 1 Jug,1 hnd.,coarseware.Fragmentary lackingcentralbody. D. of lip 10.5; of base 10. Greygritty outside.Forshapecf.M 105. 72/P89. clay,firedorange-red Ν 2 Pedestalled bowl,plain,PLATE 85b. H. 8.6; D. ofrim13.3,ofbase4.1. Ratherconicalwitheverted lipandhollowbase inside.Orangeclay,burntinplaces.72/P48. Ν3 PLATE 81a. H. 7.7; D. of rim10.8, ofbase4.6. Complete.Roll handle Cup, 1 hnd,monochrome, withlip pulledout to slightpouringspoutat rightanglesto it. Finebuffclay;blackto redpaintall over.72/P35. Ν4 Conicalcup,plain.H. 4.6; D. of rim9, of base 3.3. Complete.Fine buffclaywithlittlesmallgrit. 72/P32. Ν5 Stonewhetstone. Ν6 Stone grinder-pounder, 'amorphous'.L. 8.7; W. 6.7; Th. 6.2; Wt.600 gm.Sandstone(calcareous) mediumgrained.Angularshape- occasionalpatchesof smoother texture.72/160. Ν 7 Stonegrinder-pounder, rod form.L. près.10.9; W. 4.4; Th. 4.1; Wt.327 gm.Arkose,brown,finesection.One endbrokenand chippedin use. grained; rectangular Ν8 Stonewhetstone. Ν9 Cup, 1 hnd.,plain.H. 4.7; D. of rim10, of base 3. Rathertea-cupshapedwithrollhandleandflat fineclayand slip.72/P71. base.Orange-buff Ν 10 Bronzeweb PLATE 204,6. L. 9.7; W. 0.8; Th. 0.35. Sn 5%. Probablycomplete.Appearsto be a wastepiece fromwithinthemouldclose to theedge,whereit has seepedthrough theseam.The to unevenness on themouldsurface.Thicker groovealongmuchof thelengthofit maycorrespond thannormal.72/269. Piriform rollhandleson Nil jar,dec, PLATE 85e. H. 13.9; D. ofrim9, ofbase4.9. Complete.2 vertical withconsiderable shoulder,smalllug on frontand back; flatbase. Cookingpot fabric,orange-red whitenowmostlyeffaced.72/P33. grit;paintPoriginally Ν 12 Kylix,1 hnd.,plain,PLATE 83a. H. 7.3; D. ofrim11, of foot5.2. Usualshape;complete.Finebuff clayandslip,72/P46. Ν 13 Kylix,1 hnd.,painted,PLATE 83b. H. 8.9; D. of rim11, of foot5.4. Few fragsmissing including partof handle.Usual shape. Fine buffclay and slip; red-brown paint. Foot paintedand monochromeinside.72/P77. Ν 14 Kylix,2 hnd.,dec, PLATES 87c and 158,5.H. 9.3; D. ofrim10.5,of foot5. In 2 joiningpartsand handlelost. Fine buffclay;red-brown paintmucheffaced.Lip and footband,dropletsunderlip withfoliatescrollbetweenwavybands;lipbandandlowerbasepaintedinside.72/P75. Ν 15 Cup,hndless,dec, PLATES 51i and 151,8.H. 8.9; D. ofrim13, ofbase 3.7. Completeexceptfrag. of lip; restored.Resemblesthepedestalledcup butwithslightmoulding insteadofpedestal.Pinkish buffclay and slip;blackto brownpaint.Lip and base band withverticalspraysof reedbetween; lipbandandsplashinside.72/P37. Ν 16 Bowl,2 hnd.,dec, PLATES 52f and 148,6.H. 12.5; D. ofrim17.8,ofbase 6.2. Complete.Pinkish bufffineclay and slip;cherryred to darkbrownpaint.Usual shapewithevertedlip andflatbase. Lip, bodyand base bandswithmaindec of verticalreeds;lip band and lowerbasepaintedinside. 72/P43. Ν 17 Kylix,1 hnd.,plain,PLATE 83a. H. 8.7; D. of rim10.5, offoot5.5. Smallfragsmissing including handle.Finebuffclayandslip.Usualshape.72/P79. Ν 18 Cup, 1 hnd.,monochrome, PLATE 81a. H. 8.2; D. of rim11.5,ofbase4. Few fragsmissing. Deep shapewithevertedlip,rollhandleandflatbase;lippulledout to smallpouringspoutat rightangles to handle.Greenish-buff fineclay;paintPblackbutnownearlyall effaced.72/P7O. Ν 19 Cup, 2 hnd.,plain,PLATES 84d and 161,5. H. 6.9; D. of rim13, of base 4. Complete.Rounded shape,flatbase, evertedlip withtwo handlesof ovoid sectionrisingabove therimin kantharos fineclayand slightly burnished manner.Orange-buff slip.72/P42. Ν 20 Cup,hndless,PLATE 79m.H. 7.6; D. of rim12.6, of base 4.5. Complete.Darkredburntto near blackall over.Lip bandwithtricklein and out. 72/P34. Ν 21 Bowl,2 hnd.,dec, PLATE 53f. H. 12.4; D. of rim17.3, ofbase 6.5. Complete.Bufffineclayand of slip;smearybrownalmostmattpaint;burnt.Lip,bodyand basebandswithfriezecircumcurrent 'S' chain;lipbandonlyinside.72/P49. interlocking

72

THE EXCAVATION

jO

%

FIG. 1 1. Room N. Floor deposit.Scale approx. 1 : 20.

LEVEL

THE EXCAVATION Ν 22 Ν 23

Ν 24 Ν 25

Ν 26 Ν 27 Ν 28

Ν 29 Ν 30

Ν 31

Ν 32

73

Reed cup, PLATE 59f. H. 5.6; D. of rim 10, of base 3.3. Complete. Slightlyevertedrim and flat base. Buff fine clay and black paint. Lip and base bands with verticalsprays of reed; lower base insidepainted. Blackened by fire.72/P45. Bridge-spoutedjug, dec, PLATES 62e and 153,2. H. to rim 11; D. of rim6.5, of base 4. Complete. Rounded form with bridge spout and 2 basket handles; slightlyledged rim and flat base. Lip and base band with verticalreed patternabove waved line. Creamybuffslip and orange-brownto black paint. 72/P41. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 58g. H. 10.6; D. of rim 10.6, of foot 6.5. About 1/5missing.Bufffine clay and black paint. Foot painted,bars on handles which are outlined; iriscross on each face; solid painted inside. 72/P39. Jug, teapot shaped, dec, PLATES 60a and 153,8. H. 18.5; D. of rim 7,9, of base 6.9. Teapot shaped with tubular spout attached to rim,ledged rim,pedestal base and elaborate 'S' shaped handle. End of spout only missing. Strokes across rim, zig-zag with intermediatestrokes on neck, painted pedestal and groups of bars across handle; main dec. of disks above with dots between; below, foliateband and on eitherside two floralfrondswith tricurvedarch fillabove; hornsof consecration sittingon ?altar;figureof eightshield withmottlefillbelow handle. 72/P40. Bronze, 2 pieces (a) 3 X 3 X 1.5, shapelesslump,probablya melt; (b) 5 X 4 X 1.5, formlesslump of tin bronze (5%) filledwithlargegas bubbles - ?surfacescum froma crucible. 72/256. Kylix, 2 hnd., monochrome,PLATE 82c and 160,13. H. 10.3; D. of rim 10, of foot 5.5. Few small fragsmissing.Usual form.Greenishbufffineclay; black paint but nearlyall effaced. 72/P74. Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 53e. H. 12.7; D. of rim 19, of base 8.3. Almost complete. Usual deep form with everted lip. Flat base and 2 side handles. Brick red rathergrittyclay with creamy-buff thick slip, slightlypolished; orange-redratherlustrouspaint. Lip, body and base bands with main dec. of 3 wavy lines; lip band only inside. 72/P50. Lead, sheet strip bent into quarters,PLATE 224,21. L. 3.5; W. 2; Th. 0.2; other lead frags,and (Floor). piece of lithargeup to 3.5 long, corrodedand disintegrating. Bridge spouted jug, dec, PLATES 62c and 153,3. H. 11.6; D. of rim 7, of base 4.2. Complete except part of one handle. Somewhat piriformbody with collar neck and bridge spout; 2 basket handles from shoulder. Bufffine clay and black paint, largelyeffaced.Neck band and base bands withverticalreed patternon body. 72/P36. Clay and stone loomweighthoard comprising91 clay loomweightsof sphericalform,with and without grooves,and 3 stone cylindricalweights.PLATES 223a; 231,1- 8. These are discussed in greater detail in the relevantsection. Types are selected below. Clay Large,9.6 X 9.2; Wt. 700 gm. Small, 5.5 X 5.5; Wt. 175 gm,PLATE 231,1. Small, flattened,6.6 X 5.6; Wt. 175gm. Withoutgrooves (36 others),PLATE 231,2. Small, 5.8 X 5.9; Wt. 175 gm; 4 grooveswithred paint, PLATE 231,6. Small, elongated,6.5 X 5.1; Wt. 125 gm; 4 grooveswithblack-brownpaint. With4 grooves(24 others). Small, 5.6 X 5.6; Wt. 175gm;3 grooves. Large, 7 X 7.3; Wt. 400 gm; 3 grooveswithbrown-blackpaint, black paint in stringhole. 3 grooves(11 others)PLATE 231,7. Medium, flattened,6.7 X 6.8 X 5.1; Wt. 225 gm; 3 grooveswithpale red paint, PLATE 231,3 and 1 other. Large,flattened,6.7 X 6.3 X 7.7; Wt. 350 gm; 10 grooveswithred and black paint, PLATE 231,4. Medium- large, 7 X 6.7; Wt. 300 gm. 8/9 short diagonal strokes in 2 opposed groups around one stringhole. Small, 6.3 X 5.8; Wt. 200 gm; incised cross on side, PLATE 231,5. Various unusual forms(8 others). Stone 3 cylindricalweights:breccia (1) and serpentine(2). H's 4.3 and 4.1; D's. 5.4; Wt's. 250 and 200gm. Stringholeshave indentation on one side from wear of threads; PLATES 223a bottom right,3; 231,8. Copper web, PLATE 204,5. L. 6.5 ;W. 1.2. Th. c 0.5. Sn 1%. Much oxydised. 72/253.

74 Ν 33

Ν 34 Ν 35 Ν 36 Ν 37 Ν 38

Ν 39

Ν 40 Ν 41

Ν 42 Ν 43

Ν 44 Ν 45 Ν 46

THE EXCAVATION Shallow cup, 1 hnd., monochrome, PLATES 79f and 160,6. H. 5.2; D. of rim 13, of base 5.2. Shallow with markedevertedrim,straphandle, flatbase; impressedcirculararea at base inside. Fine buff clay, yellowish buff slip somewhat shiny; traces of mauve paint inside and on handle, so probablymonochromeall-over;Ptinned.72/P335. Pedestalled bowl, plain, PLATES 85c and 162,1. H. 9.4; D. of rim 13, of base 5. Complete except fragof rim. Ledged flat rim, hollow base inside, slightlymoulded foot, flat base. Pink-buffclay somewhatgritty,burnt.72/P60. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 56e. H. extant 6.9; D. of rim 10. Lacking lower stem and foot. Fine buffclay and black paint. Droplets at rim with foliatescrollon body; handles barredand outlined; solid-paintedinterior.72/P61. Cooking pot cup, 1 hnd., PLATES 85h and 162,8. H. 7.2; D. of rim9.8, of base 3. Complete except for few small frags.Tea-cup shape with roll handle set below lip. Coarse orangeclay withconsiderable grit;burnt.72/P56. Cup, hndless,monochrome,PLATE 80b. H. 5.4; D. of rim 9.3, of base 3.5. Ogival shape with flat base. Fine buffclay and red paint in and out. 72/P62. Pedestalled cup, hndless (goblet), dec, PLATES 51h and 156,10. H. 10; D. of rim 12, of base 3.6. Few rim fragsmissing;restored. Fine buffclay; brown paint. Lip and pedestal bands withfriezeof dots with alternatingscroll below; lip band inside. Lower part of pedestal solid; flatbase with slight moulding.72/P58. Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 50a and 147,1. H. 8.7; D. of rim 14.5, of base 4.5. Few fragsmissing; restored. Fine buffclay slightlyburntto grey;black to brown slightlyglossypaint. Deep shape with roll handle and flatbase; lip pulled out at rightangles to handle into smallpouringspout. Lip, lower body and base bands withmain friezeof dropletsand iriszig-zag;solid painted inside. 72/P66. Tripod cooking pot, PLATE 86f. Complete. H. 22.6; D. of rim 20.5. Rather straightsided with 2 horizontalhandlesbelow rim.Coarse orangeclay withmuch grit;burnt.72/P55. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 56d. H. 8.6; D. of rim 9.2, of foot 0.0. Complete. Buff fine clay; orangy-brownpaint. Droplets at rim,foot painted,main dec. of 2 leavesjoined verticallyby 3 wavy lines withlunate eitherside; lip band and lower base painted inside; handles outlined with subsidiary lunate below on one side; strokeson handles. 72/P68. Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 55g and 151,2. H. 9.4; D. of rim9.8, of base 4.8. Complete. Bufffine clay and brown paint. Band on foot, row of single loops with central dot, around body; banded interior.Handles barredand stub outlined. 72/P54. Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 53d and 148,8. H. 12.4; D. of rim 17.6, of base 5.8. Few rimsherds missing;restored.Usual shape with evertedrimand flatbase. Bufffineclay and black fugativepaint; burnt. Lip, body and base bands with friezeof pendent concentricloops (7) with solid centralsemicircle; iris fill between threegroupsof loops on each side; handles outlinedwith two horizontal'V's below; lip band only inside. 72/P59. Kylix, 2 hnd., plain, PLATE 84f. H. 16; D. of rim 18, of foot 7.7. Almost complete. Bufffineclay and slip. Ratherbulbous body and unusuallylarge. 72/P57. Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome, PLATE 81a. H. 8; D. of rim 13.5, of base 4.5. Complete. Deep form fineclay; dark with evertedlip, roll handle with at rightangles small pouring spout. Greenish-buff paint but nearlyall effaced.72/P53. Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 53a. H. 11.4; D. of rim 17.5, of base 5.5. Few fragsmissing;restored. Usual shape with 2 side handles. Fine buffclay and slip; brownpaint. Lip band, lower body bands and base bands, main frieze of running 'C spirals between wavy lines; diagonal strokes across handles;lip band and lower base painted inside. 72/P69.

UnplottedFinds Pottery Ν 47 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 58i and 150,6. H. 10; D. of rim 10.5, of foot 5.2. Complete but for frag,of foot. Buff fine clay and black paint. Lip band with linear version of iris cross; handles barred;solid painted interior.72/P38. Ν 48 Cup, hndless,monochrome,PLATE 79j. H. 5.4; D. of rim 9.5, of base 3.5. Somewhat ogival form. Complete. Bufffineclay and orange-brownpaint inside and out. 72/P44. Ν 49 Cup, 1 hnd., plain, PLATES 84b-c and 161,6. H. 7.8; D. of rim 14.2, of base 4.5. Complete.

THE EXCAVATION

75

Somewhat shallow rounded shape with evertedlip and wishbone handle. Grey fine clay and grey burnishedslip. 72/P47. Ν 50 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATE 80a. H. 4.1; D. of rim 9.8, of base 3.1. Complete except part of handle. Ratherglobular with straphandle and flatbase. Fine buffclay and black paint. Blob dec. inside and out by dippingin paint. 72/P63. Ν 51 Jug, bridge-spouted,dec, PLATES 62f and 153,1. H. 9.1; D. of rim 8.9, of base 4. Few frags missing;restored.Globular body, 2 basket handles below rim and small lug behind. Bufffine clay and black smearypaint. Lip, lower body and spout painted withverticalstreamerson body; strokes across handles. 72/P64. Ν 52 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 79c and 160,3. H. 4.5; D. of rim 10.2, of foot 3.2. Nearly complete. Somewhat kylix shaped but with roll handle and flat base. Fine buffclay; black paint. Blobs of paint in and out fromdipping.72/P73. Ν 53 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome. H. 6.7; D. of rim 11, of base 4. 3 large non-joiningfragsbut complete profile. Deep shape with everted lip, roll handle, pinched out spout, and flat base. Pink-bufffine clay; black paint all over. 72/P80. Ν 54 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 58e. H. 9.1; D. of rim 9, of foot 5.2. About 1/3 missingincludingrim, most of one handle and part of foot. Fine buffclay and slip; black paint. Foot painted, handles barred,dropletsat lip and main dec. of iriscross; lip band and base painted inside. 72/P83. Ν 55 Cup, 1 hnd., dec, PLATES 79b and 160,2. H. 5.2; D. of rim 10.5, of base 3.7. Almost complete. Rounded, rathertall shape with roll handle and flat base. Pink-bufffine clay and slip; black paint. Large blobs out and in made by dippingin paint. 72/P84. Ν 56 Cup, hndless,dec. H. 5.4; D. of rim 10, of base 3. About 1/2missing.Pink-buffclay and slip; brown paint. Rounded formwithlip painted in and out by dipping.72/P85. Ν 57 Kylix ?1 hnd., plain. H. 8.7; D. of rim 10, of foot 5.4. About 1/2 missingincludinghandle(s) but completeprofile.Usual formwith evertedlip and hollow stem. Fine buffclay and slip. 72/P86. Ν 58 Cup, 1 hnd., monochrome,PLATE 80a. H. 6; D. of rim 11, of base 3.6. About 1/3 missingincluding most of handle. Fairly shallow with everted lip, strap handle and flat base. Fine buffclay; black paint all over but mostlyeffaced.72/P87. Ν 59 Firebox, PLATE 162,4. H. 4.4; D. of rim 14.7, of base hole 2.1. Coarse grittypink clay and slip. Bowl shaped with lugs at rim; semicirculardome in centre of base; perforationsin base of bowl below the dome; burntinternallyunderthe dome. 72/P88. Ν 60 Conical cup, miniature.H. 3; D. of rim 4; of base 1.2. Red-bufffineclay and slip. Floor 1 content. 72/P373. Bronze objects Ν 61 Bronze needle. Extant L. 2.4; D. 0.1. Whollyoxydised. (E). Ν 62 Copper fishhook, PLATE 205,23. L. 2.4; W. 1; Th. O.2. Complete save barb (assumingit to have had one). Straightshank withspade end. 72/208. Ν 63 Bronze scrap. 1.9 X 0.4. Formlessfrag.,wholly oxydised. (D). Ν 64 Bronze jet, PLATE 204,3. L. 2.5; top 1.1 square. Much oxydised. Form suggestsa roughlymade mould, withnarrowand unusuallyangularpouringhole. 72/175. Ν 65 Bronze droplet. 1.4 X 0.8. Whollyoxydised. (A). Ν 66 Bronze droplet. 1.2 X 0.8 X 0.5. Plano-convex;wholly oxydised. (B). Ν 67 Bronze droplet.0.7 X 0.5. Tiny sphericalpiece, wholly oxydised. (C). Ν 68 Bronze droplet. 1.2 X 1.2 X 1. Shapeless; much oxydised. (F). Otherfinds Ν 69 Stone whetstone,plaque, PLATE 209,8. L. 6.3; W. 2.2; Th. 0.8; Wt. 30 gm. Shale withmica flecks, burntgrey.Taperingwith flatsquared faces; ends broken. Slightoverallpolish. Ν 70 Stone stand, pyramidal,PLATE 214b. H. 18.3; W. 11.3; Th. at base 9.8 taperingto 8 X 7.5. Limestone, beige. Top broken, edges chipped. Flat chiselled faces with slight taper to top. 72/163. S. compartment. Ν 71 Stone object. L. 13.4; 8 square. Limestone, grey-brown.Roughly squared broken at ends and on 2 faces. ?Architectural.S. compartment. Ν 72 Stone rubber,facetted,PLATES 209,6; 227,10. L. 2.8; W. 1.6; Wt. 10 gm. Arkose,dark red-brown. Roughlybiconical, with 3 and 4 facets,some planes curved,othersflat. Ν 73 Stone polisher,triangular.L. près. 1.9; Ht. 1.8. Limestone (crystalline),greybanded. Tip only.

76 Ν 74 Ν 75

THE EXCAVATION Clay sphericalloomweight,9.7 X 9.5; 2 grooves. 72/212. Clay sphericalloomweight,9 X 8.9; 4 grooves. 72/286. S. compartment.

Southcompartment beyondthedivisionwall Ν 76 Copperbillet,orpart.ExtantL. 3.7; D. c. 0.4. Sn 1%. ?Cutfromlongerbilletas rivetblank.72/265. Frombelowfloor. Ν 77 Bronzescrap.7.2 X 2.5 X Th. 0.1. Frag,of thinsheet,old breaksround.(C:D). Floorandmake-up. Ν 78 Bronzescrap.1.6 X 1.2 X 0.1. Bitof thinsheet,oxydised.(C). Belowfloor. Ν 79 Bronzewastelump.2.0 X 1.5 X 1.2. Formless; muchoxydised.(A). (AddΝ 70-1, 73 and 75 above.)

thattherewas no signifiApart fromthe cataloguedobjects,littleelse was found,suggesting cantupperfloorfallinto thisroom.In the maincompartment of therewerea fewfragments a kylix,perhapswith iris-crossdecoration,and a largekylixfoot whichmighthave been used as a stopper.A largeshallowdish of cookingpot warewas probablyamongthe stores and is discussedin the potterysectionundertrays;therewas also part of a mediumsized tripodpot. Sixteen conical cups were retainedof whicha selectionis illustratedat PLATE 81b. In the fillof the S. compartmentwerefragments of a finebowl withwishbonehandle decoratedin a fashionusuallyconsideredMycenaean,PLATE 103e. Also recordedwere 4 pieces of pumice (one witha grinding plane) PLATE 21 le; 2 bits of obsidian,comprising blade and flake;and 7 stonevase fragments. StairwayContents Ο1

Ο2 Ο3 Ο4 Ο5 Ο6 Ο7 Ο8 Ο9

Copperneedle.L. ext. 6.3; D. 0.15. Severaljoiningpieces,muchoxydised;eyeletlost. 72/274. LM II context. Bronzependent,PLATE 205,28. L. 4.3; W. of edge2; Th. O.2.Sn 8%. Complete;whollyoxydised. Axe shapedpieceofmetal,thetoprolledintosuspension loop. 72/203.LM II context. Copperbillet(or part)PLATE 204,12. L. 2.4; D. 0.6. Sn 0.5%. Roundsection,muchoxydisedand split.One endappearsas ifit hadbeencutby cold chiselfromlongerrod.72/263.LM II context. Bronzelumpofwaste.2.5 X 2; Th. 1.5. Shapeless;muchoxydised.72/R30,A.LM II context. Bronzescraps (2) of verygassywaste;larger,1.5 X 1.5 X 1.3. With3rd piece a shapelessdrop, 1.5 X 0.7. 72/R30,C.LM II context. Bronze?mouldwire.1.3 X 0.3. Shortlength, whollyoxydised.72/R30,B.LM II context. Stonepolisher,triangular, PLATES 208,13; 227,18. L. 5.1; W. 1.9; Th. 1.7; Wt.20 gm.Marble, banded. Not quite triangular. shortest, high Longestedge, 'IT profilewith tracesof facetting; disturbed. acrossit. 72/97.LM II destruction glosswithveryfinediagonalscratches limeStonewhetstone, plaque,PLATE 227,20. L. 11.3; W. 5.4; Th. 1.5; Wt. 150 gm.Fine-grained stone,grey-brown, badly burnt.Triangularwithabruptangledpoint at apex; regularand welldisturbed. squaredfaces.No traceofuse. LM II destruction red-brown. Stonewhetstone, plaque,PLATE 209,19. L. 9.8; W. 6; Th. 1.5; Wt. 140gm.Siltstone, on one long Work marks ?from at with scratches but shaping. edges Triangular roughlypolished disturbed. roundedfromuse. LM II destruction side,pointsof tipand corner;edgessomewhat 5 obsidianfragments bladeand flakes. recovered:

Room Ρ The back wall had been badly robbed to within50 cm of the floorthoughwithoutgreatly disturbinga deposit of vases therewhich remainedstandingto a greaterheightthan the wall top. Some of the adjacentE. wall too had been removed,but elsewherewalls surviving werepreservedto overa metrehigh.Otherslightdisturbancehad been caused by an Archaic well whichhad cut throughpart of theNW cornerof theroom.It is not, therefore, surprising that the upper fill of the room containeda few LM III sherdsbut these disturbances

THE EXCAVATION

77

werelittleand had not penetratedclose to the floorwithitsvase depositof thickly-packed and crushedpots. Excavationand planningwerecomplicatedby the two mainsectionsthroughthissector of the building,one Ε-W (Section 7 at PLATE 10b), the otherN-S (Section 8 at PLATE 14), whichbisectedtheroom,so thatit had to be clearedin sectors.Whenit was appreciated that the fill was one homogeneousdestructiondeposit,the debriswas dug in arbitrary horizontallevels.The findsfromthesehave been amalgamatedinto two plansrepresenting theupperfilland the floordeposit,FIGS. 12 and 13. One largeashlarblock lay highin the debrisin theSW corner,and otherdressedblocks and unshaped stones were encounteredover most of the area (PLATE 32b and FIG. 12); with these were fragmentsof decoratedwall plasterand gypsumfloorslabs, some badly burnt(Section 8 level 9). Severalof theseslabs,in themiddleof theroom,werepractically on edge but most showeda generalslopingpositionfromN. to S., themaindirectionof the collapse which would have tendedto project any upper floorcontentsagainstthe S. wall and on top of the storagejars below.Much of the damageto thesevaseshad been caused by fallenstonesand slabs. The resultantconfusionof smashedpots and scatteredsherdsmay be seen at PLATE 37a- b. The fillof theroomwas fairlyuniformly composedof fineburnt soil, red in colour; the amountof charcoalincreasedas thefloorwas neared,whilethe floor itselfwas coveredwithcarbon 2 cm or morethickand moremarkedin some areas (Section 7 level 6 and Section 8 level 9). Unlike Room M, it is certainthatthisroomhad been used as a storeand thatmost of the vases had been housed in thelowerroom. Rangedalongits back wall and cornerswas a seriesof large pithoidjars which continuedabout halfway along the E. wall as well. The bases of manyof thesepots werein position,some restingon stone slabs. The W. wall had been left freerof storagevesselsbut in frontof themand to about half way along was a mass of crushedfinervases,mostlypaintedcups stretching but includinga numberof decoratedkylikes,bowls andjugs, some of themamongthe finest fromthe whole building.43Their concentrationin one area makes it virtuallycertainthat they werepart of the lower room storesand that theyhad been placed on shelvesor in a cupboard againstthe W. wall; a markedamount of charcoalin thisregionmightbe from such shelving.Similarshelvesabove the storagejars on the S. wall could have held other smallerpots which were found among and just in frontof the largervases, - including severalconical cups,at least fivedecoratedjugs, a smalldecoratedjar and a fine-ware stirrup jar,44 - but equally these,or some of them,could be fall fromthe upper floorsince this seems a much more probable originfor other findsin thisregion,- stripsof copper,an ivoryhandleand a crucible,thelast falleninto ajar, Ρ 69, PLATE 37c. Less clearlyfromthe upper floorwere anothercrucible,a sealstoneand a plainjug, foundinsidea smalljar, Ρ 63, wheretheycould have been placed forsafecustody. The upperfloororiginof similarobjects,however,is put beyonddoubt by theirposition high up in the debris,- includinga bronze daggerhilt, knifeand needle, fragmentsof workedivoryand a whetstoneas well as a largecoarsewarepyxisand at least two kylikes. It could well be, too, thata groupof findson the floorinsidethe door nearthe E. wall are upper floorfall; not only are theysimilarin characterbut a fragment of fallengypsum pavingwas among them: they compriseseveralpieces of bronze,an ivoryobject, a stone a largeclay basinand a storagepyxis,nos. 28-38. sword-pommel, At least, thereis no doubt about the originof manyfragments of paintedwall plaster, severaldecoratedwith partsof a floralscene, whichwere foundscatteredthroughoutthe fill and must once have graced one or more walls of the upper room (PLATES 46-8).

78

THE EXCAVATION

One largepiece of mud walling,plain-painted on both faces,suggeststheexistencetheretoo of a thinpartitionwall,or perhapsa benchor cupboard.45 As for the lower room, the slabs on whichthe storagejars had been set have already been mentioned;carbonisedseeds fromsome of thesejars show what had been storedin them,thoughstocks were low.46 Other vases, especiallythe large stirrupjars, musthave theburncontainedliquids,perhapswine since olive oil would have been likelyto intensify In a small was still decorated ing yet further; amphoroidjar apparently stoppered.47 theSW corner of the room, behind a pithoid jar, was the skeleton of a small dog which had apparentlyhiddentherein panic whentheMansioncaughtfire.48 Two areas of burntwood about half way along the E. and W. walls (FIG. 13) were thoughtto be possiblythe remainsof a crossbeam of the ceiling,or verticalsupportsfor one. Remainsof carbonisedwood lay above the easterndoor jamb. The walls to N.E. and W. stillcarrieda wellpreservedcoveringof thickmudplasterwitha limefinish,PLATE 39a. Part of the E. wall was less well constructedthan elsewhereand gave the impressionsof some roughrepairaftera partialcollapse; thiswall had not been giventheinteriorwooden supportsfoundin itscounterpartto the west. A test was made throughthe latest floor to the rock in the area betweenthe line of Section 8 and the E. wall. An earlierearthfloorwas foundwithsignsof burninga little below thelatestfloor;its contentsand make-upcontainedno sherdclearlylaterthanLM IA (PLATE 140c). The earthbelow this containedan increasingamountof kouskouraschips untilbedrockwas reacheda metrebelow the floor(Section 8, PLATE 14, level 10). At the S. end of the testa cuttinghad been made in the rock;in theN. partwerefourlargestones, possiblythe remainsof an earlierstructure.The sherdsin the fillwereof theusual MM III/ LM IA charactersuch as were found in other testsbelow floors(PLATE 140a- b). An extensionof thistestthroughthe doorwayrevealedbelow its thresholdtwo reusedblocks, one withdowel holes, the otherwithan incisedbranchsign;it showedalso the carefuland heavyconstructionof the foundationwalls on whichrestedthe flimsierN. and E. wallsof theroom. Room Contents Plottedfinds

Fill,Ρ 1-24, plottedon FIG. 12. Ρ1 decorated,PLATE 221,12. L. 2.2; W. 2; Th. O.6. Burnt,abouthalflost. Ivoryplaque,rectangular, Top dividedinto5 low roundedridgesand polished.Restabraded,withpegholedrilledintoback. 72/400. Ρ2 Bronzeone-edgedknife,PLATE 201,13. L. 15; W. 2; Th. 0.15; L. of rivet1.3. Complete,much towardsthetip.2 rivetsin butt.72/294. backed,thecuttingedgenarrowing oxydised.Straight Ρ3 Stonewhetstone, triangular plaque.L. 11; W. 5. Ρ4 dec, PLATES 215,3; 221,17. L. 6.1; W. 2.2; Th. up to 0.7. Burntpale grey,broken Ivorycrescent, 3 running andchipped.Slightly convextop,plainborders, spiralsdowncentrein lowreliefdiminishon in back. mortise collar in size to Excised 72/297. ing tip. Ρ5 Ivoryfrags,from2 ?discs,PLATE 221,13 and 15. L. 2.5; Th. 0.25. Burntand mostlost. Similar circles. withbacksabraded,topscarvedwithpatternofconcentric Ρ6 Bronzepunchor awl, PLATES 196c; 201,6. L. 14.3; Th. 1. As 9%, Pb 1%. Tip lost,oxydised. in section.Buttmusthave been Broadestat junctionof butt and shaft;shaftsub-rectangular insertedin bone or wooden handle;its squaresectionis suitablefora tool turnedin thehandin use. 72/288. Ρ7 Bronze,4 frags.,3 formless (1.2 largest)and whollyoxydised,thelast (L. 2.8; D. 0.4) ?a tool tip. (A).

79

THE EXCAVATION

?

■-

' FIG. 12. Room P. Fill. Scale 1 : 25.

ΙΑ

^

80

THE EXCAVATION

Bronze rivet,PLATE 204,21. H. 1.1; H. extended 1.8; D. 1.1. Sn 7%. 1 head (mushroom) and shank. Oxydised. 72/396. Cf. P 130. Ρ9 Bronze rivet,PLATE 204,20. H. 1.1; D. 1.2, of shank 0.5. Sn 3%. 1 head (mushroom);otherlost. Suitable forsecuringhandle plate to vessel neck or wall. 72/307. Ρ 10 Bronze, part of cast hiked dirk(?), PLATES 195g; 200,4. L. 8.4; W. across pommel 5.2, flange0.8. Sn 8%. Much oxydised and split. About 2/3 hilt of cast-hiltedweapon with crescentinepommel, flangedall round,one rivetin pommel.AR 1972-3 58, Fig. 35. 72/799. Ρ 11 Clay 'fire-box'. H. 5.9; D. 8.4. Top, large central hole, small perforationsaround, rounded base. 3 handle stubs only, and frillaround middle lost. Coarse, gritty,orange-redclay, undec. 72/P231. Cf. PLATE 162,4. Ρ 12 Bronze frag.1.3 X 1.1. Pointed piece, Pweapon tip (eg. spearhead). (E). Ρ 13 Copper needle. L. 8.3; D. c. 0.3. Broken,much oxydised. 72/428. Ρ 14 Stone 'button', stemmed,PLATE 218,5. H. 1.1; D. 2.3; of shaft0.8. Serpentine,brownwithwhite patches,chipped. Short stem,lightlyconvex top withcountersunkhole exit. 72/417. Ρ 15 Stone pestle, tapered cylinder.L. 7.6; D. base 4.7; top 2.3; Wt. 240 gm. Marble,grey-white.Smaller end used forsome grindingaction too. 72/398. Ρ 16 3 pieces of gold leaf,up to 1 X 0.5. 72/413. Ρ 17 Frag,of gold leaf, 0.5 X 0.3. 72/427. Ρ 18 Pyxis storagejar fragm.,dec. H. approx. 21. Bridge spout just below rim. Very fragm.and many sherds lost; not restored. Coarse grey-buff grittyclay and surface.Dec. effacedbut some type of spiraldesign. 72/P330. Ρ 19 Rock crystalbead, tubular,PLATE 215,18. H. 0.5; D. 0.7; of stringholeoffcentre0.2. Brokenand unpolished. 72/429. Ρ 20 Stone disc, pierced, PLATE 219,10. D. 1; of sh. 0.2; Th. O.3. Serpentine,black. Battered and abraded. 72/426. Ρ 21 Kylix, 2 hnd., dec, PLATE 56b. H. 11.9; D. rim 13, of foot 6.2. Few small frags,and 1 handle lost, restored. Clay, fine buff; paint, black to brown; dec, double clover leaf with arc fill,dropletson rim, foot painted, handles outlined and barred (5), interior,base disc, rim and one intermediate band. 72/P214. Ρ 22 Kylix, 2 hnd., PLATES 82b; 83c H. 10.2; D. rim 10.1, foot 6. Strap handles. Few frags,and half foot lost, restored.Clay, fineorange;paint, black to brownmetallic,patchy,overall. 72/P233. Ρ 23 Stirrupjar, PLATES 64a, 158,9. H. 16.5; D. 18. Few sherdslost, restored.Ovoid, 3 handles,projs. on spout. Clay, fine red-buff;paint, black to brown; dec. linear as shown, parallel lines on top of false spout, bars on handles. 72/P279. Ρ 24 Jug dec, PLATE 61d. H. 23; D. 13.4. Few body frags,and handle lost, restored.Bufffine clay, black fugativepaint; dec, bands on beaked troughspout, neck and base, dots below neck and reed patternbelow. 72/P274. Floor deposit, Ρ 25-76, plotted on FIG. 13. Ρ 25 Conical cup, plain, usual type. Ρ 26 Clay sphericalloomweight,9 X 9, 2 grooves. 72/431. Ρ 27 Lead sheet,PLATE 224,22. D. 6;Th. 0.5; Wt. 67 gm. Folded disc, pierced by hole. PWeight.72/432. Ρ 28 Basin, large,plain, PLATE 87e. H. 18.5; D. rim35, base 18.5. About 1/3 lost. Very coarse red clay withlargegrit.2 roll handlesbelow rolled rim. 72/P329. Ρ 29 Bronze nodule, 2 X 1.5. Shapeless; whollyoxydised. 73/804. Ρ 30 Ivory disc pierced, PLATES 220,10; 230,11. D. 2.2, of Sh. 0.45; Th. 0.55. Burntgrey,part lost and flakes.Top cut into 3 shallow steps and polished; undersideflat. ?Bead. 72/424. Ρ 31 Copper piece, PLATES 198j; 205,21. L. extended 20; 3.8 X 3.8 as rolled up; D. 0.45. Incomplete, old breaks each end. Much oxydised. Rod of round section, roughlyrolled, one and a half turns. Dec. withclose set ridging(7-8 ridgesper cm). PIdentity.(H). Ρ 32 Bronze frag,of sword or dirk,PLATES 198i; 200,6. L. 4; W. 3.5; Th. O.2. Oxydised. Section very flattenedellipse. (F). Ρ 33 Bronze jet, PLATES 198k; 204,1. H. 4.2; W. 4; Th. 2.5. Sn 9.5%. Oxydised. Form suggestsa rather roughlymade mould. (G). Ρ 34 Bronze spill. PLATES 198j; 204,4. 5.5 X 3.1; Th. 0.4. Sn 15%. Complete, much oxydised. Dribble spilled in casting.(I). Ρ 35 Pyxisstoragejar, similarto no. 55 but with trickledec. Fragmentaryand not restored.(Pot 8). Ρ8

81

THE EXCAVATION

Ί

L

25 > Plaster

"ΥΛ

^^■^/

56

^Sa===^'v 57

1 60

'

61

Γ 71

FIG. 13. Room P. Floor level. Scale 1 : 25.

82 Ρ 36

Ρ 37

Ρ 38 Ρ 39 Ρ 40

Ρ 41

Ρ 42 Ρ 43 Ρ 44 Ρ 45 Ρ 46 Ρ 47 Ρ 48 Ρ 49 Ρ 50 Ρ 51

Ρ 52

THE EXCAVATION Conical cup withlid, PLATE 162,3. Cup: H. 8.9; D. rim 10.3. Straight-sided, 2 miniaturehorizontal handles below flat rim with 4 slots excised below afterfiring.Greenishfinesoftclay with tracesof fugativered to black paint; Poriginallysolid coated. Lid: H. 2.5; D. 10. Invertedsplayed cup with 2 small lug handles at rim and solid hemisphere in centre. Orange-bufffine clay; rim probably painted and some red splashes. 72/P229 and 347. Cf. BSA VI 73. Fig. 14 fromHogarth'sHouses on Gypsadhes. Stone pommel, PLATES 218,3; 230,15. H. 4; D. of head 6.6; of shaft2.7; socket 2.5 deep. Marblelimestone,white but burntbrown-blackin places. Edges chipped and part of shaftlost. Top rises gentlyto point; underside cut into 8 facets; short shaftends in moulded ridge and has 2 roughly opposed fixingholes. 72/423. Stone Phandle, PLATE 218,2. L. 5.8; W. 2-6; Th. 1.5. Marble, burnt black. Elongated ovoid, roughlycircularin section. End lost with Psocket. 72/425. Stone lid, circular,PLATE 216,1. H. including handle 3.3; D. 11.5. Serpentine,greyand burnt. Badly cracked;about halflost. Bevelled on underside.Cylindricalknob. MS V Type 27.I.A. 5 itemsof rock crystalfound togetheras follows: Rock crystal'lens', circular,PLATE 219,17. D. 1.7; Th. O.6. Rounded edges,chipped on one side, flawedinternally.72/439a. Rock crystal 'eye', amygdaloid, PLATE 219,17. L. 2.7; W. 1.8; Th. O.4. Slightinternalfractures, one end lost. Hollow underside,lightlyconvex top, edges coarselyground. 72/440a. Rock crystal,'ear', PLATE 219,17. L. 2.9; W. 1.6; Th. 0.25. Most lost, fracturedinternally.Curved profile.72/440b. Rock crystalplaque, PLATE 219,17. L. 2.8; W. 2.3; Th. O.4. Irregularshape, much broken and cracked,flat. 72/439b. Rock crystalplaque, rectangular,PLATE 219,17. L. 3.5; W. 2.1; Th. O.6. Arc excised fromone side. Badly cracked,edges coarselyground,finerabrasion on faces. 72/440c. Pyxis storagejar, PLATE 75a. H. 41; D. of rim 35.5, of base 30. Small part of rim and spout missing,restored. Short flat shoulder with slightverticalcollar (for lid); 2 horizontalroll handles and mouldingat base; bridge-spoutwith 'stirrup'handle eitherside. Orangecoarse clay and brownblack paint. Dec, 3 rows of linked spiralsabove zone of frameddiscs, and bands below. 72/P263. Bowl, 2 hnd., dec, PLATES 52e; 148,7. H. 12.6; D. rim 17.5, base 6. Bufffine clay; paint, dark brown to red-orangeand fugative.Lip and base bands with zone of lily flowersbelow waved band; handles barredand outlined. Interior,Psoliddisc at base. 72/P207. Cf. H 171. Bronze Pgraver,PLATE 205,19. L. 6.5; Th. 0.35. Whollyoxydised. Round section, blunt tip each end. 73/801. Pithoidjar withtrickledec, similarin shape and size to no. 60. In frags,and not restored.(Pot 17). all corroded,PLATE 209,16. Lead pieces, including"slag". Up to 3.1 in length.Five fragments, Stone whetstone. Broken, Psquare. L. 6.9; W. 8.3; Th. 1.5; Wt. 125 gm. Fine-grainedcrystalline, burntblack. 2 large deep grooves and one smalleron top; shallow channel on edge; polished from use. Stone 'whetstone'. L. près. 7.3; W. 4.4; Th. 1.7; Wt. 845 gm. Emery, grey-blackwith reflective crystals.POriginallya rectangularblock. Clay sphericalloomweight,ovoid, 10 X 9.5. 72/444. Juglet,dec, PLATE 59n. H. 7.8; D. max. 6.5. Yellow-bufffine clay and black-brownpaint. Ovoid with raised troughspout and ridgeat base of neck; straphandle. Dec, irisbuds around neck, below, 'S's and alternatingspraywith irisbud fill;4 base bands; blobs on handle. 72/P204. Stirrupjar, dec, PLATE 64d. H. 26.9; D. 26.8, base 13.3. Globular with 3 handles; frags,few lost, restored.Clay, grey-buff, fairlycoarse with some grit;black to brownpaint, fugative.Shoulder zone of foliatedzig-zag(cf. no. 79), solid painted on top, base bands below. 72/P216. Pithoidjar, PLATE 76c H. 61.5; D. of rim 19.6, max. 44, of base 19. Capacity c 41 litres.Ovoid with slenderbase; 2 large horizontalround-sectionedhandles plus 2 smallerverticalribbonhandles on shoulder. Defined neck and roll rim. Ratherpoorly manufacturedwith eraticallybulgingprofile. hard baked with Trickle dec fromrimto base on faces withhorizontalhandles. Fabric, orange-buff, some coarse grit;cherryred to dark brownpaint. 72/P319. 'Eye' jug, PLATES 67e; 163,3. H. 23.5; D. 9.6. Burnt and chipped around base. Clay, grey,fairly coarse with some grit; paint, black, matt and fugative.Trough beak spout with knob eitherside where the roll handle joins; flat projectingbase. Linear dec. withwavy line around waist,as shown. Cycladic? 72/P206.

THE EXCAVATION Ρ 53 Ρ 54 Ρ 55 Ρ 56

Ρ 57

Ρ 58 Ρ 59 Ρ 60

Ρ 61 Ρ 62 Ρ 63 Ρ 64

Ρ 65 Ρ 66 Ρ 67 Ρ 68 Ρ 69 - 70

Ρ 71 Ρ 72

83

Small 3 hnd jar, dec, PLATE 59p. H. 7.9; D. of rim4.6. 1 handle lost. Yellow-bufffineclay; black to brown paint. Ovoid with concave neck and 3 handles on shoulder. Dec, wavy line around neck and strokeson rim;floralsprayon body with 2 base bands. 72/P203. Pithoidjar, trickledec, mediumsized, similarin shape to no. 126. In frags,and not restored. Lid, fine, dec, PLATES 59a; 151,13. H. 6.5; D. knob 4.3, rim 12. Inverted angular bowl with hollowed foot. Grey-bufffine clay, black to brown paint. Some frags,burnt. Linear dec as shown withzone of alternatingfoliateband; solid painted interior.72/P194. Pithoidjar, PLATE 77a. H. 48; D. of rim 17.5, max. 37, of base 19.3. Capacity c 34 litres.Ovoid; 2 large horizontal and 2 smallerverticalhandles on shoulder; uneven,undifferentiated square lip. Trickle dec fromshoulderdown. Dark browngrittyfabric;yellow-buffto dark brown slip; fugative black paint. 72/P321. Pithoid jar, PLATE 75c H. 56.5; D. of rim 20.6, max. 45, of base 21. Capacity c 36 litres. Few sherdsand one handle missing,restored.Ovoid with 2 horizontaland 2 verticalhandles on shoulder; definedneck; small square-sectionedroll rim.Linear painted dec. above and below a centralband of retortedspirals,the paint havingrun in some places. Handles,painted all over; rimhas internalband of paint. Coarse buff fabricwith many small gritinclusions,red-brownto dark brown paint; dull buffslip. 72/P291. Gold foil,verysmall shapelessfrag.72/413. Found below no. 57. Pithoidjar, decorated with centralband of spirals,similarto no. 57. Fragmentaryand not restored. (Pot 23). Pithoid jar, with inscription,PLATES 76d; 74d. H. 61; D. of rim 19, max. 43, of base 19. Collar rim; 2 horizontal, 2 vertical smaller handles on shoulder; slightbulge about 2/3rds down. About l/10th lost including half rim; restored. Buff fabric with much grit; orange-buffself slip, matt; matt black slightlyfugativepaint. Trickle dec. fromboth large handles. Inscriptionincised when clay wet, under one large handle. Inscription and vase published in Kadmos 15 (1976) 102f. 72/P318. Jug,badly damaged by fire,now plain and too brittleto be restored.(Stored with sherds). Copper(?), clusterof mould-wirestrips.Largest L. 30; W. 0.7; Th. 0.2: narrowestW. 0.2; Th. 0.08. Not possible to assess total number,but Wt. 430 gm. (PLATE 37b). Storagejar, plain, PLATE 86e. H. 27.3; D. rim 12.5, base 13.2. Ovoid withroll handles on shoulder, originally2 horizontal,2 vertical;3 lost. Red coarse clay, self-slippedand darkerin places. 72/P211. Contained nos. 64-6. Sealstone, PLATE 184a. Rock crystal;amygdaloid with concave facetted back. L. 2.2; W. 1.3; Th. 0.9; Sh. 0.2. Shattered internallyand so almost opaque; slightlycracked and chipped. Enigmatic 'talismanic' motive,perhaps a stylisedpapyrus.Cf. CMCG 396-8 and p. 81f and Kenna, Talismanic Stone pl. 6. 72/434. fine clay, self-slipped.Piriform,trough Jug, plain, PLATE 161,12. H. 12.5; D. 9.5. Greenish-buff beak spouted, unbrokenbut handle lost. 72/P232. Found inside no. 63. Clay crucible,PLATES 199a; 206,2. H. 4.7; L. 9.7; W. 8.6. Intact, chipped. Bridgeadded afterrest of 'saucer' made. Traces of silver and bronze adhering;no bubbly waste. 72/P205. Found inside no. 63. Clay crucible,PLATES 199g; 206,6. H. 3; L. 6.1; W. 5.5. Tip of spout missing,rest complete and intact.No bridge.No trace of metal. Slightvitrification at spout. 72/. Ivory ?knob terminal,PLATES 220,7; 230,3. H. 1.8; D. 2.5; of socket 1.2. Burnt and broken. Slightly flattened sphere penetrated by centrally placed hole, cut out. 2 opposed fixingholes (D. 0.15), drilledat angle to emergeat base. 72/445. Pithoidjar, PLATE 76a. H. 61.5; D. of rim 27.6, max. 56, of base 18.3. Capacity c 57 litres.Few frags,missing;restored. 4 vertical handles from rim to shoulder; rounded flaringrim with neck ridge.Trickle dec down fromhandles and rim;band around upper surfaceof rim.Coarse red fabric with many white and grey inclusions.Probably wet-wipedto give poorly preservedbeige surface. Paint,muddybrown to red. 72/P322. Pithoidjar, dec withreed patternon shoulder,similarin shape to no. 57. In frags,and not restored. (Pot 23). Pithoidjar, PLATE 75b. H. 40.4; D. of rim 20, of base 18.2. Capacity c 24 litres.Some body sherds missing; restored. Ovoid with 4 vertical handles going from rounded square-sectioned rim to shoulder,stradlinga horizontal 'rope' band, thumb impressed.Furtherrope band near base, with 2

84

Ρ 73

Ρ 74

Ρ 75

Ρ 76

THE EXCAVATION smaller verticalhandles. Below lower band is incised cross-hatchingto base. Coarse brown-buffto greyfabricwithmany grey/blackinclusions.Overallbrownwash. Traces of rustred-blackpaint with one (accidental?) tricklefromrimto base. 72/P286. Jug, dec, PLATES 60e; 152,3. H. 25.3; D. max. 16.5, base 7. 1/2 spout and few frags,lost, restored. Trough beak spouted, piriformwith spreadingbase and handle to neck. Light buff,fine clay; deep brown slip and slightlylustrousdark brown to black paint. Framed wavy lines on neck and shoulderwith zone of alternatingfoliatescrollbelow; base bands, as shown. 72/P213. Clay potter's wheel with collar, PLATE 226. D. 30.2; Th. 3.6; Wt. 4 kilos. Coarse beige-greyclay with marble/limestoneand schistinclusions,buffwash/slip.Few frags,lost. Upper surface:flatwith projectingrimand attendantridge/groove,worn at centre(c. 12 cm diam.); edge, plain and rounded. Underside: slightlyconcave with 2 grooves at rim and centralraised collar (D. 10.5) and pivot hole (D. 5 and 3.2 deep). Socket interiorhas 8 verticalcuts. Collar top has series of short cuts and, on outside, ovoid holes penetratingto interior.Between collar and rim,are incised 2 double axes and a foliatebranch.Near rim,2 verticallypierced holes penetratingthroughto upper surface.72/P349. Pithoidjar, PLATE 78b. H. 65.4; D. of rim 22.2 to 22.9, max. 49, of base 23. Capacity c. 67 litres. Ovoid with defined neck and neck ridge.Ledged rim,2 horizontaland 2 smallerverticalhandles on shoulder. Buffgrittyfabric;buffmatt slip, burnt in places; dark brown matt paint. Linear dec. as shown with painted rim,band at neck ridge and handles outlined with strokesalong top. Shoulder zone of reeds (with one reed motive between each set of handles and one poking throughthe horizontalhandles). Paint ratherpoorly applied withsome slops of paint on lower body. 72/P323. Spouted jar, PLATE 72e-f. H. 30.5; D. rim30.9, base 17.7. Rear halflost. Clay, coarse, buff;black paint. Bucket shaped with troughspout and 2 horizontal handles. Dec, sponge printunder spout flankedeitherside by 'palm tree'. 72/281.

Unplotted Finds Ρ 77 Cup dec, PLATES 50d; 147,9. H. 8.7; D. rim 13.5, base 4.5. Fine lightbuffclay and slip, black paint. Pulled-outlip and roll handle. Lip band, zone of flowersframedabove and below by double wavy festoon, bands below, as shown; interiorsolid painted; bars across handle. 72/P198. (Floor: W. side, to S.) Ρ 78 Cup dec, PLATE 148,1. H. 10.6; D. rim 14.4, base 4.5. Few frags,includingpart of rimand handle lost, restored.Pulled-outspout and roll handle. Lip band, base bands and zone of leaves or buds, as shown; bars across handle and interiorsolid painted. 72/P215. LM I ? (Floor: W. side, to S.) Ρ 79 Cup, pedestalled, dec, PLATES 51g; 156,11. H. 11; D. rim 13, base 4.5. Handle, part of side and rim lost, restored.Bufffineclay, orange-brownto black paint, fugative.Rim and torusfoot painted, main zone of groups of 2 sloping strokeswith foliate fringe,banded below, as shown: interior,lip band only. Hole pierced throughbase. 72/P272. (Floor: W. side, to S.) Ρ 80 Reed cup, PLATE 59e. H. 5.4; D. rim 9.9, base 3.3. 1/4rimlost. Bufffineclay and slip,red paint. Pairsof reed openly placed; interior,lip band, base disc. 72/P226. (Floor: E. side). Ρ 81 Cup, shallow, dipped, PLATE 80a. H. 5.2; D. rim 11, base 3.5. Few body/rimsherdsand most of handle lost. Greyishbufffine clay and slip,black paint nearlycompletelyeffaced.Wide evertedlip, straphandle,flatbase with interiorimpresseddisc. 72/P334. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Ρ 82 10 cups, monochrome,PLATES 79a, 160,1. All of fairlystandard dimensionswithH. 7.8 to 9; D. of rim 13 to 11, of base 4 to 3.5, with roll handle attached at rim and mid body, with evertedlip -91 pulled out to a spout at rightangles to handle, and with a flat base. All are lacking some frags. Coated inside and out with fairlythick coat of paint which varies from black to orange-brown, sometimeson the same vase, and is prone to peel off.Clay is the usual finebuffexcept for 72/P346 which is greenishbuff. 72/305-13 and 346. (All fromfloor: W. side, towards S.) See also PLATE 81a. Ρ 92 5 handless cups, monochrome, PLATES 79k; 80b; 160,8-9. Fairly uniformin size. H. 5.5 to 6; -96 D. rim 9 to 10, base 3 to 3.2. Evertedrimand flatbase. Coated withpaint varyingfromgrey-black to red-brown.317 and 318 lack a few frags.Clay, fine buffto grey,liable to peel off. 317 has a circulargrooveon interiorbase. 72/P275, 314-7. (Floor: W. side, towardsS.) Ρ 97 Bowl, 2hnd, dec, PLATE 53c. H. 11.3; D. rim 17.1, base 5.4. Few frags,and 1/2 base lost,restored. Yellowish bufffine clay and slip, dark brown to black paint, fugative.Lip band, zone of festoons with pendent arcs with waved line above, bands below, as shown; handles outlined having ?blobs above; interior,rimand base band. 72/P200. (Floor: W. side, to S.) Ρ 98 Bowl, 2 hnd, dec, PLATE 53b. H. 12.2; D. rim 18, base 6.5. Few frags,and handle lost, restored. Yellow-buffclay and slip, black fugativeslip, burnt. Lip band with zone of 4 rows of scale pattern

THE EXCAVATION

Ρ 99 Ρ 100 Ρ 101 Ρ 102 Ρ 103 Ρ 104 Ρ 105

Ρ 106

Ρ 107 Ρ 108

Ρ 109 Ρ 110

Ρ 111

Ρ 112 Ρ 113

Ρ 114

85

below, banded as shown, handles outlined and bars across; interior,lip band and central disc. 72/P326. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Standardbowl, PLATES 82i; 160,12. H. 7.9; D. rim13, foot 6,6. 1/2rimand foot and some of body lost. Pinkishbufffine clay and red/brownpaint. Rather shallow bowl with 2 strap handles below rim,set on kylixfoot. Lip and foot painted,banded inside. 72/P230. (Fill). Kylix dec, PLATE 58h. H. 9.2; D. rim 9.5, foot 6. 1/4 rim and large parts of body lost, restored. Orange-bufffine clay, red-brownpaint. Waved band at rim, singleiris-crossmotiveeitherside, foot and interiorsolid painted; bars across lower part of straphandles. 72/P234. (All levels). Kylix dec. H. 9.8; D. rim 10, foot 5.4. Fine buffclay, lightbrown to black paint. Strokes on rim, circumcurrentdouble loops with arc fill,ankle and foot painted,bars across straphandles; interior, solid disc at base to 1/2 way up and lip band. Twin of no. 102. 72/P265. (Floor: W. side to S.). Kylix dec, PLATES 55h; 151,1. H. 9.7; D. rim 10.4, foot 5.4. Twin of no. 101 above, in fabricand decoration. 72/P266. (Floor: W. side to S.). Kylix dec, PLATE 150,3. H. 15.9; D. rim 16.3, foot 7.5. Frew frags,lost, restored.Bufffineclay, black to thin brown fugativepaint. Lip band, double linked spiralswith arc filleitherside, foot and interiorsolid painted, straphandles outlined and barred. 72/P267. (Floor: E. side). Kylix dec, PLATE 58a. H. 9.2; D. rim9.6, foot 5.6. 1/4rim,1 handle and few frags,lost, restored. Orange-bufffine clay, black fugativepaint. Strokes at rimand singleiris-crossmotive on eitherside; bars across handles; banded interior.72/P227. (Floor: E. side). Kylix dec, PLATE 55e. H. 9.3; D. rim 10, foot 5.1. Few frags,of rimand body lost, restored.Light buff fine clay, orange-brownto black paint. Floral scroll on each face, 'humped' foot painted; interior,lip band, base disc and one intermediateband; handles barred. 72/P270 (Floor: W. side, to S.). Kylix, dec, PLATES 55f; 156,6. H. 17.7; D. rim 15.5, foot 8.4. Few frags,lost, restored.Grey-buff fine clay, buff slip, black to brown paint slightlylustrous. Rather bulbous with 2 strap handles. Strokes on rim, isolated rosette on each face, base painted but not foot rim,6 diagonal strokeson handles, which are outlined; interiorsolid painted at base to 1/3 up and rimband. 72/P195. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Kylix dec, PLATES 54a-b; 149,1-2. H. 17.3; D. rim 16.8, foot 8.2. Small frags,lost, restored. Bufffine clay, greyishbuffslip and black paint, burnt. Strokes on rim, single octopus eitherface, ankle band, foot and interiorpainted; bars on straphandles. 72/P197. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Kylix dec, PLATES 54d; 149,5. H. 16.5; D. rim 17, foot 8. 1/8 body lost one side, restored. Slightlygreenishbufffine clay, buffslip, black to dark brown paint. Lip band, alternatingfoliate scroll framed between droplets,linear below as shown and foot painted; strap handles barred and outlined;interior,lip band, 2 othersand base disc. 72/P196. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Jug dec, PLATE 61c H. 26.3; D. max. 18.9, base 6.7. Body and base fragslost and tip of spout, restored.Light bufffine clay, black to brown paint. Spout, collar and roll handle painted, row of dots on neck, main zone of reeds,linearbelow as shown. 72/P278. LM I. (Floor). Jug dec, PLATES 61b; 152,5. H. 26; D. max. 18.5, base 6. About 1/3 of side lost, restored.Trough beak spout outlined and band around neck and foot, handle barred.Reed dec. eitherside of handle and iriscross at front,intermediatelily on preservedside and probably otherside too. Greenishbuff sandy clay and slip,veryfugativeblack mattpaint. 72/P328. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Jug dec, PLATES 60c; 152,4. H. 24.3; D. max. 18, base 5.5. Trough beak spouted, piriform,roll handle with convex channel along top, collar band. Pink-bufffine clay, grey-buff slip black to red/ paint; some sherds blackened by fire. Bars across spout and neck, networkwith loop fill except flowersin top row, base bands, as shown; handle stub and lip outlined; bars across handles. 72/P199. (Floor: SW. Probablyfrominside no. 57). Jug dec, PLATE 61e. H. près. 17.5; D. max. 16, base 5.5. Handle, spout, most of neck and 1/3 body lost. Yellow-bufffine clay and slip, brown to black matt paint. Reed patternon neck and body, banded as shown. 72/P327. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Jug, collared, dec, PLATE 63c H. c 20; D. of rim 13.3, max. 17.5. Base and few frags,missing, restored.Bufffine clay, black to brown paint. Singlereed on collar-neckand trough-spout,band at base of neck, main zone of spaced reed clusters,bands below; strap handle outlined and 2 rows of abbreviatedreeds along handle. 72/P271. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Jug,collared, dec, PLATE 63d. H. 20.4; D. 18.7. 1/5 body frags,lost, restored.Lightbufffineclay, black very fugativepaint. Linear dec as shown, main zone of paired reed clustersspaced; handle outlinedand barred. 72/277. (Floor: W. side, to S.).

86

THE EXCAVATION

Ρ 115 Jug, collared, dec, PLATES 62a-b; 153,6-7. H. 12.6; D. rim 7.6, base 4.3. Few frags,of rim,body and handle lost (includingpart of man's head), restored.Trough spout, raised ridgebelow collar, 2 concave grooves along edges of handle, rivetat upper handlejunction. Fine buffclay and slip,black very fugativepaint. Spout outlined with ? fillingstrokes,zig-zagon collar, flowerspendent from collar, uprightflower under handle with outlined area of network either side, fern-like flower flankedby small areas of network:main motiveone side, man advances with Pspearready to throw, otherside complex cloverleaf; bars across handle. 72/P202. (Floor: W. side, to S.). Ρ 116 Jug, bridge-spouted,dec, PLATE 63e. H. 16.5; D. rim 11.2, base 6.5. About 1/6 lost including1 handle, restored.Fine reddish buffclay, orangy-buff slip,black to lightbrown slightlyglossypaint. Spout painted, strokesacross rolled rim, 2 horizontal handles outlined and barred,vestigiallug at back, lineardec. as shown. 72/P336. (Floor: E. side, to S.) Ρ 117 Jug, plain, PLATES 85d; 161,10. H. 16.4; D. 13.2. Orange clay with grit,self-slipped,smooth. round mouth,roll handle. 72/P235. (Floor: W. side, to S.) Piriform, Ρ 118 Juglet,plain, PLATE 161,11. H. 12.5; D. 9.9. Handle and 1/3 of spout and body lost. Greenish-buff fairlycoarse clay, self-slipped.72/P273. (Floor: W. side to S.) Ρ 119 Amphora dec, PLATES 63b; 88e. H. 23.3; D. max. base 10.9. Piriform,oval mouthed with two small roll handles to mouth. Grey fine clay, black fugativepaint, burnt.Severalbody frags.,part of mouth and one handle lost, restored.Neck band fromwhich hang 4 sets of a row of interlocking 'S's framed by two bands either side, handles painted overall and stubs outlined. 72/P212. (Floor: SW.) Ρ 120 Pyxis dec, PLATES 66d; 155,8. H. 17.5; D. rim 13, max. 21.5, base 14.9. Few fragslost, restored. Short collar lip painted, row of leaves around shoulder,dotted scale patternbelow and banded as shown; bars across 2 horizontal strap handles. 4 small holes pierced on shoulder. Fine buffclay, black to orange-brownpaint. 72/P280. (Floor: SW.) Ρ 121 Storage stirrupjar dec, PLATE 74b-c H. 38.8; D. max. 35, base 15.6. Fragsfrombody and part of coarse and grittyclay, originalblack paint now effaced spout and 1 handle lost, restored.Buff-grey, to pale brown-red.False spout cross-hatched;it, 3 handles and spout withprojectionsoutlined and painted; foliate scrolls on shoulder and upper body, banded as shown. 72/P288. (Floor: from sherds). Ρ 122 Storage stirrupjar dec, PLATE 73d. H. c 43; D. max. 28.5, base 11.6. Many sherdsat shoulderlost preventingrestoration.False spout and its handles,spout withprojectionsand small separatehandle at back outlined and painted, reed dec. on shoulder and on upper body, bands below as shown. Pinkishbuffgrittyclay, black paint. 72/P287. (Floor: fromsherds). Ρ 123 Storage stirrupjar dec, PLATE 73b. H. 43.5; D. max. 34, base 21.2. Nearly all one side and 1 handle lost, partiallyrestored.Buff-browncoarse grittyclay and black rathereffacedpaint. Cross on false spout, handles painted, strokesaround spout with projections and all outlined; wavy lines on shoulderand zone of linked,retortedspiralson upper body, banded as shown. 72/P289. (Floor: SW.) Ρ 124 Jar, dec, PLATE 67f. H. 22; D. rim 11.7, max. 22, base 10.7. Grey-buff gritty,black fugativepaint. Collar-rim,2 large verticaland 2 smallerhorizontal (one missing)handles on shoulder: some body frags,lost. Linear dec. as shown,withmain zone of reeds. 72/P276. (Floor: W. side, to S.) Ρ 125 Pithoidjar, PLATE 77c H. 60; D. of rim 20.5 to 21.5, max. 45, of base 18 to 18.7. Capacity c 67 litres. Few sherdsof body and neck missing;restored.Ovoid with narrowbase; neck ridge passing through4 verticalhandles fromrim to shoulder. Reddish bufffabricwith some grittyinclusions. Dark brown to black paint. Rim painted inside and out with band spreadingover the top of the handles; bases of handles outlined. Linear dec. as shown witha mix zone of 10 solid discs. 72/P290. (Floor: SW). Ρ 126 Pithoidjar, PLATE 76b. H. 46.5 to 48; D. of rim 17, max. 36, of base 15.4. Capacity c 19 litres. Few frags,missing;restored. Almost piriformovoid with collar neck; 2 horizontal and 2 smaller verticalhandles on shoulder. Buff to peach-coloured fabric with many grittyinclusions;possible yellowy matt slip, but probably just wet wiped. Orange-buffpaint. Trickle dec. from handles/ shoulder down to base. A wipe of paint around rim gives some internaltrickles.72/P320. (Floor: W. side to S.). Ρ 127 Lid dec, PLATES 59b; 156,12. H. 8.2; D. rim 13.4, knob 5.4. Shape as no. 55 above but knob has 2 perforationsat rightangles. Bufffine clay, black to brown fugativepaint. Main zone of festoons witharc fill,restlinearas shown,banded interior.72/P269. (Floor: W. side, to S.) Ρ 128 Lid dec, PLATE 59c H. 8.1; D. rim 13.3, knob 5.5. Shape as no. 55 above, but knob has 2 perforations.Fine buff clay, orange brown paint, fugative.Main zone of irregularnetwork and

THE EXCAVATION

Ρ 129 Ρ 130 Ρ 131 Ρ 132 Ρ 133 Ρ 134 Ρ 135 Ρ 136

Ρ 137 Ρ 138 Ρ 139 Ρ 140 Ρ 141 Ρ 142 Ρ 143 Ρ 144 Ρ 145 Ρ 146 Ρ 147 Ρ 148

87

linear, as shown: interior,lip band, two furtherbands and central disc. 72/P268. (Floor: W. side, toS.) Clay stopper,PLATE 88d-e. L. 4.2, W. 3.6, H. 3.5. Thoroughlyburnt,of fine clay. Pinched into facetson top, oval below; 1 cornerbroken. Fits vase no. 119. 72/P362. (Floor: near S. wall). Copper rivet,PLATE 204,19. H. 1.1; D. 1. Sn 1.5%. 1 head (mushroom) and shank. Oxydised. 72/395. (Fill). Cf. P 8. Bronze, 2 formlessfrags,of sheet; larger1.4 X 1; anotherpiece may have been a rivet.Found inside no. 69. 73/802. Bronze frag,of web. L. 4; W. 0.5. Found insideno. 69. 73/802. Bronze, 4 frags,of web; largest4 X 1.1, Th. 0.3; smallest 2.7 X 1.7, Th. O.2. Anotherpiece is a shapelesslump, 2 X 1.5 X 0.8. (F). (Floor). Bronze,tinyfrags,of much oxydised sheet. Sn 20%. Not measurable. (C). (Floor). Bronze drops, (a) 1.4 X 0.8. Wholly oxydised; spherical. (D). and (b) 2.6 X 2 X 1; formlesssolid lump; oxydised. (B). (Floor). Sealstone, PLATE 185a. L. 3.5; W. 2.6; Th. 1.15; D. of stringhole0.3. Carnelian (or agate); amygdaloidwith concave-facettedback. Red with greyishveins and pinkish-creamopaque surface, perhaps due to burning.Upper part broken off and missing;slightlychipped between lion's mane and forelegsand across the foliage above its back. Lion left in crouched position; foliageabove its back. In 'cut style' forwhich,and size, compare CMS V 193 and HM 639. 72/764. Top of fill. Stone grinder-pounder, spherical,PLATE 208,10. D. 6.4-6.8; Wt. 360 gm. Igneous, brown with pale greyinclusions.Slightsurfacepitting.(Fill). ovoid. L. 14; W. 8.3; Wt. 1,150 gm. Quartzite, grey. Broken and slightly Stone grinder-pounder, burnt.Flattenedends withsignsof grinding.(Fill). Stone grinder-pounder, ovoid, PLATES 208,11; 227,3. L. 7.7; W. 5.5; Th. 3.5; Wt. 210gm. Coarse sandstone,off-whitewithpale brown inclusions.Rough, lackingworkmarks.(Fill). rod form,PLATE 209,14. L. 10.8; W. 3.5; Wt. 300 gm. Fine micaceous Stone grinder-pounder, sandstone,red-brown.One end broken,othersplinteredfromuse. (Fill). near triangular.L. 7.5; W. 6.9; Ht. 7.2; Wt. 600 gm. Limestone Stone polisher/grinder-pounder, activitiesvisible on angles, light with inclusions. Crushing/grinding brown (crystalline),pale grey polish elsewhere.(Fill). Stone grinder-pounder, flat disc. L. 4.8; W. 4.6; Th. 3; Wt. 148 gm. Basic rock, black. Waterpolish, withtracesof poundingon one end. (Fill). flat disc. D. 11.0; Th. 4; Wt. 1,221 gm. PTrachyte,greyshot throughwith Stone grinder-pounder, red. Batteredcondition,some of edge lost. (Fill). Stone grinder-pounder, 'plaque'. L. 10.9; W. 8.6; Th. 3; Wt. 527 gm. Arkose,red-pink.Shaped to a thinrectangularblock, withcornersand edges deformedin use. (Fill). burntblack and Stone whetstone,plaque. L. 12; W. 6; Th. 2.1 ; Wt. 291 gm. Sandstone,fine-grained, brokenby heat; once rectangularin form.(Floor). Stone quern, saddle. L. 24; W. 20.1; Th. 4.1; Wt. 3^ kilos. Sandstone (calcareous), grey-brown.One end and part of side missing.(Floor). Stone quern, saddle, PLATE 210b bottom right.L. 19.5; W. 15.5; Th. 4; Wt. 2 kilos. Fine sandstone pale brown. Flat and Punusedtop; hammerdressingon base. One end and part of side lost. (Fill). Stone emery splinter,PLATE 209,10. L. 6.3; W. 1.3; Wt. 10 gm. Dark grey reflectingparticles. Plano-convexsection; one end lost. WillscratchSheffieldsteel and rock crystal.(Floor). Pumice. L. 4.6; W. 3.1; Th. 2.6. Medium texture,burntblack. (Floor). Rock crystal.L. 2.6. Naturalcrystal.(Fill). 4 stone vase frags.(72/430). (All levels.)

Ρ 149 Ρ 150 Ρ 151 -4 Ρ 155 5 pieces of obsidian: flakeand blades. (All levels). Ρ 156 Rope frag.,PLATE 222,3. L. 3.9; D. 0.5. Carbonised. Lengthof 3-strandrope, each strandbeing 0.3 in diameter.No individualfibresvisiblebut wound anticlockwise.(Found inside no. 56).

Two other fragmentary vases are illustratedin drawings,a bowl withblob dec. of fabric similarto blob cups, PLATE 161,8, and a jug of cookingpot fabriccoveredwith orangebrown slip and applied white dec, PLATE 159,3. Other frag,finevases and sherdsare shownon PLATE 104, including(a) partsof 3 dec. jugs, (b) hole-moutheddec. jar, cup with

THE EXCAVATION

88

iris zig-zag, kylix with droplets,(d) kylix with runningspiral, (e) jug with reed dec. Unmendedand in frags,are 3-4 monochrome1 handledcups of green-buff fabric,a small and of another medium with dec. of sized trickle and at least 2 tripodcookingpot, jars parts with dec. comwith Palace torus foot and flat jar Style vases, projectingrim,resembling in of the usual conical least effaced. There at 20 were,also, cups storage. plain pletely The decoratedwall plaster,fallenfromabove and foundthroughout the fill,is discussed PLATES 46-8. M. on Cameron in the section frescoes, separatelyby Room Q Two of Evans's test trencheshad removedall the fillin theroomexceptfora narrowbaulk of earth between them,and a small area adjacent to the W. wall, FIG. 14. Signs of fire, thoughpresentin the formof carbonisedwood, charcoalpatchesand burntsoil, wereless prominentthan in other rooms to the west. (Section 7, PLATE 10b, level 1). There was some stone fall, which included a few pieces of gypsumslabs and a gypsumdoor jamb; potterywas little(PLATE 103d fromall levels),thougha miniaturepyxis,Q 1, lookingvery antique, was found near the floor.Other finds,too, were few, - a loomweight(Q 2), a bronze staple (Q 4) and the iron shoe of a rangingrod,presumablybelongingto Evans.The room had certainlynot been used as a store,and it seemsthatlittlehad been housed on the floorabove at the timeof the destruction.

i [

EVANS'S

Y

TEST

CD

/'V sXt^'

EVANS'STEST

QÎ.

FIG. 14. Room Q. Scale 1 : 25.

Λ'''λ'

THE EXCAVATION

89

As in the adjacentroom P, it was noted that a sectionof the partywall betweenthem was unstable and appeared to have partiallycollapsed. A thresholdof gypsumin the doorwayto CorridorL could be tracedthoughit was almostcompletelyreducedto powder. The fillrestedon a clay floorabove whichlay some smallpatches of charcoal.This in turnimmediatelyoverlaida pink plasterand pebble floorwhichhad been laid on a bedding of clay, dark in colour withash and signsof burning.Below thiswas a deep fillof earth, small stones,pieces of kouskourasand a quantityof veryundistinguished potteryof the MM IIIB/LM IA stagewhichcontainedhardlyany decoratedwares. Some 30 cm below the upper floor were the remainsof a wall runningE- W which seemed to have been destroyedat both ends by the foundationtrenchescut forthe constructionof the E. and W. wallsof theroom.This earlierwall was facedto theN. and had a rubble fill behind it. A possible ashy floor of earth was traced againstits N. face, some 50 cmsbelow the top of the wall. Room Contents Ql Q2 Q3 Q4

dec, PLATE 102b. H. 3.9; D. of rim4.8, of base 5. One smallfrag,missing. Pyxis,miniature, withmarkedincurving rim;2 smallhorizontalhandles.Bufffineclay;blackto red Straight-sided paintoverallwithappliedwhite.Wavedbandon shoulder;loopedbandon body.72/P121. 6.5 X 7.5. 72/341.AssumedLM II context. Clayloomweight, spherical. 6.8 X 6.5. 72/446.BasicallyLM IA context. Clayloomweight, spherical. Bronzestaple,PLATE 203,13.L. extended16; D. ofhead 1.7, of shaft0.7. Complete.Head wholly oxydised,shaftonly lightly.Largemushroomhead on shaftof roundsection.73/800.Assumed LM II context. In addition,sherdsat PLATE 103d,fromall levels.

NorthCorridor The N. Corridor(NC) runsthe fullwidthof theMansionbetweenits facadeand theretainingwall of theN. Platform(PLATE 19a- b). It had been badlydisturbedat itsW. end where a largeand deep Geometricrobbingpit had removeda fewof itslimestonepavingslabs,all the facade of Room A, and much of the nearbywall retainingthe S. Platform.However,a roughlyconstructedstone stairwayleading to the platform,at the end of the corridor, escapedseriousdamage(PLATE 2 Id). There was disturbancetoo at the E. end wherethe flagsof thecorridorcontinue,after a step-down,beyond the line of the building,and are thenlost. This area,includingtheNE Platform(NEP) had been uncoveredby Evans who had plannedas a wall a line of three stoneslyingabove the pavementjust beforeit breaksoff.These wereliftedby us and, since theyhad no obvious structural purpose,were removed.At thesame end,a tunnelhad been dug in 1940 as an air raid shelterfor6 m. along the face of theN. wall of thecorridorand for about half its width;it thenturnedsouthwardand hit the facade of the Mansion,the last operationbeingperhapsan amateurexcavation.49 With all this disturbance,less than half the area of the originalfill of the corridor remained,nor was it verydeep since post-Minoanoccupantshad dug down to removethe ashlarblocks of the Mansion'sN. facade,leavingonly the firstcourseand a singleblock of the second stillin position(PLATE 4b). The retainingwall on the N. side of the corridor had also been considerablyrobbed,thougha small stretch,about halfway along,probably survivesto itsoriginalheight(PLATE 21c). Elsewhere,in the undisturbedarea, the picturewas fairlyuniform.A layerof greyash containingLM II sherdsand some 8- 10 cm thickhad accumulatedon or slightlyabove the

90

THE EXCAVATION

paving slabs (Section 1, level 2, at PLATE 9); it was deeper towardsthe Mansion but covered the lowest step of the stairwayto the N. Platformat the W. end of the corridor. Above thisash levelwas a massof wall blocks,otherstonesand gypsumpavingslabs,clearly fall fromabove (level 1); thisis most obvious in the case of the slantinggroupof gypsum slabsagainstthe facadefronting Room D, PLATE 22a.50 of some the are recorded as being burnt on one face, and thereis stones Though mentionof severalpieces of carbonisedwood and a few fragments of burntmudbrick,in were there few of fire: the earth destruction general by amongthestoneswas the very signs of Minoan soil normal customaryyellow clayey occupationlevels,while the gypsumslabs had sufferedonly fromsome weatheringon theirupper surfaces,apparentlythe resultof subsequentexposureto dampness. The potteryfoundamongthis destructionmaterialwas a mixtureof LM II and IIIA 1, but all the vases which could be restoredin whole or in part are LM IIIA 1, whereasthe LM II, with one possible exception, are individualsherds.51The latter may have been derivedfromwall and floorfillsand partlyfromthe underlyingLM II ash levelintowhich the debrishad in places penetrated.Otherfindswere few; small fragments of wall plaster, of stone vases and of of red and usual white but some and the with blue, mostly straypieces below. A of and stone listed with a small number faience bone, bronze, together objects, of thepavingwhentheywerebeingcleaned. sealstone(NP 20) was foundin the interstices More noteworthywas the gypsum'pillar',basicallya cone risingfroma steppedsquare base, whose purposeis obscure (NC 29, PLATE 214d). It was located insidetheline of the Mansion'sfacade whereit frontsRoom C, PLATE 22c. The facadeat thispointis curiously and damaged,and the stones therehad partlyspilledout onto the paving, ill-constructed PLATE 22d. Perhapstheyweresome formof blockingor patchingof a damagedpartof the originalfacade. The greylevel coveringthe pavingslabs of the corridorwas clearlywood ash dumped therefromsome fireplaceor furnace,and had nothingto do withthe LM II firedestruction, evidenceof whichwas markedin the S. sectorof the building.Only in Room D was there some indication of a similar sequence of events, an LM II ash level with LM IIIA 1 debris above; it may be that the ash came fromthat room, broughtinto the corridor throughthe windowwhichhad been cut out of the N. facade (PLATE 22a and b). It too withthatin the had a thinlayerof ash on its sill and was filledwithdebriscontemporary corridor.52 Outside this window,and a little distance fromthe facade, a line of stones,running PLATE E- W, sat on the paving,lookingverymuch like a wall of secondaryconstruction, 22a and d. It had no obviousassociationsand was thoughtat the timeof excavationto be a homogeneousmass of fall fromthe upper wall; foundationsforsome steps to thewindow is perhapsa more probable explanation,and they could have extended furthereastward and been removedby Evans. The paving,facade,retainingwall of the N. Platformand the stairwayat theW. end of the corridorare further describedin the architectural section,wherethe possibilityis also discussedof an approachto the corridorby stepsfromthe courtof the LittlePalace below theNE Platform. A test beneath the paving at the W. end of the corridorproduced MM ΠΙ/LM IA sherdsin the fill.The earliestattesteduse of the corridoris in LM II, and clearlyit cannot have remainedin use afterLM IIIA 1 when it was blocked by the debriswhichhad fallenintoit.

THE EXCAVATION

CorridorContents

91

NC 1 Kylix,dec, 2 hnd,PLATES 117a and 172,7. H. 11; D. of rim12, of foot5.7. About1/3missing -brownpaint.Rim,body and footbandswithfriezeof including1 handle.Fine buffclay,orange 'S' pattern;solidpaintedinside;handles,paintededgesand outlinedto rim.68/P9.In interlocking basicLM ΠΙΑ 1 level. all PLATE 172,14. D. of rim 10, of foot5.5. About 1/3missing, NC 2 Kylix,monochrome, including evidencefora 2nd handle,restoredin drawingbut uncertain.Fine buffclay withorange-brown Base offootpainted,so Pdipped.68/P8.In basicLM ΠΙΑ 1 level. glossypaintbadlyflaking. NC 3 Kylix,plain. H. 12.2; D. of rim 14, of foot 7. About 2/3rdsof rim,muchof base and handle(s) Finebuffclayandslip.No evidenceif 1 or 2 hnd.68/P26.LM II/IIIA 1 levels. missing. NC 4 'Champagnecup', plain,PLATE 176,6. H. 7; D. ofrim13, of foot6.2. Mostof rimand bodymissFinebuffclayand slip.68/P28.LM ΠΙΑ context. ing.Stumponlyofhandlepreserved. butpart NC 5 Cup,dec, 1 hnd,PLATES 117a bottomand 172,1. H. 8; D. ofrim15. Veryfragmentary lustrouspaint.Rim,bodyandbase about 1/3missing.Finebuffclay and slip,orange-red restored; bands with elaboratetricurvedarch motiveas frieze;solid painted inside. 68/P19. In basic LM ΠΙΑ 1 context. NC 6 Cup, dec, frag.,PLATE 172,5. H. 7; D. of rim12, of base 4. About3/4includinghalfbase and handlemissing.Finebuffclay and yellowishbuffslip,orangeto brownpaint.Lip, body andbase bandswithfriezeoffloralscrolls;solidpaintedinside.68/P11. LM II/IIIA 1 levels. NC 7 Cup,dec, frag.,PLATES 117a top and 172.6. H. 6.7; D. ofrim14, ofbase 4.5. About1/2includinghandlemissing.Finebuffclay,creamybuffslip,redto brownpaint.Rim,bodyandbase bands withfriezeofalternating arcs;spongeprintinside.68/P12.LM II/IIIA 1 levels. mostof NC 8 Cup dec, frag.,PLATE 116a top, last.H. est. 8.6; D. of base 5.5. About2/3rdsincluding rimandhandlemissing. Finebuffclayand slip,orange-red to darkbrownpaint.Rim,bodyandbase bandswithfriezeof stylised solidpaintedinside.68/P13.LM II/IIIAlevels. flowers; NC 9 Vacat. NC 10 Cup, dec, frag.,PLATES 116a bottomfirstand 172,3. H. 6.2; D. of rim11, of base 3.3. About handle.Finebuffclayand slip,orange-red 2/3rdsmissingincluding paint.Lip,bodyand basebands withfriezeof filledzig-zag;solidpaintedinsidewithreserved bandnearbase. 68/P15.FromLM 11/ ΠΙΑ levels. rimand base NC 11 Cup, dec, frag.,PLATE 116a top 2nd.H. est.8.5; D. ofrim13. About2/3rdsmissing; fragsdo not join. Fine buffclay,creamybuffslip,darkred to brownpaint.Lip, body and base bandswithfriezeoffloralspray;spongeprintinside.68/P16.In basicLM ΠΙΑ 1 level. NC 12 Cup, dec, frag.,PLATES 116a mid 1st and 172,2.H. 8.2; D. ofrim12, ofbase 5. Less than2/3rds -redto brownpaint.Lip, body and base bandswithfrieze missing.Fine buffclay and slip,cherry of stylised betweenwavylines;spongeprintinside.68/P17. LM II/IIIAlevels. flowers NC 13 Cup, dec, frag.,PLATE 116a bottom2nd. H. est. 7; D. of rim13, of base 3.3. Mostof rimand handlemissing;rimand base do notjoin. Fine buffclay and slip,darkred to brownpaint.Rim, body (3) and base (3) bandswithfriezeof filledfestoons;solidpaintedinside.68/P18.LM II/IIIA levels. NC 14 Cup, dec, frag.,PLATE 116a 2nd row mid. D. of rimest. 13. Only l/3rdof rimand bodypreserved.Finebuffclay and slip,lustrousorange-brown paint.Lip andbodybands(3) withfriezeof iriszig-zag;solidpaintedinside.68/P20.LM II/IIIAlevels. NC 15 Cup,dec, frag.,PLATES 116a 2ndrowlastand 172,4.H. 8.3; D. ofrim15, ofbase4.2. About1/2 base of handle.Finebuffclay and slip,redpaint.Lip,bodyandbase bandswith missingincluding friezeof tricurved archeswith iris fill; solid paintedinside.68/P22. Some sherdsfrombasic LM ΠΙΑ 1 level. NC 16 Blob cup, frag.,PLATE 172,8. H. 8.6; D. of rim 15, of base 4.4. About 1/3 missingincluding handle.Finebuffclay and slip,redrathermattpaint.Blob and trickledec in and out. 68/P7.In RoomD windowfill,basicallyLM IIIA 1. NC 17 Shallowcup, plain,PLATE 176,4. H. 4.5; D. of rim13, of base 3.3. About 1/3of rimand body circleson missingincluding partofhandle.Darkbuffclayand slip.Plainbutwithincisedconcentric interior base. 68/P27.MixedLM IIIA levelwithsomeLM IIIB present. PLATE 172,9. H. 5.8; D. of rim18, of base 5. About2/3rdsmissing NC 18 Shallowbowl,monochrome, buffclay,blackto darkbrownpaintin andout halfbase and anyhandle.Lightgreenish including 68/P21.LMII/IIIAlevel.

92

THE EXCAVATION

NC 19 Cup, monochrome, frag.,PLATE 172,13. H. 5.3; D. of rim 10, of base 3.3. About l/3rd missing includinghandle. Fine buff clay, orange-brown to red paint in and out and under base which is slightlyindented.Pulled-outspout at lip. 68/P10. LM II/IHA levels. NC 19a Clay female figure,frag.,PLATE 194,15. H. 4; W. 2.7. Pale brown clay, reddishbrownpaint. Solid and handmade; torso froma group. From an apparentlypure LM ΠΙΑ 1 context. 68/98. NC 20 Sealstone, PLATE 186b. D. 1.35 X 1.3; Th. 0.63; D. of stringhole0.2. Steatite,black, in good condition for soft stone; only slightlyworn. Discoid with convex faces and horizontal stringhole. Bucraniumright,in profile.Found in cleaningpavingslabs, so LM IA or LM II in context. 72/433. NC 21 Bronze needle or pin, PLATE 205,5b. L. 9.8; Th. 0.15. Complete, broken, completelyoxydised. Eyelet formed by drawingone end very fine and wrappinground shaft 7 or 8 times leaving loop free.Shafttapersto a point. 68/20. In basic LM ΠΙΑ 1 level. NC 22 Bronze needle. L. ext. 4.3; D. 0.15. Both ends lost; wholly oxydised. Section round. 68/71. In LM II context. NC 23 Bronze ?needle. L. ext. 6.5; D. 0.2. 5 frags.;wholly oxydised. Includes 2 rightangle bends. 68/62. In LM II/IIIA 1 context. NC 24 Bronze ?nail. L. ext. 2.4; D. of head 0.25. Complete, save point. 68/21. In basic LM IIIA 1 context. NC 25 Bronze ?blank. 2.9 X 2.7; Th. 1. One bevelled edge. 68/209. LM II level. NC 26 Bronze web. 4.8 X 0.8; Th. 0.2. Crescentshaped; surfaceoxydisation.68/69. In basic LM II level. NC 27 Bronze, 2 lumps of waste. 3.4 X 3.5 X 2.3: 2 X 2.5 X 1.5. Shapeless, solid. 68/21. ?LM II/IIIA 1. NC 28 Bronze billet. L. ext. 3.7; D. about 0.5. In 2 pieces; completelyoxydised. Section possiblyround. 68/67. LM II/IIIA 1. NC 29 Stone pillar, PLATE 214d. H. 28.1, of base 9, of pillar 19.1; base 16.5 X 11; pillar 9.5 X 8 at bottom, taperingto 3.5 square at top. Whitegypsum,close texturewithsmall crystals.Top of pillar blunted and parts lost; fabricgenerallypitted and eroded. Base section rectangularwithlighttaper above and slightconcavity. From this springsthe pillar, tapered, and octagonal in section. 68/139. In N. wall of Mansion,PLATE 22c. NC 30 Stone disc, PLATE 219,3. D. 1.4; Th. 0.5. Obsidian, almost translucent,smokey black. Regular, lightlyconvex and polished on eitherside. Edges chipped, originallyfairlysharp. 68/265. LM IA/ II on floorslabs. NC 31 Stone spherical bead, PLATE 219,4. D. 0.8, of stringhole0.2. Carnelian,slightlychipped. 68/40. LM II/IIIA 1. NC 32 Ivory pin, PLATE 222,6 top left. L. 4.5; D. 0.4. Polished; head section broken in shank. 68/39. LM II/IIIA 1. NC 33 Clay loomweight,PLATES 223e bottom right;231,11. H. 7.4; W. 6.3; Th. 2.6; Wt. 175gm. Disc, flat ovoid and pierced. Beige-brownclay with small inclusions. Flat top to almost tear-dropshape; D. of stringhole1.3. 68/97. LM II/IIIA 1. basic rock. To LM IIIB. NC 34 Stone grinder /pounder,spherical.D. 5-5.4; Wt. 257 gm. Green-grey NC 35 Stone quern, saddle. L. 23.5; W. 19; H. 10. Conglomerate,dark grey. Flat upper surface;curved lower; one end broken away. 68/56. LM II. NC 36 Clay loomweight,PLATE 223e bottom centre. H. 8; W. 5.5; Th. 3.3; D. of stringhole1.1; Wt. 150 gm. Disc, flat, ovoid and pierced. Beige clay with small inclusions;burnt and friable.62/28. LM II/IIIA 1. NC 37 Clay loomweight,spherical. 5.8 X 5.5. Poriginally7 grooves.68/51. LM IIIA 1 but contaminatedto Geo. NC 38 Faience spherical bead, PLATE 225,17. D. 1.8, of stringhole0.25. White powdery core, brownblack ?burntexterior.3 frags.68/7. LM IIIA 1 but contaminatedto Geo. NC 39 Glass bead, moulded rectangular,PLATES 225,12; 232,30. L. 3.4; W. l;Th. 0.3-0.5; D. of stringholes 0.75. Honey coloured core with abraded blue-black exterior.Double ivy patternwithribbed bordersand dividingbar; dots in ground.68/22. LM IIIA 1 but contaminatedto Geo. NC 40 Lead bar or rod, PLATE 224,25. L. 6.1; W. 0.7; Th. O.5. Corroded off-white.Roughlyrectangular strip;3 faces smooth; one lumpyand withholes. 68/41. LM II/IIIA 1.

In some areas therewas a superficialupper level (not on the Section line) withLM IIIA 2 and some LM IIIB, whichaccountsforthe contextgivento some of thecataloguedobjects. In addition to the cataloguedfinds,thereare the LM II and IIIA 1 sherdsat PLATES 116-120, the contextsof whichare discussedin the partof thepotterysectionconcerned

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withLM ΠΙΑ 1. There were also some 10 frags,of obsidianrecorded,includingflakesand blades,fromLM III contexts,PLATE 211k. NorthPlatform Post-Minoanoccupationabove the regionof the N. Platformhad removedall tracesof any Minoan structures theremay have been apartfroma lengthof wallingat theW. end,and its date remainsuncertain.53 However,it is unlikelythat any structurehad existedtheresince thearea was used extensivelyforthe diggingof rubbishpits. A testtrenchwas dug throughthe earthof theplatformto therock (Section 1, PLATES 2 and 9) whichshowed thatit was largelyan artificialfillretainedby theN. wall of theN. Corridor.This wall had been badly damaged by a post-Minoanrobbingpit at its W. end wheretherewas a poorlyconstructedstairwayleadingup to theplatform,but was standing to fullheightfora shortstretchopposite Room C, PLATE 21c- d. FurtherE, it has been completelydestroyedand all evidenceremovedto determinewhetheror not it continuedas faras the E. edge of the NE Platform,thoughthisseemslikely.Evanshad dug away the fill to rockat the E. end,up to theline of theMansion'sE. facade. The test trenchshowed thatthe fillconsistsof compactedyellowsoil laid in dumpsand containingchunksof kouskourasand a considerableamountof commonhouseholdpottery. It is likelythatthepieces of kouskourasderivefromthe cuttingmade into thehillsidewhen the foundationsforthe Mansionwere laid. In thiscase, the potterycertainlyextendswell MM IIIB/LM IA stageusual into LM IA thoughcontaininga quantityof the indeterminate in under floor fills;one sherdfromthe test trenchappears to belong to an LM IB marine stylevase (PLATE 138a- d), whichis unexpected.Therewerepitson theplatformcontaining LM IB material(PLATE 146c), which,because of the similarityof theirfillto thatof the platform,could not be isolated,and it seemslikelythatthissingleLM IB sherdfromthe testcame fromone suchpit not noticedin the digging. Three pits, however,were distinguishable by the ashy natureof theircontents,one of LM II (Section 1, PLATE 9, level 7 and contentsat PLATE 125), and two otherson the E. edge of the platform,Pits 2 and 4, whose contentsare identicaland belongto surviving LM IIIB, possibly to a stage later than the abandonmentof the Mansion but closely resemblingthat of the latest occupation of the neighbouringLittle Palace (PLATES 126-7).54 The limitsof the excavationleave it uncertainhow farthe platformextendsto N. and W., thoughit continuesat the same level fora shortdistanceat leastwestwardbeyondthe cuttingmade fortheW. wall of theMansion. The finds,apart frompotteryinclude fragmentsof four probable stone rhyta,all fromsomewhatmixed contexts(NP 2-5) thougha sealstone(NP 18) pretty unfortunately certainlycame fromuncontaminated platformfill. PlatformContents

Globular restored. NP 1 Cup dec, PLATES 125d and 147,10. H. 9.7; D. ofrim14.9. About1/3missing, withevertedlip,pulledout intosmallspout,at rightanglesto rollhandle.Finebuffclay;creamto lightbuffsmoothslip; orange-red paint.Lip, 3 body and 2 base bands;friezeof flowerswith2 wavedbandsaboveandbelow,interior, paintedoverall.UM/67/P196. at top 5. NP 2 StonePconicalrhytonfrag.,PLATES 215,5; 216,7 right.L. 6.3; W.4; Th. 1.5; D. internal trefoils. MSV Type Alabaster',creamyveined.Body frag.,carvedin low reliefwithinterlocking 34A. 68/218.To LM II. NP 3 Stone Prhyton, animalhead, PLATE 216,2. L. 6.6; W. 5.4; Th. O.7. Chlorite,darkgrey-green.

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NP 4

NP5

NP 6 NP 7 NP8 NP 9 NP 10 NP 11

NP 12

NP 13 NP 14 NP 15 NP 16 NP 17 NP 18

THE EXCAVATION Irregularshape suggestsidentificationas perhaps side of head or throat. Rim moulded; traces of coarse abrasion inside; exteriorpolished. Possible incised patternof zig-zagmotive in one spot ?hair.MSV Type 34 C or D. 68/214. To LM ΠΙΑ. Stone rhyton, globular alabastron frag.,PLATE 229,1. H. 14.4; D. 16; Th. 0.7 to 2.5 at base. 'Alabaster', creamy-whiteveined. Base and part of body, probably Egyptian import, Middle Kingdom or 18th Dynasty. Convertedto rhytonby drillinghole (D. 0.6) at base. 68/249 + UM/68/ 277. To LM II but mostlyLM IA. Stone rhyton,Ppiriform,frag.,PLATES 215,7; 229,11. H. 12.4; W. 8; Th. 0.8-1.3. Serpentine, grey-blackwith brown-whitepatches. 2 fragsfrommid-bodyto shoulderzone, likelyfrompiriform rhytonwith D. over 15. Interiorsmoothed with veryfine abrasion marks. Exteriorcarved in low reliefwithchiselblade/pointmarksoutliningmain elements,usual finescratchesindicatingpolishing. Scene; capture of bull in a net enmashingits hindquarters;beast still strugglingas legs of thrown huntsmanover its back indicates; set in rocky landscape. 68/210 + 68/211. MSV Type 34B. To LM II but mostlyLM IA. Stone spherical bead, PLATE 232,29. D. 0.7, of stringhole0.15. Rock crystal.Surface dulled by abrasionor unfinished.68/206. To LM II with Classical. Stone pierced disc, PLATE 219,19. D. 0.75, of stringhole0.3; Th. 0.15. Lapis lazuli. Polished surface;gentlyrounded edges. 68/262. To LM IIIB. Stone conical 'button', PLATE 218,7 bottom left. H. 1.2; D. of base 1.9, of stringhole0.3. PSerpentine,purple with some white veins. Vertical facets plain, abrasive scratchesand occasional chips. 68/240. To LM IIIB. Stone conical 'button', H. 2.2; D. at base 2, of stringhole0.4. Serpentine,dark blue-black. Squat form,much battered;stringholeworn. 68/264. To LM IIIB. Faience vessel frag. PLATE 225,2. L. 3.4; H. 1.8; Th. 0.5. Faience, thin off-whitelayer over powdery beige-whitecore. Body frag,with dec. of series of low-reliefcrescentsin uprightposition on exterior.68/241. LM IA with some LM II. Ivory rod, PLATE 230,7. L. 7; W. 1.2; Th. O.6. Ivory,ratherchipped at one end and pitted; saw and chisel marks; perhaps unfinishedas flangeon one side not completelymodelled. For attachment, shallow drilledpeg-hole (D. 0.25) and undercutmortice on underside (L. 2-9; W. 0.3; depth 0.2). 68/233. LM II/IIIA withClassical, Bone spatula, PLATE 222,4 right.L. 8; W. 2-6; Th. 0.7. Long bone frommammalian (Phorse/ cattle), broken at 'handle'; not finished,lightlypolished. Sawn off at epiphysis;undersidebears abrasive scratchesand 3 facets by which bowl was roughed out; blade work along handle. Stained greenin places throughcontact withbronze. 68/251. To LM IIIB. Clay sphericalloomweight.5.8 X 6; 2 grooves.68/242. LM II. Faience sphericalbead. D. 1, of stringhole0.2. Frit,blue, lightto core, darkerand matt on exterior. 62/261. To LM IIIB. Clay sphericalloomweight.8.7 X 8.5; probably4 grooves.68/244. LM II to ΠΙΑ. Clay sphericalloomweight.5.5 X 5.8; 2 grooves.68/258. To LM IIIB. Clay pendant, biconical, PLATES 224,13; 232,13. H. 3.2; D. 2.6, of stringhole0.4; Wt. 13 gm. Beige-brownfineclay; one end pierced forthreading.68/237. LM IIIB withHellenistic. Sealstone, PLATE 186c. D. 1.75 X 1.7; Th. 0.5; D. of stringhole0.18. Serpentine,dark grey-green. Lentoid with rounded back; stringholevertical. Worn, especially on engravedface and ends of stringhole;chipped on edge behind lion's hindquarters.Lion right,in crouched position. 68/235. In platformfill;probablypure MM ΠΙ/LM I A.

In additionthereare the sherdsfromthe LM II pit at PLATE 125 and theMM IIIB/LM IA sherdsfromthe fillof the platformat PLATE 138 withotherLM I sherdsat PLATE 146a and c. LM IIIB sherdsfromPits 2 + 4 are at PLATES 126-7 and vasesrestoredin drawing at PLATES 179-180. Six individualfrags,of stonevases and 8 pieces of obsidian,including flakesand blades,werealso found. South Corridor What we have called the S. Corridoris a narrowspace left outside the S. facade of the Mansionbetweenit and both the retainingwall of the S. Platformand thewall of another Minoan buildingin thatregion(PLATE 32b). We excavatedonlythe E. halfbelow the exist-

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95

to theW. was ing coursesof the facade,whereit is about a metrewide; further investigation we were a monumental able to learn wall preventedby superimposed though post-Minoan thatit did not continuebeyondtheline of theW. wall of theMansion. This space was used in the firstplace as a passageto provideaccess forthe diggingof the foundationtrenchfor the Mansion's S. wall and forthe layingof its lower courses.Then chips of kouskouras,excavated for the foundations,were thrownback againstthe lower blocks of the facade. The originalintentionmay havebeen to leave it as a corridorsinceits entryfromthe lower S. Court was providedwithsteps (PLATE 18c). But thisentrywas soon closed withlargeblocks set above the steps in line withthe E. facadeof theMansion (PLATE 33d). In layingthe foundations,only part of thespace was dug out,less thanhalfitswidthin the lowerlevels,so thata stubof wallingabuttingand at rightanglesto the S. retainingwall was left standing(Section 8, PLATE 14, level 5 whichalso shows the refilling).Afterthe of the foundationtrench,the space was apparentlyused fora whileby the builders refilling as an approach ramp, slopingup fromthe threestone steps at its entranceto about the fourthcourse of the S. facade.Then the entrancewas blockedand thegroundlevelledwith LM IA refuse(Section 8 level4). Rubbishcontinuedto accumulatein the space in LM I and II (levels 2-3), by which time it musthave obscuredthe windowof Room M. Afterthe Mansionwas destroyedsome LM ΠΙΑ- Β materialwas depositedin partof thecorridor,W. of theSectionline (PLATE 123). This accumulateddebriswas in part cut away by a pit to rob blocks of the S. facade, especiallythose outside Rooms Ρ and Q (Section 8, PLATE 14 level 7). The fillof thispit containedsome LM IIIB sherdsas well as earliermaterial,so the robbingmay have taken place at that time.The lack of any indicationof LM IIIB occupationin thisregionmaybe due to laterlevelling. The E. end of the corridor,near the blockingwall, had been excavateddown to the thirdcourseof theS. facadeby Evansin one of his tests(PLATE 17a). The alignmentin the corridorof the retainingwall of the S. Platformis noticeably different fromitscontinuationalongtheS. Court.It seemsprobablethatwithinthe corridor thiswall, and itsjog whichrunsparallelto thatof theMansion(PLATE 17c), was originally the outerwall of anotherearlierhouse, tracesof whichwere foundon the Platform.This, however,leaves unexplainedthe existenceof the remainsof the cross wall in the Corridor of a roomcut whichrestedabove the earliestdeposit(level 6); at least, no floorsuggestive found there. the Mansion was away by This earliestdepositmaybe MM IIIB ratherthanLM IA, a questionconsideredtogether in the Corridorin the MM III/LM IA chapter with the somewhatcomplicatedstratigraphy in thepotterysectionbelow. CorridorContents SC 1

SC 2 SC 3

Cup dec, PLATES 132b and 141,10. H. 5.8; D. of lip 9.6, of base 3.4. About2/3rdsof rimand to bodymissing.Roundedbody,evertedlip and straphandle.Finepinkishbuffclay;blackthinning red-brown paintedoverall. paint.Lip and 3 base bands;zone of ripplepattern;handleandinterior 72/P292.Level44. Cup dec, PLATES 128d and 141,8. H. 6.3; D. of lip 10.8, of base 4.2. Smallchipofrimmissing. Shape and dec as no. 1 aboveexceptonly2 base bands.Buffto reddishpinkfineclay;lightred paint.72/P293.Level44. Cup dec, PLATES 128a and 142,13. H. 8.1; D. of rim10.8, of base 7.1. About l/5thofrimand restored.Vaphiocup shapewithbulgeabout2/3rdsdown,and straphandle.Pinkish bodymissing, bufffineclay;black-brown paintand addedwhite.Lip band,3 basebandsandbandoverbulgewith

96

SC 4 SC 5 SC 6

SC 7

SC 8

SC 9

SC 10 SC 11

SC 12

SC 13

SC 14

SC 15

SC 16

THE EXCAVATION thin added white band either side of bulge; zone of ripple pattern;interior,painted overall with thickband of added white;bottom,painted overall. 72/P174. Levels 40 and 44. Cup dec, PLATE 142,12. H. 7; D. of lip 10.3, of base 6.6. About 1/2 of rim and body missing. Shape and dec. as no. 3 but 2 base bands and no applied white. Fine pinkishbuffclay; red-brownto darkbrownpaint. 72/P295. Level 44. Bowl dec, PLATE 144,23. H. 6.6; D. of rim 12.1, of base 4.4. Intact. Rounded body withhorizontal ledged rim with 2 lug handles attached. Bufffineclay; black paint overallwithrandomsplashes of whitepaint inside and out. 72/P296. Level 44. Cup handleless, PLATES 128e and 144,2. About 1/4 missing.H. 3.8; D. of rim 9, of base 4. Rounded shallow shape with ledged rim. Pinkishbufffineclay; dark brown to black paint. Lip and base band with zone of ripple; interiorpainted overall. 72/P11. Below Evans's test. Almost identical to 72/P299 (PLATE 129b top last) fromLevel 44. Cup dec, PLATE 141,1. H. 8.5; D. of lip 11.9, of base 4.7. About 1/2 missingincludingmost of handle. Rounded body with evertedlip and strap handle. Fine buffclay; black paint overall with applied red and white. Semicirclesin white on lip withthinbands of red and whitebeneath; zone of isolated flowers in white with red blob in centres; one red and threewhite waved bands below. (Red is hatched and white dotted in the drawing).72/P304. Level 40. Cup dec, PLATES 129d firstand 141,3. H. 7.5; D. of rim 9.9, of base 4.2. About 1/3 of rimand body missing. Rounded body with strap handle. Fine buff clay; black paint with applied white. Band at lip junction, 2 on body and 2 at base with zone of isolated flowers,all in applied white; interiorpainted overall;bands across handle. 72/P302. Level 40. Cup dec, PLATE 129d firston 2nd row, and 141,7. H. 6.7; D. of lip 8.4, of base 3.8. Rounded body with evertedlip and strap handle. About 1/3 missing.Fine buffclay; black paint with applied white. Band at lip junction, 3 on body and one at base; zone of Palternating sprays;interiorpainted overall,with some white splashes;handle dec. uncertainif any. 72/P303. Level 40. Cup dec, PLATES 128c and 141,9. H. 6.2; D. of rim 11, of base 4.3. About 1/4 of rimand body missing,restored. Shape and dec as no. 2. Pinkish buff fine clay; red-brownto black paint. 72/P294. Level 43. Cup frag,dec, PLATE 132d. H. est. 6.5; D. of lip 12. About l/3rd of body and all base and handle missing.Rounded body probably with strap handle. Red fine clay; lightbrown smooth slip; redversionsof a flowerwith 2 brown slightlylustrouspaint. Lip and 4 base bands; alternatingdiffering verticalwaved bands dividingeach version;interiorpainted overall. 72/P363. Most fromLevel 36; othersherdsLevels 34-5 and 38. Bowl with in-and-outdec, PLATE 145,4. H. 8.6; D. of rim 14.5, of base 6.8. About 1/3 missing includingone lug handle and most of base, restored.Rounded body with slightledged rim with 2 small lug handles. Fine reddishbuffclay; slightlylighterrathermatt slip; orange-redpaint. Thick lip and 2 base bands with zone of waved band between; identicaldec. inside. 72/P381. Bowl (kalathos) dec, PLATES 128i and 145,3. H. 12.8; D. of rim 22.4, of base 8.2. Few small sherdsof rim and most of handles missing,restored.Bowl withflaringsides, squarishlip and 2 small horizontalhandles. Fairly fine buffclay; red paint overallwith applied white. Diagonal bands down body with 2 concentric groups of 2 bands pendent from rim, both outside and in. 72/P298. Level 40. Amphoroid jar, dec, PLATES 1281 and 145,2. H. 13.8; D. of rim 10, of base 6.1. About 1/2 of upper body includingone handle missing;restored.Globular body withcurvedrimto which 2 small roll verticalhandles attached. Fine buff clay; black to brown paint with applied white. Lip band on which groups of verticalstripesin applied white and two horizontalwhitebands applied below; base band and 2 body bands on upper of which 2 thin bands of white; zone of interlocking'S' patternwith applied white; whitebars across handles; interiorlip band with some dribble. 72/P297. Level 40. Jug dec, PLATES 128k and 145,1. H. 11.4; D. of rim 10.3, of base 5.3. About 1/4 of rimand body missing,restored.Globular body with ledged rim,bridgedspout and 2 basket handles. Pinkishbuff fine clay; black to brown paint. Lip, 2 body and thickbase band; zone of ripplepattern;spout and handlespainted overall. 72/P301. Level 40. Cup handleless, dec, PLATE 143,9. About 2/3rds missing.H. 8.2; D. of rim 12, of base 4.3. Rounded cup withstraightlip and hollow pedestalledfoot. Fine buffclay and slip; brown to orange paint with applied white. Lip band with added finewhitedots and thinwhiteband below; body and

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base bands with thin bands of applied white; zone of 'conglomerate'patternconsistingof circles with applied white in a field of dots with smaller circles interspersed.72/P13. From W. end of corridor,S. of Rooms M and N. SG 17 Cup dec, PLATE 131e right.H. 7.6; D. of rim 9, of base 6.5. About 2/3rdsmissing,including handle. Straightslightlyflaringsides. Pinkish buff fine clay; red-brownpaint. Lip and base band withzone of reed designbetween; interiorpainted overall. 72/P82. Context as no. 16. SC 18 Kylix frag,dec, PLATE 124b. Two large fragsfrom rim to near stem with 2 other non-joining sherds;indicationsof both handles; stem,foot and both handles missing;greatlyrestored.Estimated D. of rim 15; H. as restored 14.7. Very fine buff clay; warm cream to light buff smooth and ?polished slip; reddishbrown to near black paint. Whorlshell,conventionalisedargonaut,rockwork and seaweed on both sides. 72/P368. More fullypublished withphotographsand drawingin BSA 72 (1978) 181-2.

In additiontherewere the otherMM IIIB/LM IA vases at PLATES 128-131 and 141-145, in Section 4 under the and sherdsat PLATES 132-136, discussedwiththeirstratigraphy PLATES MM 123-4 discussedin the same IIIB/LM IA pottery.Also the sherdsat heading, LM LM LM IIIA IIIB. and sectionundertheheadings II, discussedin Four individualpieces of stone vases were foundand the frescofragments Section3, part3. South Platform Evanshad uncovereda largearea of theS. Platform,removingthe4 m or so of washabove it by his 'wagers'system.55Since then,soil had againwasheddown onto theplatformand the sides of Evans's cuttinghad crumbledmakingthe area unsightly.We decided in 1977 to clean up thiscornerof the excavationand to enlargethe cuttingby a further2' m to the south and 3 m to the west,in orderto investigatewalls on theplatformwhichappearedin Evans's photographs(PLATES 16a and 17a) but whichno longerexisted.It was presumed thattheywereMinoan.The excavationrevealedthattheywerein facta wingof the Roman on itsW. wall.56 House of theDiamond Fresco,witha repeatof thatfrescostillsurviving A Minoan house had existedon the platformbut the Roman buildershad levelledit so thatonly a fewgypsumpavingslabsand the bottomcoursesof some wallswereleft(plan at PLATE 4a). These appear to formthe cornerof a room whichcertainlyextendsfurther westwardsinto the hillsidewhich the Roman buildershad cut away to lay the cemented foundationsof the W. wall of theirroom. It restsdirectlyon Minoan remains,wheretwo gypsumblocksjust visibleunderthe foundationsmaybe partof a doorway.A shortstretch of wallingimmediatelyabove the gypsumflooringmustbe a secondaryconstructionbut soil had been leftto enable eitherit or occupation of the Minoan house to be insufficient dated (plan at PLATE 4a wherethe secondarywall is hatchedand gypsumdotted).57 Two small testswere made below the floorlevel of the Minoan building,one (Test 2) along the S. baulk, the other(Test 3) in theNW cornerof the Roman room.58In both,the earth suggestedsuccessivetips of fill and contained a great quantityof undistinguished sherd,while the fill in Test 3 also produced fragmentsof gypsumpaving.The pottery, MM IIIB/LM IA stagewhichis discussedin PLATE 137a- c, belongsto that indeterminate Section4. It seems that the S. Platformwas artificially constructed,to serveas the raised foundationfora building.59That sectionof itsretainingwall whichfrontsthe S. Corridor,is on a differentalignmentfromits continuationeastwards,beyond the line of the Mansion's facade,and mayrepresentthe reusedwall of a previouslyexistingbuilding.60

98

THE EXCAVATION

PlatformContents Apart fromthe sherdscited above, a lead weightfromTest 3 is includedin the Section 8 catalogueas Misc. 52.

Section2 The Architecture (Plans,PLATES 1-3 and fold-out;views,PLATES 15-42) D. SMYTH withM. POPHAM and Κ. McFADZEAN

1. Introduction 2. The exteriorof thebuildingand its context 3. Access to theMansion 4. The interiorof theMansionand itslayout 5. The upperstorey AppendixA. Buildingmaterials 1. Stone 2. Wood 3. Mudbrickand terracotta 4. Lime and clayplaster AppendixB. Miscellaneousfeatures 1. Cists 2. Pivotstones 3. Fireplaces 4. Incisedsigns AppendixC. Catalogueof selectedfallenblocks of StaircasesG, Κ and Ο AppendixD. Conjecturalreconstruction

Page 99 100 103 105 114 116 117 118 119 121 121 121 122 124

1. INTRODUCTION1 The UnexploredMansionlies immediatelywest of the Little Palace to whichit was linked by a bridge.The two buildingsare somewhatdifferently aligned(the angle betweenthem were not planned at the same time. some twelve that which they being suggests degrees) and there are other both architectural several Indeed, reasons, archaeological,forbelieving thatthe UnexploredMansionis the more recentbuilding;its alignmentmaywell havebeen determinedby that of adjacent buildingsto N. and S. of it which have not yet been excavated. The Mansionis surprisingly regularin plan fora Minoanbuilding.It is a simplerectangle apart froma projectingjog of about one metre midway along the S. wall. Its overall dimensionsare 24 metresN- S by 14.5 metresE- W, an area of approximately350 square metres,or about one thirdof that occupied by the more scatteredcomplex of the Little Palace. 99

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The slopingface of the naturalrock (kouskouras)was cut back to containthebuilding; surfacelevel, where the W. wall backs directlyonto it, is that of the upper floorof the Mansion. The threeexposed sides of the buildingare faced with large blocks of creamcolouredlimestone,finelydressedand laid in regularhorizontalcourses.To theN., a flagged passage (the "NorthCorridor",NC on theplan at PLATE lb) separatesthebuildingfroma raisedplatform,artificially constructed(the "NorthPlatform"or NP). On the E. faceof the the northern seven metresof the wall were cut throughanotherraisedplatform Mansion, (the "North-EastPlatform"or NEP) whichis a levellingof the naturalrock: S. of this,the wall is separatedfromtheLittlePalace by a wedge-shapedopen space extendingas faras the pair of projectingbuttresseswhich cut the distancebetween the buildingsto less than a metre. South of this lies the "South Court" (S on the plan) which Evans describesas "anotherlittlepaved area, which. . . was called at the timeof its discovery- withoutsufficientwarrant- the 'Court of the Olive Press'".2The "South Corridor"(SC), approached by threestone steps fromthe courtyard,dividesthe Mansionfroma thirdraisedplatform (the "South Platform"or SP) whichprojectsbeyond the east face of theMansionto form the south wall of the South Court: thiscorridor,only partlyexcavatedand presumablya outwardjog about cul-de-sac,followsthe S. wall of the Mansionand has a corresponding halfway alongitslength. 2. THE EXTERIOR OF THE BUILDING AND ITS CONTEXT Withthe exceptionof the W. wall whichbacks onto thenaturalrock,the exteriorwallsare nowherepreservedmore than threecoursesabove the [original]interiorfloorleveland,in one or two cases in the NE and NW,eventhe footingsof thewallsare missing.Despite this, considerableevidenceremainsas to theexteriorappearanceof thebuilding. We may startwiththe part of the main E. wall to theS. of thebuttresseswherethe fill of four requiredto produce a levelplatformforthebuildinghas resultedin thepreservation coursesof the wall, althoughonly the top coursestandsabove theinteriorfloorlevel.3It is courses here that an unusual featureof thearchitecture is mostapparent;the foursurviving of the facade have each been steppedback, (PLATE 18b). The coursesof ashlarmasonry, which are regularalong the whole of the E. wall, are of slightlyvaryingheights,being 55-56, 47-48, 47-48 and 49- 50cm frombase to surviving top. There is the usual stepback between the foundationblocks and the firstcourse (here 5-6 cm) but what is apparentlyunique to thisbuildingis thatthereis a similarone betweenthe firstand second coursesand smallerones (2-3 cm) betweenthe second and thirdand the thirdand fourth courses,4as can be seen fromthe sectionat PLATE 10b. Corresponding step-backscontinue the of outerfaces thebuttresses(PLATE 16b). along featurecan be seen by its rather That considerablestore was set on thisarchitectural cruderreflectionon the LittlePalace whereit frontsonto theS. Court(PLATE 18d). Here a superficialrefacing,laid above the existingpavingslabs of the court, was givento the facade: two coursesonlysurvive,thebottomone 40 cm in widthand theupper35 cm. It is not surprising that the SOUTH COURT, thoughrathersmall (4.3 metresby 5.5 of nicetiesand flagging metresat itswidest),attractedEvans' attentionwithits architectural was this that Olive of the Court he it the called limestone slabs. Press, thinking Initially grey the functionof a largesquarelimestoneblock (30 cm acrossand 30 cm thickwitha shallow squaredepressionon itsuppersurfaceand lying30 cm east of the outerwall of themansion) whichhe laterupgradedto an altarbase, PLATE 18c. The southlimitof the courtis formed

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by a wall constructedof irregularblocks, which retainsthe projectingS. Platformand constrictsthe space betweenit and theLittlePalace S. of thecourtto a passagesome 80 cm wide.5 The S. Court also acted as an outlet forrainwaterwhichpresumablycollectedin the now confused area N. of the buttressesand then flowed throughthe narrow channel betweenthemand the LittlePalace wherethe sevensurviving flagstoneshave been slightly hollowed(PLATE 18b). These have a southwardslope, of 19 cm overa lengthof 4.7 metres, which is continuedin the pavingof the court itselfand in the passage beyond,wherethe flagshave also had a shallowchannelcut into them. In the SW cornerof the Court,threenarrowsteps(withunusuallysteeprisersof 34, 30 and 27 cm), PLATE 18c, led up to the SOUTH CORRIDOR, originallya slopingramp betweenthe Mansionand an earlierwall to the south.This rampcoveredmuchof thelower coursesof the S. wall of the Mansionand may explainwhy thiswall, whichcontinuesthe same courses and step-backsas the east wall, was left by the buildersin a ratherrough, unfinishedstate (as seen on the Section at PLATE 14). Whateverits originalintention,this schemewas quicklyabandoned:soon afterthe constructionof theMansion,need foraccess to thiscorridormay have ended and it was leftperhapsas a light-wellforwindowswhich are likelyto have existedin theS. wall of Rooms Ρ and Q. At anyrate,therampin the corridorwaslevelledwitha fill,thepotteryin whichis of muchthe same characteras thatwhich of theMansionitself.A blockingwall was builton top of the stepsto dates theconstruction retainthisfilland sealed offentryto the corridorfromthecourtbelow,PLATE 32d. The earlierwall, mentionedabove, whichformsthe southernside of theS. Corridor,is wall of theS. Platform,but runsparallel on a slightlydifferent alignmentto the supporting to the S. wall of the Mansionwitha corresponding jog,6 (PLATES 17c and 32d). The full widthof the corridorcould not be excavated,thoughclearlyit could not have continuedin the same directionbeyondtheSW cornerof theMansionwherethe surfaceof therockrises abruptly.In this part of the corridor,afterthe constructionof the Mansion,a dump of potteryaccumulated to a heightwhich would have totallyobscured the window in the cornerroom, M. The existenceof thiswindowis provedby two square dowel socketsfor a horizontaltimberabove two adjacent blocks in the south wall of thisroom (at mortising levelabove the dumpoutside an elevationof 10.70 m), PLATE 40b. The LM II destruction thewindowis at approximately11.60 m. Here, at the SW cornerof theMansion,thewall is preservedto an unusualheight,standing threecoursesabove therestof theS. facade.These show thattherewas onlyone further the courseswere set immediately step-backin the wall, one of 5 cm, and that thereafter above one another.If it is assumedthat the wall was similarly constructedE. of thejog, as threecourses- and theE. seemslikely,we mayconjecturally restoreitsheightfora further facade as well,providedit too was builtin the same manner.This would add to the S. Court a fifthstep-backin its wall,of 5 cm,withthreeuninterrupted coursesabove withheightsof 34 48 and cm. 31, To the N. of the court, and N. of the buttresseswhich will be consideredin greater detail later, is a wedge-shapedarea, SPACE R, between the two buildings,the original arrangementof which is now incapable of recovery:it was seeminglyin a bad state of preservationwhen excavated by Evans (PLATE 16b), and stoneshave been moved out of Nor is it possibleto tell so confusingmattersyet further. positionin subsequentrestoration, how farin thisdirectionextendedthemodificationto the facadeof the LittlePalace which was broughtforwardby 1.5 m whereit faces the projectingbuttressesof the Mansion.At

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present,one stone of the lowest course continuesjust beyond the northface of the north buttressand thenall evidenceis lost (PLATE 18b). Presumablysome part of thisarea was once paved to need the drainageinto the S. Court. The northpartof the E. wall of theMansionhas been completelyrobbedfora lengthof some threemetres:here the naturalrockrisesand is moreor less at internalfloorlevel.It is clear,however,thatthe NE Platform,particularlyits S. retainingwall, was cut intoby the of thebuilding,PLATE 16b. construction The NORTH-EAST PLATFORM is basically a trimmedsection of the naturalrock whose slopingsurfacehas been levelledand revettedon two sides by walls of largeuneven blocks. It is alignedwiththe axis of the Little Palace and the damageto it caused by the constructionof the Mansionis yet anotherindicationthatthe formerbuildingis theearlier of the two. There may alwayshave been access to thisplatformfromthe courtbelow it to theE., a possibilityto whichwe shallreturnlater. The NORTH FACADE of the Mansionfaces onto a paved corridorwhichseparatesit fromthe partlyartificiallyraised North Platform(PLATE 22d). It will be clear fromthe elevationof the N. wall at PLATE 4b how much it sufferedfromthe activitiesof later corner. occupantsofthesitewho robbedthefacadeevento its foundationsat thenorth-west in one of but it informative block the of the north wall is second course survives, Only were 65 cm on about this of the lower both that face the two courses showing building deep7 and that the wall had the verticalset-backfamiliarfromotherMinoan buildings,in thiscase of 5 cm (PLATE 22d). The wall restson a foundationcoursewhichprojects8 cm at its maximumwherethereis the set-back,and it is separatedin turnfromthe pavingof thecorridorby a narrowgap of 5- 10 cm.8 Althoughonly five blocks of the firstcourse survive,threehave a singlesquare dowel hole cut into the top face, from10 to 15 cm fromthe outer edge. Presumably, thesewere for mortisinga horizontaltimberforwindowsills,a suppositionsupportedby the eastern face of the one remainingblock of the second course which has a cuttingfora vertical timber(PLATE 22e). The originalintentionhere,however,has been confusedby whatmust be a subsequentmodification.The block intendedto supportthehorizontalbeam has itself been mutilatedby the cuttingof an aperturesome 62 cm wide and 35 cm deep at its outer face and whichboth widensand deepenssome 15-20 cm in fromthe outerface of thewall. The window(or door) set thereinwas intendedto hingeas is clearlyshownby a pivothole at thewestend of the opening9(PLATE 22b). Anotherpuzzlingfeatureof the N. facade is the missingblock of the firstcourse midway along the corridor:the gap was filledwithsmallerblocksand rubblewhichwerefound to havepartlyspilledinto thecorridorat the timeof excavation(PLATE 22c- d). The NORTH CORRIDOR, some 1.6 m wide, which separatesthe Mansion fromthe N. Platform,is paved with large irregularslabs all of greylimestoneexcept for one of gypsum(PLATE 19a). Generally,the only cut edge of theseflagsis thatwhichfaces the northwall of the building.The corridoris closed at its W. end by a wall but,just over a metrein front,is the squarefoundationforwhatmusthavebeen a flightof stepsleadingup fromthe corridorto the top of the adjacentN. Platform(PLATE 21d). The corridorhas a slightslope of 1 in 50, presumablyfor drainage,towardstheLittlePalace. How fardid the corridorextendin thisdirection?At presentthereis a straightedge and a slightstep down of a few centimetres at the NE cornerof theMansion.Beyondthis,onlya fewpavingslabs more of the foundationcourse of the N. Platform'sretainingwall rather survive,though thereafter erosionhas removedall evidence.10 (PLATE 19b):

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There are, however,severalreasonsforbelievingthat the corridorcontinuedto the E. to see what edge of the NE Platformwherestepsled down to thecourtbelow. It is difficult otherapproachtherecould have been to the N. Corridor;part of the S. wall whichwould have borderedthis continuationof the corridorcan stillbe seen (PLATE 19d), while the court immediatelybelow the NE Platformat thispoint,wherestepsmighthave originally ascended, was apparentlyunpaved when it was excavated by Evans thoughpavinghas recentlybeen restoredtherein cementto match thatpreservedin the restof the court.11 Whetherthishypotheticalapproachwas also a possiblemeans of access to the Unexplored Mansionis a pointto whichwe shallrevertlater. The NORTH PLATFORM (PLATE 21c-d) whose surfacemay have been about level with the firstfloor of the Mansion,is in part artificialas the section throughit shows (PLATE 9). The limitsof thisplatformto the northand west are unknownsince theylie beyond the area excavated.A solid revetmentwall was constructedalongthenorthface of the NorthCorridor,behindwhichwas throwna fillof kouskouraand sherd;it is built of limestoneblocks,most of whichare cut and faced,restingon a foundationcourseof similar blockswitha step-outof 10-20 cm and witha copingof flatstoneswhichoverhang5-7 cm, the lengthof the preservedpart being 5.7 m. Of this,onlya smallpartsurvivesto anygreat height(PLATE 21c): the W. portionwas robbed down to its second course in Geometric times;we have restoredit in drystone walling.To the east it is preservedto a pointin line with the cornerof the Mansion, thoughthe foundationcourse and footingscontinuefor 2.5 m beyond this (PLATE 19b). It is possiblethattheN. Platformcontinuedas a levelarea as far as the east edge of the NE Platformbut therecould well have been a step down or betweenthem.The purposeof theN. Platformis uncertain:it mighthave been an terracing access to anotherbuilding,or intendedto be a garden:but by LM II it was beingused as a rubbishdump. Direct access to the N. Platformfromthe upper floorof the Mansionby means of a paved bridge,howeverunlikely,cannot be ruled out and would be one explanationof severallarge gypsumpavingslabs at the E. end of the corridorwhichhad evidentlyfallen or been dumpedtherefromabove (PLATE 22a).12 These slabs could have originatedfrom such a structureand it may not be just coincidencethat the estimatedheightof theupper flooris moreor less the sameheightas the copingof theretainingwall of theplatform. 3. ACCESS TO THE MANSION One certainaccess to the buildinghas survived,that on the E., fromthe LittlePalace by a bridgeover the pair of buttressesor "projectingspur"as Evanscalled it, which"approaches so close to the back wall of the LittlePalace near the firstlandingof theWestStaircaseas to suggestthe possibilitythat there may have been an actual bridgebetween the two buildings".14 Evans' surmisewas confirmedby the discoveryof a thresholdwithflankingdoor-jambs of gypsumat the E. end of CorridorL in theMansion,set in the thicknessof the outerwall and leadingout over the space betweenthe buttresses(PLATE 38c). The unusualnatureof thisaccess meritsdescriptionin greaterdetail. Evans treatedthe pairof buttressesas a unitand thereis good reasonforthis.The outer face of each buttressis bonded into the E. wall of the Mansionand continuesthestepped appearanceof this wall (PLATE 18a- b), while the innerfaces are less regular.Moreover, theE. facadeof thebuildingbetweenthebuttressesis constructedof irregular stonesinstead

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of the ashlarblockswhichface therestof thiswall (PLATE 38a and Sectionat PLATE 13). This suggeststhat the space between the buttressescontained a fill of some kind witha stone facingadjacent to the waterchannel,whichwould preventwaterfloodingthe interveningspace. Any evidencetheremighthave been forsuch a constructionis likelyto have been largelydestroyedby the later well sunk betweenthe buttressesand cuttingslightly intothenorthern one.15 The two buttressesare not parallelto each otherbut convergeslightly, onlythatto the N. beingset at right-angles to the main facade. Their easternendsare,however,in line and betweenthe north-south axis of the Mansion this alignmenthalvesthe angulardifference and thatof the Little Palace. To the originalfacade of the latterbuildinga projectionwas added whichnarrowsthe space betweenthe two buildingsyet further:the N. part of this projection,whichrunsparallelto the E. face of the buttresses,has been destroyedand we cannottellhow farbeyondthebridge,if at all, it originally extended(PLATE 18b). The buttresses, to to survive sufficient height provideevidenceof theway in which only, the space between the two buildingswas bridged.The betterpreservedsouthernbuttress consistsof threecourses,the upper one ending20 cm in fromthe face of the underlying block: into the top of the latterare cut four rectangulardowel holes (PLATE 40c). A similararrangement is likelyon thenorthernbuttresswhereone dowel hole is to be seen on what survivesof the corresponding course.These socketsare obviouslysuitableformortisbeams to a between the two buildings. ing carry bridge There remainsthe question "fromwhat part of the LittlePalace did thebridgestart?". theexistenceof a bridgeseemsto implythatit mighthave connected Evanswhensuggesting near the firstlandingof the WestStaircase,whichhe had reconstructed (PLATE 18b). This createsconsiderableproblemsof alignmentand elevation. This landingis situatedsome 2.5 m S. of the line of CorridorL of theMansionand has an elevationof 9.2 m comparedwith10.5 m on the thresholdof theMansiondoorway.The differencein levels is quite apparenton PLATE 15. Even the second landing,as reconstructedby Evans,is stillabout one metreS. of the line of CorridorL and would have an elevationof about 9.6 m. An alternativesolutionis thatthe bridgefollowedthe alignmentof theS. buttressand not that of CorridorL. Its continuationwould thenrun directlyover the magazineN. of the West Staircase.The elevationof the Mansion's threshold(at 10.5 m) and that of the top of the survivingwalls of the Little Palace's magazines (at a maximumof 10.5 m) coincide. The lattershow no clear evidencethat theystand to upper floorlevel whichis, however,unlikelyto have been much above this elevation;Evans, indeed,seems to have envisagedan upper floorat approximately10.7.16 If correct,the slightdifferenceof some 20 cm would easilybe metby theprovisionof one or two steps. Was the bridgefromthe LittlePalace the onlymeansof access to theMansion?Thereis no certainevidencebut two possibilitiessuggestthemselves,an entranceat the farend of the N. Corridoron the groundfloor,and an approachat upperfloorlevelfromwestof the building. The possible existenceof stepsleadingfromthecourtbehindthe LittlePalace onto the NE Platformand so to the beginningof theN. Corridorhas been mentionedabove. Was the functionis possible, N. Corridorin turnonlya meansof access to theN. Platform?A further that it led at its westernend to an entranceinto the UnexploredMansion by means of Room A. All evidence,however,has gone since the outer wall of thisroom was robbed down to its foundations.

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The second possible entranceis equally hypothetical.The upper floorof the Mansion is level withthe naturalrock surfacebehindthe building.17 So a convenientdirectmeansof access to thisfloorwas readilyavailablefromthewest.An obviouspointof entrywould be above the back wall at the end of CorridorL. Clear signsof burningon theuppersurfaceof the stoneshere show that theywere not protectedby a continuationupwardof thewall at this point. Only furtherexcavationW. of our presentlimitswould clear up thisproblem, and even then,it would have to face the dangerthat subsequentRoman buildingactivity has destroyedthe evidence. A further argumentin favourof thispossibleentryis that,withthe constructionof the wall across CorridorL immediately W. of the doorwayof Room Q, the onlyaccess blocking to the PillarHall and to Rooms M and Ρ would have been fromtheupperstorey.Withouta conveniententryat this level fromthe exterior,such as has been suggested,these rooms could have been approachedonlyby a tortuousroutefromthebridge,alongCorridorF, up StaircaseG to the firstfloorand thena descentby one of theotherstairways. 4. THE INTERIOR OF THE MANSION AND ITS LAYOUT The layout of the groundfloorcan be almostcompletelyrecovered:but stonerobbinghas removedevidenceforthe location of windowopeningsand, in theN. and NE of frequently the building,makes the positiveidentificationof some doorwaysdifficult.A littleof the upper storey structurehas survivedmore or less in place and this evidence can be supplementedin part by the natureof the stone debriswhichhas falleninto thegroundfloor roomsfromabove. The groundfloor plan comprisesbasically threesectors.The N. and S. sectorsboth consistof a seriesof rooms openingoffone side of a corridor,while the centralportionis occupied by a pillarhall. Each sectorhas its own stairwayleadingto the upper floor.The whole layout consistsof eightrooms,threecorridorsand threestaircases,witha storeroom beneatheach stairway. A briefsurveyof the buildingwill be givenbeforeturningto a moredetailedroom-byroomdescription. The NORTHERN SECTOR, whichcontainsfouradjacent rooms (Α-D on the plan at PLATE lb), two corridors(E and F) and a staircase(G), presentsmostproblemsin thatit has been badly robbed in places and was the one area to be reoccupiedand modifiedafter the main destruction.Unlikethe southernsector,all its internaldivisionwallsare of stone, laid, witha facingof mud plaster.It is uncertain havinglarge and smallblocks irregularly how much representsrebuildingafter the destruction,though some structures,such as blockingwallsand a flimsypartitionwall,are clearlylateradditions. The main featuresof the originallayout are, however,reasonablycertain.The sector could be approachedfromthe bridgeentrancealong CorridorF whichjoins the east- west CorridorΕ offwhichlead threelong rooms,each presumablywithdoor-jambsof gypsum and providedwith cists set in its floor thoughdifferently situatedin each room: in two cases at leastthe floorwas largelypaved withgypsumflags.Most of thesefeaturesare visible on PLATE 20. The fourthsmallerroomA leads offRoom B. The originallayout was later radicallyaltered, after the LM II destruction,by the blockingof doorways,the buildingof partitionwalls and the openingof new doorways. These modifications are detailedin the fullerdescriptionof each room. It is problematicalhow much of thissectorhad been completedbeforetheinterruption

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in buildingactivityin LM IA. Rooms Β and C withtheircists,gypsumpavingand gypsum door-jambs,seem to have been finishedbut no trace of pavingwas foundin Rooms A and D. Room D differsalso in that,while it had been givenits cists,a depressionor pit in the rock below its intended floor must still have been open since it was filledwith LM II pottery:its lack of a doorwaycould well be due to the deep robbingjust whereit would have been situated,but the possibilityremainsthatits constructionas well as thelayingof thefloorwas not completed. The approach corridor,F, had been largelyexcavated by Evans, and two laterwells, cut throughits floor,have confusedmattersfurther.Its originalconditionis, therefore, uncertain.No traceof pavingwas foundin the undisturbed partof it,norin theeast- west were leftin an uncompletedstate, that both into which it which corridor,E, leads, suggests withits unlikethe stairway,G, whichlies betweenthem:thisseemsto have been furnished was treads and dado before buildingactivity interrupted. gypsum The CENTRAL SECTOR of the Mansionis dominatedby Room Η whichis thelargest and most importantroom on thegroundfloor;thisis thePillarHall, so namedfromits four massivesquare pillarsor piers,of which threesurvive(PLATE 29d). The walls are all of finelydressedashlar;threeare preservedin part to ceilingheight,as are two of thepillars. The room was not completedin LM IA; it had no paving,whilepits in the floorwere not levelleduntillater.Afterits destructionin LM II, the hall (and all the south sectorof the Mansion) was abandoned and leftchokedwithdebris.Beforethisevent,a clay fireplacehad been builtagainstone pillar,and piles of stonesand ash heaped up againstsome of itswalls. The hall could be approached,originally,eitherfromabove by the rough,stone stairway, K, (closed offby a blockingwall in LM II) or on groundlevelby a doorwayin theS. wallleadingfromthe east- westcorridor,L, whichstretchesthefullwidthof the building. The SOUTH SECTOR of the Mansion comprisesthis corridor,togetherwith three rooms,Μ, Ρ and Q, and a stairway,O, witha storeroomΝ beneath,all of whichopen off it to the south. It can be seen in its entiretyat PLATE 32a. All the interiorwalls in this withverticaltimbersand sector are constructedof roughstonesset in mud, strengthened were four rooms The and the mud corridor faced with unpavedthoughRoom M plaster. with Room was floored have had a raised wooden floor and Q pinkplaster.The latter may room was found to contain verylittlebut the otherthreehad been used as store-rooms, whichwas probablythe originalintention.It is likelythatthecorridorwas plannedto have paving:otherchangesof intentare to be seen in the buildingof a blockingwall acrossthe corridorjust E. of Room P, and modificationsmade to the door constructionin several places. These features,like the fireplacein the pillarhall, belongto the LM II resumption of theconstruction of theMansion. There is an unusual regularityabout the layout and a basic simplicityin the plan. In part this is due to the main north-south interiorwalls beingon the same alignmentfrom in thepillarhall,the one face of the buildingto the other,and wheretheyare interrupted behindthislayout The intention deliberate maintain the themselves same alignment. pillars is emphasisedby the foundationswhere theyhave been explored.For instance,the deep and solid foundationfor the E. wall of Room Ρ was carriedacross the corridorand continues as the foundationof the E. wall of the pillar hall and similarconstructionwas uncoveredin thecase of the wallW. of thissameroom. One significant omissionfromthelayoutof theMansion,is thelack of any bathroomor toilet facilitiesand of a comprehensivedrainagesystemwhich are to be expected in a Minoan buildingof thisstandard.If the Mansionwas originallyplannedas a residence,the absenceof thesefacilitiesis surprising.

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A more detaileddescriptionwill now be givenof theroomswhichwillbe consideredin alphabeticalorder. ROOM A (PLATE 20e) is small and almost square, measuring2.4m N-S by 2.2 m E- W. It has sufferedbadly fromstone-robbing whichhas removedmuchof itsW. wall and the entireN. wall as faras its foundationcourse,thelattera particularly seriousloss sinceit has removedall evidencefora possibleentrancefromthe end of theN. Corridor. The surviving threewalls are of faced limestoneblocks,set in unevencourses:the wall surfaceshad patches of whiteplasterstillin position.In the SE corner,a doorway80 cm wide leads intoRoom B. It is a simpleentrywithoutdoor-jambsbut has unusuallylargeand well-dressed blocks comprising itsnorthface.The earliestthresholdconsistsof two irregular limestoneslabs (at 10.65 m) witha step up of 5 cm and a step down into Room Β of 14 cm (PLATE 23b). When excavated,this doorwaywas found to be closed by a mass of rough stones,probablya blockingwall (PLATE 23a): the highestblocks stillin place were 1.6 m above the originalfloor,whichwas unpavedand of earth(at 10.60 m). The functionof this room is uncertain.If therehad been access to it fromthe N. Corridor,thenit could have servedas a smallhallwayor "guard-room";ifnot, thenit would havemade a suitablestoreroomforRoom B. it is possiblethatan interiorwindowthroughthe Thoughno evidenceforsuch survives, S. wall gavelightto thelandingof StaircaseK. Rooms B, C and D, whichoccupytheremainingwidthof the building(PLATE 20f- h), are long and rectangularwithentrancesfromCorridorE. It may be assumedthattheywere planned to be the same size, about 5.7 m by 2.3 m, to have door-jambsand thresholdsof of the arrangement gypsum,and to be paved withthe same material,thoughthe different cistssunkinto the floorsof each of theserooms would lead to a variationin the systemof theirpaving.The dividingwallsare substantial,some 80 cm thick,composedof largeblocks, some reused,with smallerand less regularstonesinterspersed:thereis evidencein several as too weretheirnorthwalls places to show that theywere faced witha thick-mud-plaster, whichconsistof a rubblepackingbehindthe ashlarnorthfacade with only the occasional block stretching the full,110 cm, widthof the wall. The functionof thissectorof adjacent roomsis indicatedby the cistsgivento each of thembut thepurposeof cistsof thistypeis itselfproblematical. ROOM Β (PLATE 24b- c), the best preservedand measuring5.7 m by 2.3 m, was enteredmidwayin its S. wall throughtwo gypsumdoor-jambs95 cm apart; the eastern jamb, 21 cm thick,had been set 9 cm into the kouskourasand retainedabove it a depositof carbonfromthe wooden door-frame. Its threshold(at 10.49 m) consistsof gypsumpaving, now badlydecayed. originally5 cm thickbut It is probablethat thisroom was lit by a windowthroughthenorthwall; stone-robbing has removedany evidencetheremighthave been. The room was paved down its centrefor 5.15 m, nearlythe complete lengthof the room, with gypsumslabs, a metrewide, and a clay surroundwas lefteitherside of them. This paving(at 10.47 m) had almost entirelydisintegrated and the two gypsumcists set into it were also in a and condition midway poor (PLATE 23d f). One, about 1 m fromthe N. end of thepaving,has a squaredepressionin the centreof itsbase whichlies 16 cm below floorlevel: the other,two metresS. of the first,is yetworsepreserved.These and the other cistsare consideredin greaterdetailin AppendixB.I. The poor state of preservation of the gypsumpavingand cistsis in partdue to an earth floor which had been laid over them at a later period when the S. door was closed by a blockingwall foundstandingto a heightof 1.09 m above the threshold18 (PLATE 24b). At

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thisstageof occupation,alternative access to theroomwas probablyprovidedby a doorway knockedthroughtheE. wall fromRoom C; if so, stone-robbing has removedall traceof it. ROOM C correspondsin most featureswith Room Β but all its SE cornerhas been removedincludingone of its door-jambs;the other on the W. side of the entrancefrom CorridorΕ stillsurviveswithtracesof a gypsumthreshold(at 10.52 m). Thereis no signthat this doorwaywas blocked duringlaterstagesof occupation;instead,a low E- W blocking wall of roughstoneswas found3.3 m fromtheN. wall of theroom,runningoverone corner of the cist in the floor(PLATE 24e). Access to thisgreatly-reduced roomwas by a narrow m 55 cm wide and been 1.55 which had knocked doorway, throughthe partywall high, fromRoom D 35 cm fromthe N. wall (PLATE 25a and c). The thickmud-plaster around the doorwaywas particularly wellpreserved. As in the case of Room B, it is likelythat thisroomwas lit by a windowin itsN. wall. In thisinstance,some evidencehas survivedin the formof a singlesquaredowel socketcut into the centreblock of the N. wall whichalso carriesa shallowchannel,25 cm wide and 1 cm deep, indicatingthe beddingfora horizontaltimberinto whicha windowframecould havebeen set. A largelimestonecist (PLATE 23c) was sunkinto thefloorwithinternalmeasurements of 64 cm by 51cm and a depth of 33 cm. Its rimprojectedsome 2 cm above the gypsum flooringslabs to northand southof it. The floorsurroundwas of clay (PLATE 24d). ROOM D (PLATE 25a- b), the most easterlyof thisblock of rooms,has sufferedfrom extensivestone-robbing. The pit which removedthe SE cornerof Room C extendedinto this room also and has left no trace of the S. wall and doorway: it has, moreover,taken away the adjacentpart of the E. wall leavingonlya fewpackingstonesto indicatewhereit was. Furthernortha few foundationblocks are all thatremainsof the outerwall. The N. and the wall is betterpreserved:the dowel holes and cuttingsforthe originalwindow-frame, subsequentlower cuttingand pivot,have been describedabove in the discussionof the N. facade(PLATE 22b and e). No trace of gypsumpavingwas found and it seems as thoughthe originalfloorwas entirelyof earth.Most unusually,its two limestonecists(PLATE 25d- e) are set in theNW and NE cornersof the room, the formerhavinginternaldimensionsof 32 cm by 39 cm,the latter34 cm square whileboth are 29 cm deep.19They werelatercoveredby anotherearth floor. This re-layingmay have coincided with the blocking of the N. window and the openingof the door into Room C, describedabove. In the latest stage,a clay hearthhad been constructedagainstthesouthwall20(PLATE 25f). An interesting gypsumblock (PLATE 4 Id) was found in the fillof a pit in the rock below the floor: it is fluted,has a hollowed interiorand bears signsof firedamage,and seemsto have been intendedas one end of a stonebenchor seat.21 CORRIDORS Ε and F are the only means of access fromthe bridgeand fromthe S. sectorto thenorthern rangeof roomsand its stairway. CORRIDOR E, the E- W passage,offwhichopen the entriesinto the northernrooms and the stairway,was unpaved;its walls were coated witha thinlime plasterwhichon the S. masksthe small,roughstonesbackingthe ashlarmasonryof the wall of the PillarHall. Duringa laterstageof occupationa substantialblockingwall (85 cm wide) was builtacross the corridor,so closing access into Room Β fromthis direction.At the corner,where StaircaseG ascendsto theupperfloor. CorridorsΕ and F join at right-angles, CORRIDOR F leads directlyN. fromthebridgethrougha doorwaywithgypsumjambs 1.15 m apart and a stone threshold-slab (at 10.61m). No sign of pavingsurvivesbut the

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passage as a whole is poorly preservedand has been furtherdisturbedby two laterwells, one 1.5 m N. of the doorway,theotherat its further end. It seems probable that a stone pavingwas intendedsince thiswould have coveredthe drain fromthe Pillar Hall, which runs fromthat room under StairwayG and musthave crossedthe corridorto the outerE. faceof thebuilding.Only theW. wall of thecorridoris preservedabove floorlevel,itsroughfaceis likelyto have had a plastercovering. STAIRCASE G, judgingfromthe finequality of its stonework,was the "Grand Staircase" of the Mansion.To the W. it is flankedby a finely-dressed gypsumblock (80 cm by 65 cm) with a square dowel hole near each of the threeexposed cornersof its upper face (at 10.96 m) into which were mortisedthe horizontaland verticaltimbersto containthe fillingof the pier above (PLATE 26a and c); a matchingblock to the E. is likelybut onlya foundationblock has survivedthestone-robbing there. The two bottom steps of the staircasewere foundin positionand a third,whichhad been re-usedin a laterdivisionwall in the PillarHall, has been re-instated by us above them. These steps of gypsumhave very sharp nosings and unworn upper surfaces(92 cm by 36- 37 cm), suggestingthat the staircasehad been verylittleused beforeits destruction. in section,taperingfrom13- 14 cm on the frontface to 5 cm or less Each step is triangular at the back.22Betweentheflankinggypsumblock to theW. and thebottomstepis a gap of 4 cm suitablefora gypsumdado, some evidenceforwhichsurvivedin the formof a broken slab found lyingabove the bottomstep (PLATE 26a). The space underthisstaircasecontainedthe drainfromRoom H (PLATE 26b) and to the S. of it was probablyintendedas a storeroomforthePillarHall. ROOM H, the largestand grandeston the groundfloor,has been designatedthe Pillar Hall fromits fourmassivesquare piers thatsupportedthe ceilingand upper floor(PLATE 29d). Rectangularin plan, this room measures5.65 m by 8.65 m with the pillarsplaced withinit. Wallsand pillarsare constructedof largeblocksof cream-coloured symmetrically limestone,finelydressed,manyof whichare incisedwith"masons' marks".Its highquality demonstrates that the hall was originally intendedforsome importantfunctionbut thiswas unfulfilled since constructionwas nevercompleted.Similarhalls and cryptsin comparable Minoan buildingsusually have floorspaved withstone flags,and cists set into them.Here thereare neither:in fact the floorhad not even been properlylevelledand pitsin thebedrock remainedto be filledin when the room was firstoccupied in LM II. It was thenused forquite different intended.23 purposesthanthoseoriginally Of the fourpillars,the two southernones werefoundintact.Each consistsof a projectlimestone,set on roughstone foundations,surmountedby ing base block of finely-dressed threesquare blocks of similargood qualitywithcourseswhichdecreasein height(61, 61 and 55 cm). Four square dowel socketscut into theirupper faces (at 12.59 cm) show that thesepillarsstandto theiroriginalheightof some 2 m above floorlevel (PLATE 29c). The socketswould have takenmortisesholdingwooden cross-beamson whichrestedtransverse joists to supportthe flooringof the upper storey.The NE pillarlacks itsuppertwo blocks, while the NW one was completelyrobbed apart fromthe residueof its foundations:this in plasteredconcreteblocks (PLATE 31a). missingpillarhas been reconstructed The thickness ofthethreesurviving base blocksvariesfrom32 cm to 38 cm,but theyhad been sunk into the floor to different depthsto givesimilartop elevations(at 10.80 m to 10.82 m). In view of the finequalityof the workmanshipof the hall, it is curiousthatthe pillarsarenotofidenticaldimensionsin plan: the two easternones are 62 cm squareon bases of 70 cm by 70-80 cm,whilethesouth-westone is 66 cm square on a base of 77 cm square.

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AU fourwalls of thePillarHall consistof ashlarmasonryset in regularcoursesof finelydressed blocks, which are of limestoneexcept for severalof gypsumin the foundation course of the N. wall and a singleone in the same course of the E. wall. Some fifty-seven incised signs(or "masons' marks") were found on the walls of the PillarHall. These are shownon theelevationof each wall at PLATE 5.24 Access to the Pillar Hall was at the W. end throughdoorwaysin the S. and N. walls. The S. doorway,givingaccess to CorridorL, is the betterpreserved(PLATE 30f). It is 1.10 m wide and has a cavityof 25 cm on its easternside, the location of a timberupright (PLATE 39e). The doorwayis separatedfromthe west wall by a singlelimestoneblock (1.08 m long and 38 cm high)whichhas two squaredowel socketson itsupperfaceto hold whichseems to have been left a horizontalbeam supportinga verticaltimberframework here when were found removed,exposed two shallow which, open. Rough packingstones course (at 10.60 m) on a foundation This is set block transverse channels(PLATE 39b). dowel socket has a whichservesas the thresholdof the entranceand midwayalong square its length.The N. doorway,givingaccess to StoreroomJ and StaircaseK, is virtually of rough identicalto the southone. However,at a laterdate it was closed by a blocking-wall The block separatingthe stones which cover any possible dowel socket in the threshold. on its upper face but doorway fromthe west wall has two correspondingdowel sockets withoutthe shallowtransverse channels. The W. wall whichbacks onto thenaturalkouskourasis completelypreservedto its full height of 1.68 m above the foundationcourse in four courses of 45, 42, 41 and 40 cm (PLATE 5). Chiselledinto the upper face of the top course (at 12.46 m) are sevensquare dowel sockets,set back 10 cm fromthe face of thewall,and a shallowbeddingabout 20 cm wide: theseshow wherehorizontaltimberbeams lay (PLATE 40e). Above this,two blocks of each of the lower two coursesof the west wall of the upper storeywere foundslightly of the supportingtimbers(PLATE 29a). These tilted inwardsdue to the disintegration in were blocks subsequentlyreplaced positionwitha conjecturalseparationto allow forthe wooden beams. of the thickness cornerof The N. wall continueseastwardfromits doorwayfor6.2 m to thenorth-east the hall. The foundationcourse continuesthe line of the block W. of the doorwayand its threshold.Above it are six ashlarcoursesof decreasingheight,in place of the fourof the W. wall (PLATE 31b). The firstcourse (41cm high) is whollypreservedand the second course (38 cm) has lost only one or two blocks at the easternend. The third,fourthand fifthcourses (29 cm, 28 cm and 24 cm respectively)have each lost all but the two blocks preservedby the doorway.Above theseis a singleblock of the sixthcourse(24 cm) which has a square dowel socket on its upper face (at 12.44 m, whichequates well withthe top elevationof theW. wall at 12.46 m). The E. wall (PLATES 5 and 29d) was severelyrobbed.The foundationcourseis wholly preservedand continuesacross the doorwayin the south cornerto formits threshold.The firstcourse of the wall (40 cm high)is also completeand thesecondcourse(35 cm) has lost end. Nothingat all remainsof theuppercoursesbut only one or two blocksat thenorthern of the firsttwo to those of the N. wall suggeststhattherewerefourmoreof the similarity heights.Between the thirdand fourthblocks of the foundationcourse(and corresponding 1.30 m fromthe N. end of the wall) a gap of 15 cm has been leftas a drainoutlet(PLATE 30e): thiscontinuesunderthe supportingfillof StaircaseG, throughthewall intoCorridor F and throughthe east wall of the Mansion, issuingabout three metresnorthof the at an elevationof 10.11m (thus havinga fall of some 40 cm in a northernbridge-buttress runof 4.6 m). The purposeof thisdrain,the onlyinternalone in theMansion,is uncertain.

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The S. wall is a mirror-image of the N. wall but in bettercondition(PLATE 5). The foundationcourse is fullypreserved, as are the first,second and thirdcourses(40 cm, 35 cm and 28 cm respectively).Only threeblocks remainof the fourthcourse (28 cm) and two each of the fifthand sixthcourses(25 cm and 24 cm): thereare two squaredowel sockets on theupperface of one of thelatterblocks (at 12.44 m) (PLATE 29c). It now remainsto considerthehistoryof thePillarHall. AgainstitsE. wall was a cistern witha terracottadrainwell below thelevelof itsrimand a lengthof roughwalling(PLATE 30a and d), both of which apparentlybelong to some occupationof the area beforethe of theUnexploredMansion. construction The hall was uncompletedwhen it was firstoccupied in LM II, thoughwithina short timeseveralnew structures were added. Afterthe floorhad been levelledwithearth,a clay oven was constructedagainstthe south-westpillar (PLATE 29e)25 and smallwalls,consisting of one course of roughstones,werebuiltbetweensome of thepillars,shownin theplan at PLATE 3. These were at firstthoughtto be partitionwalls but were lateridentifiedas low retainingwalls behindwhichdebriswas containedwhentherestof thehall was cleared aftersome earlyLM II destruction.A flatslab east of the NE pillarand two othersjutting fromthe N. wall (with top surfacesabout 50 cm above floorlevel),PLATE 29d, mayhave been crude seats or work-benches relatedto the clay oven and its use. At much the same time the N. doorway,givingaccess to StaircaseΚ and StoreroomJ was closed by a rough blocking-wall. STOREROOM J and STAIRCASE Κ wereapproachedfromtheNW cornerof thePillar Hall (PLATES 20e and 21b). The stairway,about 90 cm wide, is of crude construction compared with Staircase G. Aftera shortearth ramp, threesteps of roughlycut stones remain(at 10.99, 11.11 and 11.21 m); a limestoneblock in thepartywall withtheadjacent storeroom(at 11.32 m) maybe partof a cornerlanding.26 The space under the returnof the staircase,about 4 m long and 80- 90 cm wide, was presumablyintendedas a storeroom.Its W. wall is the outer wall of the Mansion,here blocks,laid in regularcourses,whichhave been partlycut composedof largeroughly-faced about 1 m from S. end of the the storeroom,whena Geometricwell was sunkthrough away the room and below its floor.The store'sE. wall is poorlyconstructedof roughstonesand formsthepartywall withtheadjacentstairway;at itsS. end it terminates in a squaredblock of gypsumwithtwo dowel socketson itsupperface fora timberframework. CORRIDOR L runsthe fullwidthof the buildingfromtheentranceoverthe bridgeon the E. to themainW. wall (PLATE 33c). It was designedas themainthoroughfare fromthis entranceto the seriesof roomsand stairway,whichcomprisetheS. sectorof theMansion, and to the centralPillarHall beyond them.Two double doorsin thisthoroughfare allowed control of access to the stairway,and so to the upper floor,and to the Pillar Hall and W. and E. magazineM immediatelyoppositeit: two setsof gypsumdoor-jambsimmediately of the stairwayindicate that thiswas the originalintentionbut it was modifiedin LM II. Near theE. end of thecorridora blockingwall of roughstoneswas constructedimmediately W. of Room Q, so that the storeroomsand the PillarHall beyond could only be entered fromthe upper floor.Use of the originalE. doorwaywas retainedbut its gypsumjambs were ignored,singleuprighttimberswere set in mud above themand a wooden threshold (at 10.58 m) was laid in the floor,the carbonisedremainsof whichare indicatedon FIG. 8. The W. doorwaywas not finishedbut a raised threshold(at 10.76 m) of roughstoneswas laid betweenthejambs. The corridorwas givenan earthfloorin place of thegypsumslabs whichweresurelyintended. The N. wall of the corridorconsistsof a rubblefillset againsttheinnerashlarmasonry

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THE ARCHITECTURE

of the PillarHall and maskedwitha thickmud plaster.Five entrancesoccupymuchof the walls beingof rubblewithmud plastereast of the S. face of the corridor,the intervening westernend to matchthe face of the W. wall of at the of blocks and stone stairway large formsa smallenclaveand in it was probably Here corridor the the Mansionwhichit abuts. for or the constructeda wooden cupboard shelving storageof pottery. Ρ Four rooms,Μ, Ν, and Q, and a staircase,O, comprisethe southernsectorof the building.Their southwalls are the filllaid againstthe ashlarblocksof the outerwall of the Mansion.Windowsthroughthis wall probablylightedall theserooms thoughonly in the case of Room M has evidenceforthissurvived.The partywalls are of rubblebondedwith withcircular mud and, withthe exceptionof the wall betweenRooms Ρ and Q, reinforced between in the wall a third and wooden posts set vertically,two on each face them,which of fire,they the effect due to now friable reston flatfooting-slabs. Though thesewalls are on foundations set stone and wide 7080 cm were originallyof load-bearingstrength, being whichreston bedrock. ROOM M, the largestof thesestoreroomsopeningoffCorridorL and measuring4.4 by 2.2 m, was givenan impressive entrance,themasonryof whichis comparablein qualitywith thatof the PillarHall (PLATE 34). The entryis flankedon eitherside withmassivedressed limestoneblocks: the pier to the east has been partlyrobbed but threecourses survive (consistingof singleblocks 50, 46 and 48 cm high and 76 cm in width)withtheirthree exposed sides finelydressed.The intactwesternjamb has fivecoursesof 38, 55, 45, 48 and 46 cm. Five square dowel sockets,cut into theupperface of the top block nearits east edge (at 12.83 m), PLATE 40d, show that thissectionof the wall standsto its originalheight. They also providethe best evidenceforthe assumption,made earlierin thisaccount,that the floorlevel of the upper storeywas at an elevationof circa 13.00 m, sinceinto themwas almostcertainlymortiseda horizontaltimberbeam of 15- 20 cm to carrytheupperfloor. This is furtherconfirmedby the rough stone blocks of the west wall of CorridorL with theirtop elevationsof 13.03 and 12.93 m. The N. and W. walls of Room M are constructedin coursesof largeroughlimestone blocks withsmallishstone chips set betweenthem,while the S. wall is the rubblebacking behindthe south facade. The E. wall is of therubbleand mud compositiondescribedabove and in this instance the evidence for the reinforcing uprighttimbersand theirshape is especiallyclear wheretheouterfacingof mud has fallenaway (PLATE 39c- d). These posts reston stone slabsat 11.01 and 10.97 m, heightswhichcloselycoincidenot onlywitha flat block stoneprojectingfromthe face of theS. wall (at 10.99 m), and a rough,free-standing, in and 19 cm 7 cm deep againstthe W. wall (at 10.94 m) whichhas a sinkingin its top face in the of flat stones diameter(PLATE 34d) but also withthe raisedthreshold doorway(at 11.01m). These featuressuggestthat the room had a raised wooden floor at about this heightwhichwould also account forthe considerabledeposit of carbon foundthroughout the room immediatelyabove the clay surface.The room was lightedby a window,the evidenceforwhichis givenabove in the descriptionof theS. facade. STAIRCASE Ο has a lower flightof crude constructionsimilarto that of StaircaseΚ and is onlyslightlybetterpreserved.It is about 1 m wide and is approachedfromCorridorL by a shortslopingearthfloorfor 1.5 m beforethe firststep,PLATE 32c. Only fivesteps remain(at 11.28, 11.40, 11.52, 11.74 and 11.99 m), plus a singlestone(at 12.06 m) which may be partof the sixthstep: theyconsistof roughstonesset on a fillof kouskouras.There is no evidenceof mud packingon theirupper surfaceswhichmightbe expectedin viewof theawkwardvariationof therisers(rangingfrom7 to 33 cm).

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Duringthe excavationa whitecalcinedgypsumslab (70 by 53 cm) and 13- 16 cm thick) was foundsouth of the singlestone of thesixthstep and at about the samelevel27(PLATE 35d- f). This could well have been part of the firstlandingwherethe staircaseturnedwest: a dowel socket (4 cm square) in one of its cornersmayhave containedthe wooden support forthe next step (or steps) towardthe second landingwheretheupperflightcontinuedN. for three or four more steps until the upper floor was reached. A wooden framework supportingthe second landingand the stairsabove it is suggestedby anotherdowel socket (at 11.71 m) neartheinneredge of one of theashlarblocksof theS. wall.28 STOREROOM Ν lies under the upper flightof StaircaseO. Severallargestoneswere found in the fall in the south part of this room togetherwithanothergypsumslab, and more stoneswere foundbeneaththecornerlandings:theymayhave been partof theupper flightof StaircaseO. In the northpartwas a layerof decayedgypsumwhichmayrepresent pavingslabsof thepassageat thehead of the staircase,PLATE 36a. On the floorwerefound many pots and a pile of loom weights,showingit had been used as a storeroom(PLATE 36b-e). The southernpartof StoreroomΝ was sealed offby a roughstonecross-wallsome 3.5 m S. of the entrancefromCorridorL: thisis probablya secondaryconstructionbuiltafterthe firstminorfireand destruction, possiblybeingneeded to supporta rebuiltupper flightof the staircase.A curiousand unexplainedfeatureof thisblockingwall is the small opening wide left it floor level cm 50 cm at through (30 by high) (PLATE 36f-g). ROOM P, the smallestof the threerooms openingS. offCorridorL and measuring3.8 by 2.2 m, was enteredby a doorwayhavinga gypsumthreshold(at 10.54 m) and gypsum witha thinwhitesurfacecoatingof door-jambs.The walls had a facingof thickmud-plaster on N. W. the and walls are the finestfound in the which some well-preserved patches withat least tenlargejars, standingin Mansion(PLATE 39a). This was themainstore-room two closely-packedrows againstthe S. wall, togetherwitha greatnumberof smallervases (PLATE37a-b). On top of these and over the restof the room was a considerablefall fromthe room above: apartfromsome finerpottery,therewerea numberof gypsumslabsand severallarge blocks of faced limestone,the largestof which was 2.5 m long (FIG. 11 and Section at PLATE 14). The gypsumslabs, some 5 cm thick,were clearlythe flooringof the upper room. The limestoneblocks variedin thicknessfrom27 to 35 cm and mightbe thoughtto have come fromthe S. wall of the Mansion: however,theirpositionswithinRoom Ρ make thisunlikelyand suggestthatthe walls on the upper storeyabove the partywallsbetween Ο, Ρ and Q consistedof dressedlimestoneblocks.The constructionof the lowerpartywalls would make thispossible sincenot onlyare theyof load-bearingdimensionsbut are also set on substantialfoundations,as testsbelow the floorsof Rooms Ρ and Q and of CorridorL showed. The fall in Room Ρ includeda fragment of mud partitionwall (some 10 cm thick)with on or a cupboard compartmentin the upper both a sub-division faces, suggesting plaster room. The S. wall of Room Ρ was robbed(down to 11.05 m) so thatthereis no evidencefor a windowgivinglightto theroom,thoughprobablyone did exist. ROOM Q is only slightlylargerthan Room P, measuring3.7 m by 2.7 m, but differs fromboth it and M in that it was not a storeroom.Not onlywas therean almosttotallack of potteryin its fill but the natureof the floor infersa differentand more important functionforthisroom.Unique amongall theroomsof theMansion,thishas a finishedfloor of smallpebbles set in pink plaster,at 10.43 m, (Section 7 at PLATE 10b). Its positionjust

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inside the entrancefrom the bridgeand its quality,with plasteredwalls and a gypsum thresholdbetween gypsumdoor-jambs,suggesta receptionor waitingroom for visitors enteringtheMansionfromtheLittlePalace. Withthe constructionin LM II of theblocking-wall acrossCorridorL immediately west of the entranceto Room Q, thisor some similarfunctionmayhave been retainedto control access to CorridorF and thenorthernsectorof thebuilding. Once againrobbinghas removedany evidenceof a window or windowsgivinglightto this room but it is probable that therewas one throughthe S. wall and possiblyanother throughtheE. wall. 5. THE UPPER STOREY It is unusual,in Minoan buildings,forany of theupperstoreyto be preserved.In thiscase, remainedin position,partof its materialsfellinto althoughverylittleof the superstructure the rooms below with the collapse of walls and ceilings,and some of the lower walls still stand to ceilingheight.This evidence,takentogether,allows some conclusionsto be made of theMansion. theupperstructure regarding All thelowerinteriorwallsare of load-bearingdimensions,thoughsome are moresolidly constructedthan others;so a layout of theupperroomsand corridorscorresponding to the floor of a is feasible conclusion. not, course, ground though necessary plan quite Little can be said of the northernsectorwhichwas reoccupiedand modifiedafterthe maindestractionand thensuffered mostseverelyfromstone-robbing afterits abandonment. The largegypsumslabs whichfellor were dumpedinto the N. Corridorare likelyto have been upper flooringmaterial; they have been considered above. Evidence for fresco decorationof an upper room was foundfalleninto Room A. Throughoutthissector,the lower walls are solidly constructedof stones which suggestsa corresponding plan on the If floor. an to was access this so, upper upper corridor,above F, region presumablyby reachedby StaircaseG frombelow or moredirectlyon the same level. The southernsectoris much betterpreservedand littledisturbed.The highestblock of the W. face of the doorwayinto Room M bears dowel holes on its upper surface,so it is preservedto ceilingheight.The existenceof the double staircaseto its east makesit almost inevitablethat theupperroomabove M correspondsin dimensionsto thelowerone, despite the timberand rubblecharacterof its E. wall. In fact,partof themud superstructure above this wall fell in a pile inside the room (PLATE 34b). High in the debriswas a limestone block with an inset gypsumslab (PLATE 35a- c) possiblypart of a balustradesuch as is conjecturedin the account of the room above the PillarHall.29The upper flooringwas of gypsumslabs, many of which fell into the lower compartmentwith the collapse of the ceiling. Similarevidencewas found for the flooringof the small passage at the head of StaircaseO, thoughin thiscase the gypsumhad almostentirelydecomposed. Rooms Ρ and Q, to the east of the staircase,may also be assumed to have had corresponding upper rooms,since the fillin each was so dissimilar:upper flooringslabsof of wall frescohad collapsed into Room Ρ togetherwithsome of the gypsumand fragments objectsstoredthere,whereasRoom Q was practicallybare of finds.30 The existenceof an upperE- W corridorabove CorridorL maybe presumedsincesome means of access to the rooms above Ρ and Q fromStaircase Ο and, possibly too from StaircaseG, seems demanded.A possible entryinto the Mansion at the west end of this upper corridorhas been mentionedabove. Again,fallengypsumslabsindicatehow thefloor above CorridorL was paved,dottedon PLATE 8a.

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1 15

There remainsto be consideredthe space above thePillarHall, and heretheevidenceis particularlywell preserved.Two courses of the upper W. wall have survivedin part,the lowerN. and S. wallsare in places standingto ceilingheightas are two of thepillars,partof an upper divisionwall could be traced and a mass of masonryfell into the lower room, mostlyconcentratedin the westernregion.The fallenmasonryis, in thiscase, morereliable evidencethanusual, since thereis good reason forbelievingthat the N., S. and W. walls of the PillarHall (and possiblythe E. wall too) were littledamagedby the main catastrophe because of theirsubstantialconstruction:wherepartsare lackingof eitherwalls or pillars, robbingpits of a later date were found to account forthis.The fallenstones,therefore, whetherin the PillarHall itselfor in thecorridorto the south,are likelyto have come from upperfloorstructures. In the case of the W. wall, two coursesof its upper storeywere stillin partpreserved, of the supportingtimbers thoughtheyhad cantedforwardsomewhatwiththedisintegration the wall thencontinuedupward 41 as seems likely, (PLATE 29a): each courseis cm high.If, in coursesof decreasingdepth,similarto the supportingwall below, thenthe fallenblocks nearbysuggestat least threecoursesof 34, 31 and 28 cm. Moreover,two of theseblocks, 31- 32 cm thick,carrydowel holes on thisupper surfaceformortising timber:thesecould have eithercarriedthe roof beams or supportedthe wooden frameforwindows.31Thereis an obvious need for lightingin the upper room and a directsource was available only throughan openingin the W. wall whichwould have been well above groundlevel at this stage.The outerface of thiswall would presumablyhave been facedwithashlarblockssince it would have been above groundlevel: one block fromthisarea is recessed(PLATE 41b) and, if it is fromthe outer face,it suggeststhatthenormalMinoansystemof a step-backed facade,similarto theN. wall of theMansion,existedhere.32 As forthe N. and S. wallsof theupperroom,whichwerepresumablyidenticalto those of the PillarHall, no upper blocks remainin position.However,some of the superstructure of the south wall felloutwardintoCorridorL to the south.Here blockswerefound,20 and 22 cm in depth,one witha masons'mark:it is likelythatthesewerefromtheS. wall which was givena rubbleand plasterfacingon thecorridorside as was done below. The lower E. wall remainsstandingforonly two coursesand no evidencewas foundto reconstructits upper counterpart:as has been suggestedforthe lower room, it may have withits adjacentN. and S. walls. correspondedin construction In general,then,it maybe envisagedthatthewallsabove thePillarHall continuedup to ceilingheight33in ashlar masonryhavingcoursesof decreasingdepth; at the same timeit seemspossiblethattheroomwas lightedby windowsset in the outerW. wall. In at least one importantrespect,however,it differedfromits counterparton the groundfloor.Remainsof a divisionwall, on the alignmentof the two westerlypiers,which partitionedoffthe westernthirdof the room, survivedthe disaster.The northernand best courses; preservedpart of thiswall is illustratedat PLATE 27a- b, withits threeremaining it can be seen how, withthe disintegration of its timbersupport,it has subsidedsomewhat out of position so that at its N. end it restedon top of the N. wall but had settledmuch lowerto the south.Here its continuationwas removedby a largepit dug down to thefloor in orderto rob all the NW pillar,but its line can next be discernedin a shatteredfragment restingon top of the SW pier (PLATE 27e) and thereafter by one brokendressedblock between S. wall.34 this and the lying pillar There is no evidence to determinewhetherthis partitionwall was continuousor was by an entrancesituatedabove thespace betweenthe two westernpiers,noris its interrupted known. It seemslikely,however,thatanotherfindis to be associatedwithit. Lying height

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THE ARCHITECTURE

slightlyeast of the northernstub of the wall was founda fallen,circularcolumn-baseof gypsuminto one side of whichis cut a verticalchannelor slot (PLATES 27a and 42a). Part of anothersimilarcolumnwas discoveredfurther away,just east of thenorth-east pillar,and at a greaterdepth,PLATE 42b.35 The purposeof the channelcould be to slotintoone side of the column a panel of gypsum,a method of constructionattestedby the block from Room M.36 How wall and columnswere combined,if theywere,can onlybe conjecturedand there are severalpossibilities.It may be that the partitionwall to the N. is preservedto its full height,that the upper slab on it is a parapet and that it extended no furtherthan the to the south,leavingan openingbetween supportof the N. pier,witha similararrangement the two walls. The gypsumcolumnscould thenhave restedabove the parapet,one either side of the opening,witha gypsumpanel engagedinto each columnand extendingto the face of the N. and S. walls respectively.Such a reconstruction has at least the meritof some into the of room of allowingit some form eastern section the and leaving entry upper of lighting. There is littleevidenceforthe natureof the flooringof the upper room E. of thepartitionthoughit may have been of thingypsumslabs, but more information was recovered for the westernpart.Several fallenlimestoneflagsare 18- 19 cm thick,whichis less than coursein theMansion'swallsbut would be suitableforpavingslabs.37 any surviving APPENDIX A: BUILDING MATERIALS 1. Stone The buildingstones used in the various stagesof constructionof the mansionare of two typesonly,poros limestoneand gypsum.Thereis no tracehereof any of the othertypesof stone thatwereused forconstructional or decorativepurposeselsewherein Knossos suchas brecchiaor any of thecrystalline limestones. schist, sidheropetra conglomerate, (ironstone), Poros limestoneis abundantin thisvicinity,eitheras naturallyeroded"field-stones"or as slabsand cut-blocksfromquarriessuch as thevastunderground ones at Hagia Irini(about 3 km S. of Knossos). Field-stonesof thismaterialwereused forthe earlier(pre-mansion) walls of which only a few tracesremain:theywere also used extensivelyduringthe main constructionas packingbehind the ashlar masonryof the exteriorwalls and those of the PillarHall and, on theirown or withroughcut-blocksforfoundations, interiorwallsand the lower flightsof StaircasesΚ and O. Duringthe laterstagesof occupationtheywereused that were (with a numberof re-usedblocks) for the crude retainingand blocking-walls erectedthen.Limestoneflagswereused forpavingtheN. Corridorwheretheyare generally irregularly shaped but each with a fairlyconstant(thoughnot standard)thickness:limestone slabs wereused forflooringpart of the upper storeywheretheywere cut square or rectangularand to a standardthickness.Cut-blocksof limestonewere used in the ashlar masonryof the exteriorwalls and those of the PillarHall whereonlythe front,visibleside of each block was smoothed and provided with straightedges so that adjacent blocks touched only along these edges: the back sides were brokenoffor chiselledobliquelyto forma roughtriangular or wedge-likeshape, whiletheupperand lowerfacesweresimilarly rough-smoothed thoughmost of these blocks have an even thickness.Finely dressedcutblocks of limestonewere used in the Pillar Hall for the pillarsthemselvesand for the "separating"blocks betweenthe W. wall and theN. and S. doorways,also forthewall-ends

THE ARCHITECTURE

1 17

flankingthe doorway to Room M: in thesecases, all the exposed faces were squared and finelydressed(except those that were to be plasteredover). There are no thresholdsof limestoneblocks in the buildingapart fromthe threedoorwaysin the PillarHall where,in fact,the foundationcourse of the walls is carriedacross to serve as such: elsewherethe limestoneslabs thatweresurfacedover thresholdsare eitherof gypsumor of smallirregular withclay. Gypsumwas likewiseabundanthere and was almostcertainlyquarriedfromthehillsat Gypsadhes,immediatelysouth of Knossos. Large cut-blockswere used to flankthe footof StaircaseG and anotherwas used at the foot of StaircaseK. Several isolated cut-blocks occur, apparentlyat random,in walls and foundationsthatare otherwisewhollyof limestone and one gypsumflagoccursin the pavingof the NorthCorridor.Gypsumslabswere used forflooringpart of the upper storeyand weregenerallyconsiderablythinnerthanthe slabs of gypsumwereused forthesteps limestoneslabs also used here.Triangular-sectioned of StaircaseG and may also have been used in theupperflightsof the othertwo staircases. Thin slabs were used in the stone-and-panel interiorwalls of the upper storeyand again of Staircase G. Door-jambsof thismaterialoccur in probablyas a dado, liningthe walls of the doorwaysin the mansionand half of thesehad gypsum eight(and possiblynine) thresholds.The column-baseand column drumthat survivedare of gypsum,as also are the two cistsin Room Β and thepavingsurrounding themand thepavingin Room C. 2. Wood Samples of carbonisedwood obtainedduringthe excavationof the mansionhavenot been analysedto date, so thatthe type (or types)of timberemployedcannotbe statedwithany certainty.But it may be surmisedthat the wood used was, like thestone,themostreadily of one varietyor another)or fir: availablelocally such as cypress(cupressussempervirens spruce or cedar may also have been used thoughthey would probablyhave had to be imported. Leavingaside the actual type of timber,the uses to whichit was put were many and diverse.Large horizontalwooden beams (of at least 25 cm thicknessand 20 cm width) almostcertainlyspannedthe PillarHall, beingmortisedinto the walls and into the tops of the pillars,with similarbeams lyingabove the fourthcourse of the W. wall and the sixth course of the otherthree.Above these,transverse joists of smallersection(whichmayhave been squaredor rounded)carriedthe flooringof the upper storey.Otherhorizontalbeams were laid as a course in the exteriorwalls as indicatedby the dowel socketsin the ashlar masonry,and into themverticalwindow frameswere mortisedwithwooden lintelsabove. Timber cross-beamsbetween the bridge-buttresses and across the gap to the Little Palace In supportedthe bridge. each of the eighteenpost-holesfoundin the interiorwalls either sideofStaircaseΟ and StoreroomsM and Ν was a roundwooden post (10-15 cm diameter), wallsthatwerepacked againstthemwithclay. givingverticalstabilityto themud-and-rubble A raisedwooden floorof slats or plankslyingon wooden joists almostcertainlyexistedin Room M38 and a wooden cupboard or shelvingstood in the enclave at the W. end of CorridorL outside this room. Each of the gypsumdoor-jambbases was surmountedby a verticalwooden door-jamband severalstillshow carboniseddepositsthereof.The gypsum cut-blocksat the footof StaircasesG and Κ had verticaland horizontalwooden frameworks mortisedinto themto containthe fillingof thepiersabove and timberjoists or frameworks supportedthe upper steps and landingsof all threestaircases.Otherwooden frameworks weremortisedinto the upper faces of thelimestonecut-blocksframing thewestside of the

118

THE ARCHITECTURE

Ν. and S. doorways of the Pillar Hall and were matched by wooden uprights(c. 25 cm) on the E. side. Only one threshold, that of the centre doorway across Corridor L, shows traces of carbonised wood but others may have existed of which nothingremains. Last, but by no means least important,were the numerous square and rectangularwooden dowels that were essential for mortising the various timber beams and frameworks into the stone blocks supportingthem. 3. Mud brick and terracotta Mud brick does not appear to have been used extensively,if at all, in any stage of construction of the mansion. Had it been, evidence would be expected in the formof samples baked in the firstor second fireand thus preserved. (But see also Section 4 below.) Terracotta is represented in the mansion by a single short piece of drainage channel (U-shaped but with a horizontal, not curved, base). This was found on the E. side of the earlier cistern near the E. wall of the Pillar Hall (PLATE 30d) and any furtherpieces had apparently been destroyed when that wall was being built: it is not certain whether it was an inlet or an overflowchannel for the cistern. 4. Lime and Clay Plaster Lime plaster had been used extensively at Knossos well before the construction of the mansion and there is little reason to suppose that the base material had altered. This was originally assumed to have been gypsum but later analyses by N. Heaton proved beyond doubt that it was burnt calcium carbonate, or burnt limestone.39 Though not abundantly used in the mansion, there is evidence of it in three differentcontexts. Considerable areas of a thin white plaster have survivedon the N. and W. walls of Room P: this is almost certainly lime plaster which, with a thick undercoat of clay plaster, provided a revetmentfor the rubble walls of this room. Numerous fragments of a similar type of plaster, though appreciably thicker,were found throughout the southern sector of the building and also in Room A: these had fallen from the upper storey and had fresco painting on them. The third evidence of lime plaster is the two fragmentsof roofing material referredto earlier. These consist of very small pebbles in a thin layer of lime plaster set on a thicker layer of mud plaster (PLATE 42e), the lower face of which does not, however, show any impression of the underlying reed bedding which lay above the roof rafters and supporting beams. However, a number of small pieces of heavily burnt blue-black clay were found and some of these do have such an impression on them, suggesting that they formed an intermediate layer between the mud plaster and the reed bedding (PLATE 42f- g). This may well be what Evans identified as lepidha (actually decomposed schist) which is found on the hillsides east and south of Knossos and is still valued as a roofing material owing to its impermeable quality.40 Clay (or, in its unrefinedform,mud) was liberallyused as a mortar to bond togetherthe stones of the walls of the mansion and, well laced with a bonding of straw,as a wall plaster to even off the rough surfaces of the interior walls (excluding, of course, those of finely dressed ashlar masonry). Virtually every room (apart fromthe Pillar Hall) shows evidence of such plastering to a greateror lesser extent. Where severe burninghas taken place (mainly in the SW of the building), the clay was baked brick-hardand clearly preservesthe impression of the binding material: elsewhere disintegrationof the plaster has left little such evidence. As noted above, the clay plaster of Room Ρ served as an undercoat for the lime plaster on the surface, as is also the case with the fragmentsfrom the upper storey. Other uses for clay

THE ARCHITECTURE

1 19

werein the thresholdof severaldoorwaysto even offthe irregular limestoneslabsbeneath and in therubbleand mud wallsto bind themto the timberposts. APPENDIX Β : MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES 1. Cists Five cistswere foundin the mansion,all in thenorthernsector,two of gypsumin Room B, one of limestonein Room C and two othersof limestonein Room D. None of themcontained any objects or traces of material(apart fromsome stone chippings)that would suggesttheiractual or intendedfunction.The PillarHall, unlike similarroomsin theLittle Palace or elsewherein Knossos, had no cists: thisdeficiencymay be due to theunfinished stateof the floorand it may be surmisedthat the provisionof a cist or cistswas intended but neverexecuted (the centralpit betweenthewesternpillarsmayhave been excavatedto take thefoundationsof one). The northernof the two cistsin Room Β (PLATE 23f; FIG. 15a) consistsof a roughly highest rectangularblock of gypsum(c. 42 cm by 56 cm), now heavilyeroded.The surviving point of therimis some 7 cm below thelevelof theadjacentgypsumpavementand thebase of the cist is only 6 cm below therim:slightlyoff-centre to thewestis a shallowdepression of Whennew,therimwas probably 15 about below level the base. cm 3 cm the 12 by cm) (c. and to the base was thensome 13-15 cm. flushwiththe surrounding the pavement depth The southerncistin Room Β (PLATE 23d; FIG. 15b) also consistsof an erodedgypsum into severalpieces. The depth fromthe block (c. 79 cm by 54 cm) whichhas disintegrated of rim some 19 cm and thereis now no traceof a centraldethe to the base is highestpart in the base. Both these cists are skewed pression slightlyto the east of theaxis of theroom. The cist in Room C (PLATE 23c; FIG 15c) is the largestof the fiveand consistsof a block of limestone(c. 76 cm by 64 cm external)in good condition.The internal rectangular c. is 64 cm by 51 cm and is 27 cm deep fromthe top of the rimto a narrowledge, cavity witha centraldepression52 cm by 40 cm and 6 cm below thisledge.Whiletheblock itself is cut squarelyand lies on the axis of theroom,the centraldepressionis skewednoticeably to thewestforno apparentreason. The cist in the NWcornerof Room D (PLATE 25e; FIG. 15d) is of similarconstruction and materialto that in Room C. It is rectangular(c. 44 cm by 50 cm external)with the internalcavity 32 cm by 39 cm and 23 cm deep to a ledge, below which is a central depression18 cm by 22 cm and about 6 cm deep: this depressionis skewedto the east in relationto thewallsof thecist. The cist in the NE cornerof Room D (PLATE 25d; FIG. 15e) is similarto the previous one but is virtuallysquare (48 cm external) with the internalcavity 34 cm square and 20-22 cm deep to a ledge,below whichis a centraldepression18 cm squareand 6 cm deep: this depressionis also skewed, this time to the west. An unusual and possiblyunique of the two cistsin Room D is theirlocation in thecornersof theroom,hard characteristic the up against walls,insteadof beingin thecentreof the flooras was normalpractice. The standardof workmanshipof the threelimestonecistsis on the whole quite good: in plan a few of the cornersare not preciseright-angles and therimsare not all of constant widthon the foursides nor, in one or two cases, exactlyparallel,while in sectionsome of the verticalwalls tend to slope inwardsslightlytowardsthebottom.However,theseimperfectionsare insignificant comparedwiththe noticeableskew of the centraldepressionsof

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120

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I

THE ARCHITECTURE

12 1

all three cists: this inconsistency can hardly have been deliberate but suggests that the depressions were not intended to be visible (perhaps hidden by some sort of slatted wood "floor" restingon the ledges?). A similarskew exists in the almost identical cists in the Pillar Crypts of the Little Palace which Evans described as "the usual stone vats for the reception of liquid offerings".41 2. Pivot stones Only two pivot stones were found duringthe excavation of the mansion and neither of them was in position, both being in the debris that had fallen from the upper storey into the Pillar Hall. They consist of small undressed limestone blocks (c. 16- 17 cm by 10- 12 cm and 6-9 cm thick), each with a shallow circular depression (7 cm diameter and 1.5-2 cm deep) on one face: presumably they were bedded in clay into the flooring.There is no evidence of similar stones in any of the doorways of the lower storey, nor of pivot holes in any of the thresholdblocks. 3. Fireplaces Two fireplaces were found in position, one near the south-west pillar of the Pillar Hall and the other against the east wall of Room D: they are remarkable in that fixed hearths of this type are exceptional in Minoan architecture.42 The fireplace in the Pillar Hall (PLATE 29e) was constructed after the first minor destructionand was set in the corner of the low division walls built between the western and southern pillars. It consisted of an earth base on a foundation of rough stones with a 20 cm mud wall on three sides, being open to the east, and was roughly 30 cm wide by 50 cm deep. The fireplace in Room D (PLATE 25f) was built some two centuries later, during the final stage of occupation of the mansion. It was constructed of green mud bricks, backing onto the E. wall of the room and open on the W. side, and was about 40-45 cm wide by 70 cm deep. Its function,too, is uncertain. 4. Incised signs As noted earlier in the descriptionsof the individual rooms and walls, there is a considerable number of incised signs (or "mason's marks") on blocks still in position throughout the mansion: in all, these total 70 examples and there are a further31 marks on blocks that were removed duringthe excavation (mainly debris from the upper storey) and stored nearby. The purpose of these incised signs (and indeed of many similar ones on other Minoan sites) still remains to be resolved: various theories have been advanced, including guide marks for the placement of individual blocks during construction, religious symbols sanctifying a sacred area (or bestowing grace on whoever scribed them) and an undefined connection with the still undeciphered Linear A and Hieroglyphic Scripts.43 The designs used in the mansion fall into two main categories, plus a number of miscellaneous designs that occur only once or twice each. The most commonly repeated sign is the "box" (PLATE 31c) which varies in size but which has more or less consistent proportions which are roughly as follows: two horizontal lines of six unit length with a vertical line of two units joining their extremities and with another vertical line about one unit in fromeach end. These range in size fromabout 10 cm to 20 cm horizontally and from about 4 cm to 8 cm vertically,the most common being about 15 cm by 5 cm. The other main category is the "branch" (PLATE 3 Id) which consists of a single horizontal line with two or sometimes three short lines at 45° above and below it: these

THE ARCHITECTURE

122

rangein size fromabout 17 cm to 29 cm horizontallyand fromabout 7 cm to 17 cm vertically. A singleexample (on the east wall of thePillarHall) is a combinationof thebox and branchsymbols,the top line of the formerbeingthehorizontalline of thelatter. Other miscellaneousdesignswhich only occur once or twice each are the "trident", "star" (PLATE 3 le), and "double v". There is no examplenow visibleof the "double-axe" signwhichEvansnotedon theE. facadeof themansion. The followingtable givesthe numbersof each type of signfoundand theirprovenance whereknown. Table of incisedsignsfound in the mansion Provenance

Box

A. Signsfound on blocks in position Northwall (exterior) East wall (exterior) Northbridge-buttress PillarHall, west wall PillarHall, northwall PillarHall, east wall PillarHall, south wall StaircaseΟ Room M, doorway Sub-totals: B. Signs on fallen blocks PillarHall, NW area PillarHall, SW area PillarHall, NE area PillarHall, SE area CorridorL, east end Room Ρ StoreroomN, south Room M Northernsector

4 1

28 12 3 4 2

Branch

-

2

Other

TOTAL

1(a) 2 (b) 1 (b) 2 (be)

6 1 1 33 13 6 5 1 4

6

70

1 (d) 1 (d) 2 (e)

11 8 3 2 1 1 1 2 2

3 1 1 1 2

54

10

10 8 3 2 1 1 1 -

-

1

-

-

Subtotals

26

1

4

31

TOTALS:

80

11

10

101

Notes: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Trident missing signwithleft-hand upright Singlelines(partofbox orbranch?) Starsign linemissing) DoubleV (orbranchwithhorizontal Trident uncertain: sign(exactprovenance 1968)

APPENDIXC: CATALOGUEOF SELECTED FALLENBLOCKS Introduction Duringexcavationof the LM II destruction,most fallenstonesof any size wereplotted: those of importancewithworkedsurfaceswere keptand cataloguedaccordingto theroom

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123

(or space) numbersused at the time.These numberswerepaintedon the stones.Some had to be brokenup forremovalwhen the cranewas not available.The cataloguemaybe consultedat theBSA in Athens. The followingis a selectionof the more importantstones.Withfewexceptions,all had fallenfromupper floor structureand are at presentstorednear the Mansionexcept fora fewnow in theStrat.Mus. as noted. NorthSector Gypsumfloor slab. Quadrantcut out for fittinground circularshape e.g. column. L. 60, W. 31, Près.Depth 10. Found in NorthSector. Gypsumfloorslab. L. 94, W. 77, Depth 8. Found in NC. Gypsumfloorslab. L. 76, W. 45, Depth 7. Found in NC. withhollowedinteriorand signs Gypsumflutedblock (PLATE 41d). Two joiningfragments of firedamage. Seat end (?). L. 30, W. 19, Depth 33. Found in Room D. Nos. 8-01 and 8-02; now in Strat.Mus. Room H Limestone block with depression(12 cm diam.) and roughlychiselledchannel. L. 106, W. 52, Depth 50. Found in Room H (NE). Brokenup forremoval. StaircaseG. L. 47, W. 36, Depth 4. Found Gypsumfragments (four).Possiblydado flanking H No. in Room (NE). 22-17. (PLATE 42b). D. c. 46 cm withtracesof 'rim'and one Gypsumcolumndrum,fragmentary bed well preserved.L. 42, W. 39, Depth 22. Found in Room H (NE). No. 22-19; now in Strat.Mus. socketson frontface, withtwo square Gypsumblock (PLATE 42c- d). Two semi-circular dowel socketson one side face and a circularsocket on the other.L. 39, W. 32, Depth 19. Found in Room H (SE). No. 23-18; now in Strat.Mus. Limestone block. Pivot stone (?). Socket 7 cm diam. and 1.5 cm deep. L. 17, W. 12.5, Depth 6. Found in Room H (SE) = H 44. No. 23-19; now in Strat.Mus. Limestoneblock.Pivotstone(?). Socket 7 cm diam.and 2 cm deep. L. 16, W. 10.5, Depth 9. Found in Room H (Centralpit). No. 25-41; now in Strat.Mus. Limestoneblock. Two sawn faceswithacute return(anglebrokenoff).L. 47, W. 49, Depth 25. Found in Room H (SW). No. 24-04. Limestoneblock. Two square dowel socketson upper face. L. 64, W. 29, Depth 32. Found in Room H (SW). No. 24-21. Limestoneblock. Lightlychiselledfor12 cm back fromfrontface,thensmooth.Près.L. 50, W. 44, Depth 19.5. Found in Room H (SW). No. 24-26. Limestoneblock. Box masons'markon frontface.L. 80, W. 60, Depth 35. Found in Room H(SW). No. 24-41. Limestoneblock (PLATE 41b). Box masons' markon frontface. 6 cm step-back(possibly

124

THE ARCHITECTURE

fromouter face of upper storeywest wall). L. 81, W. 36, Depth 22. Found in Room H (NW). No. 25-06. Gypsumcircularcolumnbase withprojectingfooting(diam. 50 cm) (PLATE 42a). Diameter of column43 cm, height25 cm. Verticalslot 13 cm wide and 2 cm deep. Found in Room H (NW). No. 25-12; now in S trat.Mus. Limestoneblock (twojoiningfragments) (PLATE 41c). Two squaredowel socketson upper face and box masons' mark on frontface. Setting-outlines on two faces. L. 30, W. 18, Depth 16. Found in Room H (NW). No. 25-13. Limestone block showingsignsof carbon stain fromburningbeams. Two square dowel socketson upperface.L. 47, W. 35, Depth 16. Found in Room H (NW). No. 25-15. Limestoneblock with threesquare dowel socketson upper face. L. 85, W. 42, Depth 31. Found in Room H (NW). No. 27-17. Limestoneblock withroughchiselling19- 29 cm back fromfrontface (PLATE 41a). Box masons'markon frontface. L. 94, W. 76, Depth 18. Found in Room H (NW). No. 25-30. heavilycalcinedby fireand eroded.Recession Gypsumdoor-jamb(?). Two joiningfragments, 4 cm deep on one face. L. 43, W. 24, Depth 15. Found in Room H (NW). Nos. 25-35 and 25-36. South Sector Whitecalcinationthroughout.L. 105, W. 61, Gypsumfloor slab in 12 joining fragments. Room M. No. 21-07. Depth 5. Found in Limestoneblock with cramp on upper face. L. 37, W. 20, Depth 13. Found in Room M. No. 21-08. Limestoneblock withverticalslot 15- 16 cm wide and 6 cm deep (PLATES 35a- c). Fragmentof gypsumpacking,3.5 cm thick,set in limeplasterat lowerend of slot.Box masons' markon one side face.L. 69, W. 49, Depth 17. Found in Room M. No. 21-14. Gypsumslab withwhitecalcination(PLATES 35d- f). Socket,4.3 cm squarewithrounded corners,on one face and a smallersquare dowel socket on the opposite one. L. 70, W. 53, Depth 16-13. Found on StaircaseO. No. 30-16. Gypsumjamb to double door, with calcination.Près. L. 39, W. 32, Depth 24. Found in Room Q. No. 27-01. APPENDIX D: CONJECTURAL RECONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASES G, Κ and Ο 1. StaircaseG can be clearlyseen fromthe plan to have ascendedsouthwardin a single flightfromthejunctionof CorridorsΕ and F on thegroundfloorto theupperstoreywhere a short passage leads into the conjecturedE- W corridorabove CorridorL. Taking the elevationof the upper storeyfloorto be 13 m and thatof theflooradjacentto the foot of the staircaseto be 10.48 m, thisgivesa totalriseof 2.52 m. Assumingeach riserto be 14 cm, this gives eighteenrisersfor the flightand, assumingeach tread to be 34 cm (36- 37 cm widthof each block, minus2-3 cm overlap),thisgivesa horizontalrunof 5.78 m fromthe N. face of the bottomstep to the northface of theupperstoreypassagewhichwould have

THE ARCHITECTURE

125

been 1.4 m long (assumingtheupperE- W corridorto have been the same widthas Corridor L below it). 2. StaircaseΚ ascendsnorthwardforthreesteps of roughlycut stones(at 10.99, 11.11 and 11.21 m); a limestoneblock (at 11.32 m) in thepartywall withthe adjacentstoreroom may be part of a cornerlanding.If thisis so and assumingrisersof 12 cm withtreadsof 35 cm, thentwo steps westwardwould arriveat a second cornerlanding(at 11.68 m). From here a flightof ten stepssouthwardwould arriveat theupperstoreyfloorlevel (assumedto be 13 m) and with a horizontalrun of 3.50 m which correspondswiththe lengthof the partywall between the lower flightof StaircaseΚ and the StoreroomJ below the upper flight.It is possible that thisstaircasewas lightedby an interiorwindowthroughitsN. wall intoRoom A midwaybetweenthe two cornerlandings,thoughno evidenceof thisremains. 3. StaircaseΟ ascends southwardforfivesteps of roughlycut stones (at 11.28, 11.40, 11.52, 11.74 and 11.99 m), set on a fill of kouskouras,plus a singlestone (at 12.06 m) whichmay be part of the sixthstep. As thisresultsin a riserof only 7 cm,it is likelythat anothersimilarstoneor slab overlaythepreservedone, thusgivingan elevationforthesixth step of about 12.13 m. If the gypsumslab (PLATE 35d- f) which was found nearbyat about the same level, was indeed the cornerlanding,thiswould have had an elevationof about 12.26 m. Here the staircaseturnedwestwardforone or two stepsto a second corner landing(at about 12.50 m) and then continuednorthwardfor three or foursteps to the upper storeyfloor level of 13 m, with a shortpassage leading to the conjecturalE- W corridorabove CorridorL.

Section3 The Frescoes* (PLATES 43-49) M. CAMERON In lovingmemoryof Ollie C. Cameron 1. Main frescodepositin Room Ρ (a) The floralfresco (b) Otherstuccofragments (c) Catalogue 2. Frescoesfromotherrooms(withcatalogue) Room A Rooms B-G Room Η CorridorL Rooms M-Q 3. Frescoesfromtheperimeterof theMansion N. Corridorand N. Platform S. Corridor 4. Datingof the frescoes 5. Conclusions

Page 127 128 132 133 137 137 138 139 140 142 142 142 144 145 148

Like most excavatedMinoan town houses at Knossos, the UnexploredMansionproduced of Minoan wall paintings.The materialwas,however,invariablyscrappyin manyfragments there nature, beingcertainevidencefororiginalwall paintingwithinthebuildingfromfew rooms(chieflyRoom P), while otherrooms seem neverto have been painted.The material is presentedand discussedunderthreeheadings: 1. themainfrescodepositin Room P; 2. frescoesfromotherroomsin theMansion; 3. frescoesfromtheperimeterof theMansion. 1. THE MAIN FRESCO DEPOSIT IN ROOM Ρ (PLATES 43-4 and 46-8, nos. 1-43) The LM II destructionfill in thisroom containedmost of the decoratedfrescofragments fromthe site. They had clearlyfallenfroman upperfloorinto thelowerstore-room whose wallshad been coveredwitha plain stucco. 127

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THE FRESCOES

The betterpreservedN., W. and E. walls of this lower room retainedin situ several patchesof a thinlayerof lime plaster(about Th. 0.5) over a much thickerlayerof coarse mud backing-plaster, admixedwithchaff,whichcoveredthe roughstone and rubble-filled walls. It was apparentlyplain and had originallybeen the naturalwhiteof thelimeplaster, suitableto theroom'sfunctionas a store.1 in the fillshow they The decorationand technicalcharacterof many of the fragments once belongedto a singlemuralor friezeof plantson an undulatinglightbuff,tan and grey background(nos. 1-40, PLATES 46-7). Apart fromthese were found a large piece of thickmud stuccoedon both sides withlime plaster,no. 43, belongingto a partitionwall, bench, cupboard,or similarfeature,and other frescopieces consistingof disparate,very small,and oftenworn,scraps.2 The remnantsof the floral painting,however, though both small and crumbling, of this had crisplybroken,not 'rub-worn',edges. That the fragments characteristically frescohad fallenfromdirectlyoverheadseems certainfromtheirconditionand position.3 All the pieces attributableto the floralscene were found withinRoom Ρ alone, albeit scatteredfromone side of the room to the otherand fromhighestto lowestlevelsin the had collapsed with theiroriginalcoarse mud destructionfill.Moreover,many fragments still attached. backing-plaster (a) The Floral Fresco Upperborderfragments:nos. 1-4 (PLATE 46) are composedof the samelimeplasteras thefloral These, the largestborder-edge fragments, pieces withwhichtheywere foundand presumablybelongedto thesamepainting.It is not certainwhetherthey formeda singleseries,or sequence,of bands; but if theydid, as the restoredsketchat PLATE 48 allows, theirschemewas somewhatunusual in its scale/ratio and itscoloursequenceof mostlybroadbands.4 Nos. 1-2 (PLATE 43a) are froma singleseriesof bands,as theircommonblue and rustwherethe brownstripesshow. No. 1, withan impressedborder-edgein its backing-plaster, some band broad and with a 4.2 cm stucco has crumbled greyish-blue overlying away, long to in width,may be attributedto an upperborder.TheretheAegeanwall painterspreferred place broad stripes in dark tones, commonlyin blue and black combinations,whose aestheticweightand mass would appear to keep the compositions'pinnedback' onto their walls.5The presentgroupof stripesincludedat least two plain whitebands,but thewidth of only one is measurable(no. 1, 0.75). Wherestring-lines were impressed,or sometimes indentations.Althoughthe plasterof misplaced(on no. 2), thereremainfine,thread-like, of stripes,now in darkerand lighter no. 3 matches,it bears a different colour-combination shades of red and separatedat one pointby a broadplainwhiteband (W. 4.2), PLATE 43b. No. 4 could providethe lowestband witha broadwhitestripeof at leastW. 3.1 cm whicha fine impressedthread-lineseparatesfroma lightbufffield,the same buffgroundbeing of the floralscene. On thiswhiteband (a feature extensivelyfound on severalfragments of pictorialzones), thereoccur faintreddish borders markingthe upper characteristically froma red stripehigherup or fromsome red fallen of from a smudge streaks,perhaps paint nearbysubject. Two smallplainbuffpieces withupturnedstraight edgesprobablybelongedto thelower verticalband or horizontalor a verticalborder,althoughno. 16 could depicta redleft-hand borderarea. The extantmaterialseemsonlya smallfractionof whatmayhave been a frieze of extendingonto two or more walls of an upper room, to go by the generaldistribution in P. all of Room pieces parts

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'Anemones':nos. 5-11 (PLATE 46) These pieces illustratethe most ornate floralelementof the painting.They show flowerheads withan outerrow of bluntlypointed,appliedwhitepetalswithtipsaccentedin dark buff,followedby an innerrow of similarlyshapedbut redpetals.These surroundan innermost area in dull white or lightgreyover the same red colour - an area probablyto be as the 'disk-like'centreof anthersand stigmataof a typical'composite'flower. interpreted The flowersare supportedby a shortishred stem or stalk (nos. 5-6, PLATE 43c, 1-2) or others in light-grey (no. 10). Thus the essentialstructureof these blossoms is apparent, althoughno singlefloweris fullypreserved. These pieces' surfacesare somewhatflaked,the lighterpaintsbeingfugitiveor worn, which obscuresthe outlinesof certaindetails. The best preservedflowersappear on nos. 5-6. Theirrestorationsuggeststhe outerrow of petals once numberedbetweeneightand twelveand thatthe blooms' overallsize variedbetween8.5 and 9.5 cm in widthand 4.5 to 6.0 in height,discountingstalks.In some restorationdrawingsof theseflowers,severalsmall have been broughttogetherto completea singlemotifthoughthereare no joins fragments to provethattheybelong(nos. 8 and 10, PLATE 46). Of native wild or cultivatedplants which may have inspiredthis motif,hitherto Anemonepavonina,is here unknownin Aegean frescoes,perhapsthe anemone,specifically seen.Notingthisfloweron LM IA vases,Evansremarkedon its abundanceon Crete.6 These flowersevidentlyappearedonly on a lightbuffground.Nos. 5-6 show theywere clusteredtogetherin one or moreclumps,forthepetalsof adjacentbloomsoverlapon both fragments.Further,theirplanes of representationare varied, a featurewhich with the bendingstalksof nos. 6 and 10 createsan animatedimpressionof nodding,heavy-headedor even breeze-blownflowers.This impressionof clusteredvibrantclumpswithnot less than sevenblooms is heightenedby a small detail on no. 6. Therewe findnot one but threered flower-stalks flower;evenifwe discountthecentralstalkas an artist's adjoininga right-hand stalkmustsupportyetanotherflower, error(beingleftincomplete),it seemstheright-hand possiblyhalf-concealedas PLATE 46 restoresit - wherethe outerrow of petalsis doubled at thatpoint. There is a hinthere,unusual in Minoan art,of possibleindicationof a threedimensionalquality. Our painterinterestingly gave additionalcolour and a certaintexturalsubstanceto the tips of outerpetals by accentuatingtheircontourswithsketchilyapplied darkbuffpaint; an unusualartisticconcern the effectis lighterthan the inkdrawingssuggestand represents in Aegeanmuralpaintinggenerally.7 Blue plantstems:nos. 12-16 (PLATE 46) The anemonesare exclusivelyassociatedwiththe tips of pale blue leaves(nos. 5, 6 and 11) and thisassociationseems confirmedespeciallyby nos. 13-14. Their stemssproutnarrow red lines towardstheirtops whichevidentlyrepresentthebases of thered stalkssupporting are the anemone flowers(nos. 12-14). The plant stemsthemselves,like the flowerheads, of been intended), appropriatelyclusteredtogether,(as if one or more clumps plantshad the leaves of one plantoverlapping thoseof another(nos. 13 and 15) or evenbranchingoff, like a new growth,froma thickerand seeminglyOlder' stock (no. 14). Like the flowers, these plant stems and leaves are accented here and there in dark buffpaint and were depictedonlyon a lightbuffground. It appearsthatwe are dealingwitha familiarMinoan propensityto createa decorative 'artistichybrid',the flowerof one plant or generabeingadded to the stem and leaves of

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Unidentifiedred areas or featuresappear on nos. another,here clearlyreed-or grass-like.8 12b and 16; thelattercould belongto a verticalleftborderdrawnfreehand. Trilled'flowers:nos. 17-22 (PLATES 46-7) A differentfloweron the pale buffbackgroundis partiallypreservedon nos. 17-20 and only clearlyso on no. 17 (PLATE 44a, 2) wheretwo flowersare seen, one colouredpale blue as the anemone leaves, the other in red. To clarifythisfloralmotif,whichlike the anemones here makes its firstknown appearance in Aegean frescoes,a singlefloweris leaves and plant stems restoredat PLATE 46, no. 20a, based on no. 17. Flower-stalks, one featurewithnos. notable possiblyoccur on threesmall fragments (nos. 21-22) sharing red or blue dots. of of rows small of 17-20: the apparentattachment flowersby means of idea On no. 22a- b, pale blue leaves seem identifiable.No clear emerges the pictorial characterof the presentflowers'stems and leaves,albeit no. 22a- b does vaguelysuggest somethingconventionally 'grass-like'. The botanical identificationof the flower(the dwarfiris?) is enigmatic:it could be anotherartistichybrid.9Second and fourthpetalsseemshorterthantherest;and thepetals' curious and perhapsunparalleledmode of depiction,in shakyimprecisestrokesand dots, suggestsratherthe rufflesof some exotic flowerof another continent(Schomburgkia undulatacomes to mind) thana readilyrecognisablespeciesof Crete'snativeflora.We label thisflowertypehereafteras the 'frilled'flower,alludingto its most distinctivefeature:its unusualbrushworkfora floralsubject. Otherplantswithlightbuffground:nos. 23-26 (PLATE 47) No. 23 shows part of a pale blue leaf; and an oval object in red (overpaintedwitha grey line), perhapsa bud, fruitor even simplifiedconventional'pebble' motifas foundin other Minoan naturescenes.Our paintingclearlycontainedmore featuresor subjectmatterthan be identified. can now satisfactorily The fivefragments of no. 24a- c suggestparts of a thirdtype of plant,withnarrow pointedbrown-redleaf-tips.Almostcertainlytheseare to be associatedwithanothergroup of floralfragments discussedin thenextsectionas 'osier'plants. Yet anotherelement,apparently'vegetative',seems to have been associatedwiththe same lightbuffground,althoughhereand thereit was givena thinwash in lighteror darker small pieces of red hues (nos. 25-26). It is representedby some disjointedtwenty-four or brushcriss-cross whichten are here illustrated(PLATE 44b). Characteristically, curving or 'bands' lines the fill these strokesof irregularthicknessesand direction pieces' fields, beingmostlyin darkerred tones.This technique,exploitingtheeffectsof rapidwrist-work, is most unusualin Aegean Bronze Age wall paintinggenerally.Here it seems to have been renderingof thicklygrowing,even tangled,'grassy' employedto create an impressionistic willbe adoptedin the discussionwhichfollows. vegetationand thisinterpretation Osier9plants: nos. 27-35 (PLATE 47) This group, particularlyaffectedby fire,is difficultto interpret.No. 27 (PLATE 44d), withabraded surface,shows curvingdarkbrownreed-or lily-likeleaves fromwhichspring two sturdystemsin the same colour. Two similarstemsappear on nos. 28-29, and singly on no. 33. Nos. 28 and 33 especiallyshow thatthesestemsbore red-painted palmatelyleafthe latter or like 'flowers'attached by similarlyred, wavy bending,stalks, survivingon from one such of red A nos. 28, 30 and 31. 'flower',had fallen paint, presumably spot

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downwardsnear a brown leaf at the base of the plant on no. 27. Since basal leaves and 'flowers'were clearlydistinguished iconographically by the artist,perhapsthe flower-stems have in at PLATE 47, no. 28 terminated other 'flowers' as reconstruction might palmate PLATE (and hence 48) has venturedto show. Like the anemones and theirstems,and perhapsthe 'frilled'flowers,too, the presentfloralelementcomprisedone or two clustered groupsof plants,withoverlappingbasal leaves and closelyadjoiningstemsand 'flowers',to judge fromthelargestextantpieces (nos. 27-29). The pointedor 'lanceolate'shape of some of the 'flower-petals'and leaf-tipshas already been mentionedin connectionwith no. 24a- c, fragmentsindicatingthe continuationof the same floral motif on a lightbuff combinationsof undulatinggroundcolours, ground.But thisplant appearedover different now lightgreyand dark tan (nos. 28, 29 and 33), now darktan and lightbuff(no. 31), and elsewherelightbuff(nos. 34-35), pointingto variationof coloursand contouringof backgrounddetails not otherwiseevidentin thiscomposition.The dark tan undulationsin the area of thisplant could representa simplemonochromerockworkband, as therestoration at PLATE 48 assumes. Once again, the artisthas presentedus with a 'hybrid'motif.The basal leaves seem of reeds or lily-plantsbut the 'palmate flowers'by inspiredby Minoan representations The 'flowers'are hithertounknownin a Cretanfresco; anotherbotanicalelementaltogether. but a remarkablysimilardetail,likewisein 'darkon light'and describedby its discovereras an 'osier branch',appearson a LM IA frescofromAkrotirion Thera.10The leaf-likemotif of our pieces was perhapsinspiredby some memberof the willowfamily(Salicaceae). For its is retainednotwithstanding convenienceof furtherdiscussion,the 'osier' identification withthebasal leaves. botanicalincongruity If nos. 27 and 28 were freelyrestoredas lower and upper parts of the same floral subject,theywould constituteour onlyreasonableguideto an estimateof theheightof the painting'spictorialzone, whichprobablyexceeded 50 cm. However,possiblya secondrockwork scheme,describedbelow, may have borderedthatzone and so should also be taken intoaccount. Rockworkfragments:nos. 36-40 (PLATE 47) Two 'lanceolate'leaf-tipsor petalsof our 'osier',in the samered colour,approachedor overand spottedin whiteand black in one lapped anothertype of rockwork,pale greenish-blue case (no. 36), and dark sepia or black borderinga dark tan groundin another(no. 37). Wherethesefeaturesoccurredin thecompositionis uncertain,althoughnearthe Osiers'and towardsthe upper borderseemslikely.Whethertheywere also associatedwith two other fragments, perhapsrock-workwith white,black, and ochre spots and blotcheson a pale blue groundcannot be determined(nos. 38-39). The latterpieces could have belongedto a painted stucco dado imitatingvariegatedstone or rockworkbelow the pictorialregister (cf. no. 71). Nos. 40a and 40b show red groundsadjoininga whiteband-likearea,perhapsindicating a red backgroundarea nextto thewhiteborderstripewhichdividedthepictorialfieldfrom the coloured series of upper borderstripes.Whetherthisgroundcolour would have been extensiveor, more simply,a limitedred 'patch' in a colourfullyvariedrockworkband, is unknown;both these uses of red groundsoccur in the Bird and Monkeyfriezefromthe House of the Frescoes at Knossos.11No. 40b is one of some fortyfragments whose red were of flecked with blue intended as grounds tiny mottlingof paint, perhaps spots

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in therestoration(PLATE rockwork.No. 40c shows curvingbuffand red areas,interpreted of as the red b are same area to which nos. 40abackground assigned. 48) part Conservation and restorationof thefloralpainting To conservethe exceptionallyfragilefrescopieces,some weresupportedby gypsumplaster afterremovalof theirthickmud backing,and some treatedwithpolyvinyl.Disappointingly fewjoins among the pieces were found,so no physicalreconstruction was possible.The limitationsof anyrestoration'on paper',such as at PLATE 48, shouldbe stated. The identifiablepictorial elements suggest we have a characteristicMinoan scene devoted to 'nature'alone. We can distinguish fouror fivetypesof plant and perhapsfour of and also floral and Pfruitor pebble motifs.The mainplants buds types rockwork; perhaps to stand in clustered but otherwise appear separatedgroups,in the case of the 'osiers' an of also perhaps overlapping upperfringe spottedrockwork(no. 36) approachingan upper border.There,it is surmised,a seriesof horizontalstripesin somewhatunusualcoloursand proportionsdefinedtheupperlimitsof thecomposition.The leftverticaledgemaypossibly have been markedoffwitha redband. The fieldcontainedundulatingbackgroundzones in subdued tones of dark tan and grey,and probablyone or morered areas,but was otherwise a lightbuffcolour (perhapswhiteturnedto buffby the fire).Whichgroupof plantswent wherein the schemeof the painting'sdesignis quite unknown;and the same is largelytrue of the dispositionof rockworkand broadundulatingbandsin thebackground.Possiblythe 'grass-like'motifof nos. 25-26 represents'undergrowth'of some sort,in whichcase its restoredpositionnear the lower borderof the fieldwould seemreasonable.If no. 22a- b is rightlyassociated with the 'frilled'flowers(nos. 17-20), it suppliesthemwithlightblue leaveswhosepreciseshape,however,remainsincomplete. the materialitselfsupplieslittle further Beyond its generallyunhelpfuldistribution, of for information value restorationof the originalcomposition.The heightsof the bands and pictorialfieldas seen in PLATE 48, whichassumesthecorrectnessof therelationships of pieces as drawn,are in turn28 and 55 cm; thelengthrestoredis 130 cm. If we allow fora more completelowerpart of the pictorialzone, a total estimatedheightcomes to about a in a paintedplasterdado now metre;but the possibilityof its continuationto floor-level representedby nos. 38-39 cannot firmlybe ruled out. The chiefvalue of any restoration may lie in the clarificationof variousstylisticdetailsand recreationof some sense of the artisticspiritof the original:thisis not whollylost,evenifitsmainlinesand size lie beyond evententativerecall. The scatterof pieces in Room Ρ mightsuggesta continuousfriezeon the walls of a room above, ratherthan a solitary'panel'. Its top edge (no. 1) abuttedsome horizontal forit is reasonableto think architectural feature,no doubt ceilingor beams at lintel-level, the pictorialregisterwould have occupied the middle or upper part of the wall-face,to displayits contentto best advantage. (b) OtherStucco FragmentsFromRoom P: nos. 41-43 Of theremaining pieces,two onlymerita mention.2Both,verysmallscraps,mayhavecome fromthewall-fill,fortheyare 'odd men out'. No. 41 showscreamywhiteand terracottared areas dividedby a coarse string-line, the surfacebeingsmoothand once lightlypolished.It closelymatchesin techniqueand coloursMM III frescomaterialfromelsewhereat Knossos seems to show the centreof a spiraldesignin a (v. Catalogue). No. 42 more interestingly finered line on a greygroundwhich was modelled in low reliefstucco, and it too may possiblybe MM III. No. 43, withboth sidesstuccoed,was noted earlier.

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(c) Catalogue:nos. 1-43 Generalfeatures Plastershatteredinto mostlysmall pieces, heavilyburnt(greyishcolour in cross-section, whiteto lightbuff, withblack line at interfaceof lime and mud plasters),crumbling, dirtyon thick to 0.3. 0.7 but clay mud-plaster Superimposed fine-grained soft; generaldepth, with straw(D. 5.4 max) which,lackinga flatback, was evidentlylaid over a rubblewall. Surfacesmoothedand with slightto good polish afterpainting.This was done on a slip, D. 0.5 mm or less. Paints: pale and mediumblue, darkand lighterred,dull brown,impasto and black. Paint penetrationslight, white,buffor ochre,grey,tan,rose-red,greenish-blue, 0.2 mm max. but generallyless. Red and greysfugitive, esp. latterin centresof 'anemones'. Generalsequence of painting:buffsurface,thenblues and whiteimpasto;thenred followed = by grey(anemones). For pale blue reeds: buff(and grey burntbuff?)surface,red lines whereused,thenblue, finallysepia lines.Context:LM II. Attribution:LM IA (p. 146f). Borders:nos. 1-4 (PLATE 46) and blue paintsworn. lines.Rusty-brown Veryfinestring-impressed no. 1 Pale blue, whiteand rusty-brown bands,PLATE 43a, 1. 5.3 x 3.2 x 0.6, on burnt mud-backing(Th. 2.2). Impressedborderedge in mud plasterat upper edge of Whiteband: blue band (where lime worn to Th. 0.1). Surface? smoke-stained. W. 0.75. About 25 unjoinedbitsof similarbands,includingone piece (2.0 χ 1.7 χ 0.65) withwhiteband of W. 0.5 - froma secondwall withnarrowerwhiteband thanno. 1 (?). no. 2 Rusty-brown, pale blue and whitebands,PLATE 43a, 2. 7.8 χ 6.9 χ 0.8. Burntat on blue. Smoothed surface.From S. Abraded back. paints,and smoke-smudges lowerfill,W. of N- S section. no. 3 Red and broadwhitebands,PLATE 43b. Fromupperfill(SF 575). 10.3 χ 12.8 χ 0.8, max. Burntgreyishat back. Upper stripeoverpaintedwithverythinwhite wash. Preservedred stripe,W. 2.7; white band, W. 4.2; string-lines (W. 0.05). Surfacecracked,once polished.Moderngypsumsupport(= gb). no. 4 White(?) band and buffbackground.6.5 χ 5.7 χ 0.6, string-line (W. 0.05) dividing fields,theupperstainedwithreddishstreaks.About 40 unjoinedbuffbackground scraps,some burntto lightgrey,two of whichwithupturnededgescould belong to verticalborders:not published. Anemones:nos. 5-11 (PLATE 46) General features:outer petals impasto white with dark bufftips; innerpetals brightred, aroundred centresoverpaintedin whiteor pale grey.All paints dulled or wornby ancient damage. Two anemonesand pale blue leaf-tips:PLATE 43c, 1. From mid fill(SF 577). no. 5 6.9 χ 7.5 χ 0.5, gb. One flower almost complete. Two leaf-tipsto left, with secondflowerabove, Two flowers:PLATE 43c, 2. Partsof fivepetals to left,and eightor moreto rt. no. 6 where threered stalksvisible.Between flowers,a pale blue leaf near damaged loweredge. Find-placeas no. 5. Anemone floweron buff ground: PLATE 43c, 3. From lower fill (SF 579). no. 7 11.0 χ 13.5 χ 1.0 max., on av. 0.7: gb. Five petals partlyextant on scratched surface.

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Two centrepartsof flowers,PLATE 43c, 4-5. (a) 2.9 χ 3.3 χ 0.45, fromlevel5 (south half),west of N- S sectionline,(b) 3.0 χ 2.4 χ 0.4, gb. Tiny black dots on whitesurface(= smoke-stains ?). Anemone fragment,PLATE 43c, 6. 4.6 χ 2.2 x 0.6 max. Slip flakedat lower edge, of anemones,PLATE 43c, 7. (a) From level 1, SF 574. Centreof Six fragments flower. 4.4 χ 2.7 χ 0.4, on mud backing-plaster. grey-stalked Slip flakedon left. χ From south half, east of Flower x centre: 1.8 0.7. 1.2 Grey fugitive,(c) (b) N-S sectionline: 1.2 χ 1.5 χ 0.6. (d) 1.5 χ 1.4 χ 0.6. (e) Whitepetal. 1.5 χ 1.5 χ 0.6. (f) Whitepetal. 1.0 χ 1.1 χ 0.7. Whitepetal-tipand pale blue leaf-tip:2.1 x 1.8 χ 0.6. ? Smoke-stained.

Blue PlantStems: nos. 12-16 (PLATE 46) Generalfeatures:pale blue leaveson buffgrounds,some turnedgreythroughfire.About 20 tinyscrapsexcluded.Cf. PM II, Col. PI. X and 451, fig.264 (HOF: MM IIIB/LM IA), and Caravanseraifrieze, 355, fig. 201 (H. Tríada: LM IA); also unpublishedstem fragments, more heavilycontouredand mistakenlyassignedto LM II by Evans = LM IA (PM II, 116; Thesis1975, 1, 237, 715 and II, pl. 100). See also note 8 here. no. 12 Parts of blue leaves, (a) 2.4 χ 2.3 χ 0.6. Red stalk and parts of two leaves,(b) 1.1 χ 1.2 x 0.4. Blue leaf overred (?) leaf and red stalk.Groundgreyish. no. 13 Blue leaves on buff-grey ground,PLATE 43d. From top fill(SF 574). 9.5 χ 9.0 χ 0.6, max., on clay backingplaster.Main planthas two red stalks.Leaves sketchily outlined in very dark sepia to black. Brushmarkson two lower centralleaves visible.Surface once polished,but root-stained.Associatedsmallerpiece: 3.0 χ 2.1 χ 0.8 to 0.4. no. 14 Reeds on buffground,PLATE 43e. From upper fill(SF 575). 8.1 χ 6.0 χ 0.35, in threeplaces and (?) dark buff on mud plaster(4.7). Rose-redflower-stalks flowerstemsor secondaryleaves. Surfaceand paintsscratchedin places,and slip missingat lowerright.Associatedsmallerpiece: 1.8 x 2.4 χ 0.3. no. 15 Blue leaves on buff,PLATE 44a, 1. Fromupperfill(SF 575). 5.4 χ 4.8 χ 0.3, on burntmud backing-plaster. Damaged edges.Root-stainsto lowerleft.Leaves from two adjacentplants. no. 16 Blue leaves and red flower-stalk. 3.0 x 4.3 x 0.3. Blue leaves outlinedon underlines or bands. Red area (? verticalborder)to left. sides withbroad darkish-buff Cf.leftborder,restoredMyrtleFresco: TownHouses I (3 RR/N) no. 3 (MM ΠΙΑ). TrilledFlowers': nos. 17-20 (PLATE 46-7) and nos. 21-23 (PLATE 47) Generalfeatures:motifspoorlypreserved,muchsurfacedamageand old breaks.Fromlevel 4, SF 580, except nos. 19- 20a (level 3, SF 577). Flowersin pale skyblue and Minoanred. Cf. similarlypaintedtree in sheep-pen,in LM IA Ship Fresco (Thera VI, Col. PI. 7). Notes 9 and 22, forMM IIIB/LM IA Cretancomparisonsforsketchybrushwork. no. 17 Blue and red flowers,PLATE 44a, 2. 4.9 χ 5.3 χ 0.6, on heavily burnt mud plaster.Surfacechipped,worn. no. 18 Partsof blue and red flowers,PLATE 44a, 3. 3.0 χ 4.3 χ 0.7, surfacechipped, no. 19 Red and blue flowerson wornsurface,PLATE 44a, 4. 4.0 χ 5.4 χ 0.9, chippedat lowerright, no. 20a Red petal-tips, PLATE 44a, 5. 3.8 χ 4.1 χ 0.5, on burntmud-plaster. Crumbly edges,slightsurfacepolish.

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no. 20b no. 20c no. 21 no. 22

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Red and blue flowertraces on damaged surface.7.6 χ 11.3 x 0.8, gb. Treated withpolyvinylesp. on rightside. Undersideheavilyburnt. Traces of red and blue petal-tips. 6.0 χ 6.5 χ 0.6 to 0.4. Surface smokesmudged(?). Trilled' flower'sstalk? Light ochre and dark red line and spots on buff.1.6 χ 2.8 χ 0.6. Burntat back. Smoothsurface. Two fragments:'frilled'flowers'buds and leaves (?). (a) Pale blue buds withred calices and spots on light buff,and pale blue leaf (?) below. 2.4 χ 2.6 x 0.5, crumblingedges, burntat back, surfaceonce polished, (b) Pale blue leaves or max. Abraded, once smooth, stems on pinkish-buff ground. 1.9x3.0x0.7 surface. Fruit or bud or pebble motif(?). To left,part of pale blue reed or leaf; to right, red object overpaintedwithwavylightgreyline. 2.4 χ 3.6 x 0.45, on burntmud plaster.'Pebbles': cf. in HM trays182, 197 (HOF), MM IIIB/LM IA.

OtherPlantson LightBuffGrounds:nos. 24-26 (PLATE 47) no. 24a Osier' leaf-tips on buffground,PLATE 44e. 4.8 χ 7.0 χ 0.6, on mud backing. Cf. nos. 27-34. Surfacesplitand slip flakedin places,edgescrumbling. no. 24b Rose-red leaf and stem on buff.From level 5. 4.2 x 4.0 χ 0.7, burntat back. Surfacedamaged,designuncertain(? connectedto 'osier' series). no. 24c Three 'osier' leaf-tipson buff.Three fragments (cf. no. 24a), largest:2.2 χ 2.2 x 0.4. no. 25 Two fragmentsof 'grassy'vegetation,PLATE 44b. About twentyfourpieces, fromupper fill (SF 574 and 575). Irregularred criss-cross lines over buff,some broader and resemblingconventionalleafy foliage. One or two pieces burnt, (a) 3.5 χ 2.5 χ 0.7, witha few tinyblue spotson red: cf.no. 40b; (b) 3.0 χ 2.4 χ Cf. Black grassesin a floralfrescofrom 0.65; burntshowinggreyin cross-section. RR/N attributedto MM IIIB, Thesis 1975, I, 103, 355 f., 392-399, 590; II, PL 110; III, 97; and Town Houses I (3:RR/N), no. 8. Dark blue and black grasses on a MM III hearth,Thesis 1975, I, 214 f., 383 ff.,533 f., and 588; II, PL a 191A-B; III, 153: and Town Houses I (3:RR/N), no. 31. In red, surrounding townin the LM IA Ship Fresco fromAkrotiri(Thera VI, Col. PL 9, upper left). But theseinstancesare all more controlledand pictoriallymoreorderlythanthe presentmotif. no. 26 As no. 25. 2.4 χ 2.1 x 0.6. All linesin red. Osier9Plants: nos. 27-35 (and nos. 24-25 and 36-37) (PLATE 47) Generalfeatures:most fragments surfaces;paintsabraded heavilyburnt,withfire-darkened and fugitive.Cf. LM IA 'osier' fresco,Thera VII, pl. 15a- b; for morphologicallysimilar PM II, 378 f., fig.211a; TheraV, Col. Pis. E-F; Creteand Mycenae54, Col. PL reed-leaves, XXII, fromAmnisos;fromH. Triada,Mon. Ant. loc. cit., and Interconnections figs.107, 109. On vases,cf.PM I, 603 ff.,fig.443; Creteand Mycenae Col. PL XXV. (Furtherrefs. underno. 27). no. 27 Basal leaves of Osiers',PLATE 44d. From upper fill(SF 575). 8.0 χ 18.8 χ 0.5. Dark sepia leaves on burnttan ground,withtwo flowerstemsin darkbrown.To left,streakyrose-redlines withdark stainbelow; to right,drop of red paint. 22 tinybits omitted.Cf. fromHOF, MM IIIB/LM IA, PM II, 450 ff.,figs.264 (left),

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268, 275H-J,and 276 f; and fromLM IA H. Triada,ibid.,355, fig.201, esp. TheraII, pl. 5 (2), LM IA. upperright; no. 28 Osier flowers' PLATE 44c. Fromlowerfillsouthhalf, on greyand tangrounds, W. of N- S sectionline.18.5 χ 12.1 x 0.6, mudplasterbacking(partlymissing), heavilyburnt.Partsof threelanseolate'flowers'or leaves,twoattachedby red stalksto dark brownstems.Root-stained surface,crumbling edges.Cf. grey of from HOF: and 2B 60, fig.5; andgeneral grounds 'waterfalls', Europa49, fig. of H. Interconnections colouration the Triada 'Park' fresco: background (cat) 109 and assoc. fig. pieces, no. 29 Two 'osierstems'on darktanground.Fromtopfill(SF 574). 7.1 χ 7.0 χ 0.5, on mudplaster-backing; surface, withroot-stained burnt, no. 30 'Osierflower'on darktanground.3.3 χ 6.1 x 0.4, on burntmudplaster:petals visibleas matareasin thetanfield, no. 31 'Osierflower'and ? rockwork. PLATE 44f. Frommidfill(SF 577). 5.3 χ 4.7 χ on mud 'Rockwork' featureaccentedin darkertan and 0.4, plaster-backing. buff Red andgrey-black over linesto leftand undulating dirtywhite/light ground. ? or HOF stems stalks. 'Rockwork cf. right, protrusions': (BSA 63, 1968,24, fig. 13) andfromH. Triada{Mon.Ant XIII, 1903,55 ff.,pls.VII-IX). burnt. no. 32 Two 'osierflower'tips.4.2 x 5.2 x 0.4, on mudplaster-backing, evidently in To left,amorphous rose-red area. tan blotchy Light ground,flower-tips dark red. no. 33 Red petaltip and brownstemon lighttan and greygrounds.Fromupperfill, χ 5.2 x 0.4, on mudplaster.Tan paintflakedto lowerleft(depthof 5.9 (SF 575). about 0.2mm). penetration, mud no. 34a Two overlapping 'osier flower-tips'. 3.8 x 3.3 x 0.7, on partlypreserved buff Paints worn,light ground. backing plaster. no. 34b Red leaforflower-tip on buffground.5.0 x 3.4 χ 0.8,burnt. on lightbuff:(a) 3.5 χ 3.7 χ 0.5. no. 35 Threefragments withred leaf-or flower-tips a- c Slip flakedat rightedge,(b) 3.8 χ 5.8 χ 0.6. Smoothpolishedsurface, chippedto x x 6.6 6.2 0.6,burnt, pittedsurface, crumbling edges. right, (c) nos.36-40 (PLATE47) Rockwork Fragments: area.Fromtop fill(SF 574). 4.7 χ no. 36 'Osierflowerrockwork tip' on greyish-green 4.3 χ 0.5, burntat back.Fragileplaster.Root-stains, and tracesoforange, black, area. whitelinesandspotsin 'rockwork' surface. no. 37 'Osierflower-tip' neardarktan(?) rockwork. 2.9 χ 3.1 χ 0.35,scratched no. 38 ?Mottledrockwork. Fromlevel4, S F 579. 2.7 χ 3.1 χ 0.3, mudbacking-plaster. on paleblueandlight Blackandwhitecurving designs Smoothly polishedsurface. tanorochregrounds. no. 39 PSpottedrockwork. 2.0 χ 2.9 x 0.4. Blackdesignsand dotson pale blueandtan grounds. no. 40a Whitepictorialmotif(?). 2.9 χ 2.9 χ 0.8, one of ninesmallunjoinedfragments (rockobject (or background area?) on ruddy-brown depictingcreamy-white white band. a broken Burnt, slipflakedinplaces. work?).Bordering no. 40b Blue-spotted red area nearborderband.'Rockwork patch'?About40 smallunred field 0.5 with joined pieces (paintdepth: mm),withverysmallblue spots 'flicked'orsplashedon. Largest:5.3 x 5.2 x 0.75,burntat back.

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no. 40c

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Rockworkmotif?.1.5 χ 2.4 x 0.7, burntto greyat back.

OtherFragments fromRoom Ρ (PLATE 49) no. 41 and terracottared areas. From lower fill.2.6 x 1.5 x 0.75. Burnt Creamy-white at back; string-line, about 1.0 mm. Plaster:fine-grained, off-white, hardish,flatat back. Smoothed surface,lightishpolish. In colours and appearance matching Town Houses I (3:RR/N), no. 3 (= Thesis 1975, II, PL 133, A7) and no. 22, assignedto MM IIIA. no. 42 Red spiral on greymoulded ground.From south half,east of N- S sectionline. 1.6 x 1.3 x 1.0. Burnt,hardish,fine-grained, plaster,modelledin dirtygrey-white low relief(like a leatherbutton in shape). Similarsmall-scalestucco modelling, but of narrowbandsratherthanconcentricshapes,turnedup in Hogarth'sHouses (Hood), trenchG, level 13 (? Evans'sMM IIIB). Cf. spiralson Temple Repositories PM I, 501 ff., figs. 359, 364d, 382. Context: LM II. Attributions: figurines, ? MM III A or B. no. 43 wall fragment:not illustrated.From top fill(SF 574). Stucco-coatedmud-plaster As squared, 38.0 χ 23.0 x 8.0 to 8.5. Unpaintedlime plaster(Th. 0.4) matching that of nos. 1-40 on both faces of wall; burntto grey.Context: LM II. Attribution: LM IA. 2. FRESCOES FROM OTHER ROOMS (WITH CATALOGUES) Room A: nos. 44-45. Amongfortypieces of one frescofoundhere,severalpossiblydepictedsome part,perhaps a haunch, of an undeterminedanimal seeminglycouchant above a dull orange dado imitatingwoodwork,the field being red (no. 44, PLATES 45a and 49). Dark sepia (over pale-blue) markingson a plain white ground recall the markingson a deer's hide on a LM IIIA frescofromHagiaTriada (v. Catalogue).The red fieldand dado area are dividedby a coarse black line whichrecurson otherpieces. Brushstrokesare clearlyvisiblein thered field (no. 45: PLATE 45b) suggestingvigorous,even carefree,execution there. A few sketchunpublishedpieces showcoarsesepia linesalongthepath of lightyellowpreliminary The a whole of the animal. lineson an unpaintedarea,perhapsfurther as workmanship parts is unusually'rough-and-ready' by generalMinoanstandards. While nearlyall parts of this paintinghad fallenfromabove into Room A, fourredpaintedpieces had collapsed into theadjacentRoom B, and one redpiece reachedRoom E, a passageway.Here was found a frescofragmentwith unpaintedand lightyellow areas dividedby a coarse black line, clearlyfromthe 'hand' of the same artistas depictednos. 44-45 and perhapsonce part of a second 'panel' (no. 49: PLATES 45c and 49). Stylistic considerationssuggestan earlierdate forthesecompositionsthanthatof theirLM IIIB findcontexts,discussedbelow. Room A also containeda scatterof undiagnosticpainted frescoscraps;and burntparts of a second, different, red and orangepaintedplasterof whichone fragment was foundin theLM II depositof thestairwell, J.12 Couchant animal (?), above dull orangedado: PLATES 45a and 49. Withabout no. 44 45 other,mostlyred and orange dado, pieces. SW corner,upper fill(see Excavation Section). 12.2 x 8.7 χ 3.6 max, in two layers. Other fragments:three plasterlayers,to max. Th. 4.0, of whichlower layershad sometimesseparated

138

no. 45

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fromupper plaster coat in antiquity(matchingupper and lower coats being found). Main design: shortlines and ovals in sepia on plain whitegroundor, to lefton no. 44, oververypale 'watery'blue area. Contourlinesin sepia,but black 'baseline' separatespictorialfieldfromdado area, here dull orangeand imitating woodwork. Plaster: fairly hard, crumblingat edges, off-white,fine-grained. Generally matt surface, unpainted field perhaps once lightlypolished. Cf. zum minoischenRelief 1976, pl. 27 (Knossos: Room Β. Kaiser,Untersuchungen restoredas a wild boar's haunch), of the Woman's Seat); relief(unconvincingly withsimilarconventionalindicationof animalhairor fur.L. Pernierand L. Banti, nel Museo Guida 1947, 7, 63 f. and pl. 21 and M. Borda,Arte Cretese-Micenea H. from IIIA deer LV fresco di Roma 75 and 1946, Triada). Cf. pl. (LM Pigorini more stylisedanimal pelts in the LH IIIB Pylian frescoes:Pylos II, pls. 121 (16 H 43), 129 (58 H nws), 131, 132 (3 C 20), 133 (9 C 20), 134, 136 (36 C 17), 137 (41-40 C 64), and pl. P. Context: LM IIIA2-B. Attribution:LM II or IIIA 1: Thesis1975 I, 108, 238, Table VIII (450), 471, 599. Red dado area: PLATE 45b. Found withno. 44 of same plaster.19.4 χ 16.1 x 2.1, gb. Whiteand red areas dividedby sepia line. Badly buckled,cracked,and in threeplasterlayers:upperTh. 0.9; middle 1.0; lower 1.1, indented.Clearbrushmarkssweepingdownwardsfromrt. to left.Context: LM IIIA2- B. Attribution: LM II or IIIA 1, withnos. 44-45 and 49.

Room Β Besides four fragments already associated with nos. 44-45 fromRoom A, Room Β containeda fewundiagnosticmonochromewall-plasterscrapsand one piece of 'cement'floor plaster,apparently'strays'or 'wall-fill'. Room C: nos. 46-47 (PLATE 49) The plaster scraps found here included one depictingblue and black borderstripes,of withsurfacepolished MM III character(no. 46, PLATE 45d, 1); and a smalldado fragment and decoratedwith black and yellow paint-splashes(no. 47, PLATE 45d, 2), resembling moreextensivedado decorationfromtheSouth Corridor(no. 70). no. 46 Blue and black bands, with trace of white area or band, PLATE 45d, 1. 1.9 χ 1.6 χ 1.0. Plasteroff-white, fairlyhard.Black paint worn.Concave fine-grained, border frag.From Level 34B. Cf. unpublishedbands (similarcolours,widths, technicalcharacter)fromKnossos, North Lustral Basin (SMK box 1881 'K. 02 N. Tank'; PM I, 407 withfig.292 and p. 410 f - froma late MM IIIB buildingset over the filled-inbasin: associatedpottery,PM III, 13 no. 3 and 14 n. 1). Similar bands from LoomweightsBasement (HM tray 36 Kappa III), and assoc. with MM III MyrtleFresco fromRR/N (prelim,report:Kadmos VII, 1968, 97-99). Context,MM ΠΙ/LM IA (most)-LM IIIA2. Attribution:MM IIIA. no. 47 Speckled dado frag,PLATE 45d, 2. 3.5 χ 4.1 χ 1.1. Black and yellow paintdarkened?) ground,slightlypolished. Plasterhard, splashes on grey-white(fireN. part; lower fill. Cf. no. 70 below. Context: From off-white. fine-grained, LM IIIB. Attribution:MM III or MM IIIB/LM IA. Room D: no. 48 (PLATE 49) Here were found eleven disjointedbits of the upper rimof an unpainted,patchilyburnt, levelsof the LM IIIB fill. tripodoffering-table (diam. 40- 50 cm.: no. 48), fromdifferent

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A few wornred,plain or mouldedplasterscrapswerefoundabove and below theearlier and laterfloors. Burnt unpainted plaster hearth, 11 pieces (PLATE 49). Upper surface av. no. 48 width: 4.4-5.0; depth, av. 1.0. Diam. 40- 50 cm. Plaster hard, fine-grained, slightlyoff-white,smoothed (?) lightlypolished surface- now matt. From various levels of lower fillin S. part of room. Context: LM IIIB. Attribution: LM IIIB, or earlier(note 23). CorridorE: no. 49 (PLATE 49) Besides one piece of the second red and orange dado attestedin Room A and no. 49, discussed earlier,twenty one unjoined fragmentsbelonged to a salmon-coloureddado woodwork,perhapsfallenfroman upperfloor. imitating no. 49 Whiteand yellow fieldswithblackline. PLATE 45c. 4.9 χ 4.9 χ 1.2, flatat back. Two shades of yellowbelow line. Plaster:as nos. 44-45, and attributedhere to same artist's 'hand'. From Section 3 (PLATE 11) levels 13-14. Context: LM IIIA2-IIIB. Attribution:LM II or ΠΙΑ 1. CorridorF No frescomaterialwas found.Presumablyit wentundecoratedor was clearedof any fresco in LM II. debrisbeforeits destruction Room G Four salmon-pink and threejoiningbitsof a pieces, one red and whitespiral(?) fragment, red-paintedplastertripod foot (H. 5.6: level 53, Fill), and a few scrapsbelow floor-level, werefound.As an understairs it was not likelyto be decorated. compartment, Room H: nos. 50-53 (PLATE 49) WhetherRoom H, the PillarHall, and overlyingroomswere everpaintedis uncertain.The lastoccupantsof theroommayhave dispersedany stucco debrisor muralplasterspreviously located there.13But numeroussmall disjointedscraps(none pictorial)and occasionalfloor turnedup in the LM II destructionfill. Worthnotingare: no. 50 with plasterfragments narrowwhiteband on red, of MM III character;incompletecornicepieces, seen at PLATE 49 (no. 51); no. 52, a tinypiece of a possible MM III spiral design;two fragments of a with'scalloped' and zig-zagdesigns(no. 53); a fragmentary rectangular plasteroffering-table red-paintedtripod foot; and.an apparentlypainted fragmentof gypsumstone (? red and ochrestains:SF 215 and 216). Of passingtechnicalinterest,thereweresome pieces showing deep penetrationof red pigment(Th. 1.5 mm.); a crumbof unused Egyptianblue frit;and of the few floorplasterfragments, two withsuperimposedstucco layersfromrepatching which, in one instance,had been effectedover an originallyred painted surface.14The remainingfrescomaterial,whetherfromabove or below theHall's poorlylevelledfloor,was veryscrappyand uninformative. no. 50 Narrowwhiteband (W. 3.5 mm.) withred areas or bands.PLATE 49. 2.2 x 1.9 χ 1.0. Hard, fineplaster,surfacehighlypolished,band's edgesblurred.FromHall's south-eastquadrant,upper fill (SF 574). Cf. Town Houses I (1:HH), no. 2; (2:RT), nos. 2-5 (MMIIIA); (3:RR/N), no. 3; Thesis1975 I, 345 ff.,Table I, 382, 383 ff.,588; and II, pl. 133, Al-3, 6-8; ibid. Ill, 115. Context: LM II. Attribution:MM III A.

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no. 51

no. 52

no. 53

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Cornice.PLATE 49. H. 3.5; largerface,D. 2.8; shorterface,D. 2.2; bevellededge, 4.5 mm. Hard, off-white, slightlygrittyplaster.Surface(?) stainedochre. From north-eastquadrant,lower fill (SF 483). Similarpieces fromE. half of room, lowerfill,(SF 361). Context:LM II. Attribution:LM II, or earlier. Dull blue and white spiral (?). PLATE 49. 2.1 x 1.3 x 1.0, rounded,crumbling. MM III blue-branched From Pit 11, (SF 376) (LM IIIA 2). Cf. fragmentary spirals fromHogarth'sHouses (Town Houses I (1:HH) nos. 1 and 14: G, level 13); and fromLoomweightsBasement,PM I, 369 ff.and figs.269-270, and 272 (Evans, MM IIIA: v. BSA 71, 1976, 66-68 fora reviewby CF. Hawke Smith).Context: LM IIIA 2. Attribution:MM IIIA or B. fragment.PLATE 49. Provenanceas no. 52. On (?) Rectangularoffering-table surface,'scalloped' spaces withred spacer definedin black above ochreband; on (?) side, red and blue-grey'adder-mark'pattern.Slightsurfacepolish; plaster Two pieces: 2.3 χ 2.6 χ 1.7 and 2.3 χ 2.0 χ 1.3. crumbling,white,fine-grained. Side: 1.0 χ 2.0. Context:LM IIIA 2. Attribution:LM IIIA, or earlier.

StaircaseJ-K No frescomaterialwas foundhere exceptone piece fromthe second dado seriesdiscovered in Room A (q.v.). CorridorL: nos. 54-59 (PLATE 49) showsa greyand whiterockNo. 54 (PLATE 43f, 1), foundoutsideRoom P, interestingly work dado designon modelled reliefstucco which is attributableto the artistof a fine myrtlefrescodiscovered200 metresaway in the Royal Road/Northsite,certainlya 'stray' and hereascribedto MM IIIA. Outside staircaseN- O, thereoccurredseveralpaintedand unpaintedplasters,some with theirmud backing-plasters stillattached(includingnos. 55-56), of whichthemostinterestlily-like,plant, in bud and on a red ing was no. 55 comprisingpieces of a greyish-blue, ground(PLATE 43g). Two flowersor buds seem to be falling,beingstemless,as we see elsewhereon LM IA frescoesand vases (v. Catalogue).Technicalfeaturesindicatea different compositionto thatof the floralsubjectsfoundin Room P; but thispainting,too, evidently decoratedan upper room somewhereabove its find-spotin thisCorridor,as its condition and positionindicate. No. 56 had also fallenfromabove, outsideStairwayO, and consistsof a fragmentary mud wall-corner, bench or other architecturalfeaturewith one face thinlycoveredwith plain stucco (cf. no. 43) of much the same appearance,as thoughfromthe same plaster 'batch', as thestuccoof the floralfrescofromRoom P. No. 57 (PLATE 44g), heavilyburnt, formsan unusuallynarrowplasterband (H. 9.9 cm), its roughmatt surfacebeingheavily scoredwithunevenincisedlines.Borderimpressions appearabove and below,as thoughthe plasterhad filleda narrowgap in a wall-face,perhaps between two horizontalbeams; it seemstreatedin a poor imitationof veinedstonework. A test below the LM II flooroutsideRoom Ρ produced two pieces worthmentioning: no. 58 (PLATE 43i) with red blobs linked to a red line on an off-white ground,perhaps fromrudelydrawnjewelleryor a spiraldesign;the otherpiece,no. 59 showsa narrowwhite borderband flankedin red,of typicalMM III workat Knossos. PLATE 43f, 1. FromCorridorL, outsideRoom P, top no. 54 Rockworkdado fragment, fill (SF 497). 3.1 χ 2.2 x 1.2 taperingto 0.3. Slip, D. 0.7 mm. Attributableto

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no. 55

no. 56 no. 57

no. 58

no. 59

141

painterof RR/N MyrtleFresco (Town Houses I (3:RR/N), no. 3, and Kadmos VII, 1968, 97 ff.,fig.2, area B: ascribedto MM ΠΙΑ): matchingfeaturesare paint;(3) veryhighpolish ground;(2) streaksof white-splashed (1) lightblue-grey over paints; (4) similarsurfacemodelling;(5) similarplaster:hard,flatat back, but herein a singlelayer;(6) a fine'slip'. Context: fine-grained, slightlyoff-white, LM II. Attribution:MM ΠΙΑ. Blue flowerand buds on red. PLATE 49. CorridorL at stairwayO; L 45 and L 121, plotted on FIGS. 7-8 (SF 49 and 54). (a) Main frag.:pale greyish-blue Prob,burnt;surface details.PLATE 43g, 1. 3.8 χ 5.9 χ 0.8, mud backing-plaster. root-marks,once lightlypolished. Blue overliesred, scratched,smudge-stained, darkerat bases of flowers,buds and stemsto rt.Red paintflaking(D. 0.2 mmbut Lower pinkerto 0.7 mm fromsurface).Plasterhardish,dirtywhite,fine-grained. fill(SF 54). (b) Six pieces, level 5a (baulk); largest,2.6 x 2.2 x 0.8 = base of leaf and 'bulbous' ivy-likeleaf, or bud: PLATE 43g, 3. Burnt,unclear fragment: PLATE 49. (c) bases of two flowers:2.2 χ 3.0 χ 0.6, PLATE 43g, 2. (d) bud, stem and leaf (?) or flower:2.0 χ 1.7 χ 0.7. (e) junction of threeleaves,darker blue tip at rt: 2.0 χ 3.1 x 0.6. (f) worngrey-blue stem: 2.2 x 2.4 χ 0.8. Fragments c- f fromlowerfill(SF 49). Cf. on frescoes,fallinglilies,South East House (PM I, 537 and Col. PI. VI; KFA PL VIII, fig.1 withp. 37: LM IA or earlier);unpublishedlilies withdarkblue stems,RR/S (attrib.MM III: Thesis1975, 1, 382, 384, 389, 588). FurtherMM IIIB/LM IA or LM I lily frescoes,fromThera,H. Tríada, Amnisos, Ialysos, and Phylakopi (MM IIIB or LM I). On vases: with falling blossoms,TheraIV, 1971, pl. 84 (LM IA). Context:LM II. Attribution:LM IA. stuccoed wall partition(?). Not illustrated.StairwayN- O, upper Fragmentary level of destructionfill.L. 31.0 χ D. 12.0; unpaintedplaster(D. 0.4) on frontal faceonly,qualityas no. 43. Context:LM II. Attribution:LM IA. Incised plasterband. PLATE 44g. 22.0 χ 9.9 χ 2.0 max, and unattachedscraps (omitted). Upper level of destructionfill. Upper and lower horizontalborder impressions.Uneven 'freehand'incised lines on mat, burntgrey,roughsurface. Edges wornand rounded;once on mud backingplaster.Cf. similarlynarrow,but pictorial,band fromPrasa,H. 11.5 (BSA 71, 1976, 7 n. 20 and pl. 3c: MM IIIB/ LM IA). Context:LM II. Attribution:LM II, or earlier(LM IA)? Red blobs on ochrous ground.PLATE 43i. CorridorL. Test outside Room P, below LM II floor into LM IA strata2.8 χ 3.8 χ 1.5, flat.Ochrous surfaceonce with 'salts' accretion.Good plaster,hard,finepolished,now (?) earth-stained, off-white. As grained, jewellery: cf. Town Houses I (3:RR/N) no. 1(= Thesis 1975, I, 229, Table IV 414-416, 418, 594; II, pl. 191, Fl; III, 153 f.: LM IB context,but attributedto LM IA). As a spiral:cf. TheraIII, Col. pl. B, 2 (LM IA); also Town Houses I (3:RR/N) no. 13 (= Thesis 1975, I, 112, 229, Table IV 416, 417 f., 594; II, pl. 139; III, 119 f.: the 'Festoon Fresco',LM IB contextbut attrib.to LM IA). LM IA (?). White band with red areas or bands. 2.6 χ 3.5 χ 1.2; stripeis W. 0.4 between Surfaceonce well paintedareasbut only0.2 betweenfinelyimpressedstring-lines. white, once with mud backing polished. Medium-hardplaster, fine-grained, plaster.Cf. Town Houses I (2:RT) nos. 2-5 (MM ΠΙΑ context) and (3:RR/N) 3, prob,all by samegroupof artists.Context:LM IA or II. Attribution:MM ΠΙΑ.

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Room M: no. 60 (PLATE 49) Among seventymonochromeand bichromewall plasterscraps found here, one showed painted bands, of MM III character(no. 60). From the lower fill came two cornice fragments (PLATE 49, (two fragsin righthand bottomcornerbesideno. 51): SF 297, 295). Some smallburntstucco groups,unpaintedor else withabradedred surfaces,werefoundat various levels in the deposit still with mud backingplastersattached: they had clearly as also about belongedin an upper storeybeforecollapsinginto this lower storeroom,15 on unusuallythickmud backing-plasters, twelveunpaintedplasterfragments perhapsfrom feature(SF 129, upperfill). some stuccoedarchitectural The foundationtrenchof theW. wall containeda smallred-streaked piece indicatingthe built was Mansion when the in area membra' the of stucco (SF 318). 'disjecta presence no. 60 Terracottaand pinkishwhite curvingbands, PLATE 49. Upper fill,(SF 125). 2.9 χ 2.5 χ 0.7. Plasterhard, fine-grained, burnt,once well polished. off-white, W. 0.4 to 0.55). Trace band: red band main below red and above (white Lighter mud backing,Cf. Town Houses I (3:RR/N) no. 4 (= Thesis 1975 I, 727h; II, pl. 134A- B, now associated with a Reed Fresco attrib.to MM III A). Context: LM II. Attribution:MM IIIA or B. StairwellN-O: nos. 61-62 (PLATE 49) Of the few stucco pieces here found,some heavilyburnt,no. 61 presentedred, whiteand black upper border stripesof MM III type: it was found inside a lump of 'kouskouras' packingor fill,as forthe foundationtrenchof a wall. No. 62 is of technicalinterest,forits unusualblue hue at thissite - a colour extensivelyfavoured,however,in themuralsfrom theHouse of the Frescoes. no. 61 Red, white,blackupperborderstripes:PLATE 43f, 2. Room N, testbelow upper floor in kouskouraspacking.1.9 χ 3.0 χ 1.1. Very fine,polish-worn, string-lines. Hard plaster,off-whiteto sandy-coloured,fine-grained, flat; with mud backing and 'slip' (?). Thin paint adheres well to once polished surface.Plain band (W. 0.3) withgrey-blackabove, Minoan red below. Cf. TownHouses I (3:RR/N) no. 20 {Thesis 1975, II, pl. 133, A9; III, 115, attrib.to MM IIIA). Context: LM II. Attribution:MM IIIA or B. no. 62 Sky-blueblob on plain field.From Room O, lowerfill.4.3 χ 4.1 χ 1.0, flat,once offon mud backing.Surfaceworn,lightlypolished.Plasterhardish,fine-grained, white.Context:LM II. Attribution:LM II, or earlier. Room Q This room, largelycleared by Evans, contained disparatebits of burntwall plasters;one small red-paintedfloor plasterfragment;and pieces of an unpaintedfloorplaster,of the usual LM character,but "an unusual feature"in thisbuilding'sconstruction(AR 1972-3, 51). 3. FRESCOES FROM THE PERIMETER OF THE MANSION NorthCorridor:nos. 63-66 (PLATE 49) Bits of red,salmonand chieflyplainwhiteplastersturnedup here,notablywithnos. 63-66 and LM IIIA 1 potteryimmediatelyoutside the windowof Room D. The fourinteresting pieces are all enigmatic,however.No. 63 (PLATE 45d, 3) shows blue and whitepetal-tips

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of a multi-petalled rosettein a red surround,neatlyexecuted. No. 64 bears a red 'trefoil' on a design plain ground,recallingdepictionelsewhereof bulls' and dogs' hidesor dappled shields and chariots(v. Catalogue; PLATE 45d, 4). No. 65 (PLATE 45d, 5) distantly resemblessome dress design,in darkerand lightertones of blue and white with black concurvinglines. No. 66, badly worn, belonged to a rectangularplaster offering-table structedin threethinlayersof plaster,one of whichcoveredtheinteriorpaintedface of the middleplasterlayer: thishad been decoratedwithyellow,olive,red and black bands,while the object's outerface bearsred and blue tracesof a spiraliform designwithsmall 'filling' motifs. no. 63 Rosette in red field. PLATE 45d, 3. 3.1 χ 3.8 χ 1.3. Disturbed Ε. end with LM IIIA to ?IIIB. Blue petal-tipsneatlydefinedin black, on red; interior,plain withblack mark(petal divisions?)to rt. Softishplaster,white,fine-grained, flat, perhaps a 'slip' (lmm.). Scratches and finger-nail impressionson red surface, lightlypolished. Cf. fromKnossos, PM I, 443 f., 527, fig. 319 (MM IIIB, ace. PM I, 527) = KFA PI. V, fig. 1, but perhapsLM II (Thesis 1975 I, 427 ffand 597). Cf. also largerrosettes,less finelyexecuted,in Domestic Quarters(PM III, 306 ff,Col. PI. XXIII; 343 ff.,figs.229, 252-254 and fillingmotifsoî PM III, 295, fig. 193: prob. LM II-IIIA 1 but fromLM IIIB context). Also compare rosette borders on LM IIIA frescoesand sarcophagusfromH. Tríada: Woman nel Museo Pigorinidi with Deer, Guida, PL 21; M. Borda,Arte Cretese-Micenea R. in 75 and PI. Musicians LV; Roma, 1946, Procession, Paribeni,Mon. Ant. XIX and 68 ff., figs.21, 23; sarcophagus,Paribeni,op. cit. 5 ff.:(Thesis1975 I, (1908) 473f. and 600, on dating).Context:LM IIIA (?). Attribution:LM II-IIIA 1. 449, no. 64 Red 'trefoil'on plain white:PLATE 45d, 4. Fromlowerfillat W. end of Corridor in LM IIIA 1 deposit.4.2 x 4.2 x 1.6 max. taperingto 1.2, flattish.Plasterfairly Scratchedsurfaceonce polished.Red worn, hard,fine-grained, slightlyoff-white. and ? red preliminary outlineto centreright.Paintpenetrationless than0.3 mm. Cf. red-paintedbulls (in relief)at Knossos,e.g.PM III, 172 ff.and figs.116, 119; zum MinoischenRelief, 1976, pl. nos. 409a, and Bernd Kaiser, Untersuchungen 418a, 420, 421, 430 (centre and right),437 (left), 458; hence, as ox-hidesof shields(e.g. PM III, Col. PI. XXIII, opp. p. 306; and unpublishedexamplesin HM storeroom);or chariot,restoredin Thesis 1975, slide 21 = Vol. II, PI. 60 Β 8, and Vol. Ill, 175 f.); cf. ox-hidesin the Theran "Banner Fresco" (Thera VI, Col. PI. 4: LM IA). For red-dappleddogs, TirynsII, Col. PI. XIII (LH IIIB). Context: LM IIIA 1. Attribution:LM II-IIIA 1. no. 65 Dress fragment?:PLATE 45d, 5. Provenanceas no. 64. 1.7 χ 2.0 χ 0.55, flat. Plasterfairlyhard, white,fine-grained. Black lines worn, two shades pale blue. Context:LM IIIA 1. Attribution:LM IIIA 1, or earlier. no. 66 Rectangularplasterhearthfragment:PLATE 49. Three plasterlayers,two faces painted,moulded at corner.5.5 χ 4.5 χ 1.0 max. Upper level above windowof Room D. Layer 1 (see sketch): 0.5 thick,soft,off-white, fine-grained. Layer 2: 0.6 thick,hard,white,fine-grained, with sequence of black, ?white,red,yellow, and olive (underpaintedin black) bands - exposed by cuttingwornunpainted face of layer 1. Layer 3: 0.5 thick,hard,white,fine-grained. Very worn surface withred triangleand circleor hoop linkedby black line, and, beyond,adjoining red and grey-bluetriangular shapes - ? spiral.Context: LM IIIA 1. Attribution: LM IIIA 1, or earlier.

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nos.67-68 NorthPlatform:

Of disjointedplasterscraps found here, two pieces imitatewood panellingwith a black 'wainscot' band, of MM III character(no. 67); and no. 68, with a distinctivecharacterof 'slip', is attributedto an artistbetterattestedby a floralfrescofoundin SinclairHood's excavations at the Royal Road/Northsite, 200 metres off to the east (PLATE 43h), to MM IIIB or MM IIIB/LM IA. attributable stylistically Test intokouskouras no. 67 Imitationwood panelling.PLATE 45d, 6-7. Two fragments. flat. Larger, from near and 2.1x1.4x0.9, fill at Platform.4.6x3.7x0.9, verticalborderedge. Faint finered streaksover orangeground,withblackband. Cf. TownHouses off-white. Surfaceonce well polished.Plasterhard,fine-grained, I (2:RT) no. 8 (MM ΠΙΑ context); and (3:RR/N) no. 25 (attributedto MM ΠΙΑ as painted by the same artistor school responsiblefor the fine RR/N Myrtle Fresco; Thesis 1975 I, Table I 382, 384 ff.,588; III, 126). Context: LM IA. Attribution:MM ΠΙΑ. no. 68 "Soapy slip" fragment:PLATE 43h. Test into fillof platform.2.7 χ 2.0 χ 1.0. Granular,mediumplasterand powdery,thickish'slip' (0.5- 1.00 mm), both offwhite. Cf. Town Houses I (3:RR/N) no. 8 (= Thesis 1975 I, 355 f., Table IV 414-416, 392-399 and 590; II, pl. 110; III, 97, assignedto MM IIIB). Context: LM IA. Attribution:MM III or MM IIIB/LM IA. South Corridor:nos. 69-72 In the E. part of thiscorridor,manypieces of frescowere foundin an MM ΠΙ/LM IA fill (basicallylevel 5 on Section 8, PLATE 14), which had been partlycut away to set the foundationsof theMansion.The frescoes,in manydisjointedfragments, mostlybelongedto rooms of a nearby floor from fourpainted dadoes (nos. 69-72), perhaps cleared ground building. To the most preserveddado, no. 69 (PLATE 44h, 1) belonged severalhundredtiny pieces painted orange with darkerand lighterorangehorizontalstreaksimitatingwood - a favouritescheme in veining,some with a dull grey-black'wainscot' border band lavishuse of real LM in MM III- LM IA Knossiantown houses and elsewhere I,16 reflecting no. 69 and with Associated wood panellingin, presumably,the richestMinoan buildings. to 0.4 in white of bands similarin plasterand black paint were pieces red, 0.5) and (W. or bands areas and black blue dull black (PLATE 44h, 2-3) and otherswith (PLATE pale 44h, 4), possiblytheupperborderstripesof thesame fresco. witha plain but ochrous-stained A second dado survivedin some thirtyfive fragments, or and red with blotches enlivened spots splashed 'flicked'onto it (no. 70: PLATE ground had originallycurvedoutwardsonto a cement that Six illustrated, 44h, 5). pieces, including river minute with floor pebbles, small parts of which remainedon the sprinkled plaster characterto thatof no. 69, indicatesno. 70 undersideof the dado plaster.This,of different decorationwas evidentlyintendedto 'flecked' its and had probablygraceda different wall; imitatemottledstonetextures.17 A thirddado, no. 71, of a similarplastercompositionand thicknessto no. 70, and by a dull possiblyeven fromthe same wall, survivedin nearlythirtypieces distinguished of red and white small with black, paint (cf. no. spots yellow, pale-bluegroundspeckled in of the lack but dado of a sections different be nos. 70-71 could scheme, joins single 47): thematerialleavesthepointopen. The fourthdesign,no. 72, and the most remarkable,was best representedby a large

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border-edgepiece with surface painted a light streaky pink hue, a colour also found on the surface of a thin lime 'slip' (Th. 0.3 mm) covering the already orange-paintedsurface of one fragmentof the firstdado, no. 69. No. 72, then, was clearly added later to no. 69, perhaps as a replacement or 'repatching' of it: but how long or shortly afterwards cannot be determined. no. 69 Orange (wood-imitating) dado. PLATE 44h, 1. About 400 fragments with 'wainscot' black band pieces, unjoined. Plaster medium to softish, fine-grained, sandy coloured, perhaps with slip (? 0.75 to 1.00 mm.). Slightly matt surface, with light ridges from brushwork. Fine string-linedivides orange and (worn) greyblack areas. Plaster depth: 0.9- 0.5 cm. V. Catalogue, no. 67 for references. Context: MM Ill-early LM IA. Attribution: MM III or MM IIIB/LM IA. no. 70 Red-speckled dado. PLATE 44h, 5. About 35 frags., six (total L. 45.0) from junction with cement floor. Max. H. 8.0, preserved. Worn or battered surfaces once lightly polished. Fairly hard, fine-grained,off-whiteplaster (av. Th. 1.5), uneven. Spots evidently 'flicked' on by quick wristwork. Context and attrib. date: as no. 69. no. 71 Dado with pale blue ground. Not illustrated. About 27 fragments.Plaster finegrained, off-white,fairlyhard, often rounded at back (but some are flat) and of varying depths to 1.5: compositionally similar to no. 70. (?)Slip of 1.0mm. (?)Lightly polished. Sequence of painting; (1) blue ground; (2) white and black spots; (3) red and yellow ochre spots. Cf. Town Houses I (1:HH) no. 13, from Ε Ext, level 4: LM IA context). Context and date, as no. 69. no. 72 Light pink dado. Not illustrated. Partly superimposed on no. 69. Largest fragment: 10.2 x 17.5 χ 0.6 (2.5 at border edge), lifted with gb support: several small unattached pieces. Pink overcoating of orange-painted dado (no. 69) fragment: recorded in MUM Fresco Catalogue NBK, 1972, p. 8a. Plaster of main fragment similar to that of nos. 70-71, but perhaps less hard. Context and date as no. 69. LM IA (early) at the latest. 4. THE DATING OF THE FRESCOES Most of the fresco material here presented came fromfour stratigraphicalhorizons: (1) MM Ill-early LM IA (South Corridor and North Platform): nos. 69-72 and 67-8; (2) LM II (central and southern rooms, and staircaseJ-K): nos. 1-43, 50-51, 54-57 and 60-62; (3) LMIIIA 1 (North Corridor,outside Room D): nos. 63-66; (4) LM IIIB (Rooms A-E) : nos. 44-49. In addition, nos. 52-53 were found in a LM IIIA 2 pit in Room H; and nos. 58-59 in a test into LM IA strata below the LM II floor-levelin Corridor L outside Room P. The termini ante quos for all these pieces are thus clear. The Mansion's LM IA construction provides a terminuspost quern for all those frescoes thought to have decorated its walls, notably nos. 1-40 and 55 retainingchunks of mud backing-plasters,and nos. 43 and 56 (fragments of collapsed stuccoed 'walls'). But some pieces, from foundation trench 'fill' (no. 61) or attributable to MM III or MM IIIB/LM IA workshops attested elsewhere at Knossos, evidently pre-date the construction of the Mansion. Stylistic comparisons for their dating are given in the Catalogue of pieces, and the

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chronological attributionsof all the material are summarised as follows: 1. MMIIIA 41,46,50,54,59,67 2. MMIIIA or Β ?42, 52, 60, 61 3. MMIIIorlllB/LMIA 47, 68, 69, 71, 72 and PLATE 44h, 2-3 and 4 4. LMIA 1-40, 43, 55, 56, ?58 5. LM II or earlier 51,57,62 6. LMIIIA 1 or earlier 44-45, 49, 53, 63, 64, 65, 66 7. LMIIIB ?48 Some comments on these periods of painting follow. MM HI: All pieces listed are presumably 'strays', 'disjecta membra', wall or building 'fill', or perhaps were washed into the site from higherup the Acropolis slope, as theircondition and find-circumstancesvariously suggest. Their styles, technical featuresand plaster quality match characteristic features of stratified MM IIIA or Β frescoes found elsewhere at Knossos, notably in the palace's Loomweights Basement, the Royal Road North and South sites, the 'Road Trials' site (opposite the modern palace-entrance), and M. Hood's excavations of the 'Hogarth's Houses' area. Line 1 in the table above lists pieces especially determinable as painted by the MM IIIA workshop responsible for a particularlyfineMyrtle Fresco from Royal Road/North (v. no. 54, esp.): that is, the same painter or painters had decorated town houses situated to the north of the palace and in the present area, at least, but about 150 years before the Unexplored Mansion existed. The striped band colourcombinations and proportions (notably very narrow white bands defined by very fine 'thread-like' string-lines),and often extremely high surface polish after painting, and well compacted, uniform and thin (av. 1.0) plasters are, collectively, distinctiveof that group of painters' work. The pieces attributed to this period (nos. 47, 68-72) depict subject MMIIIB/LMIA: matter already established in the MM III fresco painter's repertoryat Knossos, whose conventions of colouration and style then continue: the dadoes, especially, could be much earlier than is here suggested, for that reason. However, surfaces seem less highlypolished, and there is less insistence on the appearance of very fine string-linesand very narrow white bands in border arrangements.No. 68 shows that yet another painter whose work survived more extensively in the Royal Road/North area effected some mural decoration in the general area of the Unexplored Mansion, too, but a mere fiftyyears before the Mansion's construction. LM IA : To this period are attributedthe two main floral compositions found within the Mansion, and technically related pieces (nos. 43 and 56). The construction and main destruction of the building supply theirearliest (LM IA) and latest (LM II) possible dates of manufacture: but the evidence for little everyday use of some rooms and the lack of accumulated LM IA or LM IB floor-levelswithin them has suggestedinterruptedoccupation of the Mansion between LM IA and II: in the excavator's view, the dating of these paintings to LM IB would seem improbable. Stylistic considerations particularly, however, seem chronologically decisive,18favouringa LM I A date for these frescoes. The overall lightness in design and representation in the main composition, free of ubiquitous black contours and of heavily linearised inner details, and the evident fluid treatment of an undulating background, emphasising diagonal movement in space rather than a stifflyimposed 'tectonic' formal structure,are typical features of Minoan floral and landscape 'nature' scenes of the MM IIIA to LM I periods.19 Likewise the general shapes, darkon-light colour schemes, decoratively organised proportions and individualised spacing of

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clusteredplant-clumpsin our paintingfind correspondingfeaturesin MM ΠΙΑ to LM IA frescoesfromKnossos (Royal Road; House of the Frescoes;South House; Caravanserai)and Amnisos and Hagia Triada (refs: no. 27). Our Osiers' closely match the LM IA Thera example (note 10); and our 'anemones'LM IA vase representations (note 6). Pictoriallyand in brushwork,the 'grasses'of nos. 25-26 findclosestparallelsso farwithMM III to LM IA frescoesand painted plastertripods,notablyfromLM IA Thera (v. Catalogue). The rockwork protuberanceon no. 31, the inclusionof pale greybackgroundundulations,and the chromaticallysubdued tonalityof the grey,buffand dark tan groundsmatchelementsin MM IIIB/LM IA or LM IA paintingsfromthe House of the Frescoes at Knossos and Hagia Triada (no. 28). Freely white-flecked or paint-speckledrockworkin pictorial scenes also seems limitedin the Minoan frescorecord to MM III and MM IIIB/LM IA (or LM IA) examples.20 certaindecorative'tricks'to enlivena pictorialscene (e.g. limitedaccentuation Similarly, of plant-stemparts and petal-tipsto enhance their naturalistictexturalsubstance; and decorativealternationof two colours for identicalparts of one plant perhapsto indicate lighterand darkercolours of leaves' upper and lower surfaces)findclosest comparisonsin MM III to LM I 'nature' frescoes(notes 7 and 9).21 Further,our painter'simaginative depictionof apparentlythreehithertounknown'artistichybrids'amongfrescoplantforms anemones;lily-leaved'osiers'; and 'frilled'flowers)stands in the best (viz. reed-stemmed 'creative'traditionof outstandingMinoan workshopsof the MM IIIA to LM IA periods.A similarexperimentalquality is evidentin our painter'suse of 'impressionistic' brushwork (nos. 17-20, 25-26), creatingsomewhat 'modernistic'painterlyeffectsof which one catches occasional glimpsesin other paintingsof MM IIIA to LM IA date.22Our artist evidentlyapproachedhis subjectmatterwitha freerhand than most of his precursors; yet the artisticpotentialof such brushwork was neversubsequentlyexploited,and Minoanwall But the art of our painter paintingbecame more thaneverstylisedand convention-bound. was rooted in keen observationof natural phenomena, a marked characteristicof his fellowmuraldecorators. contemporary This shows in the sensitivegroupingof clusteredplants;in the apparentdistinctionof older and youngerplant-stocks, and of naturalisticdetailsin the botanicalstructureof the anemonesand plant stems: and in the abilityto suggestthe vibrantmovementof living plant forms,nodding and perhaps breeze-blown.These perceptionsbring the artistic 'temper' of this work into line with other Minoan artists'empatheticinsightsinto the natural world, especiallyevidentin MM IIIB/LM IA and LM IA wall paintingat its best (House of the Frescoes;Amnisos;H. Triada;Akrotiri).The stylisticrelationsof our painting to well-datedMM IIIB/LM IA or LM IA frescoesthus seem clear,and likewiseits debts to an earlierMM III Knossianfrescotradition,whereasLM II or latertreatmentof such subject matteris alien to and unattestedin thispainting(v. n. 19). Similarly,stylisticconsiderationsand referenceto comparativefresco and pottery of no. 55 to LM IA (v. Catalogue). also allow the attribution representations LM II and LM IIIA 1 : Most pieces are so dated stratigraphically, thoughsome could be earlier.Nos. 44-45 and 49, certainlypainted by one artist,exceptionallyoccurredin LM IIIB contexts. However, the LM IIIA comparisonfor no. 44 (v. Catalogue) and the painting'spartiallyburntconditionargueforan earlierdatingthan theirLM IIIB context. There is some evidence the fresco could have been damaged, by fire,long before its remnantscollapsedfroma back wall into a highlevelof the LM IIIB debrisof Room A. One fragmentof a second painted dado, also burntand found togetherwith nos. 44-45 in

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Room A in the same LM IIIB context,was discoveredin the undisturbed,heavilyburnt, LM II debrisof the choked staircaseJ- K, whichwas not reusedlater(n. 12). That is, both series of frescofragments concernedmay have been damagedby firein LM II. The coarse of delineation on nos. 44-45 are consistentwithsuch a date, by analogy and detail style with materialfromthe LM Π- ΠΙΑ 1 palace at Knossos; and it is not impossiblethatnos. 44-45, 49 and 64-65 may have been painted by 'palace' artists.The uncertainidentification of theirsubject mattertantalisingly hintsat novel subject matterfor townhouse decoration(figurai?, 'bulls' hide'?; 'couchantanimal'? motifs)by earlierKnossiananalogy, as thougha new thematicrepertoryin LM II- IIIA town house decoration,influencedby contemporaryredecorationof the palace, were in vogue along with new uses (industrial ratherthanreligiousor domestic)of certainroomsin the LM II Mansion(e.g. Room H) perhapsas marksof theperiodof Mycenaeanascendencyat Knossos. LM IIIB: No plasters,except paintlessscrapsin theinterstices of walls,remainedin situ in rooms occupied in LM IIIB. In Room A frescodebrishad discernablycollapsedfroman upper storeyat a late date (nos. 44-45: ν. supra). Fresco findsin LM IIIB levelsgenerally were otherwisemeagre,withthecharacterof earlier'wall-fill'(v. note 2) and, wherestylistically diagnostic,reasonablyattributableto earlierperiods.In short,no clear evidencewas forthecontinuationon thissiteof wall paintingor plasteringin LM IIIB.23 forthcoming 5. CONCLUSIONS The disappointingly scrappynatureof the frescomaterial,whichmightbe thoughtto underline the excavator'scharacterisation of thehistoryof thissiteas 'a sad storyof slow decline' not obscure itsrealvalue. should (AR 1972-3, 61), It has firstof all suppliedadditionalgroupsof stratified materialfromseveraldifferent the chronology for however welcome information establishing periodswhich, slight,provide and the stylisticsequenceofMinoanwall painting;and it supportsEvans'sviewof thewidespread diffusionof culture,attested in the murals,in the populace at large of Minoan of Knossos (PM II, 466). More specifically,it expands our knowledgeof the distribution in the both the at or in town Knossos, recognisibleworks of particularateliers 'schools' MM III(A) and MM IIIB (or MM IIIB/LM IA) periods,insofaras some paintersworkingin theRoyalRoad/Northarea also appearto have decoratedtownhousesin theneighbourhood of thelaterUnexploredMansion.Our mainmaterialfromthatbuildingintroducesa hitherto of pictorialmotifswithnew unknownpainter(or atelier)who expandsthe knownrepertory of floral and demonstrates 'artistic interesting, perhapsnovel, brushwork types hybrids' of the main paintingadd to a growingbody of effects.Moreover,the find-circumstances evidencethatCretantown houses tendedto favour'nature'scenes in continuousfriezesin upper storeys(BSA 63, 1968, 16 n. 34), thoughexceptionsin groundfloor rooms are known (Caravanserai;H. Triada, Room 14); and thatmost of theselack evidenceforthe presenceof Man, unless of a 'naturegoddess' or adorant.Our materialalso suggeststhat dadoes imitatingwood-panellingand stone orthostatsand theirtextureswere popularin town house decoration in MM III- LM IA Knossos, as comparisonscorroborate.The modestyof thisdecorationin the town,however,contrastsstronglywiththepresumption of extensivefiguraiand 'relief decoration in the MM III- LM IA phases of the nearby thatthe UnexploredMansionfrescoesshould therefore, palace. It is all themoreinteresting, hint at the possible presence of 'palatial' paintersand 'palatial' subject matterin the Mansion in LM II or IIIA 1 (v. also Town Houses); and that town-housewall paintingon

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this site, at least, if not also in its immediateneighbourhood,should appear to die out at about the timeof - if not earlierthan - the collapse of thepalace in LM IIIA 1/2(early), c. 1375 B.C. On the technologicalside, analysisof the blue pigmentsfromthissitefirstrevealedthe manufacture of blue paintfromriebeckitein Aegeanwall painting(S. Profiet al., Studiesin Conservation21, 1976, 34 ff.),whileEgyptianblue as a paintand in the formof a 'frit'was also attested (no. 62). Green pigment on wall plasterscuriouslywas wholly lacking. Evidence in supportof the classificationof Minoan wall paintingas a formof 'true' or 'buon' frescoturnedup in deeplypenetrating red-painted plasters(pen. D. 1.5 mm) and in a with surface piece finger-nail impressions(no. 63) (v. Cameron et al., BSA 72, 1977, Κ. 169 163-166, Asimenos,Theraand theAegean WorldI, 541 ff,esp. 577). (20), pace The carefulexcavation of the Mansion has permittedan attemptto clarifythe vexing distinctionof 'strays'and 'wall-fill'plasterpieces fromthegenuineor originaldecorationof the walls of a building.In thisconnection,the excavationdata suggestthatplasteringand wall paintinghad gone ahead in upper storeyrooms along the S. side of the Mansionin LM IA (above Rooms M, P, and on a landing,corridoror upper room above CorridorL at the StaircaseN- O) but had apparentlywaned or discontinuedin upperand lowerroomsN. of CorridorL in thesameperiod(notablyRooms F, G, J- K, and possiblyH). Wallpainting seems to have resumed,discernably,only above Rooms A and (?) E, on the N. side of the on any order Mansion,in LM II ifnot LM IIIA. This evidencemay or maynot be instructive of decorationin upper rooms of town houses: were rooms of domesticor privateuse, if for such these everwere,or withthe pleasantestaspect or greatestwarmthin wintertime, example,the firstto be painted?One cannotyet say. Floor plasteringwith 'cement'(lime and river-pebble) plasterswas not attestedconvincingly anywherein the Mansion,except perhapsin Room Q and near CorridorL. But the excavationdoes suggestthatmoulded plastercornicesmay have been moreprevalent(ifnot also of possiblechronological,as well as decorativeand architectural,significance)in Knossian wall paintinggenerallythan is alone of groupsof frescoes apparentfromthe publishedrecordthusfar.The stratification in earlyLM IA, LM II, LM IIIA 1 and LM IIIB adds to the impressionof gradualtechnical changesin the surfacequalityof Minoan wall paintings,fromthe more carefullyexecuted and polished work of earlierpaintingsto the coarserand less well finished,even matt, surfacesand brushworkof latermurals.It remainsto summarisethehistoryof wall painting on thissitein outline. The earliestknown frescodecorationin the area, comprisingborderstripesand dado pieces, was put up in MM IIIA by artistsworkingelsewherein the townand in thepalace. It seems they were decoratingnumerousbuildingsprobablyin the wake of the FirstPalace destruction(c. 1700 B.C.), whichdisasterhad provideda splendidopportunityto introduce on a wide scale naturalisticpictorial,and 'relief,wall painting:but of thisonlyone piece, of 'rockwork'in relief(no. 54), is knownto have survivedfromthisarea. In MM IIIB, or not much later, a different painter,also attestedelsewherein the town (Royal Road/North), was at workin thisarea who, again,is knownfroma singlebut technicallydistinctive plaster fragment (no. 68). MM III to MM IIIB/LM IA decorationin theregionotherwisecomprises mostlyupper borderstripes,dadoes imitatingwood panellingand mottledstoneorthostats and, conceivably,simple spiral designs.Mural decorationnext appearsin the Unexplored Mansionin LM IA. Here two floralpaintingswentup on the walls of upper rooms above Room Ρ and the lower CorridorL (nos. 1-40; and 55); and rooms above that Corridorand Room M may

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have had unpaintedor else monochromered-paintedwalls, whileRoom P, beinga store, receivedplain whitestucco. Otherroomsin the LM IA Mansionpossiblywentunpaintedor even unplastered,or else theiroriginalplasterswere laterstrippedand clearedout. These frescoesweredestroyedin LM II. In LM II (or possiblyLM ΠΙΑ 1) furtherdecorationfeaturinga 'couchantanimal' (?) was put up on the west wall of a chamberabove Room A, and it mayhavebeen disfigured by firein the same period: but not totally destroyed,for the remnantsof the painting eventuallycollapsed onto LM IIIB debrisfillingRoom A. This mayhave been thelastpainting to have gone up on a wall in the Mansion,althoughpictorialand decorativescrapsof plaster, perhaps 'strays' or 'wall-fill',were associated with a LM IIIA 1 fire in the N. Corridor.These LM II or IIIA pieces show coarserbrushworkand surfacefinishthan the earlierdecorativematerialfromthe site,and theymay conceivablyhave been paintedby artistsschooledin the decorationof thecontemporary palace walls. The continuationof wall paintingor even of plasteringin the Mansion in LM IIIB of theworn,disparateand meagrescrapsof painted on the strength cannot be demonstrated in the debrisof thatperiod.All thatotherwiseremained plastersthatturnedup infrequently were intermittent bits of 'base-course'plasterin the intersticesof a fewwalls' courses.A 'sad decline',indeed.

Section4 The Pottery (PLATES 50-183) M. R. POPHAM Introductionand stratigraphy The MM IIB/LMIA and LM I pottery The contexts Characteristics:Earlierstage Laterstage Classification LMIB The LM II pottery The contexts Fine wares: Cups Bowls Kylikes Jugs Amphoras Piriform jars Palace Stylejars Stirrupjars Flasks Pyxides Coversor lids Alabastra Basketvases Rhyton Cookingpots and kitchenwares Storagevases: Amphoras Stirrupjars Pithoiand pithoidjars (by P. Mudd) The clay box or chest The classification and date of the destruction pottery The LM ΠΙΑ 1 pottery The LM IIIA 2 pottery The LM IIIB pottery The LM IIIC pottery Imports 151

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INTRODUCTION AND STRATIGRAPHY The most considerabledepositsproduced by the excavationbelong to the threephases, LMIA, LMII and LMIIIB; smaller deposits add materialfromthe intermediatestages, MM ΠΙ/LM IA, LM IIIA 1 and LM IIIA 2. LM IB is practicallyabsent.Of these,by farthe largestgroup belongs to LM II with its destructiondeposits containingmany whole or restorablevases and with a far greaterrange of pot types,fromstoragejars to the finest tableware. evidence, The potterysequenceis supportedby muchstratigraphical (i) Early LM IA (or MM III/LM IA) was stratifiedin the S. Corridorbelow mature LM IA (whichin turnwas overlaidby smalllevelsof LM II and IIIA 2). LM II was found in many areas of the Mansion in deposits above LM IA - the (ii) underfloorfills(LMIA) withLM II destructiondepositsabove. The same sequence is shownby an LM II pit duginto theLM IA fillof theN. Platform. fromLM II but thereis some evidencein (iii) LM IIIA 1 was less clearlydistinguished levelovertheLM II destructiondebrisof the N. Corridorand in a smallsuperficial thePillarHall (H). (iv) LM IIIA 2 was nowhereclearlystratifiedover LM IIIA 1 thougha homogeneous deposit was containedin a large pit dug into LM II deposits(Pits 10+11 in the PillarHall and CorridorL), and in anotherpit below the floorof Room C on which was LM IIIB abandonmentpottery.Therewerealso LM IIIA 2/Blevelsin Corridor Ε (W) above LM II. (v) LM IIIB is best representedby the abandonmentlevels in the N. sector of the buildingwhere,in Room D, thispotterylay above a floorwhosemake-upconsisted of LM II and LM IIIA 1. A possiblylaterstageof LM IIIB occurredin two pits dug into the LM IA fillof the N. Platform,and may be representedby theearliestfill of a pit whichrobbedthewallsof Rooms C- D of stoneaftertheirabandonment. are givenat the beginningof each potterystagebelow. Furtherdetails of the stratigraphy thus: The mainevidencemaybe represented diagramatically AREA

MMIII-LMIA

LMIA

LMII

-

LMIIIA2

-

-

i^^-

Room Η + CorridorL.Pit 10+11

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Room C -

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LMIIIB

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Room Η Ν . Corridor

N. Platform

LMIIIA1

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S. Corridor Rooms G,L,M, N.O.P.Q N. Corridor

LM IB

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In manyrespectsit mighthavebeen preferableto considertheLM II depositsfirst,since and are one of the main contributionsto our theyare the largestand most representative, from the excavation. those However,I have decided, while illustrating knowledgegained to treat the in it to readers to depositsfirst, skipto pottery chronologicalsequence,leaving theLM II sectionof the discussion,shouldthatbe theirmaininterest. THE MM IIIB/LM IA AND LM I POTTERY The contexts The depositsof the MM IIIB/LM I and LM IA stagesderivefromfourmain contexts,the S. Corridor,the make-up of the N. and S. Platforms,and fillsunder the floorsof the Mansion.The last, basicallylevellingmaterialused in the constructionof the Mansion,is and consistslargelyof coarse or undecorated veryundistinguished, extremelyfragmentary wares; also it was clearly broughtin from elsewhereand may well not be potteryof manufactureor usage. For the most part,onlythefewfinedecoratedsherds contemporary are illustratedand takeninto account,PLATES 139-40; theirmainvalue lies in helpingto of thebuilding.* establisha date fortheconstruction Much the same limitationsapplyto the two platformfillsthoughtheycontaineda little more fineware,and a somewhatlargerquantitywas excavated.However,theyseemnot to be contemporary, the potteryfromthe testsin the S. Platform(PLATE 137a- c) havinga distinctlyearlierappearance.Moreoverthe N. Platformwas riddledwithlaterpitssome of which were difficultto distinguish clearly,and it is probablydue to thisthat one obvious LM IB marinetype sherd occurs in the penultimateof two lowest levelswhichotherwise mightqualifyas 'pure' LM IA (PLATE 138 withd, last).2 The potteryfromthe S. Corridoris more helpfuland betterin quality thoughits stratigraphyand its value in establishinga sequence has turnedout to be somewhatmore ambiguous than was expected during excavation. Five stages in the stratigraphyare reasonablyclear, some of which can be seen on Section 8 at PLATE 14. A foundation trenchfor the S. wall of the Mansion (Stage 2) was dug throughan existingdeposit of pottery(Stage 1 = Section 8 level 6 at PLATE 14) partlydemolishinga flimsycrosswall; thiswas thenrefilledlargelywithchunksof kouskouras(Stage 3). A wall was built at the E. end of the Corridorblockingits entryinto theS. Court,and the area betweenit and the cross wall to the W. was filledwith a mass of pottery(Stage 4). Subsequently,levels of rubbishaccumulatedagainstthewall of theMansionin thispartof theCorridorand further to the W betweenthe Mansionand anotherbuildingassociatedwiththeS. Platform(Stage 5 = Section 8 levels 3-5). The validityof these stagesin termsof the potterywill be consideredlater. Differencesare naturallyclearestbetweentheearliestand thelatestmaterialand, before examiningeach in detail,it maybe usefulto summarisethe groundsfortheirdistinctionand to state whichdepositsappear to belong to them.Their classificationwillbe consideredat theend. The earliestmaterialcan be distinguished in the E. partof theCorridor stratigraphically by its positionand by its character- beingnearerto MiddleMinoan.To thisgroupmaybe most of the fills below the floorsof the added, on groundsof similarcharacteristics, Mansionand the fillof theS. Platform. Comparedto thelatestdeposits,thispotterycontainsverylittledecoratedfinewareand what decorationexists is restrictedlargelyto tortoise-shell ripple,thoughlinkedspiralsin

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are alreadypresenton cups andjugs. The traditionallight-on-dark dark-on-light techniqueis well in evidence,more on largeand coarservesselsthan on cups, the latterusuallybearing very simplepatternsbut havingthe runningspiral too. The typicalLM IA handless'reed cups' seem to be absent,and reed patternon jugs may stillbe confinedto light-on-dark designs.Among the common conical cups, the varietywith ledged rim are presentin proportionsapproaching1 : 3 and are sometimesdecorated with ripple or with white splasheson a darkground. The latest depositscome fromthe W. excavated part of the S. Corridor,and pottery similarto this is presenttoo in the upper levels to the E. thoughtheyare probablyless 'pure'. The materialfromthe fillof the N. Platformis of the same generalcharacter.The chronologicalpositionof theselaterCorridordepositsis indicatedby the factthattheyrun and in partoverup to the wall of theMansionand so weredepositedafterits construction, lie theearlierlevelsin thesame region. Compared to the earlierdeposits,the latest containmuch more decoratedpotteryof are now good quality and have a wider range of motives.Spiral designsin dark-on-light dominant on cups, closely followed by the reed pattern,and both motives are those probablyfavouredon jugs too. Ripple decoration,thoughstillpresent,is much rarer,as, too, is the use of light-on-dark paintingwhichmaybe largelyconfinedto the 'festoon'cups and bowls. Among the common conical cups, the proportionof the ledged versionhas droppedto no morethan1:10. of thesetwo mainstagesbefore It remainsto definein greaterdetail the characteristics a how should be further classified. There is, also, considering they groupof LM I pottery, that found in Room M, inextricablyassociatedwiththe LM II destructionand the LM II vases in the same room. If LM IB, thenit is theonlygroupof thisphase in theMansionand in its surroundsapart fromtwo individualvases in Rooms Ρ and Q which could be yet earlier,and an upper level in part of the S. Corridorwhichis eithera mixed LM IB/LMII deposit or belongsto a veryearlystage of LM II. The odd LM IB sherdoccurredelsewhere but the totalis remarkably small. From the above account,it will be clear that the levelsin the S. Corridorprovidethe The main evidence for the MM IIIB/LM IA sequence, but theirvalue is circumscribed. narrowarea of the corridorhad been disturbedby the foundationtrenchfortheMansion, later by a pit dug to rob the upper coursesof the S. wall of the Mansion,and finallyby Evans's test trenchwhich removed a considerablepart of the contentsof the corridor. Added to this,the originalsteep slope of the passage and the piecemealway in whichthe link between the deposits had to be dug means that there is very little stratigraphical In of the levels as some E. W. of line. in the with the section those practice, deposits part excavatedturnedout to containtoo littlepotteryto be useful,and othershave cross-joins though they were thoughtto be distinct,suggestingthat they were eitherstages in the dumpingof one deposit or had been disturbedlater.So, stylisticcriteriahas to be used to evidence.Consequentlyit could be held thatin some respects supplementthestratigraphical the main contributionof the mass of potteryfoundin theCorridorlies in providinga large depositsin the future. rangeof shapesand typeswhichwillaid studyof contemporary However,some valid sequence appears to be recoverable,particularlythe earliestand lateststages. The earliest,in the E. part of the Corridor,consistsof a small depositabove the rock, which,in theregionof thecrosswall mentionedabove,containeda fewwholevases and ran underthiswall (Stage 1). It may be a destructionor abandonmentdepositbut,apartfrom

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the vases, it is too small to be definableand, in practice,turnedout to be similarto the contentsof the fillabove (Stage 4). This also containeda considerablenumberof restorable vases, the resultperhapsof the same event,thoughtheyhad been broughtfromelsewhere. Withall this uncertainty,the potteryfromStages 1 to 4 will be treatedas a singleunit, thoughit has been left possible forthe readerto isolate the vases of the earliestStage 1, which are referredto in illustrationand catalogue as belongingto level 44, the original digginglevel. Duringstudy,the LM I levelsat the E. end above these earlierdepositswere foundto have sufficientcrossjoins to invalidateany distinction,so they have been amalgamated stageas (called levels 17 and 39). It remainsa possibilitythat theyincludean intermediate well as a considerableamountof thelateststage. clearestin the deposits to the W., near thejog in the This latest stage is stylistically Corridor,whichmay have accumulatedafterthe passagewayhad been blockedand levelled duringexcavationin what was clearlyaccumu(Stage 4). Severallevelswere distinguished lated debris.Unfortunately the earliest(F) and the latestLM IA levels (C) containedlittle pottery.Only the intermediatedepositswerelargeenoughto be of value and theyappeared to be stylistically homogeneous.So, again,theyhave been put togetherand treatedas a unit, thoughdistinctionbetween them has been retainedin illustration- levels F, Ε and D in chronologicalsequence. Characteristics Earlierstage(PLATES 128-9, 132a-c, 141-2, 144-5) The lowerlevelsin the S. Corridorconsisted,as has been statedabove, largelyof whole or restorablepots suggesting theymay representdestructionor abandonmentmaterial,partly in situ but mostlybroughtin as fillfromelsewhere.The few decoratedsherdsof interest, remainingafterrestorationof the vases are illustratedat PLATE 133a and they present a problem. Four at least are of outstandingquality and of types presentneitherin the restoredvases nor in otherdepositsthoughtto be contemporary;two belong to the same cup decoratedwith reeds, a third,also a cup, has a well painted foliateband, while the fourthwithsacralivy comes froma closed vessel.These are eitherfromoutstandingvases The latterseemsthemorelikely whichare atypicalin theirdecoration,or theyare intrusive. from level none the lowest as comes (44), and theywillbe omitted explanation,especially fromthe account which followsand which will concentrateon the whole vases, mostly in drawing,numbering nearlya cups, and those capable of restorationor of reconstruction hundred. The cups withhandlesfall into two maincatagories,theglobularand the straight-sided. Both types usually have solid-paintedinteriorsand straphandles of a distinctiveshape, PLATE 141 illustratesthe variationswithina basicallyglobularform; somewhatfish-tailed. most have a markedlyevertedlip, thoughsome approachthe tea-cupprofilewithalmost undifferentiated lip and less curvedsides (14-16) - especiallythosewhoselip onlyhas been dipped in paint. Nos. 11-13, witha ridgeat the lip may reflectmetalprototypes;to their usual rippledesignmay perhapsbe added an example withlatticepattern,3PLATE 137a, to a solid darkwash 3rd row. Apart fromthe tea-cupvariety,decorationis largelyrestricted withrunningspiralsor a simpledesignin applied white,or to ripplepatternwhichhas the occasionalline of whiteadded over the bands. To thesemaybe added a fewsherdspresent in mostdepositswhichhavespiralsin dark-on-light, eitherof theretortedkindor thosewith

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disk centres,PLATES 137 and 139. The polychromevase, PLATE 141,1, withrosettes, wavybandsand intricateloops on thelip, is presumablyan earliersurvival.4 The more straight-sided shape, PLATE 142, with the same type of straphandle,has sides and an undifferentiated flaring lip; a few examples are deep enough to be called tumblers(10-11). The Vaphio version(12-14) witha markedmidriband occasionalclay 'rivet'on thehandle,seemsonlyto carryripplepattern,withwhitepaintsometimesapplied on the bands and on the handle,and, exceptionallyused fora band on theinteriorwhichis otherwisesolid-painted;theirbases are usually decoratedwith a coarse largespiral.5The cups withan over-alldarkwashmaybe decoratedwithsimplepatternsof multiplefestoons, wavylines and diagonalstrokes,to whichwe may add the unusual circlesor loops on nos. 10-11. The handlelesscups, PLATE 144, rangein shape fromthe shallowconicalto the ogival, the most distinctivebeing those with a ledged rim (1-7), to which lug handles may be added on thelargerversion(7 and 23). These cups maybe leftplain,paintedover-allor have only theirrimsdipped in paint. On the coated vases the paint more oftentendsto be red ratherthan black in shade. Decorationis rare- ripplepattern,splashand trickle,or simple festoonsand diagonalstrokes.A few conical cups withrunningspiralsin dark-on-light may belong to thisstagethoughtheyappear later,6as too does the open roundedversionwith whitefestoonsat therim(19). Bowls are mostlyof the kind illustratedat PLATE 145,4, within-and-outdesignsof bands, sometimeswith solid disks,wavy lines or ripple pattern.The largerversionwith splayingsides (3, 5-6) may be the predecessorof the type witha more cylindricalstem, sometimescalled 'fruitstands'whichoccurin thelaterstage. No doubt the usual range of jug shapes is present,includingthatwithbeak spout to whichbody sherdswithrunningspiralsin dark-on-light may well belong.7A veryfewfragmentsseem to be presentwithsome formof floraldesign.8The onlyrestorableshapeswere the traditionaltrough-spouted jug withbaskethandles,PLATE 145,1, in thiscase decorated withripple,and the small amphorawithhandlesat therim,PLATE 145,2, carrying a frieze of interlocking 4S' patternwithwhitepaint added to them,to the rimand on some of the bands. As has been stated,the largerand coarservasesweretoo fragmentary to be veryhelpful it is that dribble clear included much wash-coated wares, though they patternand some and are the decoration. most light-on-dark frequentshapes, Storagejars amphoras probably whilenearlyall thecoarsered wareappearsto belongto tripodcookingpots. More generalcharacteristics thisfromthelaterphase havebeen helpfulin distinguishing outlinedearlieron in thissection. Laterstage (PLATES 130-1, 134-6, 138, 143) The late depositsin the S. Corridorwere much morefragmentary thanthe earlierones and farless could be restored,but some compensationis to be foundin thehigherproportionof decoratedwares.The fillof the N. Platformappearsto be of muchthesame characterbut withless decoratedpottery. The basic shapes of handledcup, PLATE 143,1-5, continueinto thisstage,thoughit seemslikelythat the globularversionsare now much morepopularwhilethestraight-sided type is generallyrathercylindrical,with relativelyfew survivorsof the Vaphio form.On both main shapes the runningspiral in dark-on-light is the preferreddesignin both its retortedand its central disk versions,the formerbeing betterrepresented.It is closely

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followedby cups withreedpattern,some straight-sided, PLATE 13 le, with,no doubt,some of the tea-cupshape to judge fromdepositselsewhere,9thoughthehandlelessogivalversion, PLATE 131i, is likely to be the regularform.Some straight-sided and globularcups with and now a others have with ripplepatternsurvive, by veryfineoverallmottle, appeared PLATE 136a, and witha foliateband. The last patternappearsalso on a fineexample of Vaphio shape, PLATE 143,5, a formlittle in evidence but representedby anotherfragmentaryvase decoratedwithlinkedspirals,PLATE 136c; last. Of the handlelesscups, manyof the earliertypesare stillcurrent,thoughthose witha ledgedrimare rapidlyfallingout of favour.On some of the ogivalcups thereis a tendency to prolongthe base into a small pedestal,PLATE 143,11, and this is also to be seen in decorated examples, one of which has a crinkledrim,PLATE 143,3, 6 and 9: designs attestedare reed, spiralsand, forthe firsttime,conglomeratepatternwithcarefullyapplied white,emphasizingthe designand relievingthemonotonyof thebands,PLATE 143,9. A few in-and-outbowls surviveand are now joined by a deeper formwithsmalllug handles at the rim,one havinga double spiral band, PLATE 143,8; on another,a rather differentlipless version,with spiral band, PLATE 143,7, no handle is preserved.The example with white festoons,and probablya small pouringspout, may well be contemPLATE 143,10. The largerbowl with tall pedestalbase, poraryand not merelya survivor, the so-calledfruitstand,is now attested,and exampleshave spirals,and, seemingly,ripple on the upper rim,10PLATES 143,14 and 134,b; first.The smallmonochrometripodbowl, PLATE 143,13, is also presentbut it occurstoo in the earlierdeposits. The fragmentary jug withapplied whitereeds,PLATE 131a, could well be a hangover since thispatternin dark-on-light is now firmly establishedboth on thisshape and on larger jars, PLATES 131g and 135b. On otherclosed vases, spirals(PLATE 130f- g), some ripple designsmaynow pattern,'sacral ivy',mottle,trickleand splashare foundbut light-on-dark be largelyanachronisms. The smallplain 'milkjugs' are certainlycurrentand may turnout to be one of the typevasesforthisphase,PLATE 143,15-7. There are some obvious gaps in the material,noticeablya scarcityof Vaphio cups with spiral decoration,and of globularcups withfoliateband and withleaf designs.11For suppotteryfrom plementarymaterialwe maylook to the 'mixed' LM IA levelsand unstratified of theirdate. theS. Corridorand fromelsewhere,not forgetting theuncertainty These supply two furtherinstancesof Vaphio cups with spirals,one havinga double spiralband painted in a distinctivemannerwhich can be recognisedon othercups from Knossos,12PLATE 133c, first.Severalcups withfoliateband can be added to the LM IA examples at PLATES 133a and 134b, from the N. Platform,PLATE 138b, and from randomsherds,PLATE 146b, but some at least could be LM IB, as too could otherswitha band of leaves or buds, PLATE 146a. In a rathermore secureLM IA contextare sherdsof two cups, the one anticipatingthe ivy-leafpainterof LM IB, PLATE 133d; last, who is PLATE 134d: the himselfrepresentedby an unstratified sherdalso fromtheS. Corridor,13 other is most unusual with its decoration of alternatingversionsof differingrosettes, PLATE 132d. Also noticeablyrareare truefloraldesignson closed shapes. Neitherof two instancesof thevetchare in entirelysecurecontexts,PLATES 138a, d, and 132e, and of the few cases of the ivy leaf, PLATES 136a, and 146b, only one is certainlyLM IA. And, althoughclosed shapes are not well representedin the deposits,more instancesof foliage mightbe expectedotherthanthereed,PLATE 135a, and sacralivy,PLATE 139b, Panearly deposit. materialadds littleto therangeavailablefromthe 'pure' Otherwise,thissupplementary

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deposits.In general,the evidenceagain points to the veryrestrictedrepertoireof patterns used at Knossosin LM IA.14 regularly Classification The authorhas discussedelsewherethe problemof definingat Knossos what Evans consideredto be MM IIIB and what earlyLM IA, and no firmconclusionwas reached.15The earlier deposits consideredhere fall into this ambiguousstage. Their potteryappears to contain certainfeatureswhich Evans consideredMM IIIB - the light-on-dark spiralcups fromthe Room of the Tripod Vases - and theripplecups of Vaphio shapewhichhe called LM IA in the Magazine of the Tripod.16For thisreason,theseearlierdepositshave been classifiedhere as MM IIIB/LM IA, to expresscontinuingindecision,ratherthan to suggest thattheybelongto a transitional stage. Much the same difficulty has been encounteredelsewhereby otherscholars.At Mallia, for instance,our earlierdeposits resembleMaison E, level II, which Pelon also leaves indecisivelyas MM III/LM IA, thoughours also containfeaturesof his level IIIA whichhe classifiesas LM IA.17 The later deposits in the UnexploredMansion are withoutdoubt LM IA in Evans's and theywould probablyhave been allocatedby himto the 'mature'stageas classification, exemplifiedby the GypsadhesWell deposit and by the fill below the E- W Stairsof the Domestic Quartersof the Palace.18Both groupscontainmanyof the featuresof our later deposits in the S. Corridorand may with some confidencebe used as supplementary materialforthisstage.19 LMIB There was no LM IB level withintheMansionand onlyone possibleLM IB depositoutside, in theS. Corridor,whichis eithermixedwithLM II or represents a veryearlystageof LM II It contains of 124athree which mustbe LM II (PLATE d). fragments kylikes, by definition and c and or a mottle with of a sherds (PLATE 124b, left) cup bowl, possibly jug withscale which should to the same the pattern, belong phase (PLATE 124d). However, cup and bowl sherdsfromthis deposit on PLATE 124 right,and severalof the otherpieces on PLATE 124d are LM IB in type,as too are the fragments of a largejar withmarinedecorationat PLATE 124a. EitherLM IB typedecorationpersistedstrongly into theearlystageof LM II, as the kylixwitha marinestylesuggests,or the depositis a mixed one eitherin its depositionor in containingvasesof different use. phasesin contemporary Of course,earliervasesmaysurviveinto subsequentperiods.The jug Ρ 109, PLATE 61c, is an example of this,probablybeingof LM IB manufacture; so, too, in thecase of some of the storagejars in Rooms M and P. Also, the largejar paintedin a manneranticipating the LM II Palace Style (PLATE 71) fromRoom Ρ mustbe earlierthanitsLM II context.In this instancealone in the Mansionit was accompaniedby a considerablenumberof othervases, mainlysmalljugs and cups, whichare also earlierthan LM II. The problemof thismixed LM II and LM I deposit in Room M is discussedin the archaeologicalaccount. Since the earliervases were foundin a secureLM II context,theyare includedin the LM II pottery sectionas 'hangovers'. Apart fromthese instances,LM IB is representedonly by rare,individualand isolated sherds,eg. PLATES 96 bottom left, 119 bottom right,134 centreleft, 138d right,and 146c-d.

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THE LM II POTTERY The contexts In all, some 140 finedecoratedvases,intactor capable of restoration, wererecoveredin the Mansion,and withthesewas founda wide rangeof storagevesselsand kitchenware,not to mentiontheplain,commonvesselsof everydayuse. Althoughindividualfindsfromelsewhereshow that the decoratedvases do not fully cover the LM II repetoire,we can be reasonablycertainthat the contentsof the Mansion provideus withat least a typicalcollectionof the vases in use, and sometimesmuchmore thanthis. The value of thepotterydepositsfromtheMansionis therefore obvious.Severalfurther from a enhance their factors,moreover, fairlysmall group from a importance.Apart destructionat Mallia - and its date has been disputed- our knowledgeso farof LM II has been based almost exclusivelyon tomb findswhichare inevitablyrestrictedin rangeand, Even so, thenew findsmighthave because of theirpurpose,unlikelyto be representative.20 in Crete, had onlya limitedregionalvalue wereit not that,followingtheLM IB destructions the Island as a whole seems to have abandoned much of its previouslocal traditionsin pottery,adopted thatof Knossos as its model and importedmanyof itsvasesduringLM II and at least to the end of LM IIIA I.21 This in turnmeans thattheKnossiansequenceand itsattendantchronologyhave at thisstagean islandwideapplicationand importance. The circumstances in whichthe variousdepositsoccurredhave been describedin detail in the section dealing with the excavation. It may, however,be useful to give a more summaryaccount as a backgroundto the considerationof vase typesand theiruse, which follows. Nearlyall the vases come fromRoom H (the PillarHall) Corridor(L) and threeof the storeroomsimmediatelysouthof it (Μ, Ν and P). The mostextensivedepositwas contained in Room P, whichproducedsome 80 of the registeredvases: largestoragejars wereranged along the back walls whilea considerablequantityof finepottery,mostlykylikesand cups, lay smashedin a heap nearerthe centre,thelatterpresumablyfallenfromshelves.Some of these vases may have originatedfromthe upper floor,but basically this is a large floor deposit. Such, too, is the natureof the depositin Room N, a cupboardunderthestairway,but its range of vases is different and, in particular,lacks any large storagevessels.Room M containeda much smallerfloordeposit: most of its pots lay highup in the debris,having fallenwiththe collapse of theupperfloor.Some of thepots in thisroompresenta problem in thattheydifferfromthe vases foundelsewherein the destruction, and in some cases are LM II: earlier In L threeclustersof than these will be treated Corridor clearly separately. smashedvases lay on the floor,one at theextremewestend, anotheragainstthepartywall betweenRooms Ν and M, and a thirdopposite the entryto the stairs(O). The last,a small group,may representvases basicallyin situ,rangedalong the wall. The originof theother two groupsis less clear.The westend of thecorridoris an enclosurewhichwould have been suitableforstorageand shelving,and thismaywell be the explanationof the depositfound there.The centralgroupis more problematicin thatit straddlesthe widthof thecorridor, containspots which are not entireand adjoins vases which must have fallenfromabove sinceotherpartsof themwerefoundin adjacentrooms. In PillarHall (H), only two vases clearlylay smashedon the floorand possiblyin situ: most of its many fine and decoratedvases have been reconstructedfromsherdsfoundin

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levels in the massivestone fall and the destructiondebriswhichfilledthe many different room and had spreadinto thestairwaynorthof it (J/K).These vases,and otherswhichwere in theroomabove thehall. musthave been lodged originally onlypartiallypreserved, LM II pottery,stratigraphically earlierthan the destruction, is mostlyveryfragmentary a the of below east the Pillar Hall, includedsome largefragthough deposit stairway(G) A considerablequantityof pre-destruction ments and one vase capable of restoration.22 sherdswas containedin thesuccessiveash levelsin thePillarHall to whichcan be added the fillof two pits below them: fewersherdscame froma similarpit and the floormake-upin Room D.23 Additionalgroupswere found in the ash depositin the N. Corridorand in a rubbishpit on the N. Platform.24Finallya smalllot was recoveredfroma level in the S. Corridor,of interestin thatit mayrepresenta veryearlystageof LM II.25 Withthe exceptionof the last group,the authoris unable to distinguish anyreal differLM II pottery:indeed,in a fewinstances ence betweenthe destructionand pre-destruction the same paintermay be discernedat workin both stages.It seems best, therefore, while on and destruction conclusions the main, deposits,to basinggeneral clearlycontemporary, considerall the LM II materialtogether,leavingit possible foranyonewishingto separate the two stagesto be able to do so withthe aid of theillustrations, roomlistsand remarksin theexcavationaccount. In the account of the potterywhichfollows,threebroad divisionshave been adopted, finewares,kitchenwaresand storagevessels,thoughthe distinctionis occasionallyarbitrary. Withineach type of vase, the decoratedpots, where they exist, are generallyconsidered first,followedby monochromeand plain ones, thoughoccasionallytheyhavebeen treated togetherwhentheirshapesare identical. FINE WARES, PLAIN AND DECORATED Cups The occupantsof the Mansionpreferred, it seems,thenewlyintroducedkylixto thecup as a decorateddrinkingvessel,but, thoughtemporarily eclipsed in its traditionalrole,thecup stillattractedin LM II some of the bestand mostvarieddesigns,and it continuedto hold its own numerically in plain and monochromewares.26 Decorated in general Withveryfew exceptions,the decoratedvases conformto threetypes,differing by the additionor absenceof a handle. shapeand distinguished One-handled By farthe most popular is a wide mouthedversionwithroundedbody and a pronounced and evertedlip whichis slightlycantedupwardand pulled out into a smallpouringspout at rightangles to the handle; this handle, curvingfrommid body to lip, is of the roll type, PLATES 50, 147,1,3-4,6-10, 156,7 and 157a-b. Size varieslittle,the lip diameterbeing usuallybetween14 to 15 cm and theheightfrom8 to 9 cm. The same shapeis used, too, for most of the monochromeone-handledcups thoughsome are occasionallydeeperand more rounded(PLATES 160,1 and 81a) but not as markedlyso as the LM I versionfromwhich both decoratedand monochromeclearlyevolved. There is a furtherdevelopmentlater,in LM ΠΙΑ 1, when the body becomessomewhat shallower,the lip distinctlyshorterand witha clean cut, more horizontal,profilewhile a

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straphandle is uniformly adopted in place of the roll type.27This versionmusthave been when the Mansion was destroyedsince two transitional vases were presentin its evolving PLATES and 51a and and 4.28 contents, 156,2 f, The decorativescheme on the usual LM II versionsis fairlystandard:a lip band with, below, the main decorativefrieze,thena groupof bands,nearlyalways threein number, with a deeper band around the foot,occasionallyjoined by a thinnerband above it. The handle position is usually enclosed withina loop whichstartsfromthe lip band, and the handle itselfis decoratedwith bars or blobs, PLATE 157a- b; the interioris almost invariablypaintedallover. The varietyof decorativemotivesmay be judged fromthe factthatof the twelveintact vases only fourcarrysimilarbut not identicaldesigns(two withfestoonsand two withnetwork), and these examples by no means exhaustthe fullrangeof motivesand theirvariations in the Mansion. Nor, takingwhole pots and sherdstogether,does any order of preferencein decorationemerge,thoughit is possible that the alternatingfloralscroll,the iriszig-zagand networkpatternare amongthemostfrequentwhilespiralsareveryfew.29 Othermotives,apart fromthese,foundon wholepots and sherds,includereedpattern, the chain of flowers,floralspraysand hooks, trellisand mottle.There are indicationsthat amongthosedepictingfloralsprayssome outstanding painterswereat work.30 One decoratedcup of thisgeneraltypemay be a hangoverfromLM I, PLATE 148,1, since its patternof leavesor buds,withoutclearparallel,is less sophisticatedthanthe others and thecup itselfis ratherdeeperthanusual. It may be more convenientto considerthe few otherexceptionalcups withhandles, which differfromthe normalversion,before turningto the othermain decoratedtypes, both of whichare handleless. One pleasingvariation,attestedby a singleexample,is much shallowerand has a wishbone handle,PLATES 51e and 147,5; its designdiffers onlyinhavinga continuoussequence of bands at thebase. Similarhandlesoccuron two vases of differing forms,one a miniature, PLATE 89f, the otherplain. Anothervariety,again representedby only one example,is shallowerthanusual, lacks a differentiated lip and has adopted the straphandle,PLATES 51b and 148,2. Its mottlepattern,interrupted by a row of lunateson eitherface,is found on anotherrare form,of whichfourexamplesoccurredin the Mansion;its tea-cupshape looks to be a continuationof a long establishedtype withsome variationin the lip which may be straightor veryslightlyeverted;all have straphandles,PLATES 51c- d, 156,7. A secondexampleof thisshapereplacesthelunateswithrowsof reed amongthemottle,while anotheris contentwithmottlepatternalone. Mottle occurs,too, on a furtherexceptional shape, a shallow cup withstraphandle and a ringfoot,PLATES 79e and 156,6. This last feature,most unusual in Crete,coupled with its generalshape and mottledecorationare featuresunexceptionalon the Mainlandand make it virtuallycertainthat thisand another fromtheMycenaeanrepertoire.31 similarcup are borrowings The one remainingexceptional from of its addition a is vase, apart straphandle, practicallyidenticalto one of thehandleless typesand willbe consideredwiththose. Handleless Both typesof decoratedcups withouthandlescontinuea previoustraditionthoughneither appearsto outliveLM II. The firstis relatedto what have been called 'ogivalcups', a term descriptiveof theirprofilewhichis more emphasizedin LM I (e.g. PLATE 141,5) than in LM II (PLATE 160,8-9).32 Indeed thatat PLATE 79m is likelyto be one of theearlyLM I

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versions,withits largerdimensionsand tricklepattern.The decoratedLM II cups,although much smaller,are identicalin formwiththemonochromeversion,of whichRoom Ρ held a store.When decorated,those in the Mansionare invariablycoveredwithreed patternand usually have a narrowband at the base and lip. The latterextendsover the riminto the exteriorwhichis otherwiseunpaintedapart fromsome splashesor trickle,and a solid disk on the base. They are such a commonfeaturein the Knossos regionfromLM IA on, that but the termis best be called 'reedcups' withoutfurther theymayconveniently description, restricted to the smallerunstemmedversion,PLATES 59d- i and 156,10-12. On the earlierLM IA cups, thereedsare usuallythinlypaintedwiththeleavesspringing froma main stem and taperingto a fine point (PLATES 132d top; 136c). A few of the LM II cups retainthese features(PLATE 151,10) but on most the leaves are paintedwith thickbrush strokes,arrangedless strictly,and are sometimescarelesslyexecuted and even ugly(PLATES 90c-d and 151,11-12).33 The second handlelessand decoratedshape deservesthe descriptiongobletor 'stemmed cup' in thatits somewhatroundedbowl,witha markedlyevertedlip, tapersto an elongated solid stemwhichusuallyterminatesin a mouldingaround the base, PLATES 151,7-9 and 156,10. In a more rounded form,it can be tracedback at least as faras LM IA (PLATE 143,3), and it, too, does not appearto surviveinto LM IIIA. Once exceptionalexamplewith straphandle has alreadybeen mentioned,PLATES 51g and 156,11, and unlikethe othersit has a hole pierced in the base. It may belong to a differenttradition,the 'flower-pot' All are plain insideapart froma lip band and the occasionalsplash,and onlyone rhyton.34 is not banded on the stem.Two carryreed decoration,one alternating scrollsand theother a leafband,PLATE 51h-k. Blob cup Anotherclass, which should perhapsbe included here, are the 'blob' cups, thoughtheir In fact,theyare not decoratedwiththebrushbut have been decorationis of thesimplest.35 held by the hamdie and each side of the vase thendipped into a dishof paint: thecup was then set uprightand the wet paint, whichformsa roughsemicircleinsideand out, often dribbleddown the sides.It is somewhatsurprising to findthemin the destructionsincethey to no had previouslybeen generallyassumedto be an LM III feature.36They are restricted standardshape,thoughall have a handle: therangeis givenat PLATES 79b- d and 160,2-3, which,noticeably,includeno example of thenormaldeep and side-spoutedform,although one, foundin a basicallyLM IIIA 1 depositcould well be a hangoverfromLM II.37 Lip-bandcups The lip-bandcup of tea-cupshape, so long establishedas a Cretan feature,is seemingly absentfromthe deposits,and mayhave been replacedby theblob cup, themainpurposein both cases being,perhaps,to coverwithpaint the places whichwould come into contact withthe drinker'slips.38 The handlelessversion,a more roundedvarietyof the conical cup, whose lip has been dipped in paint,is also almostextinct,therebeingveryfewdefiniteinstancesof it,PLATES 80b, bottomrow,and 791.39 Monochrome Nearly all the solid-paintedcups belong to the two categoriesdiscussedabove when conthe normaldeep cup withroll handle and small side sideringtheirdecoratedcounterparts,

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spout, and the handlelesstype equivalentto the 'reed cups', PLATES 79a and j- k.40The lattershow some slightvariationin size (see PLATE 80b 1st and 2nd rows),and moreso in the formof theirlip whichmaybe distinctly evertedor mergeinto thecontourof thebody PLATE and 160,7 (compare 9). Fabric and paint,too, varyconsiderablydependingon the degreeof firing.The better baked may be of hard fabricwitha smoothblack to red-brownglaze, somewhatlustrous thoughit has a tendencyto flakeoff: the clay of thoseless well firedis oftengreenishand rathersoft,whilethepaintis fugitive and, in some cases,hardlydiscernible. It is thisfeaturewhichraisesdoubt about whichof the othercups maybe monochrome, thoughthe numbersin questionare in any case veryfew,perhapsno morethantwo,which are both of the shallow,strap-handled shape,PLATES 160,6: 79f: 80a 2nd row,last. Plain Conical The ubiquitous Minoan plain conical cup clearly retained its position in LM II in the is Mansion thoughnumbersare hard to estimate.Since this cup, whole or fragmentary, of indestructible because its base and lower thick walls,onlyby restoring heavy practically all those in each deposit (a formidabletask) would it be possibleto distinguish thosein use fromlarge fragments to the fill. a As ones belonging compromise,only nearlyor wholly were LM II as the to to destruction. complete kept beinglikely belong Nearly70 such cups werekept fromRooms L, Μ, Ν and Ρ combined,and it is likelythatthenumbersshouldbe at least doubled to givea nearrealisticfigureforthisregion.41 Typical LM II examples are illustratedat PLATE 161,1-4. In generaltheyare taller are slight: than theirLM IA counterpartsand rathermore carefullymade, but differences LM ΠΙΑ wider PLATES in when successors tend to have a their mouth, 176,1-3 so, too, and 16-7. However,considerablevariationmust be expected betweenindividualcups in sucha massmanufactured product. The conical cup was put to varioususes. Some servedas lamps,as is shownby theburning on theirrims(PLATE 117d, a mixedLM II and IIIA 1 lot): otherscontainedpigment:42 a fewhave been piercedat thebase, and a hole neartherimis also attested.43 It is possible that a few earlierplain typessurvivedincludingthe tea-cupshapewithout handle of whicha singleexampleis recordedfromRoom N, PLATE 81b top row,centre: morewere foundin the adjacentRoom M, whereLM I 'contagion'is obvious.Only in this room, where 23 are recorded,is theredefiniteevidenceforthe survivalof the tall conical versionwithledged rim,PLATE 163,4, except for the curious'incensecup' withlid, from Room P, discussedbelow. Two shallow cups with flaringrim were found built into the parapetadjacent to the S. door into Room H, but these are likelyto belong to the LM IA stageof construction44 (H 108-9, illustratedin the Room Catalogue). One-handled The nine or so plain cups with handles are a remarkablysmallnumberin such extensive stores.45Clearlyin LM II the decoratedor monochromevaseswerepreferred. Like theblob in from roll to a that the with handle broaderand cups, theyrange shape resembling tea-cup shallowertypewithstraphandle,thelatterrecallingthe one-handledkylixshornof its stem, PLATES 160,4-5 and 79g-i. There are threeexceptionalvases,each attestedby only one example.Two sharea deep, roundedbody witha markedlyoffsetlip but differin theirhandlesand fabric;one, having

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a wishbonehandle,is made of a greywarewhichrecallsGreyMinyan,PLATES 84b- c and 161,6, the otherof normalfabric,witha lightlyburnishedexterior,has two handleswhich arch well above the rim,PLATES 84d and 161,5. The remaining cup is also a kantharosbut its body resemblesthat of thedecoratedstemmedcups,PLATES 82h and 160,10. All three are withoutparallels,and seem to haveno successors. Others 'Incensecup' withlid. Among the LM II storesin Room Ρ was included the conical cup and lid at PLATE 162,3. The tallness,and ledged lip, of the cup belong to a commonLM I form,but in this instance two miniaturehandles have been added, under each of which slots have been excised; the vase appears to have been paintedmonochrome.The shallowlid withits small lugs at the rim has a solid clay hemispherein its centre,and its lip appearsto have been dipped in paint. The perforationsand the dome on the lid link it withothervases which have been termedincenseburners.It has a close parallelfromHogarth'sHouses at Knossos, withouta firmchronologicalcontext.46 unfortunately, Hangovers Room M containeda considerablenumberof cups of typesclearlyearlierthan LM II and which are absent fromthe otherstores of pottery.This problem,whichconcernsjugs as well,is discussedelsewhere.47 A selectionof thesecups, whichdiffernot only in shape but sometimesin fabricand paint too, is illustratedat PLATE 163,4-8, 11 and 13. They includeplain conicalcups of the tall and ledgedversion(PLATE 163,4), the tea-cupshape but withouthandle(PLATE 80b bottom,centre),and the roundedform,also withouthandle,whichoccursas wellin a monochromeversion(PLATE 102i). It is likelythat the largerogivalcup with dipped rim also belongs with this earliergroup of vases (PLATE 79m). In additionthe monochrome vases includeflaringcups withcrinkledrim,the smallertripodversionand the one-handled cup, whichresemblesthe normalmonochrometype currentin LM II in its rollhandleand smallpouringspout but is rathercoarserin fabricand paint and has a moreroundedbody (PLATE 163,5-8 and 11). Parallelsto many of thesewill be foundin the LM IA deposits thoughtheycould well persistinto LM IB. Equally out of contextare two typesof decorated cup withrunningspirals,the one in dark-on-light,the otherin light-on-dark (PLATE 100c-e).48 Bowls The decoratedbowl occurs ratherless frequentlyin the Mansionthan the decoratedcup which it resemblesin generalshape and in methodand type of decoration,49eg PLATES 52-3 and 148, 5-8. It differsof course in beinglarger,withan averagerim diameterof 17-8 cm and heightof 12 cm, and in havingtwo horizontalhandlesjust below therim,but its generalcontouris similar,witha ratherroundedupperbody becomingsomewhatconcical towardsthe base,and it sharesthesamepronouncedlip as thecup. The systemofdecoration, too, is similar;a lip band with the main decorativezone below, then a group of bands, usually threein number,with a furtherband around the foot. Bowls differ,however,in havinga plain interiorapart froma lip band and a painteddisk at the base, PLATE 156, 13-14. The bottomsof thehandlestumpsare usuallyoutlinedand linkedby a wavedband, somewhatresemblingupturnedwhiskers,witha fewshortwavesoccasionallyadded below, PLATE 157g.

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scrolls,reed, They share many of the motiveswhichappear on cups, withalternating festoonsand the row of irisbuds wellin evidence.50In depictionsof thelast motivethereis in a different noticeablevariationin the irisbud, a themewhichthe cup painterspreferred 'V or in but a it not zig-zagdesign.51To these horizontally upright arrangement, placing motivesshould be added network,runningspirals,the 'S' chain, wavy lines and the lily flower,the last an unusuallyimaginativedesign.52Curiously,the iriszig-zagappearsto be absentin theMansionthoughit was certainlyemployed,as we knowfromelsewhere.53 A bowl similarin shape to theseseems to have evolvedin LM IB, thoughits frequency in LM II may be a new feature.54It almostdrops out of therepetoireas a decoratedshape in LM IIIA 1 and does not returnto favouruntillate in IIIA and, moreso, in IIIB. Like the cup, the decoratedbowl has so farnot been foundin any LM II burialat Knossos.55 The equivalentplain or monochromebowl, with the exceptionsmentionedbelow, is absent in the Mansion: this is particularlynoticeable in the case of the distinctivestraphandled shallow versionwhich is frequentin earlyLM IIIA and continuesinto IIIB, so it featureof the later probably evolved after LM II and may be a useful distinguishing deposits.56 Exceptionallythereis one deep bowl decorated in blob technique57(PLATE 161,8); one undecoratedwithtwo smalllugs in place of handles(PLATE 85f) and another,larger and plain,withtroughspoutand threehandles(PLATES 161,7 and 84e). The smallversionwithouthandle,plain and monochrome,whichis sometimescalled a bowl and is presentin quantity,has been consideredabove as a cup. The standedbowl,PLATES 66c and 158,8 This finelydecoratedlargevase, in shape a globularbowl on a ringfoot or shortstand,is unique. Its groovedlip suggestsit may have been intendedto have a lid; The shape recalls to as 'sponge-holders',but their earlierLM bowls on a higherstand,whichare oftenreferred holes in thebase, are absent.58 essentialfeature,a seriesof perforated PLATES 82i and 160,12 Bowl/kylix, This strangehybrid,a mixtureof a shallowtwo-handledbowl and a kylix,seems to have been an experimentquicklyabandoned;at leastno otherlaterexamplesare known.In sherd formit can be recognisedby its banded interior;otherwiseit is unpaintedbut forits foot. Only two exampleswerenotedin theMansion'sdestructiondeposits. Kylikes The short-stemmed kylix, unlike the cup, is an LM II innovationborrowed from the in shape and occasionallyin decorationits counterparton the resembles and Mycenaeans where is it Mainland, usuallycalled a goblet.59 at least, it had ousted the The evidencefromthe Mansion indicatesthat,temporarily in the ascendency the remained vessel in as a decorated drinking though cup cup popularity in itsplainor monochromeversion.60 The decoratedkylix Though varyinggreatlyin size, the shape remainsbasically the same, PLATES 149-50. Diameterand heightare moreor less equal (varyingbetween16 and 9 cm), thebowl is deep and rounded,witha pronouncedevertedlip cantedslightlyupward.The bowl mergesinto a shortstem (occupyingless than a thirdof the heightof the vase), whichservesmore as a

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base thana pedestal;it terminates in a diskfootwhichmay,or maynot,be markedlydifferentiatedfromthe curveof thestemand whoseproportionsvarysomewhataccordingto the size of the vase, no doubt to giveit stability.The undersideof the footis hollowedand the stemis piercedthroughthe centreformost of its length.Two straphandlescurvefromlip to a point usually above the mid point of the bowl. Apart fromoverallsize and the proportionof the foot,the mainvariationis to be foundin the profileof the bowl, most of whichare roundedbut some tendto be conical above thejunctionwiththe stem. There are two mainsystemsof decoration,the 'Ephyraean'type,resembling thaton the Mainlandin that each side is occupied by a singlemotive set in a freefield,thoughthe Cretanpaintersoftencannot suppresstheirseeminglyinnate desire to includesome suba zone or frieze sidiaryfillingdecoration:61the second type is basically circumcurrent, on the with of on and bands stem pattern belly usuallygroups body essentiallythisis cup decorationtransferred to the kylix.On both typesthe footis nearlyalwayspaintedwhereas the interiormay be solid painted,or have a band at the lip and a painted disk at the base with occasionally an intermediateband. The handles are almost always barredand the handle stumpoutlined;sometimesbarsare replacedby blobs and even 'leaves' at eitheredge of the handle, and rarelyon the 'Ephyraean'versionbut often on othersthe handle is enclosedin a loop fromrimto stump.62 On the 'Ephyraean'version,the iriscrossis the most favouredmotivein the Mansion, In essence, a cross withan iris displayedon ten whole vases and on severalfragments.63 flowerin each quadrant,it is representedwithconsiderablevariation,in some instancesthe irisoriginbeingno longerobvious,PLATE 167, motives94-8. Secondaryfillis definitely attestedin onlyone instancewherea circleof dots has been added eitherside of thecross.64 Next in popularityare floralsprayswhich vary considerablyin type, some being so as purelygeometricdesignsindependently constylisedthat theycould well be interpreted PLATE motives their to in more lie the 106-112. ceived, 168, However, originappears naturalisticrepresentation of a diagonallypositionedpapyrusspray consistingof a stem fromwhichspringtwo petals (or leaves) curlingin oppositedirectionswitha centralstamen or flower(motive115).65A variantof this,motive111, replacesthe singlesolid stamenwith a groupof radiatingstamens,and the designis inverted;here,the stemis retainedwithits suggestionof foliagebut it is droppedin motive112, and arc fillis adopted to balance the stamens.66Multiplicationof the curlsof the petals emphasizesthe spiriliform characterof this developed form,so that furtherchange into two linked spiralstwistingin opposite directionsseemsa naturalartisticoutcomein whichsomeversionsretaina floralassociation flowersas fillbetweenthe spirals,motive108, or become essentiallygeometrical byinserting an by using arc fillinstead,motive107.67These are but some of the changesin a process as which,but forthe evidenceof virtualcontemporaneity, mightotherwisebe interpreted a developmentspread over a considerabletime. Apart fromvarious fillingornaments associated closely with the design,such as a dotted circle (motive 115) and an iris bud (motives 110-1), other fill on these vases is rare, exceptionalbeing motive106 withits and pair of irisbuds multipletricurvedarchesand 'V's and 110 withits overheadstreamers added underthehandle.68 Other motivesare representedin small numberswhichmay well not trulyreflectthe quantityin circulationand cannot be used to determineany order of preference,with perhapsone exception,the cloverleaf,whichoccurson threevasesand severalfragments.69 This motiveis essentiallythreesets of multiplearcs arrangedin clover-leaf fashion,usually arounda centraldot; the designis elaboratedby a fillof multiplearcsor 'V's betweenthe

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'leaves' of the clover,but is otherwiseleftin a freefield.The otherfewmotivespresentof the Ephyraeantype comprisetheargonaut,the octopus,therosetteand the clusterof three spirals,the latter(PLATE 92a- b) perhapsrelated to the clover leaf, while motives 105 ('daisy and leaf), 113 (linkedleaves) and 114 (sacralivy)maybe mereoddities.70 The octopus is understandably rare;to the outstandingvase at PLATE 54a- b may be added one sherd.71We mighthave expected more examples of the argonautand of the rosettethan the one example of each kind,but otherfragments are presentin theMansion that the well be cross-hatched as as showing argonaut'sbody may havingradiatinglines,and thatits tentaclesmay have otherfillthan dots, whereasthe rosettemay be further elaborated or leftplain withouta border.72We may relateto the rosettea versionwitha waved line encirclinga centralmotive,73and possibly the fragmentof a very fine kylix witha carefullypaintedfoliateband encirclingsome missingcentralmotive- earlyto judge from its contextand fromits lip whichis unpaintedin thetrueEphyraeanmanner,PLATE 124c 2nd row. No doubt severalother designsare representedin the sherds;one especiallydeserves mentionin that it occurs too in the Mycenaean repertoire,the uprightlily flowerwith distinctive stemenswhichspreadout eitherside of it,paralleland close to thelip.74 Under the same headingof freefielddesignsshould,perhaps,be includedthose vases withdropletsat the rimand a small abbreviatedpatternplaced centrallyon thebody,- a dottedcircle,threearcsor a bud-likedesign,- motives116-8. These are all smallerkylikes, as too is theclearlyrelatedversionwhichlacks the centralpatternbut adds,below the dropletsat therim,an 'S' chain.75 decorationis, by comparison,surprisingly Circumcurrent rare,since this is the main versionwhichis to surviveinto LM ΠΙΑ. There may, however,be more examplesthan are of distinguishing rimsherds obvioussince some allowanceshould be made forthe difficulty of thistypefromthoseof cups whichtheycloselyresemble. Again, numbersare too small to determinepreferenceand, althoughthere are three whole pots in the deposits with a zone of alternating sprayas comparedwith one having it is and were that runningspirals, possible, probable, they equally popular. In both cases, the decorativefriezemay be framed,and supplemented,withbands or theymay be left, lookingratherill at ease, in a freefield.76 Othereven rarertypesof runningdecorationbetraytheirindebtednessto cups and have no successors,- the festoonwitharc fillon twinvases,therelatedthoughdiffering dotted loops, and the double foliateband.77Othercup patternsmay well be present.One would expect the iriszig-zagof whichtheremaybe one instance.78The ivy-likedesignon one fragmentis a surprise.79 Non-circumcurrent designs,such as the seeminglyunique and not very successful on that at PLATE 104b, are very few. Surfacepatterns,networkin triangularpattern be particular,may present;80one type deservesspecial attentionin thatit seemsto be one of the hallmarksof LM II and morepopularthanthe one somewhatatypicalwhole example would suggest,PLATE 57g; this is the versionwith mottle and wavy line design.From it appearsthat the usual patternis that of a groupof two or threewavylineson fragments each facerunningfromrimto foot (or to a band aroundthe stem),withmottlecoveringthe restof thevase.81 There are, too, the verysimplydecoratedsmallerkylikesalreadymentioned:some have nothingotherthandropletsat therim.82 One vase is outstandingand unique. Found in an early LM II context outside the

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Mansion,it is decoratedwitha marinescene of argonautswhorlshells,rockworkand seaweed, PLATE 124b. The vase has been discussedby the authorelsewherewhereit has been claimedto be amongthe earliest,if not indeed the earliestknownkylix,made at Knossos afterLM IB whilethiskindof marinedesignwas stilla livingtradition.Nothing immediately like it was foundamongthe destructiondepositsin theMansion.83 Comparativematerialis largelyconfinedto Knossos and its area,extendingeastwardsto vases in S. Crete-Phaestos, Ayia Triadha and Mallia; but there are some fragmentary in the West Chania.84 and at Kommos, Theplain and monochromeversions(PLATES 82-3 and 160,11-16) Fewer plain and monochromevases were stored in the Mansion than decoratedones.85 Though similarin overallproportionsof heightto diameter,most are closerto the usual kylixshape in that theyhave a noticeablyshallowerbowl and longerstem,both tendingto be of equal height.They differalso in havinga one handledversion.This one handledform is limitedto plain warewhereit is in themajority,PLATE 160,16, but appearstoo in a rare varietywith painted lip and foot and a solid-paintedinterior,PLATE 160,15, or monoforthelatter. chrome,PLATE 160,13-4, witha preference stem. Like the decoratedvases,all have straphandlesand a hollowedfootwithperforated PLATE 84f is at the of the smaller version: are all exceptional. largeexample nearly They As is trueof thewholerangeof fineLM II pottery,mostare of a fine,hard,bufffabric,but some are greenishyellowin colour and somewhatfriable,presumablytheresultof incorrect firing. Jugs The jugs in the Mansionare, withveryfewexceptions,decoratedand of fineware.The few in shape: it seems as thoughthe plain plain ones are fairlysmall and somewhatdifferent LM IIIA had not established themselves.86 in 1, yet elegantversions,metlater The shapesof the decoratedvases fallinto threewell-defined catagories,all traditionalone the beak-spoutedjug and two open necked versions, usually with troughspout and collaredrim,the otherwithbaskethandlesand bridgedspout. They occurin thatorderof frequency,the beak-spoutedjug being much the most popular, while the basket-handled versionis quicklybecomingobsolete.87 Littlepreferencein decorationforthe individualshapes can be discerned:reedpattern occurs on all three,and spiralson the firsttwo (excludingan obvioushangoverin the third) but alternating sprayspopularon thenormaljug shape are probablyconfinedto it. The beak-spoutedjug is usually markedlypiriformwith neck and spout occupyinga thirdor more of the height,whichtendsto be around25 cm,PLATES 60-1, and 152. The uptiltedopen spout is occasionallyslightlypinched in: thejunction of neck and body is definedby a ledgedmoulding.The handle,whichspringsfromthe shoulderto the top of the neck, is usuallyof the roll variety,ovoid in section,and moulded into thebody of the vase; on more elaborateversionsit may be grooved,have a 'rivet'at the top and a slightly projectingstubat itsbase. Decoration,apartfromthefewglobularexampleswhichprefera largerfield,is confined band above at the to the shoulderor upper half of thevase,withbandsbelow and a further covered sometimes the is and mouth are outlined of and neck: and spout junction body lip withfurtherbands; the handle is usuallybarredand its stuboftenoutlined.Unusually,the decorationof one jug coversthewholebody of thevase,PLATE 152,5.

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Takingwhole vases and largefragments together,the preferredtypesof patternappear to be reed,spiralsand alternating in fewhavingsurface that order,withsurprisingly spray, network Reed and trellis.88 can decoration,exceptionally, patterns, spill over frombody onto the neck.89There was, however,more varietythan thissuggests:fromsherdswe can certainlyadd theiriszig-zag,ivychain,floralhooks,row of irisbuds,festoon,double foliate Below the band and elaboratefloralsprays,and no doubt thereare otherpatternspresent.90 base of the neck and above the main patternsubsidiarydecorationis sometimesadded, a rowof dots or,moreoften,a foliateband.91 The pair of globularjugs, both fragmentary (PLATES 6 If, 94a and 159,1), carrylarge of the their size and versions argonaut,suited to shape, and it is possible that the large with birdsand flowers(PLATE 170e) belongsto an outstandingexample of the fragment sameshape.Two of thebeak-spoutedjugs deservespecialmention.One, PLATE 152,5, is an experimentseeminglyunique, where the painter has adopted the 'Ephyraean' idea of isolatedmotivesbut has mixed his designs,- iriscrosson the front,lilyat the side,and (to avoid too much open space!) has added a few rows of reed eitherside of the handle.The other,fromthe store in Room P, PLATE 61c, is an anachronism,being clearlyLM I in shape,fabricand decoration,and is presumablya survivalprobablyfromLM IB. have a wider The miniatureversions,PLATES 59, j- k, m- n and 93a, not unnaturally, one area of decorationbut are otherwisesimilarapart froma tendencyto be less piriform; vase is distinctlysquat. They seem not to have special significancein so far as theyare distributed the different stores. throughout The collaredjug, PLATES 62a- d and 63a and d, is moreglobularand less standardised in shapeand size. Its collarmaybe fairlyhigh,markedofffromthebody by a mouldingand givena flat ledged rim (eg. PLATE 63a), or body and meek may mergeand the latterbe relativelyshortwitha straightrim(eg. PLATE 153,3). The handle,as on the beak-spouted shape,is generallyplaced verticallyat the back and may have the same variationin shape, but one unusuallylargejug has its handle at the side (PLATE 63a) while a hybridhas version(PLATE 153,3).92 borrowedthe two horizontalside handlesof thebasket-handled The zone of decorationon the shoulderis deeperthanon thebeak-spoutedjug, thebase is similarlybanded, but the neck is usually patterned.Apart fromreed,no preferencein decorationis to be seen; quatrefoil,spirals,lily,ivychain,festoon,foliatechainand perhaps argonautsoccur. One jug is exceptional,PLATES 62a- b and 153,6-7, both in being decoratedoverall and by includinga man apparentlycarrying a spearamongits flowers,fronds,quatrefoiland of humanbeingson LM pottery. net,one of the fewrepresentations The basket-handled jug withbridgespout,PLATES 62e- f,63e and 153,1-2, retainsits traditionalratherglobularform.The two horizontalroll handlesset highon the shoulder rise somewhatabove the rimwhichhas a broad ledged lip, usuallyformedby foldingover therim.The openingforthespoutis piercedbelow therimand the spoutitselfprojectswell beyondthe body. The base turnsout somewhator is givena moulding,no doubtmainlyto aid stability.Decorationcoversall the surfaceof thevase betweenthefootband (or bands) and the band at the lip whichalso outlinesthe spout and itsjunction withthe body; the one havereed handlecarriesblobs or crossbars. Two of the intactjugs and a fragmentary of onto one which extends the is pattern spout, givenpairs diagonalstripes,one is banded while the remainingexampleis no longerlegible.94Withoutthe distinctiverim,sherdsare that not easilyascribedto thisform;even so, theyappearto be extremelyrare,confirming thisversionof thejug is about to become obsolete.

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Theplain vases Two versionswere current,both rare: a small, somewhatdumpyvariationof the beakjug witha round,ratherfunnelledneck spouted shape, and a slightlylarger,morepiriform, which has no obvious predecessor,PLATES 161,10-12 and 85d. They are both replaced laterby larger,moresophisticatedforms.95 Comparativematerialis unusuallyrich. LM II tombs near Knossos and at Katsambas examples provideparallelsforall threemaintypesof decoratedjug, some beingoutstanding surpassingin quality those in the Mansion. Two in particularstand out, of whichone, a collar neckedjug is decoratedwithan alloverdesignof birdsand fish.96The otheruses a similarscheme on the globularversion of the beak-spoutedjug, employingspectacular papyrusflowersof the Palace Style.97Argonautsappear on thisglobularversion,as in the Mansion,and are depicted,too, on the piriformtype, the more usual form.98A baskethandledjug is close to LM IB in its surfacepatternof zig-zags,while a fineexampleof the hybridvarietywithcollarhas argonauts,againclose to LM IB in style.99 Mallia has provideda beak-spoutedvase paintedin an ornatemannersimilarto thaton one of the Mansion'sjugs,whilea finecollarneckedvase of Knossiancharacterhas recently been publishedfromChania.100 Clearlyat thisstagejugs oftenattractedtheattentionof outstanding pottersand painters at Knossos and it seemsthatthe best of theirworkswereoftenkeptas burialofferings. Oddities Ritualjug Though,perhaps,an overusedtermto explain theunusualor unknown,ritualvase is surely justifiedin the case of theelaboratejug, PLATES 60a and 153,8, paintedin front,underits teapot-likespout,witha pair of hornsof consecrationon a possiblealtar,and witha figureof-eightshieldat the back below its ornatehandle.The floatingarc fill,thestylisedpapyrus flowersand theshieldrecallLM IB featuresand togethersuggesta date earlyin LM II.101 'Eye' jug This vase with its elongatedbody, beak spout and 'eye' pellet,and its thickwalls,looks Cycladicin shape and origin,PLATES 163,3 and 67e. The greynessof itsclay maybe due to the destructionand accompanyingfirewhichhas badlyeffaceditspaint,thoughmostof itssimpledecorationis stillvisible. The absence of any close parallelin theCycladesneed not cause concernat thisperiod, but analysisof its clay does, in thatit is indistinguishable in compositionto thatused in CentralCrete.Anotherdisturbing featureis the close resemblanceof its decorationto that on an earlier(LM IB) vase of different shape but also witha taperingbody.102Could it be thatboth are alienor made in Creteby alienpotters? The 'trick' vase The upperpartof a jug withinternalfunneland air-holeat therim,PLATES 87d and 162,5, belongs to a knowntype of trickor joke vase, but is unusual in its fabricwhichis a grey warewithveryfinewallsand polishedexterior.103 Hangovers The decoratedLM I beak-spoutedvase foundin Room Ρ (PLATE 61c) has been discussed above. Otherearlierjugs were amongthe contentsof Room M togetherwithvarioustypes

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of bowls,all of whichmustbe hangovers.The most obvious of theseis thebasket-handled jug at PLATE 163,14 which has been reconstructedin drawingfromthe considerable illustratedat PLATE lOOf.It has an antiquelook evenforLM I, withitslight-onfragments dark decorationof retortedspiralsand the supplementary use of red paint. Two typesof in shape and fabricfromanythingelse foundin the monochromejugs, also, are different Mansion'sdestructiondepositsand should belong to LM I,104PLATES 102f-g and 163,9, as too do a pair of miniaturejugletswithroughlyexecutedrunningspirals,PLATES 102e and 163,12. Possible explanationsfor this isolated earlygroupof vases amongthe LM II depositsis discussedin theexcavationreporton Room M. Amphoras

in a a popular shape as a storagejar, the amphorais littlerepresented Thoughtraditionally smallerfine-ware version.Of the threeexamplesin the Mansion,two are poorlydecorated, perhapsreflectinga lack of interest.One, Ρ 119, withverticalstripesand runningspirals, gains in value in that its stopperis preserved,PLATES 63 and 88d- e. The other,with running'C spiralsunderthe neck and a row of 'leaves' below, could well be a 'hangover' fromLM I, PLATE 159,2. The remainingamphorais much more elegantboth in its shape, with tallerneck and slightlyarchinghandles,and its ratherelaboratedecoration,PLATES 98a and 152,2. We maysuspectthatit is indebtedto a metaloriginalratherthanto itslarger it continuesinto LM III fora whilein yetmoreelegantform.105 clay counterpart; Piriformjars

The piriform jar is remarkableforits absence,apartfroma miniatureversiondecoratedwith floralsprays,PLATE 59p, and one in cookingpot ware,PLATE 85e. Nor is it obviously representedin the sherdmaterial.A similarscarcityhas alreadybeen observedin the later destructiondeposits of the Palace and houses.106This now seems not to be accidental; exceptin itsmuch perhaps,it was a shape preferredforburialsand littleused domestically, largerversion,thePalace Stylejar.107 Palace Style jars

These jars,bestknownfromthePalace and its surrounding houses,have been illustratedand A handsomeadditionto theseis made by the amphora discussedby the authorelsewhere.108 fromthe PillarRoom withits twistingtendrilsof 'sacral ivy',PLATE 68. Apart,however, fromits artisticmerit,the main value of this and the other threerelatedjars is to help establishwhat styleor styleswere alreadycurrentin LM II, a matterleftin doubt by the somewhatlatercontextand the inherentdurabilityof those in the earlyLM ΠΙΑ destructions. This amphorafromthe Pillar Room presentsthe 'naturalism',care in execution and variation in plant formwhich mighthave been anticipatedin LM II. But one of the amphorasfromRoom M, PLATE 70, is a warningagainstassumingan undocumented stylisticdevelopment,since it depictsthe octopus in two ways,in a stillfairlynaturalistic fashionwithsuckerson its tentaclesand also in abbreviatedformwitha balancedarrangementof theunadornedtentacleson eitherside of thebody,in thisresembling ajar fromthe NW Palace area whichmightwell have come fromthe same workshopand whichhas been surmisedto be late in the series.109The argonauts,too, occasionally included on the shoulder,are highlystylised,PLATE 88f. The other,smaller,amphorafromRoom M, PLATE 69, is also fragmentary and has had

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to be restoredto some extent,but withreasonablecertainty.A comparisonbetweentheivy tendrilson one of its faces with those on the Pillar Hall vase immediatelyrevealsthe of its paintingand the slap-dashmannerof its execution,whichis hardlytypical inferiority of thesevases in general.Its maininterestlies in the different scenesit depictson each of its threefaces,ivytendrils,argonautand birdin flightwithfishes.Both it and thepreviousvase showthatthereservedwavybands on theneck are not a necessaryfeature. The remaining jar, also fromRoom M, PLATE 71, is untypicalin shapeand decoration, the latter barelyjustifyingthe termincipientPalace Style.110It has an archaiclook in general,emphasizedby the bands of solid disks around neck and lower body, a feature unexpectedin LM II. Like othervases fromthis room, it could well be a hangoverfrom LMI. There is no evidencethat any othersuchjar was in use at the timeof the destruction, and individualsherdsbelong to vases brokenbeforethatevent.They add little,except to suggestthat the inclusionof 'sandwork',or mottle fill,in the designwas frequentand, perhaps,typicalof theLM II stage.111 Evans consideredthat thesevases werefordisplay,and allottedthemto upperroomsin thePalace. The sameis trueof thosein theMansion. of the Palace Style appear on only two othervases,of different Characteristics shape,a Ρ with ornate birds and and on a from Room tub fragmentary jug papyrusflowers, spouted whichdepictsrathercrudepalm treesamongmottlefill,PLATES 170e and 72e- f. Stirrupjars

There is littleuniformity in the fiveintactor restoredstirrupjars, PLATES 64, and 158,7 and 9, except thatnearlyall tendto be ovoid in shape,a featuresharedby the sole example to have been foundso farin an LM II burial.They may have eithertwo or threehandles, and the spout sometimescarriesbosses like the storagetype.The handlesmay be painted with bars, or a leaf-likepatternor be monochrome:the top of the falsespout may have or be solid-painted.Shoulder patternsvaryand each jar is stripes,a cross, cross-hatching on the decorated body. The fragmentary example fromRoom G, PLATE 98c, differently differsalso in havingan Ephyraeantype designof cloverleaves,while the tomb vase adds yetanothermotive,runningspirals.112 Flask

Only one veryfragmentary examplewas found,in Room H, lackingitsrim,mostof one side and its neck,PLATE 92e. Even so, it is only the second whichcan be securelyascribedto LM II, and it shows that the largesized versionswerebeingmanufactured at thisstagewith elementsof designfoundon laterLM IIIA vases, the runningspiralsaround the edge, the double foliateband.113 iriscrosswithina circleat thecentre,and a surrounding Pyxides The threeintactand fivefragmentary vases are a surprisingly largeadditionto our knowlnumber at of the Cretan this very shape, though Karphi,albeit much later,should edge of for this vase other thanas a tomboffering.114 us the have popularity perhaps prepared side handlesand withouthandlesoccur.Two examplesof Versionswithbasket-handles, the firsttype were foundin Room H, probablytwinsin theirsmall size and floraldecoration, thoughonly one could be restoredand nearlyall of itshandlesare missing,PLATES 67c- d with 155,5 and 94d, bottom. Floral decorationis favoured,too, on the handleless

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shape which occurs in both small and largesizes; thisversionhas holes piercedbelow the shoulder,presumablyforcords to securethe lid. The outstandingvase in the seriesis most unusuallyoval in shape insteadof round,and its flatlid, decoratedinsideand out, is also in thiscase amongflowers, preserved,PLATES 65b- c and 155,1-4. The birds,interspersed are a recurring featureon thistype of vase in LM III.115 Floral designson theirown occur on two otherfragmentary vases,PLATES Hid with163,2; 155,7 with94f. Otherwise,only surfacepatternsare used in the Mansion,quatrefoilsin the case of a verylarge pyxis fromRoom H, PLATES 94e with 154,4, festoonson a smallervase from the same region,PLATES 94b with155,6, and simplebands and incisionon thatat PLATE 163,1. The last vase has small horizontalstrap handles,and these are a feature,too, of anotherlargepyxis,or storagejar, fromRoom P, PLATES 66d and 155,8, whichhas networkon theupperbody and a row of leavesaroundthe shoulder. In additionRoom H produced five fragmentary lids of typeswhichshould belong to pyxides.Two have floraldecoration(within one case a possible argonaut);the remainder are paintedwithconcentriccircles,PLATES 94c,d top and bottomleft.Two of the latter are domed, or near hemispherical, with a centralhole for a knob or handle which was probablyof stringor leather;theyare presumablydesignedto fitthe typeof pyxiswithan internalledge. The remainderhave a shortcollar whichfitsover the rimof the pyxis and restson itspronouncedshoulder,as in PLATE 155,2. Coversor Lids It is difficultto see what purposethe threeintactand one fragmentary vases servedother than as lids, PLATES 59a- c, 94d top rightand 151,13. Though theyvarysomewhatin dimensions,they are similarin shape, a liplessangularbowl witha shorthollow stem(or knob); two of themhave two holes perforatedthroughtheedge of the stem,placed at right see PLATE 156,12. A decorativefriezeis anglesto each other,presumablystring-holes,116 around the and bands added towards the stem,whichis plain insidebut may painted body be paintedsolid outsideor have a band aroundtherim.Two of thevaseshave solidpainted two are banded,thelatterbeingthosewithstring-holes. interiors, There are, however,problemsin theirinterpretation as lids or covers.In threeinstances, theirdecorationof alternating scrollsand of festoonswould clearlyappear upside-downif theyare lids. Moreover,threeof themcame fromRoom Ρ wherenearlyall thevasescould be identifiedand restored,yet none is suitable to carrytheselids, withrim diametersof from12 to 13 cm, unlesstheyrestedon thelip of some cups or overthelip of some smaller kylikes,neitherof whichappearsverypractical.It is, of course,possiblethattheyhad more thanone use and thatas lids theycovereda containerof some perishablematerial,such as wood.117 One otherexamplehas been published,fromthe S. Front of thePalace; it is decorated withiriszig-zagand shouldprobablybe attributedto LM II as well.118Otherdomedlids and disk-likecoversclearlybelongto pyxidesand are consideredwiththosevases above. Alabastra

Though frequentin LM II as tomb offeringsand a possibleMycenaeanfeature,only two intactalabastraand a fragmentary one occurredin the Mansion,and theyeach differin and decoration.119 shape The two smallerexamples reflecttheirMycenaean counterpartsin shape and in their decorationof spiralsand waves,respectively,120 PLATES 67b and 96a bottomleft.

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The large alabastron,PLATES 66a- b and 154,2 however,very squat in formwitha diameterof 26.5 cm, decoratedwithmultiplewavylines,and havingoutlinedhandles,may be a Cretanspeciality.121 Its methodof manufacture, too, is unusualin thatits unpainted base is roughwiththeappearanceof havingbeen thrownon a wheelcoveredwithsand. BasketVases The two fragmentary vases, of which only one could be restored,PLATE 65d- e, are presumablylife size and of special interestin being decoratedwithwhatis clearlya skeuomorphicpattern.The base is practicallycircular,so the vase was probablythrownon the wheel (as wheel markson theinsidebody affirm)and the sideswerethensqueezed in at the top and the handlesattached.There are a fewsherdswithan identicalpatternamongthose retainedfromtheexcavationof theLittlePalace. The basketvase, apparentlyof ritualpurpose,can be tracedback to MM and occursin LM IB when it is usuallyof miniaturesize.122Insufficient of thebase is preservedto determine whetheror not it had a 'libation'hole, as some othershave. The shape survivedinto LM IIIA 1, if thatis thedate of thevase exportedto Attica.123 Rhyton The one rhytonin the destruction, PLATES 65a and 154,1, is of the conical type,as might be expectedsince the othertraditionalshape, the piriformversion,seemsnot to have outlived LM IB. Decorated in zonal fashion,it displaysan amalgamof severalcurrentmotives, ivyleafchain,runningspirals,festoonsand foliatebands. COOKING POTS AND KITCHEN WARES The Mansionproduceda good rangeboth of cookingpots, thatis to say vasesin theheavily grittedand brittlefabrictypical of such vessels,and of other kitchenvases in a coarser versionof the moreusual clay. It would be good to be able to relatethemchronologically and geographically. excaHowever,despitethe considerablenumberof Cretansettlements in been found have little the common kitchen so houses illustrated, vated, pots frequently and as yet no consolidatedstudyof themhas been published.124 So, at thisstage,it is not possible to say with any certaintywhetherthe LM II examples fromthe Mansiondiffer appreciablyfrom those of LM I and LM III, thoughthis seems unlikelyin view of the in thisfield. apparentMinoanconservatism Cookingpots The tripodcookingpot whichstartsat least in EM II continuesinto LM IIIC and is among the survivors whichpersistthroughthe darkages.125Those in theMansion,PLATES 86f- h and 162,8-11, varyin size fromsmall to largewithone fragmentary outsizedexample.126 Their shapeis basicallysimilar,withflatbottomand withwidthgreaterthanheight.Usually theyhave two nearverticalroll handles,not the side lugs whichmay be an earlierfeature. Thereexistsa raresmallertypewitha cup-likehandleand front,or side,pouringspout.127 Trays,dishes,or plates have a similarlylong historyto at least LM IIIC.128They are short-sided, largein diameter,witha base seeminglythrownon sand and oftenso thinand into brittlethatit is practicallyimpossibleto restorethemfromthe manysmallfragments whichtheyshatter.They were infrequentin theMansion.One had been storedin Room N, and severalrimsherdswere foundin the PillarHall H, FIG. 16. Somewhatsmallervessels

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A

Β

C

D

FIG. 16.Trayordishrims,(Α-C) fromRoomΗ (D) fromRoomN. Scale 1:3.

withstraighter sidesand a flatthickerbase may be anotherversionof the tray(PLATE 95c) or be lidsyas one witha handleclearlyis (PLATE 95d). Severalcup-shapedjugs occurredin various stores,PLATES 85h- i and 162,6-8. They share a ratherglobularprofileand a sturdyroll handle set well below the rim,and sometimesa pouringspout at rightanglesto it. They were presumablyset with one side againsta fireto warmtheircontents.129 No other such vessels seem to have been illustratedbut this does not mean that they are necessarilyrare,thoughtheycould be limitedto centralCrete.The smallcup of theusual handlelessLM II cup shape,PLATE 85g, mayhave been designedto be set immediatelyover a smallflame. Three othervase shapes in cookingpot ware may well not have been placed on or near the firebut are includedhere because of theirfabric.The ewer resemblesverycloselyin its shape and the placementof its handlesa bronze type whichit is likelyto be imitating; defined and PLATE reflect the same b. 86aunusuallysharply lip pouringspoutmay origin, This, too, is a long-livedtype,perhaps originatingin LM IA; it survivesin less well proportionedshape into LM IIIC, and we may suspectthe existenceof a specialisedcentreof productionforit.130 The tall, straight-sided basin is attestedonly by fragments. In shape and size it seemsto resemblea typewhichis eitherlong-livedor has been dated too late.131It sharesnot only the distinctivefabricof that typebut also its unusual decorationof whitebands on a dark slip,PLATE 95a. Thoughplainand in coarse,notcookingpot,ware,thebasinat PLATE 86d is clearlyrelated. The smallpiriform jar, PLATE 85e, withits simpledecorationof a wavyline and bands in light-on-dark is an unexpectedodditywithoutobviouspurpose.

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Kitchenpots The distinctionbetween kitchenand storagepots is blurredin that they sharethe same coarsefabricand mayhave serveda dual purpose. The plain, ratherovoidjar withtwo horizontalhandles,PLATE 86e, is a simpleshape thatmightoccur at any time.So, too, the mixingbowl, PLATE 86c and 161,7, thoughit could be regardedas a coarserand largerversionof the contemporarydecoratedbowl but witha troughspoutand an additionalhandleat theback. The largeshallowbasinor tub withits rolled-over rim,PLATE 87e, is a traditionalshape, no doubt withmanyuses.132The tallerversionwithtroughspout, two side handlesand a boss at the back, PLATES 72d and 87f, is unusual only in beingdecorated,thoughin the simplestfashionwith one exception which has unexpectedlyadopted a ratherslap-dash versionof the Palace Style withpalms set in rockworkor mottle,a helpfulindicationof its LM II date of manufacture, PLATE 72e-f. Severalso-calledfireboxeswere found,all of saucer shape withattachedcentraldome, PLATE 162,4, which conformto Type 1A of Georghiou'sclassificant.One, which had broken,clearlyshowedblackeningwithinthe dome but none on theexterior.Theirpurpose has been fullyconsideredby Georghiou.133 STORAGE VASES Amphoras There wereremarkablyfewlargeamphorasin the Mansionconsideringitsextensivestores, and none in the largeststore of all, Room P. It can only be assumedthat its occupants preferredthe stirrupjar for the storageof liquids. That the amphoracould, however,be sealed for transportation and storageis shownby the clay stopper,L 46, whichhad been pressedinto the shape of an amphoramouthand whichfitsverycloselypot H 56, whether or not it originally belongedto it,PLATE 88a- c. Of the six intact and fragmentary pots, four belong to a fairlystereotypedform,134 PLATES 72a- c and 113e. They are piriform in shape witha smallneck,to thelip of which are attached two roll handles springingfromthe shoulder: the lip has been veryslightly pulled out at frontand back to providepouringspouts.For decoration,thebody is banded, the lip and neck outlined,and the handlesbarred,H 56 beingunusual in havingadditional diagonal strokeson the neck: thereis a singleornamenton eitherside at the shoulder, usually,it would seem, a four-spokedwheel with loop fillin each quadrant,or an eightspoked wheel; othervariationsare attestedby sherds,PLATE 11le. Again,H 56 may be exceptionalin havinga leaf or reed sprayinsteadof a circularornament. In size theyappear to be fairlystandard,witha heightaround 36-41 cm and a maximum diameterof between 26 and 29 cm. One, however,M 104, is considerablysmaller. 26 cm in height,and somewhatmore globular:it is similarin decorationbut replacesthe singleornamentwitha double wavyband aroundthe shoulder,PLATE 67a. In theiroatmeallike fabricand painttheamphorasresemblethe storagestirrup jars. One largefragment fromupper levelsin CorridorL differsin beingin thelight-on-dark ornamenton the shoulder,PLATE 87a. That it is techniqueand in havingno supplementary manufactureis indicatedby sherdsfromsimilar not a mere survivorbut of contemporary vases in the fragmentary materialin the PillarHall (H), PLATES 87b and 95a, top,4th and 5th,and in theLM II fillof a pit in Room D, PLATE 1 1lb.

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With few contemporarydomestic deposits so far excavated or published,it is not thatparallelsto thesevases are veryscarce.Unusually,one of theWarriorGraves surprising at Knossos containeda storageamphoraand it is identicalwiththe apparentlystandardised wheelon theshoulder.135 versionin theMansion,havinga four-spoked There is littleevidenceat presentto tracethe developmentof the decoratedamphoraat Knossos in LM III when it seemsto have been surplantedby theplainversion;its derivation fromLM I is obvious.136 StirrupJars

The normalstoragecontainerforliquids in the Mansionwas clearlythe stirrupjar. There wereat least nine in use, confinedto two rooms,thelowerstoreof Room Ρ and theupper flooroverRoom M,137PLATES 73-4. The standardsize forthe vase appears to be around45 cm in heightand 35 cm broad, one being somewhatsmaller.138 All are piriformbut withsome variationfromslenderto ratherbulbous; sometimesthereis a swellingabout a thirdway up, seeminglydue to some All but one of thejars have two rollhandlesrising at a stageof manufacture.139 interruption fromhighon the shoulderand attachedto the disk above the falsespout.This disk,which projectsconsiderably,may be levelor have a sunkencentre;one has lugs,anothertwo holes piercedat thefront,PLATE lOld. The real spout tendsto be slightlyfunnelledand usually, but not always, two or threebosses or thorn-likeprojectionsare attached near the lip, to helphold in place thecordwhichbound the stopper,thoughnone was found. presumably The fabricin nearlyall cases is thatgenerallytermed'oatmeal', a buffor lightbrown clay with considerablegritcontentand, probablynot veryhighlyfiredso it is fairlysoft. The surfaceseems to have been wet-smoothed:paint varies fromshades of red through brownto black,and is oftenveryfugative. There is considerablevariationin decorativedetailsbut all have a seriesof thickbands from about a thirdway down the body to base. The main decorationis placed on the shoulder:most carrya zone of large and retortedspirals,two have reed spraysset either and unique floraldesigns.140 Most verticallyor at an angle,while two othershave differing variationis seenin the decorationof the top. Handlesmay be barredwiththehandlestumps outlined,and spouts be outlinedand have a lip band, or both maybe solid painted.Thereis sometimesa horizontalband aroundspout and handleswitha patternin the threesegments, or more rarelya wavingline may enclose spout and handle witha zonal pattern,such as frameddisks,at the back. The top of the falsespoutmaybe solid painted,merelyoutlined or have also a centralcross; one example has an incised cross in addition,PLATE 119c, anothera piercedhole, PLATE 98d. There is some indicationin the sherdsin the PillarHall (H) thatjars in light-on-dark in view of the apparentlysimilar techniquewere current,which should not be surprising survivalof the correspondingamphoraand the continuationof suchjars into LM IIIB.141 One suchhandleunusuallycarriesan incisedcross(PLATE 95a, first). Many of thejars,and especiallythosedecoratedwithretortedspirals,have an unexpectedly antique appearanceand raise the same suspicionas in the case of otherstoragejars in the Mansionthat somemaybe hangoversfromLM I.142For parallelswe have to look to the LM IA deposits on Thera and an LM I, possibly LM IB, vase fromthe South House.143 However,it may be thatstirrupjars remainedmore conservativethan the finerdecorated waresand thatthe changedid not come untilearlyLM ΠΙΑ.144The individuality of mostof thejars in theMansiondoes not suggestthatmassproductionwas underway at thisstage.

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Pithoiand pithoidjars by P. Mudd The storeroom,P, housed the majorityof the standardstoragevesselsof theMansion;the pithoidjars. The capacityof individualpithoidjars rangefromunder20 litresto nearly70 while the heightrange covers 40 cms to 72 cms, none reachingthe massiveprolitres,145 of Examinationof thecapacitiesof theMansion'sjars provides portions Palatialexamples.146 a convenientscale forthestoreroomsof thebuildingand Room P, with13 jars whichcan be describedas pithoid,providedthe buildingwith a storagecapacity of 550 to 600 litres. Whilstelsewherein the Mansion,where fragmentary evidence allows only a much looser the approximation,storagecapacityprovidedby jars probablyamountedto over300 litres to 500 Therefore Mansion as a whole would have provideda the (300 Unexplored litres). of of 1 100 850 to litres that the jars.147 storagecapacity excluding largestirrup Ovoid in form,oftenwith a narrowbase, the pithoidjars, PLATES 75-78, fromthe of horizontaland verticalhandles on the shoulder. Mansion usually have an arrangement Three exampleshowever,have a seriesof 4 verticalhandlesrunningfromrimto shoulder, and one has 4 verticalhandleson the shoulder. In manyinstancesthe vesselsare decoratedwithblack trickledecoration;a continuous traditionfrom the Early Bronze Age.148Amongstthe jars decoratedin this way was a singularexample with a Linear A inscriptionincisedunderone handle (PLATES 74d and 76d).149The otherpaintedstoragejars havehorizontalbands of black painton theneck and foot,witha zone of decorationon the shoulderor body. The decorationof thismainzone consistingof disks,linkedspirals,or motifstakenfromnature. An example fromRoom Ρ, Ρ 72 (PLATE 75b), and a largervesselfromRoom M, M 41 (PLATE 78a) stand apart in havingreliefrope decoration well known fromnumerous examplesin theWestMagazinesof thePalace at Knossos.150Both the crosshatchedbase and of handlesof Ρ 72 are also paralleledby findsfromKnossos.Magazine6, of thearrangement the West Magazines,has a simple base with oblique crosshatchedscoring,while further, of handleshas a more elaborate,examplescome fromthe otherMagazines.The arrangement number of parallels amongstthe materialfromthe West Magazines,Magazine 11 alone havingat least fivelargerversions. The pithoidjars fromthe Mansion are of an expected type and, althoughparallelsfor the closestparallelsare withfindsfromtheKnossos area thesepots are wide, unsurprisingly itself.Excavationsby Hood in 1958 in the area of Hogarth'sHouses on the northside of and thesimpleones fromHood's Gypsadhesprovideda numberof Late MinoanI pithoi,151 site are so remarkablysimilarto the Mansion'spithoi thattheymaybe presumedto be the product of the same workshop.Size, fabric,decorativemotifsand stylisticdetail all bear comparison. Ρ 69-70 (PLATE 76a) compareswell witha numberof the 'Hogarth'sHouses' examples, althoughthesehaveno neck ridge.Indeed the sweep of therimthroughto theneck ridgeof thispot probablyreflectsan adaptation,on a smallerscale, of Palace examplesof a similar period.152 Ρ 125 (PLATE 77c), withitszone of discs,is paralleledby findsfromHood's 'Hogarth's witha Middle Minoan IIIB example fromthe Houses' and its decorationshows similarities 'House on the NorthernBorder of the Palace' at Knossos,153althoughthe formof the As Evans states,this decorationis of the "earliest Mansion's example is slightlydifferent. MM tradition".154 Ρ 75 (PLATE 78b), withits shoulderzone of reeds,also has good parallelswithKnossian Museumsite,155compareswell in form, material.A recentfindfromWarren'sStratigraphical

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size and decoration,and is dated to the Late Minoan IB phase. Ρ 56 (PLATE 77a) retains the generalformof the Late Minoan IB pithoidjar, as seen fromKnossos156and Palaiand theprofileheredoes not yetbeginto hintat thelater,squatter'barrelshaped kastro,157 seem in thereoccupationlevelsat Palaikastro.158 pithoi' An unrestoredpithoidjar, H 192a, withits complex arrangement of horizontal,wavy, and frond-like bands could easily fitinto the corpusof materialfromtheWestMagazinesat Knossos,159but its flurryof decorationwould also bear comparisonwithan examplefrom Mallia.160 As has been shown,manyof the elementsof the decorationand formof thesepithoid jars are the resultof a longtraditionand, as Pophamhas alreadystated,"Undoubtedly,out of context, many of those in the Mansion would have been ascribed to the Late MinoanI stage".161Indeed theveryclose parallelsbetweenthepithoifromtheMansionand those fromHood's 'Hogarth'sHouses' sitesuggestthatboth thesesitesweresuppliedby the same workshop.That thisworkshopwas thriving in Late Minoan I we knowfromsupplies Museumsite. to Hood's 'Hogarth'sHouses', and possiblesuppliesto Warren'sStratigraphical The pithoidjars fromthe UnexploredMansion can thereforebe seen as Late MinoanI jars, the conor as Late Minoan II pithoidjars of a conservativedesignperhapseven reflecting tinuedsupplyof a provenproductby a successfulworkshop. The clay box or chest The largeclay box or chest,L 69, (PLATE 78c- d) was presumablyforstorageof some kind thoughI know of no parallels.It was widelyscattered,mostpieces beingfoundin Room H and CorridorL, so it musthave been housed on the upper floor.In generalshape,size and decoration,it is reminiscentof the larnax,used forburialsbut whichoccursalso in houses. Both are probablyindebtedto wooden originals,indicatedin this case by its bevilledtop. Unlikea larnax,however,it has no feetand a fixedtop, thoughaccess intoit is providedby an openingabove, slightlyovoid, onto whicha lid, possiblyof wood, would readilyhave fitted.It would seem suitable for the storageof grain,but could equally have had many otheruses,includingthatof a portablealtaror a clothescupboard. The classification and date of thedestructionpottery In the account above it has been assumedthatthe destruction happenedin LM II and that, withfew exceptions,thevasesbelongto thatphase,and indeeddate the event.The grounds for this opinion have, it is hoped, been establishedby the account alreadygiven of the individualvase shapes withtheirdecorationand of theirplace in the generalLM sequence. Since, however,the correctnessof thisview has been questioned,as too has thevalidityof LM II as a distinctpotteryphase, some furtherremarksare, perhaps,called for,without goinginto the detailsof theobjections. It is not proposed to repeat the arguments,already stated by the author elsewhere, withLM IB elsewherein Crete. againstthe opinion thatLM II at Knossos is contemporary Convictionthat this view is wrong,and arose mainlyto allow a tidy,less complicated reconstruction of historicalevents,has been strengthened by recentfindsand publications, in particularthe discoveryof anotherdepositat Knossos whichis classic LM IB and does not embracethe distinctivecharacteristics of LM II, and by the publicationof a depositat Mallia whichdoes containthose LM II characteristics and can be made contemporary with LM IB only by forcedargumentson details and by ignoringthe absence of those LM II in otherdestructiondepositsfromthatsitewhichare LM IB. characteristics

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The real issue is whetherLM II precedesand is clearlydistinguishable fromtheearliest of LM in some detail a the author has discussed matter which elsewhere,especially ΠΙΑ, stage whenpublishingthe destruction potteryfromthe Palace.162 The Mansionhas providedmuchmorematerialto testthe distinctions alreadyproposed and has added somethingto the stratigraphical evidencefora chronologicalsequence,- a small deposit of LM IIIA 1 over the LM II in the Pillar Hall, and a dump of destruction debrisin the N. Corridoroverlyingan LM II ash level.In neithercase is theevidenceas full or as clear as could be wished,and the distinctionremainsfor the presentprincipallya stylisticone, with the emphasison the evolution,introductionand discardingof certain is not onlyless markedbut,as might shapesratherthan on decorationwherethe difference be expectedin shortconsecutivephaseswithno dislocation,a numberof decorativemotives carryoverfromthe one to theotherwithoutdiscernibledifference. With the publication of the new materialfromthe Mansion and the fairlydetailed whichthe discussionof it givenabove, it seemsbestnow to statebaldlycertaindistinctions authorbelievesare apparentin the existingevidence.The validityof thesedistinctions can made wherenecessary,by futureexcavation,and thisneed best be testedand,modifications notbe restricted to theKnossos regionif theviewis correctthatmuchof thefine,decorated LM II and earliestLM IIIA potterythroughoutCretewas eitherexportedfromthatcentre was a close imitationof it.163 or,less frequently, 'floating'motive,is limited (1) The Ephyraeantype kylix,or goblet,withits characteristic to LM II, whenit is popularat Knossos. designsand are veryrare, (2) Decorated kylikesin LM IIIA 1 differin havingcircumcurrent theirplace beingtemporarily takenby theplain kylix,the two-handledversionof which is absent,or virtuallyso, in LM II. (3) The normalLM II cup retains,withfew exceptions,therollhandleand pronouncedlip version of its LM IB predecessor.This is supersededin LM IIIA 1 by a corresponding withstraphandlewhoselip is muchshorterand morehorizontal:the same characteristic plain kylikes. lip is to be foundalso on the contemporary cup in general (4) The usual decoratedbowl, popularin LM II, resemblesthe contemporary profileand, especially,in its lip form.It seems to fall out of use in LM IIIA 1 whenits functionmay have been temporarily usurpedin part by the plain,shallowversionwith straphandles,a shapewhichhad not yetevolvedin LM II. (5) The 'reed' cup, the decoratedpedestalledcup and thejug withbaskethandles,which survivefromLM IB, do not outlastLM II. The standardof In addition, thereare more generaland less precise differences. fabricand paint is consistentlysuperiorin LM IIIA, lackingthequite frequentgreento yellow soft ware presentin LM IB and LM II, perhapsthe resultof inconsistentfiring techniques.There is, too, in the IIIA phase, a higherproportionof fine,plainwaresof will good quality. It remainsto be seen whether,as mightbe expected, differences become clear in some of the coarserwares, - amphoras,jugs and storagejars in particular. Meanwhile,on a yet broaderlevel, it should be apparentthat the finedecorated potteryfromthe destructionof the Mansionconformscloselywiththatfromtombsin the neighbourhoodof Knossos, whichhave been classifiedas LM II, and thatin certain aspects, it differsappreciablyfromthe extensivedepositsfromthe Palace, houses and tombsat Knossos whichhave been ascribedto LM IIIA. As to absolute dates, the Mansion has produced nothingto furtherthe existing

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state of knowledgeand opinions.The presenceof some featureswhichheraldtheΠΙΑ phase mayindicatethatthedestructiontook place late in LM II and thata date between 1425 and 1400 BC is as close a limitas can at presentbe proposed. THE LM IIIA 1 POTTERY The threedepositsof LM IIIA 1 pottery,fromtheN. Corridorand Rooms D and H, though in each case stratified above pureLM II and in one case, Room D, below LM IIIB, all had an admixtureof LM II, due I believenot to an overlapof stylesbut to the circumstancesof their deposition and excavation. In addition,the N. Corridordeposit has unfortunately some intrusionsfromlaterpits,rangingfromLM IIIA 2 to Geometric;in thiscase the best, but by no means secure,criterionhas been adopted of puttingemphasison the fragmentary or nearcompletevasesand not on individualsherds. They are small and obviouslynot pure depositsbut taken togetherhave value in confirmingcharacteristics, mostlyalreadyproposed by the author,whichhelp distinguishthe LM IIIA 1 stagefromtheprecedingLM II and succeedingLM ΠΙΑ 2.164 The standarddecoratedcup shows the developmentfromLM II most clearly.165 The ratherwide and up-tiltedlip of the earlierphase is replacedby a much shorterone witha nearhorizontalledge, sharplydefined,while the straphandle has entirelyreplacedtheroll type. In general,the shape is shallowerand less 'bulbous'. Decoration shows less change; bands have a tendencyto increase,now usuallyfouron thebody withone or two above the foot,and theyare mostlythinnerand more neatlypainted;the handle is outlinedand not on theinteriors, whichotherwisecontinuebeing barred;thereis a fondnessforsponge-print to paintedallover.The rangeof motivesin the deposits,PLATE 171, 1-19, is insufficient determinepreference,innovation or changes though a clear and strongcontinuityis apparent,withperhapsa tendencyin some designs,especiallyfloral,towardsgreaterstylisation. Othercups are too fewto drawfirmconclusion.The reed cup and themonochromeone, both withouthandle, appear to have died out,166the latterperhapsreplacedby a smaller versionof the decoratedcup witha similarprofileand handle,PLATE 172,13. The shallow, open and unpaintedcup withinteriorgrooveson thebase, PLATES 176,4 and 117c, 1st on 2nd row,could wellbelongto thisphase,and is certainly notearlier.The surivivalof theblob PLATE is and LM II survivalas its shape indicates. is an 172,8, cup, unexpected probably The plain conicalcup mayhavebecome slightlybroader;theburntrimof severalshowsthat one of its functionswas thatof a lamp,PLATE 117d. Even allowingforthepaucityof thematerial,thelack of decoratedbowlswould seema markedchange fromLM II. The monochromeexample,PLATE 172,9, whichpresumably had two horizontalstraphandles,is an innovationand maytemporarily have takentheplace of the decoratedbowls; fragments of plain ones werefoundin theN. Corridorbut without firmcontext.167 The one decoratedkylix,PLATE 171,1, is extensivelybanded whichmaybe typicaland has promptedthe allocation of the fragmentary example at PLATE 121b, froma mixed context,to thisphase.168The extremescarcityof decoratedkylikes,like thatof decorated bowls, may be true in general,theirfunctionbeingservedby the plain and monochrome varieties.These show a tendencyto adopt the shortlip and shallowerbowl of the decorated cup, and sometimeshave a longerstem,PLATES 172,10-2 and 176,7-8, but oftenthe fromthe LM II version,169 in these,as shape is not readilydistinguishable thoughgreen-ware

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in cups and jugs, is probablya thingof the past. One unusual example has the carinated and could evenbe an import,PLATE 176,9.170 profileof itsMycenaeancounterpart It isunfortunate thatthecontextof theone fairlyintact'champagne9 cup, PLATE 176,6 fromthe N. Corridor,leaves some doubt about its introductionat this stage,thoughits unusual profileand conical foot could in themselvesindicate a prototypefor the later version.171 Othershapesare represented- jugs, normaland bridge-spouted, the feedingbottleand PLATE are that better to avoid conclusions. 116cbut these so it is d, pyxides, fragmentary THE LM IIIA 2 POTTERY Most of the LM IIIA 2 potterywas containedin the refillof two pits. One, Pit 8 in Room C, had been dug into the rock in the NW cornerand was coveredby the latest,LM IIIB, floor,PLATE 23e; its contentsthoughsmall are helpfulin includingsome whole or restor- partof thegreyashy able vases. The otherdepositis much largerbut more fragmentary, refillof refusefoundin an extensivepit,called Pits 10+11, whichhad been dug to rob wall blocks fromthe SE cornerof the PillarHall (H) and whichstretchedfromthatroominto the adjacentCorridorL whereit cut down into the LM II debris,PLATES 13-14 Section6 level9; Section 8 level 12: PLATES 6-7 (Room H Pit 11) and PLATE 8 (CorridorL). Some additionalmaterialis availablefromCorridorΕ (West)and froman upperdeposit in theS. Corridor,in thelattercase stratified above LM II.172 It may be thatstylistically Pit 8 in Room C is somewhatearlierthanthelatestpottery in Pits 10+11 which,however,may also includeearlymaterialas well. Though these two in illustration, theyare insufficiently largeto considerseparately, depositsare distinguished PLATES 121c- d, 122, and 173-6, wherethe decorativemotivesare restrictedto pottery fromthepits.173 and verylimited These various deposits have a value beyond what the fragmentary LM of IIIA in the would that of their contents 2 phase at Knossos suggest pottery quantity has hithertobeen publishedonly fromtombsand thereis none fromhomogeneousgroups in the settlement.174 As in the precedingphase, decoratedware is largelyconfinedto cups withsome examplesofjugs,kylikesand amphoras. There is a clear changein the standarddecoratedcup - and not forthebetter,PLATE 175,1-7,10-11. It is generallylarger,thickerwalled and less carefullycontoured;the curveor the sharplydefinedsmalllip of the previousphase has become a slightout-turning LM of IIIA 1 has while the thin handle differentiated with is entirely, strap lip dispensed become thickerand ovoid in section,and less well mouldedinto thelip whichno longerhas a well definedpouringspoutas previously. Decorativemotivesare mostlytraditionalbut the depositis not largeenoughto judge the range,preferencesor changes,thoughtherewould seemto be some fallingoffin foliate and floraldesigns,perhapssome increasein spiredpatternswiththeintroductionof opposing concentriccircles(PLATE 174, 37- 8). 175Some deteriorationin executionis noticeable, mostobviousin thebirdplus flowertheme(PLATE 175,1). The much shallowerand smallercup, whose likelyintroductionin the previousphase has alreadybeen discussed,is presentand probablyfashionablein decoratedform(PLATE 175,8). It is usuallygivenan un-Minoanringfootwhiletheinterioris leftplain apartfroma lip band and, possiblyalready at this stage,a spiralat the base.176A unique shallowcup

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withledgedrim,theprofileof whichcould not be restored,is decoratedoutsideand in with miniatureoctopuses,PLATE 183b-c, left.177 In plain ware,the tea-cupshape continueswitha less markedlip, PLATE 175,9, but the traditionalconical cup maintainsits positionas themostcommontypeshowingno marked changein shape or size,PLATE 176,16-17. There remainproblemsabout the deep varietyof bowl. Its apparentabsence in the previousstage has been mentionedabove. Its presenceis now again attestedbut in very small numbers,seeminglywith much the same profileas the deep cup to judge fromone plain fragment (PLATE 175,12) whichis too smallto decide whetherit has one or two loop handles.A decoratedexample would be providedby the bowl fromCorridorE(W) if we could be sure thatit belongsto thisphase and not to an earlystage of LM IIIB, PLATES 114b and 151,1, a doubt whichdoes not attach to a unique versionon a shortpedestalled foot whose LM IIIA 2 contextis certainand whichstylistically should not be farremoved fromLM IIIA 1, PLATE 174,1.178 The regularbowl shape,however,at thistimeis clearlythe plain shallowone withtwo straphandles and usually a flat base.179It, too, loses its sharpledged lip and, probably, becomesmoreroundedto judge fromthe two restorablevases,PLATE 175, 13-4, of which the first,fromRoom C Pit 8, is very close to the LM IIIA 1 exampleswhile the second resemblesthosewhichcontinuein LM IIIB. The most obvious changeis to be seen in a new shape of kylixin both decoratedand Its plain versions,whichmay well turnout to be the typevesselforthe LM IIIA 2 stage.180 characteristicfeaturesare apparenton the complete plain vase, - a deep rounded bowl mouldedinto a fairlytall stemset on a distinctive archedand hollowedfoot;two handlesof ovoid to round section project considerablyfromthe body and rise well above the rim, PLATES 121d and 175,15. Decorated examples are well representedamong the sherds, PLATES 175,16-7 and 122d- e, on one of which an octopus appears to be carelessly painted, PLATE 122e left.181The evidence is insufficientto say what other types of plainkylixare also present;thefootat PLATE 175,16 clearlybelongsto a different shape. The plain 'champagne'cup is likelyto be morepopularthantheplain kylixat thistime; it usuallyhas a ratherroundedbody, slightlyout-turnedlip, handle of ovoid sectionand a distinctivehollow foot which sometimesseems to have been applied separately,PLATES 122d and 176,10-1,13-4. The last featureis a helpfulchronologicaldistinctionin thatof the 42 feetfromsuchvesselsin Pits 10+11 only 2 tendedtowardstheregularLM IIIB type witha much smallerhollow, or hole, underneaththe foot,eg. PLATE 176,15; similarly, in thisdepositveryfewhandleshad the regularlatercharacteristic of beingroundratherthan ovoidin section,PLATE 176,12. There is littleusefulevidenceforjugs. Partsof veryfewdecoratedones werecontained in Pits 10+11, and one of these carriesflowersof a ratherearlytype,identicalto ones paintedon a contemporary kylix,PLATE 122c, 1st on bottomrow.182The continuationof the collar-neckedtypeis attestedby the fragmentary jug in CorridorΕ (PLATE 114c, top as are sherdsof two in plainwarefromthepits. left),presumablytrough-spouted Otherinformation is slightand patchy.Storagestirrupjars are represented by 3 discs,2 with a cross inside a circle,the otherwitha wavyline along one handle apparentlygoing into a loose interlockwiththat on the otherhandle.Thereis also partof a falsespoutwith appliedwhiteon dark.Anotherspoutfroma miniaturestirrup jar is of Chaniotfabric. Two fragments arepresentof incenseburnersmade of red kitchenwareapparentlyof the sametypeas thatfromCorridorΕ at PLATE 115,4, whichis likelyto belongto thisphase.183

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One sherdand a largerfragment froma probablyassociatedlevelbelongto plainpyxides witha shortcollarand roundedshoulder. A few longplainhandlescould belongto dippersthoughno recognisablepartof thecup werepresent;if so, theyare not of theexaggeratedlengthof thosefoundin LM IIIB. A plain base withcurvedsides mightbe part of a kalathosof much the same shape as thatat PLATE 115,3 fromCorridorΕ whichcould well belong to thisperiod.184Another formwithflaringsidesis theplain bowl fromRoom C, PLATE 176,18. The coarse kitchenware appeared to belong almostentirelyto tripodcookingpots and to shallowtrays. No attempthas been made to subdividethe typesherds,foundout of context,into the sub phases of LM ΠΙΑ; as it is, theirallocationto thisstagehas been made solelyon stylistic grounds.Open shapes are illustratedin PLATES 177a- c and 178c- d and are nearlyall cups; closed shapes are shown in PLATES 177d and 178a- b and most of theseare jugs. Apart fromgivinga greaterrangeof decorativemotives,theyshow thata fairnumberof conicalrhytawerein use, PLATE 177b and c, bottomrows. THE LM IIIB POTTERY The LM IIIB potterycomes froma varietyof sources,for the most part,unfortunately, in A furtherdifficulty arisesfromtheirdifference withoutstratigraphical interrelationship. D N. C and in in the Rooms, character;what may be called the 'abandonmentdeposits' 110ajar (PLATE c) particular,containonlyone whole decoratedvase,theinscribedstirrup whereasthe rubbishdeposits,principallyPits 2 and 4 in whichis stylistically unhelpful,185 as the N. Platform,are fairlyrichin decoratedsherdsbut theircontentsare so fragmentary and The few individual other of value. to maketheplainpottery little decorated, vases,plain are withoutfirmassociations,especiallythosein Room A and CorridorE(West). It is, therefore, apparentthatthereis no realbasis eitherformakingthevariousdeposits or for ascribinga sequencewithinthem,thoughtheremaybe some indication contemporary of the latterin the lower fillof the largerobbingpit overRooms C and D whichresembles theN. Platformpitsin theproportionand styleof its decoratedsherds,PLATE 107c. As forthe more generalstratigraphie by sequence,Rooms C and D wereinterconnected a doorway,and the depositsin themlay on the floor(Room C), in a groupnearthefloor (Room D), PLATE 26e, and in the door. In Room C thelatestflooroverlaytheLM IIIA 2 pit, discussedabove; in Room D it restedabove a levelof LM II/IIIA 1. In both cases,there were few decoratedsherdsin the fillof the rooms and many of thesewere LM II or IIIA, presumablyfromwash and upper floorcontents,PLATES 107a- b and 109a- c. The plain kylix in CorridorE(W) was found in the uppermostlevels above LM IIIA 2 fragmentary the associated sherdsare again largelyearlier,PLATES 115,2 and 114e. In but pottery Pits4 and 2, Room A we are dependenton stylisticcriteria.The two pitsin theN. Platform, were both cut down into the LM IA fill and their contents,though separate,appear stylistically contemporary. The main source of decoratedpotteryare the two pits in the N. Platform,PLATES 126-7, 179 and 180,1-5. These depositshave alreadybeen discussedand partiallyillusmaterialto the similarbut more extensivepotteryfromtheLittle tratedas supplementary of a fewmore Palace and elsewhere.186 Subsequentstudyhas resultedin thereconstruction at here are motives of its while the presentedseparately PLATE 179. profiles, range Decoration is largelyrestrictedto cups and bowls with far fewerinstancesof the kylix,

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stirrup jar and amphora.Thereis, moreover,a markedchangein fabricfromthehighquality of most LM IIIA wares.Surfacesare oftenmore matt,paint less lustrous,withmanymore instancesof a mattishblack paint whichis fugativewhile the red paint is at timescherry coloured. The two-handleddecoratedbowl is now certainlywell-established and mayevenexceed the decoratedcup in numbers,PLATE 179,1-2. The latteris considerablysmallerthanits LM IIIA 2 predecessorwhichmay have performedfora timethe dual functionof the two vases, PLATE 180,1-3. Both now have a somewhatroundedbody, deep in proportionto the diameterof the rim,whichtendsto flareslightlyoutwards.Interiorsremaingenerally monochrome,often with a reservedcentral disc, but several examples have unpainted interiorswitha centralspiral,PLATE 127c. Apart fromsize, themaindistinctionseemsto be in the banding,the smallercup usuallyhavinga singlethickbody band, thelargerbowl two or occasionallymore such bands. The more complexbandingcurrentin LM IIIA 2 has practicallydied out, suggestingthat the cup fromRoom A, PLATE 115,8, is somewhat earlier,whichwould also suit its more roundedcontourand ringfoot. Decorativemotives are largelytraditionalwithperhapsgreateremphasison spirals,loops, linkeddiamondsand a revivedinterestin thenow highlystylisedflower,PLATE 179. Two shapes of kylix are present;the one witha roundedbowl has roll handleswhich projectwell above therim,PLATE 180,10; the otherhas a moreconicalprofilewithsmaller handlesabout level withthelip,187PLATE 115,2. A fragmentary exampleof thelattertype withits Mycenaean-derived decorationof a double whorlshell,PLATE 180,9, occurredin the abandonmentpotteryin Room D and providesgood evidenceforthe LM IIIB date of that deposit. To judge fromstraysherds,this was the most popular motive on kylikes, thoughoctopusand floraldesignsare also present,PLATES 180,4 and 181c. The same whorl-shell motivein a verysubsidiaryrole is includedin the one fairlycomware stirrupjar of squat formfromRoom A, PLATE 115,7; itsmaindecoration, plete finehowever,is floral,as is that on a globularversionfromthe N. Platformpits,PLATE 126d, last on middlerow. Mentionhas alreadybeen made of thelargestoragestirrupjar witha LinearΒ inscription on its shoulder,PLATE 110a- c, which has been fullypublishedelsewhere.188 The two otherfairlyintactcoarse-warejars are considerablysmallerand sharea saggingcontourand a wavy line as body decoration.They differin theirshoulderdesign,that fromRoom A havingabbreviatedflowers,PLATE 105a- b, while the other,whichwas scatteredin upper levels over the N. Rooms, has multiplearcs,PLATE 11Of-g. The formerhas a distinctive pedestalledsolid foot. Three sherdswith octopus designare presentin thepit material,two fromlargestirrupjars, the other,of Chaniot fabric,possiblyfromthe same shape or some similar closed vessel, PLATE 127c, 1st and 2nd left, the second example not being illustrated. bowls in plain ware fromRoom D, PLATE 115,6 Apart fromthe threesingle-handled and 10-11, which by associationshould belong to thisphase, it is the plain 'champagne9 cup whichis best representedin thisdeposit,PLATE 180,7-8 and PLATE 180,5 fromthe pits - restoredfromthreenon-joiningsherds.The typewith deep, roundedbowl lacking a differentiated kind of foot, discussed lip, witha round,roll handle and hole-in-the-stem elsewhere,is now the canonical form.189One intactplain shallow bowl withside handles was foundon the floorof Room C; itsprofileis virtuallythesame as theLM IIIA 2 shallow bowl at PLATE 175,14 withits lack of differentiated lip.190Fragmentsof othersare present in thepit materialand it is likelythatit remainsa commonshape.

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THE LM IIIC POTTERY Discussionof theverylittleobviousLM IIIC potteryfromthe area of theMansionraisesthe problemof the natureof the earliestpotterybelongingto thatstage,and of how it is to be distinguishedfrom the previousIIIB phase. Whereasmature IIIC can be recognisedby featurescurrentelsewhere,such as the reservedline on the interiorof deep bowls, a fondness for fringing strokesand for fillingornament,and largerareas of paint withreserved features,the earlieststagemay well differfromLM IIIB in smalldetailsonly,whichwe are unable as yet to define,and may not be able to do so untila sitewithan LM IIIB destruction and rapid reoccupationis foundand published.So, it is possible thatrandomsherds ascribedhere to LM IIIB are later, and it could even be that the upper fillabove Rooms C- D (eg. PLATE 107c) belong to the earliestIIIC stage withoutobvious characteristic features. Nevertheless,it is clear that after the IIIB desertionthere was very littlerenewed occupation of the area until the Sub-Minoanperiod, and even then the evidencecomes largelyfrompit fills.No LM IIIC level was recognisedon the site,thoughthe contentsof Room H, Pit 3 may be a small deposit of thisstage,PLATE 127d. Most of the fewIIIC sherds at PLATE 182a are straysfound in much later contextsand have been included fromdeep bowls with an largelyfor the sake of completeness.They include fragments interiorreservedband, cratersherdssome havingelaboratefill,PLATE 182b, stirrupjars and kylikes.The kylixfragments at PLATE 182c are froma typewhich,withits shallow IIIC vase carinatedlip and antitheticstreamerpattern,may turnout to be a characteristic in theIsland sinceit occursalso at Palaikastroand Kritsa.191 IMPORTS vases in the A possible Mycenaeansource has been suggestedabove for two fragmentary LM II destruction,PLATE 103b and e, also fora plain kylixin an LM ΠΙΑ 1 level above of a kylixand ?kalathos(PLATE 123d, 1st and Room Η (PLATE 176,9) and forfragments 2nd on 3rdrow).192 The shape and fabricof a furthervase in an LM II contextsuggestthatit is an import fromthe Cyclades,a regionabout which we know little at this time (PLATES 67e and 163,3).193 The most numerousimports,however,and thosemostobviousin fabricand style,come fromW. Crete,and more specificallyfromthe neighbourhoodof Chania,thoughnearlyall context.In one case, however,theyformedpartof an LM IIIA 2 haveno firmstratigraphical Pits 10 11 and in Room Η and CorridorL, whichcontaineda foot and rimfragdeposit, mentof a kylix(PLATE 122b, 2nd on 3rdrow,and mentionedabove undertheLM IIIA 2 pottery).Indeed, thisis the stageat whichsuchimportsare likelyto have started,and they clearly continued well into LM IIIB as their style and a furtherstratifiedsherdattest jar fragment).194 (PLATE 127c, 1st on 2nd row,a stirrup as well The type sherdsat PLATE 182d- e includeotherkylixand stirrup jar fragments as sherdsfromcups. They add to the accumulatingevidenceforthe spreadof W. Cretan waresto otherpartsof theislandin LM III.195

Section5 The Seals and Sealing PLATES 184-190) J.H. BETTS Page 187 189 190 191 192 192 193

Contexts Chronology Materials Shapes Motifs Numberof seals Miscellaneouscatalogue

Twentyfiveengravedseals and a clay sealingwererecoveredfromMinoanand post-Minoan levels;in additionthereis an undrilledlentoidblankand a cut down lentoidwhichmayhave been originallyintendedforengraving. Briefdescriptionsof and parallelsforelevenpieces fromsecureMinoan contextshave been includedin the cataloguesof the areaswherethey were found. Similardescriptionsand parallelsforthose fromuncertainMinoan and from post-Minoanlevels - the latterbeingthreesurfacefindsand the remainderfromcontexts rangingfromGeometricto the thirdcenturyA.D. - willbe foundat theend of thissection to by theirexcavationinventory numbersand excavation (nos. 1-17); theywill be referred trenchnamesand levelnumbers;further of theirdiscovery information on thecircumstances willbe givenin theexcavationreportof theRoman and post-Minoanremains. CONTEXTS Of the fifteenseals fromMinoan levels,six may be ascribedto theLM II destruction, four H M 35 and H and two and 136 the 64, 104, certainly(P J/K3) probably(P sealing 50); (17), thougha surfacefind,may owe its preservationto bakingin the fireof the same destruction.Two seals (NC 20 and NP 18) have apparentlyearliercontextsin LM IA; two others(D 8 and D 9) were foundwithpotterywhichwas predominantly LM IIIB, though withsome earlierstrays.The remainingfive(H 259 and nos. 1-4) come fromlevelsmixed in contentbut likelyto fallwithinLM. The materialfromclear contextsis extremelyvaluable for assessingglypticdevelopmentsin LM I- II. For instance,H 50, H 104, D 8, NP 18 and no. 2 fallinto a largeclass ot serpentine,chloriteand steatiteseals,mostlylentoids,depictinganimals- bulls,goats,deer, 187

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and lions - and the occasional cult object (e.g. the bucraniumof 7) or cult scene griffins with humanfigures.For conveniencethe class may be called the "Cretanpopulargroup". relegated, Many examplesof thegroupwithoutclearcontextshave oftenbeen unnecessarily on groundsof workmanshipinferiorto that on hard stones,to a late date in LM III.1 A evidence,includingthe LM IA contextof NP 18 and the growingweightof stratigraphical LM II contextof H 104 and H 50 here,a numberof pieces fromotherrecentlyexcavated LM I contexts2and examples - even of Boardmans' "new (i.e. LM II) motif",the birdwoman - among seals which impressedsealingsin LM IB at Agia Triadha and Zakro,3 suggeststhatsoftstonepieces of thisgroupwerebeingengravedas earlyas LM IA alongside hard stone seals. Their motifs,if not theirstyleand techniquessomedifferent stylistically timesfollowedthose of contemporaryhard stone engraving4 and, conversely,motifsand to hard stone,as were transferred in Cretan the mannerisms popular group practicedearly witha clearlyidentifiablegroupof mainlyjasper seals withinLM I5 or withsealsproduced for mainlandpatronsin LH I- IIA,6 which reproducein hard stonesmotifsused in Crete of softermaterials. almostexclusivelyby engravers confirman earlyLM I date Stratifiedexamplesof the Cretanpopular group,therefore, forits inceptionand none of those foundin latercontextson theUnexploredMansionsite (2, 7, 12, and 13) need necessarilybe laterthanLM II. The finestof them(2, PLATE 187b) thoughunique forthe groupin showingthe whole bodies of bull and attackinglion placed maywell go back on thebasis of parallelsforeach animalto LM IB. Technical antithetically, not "decadence" and a later or stylisticclumsiness7need only indicatedifferent craftsmen, date. How long the groupcontinuedremainsopen to question;forno criteriahaveyetbeen withinit. Publishedand as yetunpublishedseals foundfordistinguishing cleardevelopments of animals fromLM IIIA2 - IIIB1 tombsat Armenoi8suggestthatratherclumsyengraving with large wide jaws and a fondnessfor foliagefillerscould representa W. Cretanstyle LM IIIB context,may and/ora late developmentto whichour D 8, withitspredominantly belong. LM II seals Similarlyimportantforchronologicalpurposesare the threeclearlystratified defined as the has what Boardman to which PLATES Ρ belong 184-5) (M 35, 136, J/K3, features characteristic for the of a is His term misnomer; group's something "cut-style".9 representa communityof techniqueratherthan style,most detailsbeingproducedwitha cutswithsharpends lathe-fixedcuttingwheel creatingacross the seal's convexface straight ratherlike those of cut glass; otherfeatures,such as the eye, muzzle andjoints of thegoat on J/K3 (PLATE 184d), were added witha solid or occasionallytubulardrill.10A similar short-hand techniqueproducedseals of the MM III- LM IB "talismanicgroup"fromwhich the cut-stylemay have developed;foranimalsin the techniqueoccuron three-sided prisms of carnelianwith amygdaloid-shapedfaces,11a shape which otherwisefrequentlybears motifsof the talismanicgroup. Our pieces confirmthat Boardmanwas rightto place his cut-stylein LM II, though manyexamplescome fromlatercontexts,and vindicateKenna's datingto LM II of pieces such as CMS IV 261-4 and CMS XII 261. The startof the styleand techniquemaywell go back as early as LM IB. There is a cylinderwithlions and goats in the techniquefroma LM II contextin Hospitaltomb3 nearKnossos,one of lapis lazuli froma LM IB contextby the Royal Road, and a thirdof agate froma LH II- IIIA contextin Prosymnatomb 2.12 Lions in a similartechniqueoccur on a carnelianamygdaloidfroma LM IB- II contextat Agios Ioannis tomb 2, on a LM IB sealingfromAgia Triadha,and on LM I sealingsfrom Chania.13The "hairy-backed"goat on J/K 3 has only one parallel clearlystratifiedas

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prisms15whose othermotifshave clear early14but similargoats occur on two three-sided LM II parallels:the wounded bull on the firsthas a close parallelin a glasslentoidfroma LM IB contextby the Royal Road and a precursoron a carnelianlentoidfromgraverho in MycenaeShaftGraveCircleB.16 The evidenceindicatesthat the cut-styletechniquehad its genesisin Creteevenbefore Mainlandersare thoughtto have takenoverKnossos and thereis no cogentreasonto regard e.g. the lions on CMS VII 178 or the wounded bull on CS IIP as mainlandcreationsor to postulatethat,whenproducedin Crete,cut-stylepieces were "made withan eye to mainland use".17Kenna's notionthatthey"representa classmorecommonto theMainlandthan Crete" will not bear scrutiny;of 32 parallelsexaminedforour hairy-backed goat (J/K3) 19 are fromCretanproveniences,only 4 fromthe mainlandwith2 fromMelos and 7 withno traceableprovenience.How longthecut-stylemayhave continuedin use afterLM II is hard to assess;it hardlyadmitsvariationswhichcan be definedas earlyor late. There are lions mainland similarin techniqueto our Ρ 136 (PLATE 185a) fromlaterand predominantly and goats similarto ourJ/K3.20 On the basis of presentknowlcontexts;18also griffins;19 edge it is impossibleto determinewhetherthese examples indicate continueduse of the techniqueafterLM II - in whichcase we mightexpectclearersignsof changeand developin LM I- II had provideda readysupplyforlater ment - or simplythatmass-production use.

CHRONOLOGY In the two instancescited above, the context of our seals providesusefuldatingforthe earliestproductionof particularstylisticgroups.A seal's contextprovidesonly a terminus and threeseals (P 64, NC 20 and H 259) are post quernnon, not the date of manufacture, earlierthan theircontext.The rock-crystal amygdaloid,Ρ 64 (PLATE 184a) demonstrably belongs to the "talismanic"group,seals of hard materials,especiallycarnelianand jasper, and frequentlyof amygdaloidshape,whichwere producedin Crete fromMM IIIB- LM IB Our piece shouldbe somewhatearlierthanits LM II context. and probablynot thereafter.21 Two close parallelswereused to impresssealingsfoundin a LM I contextat Chania and a similarmotifoccurs as earlyas MM IIIA on a seal fromroombeta of theKamilaritholos.22 (See also underMotifsbelow). The steatitediscoid,NC 20 (PLATE 186b), may also have been made earlierthan its LM IA context.Shape, size, material,the horizontalstring-hole alignment,as well as motif and styleassociateit verycloselywiththreeotherpieces fromKnossos: HM 1329, 1716 and 1579.23 The firsttwo are fromsecureMM III contexts:1716 (whosemotifhas not hitherto been identified)fromtomb 17 of the ProphètesElias cemetery;and 1329 fromthe early burialpit of tomb 17 at Mavrospelio,wherethe excavatorreportedMM IIB sherdsoverlaid by a flooringof MM III pithos sherds,thoughsome of the decoratedpotteryfromthe cemeterydated to MM III maywell belongearlyin LM I.24 The profilebucraniaon these pieces may be relatedto anotherblack steatitediscoid, HM 1419, withprofileheads of a calfon one side and of a man on the other.25It was found "beneath the slab of the fourthstep of the lower flightof stairs"in the Little Palace at Knossos and "fromthe associationin whichit was found. . . may be assignedto the transitionalMM III-LM I epoch".26 Profileheads of animalsin a moreformalstyle,mainlyon the signetshape,occur during MM II.27 By MM III suchheads are foundon smallblack steatitediscoidsand wereengraved

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in increasingly naturalisticstyles.28About the same time profilehumanheads, as on the Little Palace example,enterthe repertoire29 but afterbriefvogue in MM III theyseem to one on the few can cite instances slightlylaterlentoidshape.30The weightof disappear; evidencesuggestthat the smallblack steatitediscoids,ifnot thelentoids,withprofileheads of animalsand humansin a livelynaturalistic styleweremade at Knossos duringMM III. H the discoid, 259 (PLATE 186d), despiteits LM context,is Finally, steatite/serpentine MM IIB sealingsfromPhaistosbear impressions created of much earlier. A number probably or of seals similar concentric circles with by cross-hatching parallel design,combining lines.31Three otherparallelsmay be drawnfromMM II- III materialin theProphètesElias each is comparablewithour piece in motifand executionand the firsttwo are cemetery;32 of the same soapy-texture d material,whichwas not much used afterMM II (as remarked underMaterialsbelow). Similardesignsoccur on buttonsfromthe earliest(MM IIB) burial in tomb 17 at Mavrospelioand froma MM IIB- ΠΙΑ contextin the Kamilaritholos; on a disc froma MM I- II context in tomb 16 on Mochlos; and on a three-sided prismfroma MM IIB- III context at Agia Irini on Kea.33 The combinationof concentriccircleswith or parallelstraight cutshad occurredon slightlyearlierseals,all withcontexts cross-hatching no later than MM II: an ivoryfromPlátanos tholos B; a steatitehalf-conefromKoumasa tholosB; and a steatitesignetfromPlátanostholosB.34The two elementsof the designare in four instancesfound on different sides of the same three-sidedprism.35The date of manufactureof our piece should hardlybe later thanMM IIB; forsurvivalof such pieces into LM contexts,cf. a steatitesignetwithconcentriccirclesfroma LM IB contextin the Royal Road excavations. MATERIALS Most of the hardersemi-preciousstones engravedby Minoan artistsare varietiesof silica. The crystallinequartz group,with a hardnessof 7 on the Mohs' scale, includesthe clear and the violet amethyst,each representedby a singleexamplefrom colourlessrock-crystal the UnexploredMansion (P 64 and 10 respectively).Chalcedonicvarietiesof silica,witha hardness7 to 6.5, includeagate,withcurvingbands in a varietyof colours and degreesof translucency,and carnelian rangingfrom deep red to golden yellow, usually without bandingbut withirregularmarkingswhichvarywithinthatcolourrangeor are set withina white or pale greychalcedonicmatrix.Distinctionsbetweenagate and carnelianare often subjective,dependingon colour and amountof banding;threeexamplesamongstour seals (P 136, J/K3 and 8) have been designatedcarnelianin the cataloguesbut withagateadded in brackets. Breccia, used more frequentlyfor stone vases than seals, with a hardnessabout 4.5, accounts for one of our seals (9). It containsdark brownand orangepieces outlinedwith creamybuffchalciteveins. Only two examples of the same varietycan be cited: a MM I conoid and perhapsa MM III discoid with "architectural"design.36The materialprobably came fromKakon Oros east of Herakleion,thoughotherparts of Crete produce similar stones37and an opaque materialwithless regulargrey,orangeand buffpatches,whichhas erroneouslybeen called, mottled jasper, agate or conglomerate,probably representsa secondvarietyused occasionallyforseals in bothMM and LM.38 identifiedas glassor poor qualityrock-crystal, A dull semi-translucent stone,frequently with hardness4 on the has proved on pétrographieanalysisto be flouriteor flour-spar, Mohs' scale. One seal (M 35) is of thismaterial,whichwas used in particularfora groupof

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19 1

seals bearingsimplelineardesignsfromLM/LHIII contextson both theMainland39and on Crete in the Olous cemetery,in tombs of LM IIIA2- Bl at Armenoiand in the Dikte cave.40A few flouriteseals fromLH III mainlandcontextscarrymorenaturalistic motifs;41 CMS X 2 and 167 are probablyCretanand of earlierdate but thematerialwas rarelyused for seals prior to LM/LHIII. Apart fromour piece with its LM II context,only a few instancescan be cited: two discoidswith "architectural"designsfromMM II- III tombsin the ProphètesElias cemetery;42 CMS XII 116, describedas "whiteamethyst"but probably of thesamematerialand period;and,earlierstill,a pear-shapedsignetfroman EM II- MM II contextin the Trapeza tholos,a buttonfromthe Psychrocave, a signetand an unfinished seal fromthe MM IIB atelier at Mallia.43In the early LM period contemporary withour piece thereare only HM 181 fromtheN. Slope at Phaistosand HM 1306 whichis probably flouriteratherthanrock-crystal. Oursis theonlyflouriteexamplein the cut-style.44 The remainingeighteenseals are of softer,less precious stones whose identification causes some problems.The oftenpale, soapy-textured varietyof H 259 is not muchfound afterMMII, and in MM III and LM, thoughothercoloursare found,the commonestvarieties are opaque green,greyor black sometimeswithpatches or mottlingof othercolours.The term"steatite"has oftenbeen used to cover all thesevarietiesof softstone(hardness4 to 1.5) used by Minoan engraversand makersof other stone artifacts,especiallyvases. The termis technicallyincorrect;manyof the stonesso describedare serpentineor chlorite;the words schist,chlorite-schist, limestoneand even marblehave also been used to describe them.In my catalogue and text the termssteatiteand serpentinehave been used in the descriptionof seals. Steatitepropershouldbe softerthanserpentine- 2.5 to 1.5 as opposed to 4 to 3.5 on the Mohs' scale - but thereare manyvarietiesand the gemmologist'sconfusion really only reflectsthe geological situationin Crete, where serpentinescontain admixturesof steatiteor chloriteand outcrops of steatite,serpentineand chloriterocks occurin manylimestoneareas.45 The materialof seals fromtheUnexploredMansionmaybe tabulatedas follows: 1 (P 64) Rock-crystal 1 (10) Amethyst 3 Carnelian/Agate (P 136,J/K3, 8) Breccia 1 (9) Flourite 1 (M 35) 18 (H 104, H 50, D 8-9, NC 20, NP 18, H 259 Serpentine/Steatite 1-7 and 11-14) SHAPES DuringMM II the originallyflat disc began to develop more convex faces (discoid); these lent themselvesmore readilyto newlyintroducedtechniquesof drilland wheelattachedto a fixedbow-lathe.Whilethe faces of H 259, our earliestpiece, are relativelyflat,those of NC 20 and 6 have becomemoreconvex.46 The typicalLM lentoidwas probablydevelopedfromthe discoid duringthe course of MM III. Most LM Ι- ΠΙΑ examples have smoothlyrounded backs and our Η 104, M 35, J/K3, H 50, NP 18, 1-2, 4-5, 7-8, 10-12, 13 (notablythin) and 14 (engravedon both faces) are of this type. The back of D 8 is somewhatridgedand that of 10 somewhat conical.47 The convex-faced amygdaloiddevelopedalongsidethelentoidduringMM III and usually

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has a similarlyrounded back (3 and 7), thoughfinerexamples in hard stonesmay have concavefacetsalongtheedges(P 64 and Ρ 136).48 The rectangularflattenedcylinder("cushion") withconvex faces whichduringMM III replacedthe flat-faced rectangularblock,and the three-sided prismwithamygdaloid-shaped MM III another are not faces, innovation, amongstour seals. represented MOTIFS Two motifson seals fromthe UnexploredMansionrequirebriefinterpretive comment.The Ρ occurs in 64 various forms of motif more or less 184a) (PLATE disintegrated puzzling after the of It rather schematic the "talismanic" Evans, has, among group.49 representations been identifiedas a "lion's mask" but the interpretation is open to doubt. One parallel illustratedby Evans50is clearlya butterfly withcirclesor dots on each wing.51But thefact that on our piece the dots are on the end of "stalks" suggestssome kindof plant,perhaps the head of a papyrusflower.52Leaf or plant motifsinvolvingwide base lines and dots or circlesoccur early withinthe talismanicrepertoire53 and it may be that the motifwhich to producethisnew form.54 beganas a flowerbecamehybridisedwithotherrepresentations The motifof no. 1 (PLATE 187a), a butterfly withwingsspreadand a second insect The last is a three-sided above, occurs on threeseals in hardermaterials.55 prismwiththe motifon one side; a second side carriesa butterfly on its own and thishas severalparallels on both lentoidsand amygdaloids.56 The Rutsi,Kolonaki and Gypsadespieces cited have LH IIIA1- 2 contextsbut the motifis found earlier: thereare two examples amongthe LM I sealingsfromChania; two amongLM IB sealingsfromAgia Triadha;57and a seal with two butterflies, one withspreadand the otherwithclosed wingson a seal fromthe Little Palace at Knossos (fn. 61 below). That the butterflywas a popular motif in LM I is confirmedby its appearancewith spread wingson gold repoussé plaques fromthe Shaft Graves,and withfoldedwingsas an ivoryvotivefromZakro and as bowspritdecorationof at least two ships on the Akrotirifresco.Marine associationsare also suggestedby the combinationof butterflies withfoldedwingswithan argonautshelland birdon a seal from the Palace at Knossos, and with two argonautson a LM IB sealingfromAgia Triadha.58 wingedcreaturesin thingold suggestionthatbutterflyBosanquet even made the intriguing froma Mycenaechambertombmightrepresenta Zakro-likecompositein whichthe finof a sea-horsewas amplifiedintowings.59 It is not clear what significancethe Minoans attached to the butterfly;it need not representthe human soul60 but some sacred or symbolicconnotationis suggestedby the attachmentof its wingsto severalof the compositemonstersof the LM IB sealingsfrom fresco,and by its positionat thecentreof the Zakro, by its appearanceon the Priest-King cultsceneon thegold ringfromArchanes.61 The identityof the second insect on our seal and some of its parallelsis open to rathera wasp,hornetor bee, as on theMochlos question.It is clearlynot a secondbutterfly, the butterfly, rather than a even or It, may be intendedon at least one dragonfly. ear-ring, at the centreof of the Chania sealingscited above (fn. 56) and it occurswiththebutterfly theArchanesringscene (fn.61). NUMBER OF SEALS The UnexploredMansionrepresentsonly a small area of the outer townat Knossos. Other Museum such areas under controlledexcavation,the Royal Road and the Stratigraphical

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Extension,have producedcomparablenumbersof seals. It may not be feasiblefromthese numbersto workout how manyseals were in use at any one period or to determinewhat proportionof seals in any one area have survived.But given,on the one hand,therelatively small proportionof the outer townuncoveredin these excavationsand, on the otherthe large numberof seals recovered,it is clear that the wearingand so presumablythe use of in the period MM IIIB- LM IIIA1. A projectionof these seals was widespread,particularly of numbersover the total area the town site,evenexcludingthePalace and the cemeteries, runsto thousandsof sealsin use at any one time.Even suchvague,generalobservationsraise interesting questionsforfutureresearchinto Minoan society(whatmembersof the society possessed sealstones?could the figuresbe used to re-enforcespeculationsabout size of population?) and into glypticproblems(what proportionof originaloutput survives?how corpus a sufficient many craftsmenwere engravingseals at any one time?is the surviving of some seals to allow us chance by workshopsor even individual grouping proportion artists?). MISCELLANEOUS CATALOGUE OF SEALS AND A SEALING FROM UNCERTAIN MINOAN CONTEXTS AND POST-MINOANLEVELS PLATE 187a. D. 1.7 χ 1.6; Th. 0.74; 1. Lentoid withroundedback and verticalstringhole, In good conditionbut slightlydamagedon edges D. of SH. 0.24. Serpentine,grey-green. and engravedface where tips of the two insectsmeet. Butterflyand smallerinsect (?dragonfly)invertedabove. FromcleaningoverRooms O, P, Q and SC; associatedwith is closelyparalleled Minoan levelsbut not clearlystratified;UM/72/766.The butterfly LM IB (Annuario8-9 (1925-6) 93, no. 29, Fig. 53) on a sealingfromAgia Triadha in and thispiece is probablyof about the same date. The combinationof the two insects is not common(see underMotifsabove). 2. Lentoid with rounded back and verticalstringhole,PLATE 187b. D. 1.8 χ 1.86; Th. 0.66; D. of SH. 0.25. Steatite,black. Slightlydamagedon engravedface, acrosslion's body, on bull's body and in frontof bull's neck; also slightlycrackedon back,perhaps fromexposureto fire.Bull left,running,withhead tossedupwards;lion antithetically posed above,in crouchedor seatedposition,head turnedback in profilebut presumably intended,fromthe bull's anguishedpose, to be attackingit, thoughthereis no direct contact between the animals,apart from2 smalllines betweentop of lion's head and bull's neck. In Geo. robbingpit above robbed blocks of N. facadeoutsideRoom Β but perhaps associated with Minoan levels; MUM/68/17.Belongs to same broad general groupas Η 104, Ρ 136, D 8 and NP 18. The bull's closestparallelsare CS 385, CMS VII 166 and an LM IB sealingfromAgia Triadha (Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 100, no. 53, Fig. 74), and parallelsforthe lion and the overallcompositionsuggestan LM I to early LM II date (see underContextsabove). 3. Amygdaloidwith rounded back, PLATE 187c. L. (ext.) 1.05; W. 0.97; Th. 0.4; D. of SH. 0.15. Serpentine,grey-green. Extremelyworn,especiallyat centreof engraved Patternof lines;2 curvinglinesalongedgesof seal fromeach face and ends of stringhole. end of which diagonallines point towardsthe centre.Upper levels overRooms C- D, withoutclear contextbut perhapsassociatedwithMinoanlevels;MUM/68/1.Too worn and indistinguishable forprecisedatingand parallels. 4. Lentoid withroundedback, PLATE 187d. D. 1.3; Th. 0.42; D. of SH. 0.2. Steatite(or serpentine),darkblue-grey.Extremelyworn on engravedfaceand at ends of stringhole.

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Indistinguishablemotif, possibly woman or bird-woman;deep gouged lines at top perhapsadded later. Found in upper level above divisionwall betweenRooms Β and C, perhapsassociatedwithMinoanlevels;MUM/68/85.If motiveis womanor bird-woman, perhapscomparee.g. CMCG 374-7. 5. Lentoid with rounded back, PLATE 188a. D. 1.4 χ 1.3; Th. 0.55; D. of SH. 0.22. Serpentine,green.Somewhatwornat centreof engravedfaceand one end of stringhole; chippedin two places, on edge and on engravedface. Six-point"star" (or ?flower)with pairs of parallellines betweenthe points.WithRoman materialof 2nd C; UM/67/164. Radial designs,includingfour-point(CMS V 653; CMCG 223) and, as here,six-point "stars" appear on MM buttons, signetsand discoids with examples among MM IIB sealingsat Phaistos. They continueon LM lentoids: CMS VIII 142 and CMCG 195 provideclose parallelsformaterial,shape and motive. 6. Discoid withconvexfaces,PLATE 188b. D. 1.4 χ 1.35; Th. 0.7; D. of SH. 0.22. Serpentine (or steatite),greywithsurfacewhitened,perhapsfromfire.Considerablywornon Patternof lines;a heavilyengravedX-shapewith engravedfaceand at ends of stringhole. lines the between lightertripleparallel points.Roman House VIII level34 withmaterial Geo. to Classical;UM/68/146.Design has similaroriginto thatof 5. Examplesin MM: discoid CMS 112 73 apparentlylate MM context at MonasteriakoKephali; MM IIB sealingat PhaistosCMS 115 118; LM lentoid CMCG 223. Debased but mainlylinear versions(i.e. withno broadeningof the main radialmembers)occuron a latergroupof mainlyfluoriteseals discussed(underMaterials)above. 7. Lentoid withroundedback and horizontalstringhole, PLATE 188c. D. 1.22 x 1.3; Th. In condition but chipped at one end of D. of SH. black. 0.22. Steatite, 0.53; good stringhole, damagingface. Bucranium,fullface. Trench 15 level3; withmaterialof 3rd C. A.D; UM/71/364.No exact parallel.A flattenedcylinderfromNW Treasury,Knossos in context overlaidby LM I floorhas full-facebucraniumwith double axe above (HM 337 = PM IV 343f., Fig. 287b). This is in hardstone,as in all probabilitywerethe seals whichimpressedan MM III sealingfromtheTempleRepositories(PM I 699, Fig. 522b) and one of LM IB from Zakro (Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 172f, no. 165, Fig. 203). Perhapsnot laterbut withoutcontextare some softseals bearingthemotif(CMS I 467; VIII 1 16, X 68; CMCG 352). PLATE 188d. D. (est.) 1.8, (ext.) 8. Lentoid withroundedback and horizontalstringhole, 1.62 x 1.4; Th. (ext.) 0.65; D. of SH. 0.18. Carnelian(or agate), red withwhitebands of upper part remains.Bull and some darker,browner,areas. Broken;only a fragment animal head of another right,running;mask-like (Pattackinglion) behindbull's neck. Trench 15 Room 3 level 1 withfillof 2nd and 3rdC. A.D; UM/71/402.No stylistically close parallel,thoughlion attackingbull in the neck (if such it is) fromeitherabove or behindis common(PM IV 527ff.). PLATE 189a. D. 1.6; Th. 9. Lentoid with slightlyrounded back and verticalstringhole, surroundedby a pale buff each dark areas with D. of SH. 0.18. 0.7; Breccia,orange grey band. In fineconditionapart fromslightcrack on engravedfaceat upperend of stringhole.Goat right,running;head and neck of 2nd goat behindfacingin oppositedirection. close Roman House VIII level32 withHellenisticmaterial;UM/68/112.No immediately on harder of animals similar those fall between of and parallel.Style technique engraving materialsand those on softer.Treatmentof eyes,joints etc. suggestsdate as earlyas LMII. PLATE 189b. D. 1.6; Th. 0.7; 10. Lentoid withslightlyconicalback and verticalstringhole, D. of SH. 0.18. Amethyst,mauve. Engravedface and lower edge almost completely

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shearedaway; of engravedface only upper edge and one side preserved.Perhapstwo humanfigureseitherside of plant motif,or threeplantmotifs.Trench14 level 15 with materialof 1st and 5th C. A.D; UM/71/363. No identifiableparallels,thoughthe neat use of small solid drillsinkingsforhumanhairis frequentfromLM IB- IIIA (e.g. CMS I Suppl. 27; VII 95; VIII 147; IX 153; XII 242; CS 9?;AGDS I 57. PLATE 189c. D. 1.4 χ 1.36; Th. 11. Lentoid withroundedback and horizontalstringhole, 0.48; D. of stringhole0.12. Serpentine(or steatite),pale buff-grey. Evenlywornover Animal littlewearat ends of stringhole. whole of engravedface but withcomparatively shield" a dots below 2 "figure-eight left, belly, perhaps running; probably (?goat) Trench13E(Ext) symbol;2 dots above rump,perhapsfoliagebut too wornforcertainty. level 29a withHellenisticmaterial;UM/71/692. The renderingof a goat's body on the basis of 3 drilledholes is a mannerismcommonon hardstone (mostlycarnelian)amygdaloids, flattenedcylindersand lentoids. It beginsno later than LM IA, e.g. Kamalari Tholos (Annuario39-40 (1961-2) 97ff,no. 18, Figs. 125 and 144) and LM IB sealings at Agia Triadha (Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 106, no. 70, Fig. 91). The mannerismis occasionallyimitated,as here,in softerstones(e.g. CMS I 489; X 115). 12. Lentoid with rounded back and verticalstringhole,PLATE 189d. D. 1.71 χ 1.8; Th. 0.68; D. of SH. 0.21. Serpentine,dark greenwithsome brownishtinges.Considerably worn, especially at centreof engravedface, on back face and at ends of stringhole; chippedon one edge, damagingengravedface by the firstanimal'sneck.Animal(?bull or calf) left,running,withhead tossed upwards;head and neck of 2nd similaranimal behind, facingin opposite direction.Trench 11 level 31a with Hellenisticmaterial; UM/71/679.This piece belongsto the same generalgroupas H 104, H 50, D 8, NP 18 and no. 2 above. The group depicts mostlyonly a singleanimal,but the engraver's mannerism(e.g. no. 9) of placinghead and neck of 2nd animal behind, theirheads turnedin the same or opposite directions,is occasionallyrepeated in softerstones (CMS I 488 and I Suppl. 140; X 260; CMCG 294); legsof the 2nd animalare sometimes shown(CMS X 307-8). PLATE 190a. D. 1.48 χ 13. Lentoid withroundedback but ratherthin;verticalstringhole, Somewhatworn all over;broken 1.4; Th. 0.45; D. of SH. 0.18. Serpentine,grey-green. at ends of stringhole,damagingengravedface at upper end and reverseat lower end. Animal(?goat) left,running.Surfacefind;UM/68/157.Apparentlycursoryimitationin soft stone of the typical "cut-style"runninggoat found on hard stones (especially carnelianand haematite;J/K3; CMS I 482; IV 264; IX 139-40; CMCG 257 etc.). Such imitationsare infrequentbecause "cut-style"techniquesscarcelytransferto softstone but examplescan be cited: CMS VII 263; IX 172; X 162; XII 267 and 304 engraving cf. CMS IV 270 in glass. all in serpentine/steatite; 14. Lentoid engravedon both faces, PLATE 190b-c. D. 1.79; Th. 0.62; D. of SH. 0.23. Steatite(or serpentine),darkolive-green. Considerablyworn on both faces and at ends Side 1, patternof radiallines witha single-lineborder;side 2, patternof of stringhole. lines, chevronsand dots within a single-lineborder. Surface find; UM/71/365. No parallelscan be citedwhichthrowlighton its date or theengraver'sintention. 15. Glandularstone (not illustrated),probablyoriginallya lentoidcut away acrosstheends of the stringhole.L. 1.5; W. 1.62; Th. 0.69; D. of SH. 0.17. Serpentine,mottledpale Trench 1 1 level greenand darkgrey.Wornand pittedwithno indicationof engraving. down or filed cut bead lentoid a but seal never an 39, UM/71/691.Probably engraved its since Bronze Late the after down on each side, perhaps presentshape has no Age clearMinoanparallels.

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D. 2.1 x 16. Lentoid,(not illustrated)withroundedback; roughedout shape,no stringhole. on one From removal face. 1.98; Th. 0.79. Serpentine,pale grey.Unfinished, roughened of wall GN; UM/68/143.A numberof similarunfinishedlentoidsare known,e.g. from Royal Road and Lapidary's workshop(PM IV 595, Fig. 589). See also C 27 (PLATE 219, 22) a roughedout flattenedcylinder,discussedunderOtherFinds. 17. Clay nodule, roughlytriangularsection,impressedonce by lentoidseal, PLATE 190d. L. 1.98; W. 1.5; Th. 0.9; D. of seal 1.35 (approx). In good condition,surviving practically complete. Dark grey-brownclay, well-baked.Young bull right,standing,with head turnedback. Surfacefindbut perhapsburntin LM II firedestruction; MUM/68/114. the of shows nodule Attachment: the clearly imprints fingerand thumbthat (a) and theholes at eitherend leftby the the it the seal as was pinched clay pressedagainst in section,rarelybearsmore cord whichit secured.This nodule type,roughlytriangular than a singleseal impression(e.g. PM IV 652, Fig. 530b, Royal tomb,Isopata, LM IIB). To judge frombrokenexamplesin whichan impressionof the cordis visible,it usually sealed two ends of cord sometimesknottedor simplyoverlappingwherethe clay itself formedthe fastening.Or occasionallya singlecord ran straightthroughit (e.g. PM IV 597, Fig. 592; BSA 74 (1979) 274, pls. 39g and 40a-b), the sealingservingto prevent the untyingof a knot furtheralong the cord. This type of sealingis foundon other Cretansites in LM IB depositsbut is mostcommonin theLM IIIA destructiondeposits at Knossos and formsthe bulk of the sealings from LH III contexts at Pylos and Mycenae.Some specificsuggestionshave been made as to the kind of object sealed: at Pylosa wineskin(AJA63 (1959) 134ff.);at Mycenae- and perhapsIsopata - a door or its key (Eranos 57 (1959) Iff.; E.L. Bennett,The Mycenae Tablets II (Philadelphia, 1958) 102ff.).The object was one whichcould be securedby a quite slendercordwhose free or knotted ends were sealed without the sealing otherwisecominginto direct contactwiththe object (Kadmos 5 (1966) Uf.;BSA 62 (1967) 27ff.). (b) Seal: the sealing was impressedby a lentoid seal engravedin the powerful naturalisticstyleof LM I withassuredmodellingof the body's varyingplanesand solid musculature;thereis sparinguse of the drill,hereonlyforthe animal'seye, set beneath a deeply cut semi-circlefor the brow; otherdrillmarksare used forthejowl and the back of the knee-jointon the surviving hind-leg.The genesisof thisstyleis to be found in MM III (e.g. HM 396 = Gournia57, Fig. 27; HM 1719 = CMS 11260, ProphètesElias tomb 7 - both MM II- III contexts). The greaterease and supplenessof our piece appearedduringLM I (e.g. HM 609 = CS p. 62, Fig. 135, MouktaroPediados;also a red jasper lentoid with lion attackingbull fromby the Royal Road, LM IB). Of thesethe firstin particularhas the same strongmodellingof the shoulderand muscles of the also of a seriesof sealingsimpressedby goldrings upper foreleg,a featurecharacteristic LM IB deposits on a numberof Cretan sites from of scenes taurokathapsia showing 5 (Kadmos (1966) Iff.). Comparablestandingbulls withheads turnedback appear on LMIB sealingsat Zakro (HM sealings19, 49, 65b, 72; Annuario8-9 (1925-6) 169, no. 156, Fig. 194) and Agia Triadha (ibid. 102, no. 57, Fig. 78). The same powerful shouldersand upper forelegsoccuron some goats(e.g. CS 7P, ZapherPapoura tomb36; HM 908, Isopata tomb 3, LM IIIA1; CMS VII 233, Knossos); thesemaybe a littlelater than the seal which impressedour nodule; fortheyemploya combinationof tubular and solid drillsforthe eye givingit the "bespectacled"look commonamongstanimals on seals fromLM IIIA contexts but rare in the precedingperiod to which our seal belonged.

Section6 TerracottaFigurines (PLATES 191-4) R. A. HIGGINS Page 197 199 200 200 201

Humanfigures Animais Miscellaneous Mycenaeanimports Miscellaneouscatalogue

fromthe Mansionare a verymixed lot, but include The Minoan and Mycenaeanfigurines two outstandingexamples of the typicalMinoan goddess,both securelydated, H 52 to LM II and C 6 to LM IIIB. however,werefoundin post-Minoanlevels,but,forthe sake of Many of thesefigurines, included here are witha catalogueappended to thissection.All, except the completeness, are Mycenaeanimports, Minoan,and probablyKnossian. HUMAN FIGURES No. 1 (not illustrated)is a "sheep bell". Some thirtyof the enigmaticobjects knownconventionallyby this name were found at Knossos in the Britishexcavationsof 1956-61, nearlyall in MM IA contexts.1The vast majorityof previouslyrecorded"sheep-bells"also come fromKnossos but theyare knownin additionfromPoros,Tylissosand Vorou in the Mesara. Nearly all are of MM IA date, but a few continueinto MM IB.2 They consistof a hollow bell-shapedbody with a loop-handleon top and horn-shapedextensionson either side; thereare usually two small holes on the top or in front.The decorationconsistsof simple linear patternsin black or red semi-lustrous "glaze". An exceptionalexample in faience,withhumanfeaturespaintedon it, was foundat Poros,witha numberof theusual terracotta versions.3 Two sheep-bellsare occasionallyfoundjoined togetherat the base; in one examplethe junctionis maskedby a smallfigureof a bull,in anotherby a goat's head.4 These objects have been variouslyidentifiedas bells, sacredhorns,sacredrobes,figures of goddesses,and masks.They are unlikelyto be bells, in view of thepairedexamples,and of the fact that some few are nearlysolid. They are also unlikelyto be sacredhorns,since 197

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therewould be no room to place votiveobjects in the centre,as was the Minoan custom. Chapouthierhas linked them with a Linear A sign,and Picard has developed the idea,5 of a Minoan goddesswithraisedarms. the signwitha schematicrepresentation identifying This is an ingenioustheory,but themostprobableexplanation,to judge fromthemarkings on thefaienceexample,is thattheyrepresentthemaskof a goddess,schematically rendered. The more specificallyhuman figurinesfromthe Mansion comprisegoddessesof the normal Minoan kind, assortedmale figures,and miscellaneousheads, broken fromtheir bodies. The finestexample of a goddess,H 53 (PLATES 191a and 195,5), is also the earliest, to LM II. She standswithherarmsstretchedforward, wearing beingdated stratigràphically a tightbodice with a mesh patternand a flouncedskirtdecoratedwith rows of linear patterns,and ridgedhorizontallyto indicatethe flounces.She also wearsa necklacewith long pendants.Whencomparedwiththeivories,stonevases and goldworkof theperiod,her faceis admittedlyuncouth,but the figurein itselfis not withoutmerit. H 116 and nos. 2-3 (PLATE 193,1-5) are fragments fromsimilarfigures.Othersimilar from the come Road at Knossos fragments Royal (1957-61 excavations)6 and from Phaestos.7 In contrastto H 53, the goddess,C 6, at PLATE 191b (dated some 200 yearslater, around 1200 B.C.) raisesher armsnot forwardsbut verticallyupwards,in what was to be the canonicalpose forLM III goddesses.Otherdifferences fromtheearlierstyle(all typical of this later class) are her greatersize, the more schematictreatmentof her skirtand the simplerformof the decoration,which consistsof little more than horizontalbands. Her mouthis a gash and her eyes are blobs. Her back-hair,indicatedby incisions,fallsalmostto hershoulders. No. 4 (PLATE 193,4) is probablyfroma similarpiece. No. 5 (PLATE 192b) consistsof a cylindricalbody withstumpyarms,slightlyraised.It is not clear whetherit is LM or SM but it is probablya Minoanprototypeof the typicalMycenaeanfigurine. By combiningthe evidenceof the UnexploredMansionwith the fundamentalwork of Alexiou8 and other sources,it is now possible to trace the developmentof the Minoan terracottagoddesswiththe flaringskirtfromMM I to Subminoan. MM I: Petsofa.9MM III: Piskokephalo.10LM I: Phaestos.11LM II: no. 2 here.LM IIIA: Palaikastro.12LMIIIB: Knossos, Shrine of Double Axes.13 LM IIIB, late: no. 6 here. LM IIIC: Gazi.14LM IIIC/SM: Karphi.15 male figures.D 7 (PLATE The UnexploredMansionhas also produced some interesting man B.C. A short-legged around made C was therefore found and 1200 with 6, 192b) was indiare chin and ears standswithlegs apart.The modellingis rudimentary; nose, roughly cated, and his back-hairis arrangedin separatelymodelledstrands.His armswerestretched forwards, probablyholdingsome object, whichapparentlyextendedfromhis leftelbow to his rightthigh.At firstsighthe appears to be naked, but such a conditionis quite unprecedentedin Minoanmen,and he was probablywearingthe traditionalMinoansheathand loin-cloth.Red "glaze" was used on his buttocks(anothersuggestionthathe was clothed) and also on ears,beard and leftelbow. Clay and "glaze" are exactlyparalleledin thehorsehere catalogued); and it may well be that the two head no. 12 (and in no otherfigurines or equestriangroup. of chariot were in some sort combined pieces No. 6 (PLATE 193,6) is equally sketchilymodelled and has a somewhatsimilarface, withpinched-outnose and chin;unlikethe otherpiece,he has pin-holeeyes.He standswith his legs apart, his arms hangingdown. The absence of sexual organssuggeststhat he is

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wearingthe usual Minoan loin-cloth.We should probablybe rightin seeingthispiece as withD 7 and so to be dated around1200 B.C. contemporary No. 7 (PLATE 193,7) is basicallysimilar,but he was apparentlystandingwithhis legs apart,and the "glaze" is appliedas an overallwash. There is the usual crop of detached heads. No. 8 (PLATE 193,8) is a sadly damaged head of a goddess,tonguedforinsertionin thebody. Nos. 9 and H 260 (PLATE 193,9-10) are also in all probabilitybrokenfromfiguresof goddesses.No. 10 (PLATE 193,11) is more problematical.It had long hair fallingdown the back. Whilstthe possibilityof a goddess cannotbe entirelyruled out, the resemblanceof the hair to D 7 suggeststhatwe havehere anothermale figureof late LM IIIB. No. 11 (PLATE 193,12) has a long face with large ears and pop-eyes,the pupils of whichare indicatedby depressions.A head identicalto thisoccurson a figurein Heraklion her saddle is a set of "Horns of fromArchanes,of a goddess ridinga horse side-saddle;16 a Phi-type Consecration".Fromits generalresemblanceto a Mycenaeangroupincorporating LM of IIIB. about of so this is date the Archanes the piece (and head), figurine,17 ANIMALS and as plasticvases. Animalsare predictablycommon,both as truefigurines The horse's head, no. 12 (PLATE 193,14), is made of the peculiarhard greenclay of D 7, and the suggestionhas been made that the two come froma compositeequestrianor chariotgroup. to knowwhatthe complete No. 13 (PLATE 193,15) is a puzzle. It would be interesting figurewas like; the surviving portioncertainlylooks equine. The unusual renderingof the eye as a sort of puncturedblob, paralleled however in no. 11, suggestsa date around LM IIIB. The bull's head, no. 14 (PLATE 193,16), is not easy to date, but thepop-eyesand the mechanicaltreatmentof the muzzle are surelyMinoan. There are two similarheads in Oxfordfromthe Dictaean Cave, one of whichhas a puncturedblob foran eye likenos. 11 and 13.18A date aroundLM IIIB is therefore probable. no. 15 (PLATE 194,1), except thatit shouldbe Littlecan be said of the bull-fragment, and Minoan.No. 16 (PLATE 193,13), yet anotherbull,has moreto tellus. The distinctive, purelynon-functional, patternsrecall the debased "FringedStyle", of LM IIIC/SM pottery fromKarphi.19 The rathernondescriptdog, no. 17 (PLATE 194,2), is decoratedwitha paintedpattern of open squares on its back and withstripeson its head. It certainlylooks Minoan.No. 18 and probablycomes froma similaranimal. (PLATE 194,4) is a similarfragment, No. 19 (PLATE 194,7) is a beautifullymodelledhead of a dog. It is hollow,but,with no hole in the muzzle,is unlikelyto be a rhyton.Possiblyfroma hollow figurine like a pig fromTroy of LH IIIB.20 C 8 (PLATE 192b) when complete,was a wheel-madeaskos in the formof a horse carryinga jar on its back. This schemeis alreadyfamiliarfromLH IIIC tombsat Ialysusin Rhodes.21From the somewhatearlierdate of oursit would appearthatthetypeevolvedin Cretein the laterthirteenth centuryB.C. and spreadto Rhodes, whereit flourishedat the of the It twelfth. is beginning temptingto see Levantineinfluencein the creationof hollow wheel-madeanimalsin Crete;22so different fromthetrulysculpturalmouldedvarietiessuch as nos. 22 and 23 whichprecededthem.

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Nos. 20 and 21 (PLATE 194,6 and 3) are bothprobablyfromwheel-madeanimal-head rhyta.No. 20 was perhapsa horse-headlike one fromIalysus.23No. 21 is like a bull's head rhyton,also fromIalysus.24Both shouldbe LM IIIA or B. Hollow-mouldedrhytonsin the formof bulls (nos. 22-23, PLATE 194,10 and 5) and bull's heads (nos. 24-26, PLATE 194,8-9) occur in small fragmentsfromthe British excavations of 1956-61 at Knossos, especially in the buildingsknown as Hogarth's Houses.25 of terracottaare They date betweenMM III and LM II. Completemouldedbull-rhytons also recorded fromPseira,Pachyammos,Vasiliki and Thera;26and completebull's head rhytonsfromPhaestos,Palaikastroand Gournia.27Two mouldswere used forthe primary shape, detailssuch as ears,hornsand legsbeingmade by hand and attachedaftermoulding. Minoanworkin softstone The lifelikeappearanceof theserhytais equal to contemporary and preciousmetal. The use of the mould forthispurposeat such an earlydate and forsucha shortperiod for forit was not to be used again forterracottas (200 yearsat most) is indeed surprising, some 700 years. But moulds were certainlyused in MM III for the makingof faience and theiradditionaluse forclay would seem an easy step to take.Moreover,two figurines, of some moulds fromGournia,one fora bull's head and the otherfromthe hind-quarters for terracotta well used have been animal,could rhyta.28 Like theirhand-madepredecessorsof theMiddleMinoanperiod,thesebullsseemsometimesto be coveredwithsome sortof netting.29 MISCELLANEOUS The boat, no. 27 (PLATE 192c), was apparentlypointed at prow and stern,and equipped withtwo benchesand withthole-pins.The decorationis non-functional:it consistson one side of two superimposedregistersof a runningspiraland a panel pattern;on the otherside of a row of concentriccircles. This is evidentlya model of a smallrowingboat, not particularlylike any of theother Minoan model boats known to us.30 Perhapsthe closestparallelcomes fromTomb 79 at Mycenae.31The patternsdo not givemuchhelp fordating.The spiralcould be virtuallyany date betweenLM IA and LM III;32 nor are the crude concentriccirclesany easier to date. The panel patternis paralleledaftera fashionin LH IIIA 2,33betteron the AghiaTriada Sarcophagus,whichis generallybelievedto be LM IIIA 1. This could well be the date of the boat. MYCENAEAN IMPORTS AlthoughMycenaeanterracottasare not as rareon Minoan sitesas was once believed,they are still far fromcommon.34Seven fragmentshave been identifiedin the Unexplored Mansion. Nos. 28, 29 and probably30 (PLATE 194,11-13), belongto thePhi-typeof Mycenaean goddess,35whilenos. 31 and 32 could belongto any of the threetypes. NC 19a (PLATE 194,15) is more elaborate. It apparentlydepicts a standingfemale figure,witharmsof two other(missing)figuresappliedto theback. Followinga suggestion of L.H. Sackett,I would see thispiece as part of a groupof women seatedin a circlewith armsroundeach otherswaists.

TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

20 1

of MrsFrench's"Wavy2" variety, C 9 (PLATE 194,14) is a fragment of a bull-figurine whichshe datedin LH ΠΙΑ.36 MISCELLANEOUS CATALOGUE OF TERRACOTTAS IN UNCERTAIN AND POSTMINOAN CONTEXTS Humanfigurines 1. "Sheep bell", H. 5.8; W. 4.8. Handmadeand hollow;lowerpartmissing.Pale orangeclay withcreamsurface.UM/67/648. 2. Goddess frag.PLATE 193, W. 3.4. Solid; onlytorsopreservedwithtongueforinsertion of skirt.Pale orangeclaywithcreamsurface;dull black "glaze". From a piece likeΗ 53. UM/68/196. 3. Goddess frag.,PLATE 193,3. H. 3.5; W. 5.3. Handmade and solid; upper part only of torsopreserved.Creamclay; dull black "glaze". Froma piece likeΗ 53. UM/67/655. 4. Goddess frag.,PLATE 193,4. H. 4.3; W. 4.5. Handmade and solid; upper part only of torsopreserved.Dull black "glaze". UM/71/726. 5. Goddess frag.,PLATE 193,5. H. 4.3; W. 3. Handmade and solid; head missing.Dull black "glaze". 6. Man standing,frag.,PLATE 193,5. H. 6.8; W. 2.9. Handmade and solid; leftarm and rightleg missing.Pale orangeclay; dull brownishblack "glaze". MUM/68/32. 7. Man standing,frag.,PLATE 193,7. H. 6.7; W. 3.5. Handmade and solid; armsdamaged and legsmissing.Pale orangeclay; dull brownishblack "glaze". UM/67/568. 8. Head of goddess,PLATE 193,8. H. 3.1; W. 1.2. Handmadeand solid; tonguedforinsertionto body,fromwhichit has come apart.Creamclay; dull black "glaze". 9. Head of goddess,PLATE 193,9. H. 3.5; W. 2.8. Handmade and solid. Pale orangeclay withcreamsurface;tracesof black "glaze". UM/68/41. 10. Human head, PLATE 193,11. H. 3.5; W. 2.7. Handmade and solid; applied blobs for eyes,and appliedhair.Creamclay. UM/68/160. 11. Head of goddess,PLATE 193,12. H. 3.1; W. 1.5. Handmadeand solid; eyes are applied blobswithcentraldepression;leftear and nose missing.Yellow ochreclay; black "glaze". UM/67/669. Animals 12. Horse's head, PLATE 193,14. H. 3.6; W. 5.3; Basically wheelmadeand subsequently modelled; applied eyes, ears, mane; badly damaged. Pale greenclay, unusuallyhard; dullred "glaze". MUM/72/58. 13. Horse's (?) head, PLATE 193,15. H. 3.2; W. 2.1. Handmadeand solid; appliedblob for eye withhole forpupil; slashesin mane.Pale orangeclay; dull black "glaze", partlymisfiredto red,flaking.UM/72/784. 14. Bull's head, PLATE 193,16. L. 3.2; W. 3.2. Handmadeand solid; blobs foreyes,slashed mouth and pierced nostrils;ears and hornsmissing.Pale orangeclay; purplish"glaze" aroundmuzzle.UM/68/38. 15. Bull, frag.,PLATE 194,1. H. 5.5; L. 9. Handmade and solid; head and limbsmissing. Pinkclay. UM/68/6. 16. Bull, frag.,PLATE 193,13. H. 5.5; L. 5.2. Handmade and solid; frontpart of torso preserved.Orangeclay withcreamsurface;dull purplishblack "glaze". Rooms C/D fill of largerobbingpit,basicallySM. MUM/72/46.

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17. Dog, PLATE 194,2. H. 3; L. 6.8. Handmade and solid; legs damaged.Pale orangeclay withcreamsurface;purplishblack and brown"glaze". UM/68/177. 18. Quadruped,frag.,PLATE 194,4. H. 3.2; L. 5.6. Handmade and solid; head missingand legsdamaged.Pale orangeclay withcreamsurface;purplishblack "glaze". UM/71/595. 19. Dog's head, PLATE 194,7. H. 6; greatestW. 6.5. Handmadeand hollow;brokensurface leftear missing.Creamclay; tracesof black "glaze". UM/68/279. underneath, 20. Rhytonfrag.?,animal'shead,PLATE 194,6. L. 7; W. 3.5. Uncertainwhetherwheelmade area preserved.Pale orangeclay; dull or handmade;hollow; only eye and surrounding black "glaze". UM/72/90. 21. Rhytonfrag.,bull's head, PLATE 194,3. L. 4; W. 3.5. Probablywheelmadewithhandmade additions;hollow; small frag,witheye and stumpsof horn and ear. Pale brown clay withcreamsurface;dull black "glaze". MUM/72/90. 22. Bull rhytonfrag.,PLATE 194,10. H. 6.5; W. 5. Moulded (2 moulds); hollow; forepart onlypreserved.Yellow ochreclay. UM/71/596. 23. Bull rhytonfrag.,PLATE 194,5. H. 5. Moulded (?); solid; part of one leg preserved. Brownclay; dullblack "glaze". UM/73/2. 24. Bull's head rhytonfrag.,PLATE 194,9. L. 3.7. Moulded(?); hollow; muzzle only survives.Pale orangeclay withcreamsurface;reddishbrown"glaze". UM/71/594. 25. Bull's head rhytonfrag,(not illustrated).Longestdimension6.7. Moulded,hollow;one area preserved.Pale orangeclay; black "glaze". UM/67/511. eye and surrounding 26. Bull's head rhytonfrag.,PLATE 194,8. H. 4.5. Handmade; one ear preserved.Pale brownclay; black "glaze". UM/68/270. Others 27. Boat, PLATE 192c. L. 15; W. 5.5. Handmade; one end missing.Cream clay; black "glaze", partlymisfiredto red.MUM/68/26. Mycenaeanimports 28. Goddess,Phi type,frag.,PLATE 194,11. H. 4.5; W. 4.4. Handmadeand solid;upperpart preserved.Yellow ochre clay withfinersurface;black "glaze" partlymisfiredto brown. UM/72/801. 29. Goddess,Phi type,frag.,PLATE 194,12. H. 2.7; W. 2.5. Handmade and solid; portion of upper partpreserved.Pale brownclay withfinerpale greensurface;brownishblack "glaze". UM/67/530. 30. Goddess,Phi type(?),frag.,PLATE 194,13. H. 4.1; W. 3.5. Handmadeand solid;portion of centralpart preserved.Cream clay with finerpale greensurface;brownishblack "glaze". 31. Goddess frag,(not illustrated).H. 3.7; W. 2.9. Handmadeand hollowunderneath;lower part preserved.Pale orange clay with finersurface;red "glaze". S. Platform,Pit 4, LMIIIB. MUM/72/435. 32. Goddess frag,(not illustrated).H. 3; W. 1.6. Handmade and solid; head preserved.Pale brownclay withfinercreamsurface;reddishbrown"glaze". MUM/68/30.

Section7 The Bronzesand Metalworking Equipment1 (PLATES 195-207) H. W. and E. CATLING

1. The LM II complex 2. The argumentfortheexistenceof a Bronzesmith's Workshop 3. Workshopoutput 4. Workshopintake 5. Summary 6. The typologyof themetalobjectsfromtheLM II Workshop (a) Vessels (b) Weapons (c) Tools (d) Fittings (e) Objectsof personaluse (f) Statuette (g) Workshopmaterial 7. Pre-LMII deposit 8. Post-LMII deposit 9. MiscellaneousCatalogue

Page 203 205 206 207 207 208 212 213 215 217 217 218 220 220 221

Commenton thismaterialis in two sections.A conventionaltypologicalobject analysis(6) is precededby an attemptto interpretthe materialas a group(1-5). The pre-and postLM II depositsare consideredat theend (7-8). The objects are cataloguedin the relevantlist of Room Contentsincludedin theexcavationaccount.A small subsidiarycatalogueof objects withoutfirmcontextsis appended here (9). Definition of the termsscrap, waste and casting equipment,as used in the is givenin note 1. cataloguesand commentary, 1. THE COMPLEX Importantthoughseveralof the individualpieces are, the greaterinterestcomes fromthe understandingof the complex as a whole. There are threeelementsto consider.First, objects foundin contextsprecedingthe LM II occupationand destructionof theMansion, second, objects fromthe LM II destruction,third,objects associatedwiththe post-LMII 203

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reoccupation.There are over 300 objects to consider,256 of whichcome fromthe LM II destruction. These are consideredfirst. The evidencesuggeststhe presenceof a bronzesmith'sworkshopwithinthe Mansion duringLM II. Its preciselocationis uncertain.To thisworkshopI attributeover200 copper and bronze objects,and 19 of baked clay. Largequantitiesof copperand bronzeobjectsare not uncommonin Neopalatial contexts(in, forinstance,the so-calledPalatialHoards2and the abundantmetal objects foundseparatimin as thoroughly excavateda siteas Gournia.3) There is no parallel for a complex of the kind foundin the UnexploredMansion,whose value is further enhancedby its LM II date. This forthe firsttimepermitsan assessmentof the state of the metal industryin Crete in the immediateaftermathof the LM IB catastrophe,in the period at which we assume a Mycenaean control of Knossos. It invites comparisonwith the series of metal objects foundin richLM II and ΠΙΑ 1 tombsin the Knossos cemeteriesand elsewhere.4 We must firstdeterminethenatureof thiscomplex.Nearly95% of it came fromRooms H, L, Μ, Ν and P, witha few outliersin E, G and Q (see SummaryTable at end of Part8). The identityof the metal objects may be characterisedin a numberof ways. First,they can be separated into manufacturedgoods, scrap and waste. The firstcategoryis selfof manufacturedgoods no longeridentifiable. explanatory.By scrap is meant fragments of in the Waste includes pieces metal lost workshops(dropletsor spills), or the surplus from the mould (jets, web, risers,runners).Scrap trimmedfroma castingafterits removal accountsfor 25.5% of the objects,waste 18.5%. The manufactured objectscan be grouped in rough categories Weapons,Tools, Vessels,Statuettes,Ornaments,Blank Castingsand WorkshopEquipment. I distinguishfour separateclasses of manufacturedobjects. First, finishedobjects (and parts thereof),completein themselves- spearheads,knives,chisels. Second, componentparts, complete in themselves,having belonged to more complex objects - 'hinges',staples.Blank castings,the thirdcategory,here includebillets,rodsand bars (the distinctionsbetween which may be somewhatsubjective.)Workshopequipment hereconsistssolelyof wiremould ties.Manufacturedobjectsaccountfor55.5% of thetotal, dividedas follows:Finishedobjects 71.5% 13.5% Components 3.5% Blanks 10.5% Workshopequipment to maintain.Thereis inevitableambiguityin the is difficult Hard and fastcategorization distinctionbetween scrap and the finishedobject class of manufacturedobjects. Many pieces, simplybecause they are recognizable,have been assignedto finishedobjects when theyare,in fact,so muchscrapmetal.Only 25% of the finishedobjectscould be regardedas usable at the time of the destruction;it is significantthat over 90% of these are tools. Assuming(as I do) that the complete decoratedbrazier,was probablyused forcarrying burningcharcoalfromtheplace of kindlingto theplace of use, thispiece, too, has a natural place in theworkshop. illustrationfor,I believe,it pointsunambigudeservesfurther This line of investigation whole of the identification to the groupas the scatteredcontentsof a workshop.In ously the fill of Room M, where87 pieces were catalogued,68 are immediatelyseen as useless. Four more items in this collection,thoughnotionallyusable, had in all probabilitybeen writtenoff - the spearheadM 90 (the blade had been whettedalmost to disappearing drillM 91 (too point), the chiselsM 26 and M 29 (damagedworkingedges) and thegraver/

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oxydised to be certainwhetheror not complete). The usable objects were a knife,three chisels(M 9, 30 and 47) and a 'point' (M 68). We have alreadysuggesteda workshopuse for the brazier,M 63. Otheritemsin the room were completein one sense,but as components or fittingsbelongingto other,largerobjects, are at least one removefromutility.These include M 65, 82 and 93 (bent staples), the small 'hinges',M 3 and 181, and the plaque, M 48 and the inlays,M 92, 96 and 98. In CorridorL, threeof thefivecompletepieces were tools (knife,L 15, 'razor',L 128 and pincers/tweezers, L 126). L 120 was a smallpendant, L 41 a 'hinge'.In the fillof Room H, five,perhapssix of the completeobjectsweretools; theywere all verysmall (spatula,H 16, the workingpointsH 6, 7 and 11 and the Pmarking H 77). The only other complete object was a component- the staple, out instrument, H 195. In Room P, all thecompleteobjectsweretools,includingthe knife,Ρ 2, theawl,Ρ 6 and the smallpieces Ρ 13 and Ρ 43. The only completeobject in StairwayΝ was thehook, Ν 62. Is thereevidenceof systemin the findcomplexesin the fillof the individualrooms?I see none in the distributionof the classes of objects within the rooms. Some rooms, obviouslycontainedmoreitemsthanothers.Room M has both thelargestnumberof objects and pieces which,on average,are more substantialthan those fromthe otherrooms.But thereis no significant bias betweenusable and unusableitems.Apartfromobjectsof which this only one or two were found,all categoriesoccurin virtuallyeveryroom.Significantly, applies to the materialmost easily associablewitha workshop- crucibles,mould tiesand wastetrimmedfromcastings. Thoughthereare one or two large,heavypieces amongthe completeand usable items (the brazier,M 63, the ogival chisel,M 9), most substantialobjects are foundamongthe or damaged items.These include the many pieces of the two-handledpan, fragmentary the saws, (M 33, M 77, M 79 and M 139), the spears,(H 62-3) and the double (M 12-13), axe (H 25). Two of these objects are particularlyinformative. There is only half of the doubleaxe,H 25; it has been snappedacrossthe shaft-hole (whichmightwellhavehappened in use). The marksof the cold chiselblade thatwas used to tryto breakit up into smaller pieces are veryvisible,and are most naturallyexplainedas the attemptto breaka damaged tool forremelting. The spear,H 63, is even more suggestive, forit stillhas on eitherside of the socket a verypronouncedseam fromthe two piece mould in whichit was cast; the socket is badly cracked.While it is impossibleto be certain,the crackin the socket was probablya castingflaw;the spearwas a rejectand thrownout forremelting, explainingthe failureto grindoffthe seams. 2. THE ARGUMENT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF A BRONZESMITH'S WORKSHOP In the fillof variousrooms,mostlyfall fromupperfloors,wereobjectsused formelting,severalclay cruciblesand the clay nozzle froma furnace-bellows. A smallterracottamould forcastinglittlebilletswas also found.Withina largecomplexof copperand bronzeobjects were numerousitems associable with the castingprocess. These include lengthsof the copperwireused forstrappingtogetherthe two halvesof a two-piecemould,dropletsand spillsof metallost fromcruciblesfilledwithmoltenmetal,surpluspieces brokenfromcastingsaftertheirremovalfromthe mould (jets, runners,risersand web). A bronzevesselwas foundof a typethoughtto havebeen used forcarrying burningcharcoal;thoughits original use may have been to carryfireto politerrooms,it would have servedthesmithjust as well. The bronzeobjects includea seriesof tools thatcould have been usefulin theworkshop-

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heavychiselsforbreakingup scrapmetal,drills,punchesand awls forworkingsheetmetal, tiny tracersfordecoratingsheetmetal,smallpoints and littlechiselsforworkingover the could have been used to wax cartoonsused in cire perdue casting.The pincers/tweezers hot charcoalin an annealing handle the verysmall crucibles(eg H 111), or formanipulating furnace.The rods,bars and billetsof severaltypesand sizes are rawcastingsreadyforhand workinginto a varietyof smallgoods,includinglittlehand tools,needlesand bodkins,rivets forattachinghandleplates to knivesand weapons,rivetsforsecuringcast handlesto sheet metalvessels.In at least one case - the spearhead,H 63, thereis a flawedcastingset aside for remelting.And quantitiesof scrap metal; bits of vessels,broken tools, worn out or brokenweapons,as well as muchthatcan no longerbe identifiedforwhatit once was. This and formedpart of the workshop'sstock of raw scrap,surely,was intendedforremelting, material. The absence of itemsthatwould otherwisebe expected,such as ingots,heavyfoundry tools5 and moulds,pointseitherto deliberateriflingor to a hurriedcollectingof themore valuable objects before the firehad taken full hold of the building.The one mould to surviveis at once so simpleand so small it could easilyhave been overlooked,or thought worthless.We mightbe less surprisedthat the brazier,M 63, and the basin,L 16, wereleft behind if we knewjust how many of thesemore substantialcatagoriesthe shop had originallycontained. The scatteringof objects, thoughwithsome notable concentrations(eg. in Room M), mighthave been in part due to the same cause, thoughclearlyobjects of all classeshave been disturbedwiththecollapseof theupperstorey. On the floorof the PillarHall, H, were foundthe remainsof a smallfurnace,usable as a smith'smeltingfurnace.This pointsto thatroomas a focus,but workshopactivitycould have extendedto otherroomsin the mansionas well. In my own viewtheworkshopmust have been somewherein the building,even if doubtsremainas to its exact location.The only alternativeworthconsiderationis to supposethattherewas no actual workshopin the Mansion,but thatthe equipmentproperto a workshopwas storedthereforsecurity,and thatthe workshopwas sited somewherenearby,and its storesand equipmentwerehanded to it at need.6 This explanation is less satisfying;it has considerablyto be strainedto account for the minutepieces of waste metal recovered(spilled dropletsand castingtrimmings)which are more likelyto be the sweepingsof a workshopfloorthan to have come out of a stockbox keptdistinctfromtheworkshop. The scale pans, L 67, are appropriateto a metal workshop.Four of the Late Cypriot meltinghoardscontainscale pans, thoughin everycase, thepans are largerthantheKnossian set.7Correctcalculationof quantitiesrequiredis an obviousessentialforcraftsmen handling valuablematerials. 3. WORKSHOP OUTPUT betweenthemetalobjectsthatfoundtheirway into the Care has to be takento distinguish were made in it; withthisdistinctionin mind,it is clear that those and as workshop scrap thatthereare relativelyfew finishedobjects thatcan be claimedas its products.The most obvious,alreadyreferredto, is H 63, the rejectspearhead;H 62, also a spearhead,probably goes withit. The numerousbasic castingsarelikelyto have been made in theworkshop,but It is temptingto snatchat strawsby pointing,first,to the uninformative. theseare relatively of such a finepiece as the two-handledpan, M 12-13, at the then fragments spearheads,

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and argue that fine metalworkof an earlier day had been collected for recyclingin a programmeof weapon production.We certainlyknow that the weaponryof LM II and ΠΙΑ 1 was of highquality,8and manywritershave commentedupon themartialnatureof in contemporarytombs at Knossos and elsewhere.Indeed, this verytrait graveofferings of weapon burial in LM II and IIIA 1 has been seen as a symptomof the presenceof Mycenaeansat Knossos fromLM II; Mycenaeanshad showna likingforgivingfineweaponry as burialofferings fromthe timeof theShaftGravesonward.If theMansionworkshopwas in the of weaponryat the timeof its destruction,all thatremainsof manufacture engaged its productionis pedestrian.But on the assumptionthatall we have are therifledremnants of the workshop'soriginalcontents,it is stillpossiblethatit playeda role in thisimportant transitional phase in the developmentof Aegeanweaponry. 4. WORKSHOP INTAKE I considerherewhatlittleevidencethereis fortheidentityand date of thematerialacquired by the workshopforscrap,or forabnormaluse. The largevesselsare of particularinterest. The brazier(M 63), the two-handledlaver (M 12-13), and the ring-handled basin (L 16), each had a different role in the workshop.The laverhad been brokenintomanypieces and was on its way to themelting-pot. The brazier,I suggest,was used to carryburningcharcoal to the furnace;the basin mighthave been useful filledwith water for annealingsmaller objects.All threepieces are a generationolder thantheworkshop.The bestparallelforthe Thera.9There laver,PLATE 200,9, is one of two foundin the cellarof Delta 3 at Akrotiri, is thehandleof a muchlargerone fromZakro,exhibitedin Herakleion(unpublished).10 The formercan be no laterthanLM IA, thelatterLM IB. The brazier,PLATE 202, shouldbe no laterthan LM IB, on groundsbothof shape and decoration.This rareformoccursat Zakro, Vaphio and, in a scaled down version,Thera.11The repoussétechniquein whichits spiral ornamentis carried out is not encounteredafter the LM IB destruction.12 Of the best basin, none is later than LM IB/LH IIA.13 The evidenceof parallelsfor the ring-handled some of the big tools pointsin the same direction.Large chiselslike M 9, (PLATE 201,1) are foundfromMM III onwards;largesaws such as those fromwhichthe fragments M 33, M 77, M 79 and M 139 (PLATE 197a- b) werebrokenwerealso frequentin contextsup to LM IB.14 Othertools are less distinctively earlierthantheircontext,and mostof therestof the manufacturedobjects are too small and scrappy to allow any useful chronological distinctionto be drawn. 5. SUMMARY The Mansionincluded,in one or moreof itsrooms,a bronzesmith's workshop.To avoid any such a had to do with the productionof the possiblemisunderstanding, workshop nothing raw material··, it was solely concernedwithmakingfinishedgoods fromsuppliesof copper eitheras virgincopper or and/orbronzewhichit receivedin the processof redistribution, or as metal which it Its one or more small included bronze, scrap recycled. equipment were which no doubt a brazier fortransporting ephemeralfurnaces, constantlyrenewed, charcoal to the bellows for of the forced furnace, lighted production draughtin thefurnace, crucibles in which the material (virginmetal or recycled scrap) was melted, moulds, open and closed, into whichthe moltenmaterialwas poured,copperwireto hold together the parts of two-piecemouldswhile castingtook place. The workshop'stool kit included

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smallpincersforhandlingburningcharcoal,or the smallercrucibles,drillsand awls foruse withsheetmetal,tracersand graversforworkingcire-perducartoons.Of itsproductsthere survivedone, perhapstwo socketedspearheads,and a numberof bars,billetsand rods,basic castingsthatwould have been fashionedinto a varietyof objectsin the forge.No virginraw A materialwas recognized,but a largequantityof scrapmetalwas founddue forrecycling. the old been to from have of that must this came by objects up fiftyyears proportion scrap time they reached the workshop.This descriptionis based upon a studyof the scattered remnantsof the workshopthat surviveda thoroughriflingbefore the destructionof the Mansion. 6. THE TYPOLOGY OF THE METAL OBJECTS FROM THE WORKSHOP (a) Vessels forthe studyof Publicationof BKMK15 has provideda much needed workinginstrument of skeleton thismaterial,16 1964 It bronze vessels. analysis Aegean entirelysupercedesmy which it also correctsin a numberof details.While its analysisof Mainland and Island materialwas based on autopsyin mostcases,it had less directaccess to muchof thematerial foundin Crete;it is to be hoped thata secondeditionwillbe able to givefulleraccountsof Cretanfinds. of severalotherswerefoundwiththeworkFive fullyrestoreablevessels,and fragments two-handled Of the interest is pan M 12-13 (PLATE 200,9), fragmentary great shop. variant BKMK Form 10 to C17).More than50 vasesand (Two-handledbasin, corresponding A- F, divided into six sub-forms, are BKMK Form 10. These are to attributed fragments based upon certainfairlyminorfeaturesof design.Eight pans have decoratedrims and (whenpreserved)handles;theirdiametersare in therange36-60. The diameterrangeof the seventeenmeasureableundecoratedbasins is 16.3-33, with a fairlyeven spreadbetween in whichthedecorated those extremes.I suggestan adjustmentto the BKMK classification formeras follows:of the the list We reconstitute from the are distinct may plain. pans kept 1. Mycenae,CircleB, GraveE. D. 44. Separaterim;foliateband,repeatedon handles. Mylonas,TaphikosKyklosΒ 96, fig.9 and pl. 83 = BKMK no. 154. Context,LH I. 2. Mycenae,CircleA, GraveIII. D. 51.5 (restored).Fragmentof separaterim; concentricridgeand groove.SG 66, no. 179, pl. 162 = BKMK no. 156. Context,LH I. bone 3. Thera,Akrotiri.Cellar in Delta 3. D., up to 56. Integral,infoldedrim,herring on handles.PAE 1970, 189, pl. 290B = BKMK no. 125. Context,LM IA. 4. Knossos, UnexploredMansion. D. 60 (restored).Integral,infoldedrim,concentric = ridge and groove; handles ridgedand grooved.Publishedhere BKMK no. 149. Context,LM II. foliate 5. Phaestos,Tombe dei Nobili, withoutcontext.D. 56. Separaterimfragment band.Mon Ant XIV, 545 ffand fig.30 = BKMK no. 150. Context?LM IIIA 1. 6. Knossos, Sellopoulo T.4. D. 44. Too damagedto be sure of rimtype,thoughnot separatelyattached.Degeneratefoliateband on rimand handles.BSA 69, 233, no. 23 and fig.21 = BKMK no. 151. ContextLM IIIA 1. 7. Dendra T.12 (The 'Panoply Tomb'). D. 55.7. Separate rim; ivy leaf on rim and handle.Verdelisin AM 82 (1967) 46 ff,fig.11, 12. PL 25,1; 26,2; 27,1,2 = BKMK no. 153. ContextLH IIB-LH IIIA 1. 8. Asine T. 1,5. D. 36. 'The rim is broad and massive. . . .' suggestsseparateattachment. Reticulatedpatternon rim and handles.Asine 394, no. 5 and fig257, top

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right,=BKMK no. 152. Context equivocal - LH ΠΙΑ 2? (The Asine T.I, 5 bronzevesselsare at presentinaccessibleto study.) The clearestdistinctionwithinthis group is between the pans withintegralrimsand those with separaterims.Not surprisingly, the latterare the more elaboratelydecorated. Both seem to have been currentsimultaneously(eg. 1 and 3, 6 and 7). Both rim types solutionsto the problemof ensuringrigidityin such largevesselsraised representdifferent fromsingledisk castings.The different solutionsmayrepresenttwo different workshops.It is not clear why some handles(ours,Akrotiriand the Zakro piece) weremade in so massive a fashionas to seem disproportionate to the size of the vessel.This featureseemsconfined to vesselswithintegralrims,and is thereforepossiblya workshopidiosyncrasy.Our pan is closestto theAkrotiriexample,withwhichI suggestit is likelyto be contemporary. The brazier,M 63 (PLATE 202), is a splendidexample of a rareform.This is BKMK Form 59A, 'GrosseRäucherbeckern of whichonly two othersare known. mit Tüllengriff', in in Room 45A in the Palace of decorated the same found as was One, technique ours, Kato Zakro.18Its repoussé ornamentconsistsof a band of interlockedstylisedivy leaves. The scale in the publishedphotographsuggestsoveralldimensionsof c 26 x 30, excluding the handle and socket. The second is the undecoratedbut well preservedpiece fromthe Vaphio tholos,19overalldimensions33 χ 43. Withtheseshould be taken the muchsmaller brazier fromThera, Akrotiri,Delta 1620 with complete bronze handle. Matthäusgives dimensionsof 26 overalllength,18 diameter. Matthäushas correctlyseen that the ridgedhandle of the Akrotiribraziermustmean thatthe ridgedshaft,76 long, fromthe Vaphio tholos21musthavebelongedto theVaphio brazier,and was not, as Marinatossupposed,22the bronze casing for a spear shaft.The handles(whose length,in the lightof theVaphio evidence,is surprising), musthave been of wood, clad in sheet bronze. Matthäus23draws attentionto the Minoan and Mycenaean potteryvessels which doubtlessfilledthe same functionas the much rarermetalvessels, suggesting theyare commonerin tombsthan on occupationsites.Perhapsa largernumber of tombfindshas been published,but,in thelightof evidencefromLH IIB and IIIA 1 levels at the Menelaion,Sparta,theywere evidentlyin regularand plentifuluse withinthehousehold. If we assume thatcharcoalwas used on both the fixedand moveablehearthsfound throughoutthe Late Bronze Age Aegean,it is morereasonableto supposethatthe fuelwas kindledoutdoorsand carriedto the hearthsin our braziers.A markof luxurywould be the use of a metal brazierfor this purpose,not least if it were handsomelydecoratedas the Knossosand Zakro pieces. The repousséornamentof our vesselmakes it an importantadditionto thesmallgroup of bronze vases decoratedin thistechniquethathas survived.LM IB and LM II, LH ILAIIIA 1 ceramicdecorationleaves littledoubt that the techniquewas originallywidespread, and thatit exerciseda profoundinfluenceon vase-painting.24 BKMK noticesnineexamples, several items. their context These,including date,are:including fragmentary Form22 252 253 259 260 261 268

(Jugswithneckmouldingand hammeredornament) Knossos,NWTreasureHouse - deep wavyline. LM IA Delta 3 basement- double alternating Thera,Akrotiri, spiralzone. LM IA LH I Mycenae,CircleB, GraveΕ - runningspiral(fragmentary). LH I Mycenae,CircleA, GraveV - two rowsof runningspirals(fragmentary). LH I Mycenae,CircleA, GraveVI - runningspiral(fragmentary). LH I Mycenae,CircleA, unknownGrave- spiral(smallfragment).

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(Jugwithhammeredornament) Delta 3 basement- runningspiralabove arcade.LM IA Thera,Akrotiri, (Largebraziers) Zakro,Palace, Room 45A - interlockedivyleaves.LM IB Knossos,UnexploredMansion- runningspiral.LM II. (Publishedhere) This is a verysmallrepertoryof shapes; othersdecoratedin this techniquemusthave existed,but have yet to be found.It seemsironicthatthereshouldbe a muchfullercorpus of shapes decoratedin repoussé among the gold and silvervases.25Here, perhapsbecause gold and silverare easiermetalsto work than sheetcopper or sheetbronze,thedesignsare The Vaphio cups are morevariedand, at theirbest,are outstandingachievements. infinitely the most obviousinstances,but theMycenaesilversiegerhyton,theMycenaebattlecrater26 of the tradition.A silver and the Dendra gold octopuscup27show thevigourand originality and arcading28must with from decorated neck with running spiral Mycenae, moulding jug be takenverycloselywiththebronzejugs oîBKMK Form 22, and showshow closelywork in bronze could followworkin preciousmetal.I say 'follow',sinceit seemsmorelikelythat workwas done in themoretractablegold and silver.The UnexploredMansion theinnovative brazieris the only bronzevessel decoratedin repousséyet foundin a contextlaterthanthe LM IB destructions. I considerit a survivor,and I supposethe techniquewas abandoned(if not lost) in thewake of thecatastrophe.The braziersurvivedtheupheavalonlyto be put to a use in thebronzesmith's workshopfarhumblerthanits originalfunction. handle of a second, The ring-handled basin,L 16 (PLATE 203,1), and the fragmentary L 10 (PLATE 203,2), belong to VariantΒ of BKMK Form 32 - largeone handled,broadrimmedcups. VariantA's ringhandlesare integralwiththebody of thevessel.VariantΒ has the rim, a separatelyattachedhandle. VariantC has a concealed lead ringstrengthening but bronze. VariantΕ has a heavy,separately while VariantD has a similarstrengthener, attachedcast rim,decoratedin relief,the motifof the decorationrepeatedon the handle, one eitherside of the handle's mid-line.As Matthäushas pointed usually in two registers, out, some of the most elaboratelydecorated(eg. the Mallia basin,BKMK no. 327 and the loose handle fromThebes, BKMK no. 331) must be consideredthe chefs d'oeuvres of Aegean bronzevesselmaking,even if one mayconsiderthemmoreremarkablethanbeautiful. At theirmost elaborate,in fact,the ornamentseems too heavy (both metaphorically and literally)forwhatis essentiallya verysimplevesseldesign. from Our ring-handled basin bringsto 32 thenumberof examples(includingfragments) of thesehave been publishedin sufficient Crete,the Islands and the Mainland.Twenty-five detail forMatthäusto have groupedthemin his fivevariantcategories.I considerthisoverand suggestthatit could usefullybe reducedto threeonly,viz classification withintegralrimsand handles(= BKMK VariantA) Basins (1) with separatehandles and integralrims,sometimesinternallystrengthened Basins (2) withlead or bronze{BKMK VariantsB, C and D). (3) Basinswithelaboratelydecoratedseparatelycast rimsand handles(BKMK VariantE) Twentytwo basinscome fromCrete(fifteenfromKnossos and environs),eightfromthe mainland,two fromthe Islands (Rhodes and Skopelos). Withfiveexceptions29the basins have adequate contexts.Twentytwo come fromLM I/LH I contexts,whilefivewerefound scatteredover the rangeLH IIB (Skopelos)-LM IIIA 1 (Sellopoulo) LM/LHΠΙΑ 2 (Isopata and Asine). The suggesteddivisionof thematerialinto threecategorieshas no chronological significance;the floruitof all threewas duringLM I, but one or two examples of each categoryhave been foundin latercontexts;whetheror not theselatterwereall antiquesat Form23 281 Form59A 466 467

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thetimeof burialmustremainuncertain,thoughI am surebothpieces foundin theMansion weresurvivors fromLM I. The possible significance forthe workshopof the Scale Pans, L 67 (PLATE 197f), has been discussed in the previoussection.BKMK excludes this formfromconsideration.I discussed them brieflysome years ago30 and more recentlyin the lightof a pair from Sellopoulo T.4.31 More exampleshave been foundin gravesthanin occupationsites,but this should not necessarilybe taken as proof of special funerarysignificance.Few of the Aegean scale pans are as large or as solidly made as the largestof the Late Cypriot examples32but a pair fromThera, Akrotiri33mustbe 25 in diameter.A pair fromHagia Triadha (HM 1545) are c. 15. A pairof scales foundat Ras Shamrahad a set of weightswith it.34 The remainingvesselsare representedby scraps,and do not warrantdetaileddiscussion. The rimfragments H 36 and H 31 probablycome fromplain two handledbasinsofBKMK Form 10, VariantB, known fromLM I- LM IIIA 1/LHΠΙΑ 1 contexts.Analysisshowed these two fragments could not belong to the same basin; Η 36 contained 12% tin,Η 31 M The to assign,thoughthe sectionsuggests 0.5%. plain rim, 6 (PLATE 204,14), is difficult a hemispherical bowl akin to those of BKMK Form 4 7A, whichhave a wide chronological spread; the earliestexample seems to be in Mochlos T. XII,35 perhapsdatable to MM III/ LH I. AnotherfromKatsambas,Tomb B36 may be datableto LM IIB or IIIA 1. Othersare much later,includingtwo fromthe TirynsTreasure37and one fromthe Sub-Mycenaean cemeteryon Salamis.38 The formof the infolded,integralrim of L 23 (PLATE 203,9) mightsuggesta twohandledbasin of BKMK Form 10, VariantC, thoughtheinwardcurveof thewall profileis not fullyconsistentwiththisidentification; the most likelyalternativeseems to be one of the ring-handled basinsοι BKMK Form32. It is possiblethatΗ 74 is of thislatterform;the scrapof reinforcing ringfoundwithit mayhave belongedto thesamevase. Among handle fragmentsΗ 48 and 49, though only small scraps and disfiguredby oxydization,are perhapsattributableto BKMK Form 10, VariantA or B. They could even come fromthe samevessel.Η 26, withits noticeabletaper,has muchtheproportionsof the verticalhandlesofsomehydriaeandjugs39and is closestto BKMK 250, a handlein Nauplion without closer provenancethan 'Argolis'.The ribbon handle fragments, M 81, are most easily matched by the dipper handles BKMK nos. 449 and 450, Zapher Papoura and Gournia;no cup handlesknownto me have comparableparalleledges.A dipperwithdifferent handlewas foundin theVaphio tholos.40H 23 has been identifiedas the terminalof the handle of a BKMK Form 52B lamp withribbonhandle. If thisis correct,thiswill be the earliestinstanceof the form.Otherscome fromSellopoulo T.3 and 4, ZapherPapouraT.14, ArchanestholosA, Dendra ChamberT.2 and Athens,AreópagosTomb, and grouparound LMIIIA 1/2/LHIIIA I.41 of sheet metal cataloguedas 'Scrap' in all probabilityformed Many of our fragments of but lack featuressufficiently distinctiveto suggestidentity.L 35 is a parts largevessels, case in point;themetalis ratherthickerthanusual,and one of thebrokenedgeshintsat the shoulderof a vessel,possiblya hydriaοι BKMK Form 20, but thiscould not be pressed.The Η 196 has a rivet,and comes froma thinwalled vesselwithhandle; small sheet fragment thereare manypossibleshapes.The small fragment L 39 has tracesof repoussédecoration; the formof theornamentis indecipherable. M 183-4 and L 25 are fragments of reinforcing collars of the type occasionallyencounteredin the largervesselsraisedfroma singledisk in thisfashion.The practice casting,oftensomewhatwobblyat therimunlessstrengthened

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is seenin a two-handledstewpanfromSellopoulo T.4.42 Thereare two ring-handled basins43 one fromMycenaeCircleB, GraveN,44the otherfromKnossos.45 withsuchreinforcements, Severalrivets,or rivetfragments were found.Three of these,L 24, H 197 and Ρ 9 (PLATE have the mushroom heads 204) large commonlyused on theinsideface of theattachments of heavy handles encounteredon many vessel forms.The rivetsL 90 and Η 198 (PLATE 204,24-5) are suitable for joining metal sheets in the constructionof the large,early cauldrons,cratersand hydriae.One of the small scraps of metal includedin M 188 is of probablypart of a tinkeredpatch, oftenrequiredto repairmishapsin the hammering sheetbronze,as well as to coverholes resultingfromwear and tear. Such patchesare relativelycommonamongvesselsmade of joiningsheets,46much less so withvesselsmade of a singlepiece. (b) Weapons Only six complete or fragmentary weapons were found- threespears,an arrowheadand two sword/dirkfragments.Two of the spearheadswere probablyworkshoprejects;the remainderseem to have been scrap.Ρ 10 (PLATE 200,4) seemsto have been partof thehilt of a cast-hilteddirk,less probably of a cast-hiltedslashingknife.If a dirk,the original weaponwillhavebelongedto MissSandars'Class Eii47and is likelyto be itsearliestexample. Not much later is the undoubted Eii weapon fromSellopoulo T.4.48 Miss Sandars has explainedthe likelysteps wherebythe dirkdevelopedto thepointwhereit has a complete cast in one piece with the blade.49This featureis not representedamongthe hilt-frame, weapons in the Knossos,Ayios Ioannis WarriorGrave50forthe two dirksin thatcomplex includehandgripsbut not pommelsin thecasting.51 This groupis dated LM IB- LM II. The weapon typeis altogethermissingfromthe LM II Knossos New Hospitalsite tombs,52with or withoutpommel.The identityof our piece as part of a slashingknifeis farless likely. The subjecthas been well treatedby MissSandars.53Ρ 32 (PLATE 200,6) is almostcertainly the point of a cast-hilteddirk,presumablyof eitherType Ei or Eii in MissSandars'classification. It has already been suggestedthat the spearheadsΗ 62-3 (PLATE 200,1-2) were productsof rejectsfromthe LM II workshop.54As such theyare relatively undistinguished the period thatwas responsiblefor the finestspearseverseen in theAegean,epitomisedby the examplesfromthe New Hospitalsitetombsat Knossos.55The heterogeneouscollection of spearheadsin the Knossos, Ayios Ioannis warriorgrave56showsveryclearlywhata wide assortmentof spear designswas in use at any one time,rangingfroma splendidone-piece blade57generallysimilarin size and shape to Η 63. Two more weapon,to an undistinguished varietieswere foundin the contemporary Ayios Ioannis shaftgrave,58one justlyidentified other a fineexampleof theheavy,angularshouldered Hood boar M.S.F. as a the by spear, Minoan spear,also foundon the mainland.A thirdspearheadfromthisgroupis, again,an the size and simplicityof Η 62 and Η 63. A similarly inconspicuouspiece, closelyresembling a Type Di sword in the Pit-CaveT.55 at Zapher found with was nondescriptspearhead LM ΠΙΑ 1 dated a Papoura, by stirrupjar.59The short,stumpyblade M 90 (PLATE 200,3) I of the result is, suggest, reworkinga normallyproportionedweapon that snappedin use. seem otherwiseto be a late development,epitomisedby what I have Stumpyspearheads elsewherecalled the 'Mouliana' class.60The copperarrowheadH 193 (PLATE 200,5) is very arrowplate fromKnossos New HospitalsiteT. Ill, no. 18f.61The similarto a contemporary the rare is many hundredsof arrow plates fromMinoan and Mycenaean type among it to contexts; corresponds BuccholzType VIb.62He attributesthisformto the LM/LHIIΠΙΑ 1 period.63

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(c) Tools This is a scrappycollection,thoughquite a variedone. It is disappointingthat the kit of heavy tools and equipmentappropriateto a bronze workshopis almostentirelymissing; such materialwas, no doubt, a primeobjectiveforthose responsibleforrecovering objects fromthe workshop.The fourone-edgedknives,M 80, L 15, H 93 and Ρ 2 (PLATE 201) are an unremarkable set, except forthe largesize and verysolid make of M 80 nearly30 long no means the largestof this class; Zapher Papoura T.64 containeda blade 36 (this is by conformto Miss Sandars' class la, a very long).64 All four knives,lacking butt-flanges, numerousclass as herlist(publishedin 1955) shows.65The listeditemscome fromcontexts that between them cover much of the Late Bronze Age; the knivesare well distributed of mediumsized-to-large theAegean.66Four fragments saws are of interest;they throughout are all scrap,and tell us nothingof specialisedcraftin the Mansionitself.Enormoussaws, wellover150 long,have been foundat severalsitesin Crete,in LM I contexts.These include Knossos,67Mallia,68Zakro,69Gournia70and Hagia Triadha.71J. Shaw has discussedthe mannerof theiruse, withparticularreferenceto the preparationof both timberand stone for buildinguse.72 These saws will also have been important,surely,in the boat-building rare on the Mainland; to the Prosymna and Lefkas pieces yards. Saws are surprisingly alreadyknown73may now be added a fragment(scrap) froma LH IIIA 1 depositat the Menelaion,Sparta.74 The fragmentary shaft-holetool H 25 (PLATES 1961 and 201,12) was probablya double-axeof Buchholz' Class III.75 The mannerin whichit is brokenacrosstheshaft-hole leaves the latter'sshape (round or oval) a littleuncertain.If it is correctlyidentifiedas a double-axe,the hole is more likelyto have been round than oval (only 7% of the 115 cast axes fromCrete studiedby Buchholz had oval shaft-holes;all the restwere round). The conceivable alternativeof an axe-adze76is virtuallyexcluded by the presenceof a deep groove on the narrow face of the axe, adjacent to the shaft-hole,a featureconstantly encounteredon double-axes,but missingon axe-adzes.77 The largechisel('ogival' chisel)M 9 (PLATES 196a and 201,1), 42.5 long,is perhapsthe largestknownof thisclass. Though the formhas yet to be fullystudiedand comprehensive listscompiled,J. Deshayes gave a usefulsketchsome yearsago78in whichhe groupedthe chiselsin threeclasses,his Cl- C3. The chiselsare sturdytools witha slight,but noticeable shouldertwo-thirdsof theway up theblade. Cl blades narrowevenlyto thebuttabove this shoulder,C2 narrowsmore rapidlyand thenrunsalmostparallelto thebutt.C3 has a relativelybroader cuttingedge and could almostbe an adze. Cl and C2 were used withouta The slimmerbutt and lack of haft,for theirbuttsare stout and bear signsof hammering. marksof use on C3 suggeststhatit was fittedwitha wooden haftand used in a different fashion.Our tool conformsto type C2. Withthe exceptionof a tool fromChamaizi,for which a MM I date has been proposed79the chiselsall come fromLM or LH contexts.In fact,theChamaizitool came not fromtheexcavationof the oval house itself,but was found beforethe excavationby the ownerof the land in an associationwhichXanthoudides,at anyrate,took to be LM.80These largechiselsare a relativelycommonfindin Crete,oftenin LM I contexts,usuallyin occupationsites81but occasionallyalso in tombs.82They occuron the mainland,wheretheywere foundin CircleA at Mycenae,GravesIV and V.83They also occurin severalof themainlandhoards.84One or two have been foundin theIslands.85 J. Shaw86has discussedthe mannerin whichthese chiselsmay have been used. While theyprobablywere includedin thestonemasons'kits,he considerstheirmainrole willhave been in carpentry/joinery, 'formortising, smoothingand joining'.A possibleexplanationfor the greatlengthof our chiselis thatit was designedforcuttingmortisesin theverylargest

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and givesa clue to the size of timbersoccasionally timbersused in buildingconstruction, doubtless Its usefulness was impairedby the extentto whichit is bent out of employed. constant hammer-work; conceivablyit had been sent to our workshopnot for shape by for but and remelting, annealing straightening. The remainingchiselsmay be dealt with more summarily.M 29 (PLATE 201,2) is a makingand the coarser fairlysturdycuttingtool, useful for mortisework in furniture M M of L 47 are similar of and 30 type,thoughsmaller (PLATE 201) aspects carving. 129, Sn content are all with 11 and 9 8%- 10%. M 47 tin-bronzes, They respectively). (lengths13, is relativelyheavyenoughforuse as a cold chisel,and mighthave belongedto the tool kit of the workshopitself.All four,however,are simpleunspecialisedtools whichcould be equally at home in a carpenter'sshop, a builder'syardor a smithy.This classwas discussed illustratethelongcurrency byDeshayesunderhis ChiselType A.87His listsand Branigan's88 of formto attributeit to a distinctiveness and wide distribution of a tool lackingsufficient include Cretan a definable Knossos,Mallia,Gournia examples period. particularregionand of mainland in a contexts90 and Palaikastro.89 on the occur includingseveralof variety They thehoards.91 M 26 (PLATE 201,3) may be the bit of a drill,in view of its lightformand pointed it fromthe chiselsdescribedabove. Little workingend, both of whichfeaturesdistinguish attentionhas so far been paid to these tools, thougha numberhas been describedby Deshayes92 and there is useful commentby Shaw.93 Deshayes quotes specimensfrom Gournia,Phaistosand Palaikastro.94From the mainlandhe identifiesone in theAnthedon Hoard.95There is anotherfromMycenae,in the Poros Wall Hoard96and anotherin the OrchomenosHoard.97Drillshave been foundin Late Cypriotcontexts;theirultimatesource mayhavebeen theAegean.98 The tools Ρ 6, Ρ 43, Η 91 and F/G 2 are a ratherheterogeneous lot, but havein common a fairlyobvious use for makingholes, eitherby hand as an awl (P 6), or withhammeror small malletas a punch (H 91). Ρ 6 (PLATE 201,6) recallsslightlylargertools fromPalaikastroand fromGournia.99The associationsof G 2 (PLATE 205,13) are somewhatsuspect. Spyropoulos has illustrateda group of nine similarawls from the Tsountas Mycenae Hoard.100There is a finespecimenfromEnkomi,NorthArea,level I.101 The smallP43 may feature. havebeen used as an awl,but it lacks any distinctive A collectionof tinytools (workingpoints of severalsizes) includesM 91, M 68, M 180, H 6-7, H 11 and H 81 (PLATE 205). They varyin lengthfrom5 to 1; thosethatare complete show signsof a butt whichwill have been insertedinto a tinysleeve,eitherof wood, not the brokentips of bone or - just possibly- ivory.They are completein themselves, in bronzesmith's from tool kit the the I came needlesor bodkins. suggestthey shop,and will for the wax cartoons fine detail into for have been used cire-perducasting.Tools as working ornamenton midribsand for delicate the been have fine as this will surely very required workwas called for delicate T.4 1 and nos. 2.102 hiltsof weapons like Sellopoulo Similarly wherethe in the preparationof the moulds for the finestof the one-piecespearheads103 of the mouldingsof the midriband the facetingof the socket could extremerefinements only have been achievedwith the finestof tools. It is possible thatM 179, H 71 and Ρ 7 (PLATE 205) belong to the same generalclass,but wereused forrathercoarserwork,or in modellingratherthandrawing. Η 77 (PLATE 205,24) may also have been used forthe The tiny,V-shapedinstrument wax on of delicate cartoons;it could have done duty as a tinycompass design preparation for incisingcircles.In experiencedhands,the size of the circlecould be variedsomewhat; decoration. theinstrument could also havebeen used forspiraliform

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The functionof the finelymade 'spatula' H 16 (PLATE 205,26) I cannotidentify;the two right-angled bends in the shaftseem deliberate;the pointed end suggestsengraving. Perhapsan eyeletis lost at one end,and it servedsome specialiseduse in thepreparationof textiles. L 126 (PLATE 198h), in thissectionon thegroundthat I include the tweezers/pincers, theymay have had a use in the bronzesmith'sworkshopas pincersor tongs,perhapsfor They maybe too small handlingsmallobjectsthathad been heatedto annealduringforging. forsuch use; if so theiruse was probablydepilatory.A LM II pair of tweezerswas foundin New Hospital siteT.I, no. 12. 104A verysimilarpaircame fromRhodes,MoschuVounaraT. 'Pinchedspring'tweezersare LXV, witha bronzerazor - therewere no otherofferings.105 morefrequentthanthistype.106Therewerefivepairsin theTsountasMycenaeHoard.107 Littlecan be said of the seriesof needles,H 75, H 33, H 80, H 194, H 99, H 72, Ρ 13, Ν 61, Ο 1 and Η 261 (PLATE 205). The last comes froma LM IIIA 2 pit,therestbelongto the LM II destruction.Severalwere analysed;fourwere copper,two were tin-bronzewith the optimummix,two had 3% and 1.5% tin.Whetherthesedifferent compositionsreflecta to that the of function is the evidence difference impossible prove, theough suggests108 were when knew were and it what bronzesmiths they exactly they doing why they doing workedin alloys or manufacturedin pure copper. Our 'needles' may, in fact,embraceat I have elsewherecommentedon Aegean needles;109 instruments. least two quite different of the has collected earlierseries.110 Thereis roomfordetailedstudyof examples Branigan the material,thoughit mustbe recognizedthatonlythemoreconscientiousexcavatorshave retainedand recordedeveryitem. Thereis no The copper 'fishhook' Ν 62 (PLATE 205,23) is an uncertainidentification. no The end' will served have as an barb (thoughthismighthave been lost) and eyelet. 'spade I of adequate anchorto whichto bend on the line. am not awareof any generalstudy fish Much hooks, thoughBraniganhas treatedthe EB and MB material,albeit summarily.111 larger,barbedhooks werefoundat Gourniaand Knossos.112 (d) Fittings This is at once an interesting and a frustrating series;interestingfor the knowledgethat bronzewas used in conjunctionwithothermaterialsto producecomplexobjects,frustrating in that the nature of the objects of which these bronze componentsformedpart must alwayslargelyelude us. Particularly puzzlingare the fourbentstapleswithmushroomhead, M 65, M 82, M 93 and Q 4 (PLATE 203). Threehavebeen analysed;one is purecopper,the The extendedlengthsof two are 12.2 and 13, of the othershave Sn 1% and 2% respectively. others16 and 17. The heads are similarin size. Though theirshaftsare bentin a generally similarfashion,M 93 mayshow theoriginalmannerof use, wherebythe staplewas threaded throughholes in the Ptimbersit was to secure,so thattheprotruding tipwas bentup at an angle to make all secure.M 65, M 82 and Q 4 have much of theirshaftspulled out of the whateverconstruction it straightabove thisoriginalbend,perhapstheresultof demolishing was they held together.If so, theyshould be consideredas scrap metal.Two bent staples fromMallia (HM 2257) have no close provenance,but are clearlythe same as ours.113A much smallerstaple (extendedL. 7.3) was foundin T.V at the Knossos New Hospitalsite, associatedwith bronze weapons and a helmet.Hood and de Jongsuggestedthatit and a bronze rivetfound nearby'. . . . may have belongedto militaryharnessof some kind.' Its size and contextmake it surethatit was used withverydifferent complexfromours,but it musthave been used in the same generalmanner.Minoanstaplesor nailsare rare;thereare examples fromPhaistosand Gournia,smallerthan ours,and unbent114and it is suggested

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that two smallmoulds fromGourniamay have been used fornail blanks.115The relevance The copper nail, of threebronze staples fromGrave CircleA at Mycenaeis uncertain.116 H 195 (PLATE 203,14), extendedlength14.5, thoughsuperficially in most similar,differs and must head is is have been used Its its section flatter, respects, differently. square (octagonal immediatelybelow the head), it has quite a sharp point, and it is bent in an entirelydifferentway. It is even possible that this is a tool - ?punch - ratherthan a fitting. If the rivetH 1 (PLATE 205,25) came fromthe hilt of a weapon or largetool, as is likely,the object was large.A possiblecandidatewould be the tangrivetin a Type A sword. Almostcertainlythe veryfew of those publishedrecordrivetdimensions.117 Unfortunately rivetis not froma vessel.Largevesselrivetsalmostinvariablyhavemushroomheads on one side.118The little'rivets'Ρ 8 and Ρ 130 (PLATE 204), foundtogetherin Room P, are better thoughtof as studs; they seem to have been driventhroughmaterialof some kind Pleather- and the protruding half of theshafthammeredoverflatto securethemin place. The techniquefor securingrivetsis, of course,quite different, involvingburringover the to the rivet in secure permanently place. end(s) The threelittle objects M 3, M 181 and L 41 (PLATE 205,33-5), two of whichare certainlycopper, look at firstsightlike hingesfor the lid of some smallwooden box or somethingsimilar.They could, indeed, have been used for such a purpose. Six identical objects were foundby Hood in the Knossos, Ayios Ioanniswarriorgrave,associatedwitha loop 'handle' and two 'hooks'. Hood writes'The six bronze clips had clearlygrippedthe roundedrimof an object, perhapsa vessel of wood or some othermaterialrepresented by patchesof browndiscolorationin thisarea. The discolorationshowedno traceof grain,and the materialmay have been somethinglike leatherratherthan wood. The handle and the hooks doubtless belonged to the same object as the clips.' Hood cites other clips from In a warriortombsuch The loss of the object describedby Hood is regrettable. Tylissos.119 if wonder thiscould have been of and to think as this it is tempting militaryequipment, some type of smallshieldwithleatherspreadover a frameand at leastpartlyheld in place by theseclips. The holes will have been forstitchingwiththreadratherthanpinningwith metal.It would, of course,be wrongto suppose our clips were onlyused withone typeof in the object; there were no doubt many differentpieces of equipmentor furnishings of will a have played part. assembly whichthey The bronzerod, H 32 (PLATE 205,8), is enigmatic;the lack of oxydizationat one end suggeststhiswas somehowcovered.Possiblyit was partof thehingingof a box lid; it seems deviceof the typedescribedby Evans.120 too largeto have been used as a door-locking The fragment of chain,H 8 (PLATE 205,20), is not easy to place. It is largerthanthe littlechains occasionallyused as wick-holdersin bronze lamps.121Later, twelfthcentury B.C. evidencefromCyprusshowsthatchainsweresometimesused to suspendscale pans.122 I cannotsuggesta use. I have called six smallpieces inlays.These are the threebits thatmake up M 96 (two trianglesand a lozenge),M 92 (triangle),M 98 (crescent)and L 138 (triangle,withconcave base) PLATE 205,29-32. The King's gamingboard123and some of the contentsof the effectsin Temple RepositoriesdemonstrateMinoan affectionforcomplexmarquetry-type be that where it can the treatmentof surfaces.ThoughI knowof no surviving proved object bronzeand copper componentswereused forsuch inlaywork,I havelittledoubt thatthis was the functionof these pieces. The only alternativethat occurs to me is that theseare waste pieces fromthe preparationof bronze to be decoratedajourée. I knowof no Minoan

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2 17

ajourée work, but a fragmentof such a sheet has recently been found in a late fifteenth centuryBC level at the Menelaion, Sparta (unpublished). The plaque, M 48 (PLATE 203,15), though plain, may be compared with two decorated equivalents from the Zakro palace, found among the many precious objects in the shrine. These pieces are square and decorated with four boldly drawn (traced) papyrus blooms with a square frame of double lines. Near each corner a hole is pierced for pinning the plaque to some other object.124 Platon describes them as cladding for a box, and this is probably correct. Ours may have been unfinished; its narrow, slightlyraised border hints at an intention to decorate the surface so framed. I cannot explain the copper ridged rod Ρ 31 (PLATE 205,21), roughlyrolled into a ring of one and a half complete turns. It seemed at firstreminiscentof the rasp in the Athens Acropolis Hoard125 but this cannot be right,the more so as it is copper, not bronze. It is unsuitable as a handle, being so slim. Moreover, with the exception of our basin, M 12-13, ridged vessel handles are unknown. If it is complete, it is rather too small to have been brazed to the mouth of a cup as an ornamental rim (the diameter would only have been 6). Whateverits identity,it was beautifullymade. (e) Objects of personal use This is a very small category. The 'razor' L 128 (PLATE 201,7) belongs to a class of completely flat, so-called 'leaf-shaped' blades, not yet exhaustively studied. Comments have been made on them by Hood, Sandars and myself.126They were earlier discussed by Biegen in the light of his finds at the Argive Heraion, though he, surely incorrectly,termed them 'daggers'.127They vary somewhat in the outline of the blade, some being relatively'fatter' than others. In the earlier examples in the series, there is no 'neck' below the rivets;variant forms may have a long tang, sometimes with several rivets;128others again have a short squarish tang (with rivet) projecting from the T-shaped butt.129The series began duringMM, and continued into the LM IIIA/LH IIIA period.130 Our razor goes quite closely with a blade in the Ayios Ioannis warriorgrave.131 I have restored the badly damaged H 51 (PLATE 205,22) as a crescentine razor, comparable to a piece in Enkomi French Tomb 6 (1934), and analogous to an instrumentfrom Ras Shamra.132 It is distinct from the familiar Minoan 'cutters'133which have prominent rectangular tangs with one or more rivets;134their suggested use as leather knives seems reasonable. That our razor was in fact a small 'cutter' is possible, though the haftingwould have been very weak. The bronze pendants L 120 and Ο 2 (PLATE 205,27-8) are undecorated versions of pendants with pointillé ornament from Mavro Spelio, and Tomb V of the Knossos New Hospital site.135 Boardman has published seven pendants of this type from the Diktaean Cave, now in Oxford.136 He refers to similar objects of EM date from the Mesara which Xanthoudides called 'cutters' and implies that these, too, should be seen as pendants. That seems correct, despite Branigan's classification of such objects as Type VI of his 'cosmetic scrapers'.137The presence of the loop - Psurely a suspension loop - would have made use of these flimsylittle objects as 'cutters' even more difficult.Boardman refersto yet others fromMallia.138 (f) Statuette The fragmentL 32 (PLATES 195h- j and 200,8) is a very remarkable piece on technical grounds alone. There can be little doubt that it is only part of a composite figure,and that

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thelowerpartof thebody,withtherestof the flouncedskirt,musteitherhave been cast on (in which case the two peg dowels will have helped to bond the join) or were made of anothermaterial(stone,wood or ivory)wherethe two dowelswillagainhavehelpedsecure thejunction.It is unfortunatethat the modellinghas been so alteredby oxydization.The it is repeatedon several stancewiththe hands claspedin frontof thebreastsis canonical;139 of the Diktaean Cave statuettes.140 No definitiveaccount of Minoan minorsculpturein bronze has been published; it is a much-feltneed, despite severalexcellentpreliminary The UnexploredMansion studies and detailed treatmentof specificgroupsof material.141 findmust be the firstassociated with a workshop;its unusual technicalfeatureis all the moreintriguing. (g) Workshop materials

This sectioncontainsa briefaccount of materialmore obviouslyconnectedwiththeworkobjects so farconsidered.First,blank castingsof whichthere shop than the manufactured werenine pieces.142These varyin materialfrompurecopper,copperwithverylow tincontent to normal tin bronzes.With the exception of L 124 all these pieces are billets,or of billetscast in open moulds.143Such castingsmusthave been put to an infinity fragments of uses, beingworkedin the forgeinto rivets,bar-tools(gravers,tracers,awls,smallchisels) and some typesof vesselhandle. It will have been to cast materialin such smallquantities thatsome of our small crucibleswill have been used. L 124, consistingof perhapsten flat copper rods or bars up to 54 long, between 1.5 and 1.0 wide, and 0.1-0.3 thick,may representour billetsa stagefurtherin theirdevelopment.It is temptingto thinkthatthese bars had been hammeredinto theirpresentformafterbeingcast as so manyroughbillets.I cannot suggesta use for the bars themselves;theymay stillonly be half-wayto theirfinal form. I have spoken of thescrap thatwas unattributable to specificmanufactured objects,but for in broken once remelting.A preparation up certainlyrepresents complete objects of of certain of sheet metal, pieces whichmay majorityis composed shapelessfragments A large of the more from bodies have belongedto largesawsyrather largevessels.144 coming In two of sheet metalnot divisibleinto categories.145 residueare fragments cases,scrapsof Ν A few smallpieces of and 191 of inlays(M thickersheetmighthave been fragments 63). 146 waste. than metaldefyidentification; theyare,however,betterclassedas scrap The remainingitems bringus immediatelyto the operationof the workshop,being directlyconcernedin one way or anotherwiththe meltingof copper and bronze,and the pouringof the melt intomoulds.Duringcastinginto two-piecemouldsor open mouldsthat requireda cover,it was customaryto securethe partsof the mould tightlytogetherwith bindingsof flattenedcopper wire,called here 'mould wire'. Very occasionally,as withone of the Gourniamoulds,147such wrappingshave been foundin situ on themoulditself;elsewhere,completewrappingshave been recoveredin the formin whichtheywereslippedoff the mould afteruse, withoutundoingthem(perhapsin readinessfora seconduse withthe same mould). Such a wrappinghas been found in a LH ΠΙΑ 1 contextat the Menelaion, Sparta (unpublished).In some cases,thesewrappingswereused to hold togethersectionsof ninewereanalysed. brokenmoulds.148Of the fourteencataloguedpieces of mould wire,149 Sevenprovedto be purecopper,theotherscontained1% and 4% Sn respectively. Flexibility, as in width The wire somewhat varies main the was (0.2-0.7), evidently, requirement.150 was foundin CorridorL does the thickness(0.1-0.2). A highproportionof themould-wire and Rooms Η and P.

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The successionof actionsthatlead fromthemeltingof rawmetalin a cruciblewithina meltingfurnace,via the pouringof thatmoltenmaterialfromits crucibleinto an open or closed mould, to theremovalof theresultingcastingfromitsmould and the trimming away of the different kindsof unwantedexcess metalproducesan appreciableamountof waste Severalcategories metalwhichmusthavebeen collectedand storedforsubsequentremelting. of such waste are representedin our collection,includingsome dropletsof metalthatmust have spilledin removingthe cruciblefromthe furnaceor in pouringto themould;some are no morethanminutepellets,otherratherlargerpiriform lumps.151The dribbleof metalΡ 34 into from the mould's have resulted careless gate, or froman unsteadyhand may pouring Η 46 could be similar.A the The from the furnace to mould. crucible the fragment carrying I suppose may be the numberof shapelesspieces, which are complete in themselves,152 residueof surplusmetalpoured out of thecrucibleafterthe fillingof themould (wherethe smithhad overestimatedthe amount of metal required).These lumps are solid,unlike a second categoryof waste pieces whichare distinguished by theirgassy(or spongy)compofound to some the crucibles.153 metallic 'scum' sition,resembling adhering More interesting than the precedinggroupsof waste are those brokenoffthe casting afterits removalfromthe mould - jets, runnersand risers,web. The jet fillsthe pouring funnel,or 'gate'; runnersand risersthe ventsand channelswithinthemould designedboth to facilitatethe metal flowand to ventilateit and freegases thatwould otherwiseremain trappedand produce 'blows'. Web is the metal thatseeps beyond the matrixto produce a thinfrillroundpart,or all of the casting.Occasionallybronzesleftthe workshopwithout being trimmed;Oxford AE 619, fromthe Diktaean Cave, still has thejet attachedto it, whileOxfordAE 26, also fromthe Cave, is a bull figureto whicha greatdeal of the web still adheres.154I identifyfour objects as jets (M 103, L 127, Ρ 33 and Ν 64 (PLATE 204,1-3)), all comingfromfairlyroughlycut gates; thereis, of course,no way of deciding to what kind of caststheywereonce attached.Veryfewjets have been reportedfromother Aegean sites;I describedseveralfromEnkomi some yearsago.155L 42 and Ο 6 mighthave been runnersor risers;proof is wanting.The largerpiece, Η 97, despite its superficial resemblanceto a lighttool, could also have been a runneror riser. The last categoryof wasteis moredifficult The individualpieces preserve, to identify.156 in part or whole, what looks like a small,very clumsilymade convex-edgedknifewith integralhandle.The object is too clumsyto be credibleas a tool of any kind.I suggestit is somekindof web, frompoorlyfitting two-piecemoulds;I knowno parallels.It is noticeable that thereis considerablevariationin metal compositionfromone example to anotherof those analysed (N 32 - Sn, 1%; L 141 - Sn, 2%; Ν 10 - Sn, 5%; L 73 - Sn, 9%). It is possiblethat theyare,in fact,smallblankcastingsforknivesof some kind,thoughthewide varietyin alloy would hardlybe consistentwiththisexplanation. The largecollectionof clay crucibles,tencompleteor nearlyso and sevenfragments,157 PLATES 199 and 206-7, represents thelargestfindof its kindyet knownin theAegean.At or least nine of thesepieces showedcleartraceof use (remainsof metal,partialvitrification, The 10 χ 14 the surface was smallest overall, heavy completepiece largest blackening). 6.1 χ 5.5. The cruciblesare made of a distinctiveclay - 'crucibleclay' - coarseof texture, in colour lightbrown - greybrown - dark brown,even red. It containsmuch mineral The cruciblesare handmade,roughly inclusion,and most examplesare also chaff-tempered. whose circular outline is hemisphericalbowls, pulled out of shape by the formationof a the of basic outline some is oval ratherthanround (eg. Η 68). In prominentpouringlip; severalcases the spout is partlycoveredby a bridgeof clay (M 196, Η 92 and Ρ 66) which

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convertsthe spout into more of a pouringhole. At least one crucibleof thispatternwas foundat Kea;158Tylecotehas suggesteda use forthe bridgein the act of pouringthemetal into the mould.159One of the smallestcrucibles(H 111) has a prominentledge handle opposite the spout, which would have allowed it to be handledwithtongs,eitherin the furnace,or pouringthemeltinto themould. A studyof Aegean crucibleshas yet to be published;Branigan160 has listeda numberof Ε and MBA examples,many of whichcome fromThermi.161 materialof LBA little Very date has been studiedand published,whichemphasisesthegreatinterestof theUnexplored Mansionseries. The bellows'nozzle, Η 58 (PLATES 199i and 207,5) goes closelywiththe cruciblesas tellingevidenceforthe existenceof theworkshopfurnace.It appearsto have consistedof a pipe divided in two sections by a broad flange(largelybroken away), one end flaring, pierced by a series of holes which,I imagine,allowed it to be stitchedto the animalskin used as the bellows' bag. The other,straight sidedhalfwillhave servedeitherto blow direct onto the burningcharcoal,or to be insertedinto a pipe (or tuyère)whichitselfwas set contextin directlyinto the furnace.A very similarnozzle froman almostcontemporary of withpotwho has a method use well D. Athenshas been studiedby suggested Evely,162 of in no identifiable vessel as bellows, which mightbe correct.But, fact, part pot-bellows came to lightin the Mansion.A largerbellows' nozzle, of somewhatdifferent form,comes froma LH IIIA 1 level at the Menelaion,Sparta.It was foundnot farfromtheremainsof a bronzesmith'smeltingfurnace.Othernozzles, thoughpublished,have not been recognized as such. Dikaios publishedtwo fromEnkomi,level IIIB163withoutidentifying them;they mustbe nozzles. It is satisfactory thatthereshouldhave survivedone of theworkshop'sstockof moulds, even if it is of the verysimplesttype.The baked clay double open mould L 117 (PLATE 207,7) mustbe one of the smallestof its kind in the Aegean (wheremouldsof baked clay to a variety are, in fact,rare).It was used forcastingroughlittlebilletsof metedforforging of shapes; it is conceivablethatit was only intendedto be used once, sincesuchcastingsin such a mould mightwell have had to be 'brokenout'. Billets,perhapsnot as smallas these, willhave been cast in one or two of themouldsfromGournia.164 7. PRE-LM II DEPOSITS L 169 (PLATES 196k and 200,7) came froma A fine double axe, withround shaft-hole, testinto a LM IA level below the floorof CorridorL. It belongsto Buchholz'Class III.165 Thougha tinbronze,its Sn contentat 5% is low. Thoughsuch double-axesmightbe thought of as the metal findpar excellence at Knossos, theyare not particularlyabundant.They have been found in twos and threesin some of the palatial hoards,166wheretheirLM IA date makes them contemporarywith our axe. The mainlanddouble axe, which is well in theknown wellrepresented attesteduntilat least the late twelfthcentury,is particularly founders'hoards.167 8. POST-LM II DEPOSITS By contrastwith the interestand importanceof the LM II group,the copper and bronze objects of LM III at the reoccupiedMansionare a poor and scrappylot, and littlecomment is needed to add to the cataloguedescriptions.

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thatis probablypart of a tinkeredpatch, Vesselsare representedsolely by a fragment with remainsof threerivetholes (B 2). The only weapon, C 10, is the tip of a dagger,or Thereis a knife,not classifiable.There are more Tools, but theyare smalland insignificant. with of a small tool uncertain chisel apparentlydeliberately purpose, possible (Mise 1), angledshaft(Mise 2). NC 21 and 22 are needles,of whichNC 21 (PLATE 205,5b) is notable for its resemblanceto a knot-headedpin;168the other is incomplete.A numberof rodfragments (A 4, Β 1, C 11, and NC 28) wereprobablyonce partsof simplebar tools (gravers, of depilatorytweezerand tracers,lightchisels).Personalobjects are confinedto a fragment a pin, NC 23. The restof the materialis of a kindthatwould have passedunnoticedin our LM II workshopassemblage.It is of coursepossiblethattherewas laterindustrialactivityin and aroundthe ruinsof theMansion,and thattheseobjectsbelongto suchwork.But some, at least, may be residual materialfrom the old workshop.The categoriesrepresented includea piece of scrapsheetmetal(D 10), shapelesslumpsof waste,(C 13-14 and NC 27), trimmings (NC 25-6), spilled drops (B 3 and C 12) and a blank billet casting(?), Mise 3. crucible. Β 4 maybe a piece of mouldwire,whileD 11 is a fragmentary 9. MISCELLANEOUS CATALOGUE OF OBJECTS WITHOUT FIRM CONTEXT AND FROM POST-MINOANLEVELS 1 Bronze Pchisel.L. 6.7; W. 1.8; Th. O.4. Complete;whollyoxydised.MUM/68/170.From N. Sector,upperlevels. Th. O.2. Oxydised slimbar 2 Bronze Pgraver.Extended L. 6.3; 3.2 and 3.1 respectively; into two almost bent at in equal sections.MUM/68/62. rightangles rectangular section, OverRooms C- D, in a basicallySM context. 3 Bronze Privetblank. L. 1.8; D. 0.4. Whollyoxydised.MUM/68/31.In N. Sector in a mixedto Geo context. 4 Clay cruciblefrag.10 χ 10; Th. of wall 3.4. PLATES 199h and 207,6. 4 joiningpieces of verylargecrucible.Body seemsto have been made in two stages;the outerskinwhichis 2 tinyspotsof oxydisation. red,peels offtheinnerwhichis greyand clinkering. 5 Clay cruciblefrag.3.5 χ 4.5; Th. 2.2. PLATE 207,3. Rim. Insideclinkeredfromuse. 6 Clay cruciblefrag.7.5 x 0.5; Th. 2.2. Body piece. Surfacepartlyclinkered.Spots of oxydisation. 7 Clay cruciblefrag.3x3; Th. 1. PLATE 207,4. Rim. Almostentirelyclinkered.Inside vitrified. 8 Clay cruciblefrag.5 χ 3.8; Th. 0.7. Rim,fromclose to spout.Not clinkered.

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Section8 The OtherFindsofStone,Clay,Ivory,Faience, Lead etc (PLATES 208-232) D. EVELY

Stone Tools Pumice Obsidian Stone Vases Vesselsin use in theUnexploredMansion VesselTypesrepresented in theUnexploredMansion VariousStone Objects Groundand PolishedStone Implements PersonalOrnamentsand DressAccoutrements MiscellaneousItems Ivoryand Bone Socketedand PeggedObjects Plaques and InlayPieces Rods Pins MiscellaneousItems WorkedBone Tools Shell Loomweights VariousObjectsof Clay PersonalOrnamentsand DressAccoutrements MiscellaneousItems Faience and GlassObjects PerishableMaterials LinearΒ Tablet Clay Potter'sWheel Metals(otherthanBronze) AppendixA - Stone Tool distribution AppendixΒ - Shell distribution MiscellaneousCatalogue 223

Page 224 229 230 232 232 233 237 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 243 244 244 246 247 249 249 250 250 252 252 253 253 255 255 256

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This sectionwill be concernedwiththe findsof stone; ivory,and bone; clay (except figurinesandvases);wood,shell,faience/glass; lead, silverand gold,of whichdetaileddescriptions are given in the room catalogues,or, where withoutfirmprovenance,in the subsidiary catalogueat theend. It willconsidertheirpurpose,anylighttheymayshedon theactivities being pursued in the rooms where they were originallyin use, and theirplace in the chronologicalsequenceof thevariousartefacts. Emphasishas been placed on objects fromdefiniteLM II contextsor witha suspected LM II origin:in othercases commentwill be made onlywherenumbersor the objectitself warrantsit. Sometimesthe date of a find is uncertainor has been assumed,and in these cases conclusionsare moreprovisional. STONE TOOLS1 Over a hundredobjects thatcan be seen to have serveda practicalpurposewererecovered.2 Theirorderingis arrangedprimarily on thecriteriaof shapeand function:shape occasionally shows function(e.g. quern or whetstone),but more oftensuspectedusage relies on the natureand position of the workingdamage.3There is in thissome scope forconfusion.4 Subdivisionmay be made on thegroundsof size and weight,i.e. heavydutytools and those intendedforlightertasks.The boundariesof these typologiesare ofteninsecure,and more thanone use is likely. Polishers5 each is different Apartfrombeingbasicallytriangular, (PLATES 208,1, 2 and 13; 227,9 and one surface a at least flat bearing high gloss, marrednow a trifleby 18). They possess scratchesacquiredduringuse. In size theylie withinthe rangeof L. 4-9, W. 3-5 and Th. 1-3 cms; weighingeither 20- 50gms; or rathermore at 100- 225 gms. Crystallinelimestonesor a siltstoneare favoured. Beforeproceedingto tools thatservedpurposesotherthanpolishingalone, a seriesof smallnatural(water-worn) pebbles6 mustbe broughtto theattention(H 224: PLATE 209, withrounded 1-4). Spherical,elongated,ovoid and flatdiscoid formsare all represented, for river are and of or stones. used contours shore indiscriminately They edges typical for work their size or as and polishing pecking lighter grinding presumablyonly (up to L. 6 cms) and weight(mostlybelow 80 gms, with a few attaining200 gms) would both or an igneousfineindicate.They are formedfromeithera crystallinelimestone/marble rock. grained Polishersand grinder-pounders The main cohesivefactorsof thisvariabletool type7are firstthedual functiontheyserved, and second theirabove-averagesize and weight(up to L. 16 cms and 3 kilos in weight, thoughgenerallytheylie well below 1 kilo). Shapes rangefromflatand ovoid slabsthrough vaguely triangularor humped formsto the near sphericalor cylindricalexamples - all naturallyoccurringshapes modifiedonly throughhard use (PLATES 208,7-9; 227,6 and many igneous rocks, and one 13). Stones employed include sundrylimestone/marbles, quartziteexample. Withthis tool-typecan be tentativelyassociated a series of small approximatelybarshaped forms8 (measuringup to L. 6; W. 3; Th. 2 cms and weighing20- 60 gms). Their and they do service as whetstones,polishersand primaryfunctionis not self-evident,

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grindersequally (PLATES 208,3-6, 14; 227,14). Naturalpebbles have providedthe main source,but some, thatdisplaycarefullyfacettedfacesor otherparticularly regularfeatures, have had theircontoursshapedpriorto use. Limestonesand marblesare preferred, but fineand are all sandstones choice rocks igneous grained suggesting grindingaction), quartzite (a identified. Grindersand pounders9

Althoughtheseare the commoneststonetool formencountered,and fairlyreadilydivisible into fivebroadgroupson physicalcriteria,yetno significant difference betweenthemin the in usage are natureand positioningof theworkmarksis apparent.Consequently,differences not discernable.A certain overlap in purpose no doubt exists with the 'polished' tool groups- as mightbe expected.All are of a size to be easilywieldedin thehand,and were chosen forratherthanworkedto thisshape: in weightmostlie between200-350 gms,with some at just over a kilo. Limestone/marble is preferred, with igneous rocks,fine-grained sandstonesand evenexoticssuchas lapis lacedaemoniusmakingup thecomplement. The sphericaland facettedexamplesare muchutilizedforpoundingactivities(and of an irregularshape as a result),but maystillretaintracesof a polishedsurface(PLATES 208,16 and 17; 227,1 and 16). They generallymeasure4 to 6 cmsin diameter.Thoughof a similar size, the sphericalclass differin that areas of polish are rarelyencountered:the overall surfacetexturebeing pock-markedfromthe grindingand poundingto whichit has been subjected(PLATE 208,10 and 15). Ovoid specimens(up to L. 13 cms) carryboth smooth and pitted surfaces(PLATES 208,11; 227,3), as do the flatdisc forms(up to D. 10; Th. 5 cms) - (PLATES 208,12; 227,2): both groupshad, no doubt, a wide application.Rod shaped tools have oftensmooth(if not truelypolished) main surfaces,withmarksderived fromcrushingand grindingat eitherend (PLATES 209,14; 227,7 and 15). In size theyare a fractionlarger(up to L. 10; W. and Th. 4 cms) thanthepreviousclasses,but not appreciablyheavier. Finallyare appendedforconveniencea smallnumberof more or less amorphouslimesize (up to L. 10; W. 7 cms; stone/sandstone pieces (one of arkose), of a medium-large to and a 600 to Their purpose is relatively facets. weightrising having tendency gms), but fall into of tools. the and class obscure, they broadly grinding pounding Pestles10 Such tools belong in theoryto the same categoryas the utensilsdescribedabove, but are separatedoff by theirdistinctiveshape. There is, however,an assumptioninvolvedwith theseactual specimensin thatno confirmation by wear marksis providedforthisidentification. It is safe, nonetheless,to arguefromtheirsmall size (up to H. 8, D. 4-7 cms and weighing100- 250 gms for the first,and 400 gms for the second categories)that their prospectiveuse will have been on a relativelysmall scale - be it cosmetic,industrialor domestic.Marblesand andésiteare employed. The firstclass were originallydivided off because of theircylindricalshape, usually slightlytaperedaway fromthe base (PLATES 209,12 and 13; 227,4), but it is observable too thatthisgroupingembracesall the more aesthetic(in colouring)examples.This is not, I feel,merelydue to chance,but ratherreflectsa deliberatechoice and perhapssuggestsa cosmeticintent.Their formsand dimensionsare of such a natureas to implythattheywere convertedfrombore cores taken fromstone vase production.If so, the rotarystriations removed- as normallyassociatedwithsuch drillingoperationsare lost,perhapsdeliberately

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a slightverticalfacettingmightindicate.On the otherhand, the expanded cylinderform, the second class, displaysa markedexpansionat the workingend, coupled withan offset handle and is altogethera heavierduty tool (PLATES 209,17; 227,5). Their bases tend to have slightfacetsat the edges and a distinctlygreaterdegreeof polish on themwhichtoo underlinesthemorestrenuousdutiesto whichtheywereput. So farthe tools consideredhave all been those whichare manipulatedby the operator and broughtinto play againstthe materialbeingworked.The next class are, rather,static and provideda firmand unyieldingsurfaceon whichto carryout thevariousactivities.11 Querns12

Whencomplete,a typicalmemberof thisclassis an elongatedovoid in outline(measuringin L. 20-40+, W. 10-20+, and up to Th. 8 cms; and weighing4-8 kilos originally,or occasionally rathermore). The undersideis lightlyrounded in profile,and may carry shallowpock marksfrombeingroughlydressedby a hammer:theresultantshapeis unstable unless the object is set firmlyin a scoop in the flooror in a workingsurface.13The top wherethe taskis performed, is more or less flatat the outset,but fairlyswiftlywornand smoothedinto a hollow by use: at whichpointtheydeservetheircommonname of 'saddlefrom quern' (PLATE 210a and b). As befitstheirpurpose,such objects are manufactured and the harderstones,oftenthose witha grittytexture- limestone/marble, conglomerate, calcareous sandstones. fairlyfine-grained From the major sortsof tools utilized(activelyor as a support)directlyin contactwith the substancesunderproduction,I turnto anotherlargeset of implements, themainpartof whose purpose was ratherin puttingand keepinga sharp point or edge on other tools (stone,bone or metal). Whetstones14 A cautiousapproachis needed whendealingwiththisbroad class.If the shape alone is taken as the criterion,thenconfusionwill resultbetweentruewhetstonesand objects of similar appearance,but whichwereused as polishers.So, thosewithclearevidence- in theformof grooves,channels and hollows - of sharpeningaction have been divided off fromthe specimenswhere formor substancealone indicatesa potentialusage. In fact, thereis a wealthof shapes - squares,rectangles,trianglesand more amorphousvariants,whoseonly sharedfeatureis a relativethinness.They attain a L. 12, W. 6, Th. 2 cms,and a weight generallyof 30- 150 gms,withan extremeclusterat 250- 300 gms.Sensiblya stonewitha fine-grained homogenoustextureis chosen (mostly limestones,with slate/shaleand the occasional sandstone) as least likely to damage the edge being honed. I would expect oil and perhapsan abrasivepowder to have accompaniedsome of theprocessesof sharpening,but no tracessurvivethatI could detect. Amongstthe grooved specimens(which alone constitutethe firmlyidentifiedwhetstones),the channelsformedby whettingfall into two sorts:'V - sectioned,whena point or tipof a blade is undergoing and a broader'U' - profiledone, resulting treatment, perhaps when the operatoris stroppinga blade edge to-and-fro. Some attemptsare made to square offthe stonesneatly,and even to piercethemat one end, eitherto take a carrying thongor to hangthemon a convenientnail or peg (PLATES 209,9,16,18; 227,11). Of the less securelyallocated items,the more robust forms- be theyrectangularor triangularplaques (all clearlyworked) - carryneitherindentationsnor hollows, but are

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unmarkedor even show a dull polish (PLATES 209,8 and 19; 227,17 and 20). Their size variesin L. 4-10, W. 2-5 and Th. up to 1.5 cms. Alongsidethese are founda coherent groupthatowe theirexistenceto the naturalcleavingpropertiesof slate and relatedrocks (PLATES 209,7 and 15; 227,8 and 12), which givesrise to elongated,thin,but irregular plates (up to L. 11, W. 5, and at best Th. 1.2 cms; weighingat most 50gms). On none of theseis it possible to detectscratchmarks,ratherthe naturalsheenand polishedsurfaceis preserved:grindingis thus unlikelyto have been carriedout on them,more feasibleis polishingor whettingwitha lubricant. The main account closes witha miscellaneousgroup (all LM II) - forwhichthe only cohesivefactorthat mightbe advanced is a definitepotentialas an abradingtool. This is especially true for the block, rod and splinterof emery(P 47, 148 and L 154: PLATE 209,10 and 11), but also it is hard to see to what otherpurposesthe facettedpieces of sandstoneand arkose (M 143 and Ν 72: PLATES 209,5 and 6; 227,10) could have been suited.The sole exceptionis the possible 'stand' (H 220: PLATE 210c), and even thathas been reusedfroma poundingand grinding tool (if indeedit is not a hammer,once hafted). Considerable,then,are the numbersand varietiesof thestonetools availableforstudy, and for the most part they are taken fromthe LM II destructionlevels (APPENDIX A). Whilstan essentialcontinuityof typemay be assumedforthe laterLM III reoccupations, yet an exact enumeration givesa falsesenseof accuracy,sincemanyof thepost LM II levels are disturbed,containingearliermaterial,and a stonetool does not by itselfoftendeclareits date. The most informative way of handlingthissituationis, I believe,to reviewthecontents room by room,commentingin greaterdetail on such articlesas warrantit. Two points of excavationprocedure,however,mustbe bornein mindwhensuch an exerciseis attempted, in that theyeffectthe sortof conclusionsthatmaybe reached.Basicallytheyboth concern the retrievalof material,and themannerin whichstonetools in particularmaybe 'screened out' in the course of excavation.15Acceptingtheselimitationsas 'natural'and unavoidable, I returnthento myreview. The northernrangeof rooms(A to E, J, K; NorthCorridor,and outsidethemtheNorth platform)containedonly a scatterof examples- all frompost-LMII contexts:mostrooms Room D produced yieldinga mixedset,and seldomin anyremotelysensiblecombination.16 - potentialcompanion fromthe same level a saddle-quernfragment and a grinder-pounder pieces, as well as a probable whetstone:but neitherthe tools themselvesnor otherfinds fromtheroomgiveany further clues as to theiruse. The centralportionof the building(Rooms F, G, H) was chokedby the LM II destruction debris,and later findsof stone tools are insignificant. Room H alone is adequately a full of tool not with furnished, only range types(albeit largelyin theupperfills:PLATE but also some individual 210d), providing specimensof note. The quern (H 20a: PLATE a is 210a) accompaniedby grinder-pounder (H 21) and by a clusterof small to medium sized pebbles (H 20b) thoughdisappointingly these are not worn fromuse, but stillretain their dull water-wornpolish.17 A larger cobble (H 220: PLATE 210c) has a shallow depressionon each face - too smallfora door pivot,could it have been intendedto act as a hammer,or even to steadythe end of a spindle?18Greaterinterestattachesto a triangular polisher (H 215: PLATE 208,2) which has one surface coated in a fine red powder But, despitethese,the overallimpressionis againconfused, perhapsan ochreor haematite.19 and lacking any focus for interpretation.Other finds from the room do not resolve

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matters- pumice is foundin some quantity,but so are loomweightsand thereis thepostulated connectionwithmetalworking to be takeninto account too. It isjust not possibleto with confidence on speak any specificaspectconcerningtheutilizationof thestonetools. The southernthirdof the building(consisting,like the northernequivalent,of an E.W. offit - Rooms M, N, O, P, Q; and of an corridor- Room L, witha seriesof compartments area outside the building'slimitsaltogether)providesthe bulk of the LM II material,the laterpieces beingso fewin numberas to be of negligibleaccount(if not anywaydisturbed fromLM II levels). Room Q can be ignored,and of the rest,it is Rooms L, M and Ρ in particularthatare of concernhere. Each containsa verysimilarset of tools,predominately and and whetstones,with pestles,triangularpolishers,quern fragments grinder-pounders or near such those be as numbers. clusters the may isolated, Though emerypieces makingup on the floorof Room L20 and again fromthe fillof Room P,21it is yet clear thata stone tool is as likelyto turnup at thetop of a roomfillas at thebottomon thefloor.This fact, and natureof the other in conjunctionwiththe considerablesimilarity in the distribution room and within the entire of from to sorts materials22both room, depth of a room's Ν yieldedon from above. Room have fallen arguesthatmuchof theircontents stratigraphy, Once its floor a set consistingof 2 whetstonesand 2 grinderpounders. again, the avid of will be disappointed:the circumstances discoverysimply compilerof interrelationships willnot permitsuchactivity.23 From this welterof individualpieces, a handfulstand out by virtueof theirintrinsic interest.From Room L, thereare a numberof quernfragments (L 33, 156 and 157) whose of in the fact that tools, when their importancelies most particularly theirillustration service- herepot a into unrelated completely originalusefulnessis past, can be pressed stands or some such supports.Room L (L 154: PLATE 209,11) and Room Ρ (Ρ 148: PLATE 209,10) have both yieldedpieces of emery,whose value is quite out of proportion of theircontexts,whichare relatively to theirsize and indépendant,fortunately, poor. Their level contextsare sharedwithall sortsof stonetools in thefirstcase, and whetstonesforthe second. Their importanceis simplythat thoughthe need forand use of emery24in - at least - the workingof theharderstones(quartzesand above) has longbeen appreciatedand these two pieces are among the firstto be located in a dated sketchilyrepresented,25 M come a cylindricalpestle (M 40: PLATE 209,13), with Room milieu.26Finally,from I for what take to be a groove a fingerdrilledacrossthe top, and a bar of sandstone(M 199: PLATE 227,7), whose shape and faint(? natural)striationsat the endsrecalltheEgyptian drillingbits used in the stone-vaseindustryforremovingand shapingthe interiorsof their vessels.28There is no hintof anysuch activitytakingplace in theUnexploredMansion,and is completelyillusory. almostcertainlytheresemblance,thoughtempting, Minoans had a that the Given,then, developedtypologyof stonetools,consciouslyand one mightreasonablyexpect this concernto be expressedalso in the carefullychosen, of stone type to practicaluse, and this- allowingforsome overlappingof the relationship what one has. Two factorsinfluenceda choice: thehardnessand durability is typologies of the stone, and its texture("abrasive" or smooth). Tools used for polishing,pecking, show a predilictionfor the very fine grained/crystalline poundingwith crushing/grinding hard stones (limestone/marbles, quartziteand igneousrocks). Bar formsof the 'polisher/ sandstones- admirablecompanionsfor a include sort also fine-grained grinder-pounder' withouta of a surface have should capable takingbothpoundingand grinding quern.Querns - limestone/marbles, and calcareous-sandstones too rapid disintegration (of a conglomerate be either abrasive of The a whetstone action materials. suitable may grittytexture)provide

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(limestonesand sandstones)or witha lubricant(limestonesand slates).Lastly,abrasivetools need a 'gritty'and hardtexture- sandstone,arkoseand emeryare mostappropriate. If it has been thoughtthat overmuchweighthas been givento this ratherdetailed account of the stone tools, and to one whereit is freelyadmittedthatlittlein the way of secureallocationof tool to task can be made, yet thejustificationforsuch a courseshould become immediately apparentwhenan attemptto set theUnexploredMansionmaterialin a historicalcontext is undertaken.It cannotbe properlydone. The best set of parallelsand most complete in their range come from Gournia, Palaikastro and Fournou Korifi, Myrtos,29with respectablecontributionsfromsuch sitesas Mallia,Tylissosand Karphi.30 This is not to say that stone tools are not noted - farfromit: manyhave been excavated and reportedfromthepalace at Zakro.31It is merelythatat thepresentdetailedreportsare scarce.Consequently,I have contentedmyselfwithdrawingsuch parallelsas I could in the footnotesattachedto the introductory reviewat the startof thissection,and shallobserve now only thatboth Gourniaand Palaikastroprovidegood parallelsformanyof my classes, and thattheseare not fardistantin timefrommypieces. At the same time,the parallelmaterialfromMyrtosand fromKarphialike, thoughat the two extremesof the Bronze Age in Crete,givesa salutaryand timelywarningto the effectthat stone tools wereprobablyfairlyconstantin shape and purpose throughoutthe Minoanera. PUMICE Of the score or morepieces of pumicerecorded,all but a veryfew come fromthe LM II destructiondepositsin the centraland southernregionsof the building,with the largest concentrationscatteredthroughoutRoom H. The extremelyscantylatermaterial(LM III a- b) is fromthenorthern end,in Rooms C and D. Throughout,two texturesare represented in fairlyequal proportions- one with largervésiculesthan the other,and a more open textureas a result.Both are grey-white in colour,when not burntto pink,brownor even black, and of an ovoid shapein themain,measuringin L. 4-7 and in Th. 2-4 cms,(PLATE 211e). Signs of utilizationare presenton about half of thepieces,oftenindicatedmerelyby a flattenedplane acquired throughsome grindingaction - such as puttingan edge on a bronzeimplement,32 or in workingbone and ivory.33More explicittestimony,however,is accorded by the catalogued pieces from Rooms H (H 234 and 235), L (L 160) and D (D 12) - (PLATE 211,a,c,b,din order).Here the 'U' and 'V'-profiledgroovesdemonstrate respectivelythe stroppingof a blade edge and the sharpeningof point or blade tip, and mightthe disc (D 12) have been originallyspun on a centralshaft,to act as a "grinding wheel"? As indicatedabove, the lumps of pumice turnup anywherewithinthe fillof a room,34 whichratherrestrictsthe extrapolationof theirpotentialuse fromtheirsurroundings. One is forcedback, again,on the generalobservationsthatmetalworking is knownto havebeen practisedin the UnexploredMansionin LM II times,and thatmetaltools or weaponsmust have theirworkingedgesgroundon and renewedintermittently. A review of the presence of pumice in LM Crete shows that the substanceis well representedthroughoutthe island.35The question of its datingintroducesintomyaccount the eruptionof Santorini(c. 1,500 BC), a complicatedand well-discussedevent that it would serveno purpose to dwell on here.... except to point out thatpumice fromour

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Minoanlevels36has been analyzed37and shown to belong to thematerialejectedfromthis particularvolcanicupheaval.38 OBSIDIAN Of the total of obsidianpieces availableforstudy,39almost two thirdswere foundin the various destructiondeposits of LM II date in the central and southernregionsof the in thenorthern Mansion,withmost of the remainderoriginating portionand "dating"thus to LM III times.The residuecame fromcontextsboth earlierand laterthan these.Since thereis roomfordoubtwhetherthisbody of materialshouldbe directlyassociatedwiththe levelsin whichit is found,it is here considereden masse,and not splitup into thechronoobservedelsewhere. logicalframework The total weightinvolvedis just below 400 gms.,of whichsome 340 gms.are accounted for by the flakes,20 gms. by the blades and 30 gms. by the cores. The majorityof the naturein it obsidianis black, fairlylustrousand has streaksof a coarser,darkercrystalline (Melian, at a guess). Lesser amounts both of a uniformlyblack, highlyglossy (? from Antiparos)and of a whitespotted(fromGiali) varietyare representedtoo40(PLATE 21 lj). Though the commonest- in numericalterms- of theobsidianpieces are the flakesand angularfragments (the two not being always readilydiscernable),yet it is the prismatic blades that exhibitthe greateramount of retouch and edge damage - and by this fact Their mannerof knapping demonstratethat theywere the primaryworkingimplements.41 can be broadlyreconstructed, withparticularreferenceto a model outlinedby Seferiades and Crabtree.42Since it is proposed to presentthe UnexploredMansionmaterialin greater detailelsewhere,I shallrestricttheaccounthereto a resumeof themoresalientpoints. look to belong to the elongated The cores,largelyrepresentedby detachedfragments, cone "variety",withan ellipsoidsection(PLATE 21 If- h). They wereworkedmostof or all the way round,untilthe nucleus was whittleddown to about a centimetreor so in width. Even then, it could be pressedinto furtherserviceas a grinding/polishing tool, or even the for There is some evidence preparation perhapsas some formof strikinginstrument.43 of the core (in the formof flakes)and rejuvenationof its platform,as well as unworked materialin the formof bothan untrimmednodule,and perhapsa trimmedbut unusedcore proper. formsthatare proposedby The blade productionhas lefttracesof all the characteristic series and second Crabtree:crestedblades (PLATE 2 Hi), and first prismaticblades (PLATE of the bulbs,pressureflakingor indirectpercussion 211k).44 To judge fromthe small size of the blades are complete- the resultof None of detachment. was the preferredmode of thembeingworkedup into othertool no evidence is accidents,I suspect,and there good PLATES 15: 219,21; 230,16) is the sole exampleof an alternatypes.45The arrowhead(M resultslargelyfrompressureflakinga prepared it too tivemode of manufacture though blank. and irregular The edges of the blades do, however,carryscarsindicativeof intermittent of form and more deliberate well a in as as retouch,perhaps abrupt damagesustained use, Twice a groundsurfaceis seen designedto bluntone edge to make use saferforthe fingers. to intermixwith the small flake-scarsdescribed above: presumablythe result of two differentactions. Scratches from wear also bear witness to the same effect:they have generallya slightpreferenceforthe face of the blade, and run across or at an angleto the main axis of the blade ratherthanalong it. Such a patterndoes not accordwiththe sortof

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marksto be expectedto accompanya sawingaction.Naturally,the longertheperiodof use, the more such markswould be acquired- and thisis perhapsat least in partthecause for those specimenswhich are coveredby a networkof close, shortscratchesdistributedin a randompattern. These two phenomena of edge damage and wear scratcheshave provided recent researchers46 withsome of theirbasic data by which,by virtueof comparativeexperimental research,they have assignedcertain typical effectsto certain actions. I have not felt competentto undertakesucha studywiththismaterial. The flakes,thoughby theirnaturecompletein almosteverycase, do not seem to have been primarily intendedas workingtools (PLATE 21 lj). The highlyirregular shape,47with its heavyand bluntedges,is not suitedforprecisioncutting,but suchconsiderationsdo not altogetherpreventthem frombeingused: occasional edge damagecomparableto the sort foundon blades,as well as randomscratching on the face,demonstratethis. Consideringthe size of the building,its relativelylengthyoccupation,and the choking of manyof its roomswithdestructiondebris,theamountof materialfromit is disappointnature.Withthe possible exceptionof Room H (whichyieldeda ing,as is its fragmentary fullcomplementof cores,by-products, workingdebrisand 'finished'products- thoughnot in any number,48thereis no significant concentrationof finds,rathereach roomproducesa handfulorless.The combinationof thislack of numberswiththeirgenerallyworncondition persuadesme thatalmostcertainlyno knappingtook place in thebuilding,and thatlittleifany- use was made of obsidianthere.Accordingly, thematerialmaybe betterinterpreted as beingintrusiveand introducedin rubbishof an earlierperiod. As a generalobservation,it is probablysafe to arguethatthemaximumexploitationof obsidian as a source of tools occurredprior to, and early in, the developmentof metal implements.49 Certainlythe knownMinoanexamplesof knappingareasare so dated.50This shouldnot rule out the likelihoodthat obsidiantools could not have stillhad a role to play in latertimes.They do have,afterall, an edge whennew superiorto thatof modernsteel. Obsidianwas also stillused in the stonevase and sealstoneindustries/crafts.51 Here it is interestingto note the nature of the findsof obsidian in two recent excavationsin the On theS.E. flank neighborhoodof Knossos, and the mannerin whichtheyare interpreted. of the Acropolis at Knossos, a series of overlyingMM III- LM I houses were opened (representing altogethersmallerdomesticunits than the Mansion): fromwhich some 16 smallnodules,flakes,a rejuvenationflakeand pieces of obsidianwere collected,comprising some blades.52From the massivecemeterysite at Archanes,in Building4 (LM I) came a merehandfulof obsidianincludingblades and flakes.53In natureand quantity,thesefinds are, in proportionto the size of the buildingsinvolved,comparablewiththose published here - but theirinterpretations are diametricallyopposed to each other. In the first instance,it is consideredthat the materialis verylikelyto have been incorporatedin mudbrick,or architectural make-up,whilstin the latter,it is feltthat the blades were used by In the face of thisuncertainty, I do not feelit livingpersonsin a quasi-domesticsetting.54 wise to insiston anymorespecificrole fortheitemsunderstudyherethanthatdetermined above. Finally,thereis the arrowhead(M 15: PLATES 219,21; 230,16) found in the upper levelsof Room M: barbed,hollow-based,and pressureflakedon both faces.The typewas firstdistinguishedby Tsountas, who placed them in the Bronze Age as opposed to the Neolithicbarbed and tangedexamples.55Buchholz similarlyallocated themto the Bronze Age56- the nearestmatchto oursbeinghis Type IV on figure10a- ζ, whichall date to the

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Late Bronze Age. It is noticeablethat the typeis stronglyassociatedwiththePéloponnèse, witha distinctbias towardsthe LH I- II periods,and is extremelyrarein Crete.57Mightit be taken as another "type-fossil"indicativeof a Mycenaean presence in Crete at this particularperiod?58 STONE VASES When the sheermass of material,much of it highlyfragmentary, is firstcontemplated,it overwhelmsthe eye and therebyobscuresthe fact that of the manyscores59of individual items,only a veryfew can have actuallyseen servicein the LM II and III periodsof occupation. Furtherinspectionrevealsthat most of the more elaborateand decorativepieces belong to the intrusivebody, whilstthose properlyassociatedwiththeMansion'sfunctionI open theaccountwiththosevessels ing are distinctlypedestrianin constrast.Accordingly, fromsecurelydated contexts,clearlyor arguablyutilizedin theMansion,and continueit to embraceall thosepieces whose shape, decorativeschemeor stone typewarranttheirincluthe relativelyundistinguished mass. Each sectioncontains sion, beforefinallysummarizing such discussionas the materialitselfmakesnecessary,60 and a shortevaluationis appended firston the functionsof the vessels withinthe UnexploredMansion and then on their positionwithintheMinoanStone Vase Industryas a whole. Vesselsin use in theUnexploredMansion Bowls Bird'sNest bowls (PLATES 213a and b; 229,3) are representated by threeexamples(MSV MM III- LM I), all of serpentines. 3, high-shouldered, Thoughtwo are moreor less destroyed by the fires,L 36 and 37, the third,L 123, preservesthe customaryrotaryabrasiontraces fromtheexcisionof theinterior. Blossom bowl, L 5-7, (PLATE 213c), of canonical form (MSV 5, MM III -LM I and made fromserpentine. predominately), L 44, (PLATE 229,2), withoutexact parallels (MSV 8, P119 forprofile; bowl, Open MSV 10, P174-176 forpositionof handles;less likelyto relateto MSV 37, P540; LM I), and made fromserpentine. Lamps Low columnar forms,two wick holders, and pair of pendent handles (MSV 24 ILA, MM III- LM I). One, Misc. 15, of mauvelimestonecame froma ratherlate context,but is yetMSV 24 II.A.6 in form(PLATES 212a; 228,1). The othertwo,L 94 and 91, are II A.7 but withoutexact parallels(PLATES 212b; and A. 8 respectively, fashionedfromserpentine, 228,2 and 3). The formerhas been used as a grindingpalette to judge fromthe powdered red substancecoated on itsinterior. To theseis added anotherrelatedlamp,Misc. 16, also of mauvelimestone,but takinga more individualformin thatit has but one wick holder,slightlydividedofffromthemain fuelreservoir (PLATE 213e). Lids Small objects such as theseare moremobilethanthevasesproper,and thusless reliancecan be placed on contexts.However,the fourincludedhere (Misc. 14 froma laterdatedfindsplace) are all of likelyMM-LM manufacture(PLATES 216,1; 229,4-6). Their typology

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(MSV 27 I.A. and Β - Ρ 39, Misc. 14, and Η 19; apart fromΗ 89, 27.11)is normalforthe are enlivened period,thoughan exact parallelforΗ 89 is unknown.61The usual serpentines the of white and mauve the With by limestone/marbles. appearance crystalline exceptionof Misc. 14, theirsmalldiameterprecludestheiruse withany of our recordedvessels. Pillar/stands In a sense,none of theseare vases since theywere neverintendedto hold liquidsor solids. It is probablymore accurateto envisagethemas articlesof furniture, some witha ritualistic function- akinto double-axestands.62 Though the four examples (G 4, L 89, and Ν 70 - LM II; NC 29 - LM ΠΙΑ) sharea vaguely tapered form,they yet display a good deal of varietyin theirdetails (PLATE 214a- d). L 89 has a hollow in its top surface,but thereare no signsof any locatingdevices by whicha double-axeor some such religioussymbolmightbe attached.63G 4 and NC 29 are most unsuitedto supportany objects,and mustbe assumedto be largelycompletein themselves.64 This suggestion, supportedby thecomplexityof appearanceand therelatively attractivegypsumsused, willfurther thelikelihoodof theirenjoyingsome religiouspurpose. The othertwo could act as standsor supports- perhapsforlamps: L 91 was foundin the same general area; and the more ordinarygypsumand limestone,of which they are fashioned,is suitedto sucha practicalpurpose. Tracesof chiselworkare visibleon Ν 70 and NC 29. Table A straightforward exampleof serpentine(MSV 38.A, MM III-LM I), M 87, (PLATE 212d). Trough vessel,thoughwhetherfor Spouted,Β 5: itslargesize and roughfinishindicatea heavy-duty domesticor industrial/agricultural activitiesis unclear(PLATE 212c). The date of manufactureis impossibleto establish,but itspresencein an LM Illb contextis quite unremarkable. Clay equivalents(tubs or lekane) are encounteredthroughthe Bronze Age, but differin havingthe outletso arrangedas to be able to drawoffliquidsfromthebase of vesselonly.65 Objects such as the Mansion one would be suitedto such large-scalewashingprocessesas cleaningwool, or producingolive-oil. Vesseltypesrepresented in the UnexploredMansion this section,it is assumedthatthe vases concernedwereneveractuallyused in Throughout the Mansion,but are strayfragments that,forexample,wereincludedin wall or floormakeIt is noticeable a of that deal thematerialwas foundin contextslaterthanLM II, ups. good whichleaves open the possibilitythatthepieces wereintroducedinto the area in thecourse of laterrepairworkor dumping. Lid Misc. 13 providesan additionto a groupof LM II- Ilia itemsrecognizedby Warren(MSV 27.C), belongingto squat alabastra(PLATES 215,6; 216,4; 229,8). The closestparallelto oursis thatfroman LM Illb tombat Karteros,Heraklion,66 whichsuggeststhattheMansion have had a central in the would form of a shield. grip example 'figure-of-eight'

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Rhyta Amongstthesehalf a dozen vesselsare some of the most visuallyattractiveand interesting of thewholecorpus,and it is a matterof greatregretthatso littlehas survived. That which restoresmore Alabaster forms,involvingtwo main groupsof fragments. I- III),67 turnedby the LM NP reveals an 43. H, completely, 4, Egyptianimport (MSV Minoans froma globularalabastroninto a rhytonby the simpledevice of drillinga hole throughthe base (PLATE 229,1). The othergroup,A 5 and NP 2, comprisestwo pieces with the same interlocking-trefoil pattern (PLATES 215,5; 216,7; 229,7), but havinga The ratherdifferent size.68 suggestsa conicalrhyton,or unit-pattern shape of thefragments of in unit the motif seems too greatforbothpieces to as the the size rhyta disparity average If were originallya pair of follows there to the same is then it that vessel. this so, belong matchingrhyta of differentsizes: an unusual phenomenon.Whilstthe firstvessel was importedcompletefromEgypt,thereis no particularreasonto denythattheother(s)were not whollyMinoanwork(evenif thestoneitselfhad to be broughtin).69 of thispiece, NP 3, is promptedby Animal headed. The rathertentativeidentification amount its irregularshape and partlyby the stone type (chlorite).Though an insufficient remainsto make an identification secure,it is more probable thatthe animalinvolvedis a bull (MSV 34.D, MM III- LM I) than any other.70The piece in questionperhapsbelonging to thethroatarea (PLATE 216,2). Conical. A veryplain example of thisvarietyof rhyton(MSV 34.A, MM III- LM I), in that it lacks any elaborationof the rim- H 19a. Neithercan the stone (chlorite)be consideredanythingotherthanordinary.At the top, theprofileexpandsa littlefroma simply taperedcone - a featureparalleledon othersof the class.71To judge fromthe amountof surfaceabrasionin and out, the rhytonwas brokenin the course of manufacture(PLATE 213d). - especiallythosedepictingtheNettedBull - are Reliefcarved.In thesefew fragments containedwork of such technicalcompetenceand (originally)aestheticcompositionas to favoured rankalongsideanyexamplesof thisparticularartform.The stonesare serpentines, in type: the largepiece,NP 5, lacks for thissmallscale carving,and appear to be different in the slightlyblue tingeof the smallertwo - H 45a and b, and has patchesof brown-white in conclusive are not These colouration its make-up. themselves, absolutely discrepancies but taken with an estimatedvariationin size and rhytontype,I am inclinedto postulate two vessels.The rhytashapes proposed are piriformforNP 5 (MSV 34.B), and,judgingby themouldedrimof H 45, conical fortheother. in its broad outline(PLATES 215,7; The Netted Bull scene, NP 5, is self-explanatory A at a smart and tail bull, moving pace, has, or is about to, become upraised 229,11). from net calibre in a knotted heavy rope. The scene is takingplace in a hunting entangled no in the bull is means subdued - as two feetof a by rocky landscape. Though trouble, thrownhuntsman(in mid-flight) visibleat thebrokenleftedge indicate.The technicalskills exercised in the work are very high (a few knife tip/chiseland abrasionscratchesare There are, for nonethelessdetectable),but some of the details are not easily interpreted. the rope above curves and musculature a of series vertical immediately lines/ribs example, of anatomical in the terms which are less than net,72 accuracy. convincing The rim fragments(two, non-adjoining:H 45) show parts of the heads of cattle, presumablywild beasts (PLATES 215,1 and 2; 229,10 and 9). The carvingis equally as good, but not all the elementsof the scenes are decipherable.It seems safe,however,to suggestthatthe animalswereportrayedin an outdoorsetting.

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Whenone reviewsthesepieces againstscenes of similarsize and subjectmatterin stone Minoan and othermedia,it is at once clearthathereexistsanotherexpositionof a favourite for are available Two in other renditions subject.73 serpentinerhyta (conical forms) immediatecomparison.One fragment(AE 1569) shows a bull-leapingscene, as does the morecompleteBoxer RhytonfromAghiaTriadha.74In thelattercase, the similarrendition of the bull's hindquarters rearfeetinvitesan withtheraisedtailand powerfullyback-thrust obvious parallel with our Netted Bull. There too a hapless bull-leaperappears to be in troubleon thebull'shorns. in An ivorypyxis fromKatsamba,Heraklion75also offersa certaindegreeof similarity the genreof the scene a powerfullybuilt animalpursuestwo fleetinghuntsmen,whilst tossinganotheroverhis head. The hunttakesplace in a rockyglen,withpalm treesscattered thinlyabout. The closest of all,however,is thegold cup fromVapheio,Laconia76- several In a familarrockyand elementsof whose storyare combinedin the Knossian fragment. wooded terrain,threebeasts are depicted: one has tumbledhelpless into a massivenet, anotherhas turnedback in timeto escape, whilstthe third,withloweredhead, bowls over two huntersin a murderouscharge. The themeof our stonevase is evidentlythatof thepyxisand gold cup77- an attempt to net wild bulls in the countryside,resultingin an upset for at least one hunter.The in iconogceremonialaspect of bull-leapingis quite absent.The only apparentdifference raphywould seem to have been the positionof the body of the thrownman: generallyhe passes face-upover the bull's shoulders,the toes pointingskywards.Here the feetpoint down to the ground,indicatingtheopposite- a position,though,quite acceptablein other renditionsof bull-leaping.78 of H 45. Here one Obviously,ratherless can be attemptedforthe two rimfragments bull's head at least is facingto the right- a positionless oftenportrayedthanits opposite: it does, however,occur once on each of the Vapheio gold cups. Less compilentto elucidationis the verticalobject beforethe animal'shead - mightit be partof an oliveor palm tree? It is tempting,thoughthe evidenceis farfromsecure,to arguethat a pair of rhytaare in the represented- one workedwitha more,the othera lessviolentscene of bull-hunting wild. Such a pairingof related,but somewhatcontrastingsubjectscan be paralleledwith certaintyin the Vapheio gold cups, and has been suggestedtoo (followingthesame line of argument)for the relieffrescoeson the Bastions flankingthe NorthEntrancePassage at Knossos.79 Shell vases Two more examples (Misc. 11; M 73) of a vase form(MSV 35, MM III- LM I) requiring highlyaccomplishedtechnicalabilities,and exhibitinga highdegreeof accurateobservation of nature(PLATE 216,3 and 6). Both hereare fashionedfroma nearblack serpentine. ?Stand A unique vase, H 112, and thus difficultto assess - particularlysince most of its upper portionsare missing(PLATE 216,8). The attractivestone is one of the manyvariegated Cretanlimestones.Possibly,thecompletevesselwas designedto sitmoreor less permanently in a hollowedbase (hence the networkof incisedlines,to providea keyingforan adhesive agentsuch as clay): itselfa receptacleforsome undefinedpurpose,but one likelyto involve an aestheticappreciation.

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Table An elaboratevariant,Misc. 12, of a simpleenoughbasic shape (PLATE 216,5). The choice of chloritewas no doubt promptedby the amountof finecarvingrequired.The circular basin withits raisedrimrecallsthe same featureon the LibationTables (MSV 26), as does the cut back profilebelow theuppersurface. Withthe conclusionof themoreimportantpieces fromtheMansion,it now but remains to summarizethe remainder.A number of items, for example, carryvariousmoulded decorations: a ?lamp column with 'rope strand'; rims, collars and a handle (PLATE 217,3-7). One of the collar fragments, (PLATE 217,5), is incisedon its back witha T, an indication of how the artisanmade certain of accuratelypositioninga piece withina composite whole.80Again, the availabilityof exotic stones is amply demonstratedby a range of examples (PLATE 217,1 and 2): Kephrendite(fromEgypt),lapis lacedaemonius and antico rosso (fromLaconia), rock crystal,greenjasper, Giali and Melian obsidian,and ?dacite (fromThera).81Such a wide varietyillustratesa considerabletrade in such substances. In addition, more prosaic stones are also much in evidence: Egyptianveined alabaster(rhytaand bowls - up to ten vessels),marbles(rhytonand bowls - threevessels) and limestones(rhyta,and sundryrimand body sherds- makingup to twelvevases). Over and above these extends the enormousand relativelyordinarymass of material but also includ(representing up to as manyas 80 objects),generallymade fromserpentine, ing breccia,marbleand limestones.A ratherconservativeestimateof numbersand shapes yields Bird's Nest bowls (2; MSV 3), Blossom bowls (6; MSV 5) and otherssuch (3; MSV 9A); Bucketjars (up to 4; MSV 14); Bridge-spouted jars (1; MSV 13B); Lamps (20+; MS V 24.11.A. 1, 7, 8,9; II.C); Lids (8;MSF 27.I.A and B); and Tables (5;MSF 38.B.2). A perusalof the above account of vase typesand materialsrapidlyleads to an inescapable observationon the disparityin characterbetween those vessels actuallyused in the UnexploredMansion, and those pieces merelyfound in it. The formergroup are really rathermundane,whilstthe othersincorporatea wider range,and a more exotic one, of vessels.Such a phenomenonhas not been observedin otherdomesticmilieux- forexample, the LM Ib levels at Palaikastro,82even allowing for the differencein economic status between the two sides. No indicationsexist that actual production took place in the Mansion,83nor do the fragments appear to have servedany secondarypurpose.One can conclude all were that introduced as partof thestructural materials,or occasionallyas only chancefindsbroughtin as curios. The severelypragmaticqualityof the vasespreservedas partof thehouseholdfurniture has been referredto - lamps for light,stands to carrythem on, bowls and troughsto containvarioussubstances,and tables to work or presentthingson. Only the two gypsum 'pillars' suggestany deviationto the devotionalside of life. For the most part thereis a concentrationof findsplaces in or nearRoom L (used in partforstorageat thewest,in part foraccess purposes): threeBird's Nest bowls,two lamps,and thevariouspillar/stands being foundclose to/onthe LM II floorsof the basementregions- as sensiblea place as any to findlights,receptaclesand 'religious'objects. A positionon the upper floorfora Blossom bowl,lids and a tableis equallyacceptable.84 Whenthe variousspecificvases are examinedin relationto the knownMinoan corpus, a distinctemphasison a productiondate in the Second Palace period (MM III- LM I) is revealed.Withthe exceptionof Misc. 13, everyothervessel or fragments thereofis potenwhen a of in of rangeof skills this the was at its terms tially product phase, industry height availableand in sheerquantityof production.The implicationsof thisare clear- following

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the LM Ib disturbances, theindustrysuffereda distinctrecession,and therewas perforcean increaseddependenceon itemsalreadyin existence.This stateof affairsalso servesto underline the previousintensityof output- mostlyin local stones,but also involving importsof vases (fromEgypt)as well as of rawmaterials(fromEgyptand theAegean).85 VARIOUS STONE OBJECTS As well as a mixed selectionof items,potentiallypracticalin character,thematerialunder review here embraces a number of purely ornamentalpieces - includingheads, dress and inlay fragments. on the sort Most of thisyieldslittledirectinformation accoutrements, of activitiescarriedout in Mansion,86but ratherreflectscausal losses and the normal accumulationof rubbishin a domesticor industrialcontext. Groundand polishedstoneimplements Singleaxes This stone tool type- generallydubbed 'neolithic'- can be dividedinto (a) flatter,and (b) stubbiervariants,of each of whichtheMansionproducedthreeexamples:A 8, D 13, H 101; Misc. 20 and 21, L 21 (PLATES 230,19 and 218,1; 218,8 and 230,20 respectively).The proportionsof both are approximatelythe same in length(4.0- 6. 5 cms) and width(4.05.0 cms), but thelattergroupis thicker(2.2-3.8 cms,as opposed to about 1.0). Irrespective of size and shape, the manufacturing processesare identical:limestonesand igneousrocks were chosen for their fine-grained textures,and then pecked and grounddown to the desiredform.H 101 displaysevidence of these two stages(PLATE 218,1). That the axes werenot purelyornamentalis shownby the at timesquite heavychippingat the working edge - but it is hard to envisage,fromtheirsmall dimensions,thattheywereused forany especiallyarduousduties.87 Those fromthe UnexploredMansioncame froma rangeof contexts- none significant, so. Though datingto both the LM II and LM III periods.All are complete,or substantially referred to as this tool is to been most have Neolithic, generally likely type produced on into the EM, and even veryearlyMM periods,as thelargenumbersknownfromthesetimes would indicate.88Examples appear sporadicallyto the end of the Bronze Age89- but are more likelynow to be rediscoveredones, since it is hard to believethatthemetalcounterparts,by thenwidelyavailable,would be in any way inferiorto the stone. 7?itual hammersy

Partsof a pair of such 'hammers'wererecovered:one, H 229, fromthe debrisfillingRoom H (PLATE 218,4); the other,Misc. 22 (PLATE 218,9), froma laterdisturbedcontext.90 These unsatisfactory findsplacesand the damagedconditionof the objectsboth suggestthat - like the 'neolithic'axes. Thoughtheiridentification are accidental intrusions restson they a carefulcomparisonto morecompleteexamples,91theuse of a visuallyattractivestonefor H 229 is in keepingwith a generaltraitin the group.This elementof apparentaesthetic the argumentthatprimarilythe 'hammer'played some appreciationcertainlystrengthens role.92 That be symbolic they might pressed to more ordinarytasksis indicatedhere by H 229, whose edges are badly scarredfromactual usage in some way. Misc. 22 offerstoo anotherpotentialfunction:the roundedbulb-likeend is admirablysuitedto the needs of the workerin metals,in that its contoursavoid all hard angles that mightbite into the metal.93

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Akin to theseobjects are two so-called'mace heads': Misc. 19 and 18 (PLATES 218,6 and 230,18; 218,10 and 230,17 respectively),neithercomplete and both fromdisturbed in whichMisc. 22 was found.Thus, thesame contexts- similarin factto the circumstances line of argumentmay be applied here with regardto theirfunctionin the Mansion.The similaritiescontinue in that stones pleasing to the eye are preferred,again prompting thoughtsof 'ritual' functions.94Certainly,thereis no evidence for the use of maces in warfarein Crete.It is perhapsjust feasiblethattheytoo would servein workingmetals. Pommelsand handles A lone example of each of thesewas foundwell down in the fillof Room Ρ - both broken, The perhapsas a resultof the collapse of the upper storeysin the LM II destruction.95 pommel,Ρ 37, is a typicalspecimen(PLATES 218,3; 230,15), with fairlyclose parallels froman LM Ilia tomb at Zafer Papoura, Knossos.96It reliedon a crosspin to hold it in had been slottedin place: its diametersuggestsit came froma position,once thehandle/grip sword.97The handle,Ρ 38, however,cannot be so securelyidentifiedor paralleled(PLATE 218,2). Thoughin shape and size it would be suitedto a smallknife,the crucialsectionthat would containthehaftingdeviceis lost.98 Personalornamentsand dressaccoutrements Scatteredthroughoutthe Mansionwere a numberof beads and pierceddiscs,fairlyevenly split between the LM II and LM III horizons,and lackingsignificantgroupings.Such a distribution could surelyonlycome about as a resultof accidentalloss. A like interpretation may be proposed to account forthe patternof discoveryof the 'conical buttons',though heretheitemsdate securelyto post-LMII depositsin thenorthernsectionof thebuilding. Beads and discs The LM II materialcan be roughlydividedinto pieces likelyto have come fromnecklaces, and one thatis not. From the firstsort,thereare sphericalbeads of amethystand carnelian a peg-toppedpendantof greenjasper (J/K4: (H 38 and 5: PLATE 219,9 and 8 respectively), PLATES 219,13; 232,4), and two discsof plainerstones,includingserpentine(H 231, Ρ 20: PLATE 219,12 and 10 respectively).These would have been simplystrungtogetherpossiblyin combinationwithotherstonesof the same type,99but equallypossiblynot.100 All are typicallyLM in character.With them,no doubt, will have gone two rock crystal beads - one tubular,one spherical(P 19, NP 6: PLATES 219,18; 232,29): neitherare Very properlyfinishedon the exterior,lackingthe finalabrasionand polishingtreatments. different is the largerrock crystalsphere,Η 230 (PLATE 232,5), piercedby a drilledhole, and resemblingthe sort of ornamentalheads givento long metal ?hair pins in the Shaft of materialor shape,show signsof longuse All thebeads,irrespective Gravesat Mycenae.101 or disuse. In the clear crystallinevarieties,this takes the formof internalcrackingand surfacechips,fortheothersin surfaceabrasionsonly. The picturepresentedby thematerialfromthelaterfindspotsis essentiallythe same: all beingderivedfromnecklaces.102Sphericalbeads appear,madefromcarnelian,a black stone, and in serpentine(grooved): NC 31, Misc. 37, Misc. 38 (PLATES 219,4; 232,24; 219,2 and 232,23). Disc-shapedones have more of a rangeof profiles:one of rock crystal,Misc. 33 mix display (PLATE 219,20), is plano-convexin section; othersof a serpentine/chlorite Even the 1 A and or Misc. 6 near-conical 32, respectively). profiles: (PLATE 219,15 stepped most ordinaryversionsmayspringa surprisefor,apartfromsteatiteand serpentine/chlorite,

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Misc. 34 and 35 (PLATE 219,14 and 16), thereexistsa solitaryitem of lapis lazuli, NP 7 (PLATE 219,19). The generalconditionof all is comparableto the LM II pieces,and they are equallyas typicalfortheirperiodtoo.103 'Conicalbuttons' Witha singleexception (P 14: PLATE 218,5, probably a stray),the conical and related 'buttons' are restrictedto post-LM II levels.104They are a common find: the truncated conoid formbeing the rule (13: PLATE 218,7), drilledto take a thread;thoughsquatter (3: Misc. 27; PLATE 232,25), stemmed(4: Misc. 29, C 16, H 249, Ρ 14; PLATES 218,5 and 7; 232,26) and waistedexamples(1: Misc. 30; PLATE 219,5) are all metwith. Soft,easilyworkedstones- serpentineand steatite- are used,witha degreeof preference for variegatedcolouringsthat suggeststhat their appearance was integralto their purpose. From sundryindications,it would seem that the excess stone was pared away in was verticalfacets,and the profilerounded offby abrasives,beforefinallythe stringhole drilledout.105That theywereintendedto be threadedis shownby weardamageat theends of the holes, caused by the frictionof the cord. This observationdoes not accordwithany but neithercan it determineif theyare better proposalto view themas spindlewhorls,106 or as necklacecomponents.108 seen as dressaccessories107 The patternof distribution extendsevenlyacross the northernand centralportionsof the Mansion,and beyond it to theNorth:all verymuchat random.109 Only in thecase of a LM floor Room Β PLATE on in can 7: an Ilia 6 and anythingremotelymore pair (B 218,7) the When on viewed a be essentiallyLM III contextsof largerscale, significant pictured.110 and our groupis quite in accordancewiththe chronologyestablishedforthe Mainland,111 are the soft stone 'buttons' from in Crete itself. Unless numerous instances paralleled in can it otherwise an Crete, only be totallyperishableequivalent(e.g. wood) replacing concluded that in the fourteenthcenturyB.C. therewas a change of fashionin dressor ornamentin Crete- one assumesas a resultof Mainlandinfluence,whereclay equivalents are knownfromLH I onwards. Miscellaneousitems Rock crystalinlay Distinctfromthe vases, thereexist raw unworkedcrystals,pieces brokenin the course of beingworked,and a seriesof inlaysegments.Up to elevenbrokencrystalsare represented (of severaldegreesof translucencyand colouring): the majorityoriginallyno largerthan 7 cmsin height,thoughone achievesdouble the size. Two more illustrateworkingpracticesin the formof saw cuts, with a greypowder (?emery)embeddedin one. Nearlyall of theseare concentratedon thenorthernand central areasof theMansion,112 in a rangeof contextslargelywithinLM II to sub Minoan. is thecase fortheinlaypieces (PLATE 219,17): theseare mostlylocated Verydifferent in Room Ρ (Ρ 40), withone fromRoom L (L 158) - all fromLM II deposits.The factthat theyall come fromcontextsnear the floor mightsuggestthat theirsource(s) could have been storedin Room Ρ itself- perhapson a shelfon the wall.The set is made up of three plaque fragments (L 158, Ρ 40: PLATE 219,17 left),more or less flatand once rectangular in shape; a plano-convex'lens' (P 40: PLATE 219,17 bottomright),and two rathermore three-dimensional pieces resemblingan ear (P 40: PLATE 219,17 top right)and an eye PLATE 40: 219,17 centreright).None is largerthan 3.5 cmsin length,and all are badly (P flawedinternally, if not chippedand brokentoo. Whilsttheplaques and the 'lens' willhave

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been most effectivewhen attachedto a flatbacking- as on a gamingboard or an elaborate theothertwo mighthave belongedto some compositestonevase.114 piece of furniture,113 The abilityto shape rock crystal115 firstcame withinthe scope of the Minoan artisan withthe introductionof emeryinto his tool kit: thisseems to have occurredsome timein the firstPalace period.116Inlay work utilizingthe stone has come fromMM III and later contexts at Knossos,117whilst both completevases and parts thereofwere produced at muchthesame time(MM III- LM I).118 Weight It is unfortunatethatthe 'sling-stone'or amygdaloidshapedobject,H 251 (PLATE 219,7), comes froma mixeddeposit,and can onlybe assumedto belongto theMansionmaterial.119 Its shape and weight(10.2 gms.) proclaimit as belongingto the Minoan systemof weights based upon a 'mina' of some 493 gms.,dividedinto subsidiaryunitsof 60-65 gms.(an ^ of the originalmina).120Ours is thusa fraction,3, of thissubsidiaryunit - or ^ of themina itself. There are a numberof parallelsfromthe Knossos area - most of a comparabledate and variegatedcolour(LM II- Ilia), and showinga preferenceforstonesof an interesting ation. A set fromKatsamba (Tomb H)121 has two equivalentto that fromthe Mansion as well as one at γζ (a bit heavyat 5.7 (10.2, 10.5 gms.,of gypsumand jasper respectively), gms.)and anotherat | (48.9 gms.)of thesub-unit.122 Gamingpieces The classificationof the followingobjects as countersor gamingpieces is a somewhat arbitraryone, and thereis certainlyno other significantcommongroundbetweenthem. L 159 (PLATE 219,11), a sphereof limestone,would havehad eitherto havebeen rolled,or used with a board equipped with hollows.123The othertwo - a disc of obsidian,NC 30 (PLATE 219,3), and a triangularpiece of steatitewith a meaninglessscratchedpattern, Misc. 36 (PLATE 219,6) - are more suited to a game played on a flatboard.124The first comes froman LM II context,theothersare later- all are a littledamaged. Bead or sealstoneblank C 27, (PLATE 219,22), is a solitaryobject and likelyto be out of contextin theUnexplored Mansion,forthereare no othersignsof stone workingtakingplace therein.In its size and shape it fitsneatlyinto the 'flat cylinder'class,125whichwas a relativelyuncommonform manufactured mostlyin the Second Palatial and laterMycenaeandominatederas.As a rule are the favouredstone, thoughserpentinesmay be employedtoo.126Occasional quartzes otherspecimensshow tracesof theabradedfacets,incompletelyremovedin the finalstages of preparation. IVORY AND BONE A highproportionof the ivoryfragments, whichoutnumberthose of bone heavily,bears to witnessto the firesthat accompaniedthe LM II destruction:127 theyare burntblue-grey of and under are and have the effects soft and black,128 friable, fallingmasonry disintegrated the passage of time.Naturallythesemisfortunes have made a fullappreciationof the finds thatmuch harderto achieve.As a result,it is proposed to arrangethe materialinto broad a pommel typologicalcategories:socketedand peggeditems(includingknobs,attachments,

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and a 'button'); plaques and inlaypieces; rods/pins;and sundryobjects.The bone tools - a scatteredgroup,yieldingmorepotentialthan actual evidenceof use - are takenseparately at theend. Socketedand peggedobjects Lentοids The emphasizeddome, with its higherdegree of polish is surelythat side of the object meant to be viewed. Accordingly,it follows that the drilledholes on the reverseare intendedto take pegs to fastenit to a backing.The fourexamplesfromrelatively highup in the fillof Room M, are all close in size (diameterof just over2 cms,depthover 1), but do of peggingholes. Some, M 71, 88 and 207 (PLATES 220,3; not sharethe same arrangement 4 and 5 spots on a dice, whilstone, M 206 (PLATE have them ordered the as 230,12), Y four in No also acted as a guide has a pattern.129 doubt thesevariousarrangements 220,4), to theirpositions.Some piece of furniture their source.130 itself as suggests Knob terminals Thoughindividuallyratherat variancein theirdetails,thisgroupof itemssharesthe feature of a centralsocket,allowingthe object to be slottedonto some tangor projection.One is essentiallyspherical,Ρ 68 (PLATES 220,7; 230,3) - its interiorremovedby a cutting/ chippingaction (blade or chisel), with two opposed and diagonallyslantingdrillholes to enable it to be lockedintoposition.Two moreare but fragments from,perhaps,a sphereset on a shortstem- M 208 and 209 (PLATES 220,6 and 8; 230,2), whichmightresemblethe finalpiece - M 107 (PLATES 220,9; 230,9). This is shaped like a buttonmushroom,its fromitspostulatedlargerparallels,whoseinteriors socketdrilled.In thislast detail,it differs werechiselledout. The substantially completeterminals(M 107, Ρ 68) measurec. 2.5 cmsin in c. thus are rathersmallerthan the fragments indicatethe and 2 diameter, height cms, otherswould have been. All, except Ρ 68 fromRoom P, were foundat variousplaces in Room M. They do not, of themselves, readilysuggesttheirsource- handlepartsforknives or daggers,or furniture are two possibilities.131 attachments Pommel About this item, thereis no doubt. Found near the floor in Room M, shatteredinto a myriadbits,its size proclaimsit to be derivedfroma sword (diameteraverages8.6 cms) M 64 (PLATES 220,1 and 2; 230,l).132 'Button' There is a strongresemblancebetweenthisΡ 30, (PLATES 220,10; 230,11), and Misc. 32, of serpentine,thoughthe latteris later.Misc. 32 was suggestedto have come froma neckit could have been fixedto a backingby lace, and the same mightapplyhere.Alternatively, an ornamental nail or peg.133 Few in numberthoughthisgroupis, it yet providesa typicalsamplefromwhichsome generalobservationsmay be reached. First,it is clear that these ivoryproductsare on a small scale: seldom completein themselves,they tend to be embellishments added to a of for the and substance. the aesthetic Thus, largerframework, employedmostly qualities attachmentsand 'button' are onlypartsof a sword,a knife, pommels,terminals,?furniture ?a footstooland perhapsa necklace,and all are - in essence - ornamentalratherthan

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practical,meant to reflectno doubt on the statusof theirowner,in a way thatprecious stonesand otherluxurymaterialsdo too. There was plentyof ivoryavailableto thepalace workshopsof theLate BronzeAge,134 to discoverthatparallels and wide use was made of it. It is, accordingly,a triflesurprising for almost everyobject in the Mansion are not readilyattainable.Whilsta matchforthe and thelentoids swordpommelcan be easilymade, one cannotbe forthe smallerterminals, are but scarcelyrepresented on theMainland(not at all in Crete). Plaques and inlaypieces To thissectionbelong the majorityof theMansion'smaterial,includinga numberof carved items.Most are likelyto have been intendedforinlay - as the existenceof peggingholes and a habit of singlingout one face for any decorativeschemes demonstrates.Some decoratedon both faces are moresuitedto a free-standing position,but theseare extremely rare.Despite theprevalenceof inlays,thereare fewwithguidemarks. Plaques Both plain (D 15, H 110, M 89, 216 and 220 - PLATES 220,11; 221,7) and carved(P 1 PLATE 221,12) rectangularplaques survive- thoughlargelyin a muchdamagedcondition. The undecoratedexamplesare markedonlyby abrasionand polishingscratches,135 acquired whilstΡ 1 carriesoccasionaltracesof knife/ duringthe latterstagesof shapingand finishing, chisel workingon its design.Peggingholes, put in by a drill,eithercut rightthroughor penetrateto roughlyhalf the depth of the plaque.136A much more elaboratepiece, M 83 (PLATE 220,12), was shapedratherlike a dog's biscuitwhencomplete:a longshaftexpandleft action (knifework)is evidentfromthechatter-marks inginto roundedends.A whittling of the surface executed but was otherwise the behind, carefully sufficiently grooving upper to leave no firmclues. The reverseside carriesan undercutmortise,enablingtheinlayto be are a dozen or so slotted into position on its ground.137More resistantto interpretation Ρ - PLATE M Room D on and its an back 12 19, 217-219, objectsresembling elongated (L a underside and finished or holes argue for its roughly paired pegging 220,11). Single inclusionwithinthiscategory,but parallelsare lackingfora morepreciseunderstanding. Crescentsand circles Η 13 apart, these (M 138, Ρ 4-5, Misc. 40 - PLATES 215,3 and 4; 221,13, and 15-18) as theyall displaytherequired could well belongto complicatedinlaid itemsof furniture, Ρ 4 (PLATES 215,3; 221,17) lower one. and a of a carved plain dichotomy upper surface, alone was undeniablyfixed to a base - by an undercutmortise,but the othersare too markscan be detectedhere to carryanyevidenceon thesematters.Knife/chisel fragmentary and there.M 138 mightbe partof a pyxislid - PLATE 221,18.138 H 13 (PLATE 221,14), on the otherhand, musthave stood free- as only thencould both sides have been seen. The taperingdouble crescenticoutline,and the engravedlines both suggestpartof an open wing- froma birdor a griffin perhaps.Threedimensional,but smallscale,statuettesof ivoryare quite commonin the Second Palace Period.139 Domed buttons With over forty-five buttonsrecovered,these become the most numeroussinglebody of ivories in the Mansion - L 28, 34, 38, M 4, 14, 16, 25, 31, 210-215 (PLATES 220,5; 230,13 and 14). From theirsmall size (0.8- 1.2 cms in diameter,0.4-0.7 in height),their

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roughbases and concentrationin the area of Room M, it can be safelyinferredthat they representinlaysfroma singlesort of object, each sunkinto its own socketleavingonlythe polisheddome visible.140 They would presenta studdedeffect,perhapsset offagainsta dark wood.141 use of ivoryas a componentin a greaterwholeis mostmarked. Again,the characteristic in for Incorporation "masterpieces"probably contributes,however,to theirsingularity, whilstgeneralparallelsto all the above may be found,more specificones are harderto locate and evenimpossibleat times.Broadlyspeaking,all are typicalMM- LM products. Rods Not only rods are here considered,but also some of the connectingdevices by whicha frameworkof them mightbe built up. The same aids to constructioncan, however,be employedto providethenecessarysupportforsheetsof plain or inlaidwork,and it is in this light,rather,thata particulargroupof rod-likepieces shouldbe interpreted. rods Free-standing These itemsmay be recognizedby the way theyare intendedto be viewedfromany angle, as opposed to the inlay pieces that have but one intendedviewpoint.Two rods with a quatrefoilsectionillustratethepointfully,H 35, 60 - (PLATES 221,3 and 4; 230,4 and 5). One, H 60, has its groovesincompletelyworked - and tracesof a knifeor chisel can be detected.142 Whetherthejointingdevicesbelongmore with the above items,or withthat discussed next, is arguable.Since thereis no substantialhint as to what theymightbe combinedto form,the questionis ultimatelyunanswerable.The most developed,M 28 (PLATE 230,6), allows joins in two directionsto meet at a rightangle: it is a cornerblock, perhapsfor a small box. Similar,but with holes permittinga join in one directiononly are M 137 and M 221 (PLATE 221,5 and 6 respectively).Finallyin NP 11 (PLATE 230,7), theremightbe seen a device to act as a framearoundan inlaidsurface:the flange,by overlappingtheedges of the surface,would act muchas a modernpictureframeholds in its glass.Both pegs and a wereemployedto hold it firmin position. mortise/tenon Lastly thereare a verynumerousgroup of inlay pieces in the formof a rod - L 19, M 222 (PLATE 221,1). They oftentaper,and theirupper surfaceis givenalternativetreatments - most often left plain, or lightlyhollowed out.143Though most are burntand nonethelesspieces up to 3 cms long are preserved,measuringtoo some 0.5 fragmentary, wide and 0.3 thick.Withthemmay be takensome dozens of smallrod-likefragments from many contexts- up to a few millimetresin lengthonly, and utterlydevoid of any distinguishingfeatures.Some are, no doubt, derivedfromthe plain-toppedsort mentioned above,yetotherswillbelongto disintegrated plaques. Pins

The collectionof itemsunderthisheadingis a somewhatbroad one, as in mostinstancesthe objects are incompleteand thus theiridentificationas, say, a pin ratherthan a needle or shankcannot be asserted.Witha singleexceptionH 37 (PLATE 222,2), theyare all LM III or laterin date - Β 9; C 18; H 257, 258; NC 32; Misc. 44 and 45 - PLATES 221,20; 222,6 and 230,8. Bone and ivoryare equallyrepresented, and thereseemsno difference in general for either substance: a swollen in to the contrast appearance plain head, slightly tapering shaft.In Β 9 (PLATES 221,20; 230,8), however,the provisionof a 'socket' at the tip, as

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well as cross-pegging holes, arguesthatsomethingwas locked into positionthere:conceiva this was metal ably point,makingthecompleteobject an awl.144 of this Objects genericsortare quite commonthroughouttheBronzeAge.145 Miscellaneousitems Toggle These are so designatedby theirclose resemblanceto moderncoat buttonsof thatname, and indeed theirsize is comparabletoo (up to 4 cms in length)- H 18, J/K5 (PLATES 221,8 and 9; 230,10). Though they may not have been intendedforcloaks or any such cloaks,beltsor baldrics,of whichthe clothing,theirbasic shape is mostsuitedforfastening Minoansand Mycenaeansmade use.146Nevera commonfind,thereis onlyone parallel(in gold) fromCrete,and feware knownevenoutsidetheisland.147The Mansionexamplesdate to LM II. Comb A self-explanatory object, thecomb musthave been as commonplacean itemin theMinoan worldas in any sectorof humanity.Manywereno doubtmade of wood and haveperished, but nonethelessa fairrangeof typesof ivory/bonesurviveto cover theentireBronzeAge, withespecial emphasison LM II-IIIa.148 Our LM II specimen,H 113 (PLATE 221,2), lacks the decorationof manyof the others,but makesup forthat in the stronglikelihoodof its beingsuppliedwitha handle- not a commonfeature. Lid Though again an item whose appearanceis selfevident,the Mansionexample (Misc. 41 how small sectionsof PLATE 221,19) providesa particularpoint of interestin illustrating whole - withoutthe a make to and bone could be composite larger together pieced ivory presenceof any backingmaterial.Misc. 41 was cut to shape by blade and saw, and then channelledalong one edge to permita tongueand groovejoint withits neighbour.This was thenreinforcedby a peg run diagonallythroughboth pieces at thepointofjunctionitself. The outsideedge was bevelledto ensurea snugfitinto thebody of the container,and two Its contextrunsup to LM Illb. drilledholes could have accommodateda hinge.149 Sundry An 'ear' or perhapsa polishingtool - H 61 (PLATE 221,10), and a columnarantifix,L 34b to parallel:both date to (PLATE 221,11), are includedhere. Both are brokenand difficult LMII. Workedbone tools The most elaborateformrepresentedare two bone spatulae- Misc. 43 and NP 12 (PLATE longbones: a sliverof 222,4). Both are fashionedin much thesame way from?horse/cattle takenof the 'hollow' from the cut is source, being advantage away rectangular proportions bone interiorto providea naturalbowl at one end. Excess bone maybe paredand whittled away by a blade, or sawnoff.Shapingor use has leftscratchmarksall overtheimplements, but forthemostpartthesurfacehas a highlypolishedfinish.150 This categoryof find,however,is more commonlyrepresentedby points - or more accuratelypieces of bone suitable to being utilized as such, as very few carrytraces of

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damageincurredin working- C 19; Ε 12; Η 82 and 100; Misc. 42; Rooms C and L (PLATE 222,7 and 8). Included are rib,jaw and long bone splintersfrombird, fishand sundry animals.Since most were less than 20 cms in lengthoriginally,theywould not have been suitedto particularly heavyduties. Otherfindsof bone fromwithinthe Mansionshow theeffectsof workupon them,and are not themselvestools.151Some are offcuts, detachedby saw or blade, another(a cattle rib) carriesbutcherymarks- Room L (PLATE 222,1), and so on. Most unusualis apiece (sawn) of apparentlyfossilizedbone (S. Sector) - probablycollectedqua stonethanbone. The use of bone to fashiontools is a commonheritagein all culturesfroman earlier stage in mankind'sevolution.The sorts of use it was tailoredto fit in the Mansion are and can be readilyparalleledin Crete and elsewhere(even if exact absolutelytypical,152 formsdiffer).It is, thus,odd to findthatin factverylittlein theway of indisputabletools were recoveredfromthe LM II phase - withits clear industrialactivities.Ratherit is the LM Ilia- b depositsthathaveprovidedthe evidence:mostprobablydomesticin nature. Withthe exceptionof the comb,thepinsand,perhaps,theswordpommel,all theivory (and some bone) productslocated in theUnexploredMansionweredesignedas partof some largermultifacetedwhole.Seldom weretheyexpectedto standin isolation.This beingso, it can be appreciatedthatpreciseworkwas the hallmarkof the craft:tracesof thisconcern can be located in theevidenceof saw and blade in shapingby cutting,in abrasionand finally polishingto providea close fitand attractiveappearance.Fairlycarefulpositioningof the drillholes is requiredin pegging.A furtherconsequenceof the piecemealapproachof the craftlies in the need to developeffectiveand discretemeans of fixingthe componentsto theirgrounds.Peggingis one of thecommonestsolutions- a smallcylinder,shapedusually to a slighttaper,would be tapped home into a drilledhole. More complex is theundercut mortise- designedto slip onto a dovetail-like tenon:normallycut out by a chisel,at times withaid froma drill,it mayitselfbe surroundedby a collar- Ρ 4 (PLATES 215,3; 221,17). Gluesmusthavebeen widelyused - the abrasionstriations providinggood keying. Exact location of inlayor componentpartwillnaturallyin turnrequirethata piece and the positionit is intendedto fillbe easilymatched.The solutionis to incisethe same guidemarkson both - only two have survivedhere, a cross and a row of fourdashes.153The patterningof the drilledholes on the lentoidswould have acted in the same manner,if required. The concentrationof the ivorymaterialon Room M, withoccasionalspillsintoRooms L P, and even H, when takenwiththeirdistribution generallythroughouttheentiredepth of Room M can be most sensiblyinterpretedas indicatingthat some piece(s) of inlaid furniture fellthroughfromthe upper storeyin the course of the firedestruction in LM II. Most of the pieces referred to belongto thoseclassesintendedto be attachedto some other object,and the presenceof the occasional deviceused to join one to anotherenhancesthis impression.Closer definitionof the originalform(s)has not provenpossible.Togetherwith thesewere'kept' a pommel,and perhapsvariousknob terminalsof knives/daggers, as well as morepersonalobjectssuchas a comb. In starkcontrast,virtuallyno ivoryobjectswereavailableto the LM III occupantsof the northernend of the Mansion,who had to make do witha fewpaltrypins - as likelyto be fashionedfrombone as itsmoreexoticrelation. The fairlystandardrangein object typeof theivorieshas been commentedon at sundry points in the discussion.The greatestrange of parallels is most readily available from contextsof the Second Palace Period - theworkshopdebrisfroman LM Ib destructionby

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the Royal Road, Knossos in particularhas a greatdeal of materialin commonwiththat fromthe Mansion.154Clearlythe rangeand qualityof productswere stillopen to thenext fewgenerations- but it is not possible to determinewhethertheywereacquiredas newlymade pieces or as heirlooms.The lack of itemsof value afterLM II in theMansionseemsto be below even the somewhatreduced output (afterLMIIIa1) in Crete,155and probably reflectsthe changedand relativelyunimportantstatusof the buildingand its occupantsat thisstage. SHELL Though less than half of the shell corpus can be thoughtof as havingbeen 'used' in the Mansion,yet for the sake of completenessand in orderto offera comparisonwithother sites,the whole has been kept togetherherefordiscussion.AppendixΒ breaksthematerial down by Room, shell type and date (LM II/post-LMII). From this,it can rapidlybe ascertained that even thoughonly a handfulbelong to the latercontexts,156 theynonetheless includesomeinteresting pieces.157 Sixteen marine invertebrategenera and species have been identified,coveringfour classes - Gasteropoda(9), Bivalvia (4), Scaphopoda (1) and Echinodermata(I).158 They types,all relativelyor evenveryabundantand representa standardrangeof Mediterranean for the most part, with a preferencefor sandy inhabitingshallow ('inter-tidal') waters bottoms.159They could, thus, have been gatheredby people wading about, or picked up as shells fromthe beaches.160Three separatemotivesunderliethe collectionof these creatures- a desirefordecorativeobjects,foredibles,and probablyforreligiouspurposes. Amongstthe firstwould be placed Columbella,the two Conus species and Dentalium:the firstbeing gatheredin all likelihoodfromspecimenswashed ashore. The Spondylusand Astraea may also belong to the same category.On the other hand, Charonia,Donax, Murex,Thais, Patella,Sea urchinand Tapes can all be eaten,thoughMurexand Glycimeris, is Thais may also yield a purple-reddye,161and one Charoniafoundin the Mediterranean Mino ans.162 to the of an or Conch shell Triton' the famed object religioussignificance Potentiallyedible molluscsare to be seen in Astraea,Spondylusand Tonna thoughonce left There is Minoan in has a the last only Arculariareligiouspractices.163 place again apparentlyinedible,and thuspresumablydecorative. Of the items frompost-LMII contexts,threehave drawnattentionbecause of their inherentsuitabilityas ornaments- otherthanC 17 (PLATE 222,9: top right),an unknown shell type,apparentlypart of a fingerringor similarpiece ofjewellery.Pieces fromRooms C/D (PLATE 222,9: left),both Glycimeris,are piercedat the hingein such a manneras to Parallelexploitationin LM II timescan be arguedforthe make themsuitablependants.164 and conceivablyfor the Conus Dentalium (Room H - PLATE 222,9: bottom right),165 shells too (13 in toto, with a dozen perforated).These last, however,do presenta slight problem.There can be no doubt that the perforation(achievedby abrasionon the labial side, or by knockingthe tip off) mustbe consideredas a deliberateact - PLATE 222,9: centre(fromRoom H). The questionis forwhatpurpose?The mostobvious,and fairlywell paralleled,suggestionis thattheshellswereso treatedin orderto be strungas a necklace.166 in achievingthis.Anotherpotentialexplanation I have foundno insurmountable difficulty as them in be gamingpieces.167Eitherwould help to accountforthe might sought viewing of Conus the specimensin the SW area of the building(Rooms M and H in clustering be imaginedas havingfallenfromsome containerin an upper if could particular), they

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room.168Astraeais also representedby an operculum(used to seal themouthof the shell). D.S. Reese observesthat'it was probablyused as a personalornament,as these"cat's eyes" or "occhio de Santa Lucia" are oftenused today'. For therestof thecorpus(withpossible religiousassociationstoo in the case of Charoniaand Tonna), thewide rangeof speciesand in the Mansionmay suggestno morethanrandomintroductions equally broad distribution as componentsof mealstakenthere.169 Seashellshave since the earliesttimesprovidedforthe Minoansa source of food,170of The Unexplored forartists171 and acted as religioussymbols.173 and craftsmen,172 inspiration Mansionexamplesdo not add to thepictureas alreadyunderstood,but merelyunderlineit. LOOMWEIGHTS The productionof woollen fabrics(and no doubt others too) was highlyorganizedin It is Minoan Crete,174and may have providedthe island witha major tradingresource.175 thatevenin a buildingobviouslyengagedin workingmetals,thecraftnext therefore, fitting, most widelyrepresentedshould be weavingon theloom. Giventhehighlyperishablenature of almostall theappurtenancesof thiscraft,we have to relyexclusivelyon theloomweights to giveus thisimpression.Over 150 are knownfromthe Mansion,withbut one significant - Ν 31, 94 (plus 2?) fromRoom N, a storagecupboardunderthe stairsin the concentration southernrange of rooms. It dates to LM II. Much more modestgroupsof the same date werelocated in Rooms L (9) and Η (23). 176It is proposedto examinetheRoom Ν corpus in greaterdetail,as beinggenerallytypicalof themajorityof thesefinds. Room Ν The clay weightsherecompriseonlythespherical(or pomegranate)form,whichcan be subdividedon the criteriaof the presenceand numberof its externalgrooves,and also somewhat by its weight.Three cylindricalstone equivalentsare includedin this account. For a selectionsee PLATES 223a; 231,1-8. Those lackinggroovesaltogetherare the most numerous(39, plus 2+ oddities).Their fabricis a beige-redfiredclay, withinclusionsof grog,a crushedwhitemarble-likestone, schistand otherparticlesof greyand black stones.Some show signsof burningfromthe firesaccompanyingthe destructions hereabouts.Thoughmost are, by definition,approximatelyspherical,yet a numberhave slightlyflattenedsides and acquire a more elongated profileas a result.Five of variousshapesand sizes have a crossincisedon them- forreasons unknownto me.177Anotherhas a band of slashesaroundone end of thecentralhole. Even if exact boundariescannot be drawn,thereyet seem to exist threeor fourbroad groupsthe smallestmeasuresup to 6 cms in diameter,weighingabout 200 gms.; the next is but a fractionlarger,and averages250 gms.: the two should perhapsbe combined.Above these are a numberwitha diameterreaching7.5 cms,and a weightof 350-450 gms.Finallya few attain 10 cms acrossand up to 750 gms.in weight.Throughoutthe centralsuspensionholes are 0.5-2.0 cmswide. The specimenswith fourexternalgrooves(26) recall in fabric,size and weightsthe above group.The groovesare usually arrangedso as to quarterthe sphereand varyfrom merescratchesto channelscarefullymodelled (up to 0.5 cmswide,and 0.4 deep). It would appear that most grooves were painted with the same red-brown-black firingiron-based were on that fineware the used and same treatment is often pigments contemporary pottery, extendedto theinteriorof thesuspensionhole. One loomweighthas an incisedcrosson it.

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In additionto the above, thereare loomweightswiththreegrooves(13); withtwo (2); number.As a rule,all the multiples(fiveand ten grooves- 1 of each) and an indeterminate hole in wear the and the oftenabradedcondition show of around weights signs suspension of the paints.The threestone cylinders- two of serpentine,one of breccia- are roughly equivalentin size and weightto thesmallerclay weights(up to 250 gms.).Theirsurfacesare evident. dullypolished,withthesignsof wearat thesuspensionhole particularly The otherLM II deposits Scatteredas theseare throughoutthe southernand centralareas,178the 40 or so examples are more variedin type- see generallyPLATES 223e; 231,9 and 10. The sphericalform remainsthe dominantone (30+), but hemispheres(1) and cylinders/reels (3) also put in an grittedred-brown appearance.Fabricstoo increasein rangeto includegrittedgreeny-white, and pale beige clays. The flaky quality in some indicates a lower firingtemperature. Amongstthe sphericalforms,those withoutgroovesare the most numerous,followedby four,three,two and one groovedexamples.The usual range of odditiesexists: multiple grooved(seven to ten channels) and one withgroovesresemblingthe patternon a tennis ball - L 164 (PLATES 223e; 231,9). Post-LMII deposits in thenorthern distribution encountered,and withoutsignificant Though farless frequently or in areas of the Mansion,179thereis no substantialdifference type proportionalrepresentation between these and earlierloomweights- see generallyPLATES 223e; 231,11-15. The sphericalformhas some 8 examplesfromall classes;but cylinders/reels (4), biconical to other their bear witness types in use apex (3) (1) and flat ovoid discs pierced at on PLATES 57 PLATE and Misc. Room D 17 on 223e and 15; 231,14 C, (respectively: are too. Fabrics variable on PLATES Room C NC and and 33 36 223e; 231,11). 231,13; and from unbaked in or so a dozen of An interesting extensionto the range typescomes pieces neverexceed 7 cms in length,and indeed theirexact clay discs or spheres:the fragments class.181 size and numberis unknown.180 They may evenderivefromthecylinder/reel We have seen that the Room Ν collection of loomweightsis the fullest- and even thoughit cannotbe shownwherethe loom was intendedto stand,one or two speculations mightbe made on themannerof its workingon the assumptionthattheRoom Ν groupis a the factthatthethreemain more or less completeset intendedforone loom. Regrettably, x 3 forthose withoutgrooves, divisions(by the numberof grooves)are multiplesof 13 x 2 forthose withfour,χ 1 for those withthree(withsome 13 sundryshapesand sizes left over),mustprobablybe takenas a coincidence,as when theseputativegroupsare divided themselveson the criterionof weight,no sensiblepatternemerges.In fact,therangewithin wide to make it unlikelythat an exact balance was ever each weightgroup is sufficiently one groupof mightobserveis that the smallest/lightest necessaryon the loom. All that of a number from which other two numerous as the possible weightsis as put together on the loom mightbe made up. On balance,all thatwas probablysoughtwas arrangements fordifferent tensionsin thewarps. in arranging flexibility For the rest of the LM II groups,all except two fromRoom M are foundsufficiently high off the floorto suggestthattheyhad fallenfroman upper storey- and indeed,the positioningof the looms therewould make more sense thanin the relativegloom of the basementareas. For the post-LMII groups,thereis nothingthat can be usefullydeduced fromtheirdistribution. Theirrelativevarietyin type,however,could indicatea lessuniform

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and regulatedapproachto the craftthan before- somethingthatwould be in accordwith thelikelydisappearanceof thepalace-orientated way of lifein operationbefore. Beforeleavingthis aspect of the subject, a few words on the workingof the upright loom will not come amiss.On the evidenceof thestoneweightsin particular(the direction of the wear at the suspensionhole edges), the loomweightswere slungso thatthishole lay on thehorizontalplane. In thiscase, thegroovesmightbe used forpositioninga crossrod to controlthe movementof the weightswhen in use.182The practicalpurposein paintingthe insideof the suspensionhole (to preventyarnsfromsnaggingwhenbeingthreadedthrough) in size and The difference fromany intendedforthegrooves.183 will thenbe verydifferent on and different be the also allows tensions to presumablyregulatesthe warps put weight numberof groupsof yarnsthatcan be allocatedto each loomweight. The acme of the use of the spherical(plain and grooved)loomweightwould seemto be MM III- LM III, and comparablegroupsare readilyavailablefromthisperiod.184It seems reasonableto suppose that those formsare the directdescendantsof the plain spherical The stone cylinder,thoughnevercommon,also weightsknownto exist since EM times.185 seemsto be a recognizedsub-speciesin thesameperiod(MM III- LM III).186In contrast,the timesfollowingthebreakdownof thepalatialsystemin Cretesaw theriseof a morevariable thoughby LM IIIc a degreeof preferenceforthe approachwithgenerallylighterweights,187 forms had been established.188 cylindrical/reel VARIOUS OBJECTS OF CLAY In theirrangeof shapesand types,thereis a markedcorrespondence betweentheseclay and some previouslydiscussedstone items.Most here belong to what mightbe broadlytermed and the like. A handfulof less 'personal' classes of objects: beads, pierced 'discs'/buttons are small disc-lids, also presentedhere.Unlikethe clearlyassignablepieces,thoughincluding stone examples,the clay ones are moreunrelievedlyconcentratedin post- LM II contexts As such, (and even post-Minoan,as a resultno doubt of pit diggingand such activities).189 of the building.Again,theywould they are naturallyconcentratedon the northernend seemto be accidentallossesincurredin thebustleof dailylife. Personalornamentsand dressaccoutrements These are made up of several beads and a biconical pendant for the firstdivision,and pierceddiscs (reusedmaterialforthemostpart) and custom-made'buttons'forthesecond. Of course,the pierceddiscs at least mightequally be consideredas clumsynecklacebeads. One button(H 42) came fromLM II contexts(Room H, upperlevels). Beads and pendants The beads are three in number (A 10, CorridorL, Misc. 66 - PLATES 224,15-17; 232,10) - all roughlyspherical,thoughpartlydamaged in the case of the lattertwo by exposure to heat. As a resultof this,the fabricsof thesehave been alteredto a reduced grey- but it is likely that they,as well as the first,were originallyred in colour. The pendant (NP 17 - PLATES 224,13; 232,13), made of a beige-brownfine fabric,was modelled by hand to give it a somewhatunequal appearance- its lowerportionis much heavierthanthe top.190All are quite suitedto inclusionin a necklace.191 Clay beads occur intermittently throughoutthe Bronze Age in Crete,192but it is not until after LM II- Ilia that they appear to have attained any (relatively)significant

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and laterstillat Karphi.195 popularity.193 Examples turnup in necklacesfromArmenoi,194 As such, the Mansionpieces add to the generalrecordof a class of object thatwenton to achievegreatersuccessin theearlyIron Age.196 Pierceddiscsand 'buttons' The firstand more numerous(13 - PLATES 224,6,7,9 and 10; 232,11,12 and 14) component of thisgroupconsistsof cut-downkylixstems(withbut two clear exceptions,being more deliberateproductions- D 22, Misc. 6 1).197Theirfabricis thusnaturallyfine,largely free of any inclusions,and a pinky-beigeto pale red-brownin colour. The surfacewas polished,as is normallythe case withsuch vases. The act of cuttingup thestems(done by blade or saw) has led to a certainamount of chippingat theiredges. The custom-made pieces have also been paintedby a brush(D 22, Misc. 61 - PLATES 224,11 and 8; 232,15 and 17: respectively). It seemsindisputablethat the discs so producedwere intendedto be threadedonto or attachedto somethingelse:198the hollow stemof the kylixprovidinga ready-madesocket. Less clear,though,is theirintendedpurpose: theycould have been used forbeads (albeita little on the large side - measuring2.5 to 3.5 cms in diameter);or perhapsbetteryet as spindle-whorls,for at 6- 14gms. in weight they are heavier than the conical stone and have a largerhole (at 0.6- 0.8 cms across) more suitedto takinga distaff 'buttons',199 point. If, though,theywere merelybuttons,thentheymusthave been held in positionby passinga thongthroughthemand knottingit at eitherside to preventmovement. The so-called 'buttons' proper consist of a painted sub-rectangular plaque (H 42 PLATES 224,2; 232,2), witha bevelled'upper' surfaceand a centralhole; and of a polished cone (B 11 - PLATE 224,19), piercedvertically.In effect,thislast resemblescloselythe If correctlyidentified,theywill need to have been fixedto stone 'button' equivalents.200 in thelast paragraph. described thegarmentin themanner of their identity,it is clear that the objects as objects are Leaving aside the questions Minoan well establishedwithin the repertoireof ceramicproductsfromEM throughto LM,201and thattheMansionpieces merelyadd to theknowncorpus. Miscellaneousitems of such minorimportancethatI do no morethanto listthemwithsuch These are, frankly, commentas is possible. From LM II contextscome a small ball of kouskouras(M 226 PLATE 224,12), perhapsa gamingpiece; and a circularlid fora vessel (H 233 - PLATES 224,1; 232,1), paintedbrown-black.A similar,but unpainted,versionwas retrievedfroma LM Ilia layer(G 5 - PLATE 224,5). Of a like or laterdate are a smallcirculardisc (C 25 PLATE 224,4), perhapsa counter;a piercedovoid object (Misc. 65 - PLATE 224,14), part of a weightmaybe; and lastly a pyramidalcone with a smoothedbase (C 24 - PLATE 224,18), conceivablya polishingtool. FAIENCE AND GLASS OBJECTS beads of a moreglassy Three categoriesof objects are discussedhere: beads of faience/frit, are The two first faience vessels. of and related,and are the clearly fragments appearance, sort of casual losses that have been exemplifiedby theirstone and clay equivalents.The beads are found in both LM II and post-LMII deposits,whilstthe 'true' glassy-faience to thelaterperiod.This last pattern faienceones are, withthe exceptionof Ε 14, restricted

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is but an accident of chance and discoveryas faiencebeads are known throughoutthe Late Bronze Age in Crete.202On the otherhand, the verysmall size of the vesselpieces each seeminglyderivedfroma different vase, would indicatethat thismaterialwas introduced fortuitously and does not representfurnishings presentin the Mansionat its LM II destruction.Most of theircontextsare MM- LM II, whichis consistentwiththishypothesis, and also matchesthebroadrangeof themanufacture and use of suchvesselsin Crete.203 Faiencebeads Withthe exceptionof D 18 (PLATE 225,11),204the beads (10 in toto)205are all approximatelyspherical,and pierced by a centralstringhole(cf. A 9, NC 38 - PLATES 232,18; to 225,17: respectively).Their surfacecolouringsvaryfromoff-white throughpearly-grey Ε four NP with blue and and 14 PLATES Misc. 50; 14; beige-brown, specimens(B 12 225,9 and 10; 232,20). One of these,NP 14, beingbroken,revealsa homogenouscolouring and texture:thisfeaturearguesfora compositionof fritforall theblue beads - in thiscase almostcertainly'Egyptianblue'.206The otherstendtowardsa powderyand porousinterior, surroundedby a 'shell' - oftenof a slightlydarkercolour,but not appreciably'glazed'. The size of the beads (around 1 cm in diameter)would make themideally suited to a necklace or bracelet.Overall,the emphasison theircontextsis to LM Ilia and Illb - as a resultthey naturallycome fromthenorthern regionof theMansion. Glassyfaiencebeads The main distinguishing criterionbetween this and the previousclass of bead207is in the presenceof a lustrousqualityto thecore materials,and a tendencyto a dimpledand glossy exteriorsurface.208 It is quite likely,however,that thisdifference is merelythe fortuitous resultof an increaseddegreeof vitrification in an Ordinary'faiencebead. As well as the sphericalvariety(5 in toto: A 6a; Η 24, 98; Misc. 47 and 49 - PLATES 225,7,8,13,15 and 16; 232,3,19, and 21),209thereexist a biconical form,M 69 (PLATES 225,6; 232,6); a stemmed'button',A 6b (PLATES 225,14; 232,27), comparableto the stone examples(see above); and a mouldedplaque, NC 39 (PLATES 225,12; 232,30). These last two itemsshoulddate to LM Ilia- b, thoughthecontextincludeslatermaterial,beinga pit. As a generalrule, the cores of the beads are now a verypale blue to grey,decayed patches showingyellow and the fabricfriableto the touch. Over this lies a thin glossy 'skin' - also much alteredby chemicalaction in the soil, untilit frequently flakesaway to leave behinda dimpledsurfacereminiscent of thatof a golfball. The fabricsof the 'button' and the plaque bead recall more stronglystill the true blue to greeny-blueglass beads utilized in theirhundredsto providea counterpartto the equally widelydistributedsheet these two Mansionpieces are atypical: forthe 'button', gold equivalents.210 Interestingly, I have no parallel; and the 'double ivy' reliefplaque bead has its motifsmore usually thanside by side. arranged'nose-to-taiP Faiencevessels - none morethan6 cmsin length,and But a handfulof scatteredfragments are involved211 fromdifferent vessels:rimand body sherdsall. Like thebeads, theyconsistof two components:a core (porousand powderygenerally;some firmer)thatvariesin colourand texture. Over thislies one, or even two, 'skins': singlelayersare now whiteor brown-black, doubles a combinationof both. In one instance,NP 10 (PLATE 225,2), the outerlayerhas been

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moulded into a row of low-reliefcrescents.For the rest,C 26; H 238 and 237 (PLATE 225,4,1 and 3,5: respectively),linear designsare (?)painted on in a darkbrown-blackor material. greeny-grey PERISHABLE MATERIALS Articlesof threedifferent substances,now in a veryimperfectcondition,are collectedhere underthisgeneralheading:some fragments of wood; an impressionleftby a piece of cloth on clay, and a shortpiece of fairlylightcalibrerope. All, except the cloth,date to LM II. Individuallythey are of little importance,and certainlydo not yield any insightinto the Mansion's workings.However,these deficienciesare outweighedby the extremerarityof any such objectsin the archaeologicalrecord. The wood fragments, L 168 and M 134 (PLATE 223d and c: respectively), damagedby fireand heat, have disintegrated and fallenaway fromlargerpieces - thus theiroriginal shape and purposeare obscured.It does seem,though,thatboth are partsof plaques (sawn to shape) and equipped with flangesand holes for fittingthem into position.212These features,and indeed theirlocation too, recallstronglythe natureof the ivoryfinds- and therebyserveto underlinethecommonapproachsharedby workersin eithersubstance. Concerningthe rope and fabricimpressions,Ρ 156 and Η 256 (PLATE 222,3 and 5: respectively),there is really nothingto be detailed beyond the fact of theirexistence. Roughlysimilarcalibrerope has been foundrecentlyat Thera,whereit had been utilizedin The textileimpression(alone potentiallypost-LMII in date here) furniture construction.213 seemsa simpleweave,thoughtheyarnmaterialcannotnow be guessedat. The clay,pressed 214 againstthefabric, driedin positionand was accidentallybaked by the firesthatprobably destroyedtheclothitself. LINEAR Β TABLET The discoveryof a fragment of a 'palm-leaftablet,Misc. 67a (PLATES 223b; 232,28) in the Mansion givesus the example furthestafield yet fromthe variousPalace archives.Those physicallynearest to it are some 15 (often merelyfragments)fromthe adjacent Little Palace215- and it is not at all impossiblethat the Mansion fragment mightbelongwith our have no to and relevance thus these, purpose. Regrettably,the Mansion tablet is not from any usefullyrestrictedarchaeological context: one piece (72/1) comes fromthe centralarea of theMansion,the otherfromover the NE corner- both in mixed contexts,datingup to Sub-Minoan,and later.Since thisis the position,it is definitely theevidencetoo farto tryand tie the tabletfragment stretching known or to firmly any activity suspectedto have been carriedout here in the life of the building. However,the tabletqua tabletdeservesconsideration.The remarksthatfolloware taken fromthestudiesof Dr. J. Killen.216He observesthatthepiece comes fromthelefthand end of a tabletof typicalproportions,and reads ] te-jaf. It is, however,arguablethat the right end also coincideswiththeend of thewordtoo. Whilstthescribalhand cannotbe identified it cannoteitherbe categorically diagnosticto permitthis),217 (thesignsnotbeingsufficiently of our piece, denied that a palatial sourceis out of the question.As to the interpretation one has to treadcarefully.It is reasonableto arguethat ] te-ja[ is partof thefirstwordon the tablet,and if ours is in fact ] te-ja,thenthe onlyknownparallelsat Knossos of suchan

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endingin such a position would have been in tabletsdescribinggroupsof women textile workers.218 At thispoint,I would like to referback to the Little Palace tablets(see above Killen concludes that caution should be exercisedthoughon this point,as at footnote). othersitestermsendingin ] te-jaincludefemalepersonalnames,place namesand adjectives of material.219 CLAY POTTER'S WHEEL A strikingfine,Ρ 74 (PLATE 226), in a building,whichotherwisehas shownno connection withthe pottingindustry, thepotter'swheelmayin factby LM II timeshave been reusedBe thatas it may,it is yetworthexaminperhapsdoingdutyas a vessellid or evenstand.220 ationforwhatit mayrevealabout suchobjects.221 This particularform of the potter's wheel, the most advanced known to have been seemsto have been designedin the FirstPalatialphase223 developedin Bronze Age Crete,222 (albeit in a simplerform),and to have continuedin use up to at least LM Illb, and no doubt beyond.224The Mansion exampleincludesall the typicalfeaturesof the class, save one the rounded edge is more usually equipped with diagonal grooves/flutings to enhance a secure grip.The flat upper surfaceis where the pots were thrownand worked - either directlyonto the wheel,or perhapsonto a (Pwooden) disc affixedto its centreby clay: one mustnote in connectionwiththis the abradedconditionoverthemiddle12 cms or so. The collarand pivotsocketare partof themechanismsformountingthewheelonto itsrevolving shaft:the top of the axle was insertedinto the pivotsocketon theundersideof thewheel, and the two held togetherby a clay packing. The internalslashingsof the socket are designedto ensurea firmgripforthe clay (by keying),and it is arguablein thisinstancethat the holes piercingthe collar mighthave containedcross-pinsto further increasethe security of the join.225In addition,a wheel supportwas also required:226consistingof a disc set aroundone end of an open cylinder.This would have slottedoverthe top of the axle shaft in such a mannerthat its disc could be attached (by clay again) to the collar-topof the wheel itself.Hence, again,the keyingmarksput on by incisiononto the collar's top. The expanded and projectingrim,combinedwith the concave profileof the undersideall act towardsthe creationof a fly-wheel effectonce thewheelis in motion- increasingthe time of its revolution,and smoothnesstoo. In case all thistechnicalknow-howwas not effective in producinggood wares,thenthe presenceof sundryreligioussymbolsmightbe expected to correctthe matter- here two double axes and a foliatebranch.The pair of holes by the rimmusthave been intendedto take a strongthong,by whichthewheelcould be hungup whennot in use.227 For a roughapproximationof how suchwheelsprobablylooked whenin use, reference to Egyptiantombsceneswillproveinvaluable.228

METALS(OTHERTHANBRONZE) Aftercopper/bronze, the metatmost frequentlyencounteredwas lead (23 catalogued,and over a dozen not), with some pieces of gold (10) and silver(5) makingup the total. The whole question of the workingof metal in the Mansion has, of course, been dealt with most completelyin the considerationof the bronzes,and I here limitmyselfto littlemore thana simplecommentary. The gold, silverand the majorityof the lead come fromLM II and seem to have been located in the upper storeys.A fewlead itemsbelong to contexts, LM III deposits.

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Gold or so raggedsnippetsof leaf,the onlyotherobject recoveredwas Otherthana half-dozen229 It is a small granule,230 L 166b (PLATE 232,9), caughtup in some scrap silverfragments. or were associated.231 leaf originally granule impossibleto knowwithwhatthe Silver Fragmentsof sheetin M 84 and in L 166a (PLATES 224,20; 232,9) - some 'stuck'to gold Most is debrisfrom leaf and a gold granule- constituteour onlyexamplesof thismetal.232 some workingprocess.That the workingof silverand gold was carriedout at least intermittentlyin the Mansion duringLM II times can be proven firstfromthe presenceof a and secondlyfromthe discovery gold-silver alloy (with 10-15% of copper)in a crucible,233 of pieces of 'pure' lithargescatteredabout the basementarea (remnantsof the cupellation of silver/lead ores). The wealth of objects in gold (and silvertoo?) fromthe LM II- Ilia period is most revealedin the tombsat Phourni,Archanes,and againin theWarriorGravesof dramatically commenthere. It needsno further Knossos and Phaestos.234 Lead With this metal, thereis more scope forconsideration- even thoughthe majorityof the finds (LM II almost to exclusion) are of themselvesrelativelyuninstructive lumps,sheet do not and often runs and melted display any thoughthey verycorroded, fragments clusterswithinrooms. significant Of theless importantpieces in LM II deposits(Rooms H, L, Μ, Ν and P),235fewmeasure and above 4 cms: corrodedlumps of a vaguelybar-shape(Privets),rods, sheet fragments L 47 L a Room comes From (PLATE crescent-loopedearring, stripscomprisethe tally. 232,8, ?a stylizedbull's head), cast to shape and no doubt a cheapervarianton the more elaborate equivalentsin gold of this period.236Room Ν yielded a folded piece of sheet, Ν 29 (PLATE 224,21),237 and Room Ρ a perforatedsheet disc, Ρ 27 (PLATE 224,22), foldedin half.238 Common to both pre-and post-LMII levelsare the typicaldisc weights.That one from an area to the south of the Mansion,Misc. 52 (MM III- LM la), weighs82.5 gms.;theother is 63.5 gms.,Misc. 51 (PLATE 224,23; Room A in an LM Ilia2- b context):bothhave the lightlyconcave surfacesresultingfromshrinkageof the metal on cooling afterthe cast, in whilstthe latterhas a shallowdot sunk into one face. There is absolutelyno difficulty and several sub-unit scholars, proposedby slottingMisc. 51 into the 60- 65 gms. Minoan most recentlystudiedby Petruso239- the single'dot' likewiseis typicalof theseunits,as referenceto the Kadmos articleshows (even if the Akrotiriinstancesbelong to weightsof 23.2 and 234.5 gms.).The otherweightis equivalentto a fractionof 4: 3 of thesub-unitThera.240 in linewithothersof 1 : 3 and 2 : 3 alreadyknownfromAkrotiri, and of bent sheet fragments II contexts also the provide examples Finally post-LM NC 40 and 53 Misc. (PLATE 224,25) respectively:theyare open-castbars, (PLATE 224,24) and merelyreflectthecontinueduse of no more meaningfulthan theirLM II counterparts, lead for a number of small-scalepurposes (unless, indeed, they are disturbedLM II specimens!). Apart fromthe objects - finished,if distortedby the firesaccompanyingthe destructions, there is a separate body of materialwhich demonstratesmore clearly still the utilizationand workingof lead and silverin the LM II period of occupation.I referto the

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This is foundin presenceof 'pure' litharge- a by-productin the cupellationof silver.241 LM II small in from Ν contexts Rooms and Ρ - thatis M, L, relatively quantities only scatteredgenerallyover the southernrange of rooms, no doubt as debristroddenunderfoot.242Otherthanthe purelylead objects,however,thereis no sure evidenceeitherfrom the cruciblecontentsor fromthe analysisof the copper/bronzeitemsthatlead formedan appreciablepartin thebronze-working techniquespractisedin theMansion.243 We are leftwiththe recentwork of Drs. N. Gale and Z. St^s-Gale,concernedwithleadisotope analysis:designedto assignsourcesto lead and silverarticlesby a processof 'fingerprinting'.This is not the place to elaborateon theirwork,and I but observethat several pieces from the Mansion have been studied, and that the resultsto date lead them to conclude that the Lavrionregionin Atticasuppliedmostof the oresfromwhichthemetals in theMansionwereextracted. (lead/silver) APPENDIX A - STONE TOOL DISTRIBUTION Room A: Whetstone1. Room B: Whetstone(grooved)2. Room C: 1; Whetstone(grooved)1. Grinder-pounder Room D: 1; Whetstone1; Quern 1. Grinder-pounder Room E: 1. Polisher/Grin der-pounder NorthRooms generally: Pestle1; Whetstone(grooved)2; Whetstone1. NorthCorridor: Grinder-pounder 1; Quern 1. -all post-LMII contexts,exceptthelast quernLM II (M II). LM II - Pebble. LM II - Polisher,triangular4; Pebble; Polisher/Grinder-pounder 4; Grinderpounder4; Whetstone(grooved)l;Whetstone3; Quern2; MixedTool Groups3. 3. post-LMII - Grinder-pounder LM II - Polisher,triangular1; Pebble; Polisher/Grinder-pounder Room L: 6; Grinderpounder 4; Pestle 2; Whetstone(grooved) 1; Whetstone4; Quern 3; Emery 1. 1; Grinder-pounder 3; Whetstone1; post-LMII - Polisher/Grinder-pounder Quern1. Room M: LM II - Abrasion1; Polisher,triangular 1; Polisher/Grinder-pounder 4; Grinderpounder1; Pestle 1; Whetstone5; Querns2. Room N: LM II - Abrasion1; Polisher,triangular 1; Grinder-pounder 2; Whetstone3. LM II - Polisher,triangular Room O: 1; Whetstone2. Room P. LMII - Polisher/Grinder-pounder 1; Grinder-pounder 7; Pestle 2; Whetstone (grooved)1; Whetstone2; Querns2; Emery2. Uncertaincontext: Polisher,triangular 1; Polisher/Grinder-pounder 1; Grinder-pounder 5; Quern1. Room G: Room H:

APPENDIX Β - SHELL DISTRIBUTION (LM II, unlessotherwisestated) Arculariagibbosula(Dog-Whelk) Room M 1 Astraearugosa(TurbanShell) Room L 1 Charoniarubicunda(Triton/Conch) Rooms H 1; Ν 1; O 1 Columbellarústica(Dove Shell) Room L 1

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Conusventricosus(Cone Shell) Dentaliumspp. (Tooth Shell) Donax trunculus(Butterfly Shell) Glycimeris glycimeris (Dog-cockle) Murextrunculus(Murex) lividus(Sea Urchin) Paracentrotus Patellacoerulea(Limpet) Spondylusspp. aurea (CarpetShell) Tapes/Venerupis Thais haemastoma Tonna galea (Dolium Shell) ?Monodonta

Rooms H6;L1;M3;N2 Room C 1 - post-LMII Room H 1 Room H 1 Room Ρ 1 Room C/D 2 - post-LMII Room L1;M3;N1;O1 Room H 1 Room M 1 unclear1 Room M 4 unclear1 Room Ρ 1 Room C 1 - post-LMII

MISCELLANEOUSCATALOGUEOF OTHER OBJECTSFOUNDIN UNCERTAINMINOANAND IN CONTEXTS POST-MINOAN STONETOOLS 1 Stonepebble,elongated.L. 6.4; H. 3.4; Wt.76 gm. Limestone, grey,burntblack,waterworn.?LMII L. aboveCorridor 2 Stone grinder-pounder, sphericalwith facets, PLATE 227,1. L. 6.8; W. 6; Th. 5.2; Wt.280gm. Limestoneburntgrey,threefacets.?LMII above Corridor L. 3 Stone grinder-pounder, sphericalwith facets, PLATE 208,16. L. 6.8; W. 6; Wt. 275gm.Lapis 3 facetsgivingtriangular Lacedaemonius. Irregular section;endsmuchbrokenfrompounding. 68/246. context. RoomC. Uncertain 4 Stonewhetstone, grooved.L. 8.7; W. 4.8; Th. 1.2; Wt. 102gm. Siltstone(crystalline), pale yellow. nowchippedat edges;2 shallow Oncerectangular, broad hollows indicate side-to-sidewhetting. 68/42.To SM.OverN. Rooms. 5 Stonewhetstone, grooved.L. 11;W. 10.3;Th. 1.2; Wt. 276gm. Limestone,fine-grained, grey.Once nowbrokenat edges;3 shallowbroad rectangular, hollowsindicateside-to-side whetting. 68/42.To SM. OverRoomsC/D. 6 Stonewhetstone, plaque.L. près.5.1; W. 4.1; Th. oftapering burntblack.Fragment 0.8. Limestone, block.To PG. OverN. Rooms. rectangular PLATE 209,18.L. 6.3; 7 Stonewhetstone, grooved, W. 4.3; Th. 1.1; Wt. 40 gm. Shale, grey?burnt. one cornerlost.Smoothmajorfaces, Rectangular, one with slighthollow,two with'V sectioned as fromside-to-side motion, groovesand scratching the otherwithbroader*U' profiledchanneland hole. Piercedwithcarrying somelateralscratching. context 68/205.RoomC. Uncertain 8 Stonewhetstone, grooved.L. 9.9; W. 4.5; Th. 1.1; Wt. 100gm. Shale, mauve.Roughlyrectangular,

on one faceas from one end lost;withdepression sideto-sidewhetting. 68/35.To Geo. RoomB. PLATE 209,12. H. 7.6; 9 Stone pestle,cylindrical, D. base 4.3; Wt. 250gm.Marble,greywithwhite veins. Rounded top; sides have slightpolished facets, some drill marks.Ends chipped,some on flatbase.72/161.?LMII, RoomP. scratches PLATE 209,17. 10 Stone pestle,expandedcylinder, H. 6; D. of shaft4.8, of base 7; Wt. 410 gm. ?Not fully Andésite,grey and coarse-grained. shaped. Flared base withbevel along one edge, withpolish;top brokenor leftrough.68/110.To Roman.RoomsC/D. STONE VASES PLATE 216,3.L. 6.2; W.5.8; 11 Stoneshellvasefrag., offsideof black.Frag,sloughed Th. 2. Serpentine, vessel.Partof bodyof tritonshellwiththesweepby low ing curves(5-6 preserved)represented ridges with small 'U'-profiledchannelat top, alternatingwith broadergrooves.68/76. MSV Type35. To SM.AreaofRoomA. 12 Stone table frag.,PLATE 216,5. L. 6.1; W. 6.8; H. 7. Chlorite,darkgreen.Cornerfrag.,chipped. workedwith?floralpattern Exterior,elaborately of arcsat thecornerand concavesides; consisting circular contains above,a squaredrim.Top surface basinwithraisedgroovedrim.SXT/77.MSFType 38. LM I andRoman. 13 Stone lid, originallycircular,PLATES 215,6; 216,4;229,8.L. 6.3; Th. 0.6; est.D. 10.6.Gypsum, softwhite.Flanged(0.7 deep);dec.inlowreliefon top, now abraded.Borderzone of a ridgeeither centralareaprobably side of a seriesof crescents; heldrosette,eachpetalmarkedby a seriesofcon-

THE OTHER FINDS to resemblance centricarcs.72/11.MSV - generic Type27C. RoomF/GinPit1. To PG. 14 Stone lid, circular,PLATE 229,4. H. 2.1 (with knob handle); D. 5.7. Serpentine,grey,burnt brown,friableand crackedby heat. No flange; roundededge. Handle,a simplecylindercurving lidsurface. upfrom Type27.I.A. UM/67/777.MSF NE region.To Classical. 15 Stonelamp,PLATES 212a; 228,1; H. 9.8; D. of top 17.2,ofbase8.5 X 7.4; Depthofshallowbasin 1.7. Limestone,mauve. Roundedmouldingon Rimexterior, insideofrim;2 opposedwickholders. 1 fine and 1 largergroove;2 pendanthandles markedofffrombody by 2 grooves.Veryworn; MSV Type24.II.A,1. chippedon base.UM/67/901. Romanlevel. 16 Stonelamp,PLATE 213e. L. 24.8;W. 10.5;H. 9.4. mauvewithwhiteflecksandoccasional Limestone, largercrystals.Split in half,base lost, generally wornand chipped.2 adjoining basins(depthup to 2.5), one shallowsup to rim, as wickholder. Pendanthandledividedofffromrimby groove; low columnfoot has verticalchannelup side. SXT/77.MSV Type24. LM I andRoman. STONEOBJECTS 17 Stone'button',conical.H. 1.2; D. 2.1. Serpentine, black.Broken.NorthArea.Post-Minoan. 18 Stone ?pommel,PLATE 218,10; 230,17. H. 5.4; D. 5.6 nearbase,ofshafthole1.8. Gabbrospeckled white,black and brown.About 2/3rdmissing. Shape closer to sphericalthan conical with NWregion.To flattened base and top. UM/68/58. lateHellenistic. PLATE 218,6;230,18.H. 4; D. at 19 Stone?pommel, base4.5, ofshaf thole1.2. Limestone, whiteveined. but originalroundand conicalshape 3/4 missing was put to secondary apparent.Afterbreaking, OverRooms use, smoothing/polishing. UM/68/36. C/D.To Classical. 20 Stone 'neolithic'axe, PLATE 218,8. H. 5.6; W. 4.8. Serpentine, black withmauvetint.Stubby edges,both variety.Polished;2 potentialworking so. 68/88.Areaof Rooms chipped,one especially C/D.To SM. 21 Stone'neolithic'axe, PLATE 230,20. H. 5.4; W. 4.6. Fine-grained stone,grey-green. Stubbyvariety. workGroundto shapewithtracesof preliminary on 'cutting' edge.68/49. ingon one side;chipping AreaofRoomsC/D.To LM IIIB and?SM. 22 Stonehammer, 'ritual',PLATE 218,9. L. 6.4; W. with 5.5, D. of shafthole2. Serpentine, grey-black off-white patches.Damagedby heat;halfmissing; roundedbulbousheadandpartofarmup to shafthole.68/80.AreaofRoomsC/D.To Geo. 23 Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.2; D. of base 1.7; of with 0.2. Serpentine,dark blue-grey stringhole brownpatches.Rounded bottomedge; chipped slightly. 68/146.Area of RoomsC/D. Uncertain context. 24 Stone 'button',conical, PLATE 218,7 bottom 0.3. centre.H. 1; D. at base 1.6; of stringhole

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37 38

257

Steatite,mixed greens.Slightbevel at bottom edge; scratchedand chipped.Hole drilledfrom eitherend.68/24.AreaofRoomsC/D.To SM. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.0; D. 1.4, of stringhole 0.2. Steatite,dark blue-black.Top broken. and polishing. Tracesof facetting 68/254.NEP to Geo. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.5; D. of base 2, of stringhole0.4. Serpentine,dark mauve-black; abraded.72/7.RoomH, Pit1. To SM. slightly Stone 'button',conical,PLATE 232,25. H. 0.9; D. of base 1.3,ofstringhole 0.35. Serpentine, dark with slightgreentinge.Polishedbut grey-black originalverticalparing,and abrasivesmoothing scratchesvisible;bevelledbottomedge;chipped. 72/3.RoomsF/G.To latePG. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1; D. at base 1.8; of 0.4. Steatite,green-grey. stringhole Top broken, all chipped,scratchedand worn aroundstringNWarea.To Roman. holes.UM/68/32. Stone 'button',stemmed. H. 1.55; D. of base 2.8; of stringhole 0.4. Serpentine, greywithdarker grey and off-white patches.Abradedandchipped;some drilledfrom signsof abrasivepolishing; stringholes eitherend.UM/71/640.S. Rooms.Post-Minoan. Stone buttonor bead, waisted,PLATE 219,5. H. 0.45. Serpentine, black. 2; D. 1.9, of stringhole Half missing;scarredon exterior.UM/71. To Roman. Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.5; D. 2.3 at base,of stringhole0.4. Serpentine,light to medium blue-grey tingedbrownin places.Chippedat base and roundupperstringhole. 68/37.To Geo. Over RoomB. Stone disc, pierced,PLATE 219,15. D. 2.6; Th. 0.4. Serpentine-chlorite, 0.8; D. of stringhole greygreen.Slightly ovoid,wornandchipped;2 shallow stepson one face.68/15.To Geo. OverRoomB. Stone disc,pierced,PLATE 219,20. D. 1.95, of stringhole0.4; Th. 0.35. Rock crystal;planoconvex section. Much cracked internallyand context chippedat edges.72/10.Uncertain Stone disc,pierced,PLATE 219,14. L. 1.8; Th. 0.35. Steatite,green.Very 0.6; D. of stringhole brokenfrag.68/250.To SM. OverRoomsC/D. Stonedisc,pierced,PLATE 219,16.D. 2.5 tapering to 2, of stringhole0.35; Th. O.5. SerpentineUnevenuppersurface chlorite,darkgreen-black. suggestsa fracturedconical 'button', perhaps reused.68/263.To PG. N. Platform. Stone'counter',PLATE 219,6. L. 3.3; W. 1.4; Th. 0.4-0.8. Steatite,green.Triangular, polishedand cut with abstractpatternof no clear purpose. piece.68/243.To Geo. Slightly chipped.?Gaming N. Platform. Stone bead, ovoid,PLATE 232,24. L. 1.1; D. of 0.2. Black stone.68/1. To SM. Over stringhole RoomsC/D. PLATES 219,2; 232,23.D. Stone bead, spherical, 0.25. Serpentine, 1.3, of stringhole grey.4 broad holes, groovesrunningbetweenthe 2 threading each grooveflankedby a thinner one. 68/156.To PG. AreaofRoomD.

258

THE OTHER FINDS

39 Stone 'button',conical.H. 1.7; D. 1.9, of stringhole 0.3. Blackand greeny -whitespeckledstone. Rounded base edges. UM/68/120.To Classical. NorthAreas. IVORY/BONEOBJECTS 40 Ivory?disc,PLATES 215,4; 221,16. L. 4.5; W. 2.2; Th. O.4. Burntbrown-black. Frag.only.Once polishedapartfrombase (toolmarks).Upperface carvedin relief:3 sweepingand taperingdevices (likehorns)act as border,withinwhicha seriesof linear cuts; the remainsof an undetermined To Roman.S. sector. scheme.UM/72/765. 41 Bone lid,PLATE 221,19.L. 3.3; W. 1.8;Th. 0.25. of ?compositelid; polished. Rectangular segment Exterior edgesbevelledto fitto bodyofbox.Top decoratedwithpair incisedlines.Undersidehas traces of blade work. 2 holes drilledon one exterior edgeforhandleorhinge.Oppositeinterior edge has V-shapedgroovefor a tongue/groove by diagonallydrilledpeg hole joint, reinforced (D. 0.1). Crudesaw workon interioredge and exterior it was brokenup foritsmaterial. suggests 72/39.To LM IIIB. S. Area. PLATE 222,7bottomleft.L. 4.5; 42 Boneawl/point, W. 1.6; Th. O.9. Bonefromlongbone.Bluntpoint withno signsof working.68/74. Room C. Uncertaincontext. 43 Bone spatula,PLATE 222,4 left.L. 9.3; W. 1.3; Th. O.5. From mammalianlong bone (?horse/ at cattle). Highlypolishedbut chipped/broken Bowl of spoonhas bothends.Shapingscratches. roundedprofile, and opportunity takenof natural to enhanceit. 68/151. hollowof bone's interior ToGeo. RoomJ/K. 44 Ivory'pin',PLATE 222,6topright.L. 3.3; circular shankonly.68/194.Room sectionD. 0.3. Broken, context. C. Uncertain 45 Bone 'pin', PLATE 222,6 bottomcentre.L. 5.9; W. 0.2-0.75. Frommammalian longbone. Head and tip missing. Polished,thoughsurfacechipped and pitted.Circularin sectionat tip,broadening above.68/140.NEP.To Geo. to thinrectangle FAIENCE/GLASS PLATE 232,22.D. 1.8,of 46 Faiencebead,spherical, coreand beige,slightly 0.5. Grey-white stringhole glazedexterior. 68/2.OverRoomsC/D.To SM. 47 Glassy faience bead, flattenedsphere,PLATE 0.4. 225,13; 232,21. H. 0.8; D. 1.5, of stringhole Exteriorpearly grey, over yellow-white core, blotchedwith lighterspots. 68/53. Poriginally OverRoomD. To LM IIIB with?SM. butin D. 1.0, originally, 48 Faiencebead,spherical. LM II. condition. crushed 68/236.NEP.Disturbed PLATE 49 Glassyfaiencebead, depressed-spherical, 0.3; H. O.6. 225,16; 232,19. D. 1, of stringhole Surfacewhite;core natureand colourunknown. context. 68/195.RoomJ/K.Uncertain

50 Faiencebead, spherical. 0.1. D. 0.6, of stringhole Blue, matt surface.Depressedshape. 68/213. AreaRoomB/E.Uncertain context. LEAD 51 Lead weight, disc,PLATE 224,23.D. 2.8; Th. 0.9; Wt. 63.5gm. Good condition.Slightlyconcave faces,with shallowdepressionin one (D. 0.4). 68/199.RoomA. ?LMΠΙΑ 2-Β. circular. D. 3.6; Th. 0.9; Wt.82.5gm. 52 Lead weight, Goodcondition. concavesurfaces. Lightly SXT/77. S. Platform, Test3. MMΠΙ/LMIA. 53 Lead sheet,PLATE 224,24. L. 5.1; W. 4.5; Th. 0.1-0.3. Crackedandwrinkled. Frag,bentto form approx.right angle.68/200.To Geo. LOOMWEIGHTS 54 Loomweight, PLATES 223e bottom cylindrical, 0.8; Wt. left;231,12.H. 7; W.8.4; D. ofstringhole 350 gm.Red clay withinclusions. Halfpreserved. Red paintwithinstringhole. 68/58.Room B. To Geo. 55 Loomweight, spherical.H. 4.1; D. 5.5, of stringhole 1.5; Wt.275gm.Greytopink-buff clay,some inclusions.Friable,brokenand part lost. 68/25. RoomB. To Geo. H. 3; D. 6.5; Wt.70gm. 56 Loomweight, cylindrical. Off-white crumblywithtracesof discolouration from fire.Notwellmodelled.68. RoomB. To Geo. 57 Loomweight, biconical,PLATES 223e top 2nd 0.5; right;231,13. H. 3.5; D. 5.3, of stringhole Wt.75 gm.Red-brown clay.68/190.Wellin Room J.To Geo. CLAY 58 Claydisc,pierced,PLATES 224,9;232,14.D. 2.3, of stringhole 0.4; Th. 0.75; Wt.6gm. Beige-pink fineclay. Shapingmarksby blade.68/47.Rooms C/D.To SM. 59 Claydisc,pierced,PLATES 224,7;232,11. D. 2.3, of stringhole 0.7; Th. 1.75; Wt.9 cm.Beige-brown fineclay; burnton one side.Abraded,withslight and blademarks,?fromconversion from facetting kylixstem.68/77.RoomsC/D.To Geo. 60 Claydisc,pierced.D. 2, of stringhole 0.6; Th. 1.5. fineclay,slightinclusions. Smeared Beige-orange as a disc. clay at edge suggestsmanufactured 68/133.NEP.ToGeo. 61 Claydisc,pierced,PLATES 224,8;232,17.D. 2.5, of stringhole 0.6; Th. 1.3; Wt.7gm.Beige-brown fineclay,withred-brown to blackpaintbrushed on. Roughlymade; paint flaking.68/203. To Hellenistic. 62 Clay disc,pierced.D. 2.3, of stringhole 0.4; Th. fine clay. Marksof 0.75; Wt. 6gm. Beige-pink bladeinshaping. 68/47.AreaRoomsC/D.To SM. 63 Number withdrawn.

THE OTHER FINDS 64a Clay disc,pierced,PLATES 224,10; 232,16. D. 0.6; Th. 1.1; Wt.14gm.Yellow3.3, of stringhole beige semifineclay, with smalldarkinclusions. Abradedand worn;cut down fromkylixstem. 68/34.RoomB. To Geo. PLATE 224,14.H. 3.5; W. 4.7; Th. 65 Clay ?weight, 1.7. Beigeclay, burntgreyat top; fine.Bottom lost.68/33.RoomB. To Geo. portion PLATE 224,16.H. 2; D. 2.2, 66 Claybead,spherical, of stringhole 0.5. Fine greyclay;burnt;halflost. 68/3.RoomA. To Hellenistic.

259

67a Frag, of Linear Β clay tablet,PLATE 223b; ofbaked/ 232,28.L. 3.6; W. 2.8; Th. 1.3. 2 frags, burntred-brown clay tablet,brokenat each end of 'palm-leafshape.Face withsigns, but originally flat;backslightly curved;edgesrounded.Thesigns are all incisedbyshortsimplestrokes. 72/1+ UM/ 68/56.RoomsF/GandRoomD. To SM.

Section9 Summaryand Conclusions M. R. POPHAM The evidencerecoveredfromthe excavationof the Mansionhas now been set out in detail. It remainsto attemptto reconstructthe historyof thebuildingin broaderoutline,fromits construction to itsabandonment,a periodof some threehundredyears. We may be sure thatit was built aftertheLittlePalace whichit adjoins,and thatit was had to be made to the an afterthought and not part of the originalplan sincemodifications LittlePalace to accommodatethe Mansionand to uniteit withthe earlierbuilding.For it is clear that at this stage the Little Palace and the Mansion had some unifiedpurpose: the constructionof the link between them in the formof a bridgeand the effortmade to orientationand appearanceof the two buildingsshowsthis.2 harmonisethe different The reasonforthe additionof the Mansionand the purposeit was meantto servehave been obscuredby subsequentevents;but a cultroom,storageareasand livingquartersseem to havebeen intended,all of whichwerealreadyamplyprovidedforin the LittlePalace. So, the Mansionmay have had no otherpurposebeyond that of an overflowfroman overfull fora particularmember LittlePalace, or to providean indépendantbut linkedestablishment of thefamilyor an officialservingit. Whateverpreviousbuildingmighthave existedon the site was erased.3A deep cutting was made into the hillsideto the west and a foundationplatformbuiltup facingtheLittle Palace to theeast,to providea largelevelarea forthenew Mansion.Evidenceforthe date of its constructionis extensiveand consistent,and comes fromtestsbelow floors,the fillof its raisedfoundationsand fromthat of the W. Platformwhichwas erectedat thesame timeor soon after;and to these may be added the earliestdepositsagainstthe south wall of the building:thesecontainpotterywhichis close to the MM III phase, but whichmaywell be an earlystageof LM LA.4 However,the Mansionwas not completedthen. For some reason,its constructionwas haltedbeforethe floorsin some roomshad been levelledand paved,and beforea probable temporarystaircasehad been replaced.5How near it was to completioncannot now be determinedin any detail.But, almostcertainlyit was fullyroofed,two of theroomsin the N. sectorwere practicallyfinishedand some partof theupperfloorhad been frescoed.It is likelythattheinfantburialshad alreadybeen made below the floors.6 Most of the workstillunfinishedmay have been on the groundfloorwhichis all that survivestoday: thispart remainedunoccupiedforsome fiftyyearsor so, untilLM II, when earthfloorswere laid in the unfinishedareas. It may have been in the course of thiswork thata firebroke out, whichwas not disastrousbut largeenoughto leave a depositof ash in severalrooms7and may even have damagedpartsof theupperstructure especiallyoverthe east end of thePillarHall. At least,thisseemsthemostlikelycause forthepresenceof some 261

262

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

largeblocks leftin the Hall duringthe finalstageof its occupation: otherdebristherewas clearedand heaped up behindflimsyretainingwalls.8Probablyat thisstage,too, thestairway, G, east of the Hall was damaged since one of its treadswas incorporatedin these - intended,it would seem,as a retainingwalls.9 For a roomof such excellentconstruction, PillarCrypt,- the pictureat thisstagemusthave appearedverysordid,but worsewas to followwhen a clay fireplacewas builtup againstone of thepillars.Some of theashesfrom it were then thrownin a heap againstthe west wall, wherea doorwayhad alreadybeen blocked,and therestwas allowedto accumulateon thefloor.10 Whathappenedin the N. sectorin LM II, apartfroma fewdetails,we cannottell,since the evidencewas mostlyremovedsubsequently.The cistsin the floorsseem to have been filledwiththe stone chippingsand earthlyingaround,and theunfinishedfloorin Room D was levelled.11Perhapsthisroomwas used as a workroom,fora windowwas cut throughits northwall and a layerof ash accumulatedin theadjoiningN. Corridor.12 South of the Pillar Hall, entryto the servicecorridor(L) fromthe LittlePalace was blockedby thebuildingof a wall whichleftonlyone room (Q) in thissectoraccessiblefrom that direction,and it containednothingto indicatehow, if at all, it was used. The other rooms,which may have requiredsome patchingup afterthe minorfire,were utilisedas storerooms;grainand perhapswine in Room P, whilethe others,and probablythe corridor too, containedtablewaresand cookingpots. We have conjectured,forvariousreasons,thatthearchitectural layoutof theupperfloor there was possiblya meansof and that lower of the with that rooms, correspondedclosely access at thatlevel fromthe west.13Hardlyanythingremainsof thisupperfloorbut much of its contentsfellinto the rooms below. And the picturetheypresentis a confusingone. Storagevessels,a pithos,two Palace Style vases, clay basketsand a hoard of bronzesare among the objects which fell into Room M; crystaland ivoryinlays,copper stripsand furtherbronzescame downinto Room Ρ and the adjacentCorridorL; a Palace Stylejar and much of the finestpotterytogetherwithmore bronzesand ivorieswere in the fillof the PillarHall, togetherwith a clay rhyton,large alabastronand the statuetteof a goddess, which suggesta domesticshrineon the room above. And, distributedevenlyovermost of the area was a considerablenumberof crucibles.These, thecopperstripsand whatappears to be scrapmetal stronglypoint to bronzemeltingas one of the activitiesin theMansion: takingplace?13The upper but, if so, whereare themoulds,and wherewas themetalworking and the PillarHall, a strong was sufficient even if there floorhardlyseemspossible, space, bare of any object to suggestto candidatewithits fireplaceand ash deposits,was singularly was goingon near the Mansion,if not what purpose it was beingput. That metalworking The been connectedwiththisactivity.14 have could shrine and the in is actually it, certain, massesof finepottery,some of it of outstandingquality,and the cookingpots,show that people of some quality were actuallylivingand eatingin the Mansion,but, beyond that, littleis clear. Such was the position,as far as we can reconstructit, when the Mansionwas burnt down. The firewas particularlyfiercein the SW, but clearlyit had spreaddestructively beams throughoutmuch of the building.It had consumedthe ceilingjoists and supporting of the upper floorand most of the buildingmusthave fallenin. It is likelythat thenorth part was less damaged,whichled to its reoccupation.Elsewhere,no attemptwas made to clear out the debristhoughtheruinsmayhave been levelled.Except overthePillarHall and north of it, post-Minoanconstructionhas removed all indication of any subsequent occupationwhichtheremayhavebeen at a higherlevel.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

263

From thispoint on, we have to relyon the N. sectorof the buildingforour evidence, and it is inevitably patchysincemuchof thisregionwas occupiedcontinuouslyforthenext 200 yearsor so. As remarkedabove, it is likelythat thispartwas less severelydamagedby the fire;at least, a smallLM II destructiondepositat the end of CorridorΕ is all thatwas not clearedout.15The upper roomswere almostcertainlyinhabitable,and the smallpatch of surviving pebble floorwithLM ΠΙΑ 1 pottery,over the PillarHall, could have been part of a courtyardfor them; and possibly,too, a means of access to them,since no stairway survivedin use and thereis no indicationthata new one was built.16 The N. Corridorcould have providedaccess to the lower rooms,throughRoom A or throughthe 'window' of Room D if thiswas not alreadywalled up. Both means,however, were shortlyto be closed when buildingdebris,withLM IIIA 1 pottery,fellor was tipped, intotheCorridor.17 roomsof theMansionat this Clearlysome structural damagewas caused to thesurviving time. It could have been part of the more generalpictureof destructionat Knossos;18 fromthe LM II firedestruction mayhave brought equally possible,damageto the structure about a partialcollapse,or requiredrepairswhichentailedremovalof the floorslabs on the upper storeywhichwere throwninto the Corridorbelow. From thenon, theCorridorwas closed. Otherrepairstook place in Room D wherethe floorwas relaidor restored,and the 'window'walledup, ifin factit was stillopen. Not long afterwardsin LM IIIA 2, the end of the interiorcorridor(E) was sealed off, perhapsdue to some collapse of the N. wall of thePillarHall, and, forno obviousreason,a pit in thefloorof Room C was dug or at least filledin.19 By the end, the part of the Mansionstillstandingmusthave seemedlittlemorethana poor ruinof its formerself.No morethanthreeof thelowerroomswereinhabitedand one some doorshad been of those only partially.Floors were of earthand wallsmud-plastered: There is no longer Room D. in in and a hearth was use walledup and othersopened, clay the buildingwas or from what direction of a outside entry, any indication possible it is fromthere survived since floor structure still approached.It is likelythatsome upper seem to have and an vase inscribedstirrup that the figurineof a goddess,an animal vase LM in IIIB.20 The falleninto the lower rooms,when the Mansion was finallyabandoned in a the unstable cause of the abandonmentis uncertain.There may have been collapse of or it may reflectthe disturbancewhichaffectedotherparts Knossos,including structure, the adjacent Little Palace and the reoccupiedparts of the main Palace.21Thereafter,the Mansionwas desertedand fellinto ruinsand so remaineduntilpeople startedusingit as a stonequarry. Evidenceforthearrivalof Mycenaeansat Knossos at thebeginningof LM II, in theform of Mainlandcustomswithan accompanyingmilitarycontingent,seems to me compelling, and it becomes overwhelming if you believe that the recordsof thePalace werebeingkept in MycenaeanGreekwhenit was destroyedearlyin LM IIIA, some fiftyyearslater. Finds from the Mansion have confirmedthe introductionof Mycenaean featuresin LM II and, whateverthe difficulties of reconstructing in detailhow the Mansionwas being in the manufactureof weapons, was involved it is a reasonable deduction that it utilised, of Knossos at thisperiod.It is equallyclear,- and the whichare one of the characteristics contentsof the Mansionconfirmthis too - thatmuchremainstraditionally Minoan;thisis obvious in religiouspractices.22 especially There seems to be some progressionin the next phase, LM IIIA 1, when further

264

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

are Mycenaeanfeaturesare introducedat the same timethatmore Minoan characteristics a and the local And there intensive interis close adopted by Mycenaeans.23 beyond this, change betweenCrete and the Mainland in which the Mainland appears to have received more thanit gave.It is possible,too, thatit was at thisstage that the LinearΒ scriptwas created and the Minoan systemof recordsand accountswas takenover by the Mainland rulersof Knossos, thoughthe absenceto-dateof evidenceforits existencein LM II is by no meansconclusive.24 None of this givesany indicationof a reason for the destructionof Knossos, which followed,and the consequenteclipse of its power and influence.Its recordssuggestthat a considerablearsenalhad been amassedbut, whetherwithsome aggressive intentor to meet someunspecifiedthreatwhichmaterialised, we do not know. if Withso much at presentunclear,we can only suggestthat the LM II disturbances, such theyare,mightrepresenta firstattemptagainstthemilitarypowerof Knossos.If so, it reachedthe heartof the capital but mustbe assumedto have failed,unlessit was followed or obviouschange by a take-overby otherMycenaeanswhichhas leftno signof interruption in what appears archaeologicallyto be an even and unbrokensequence up to the final catastrophe. We may end by asking how far the historyof the Mansion reflectsthe historyof Knossos as a whole. We have alreadyspokenboth of the finalabandonmentof theMansion with its possiblymore generalimplications,and of the damagecaused to the buildingin LM IIIA 1 which could be an offshootof the roughlycontemporarydestructionof the Palace and othermansions. Its originalplanningand constructionwere surely part of that immensebuilding programmewhich characterisedEvans' "New Era" and resultedin the remodellingof the Palace and in the erectionof the finehouses on its bordersand in the city,includingthe South House, theHouse of the Frescoes,the Royal Villa and the LittlePalace.25 The interruption of theMansion'sconstruction mayhave been caused by theearthquake of LM IA whichdamagedthe Palace and destroyedsome of thehouses,and whichmust,in turn,have led to a demandforbuildinglabourto repairand reconstruct.26 But, the major eventin the historyof the Mansionwas its destruction by firein LM II. Whetherthiseventhas more generalimplicationsis themainquestionwhichtheexcavation has raised. Some time ago, when publishingthe destructionpotteryof the earlyLM IIIA phase at Knossos, the author tentativelysuggestedthat the Palace mighthave suffered earlier damage, in LM II, which required some considerablerepairs.27Since then, the excavationof theMansionand thepublicationof a destructiondepositfromMallia,containing potteryidenticalwith that fromthe Mansion,have suggestedthe possibilityof some disruptionin CentralCrete at that time. However,coincidencewas an equally probable explanation.28 More recently,however,excavationby ProfessorWarrenat a site some 70 metreswest of the Mansion has uncoveredparts of two other buildingsdestroyedby firein LM II.29 Althoughthese and the Mansion could have been involvedin a local, accidentalfire,the combined evidence has, I think,tipped the balance in favourof deliberatedestruction, althoughit must be noted that thereis no evidence that the Little Palace was similarly effected.30 That buildingseemsto have been untouchedat thistimethoughwe maywonder if some of the modificationmade to it do not belong to this timeratherthanto itspartial reoccupationaftera destructionin earlyLM IIIA.31 If the LM II firesweredeliberate,their of the historyof Crete at thisstageis of considerable significancefor any reconstruction can as yetbe onlysurmise. importance,thoughanyinterpretation

Notes

SECTION 1.

The Excavation

1. The accountsof Evansare to be foundin TDK 78-9 withPlateVII (thebetterplan), andPM II 542-46 withFigs.318 (plan)and 347. Add Boardman, On theKnossosTablets64. forEvans's 2. The latteroperation,on our 'South Platform', providedthe illustration here ofwhicharereproduced 'wager'systemof work(PM II Fig.45), twofurther photographs as PLATES 16a and 17a. Thesealso showwherethetestsweremade.The wallson theS. Platbeenremovedand form,not on theplans,can be seento forman angle;theyhadsubsequently led us to a futilesearchforanotherMinoanbuildingthere;theyturnedout to havebeenpart of a Romanhouse. The locationof thetestsbehindtheMansion'sfacadecan be seenfromthesamephotoOne was madebeneaththefloorof the graphswhichshowwheretheworkmenare standing. anduncovered theE. doorjambof our Romanroom,whichEvanssayswas frescoed, overlying L. The other Room Q; it thenpenetrated thefloorof thatroomand of theadjacentCorridor was madeintothefillof the SouthCorridorand extendedintotheS. partof RoomQ. Weof bareof finds. courselocatedthesetestsin ourexcavationandlearntthatRoomQ was singularly 3. Full and usefulreferences are givenin Hood and Smyth,KnossosSurveyp. 48 under is incorrectly titledEvans'steston Section1, PLATE 9. site185. The tunnelin theN. Corridor 4. At the timeof excavation,theN. sectorwas dividedintoAreas;1 = RoomsC and D; 2 = Room Β and CorridorE(West);3 = N. Corridor;4 = Room A and StaircaseJ/K;5 = N. Platform(East); 6 = N. Platform(West).These rooms duringexcavationwere differently was A was Room 1, Β = 5, C = 7, D = 8, E(West)= 6,J/K= 2, and theN. Corridor designated; calledGrandCorridor. The centraland S. sectorswerealso dividedintoAreas;AreaA = RoomΗ westof Section line 8 (PLATE 2); Β = Room Η east of thisline plus F and G; C = RoomsΝ, Ο, Ρ and Q; D = L and M. Theseroomstoo weredifferently designatedduringexcavation;Η was Pillar Crypt(P/C); L was Corridor32; M = Room 21, Ν = 31, Ο = 30, Ρ = 29, Q = 27 and the wascalledRamp27 (andin 1977,S. Ext). S. Corridor Theseoriginalareas,roomnumbersand namesappearin the dignotebooks,plansand on on thecataloguecards.The originalcataloguenumbersgivento pots and objects,and written them,are cited at the end of each entryin the Room Cataloguesin thisaccount.Wherean givena cataloguenumber,its excavationnumberis sometimes objectwas not subsequently citedin theform"SF number". XXXII (1979) 18-27 fora preliminary 5. See Archaeology report. can be seenin thecase of RoomM wherethe of thisassumption 6. Proofof thecorrectness earliersherdsdid mendup intopotsor largepartsof them.The authorcannotagreewiththose foundshouldbe published;timeandcostwillnotallowthisandsuch who hold thateverything detailsare recordedin the Some further an approachcan be consideredeven unintelligent. forthosescholarswhomightrequirethem. note-books pottery 7. PLATES 107c- d and 126-7, discussedin the potterysectionunderLM IIIB. The is theearlieststageof LM IIIC, butifso it is notstylistically existsthatthismaterial possibility IIIB. from latest the at distinguishablepresent 8. Section2 (PLATE 10a) levels11 and 16. 9. PLATES 115,9-11 and 180, 7-12. 10. Detailedat the end of the room catalogueand discussedin thepotterysectionunder LM IIIA 2. 11. Thispit shouldnot be confusedwiththeLM IIIA 2 Pit 8 in RoomC. It also contained flutedblock,PLATE 4 Id. thebrokengypsum wasfoundin of thepyxislid at PLATE 116d fromtheN. Corridor 12. A joiningfragment thisdebrisbelowthefloor. 265

266

SECTION 1.

THE EXCAVATION

13. The level numbers included in the photographsare the digginglevels and not those of Section 3. 14. There was no wear visiblewhatsoeveron the stairtreadswhich,despite the usual damage by damp caused to gypsum,had veryclean edges. 15. No otherstairwayin the Mansion had similarstairtreads. 16. For an additional overallview of the hall see AR 1972-3, 54 Fig. 13. For the numbering and cataloguing of blocks with features,the hall was divided into quartersthroughthe mid point; these quarterswere called, NE = 22, SE = 23, SW = 24, NW = 25. A select catalogue of these blocks is given at the end of the architecturaldiscussionin Section 2 whichalso considers in greaterdetail the architectureof the hall. Dimensions of the fallenblocks in the SW area, ie S. of the main E- W section line, were recorded. Taking 2/3rdsof theirmaximumdimensions as a workinghypothesisfor theircubic volume, this amounted to just over 2.5 cubic metres. Allowing for two courses of the upper wall remainingin situ, and assumingthe width of the upper W. wall to have been about 1 metre,the volume of the recordedblocks fitsclosely with a fall fromthe upper room of about the same heightas thatof the lower hall. 17. No carbon was present in the space between the lower wall and the canted blocks of the upper wall, only seeped earth. 18. See PLATE 122 forthe potteryand PLATE 13, Section 6 level 9, in which the earthwas verydark and ashy,quite unlike the usual yellow clayeyMinoan fill. 19. Section 5 (PLATE 12) level 19. The cross-hatchedarea on the plan at FIG. 1 was ashy as thougha firehad been lightedthere. 20. I owe this suggestion to Mr. L.H. Sackett. This yard might have supplied the much needed access to the N. sector,especiallyafterthe N. Corridorhad been blocked with debris. 21. Taking the top of the lower W. wall as our datum, the plans correspondapproximately to the followingcourses of thatwall; FIG. 1 fromsurfaceto the bottom of the 1st course, FIG. 2 fromthe bottom of the 1st course to the middle of the 2nd course, FIG. 3 fromthe middle of the 2nd course to the bottom of the 3rd course, FIG. 4 fromthe bottom of the 3rd course to near floor, FIG. 5 latest floor and below. It will be seen, however,thatstones are occasionally repeatedfromone plan to its successor. 22. Vases, large parts of which were found in the NW area, frequentlywithjoining sherds from near the N. wall, just E. of the doorway, include H 10, 135-8, 146, 167, 174, 177-8, 180-2, 189-190. H 138 has joining sherds from Staircase J/K in the account of which are mentionedfurtherjoins between the two areas. 23. These include H 67, 70, 130-2, 139, 165, 184 and 189. 24. These bones are discussedin the appendix on the animal bones. 25. These include H 176 and 191. 26. The hearth,on removal,was found to consistof a thicklayerof mud plasterapplied over a core of stones. 27. Building blocks had also been incorporatedinto the SE retainingwall, and threefaced blocks in the NW wall. The blocking wall of the N. doorway contains a gypsumdoor jamb, while the uprightblock between the NE pier and the E. wall had dimensionsidenticalto those of the 3rd course of the N. wall (and was in factreplaced thereand leftby us). Clearlya great deal of buildingmaterialwas available. Could it be that the constructionof the Ε end of the hall was nevercompleted and that these blocks were lyingaround forthatpurpose? 28. A marked layer of charcoal was also found under the NW and SW divisionwalls and under the hearth. A similarlevel was traced in the S. region up to the S. wall, runningover its projectingfoundation course; it was thought at the time to be the burntremainsof a raised wooden floor. 29. Sherdsformingpart of vases Η 180, Η 181, Η 183, Η 192 and H 143. 30. Sherds fromthe lower levels in the entrancefromJ to K, underthe ash level (level 17), joined others from Room Η to form the cup Η 138 (PLATE 50g). The joining sherdsfrom Room Η appear to belong to the evidence there for an earlier damage in LM II, Section 4, PLATE 12, bottom of level 8. 31. Cross-hatchedon the plan at FIG. 8. In the plans at PLATE 8 and FIG. 7, the gypsum blocks are given a lightdotted fill,mudbricksa heavierdotted filland areas of carbon are crosshatched. In Figs. 6 and 8 gypsumblocks are giventhe usual half-moonfill. 32. PLATE 42e.

SECTION 1.

THE EXCAVATION

267

33. The frescofragmentsand theirlocation are discussedin Section 3 on the frescoes. 34. These vases are included in the plans and catalogue of Room H. 35. PLATE 88c, and see the room catalogue below. 36. Furtherdiscussedin Appendix 3 on the human remains. 37. Furtherdiscussedin Appendix 3 on the human remains. 38. Possibly the plaster was betterpreservedat this depth havingbeen in partprotectedby the raised wooden floor (ifit existed). 39. Bases, M 171 and 121 (PLATES 101b and e). On the other hand, the large decorated jars, M 21 and M 76, were restoredfromfragmentsdistributedthroughoutthe variouslevels of the fillbut none is recordedas havingbeen found at floorlevel. 40. M 99 and 110, and parts of the clay chest L 29 + H 192. 41. Two slabs of limestonein the S. part of the room were,however,thoughtat the time of excavation to be parts of paving slabs. A hollow left in the fill by a partly burnt beam, presumablyone of those whichhad supportedthe ceiling,in the SW of the room, is recordedas beinground in sectionwitha diameterof about 12 cm. 42. This block and a conjecturalrestorationof the stairwayare discussedin the architectural section. state few of these could be plotted but they can be 43. Because of theirvery fragmentary identifiedin the unplottedfindswheretheyare stated to come from*W.side to S.' 44. Those plotted and ones unplottedand said to come 'fromSW.'. 45. Discussed in the sectionson the frescoesand on the architecture. 46. Discussed and identifiedin Appendix 1 on the plant remains. 47. PLATE 88d-e. 48. Identifiedin Appendix 2 on the animal bones. 49. A modern soup ladle and a riflecartridgecase were found in the tunnel,the formera potentialexcavation tool. 50. There was a superficiallevel in some areas above the destructionmaterialcontaininglater LM ΠΙΑ and IIIB sherds. 51. The blob cup, NC 16, is the possible exception; it is discussed under cups in the LM II pottery section. It was reconstructedfromsherdsfound in the window into Room D. Other sherds,however,fromthe same window were LM ΠΙΑ 1, includingparts of the kylixNC 1 and of the Palace Stylejar, PLATE 1 17c. 52. See previousnote. 53. In this region alone were there a quantity of LM ΠΙΑ sherdsprobably extendinginto LM IIIB. 54. Discussed and compared in Section 4 under LM IIIB pottery.The pits could have served the occupants of the Little Palace. 55. Described in PM II 93-6 and illustratedat Fig. 45. Evans makes no mentionof a building on the platformbut Mackenzie apparentlythought it to be LM III, Boardman, On the Knossos Tablets 64, his Fig. 12 feature14. 56. To be included in the final report by L.H. Sackett of the post-Minoan finds. For a preliminaryaccount, see ArchaeologyXXXII (1979) 18-27. 57. A small shallow test behind the retainingwall of the platform,whereit jogs southwards (PLATE 17c) produced some LM II sherds;therewere no obvious signsof burning. The circle of broken gypsum slabs immediatelyN. of the secondary (hatched) wall on PLATE 4a, was found to be the covering of a small pit which roused our expectations of a hoard but proved to be emptyof all but earth. 58. Test 2, 3 m long, along the baulk, and 1.4 m wide, its W. cornerbeing 2.5 m fromthe W. wall of the Roman room, dug to a depth of 1 m; Test 3 to a depth of 60 cm. 59. Unlike the N. Platform,the fill contained no chips of kouskouras,so it may predate the cuttingforthe constructionof the Mansion. 60. We somewhatrestoredthe damaged corner of the platform;compare PLATES 15b and 17b.

268

SECTION 2.

SECTION 2.

THE ARCHITECTURE

The Architecture

1. A suggested inwiththeexcavation variousideasanddetails report, layout,themarrying werecontributed especiallyon the upper storeyand the photographs by MervynPopham. Ken McFadzeanwas thearchitect and to himare nearlyall theexcavations, presentthroughout due the detailedplans, most of the elevations,the catalogueof fallenblocksand various on specificpointsmade in his daybook.The textis essentially theworkof David observations Smythwho duringseveralstudyseasonsat Knossosaftertheexcavationread thenotebooks, learnteverydetailof thebuilding, ofthevariousarchaeological theintricacies mastered phases, and and listenedwithimmense preparedadditional patienceto suggestions plansand elevations, madeduring ofhistext.(MRP) criticisms severalstagesof thepreparation 2. PM II 542. 3. Onlyone "masons'mark"is now apparenthere(a "box" signon theblockat theN. corner),thoughEvans observedthat"the blocksshow double-axesigns"(PM II 545): these ofexposureto theelements. mayhavebeenerodedduringthehalfcentury 4. No otherMinoanbuildingappearsto possessthisfeature, apartpossiblyfromHouseC at fromthefifth, as notedby Tylissoswherethe sixthcourseof thesouthwallis stepped-back Shaw,Techniques101. 5. This S. Platformwas partlyexcavatedby Evans and walls foundby him appearon demolishedthem. photographstakenat the time (PLATES 16 and 17a); he subsequently Gleaningof the platformin 1977 revealedthatthesereallywerepartof a Romanstructure immediately overlying scantyremainsof a Minoanbuilding. ofa cross-wall foundhere,see theexcavationaccountof theS. Corridor. 6. Fordescription 7. Furthermore thisshowshow the shallowercoursesof the E. facademighthavebeen married-in withthe thickerones of the northfacadeat the NE cornerof thebuilding.The elevationof the top of thehighestpreserved courseon theeast (11.05m) is closeto thetopof thefoundation courseon thenorth(1 1.08m). The nexttwocourseson theeast (carriedround fromthesouthfacade)are 31cm and 34 cm, totalling65 cm whichis theheightof thelower course on the north.However,some problemremainsin thatthe next courseon the east (againcarriedroundfromthe south)is 48 cm whichfallsshortby 17 cm of thelevelof the courseoftheN. facade(65 cmin height). upperpreserved 8. A similargap existsbetweentheW. wall of theLittlePalaceand theedgeof thepaving ofthepassageseparating thatbuildingfromtheNE Platform. wasfoundto containa fillof LM ΠΙΑ 1 potteryand 9. Duringtheexcavationthisaperture to havebeenblockedon theinsideduringLM III: fordetails,see theexcavationaccount. 10. Evans'plan showedseveralblockslyingacrosstheE. endof theN. Corridor:thesewere foundstillin positionduringthepresentexcavationand wereremovedto exposethepaving slabsbeneath. at 11. An E- W wall acrossthiscourt,clearlyvisiblein thephotograph byEvansreproduced PLATE 19c,was removedby himthoughno indicationof its existenceis givenin hisplanor account. ofthiswillbe foundin theexcavationaccount. discussion 12. Further 13. The top of the preservedcopingstonesis at 12.91m and theupperfloorlevelof the to RoomM). of theentrance Mansionwasat about13m (as notedin thedescription 14.PM II 543. 15. Not shownon Evans'planinPM II Fig.318 butmentioned byhimon page545 as being Roman. the FetishShrinein theLittlePalace.The floor 16. As calculatedfromhis sectionthrough level of the anteroomto the Shrineis at 7.45m in relationto the datumadoptedforthe Mansion.Addingto thistheheightof 3.27m (as shownon Evans'sectionin TDA 60-61 and Figs.74 and 75), thefirstfloorof theLittlePalacewouldhavean elevationof 10.72m. 17. The top of the highestpreservedstonein the wall at the W. end of CorridorL is at kouskourasbedrockin theunexcavated 13.03m and theundisturbed face,about 1 m westof thisstone,is at 13.17m. lowerdownin thisblockingwall,had a tridentsigncut 18. One largestone,incorporated intoit.

SECTION2.

THE ARCHITECTURE

269

19. See Appendix B.I for furtherdescriptionof these cists, particularlythe unexplained skew of the centraldepressionin each. 20. See Appendix B.3 fordetails of constructionof thishearthand of its possible function. 21. Compare the bench at Myrtos,Pyrgosin Cadogan, Palaces of Minoan Crete plate 47 = AR 1971-2, 25 Fig. 41, and similarones at Phaestos. 22. See Appendix D forconjecturalreconstructionof Staircase G. 23. It is possible that one pit in the floor, at least, had been deliberatelydug to accommodate the proposed cists which had not, however, been set therein before the firstLM II destructionoccurred: in some instances the pits contained a layer of burnt wood fromthe ensuingfire. 24. Of these 57 marks,33 were on the W. wall, 13 on the N., 6 on the E. and 5 on the S. Details are givenin Appendix B.4, togetherwithsimilarmarksfound elsewherein the building. 25. See Appendix B.3 fordetails of constructionof thisoven and of its possible function. 26. See Appendix D forconjecturalreconstructionof StaircaseK. 27. This slab was givenArchitect'sNumber 30.16. See Appendix C for its dimensionsand description. 28. See Appendix D forconjecturalreconstructionof StaircaseO. 29. This limestone block, with gypsumpacking set in lime plaster in the slot, was given Architect'sNumber21.14. See Appendix C forits dimensionsand description. 30. Situated above Room Q was the late Roman "House of the Diamond Frescoes", two rooms of whichwere excavated by Evans who then dug a trialthroughthe floor of the northern room, penetratingdown to the flooringof pink plaster with pebbles of Room Q and largely clearing the contents of this room: even so, fromwhat he left unexcavated, it seems to have been singularlyempty. (PM II 546, Sacke«, AR 1972-73, 69 and Archaeology 32 (1979) 18f). 31. These two blocks were given Architect'sNumbers 24.21 and 25.17. See Appendix C fortheirdimensionsand descriptions. 32. This block was givenArchitect'sNumber 25.06. See Appendix C forits dimensionsand description. 33. The elevation of the ceiling of the upper storey would have been about 14.75 m, assumingthat the figuresfor its floor level (at 13 m) and for the five suggestedcourses of the W. wall are accepted). 34. The northernpart of this partitionwall was removed duringexcavation and later,after the north-westpillar had been restoredin plastered concrete blocks, was replaced in what was calculated to have been its originalposition, set on a concrete slab representingthe original wooden beam (PLATE 31a). 35. These two pieces of gypsumcolumns were givenArchitect'sNumbers 25.12 and 22.19 respectively.See Appendix C for theirdimensionsand descriptions. 36. See footnote 29. 37. For existence of the gypsum slabs, see the excavation account. Two of the limestone flags were given Architect'sNumbers 24.26 and 25.30. See Appendix C for theirdimensions and descriptions. 38. For a possible wooden floor in an LM IA house at Akrotiri,see Thera V plate 46b, and at Ayia Varvara,BCH 1966, 560. 39. Techniques 207. 40. PM II 328. 41. PM II 525. 42. There was a possible fireplacein the Little Palace; see OKT 62 and PM II 20 note 1. 43. Techniques 109 ff. 44. PM II 545.

SECTION 3.

The Frescoes

Thanks are due to the site's excavator,M.R. Popham, forpermissionto undertakethisstudy; to the Canada Council (S73-0170 and S75-0648) and the Universityof WesternOntario,forfinancialsupportwhichmade possible also scientificanalyses of five fresco samples from this site (BSA 72, 1977, 121 ff.: nos. 88-90,

270

SECTION3.

THE FRESCOES

95, 98); and to my dear wife,Ollie, who gladlysharedthe labour of cleaning,conservingand recordingthis material in the MUM 1972 Fresco Notebook. And to the formerEphor of Crete, Dr. Stylianos Alexiou, and his assistant,Miss A. Lembessis, for facilitatingstudy in the Herakleion Museum. Photographswere takenby the author. This report has been prepared in conjunction with other studies nearingcompletion of the Minoan town house frescoes from Knossos (Town Houses I and II) for the BSA annual. Where possible, Catalogue referencesto these studies as also to the writer'sunpublisheddoctoral dissertation,especially on mattersof dating,are included. The followingadditional abbreviationshave been used: Duncan Mackenzie/Daybook [of the Knossos palace excavations] DM/DB Thesis1975 M.A.S. Cameron, A General Study of Minoan Frescoes, with particularreferenceto unpublishedpaintingsfrom Knossos, (unpublisheddoctoral dissertation,Universityof Newcastle-upon-Tyne,1975). Town Houses Under preparation: "The Wall PaintingsfromMinoan Town Houses at Knossos", in a two-partstudyforsubmissionto the BSA Annual: PartI: UnpublishedFrescoes fromPost-warBritishExcavations; Part II: Frescoes fromEarlier Britishand Post-warGreek Excavations,in collaboration withMrs.M.C. Shaw. Museums or sites: HH (Hogarth's Houses); HM (Herakleion Museum); HOF (House of the Frescoes, Knossos); MUM (Minoan Unexplored Mansion); RR/N (Royal Road/North);RT (Road Trials). 1. Cf. largelyplain plastersin the West Magazines, Room of the Cists and Temple Repository at Knossos: BSA VI, 1899-1900, 20; PM I, 452, Fig. 325; PM IV, 648-650, Fig. 634; BSA IX, 1902-3, 39. Red-paintedstoreroomswere also common; but unpaintedplasterswould reflect more light, and appear cleaner and cooler. Limited coloured bands, as in the West Magazines,would detractlittlein theserespects. 2. The debris in Room P, as in other rooms, contained monochrome plaster pieces, in black, grey,plain white, terracotta,salmon, blue, and esp. red, which possibly were 'wall-fill' and not part of this building's decoration. Such pieces seem reasonablyidentifiableby their insignificantsize, theirwholly disconnected,randomlydistributedand clearlydisparatenature. They are commonly weathered, with surfacesabraded and all ancient edges 'rub-worn'and dirty, and usually lacking once-adheringmud backing-plastersas also clean-lookingancient breakages at the plaster's edges. (That is more a featureof collapsed frescoeslyingessentially undisturbedin their deposits: e.g. the floral fresco in Room P). By theirnature,singlyand because theiridentifiart-historically collectivelythe pieces in question are very uninformative cation in a mural,archaeologicalposition, extent and estimable architecturalplace are beyond reasonable interpretationor conjecture; and theirchief value now may be as datably stratified samples for controlled scientific analyses. Pictorial and decorative scraps may on similar grounds be suspected as 'building-fill'(cf. Pylos II, 32 and 224) as stylisticand technical considerationsin theircases may more certainlycorroborate. 3. With Popham, AR 1972-3, 51; contra J.W. Graham, AJA 79, 1975, 144 η. 14 who unacceptablyrefersour floralcompositionto a room above Room H. 4. Cf. preferredMM III to LM IA border-stripeschemes as typifiedby the Monkey Frieze fromAkrotiri(Thera V, Col. PL D) and that fromKnossos (PM II, PL II, Suppl. PL XX); and PM III, Col. Pis. XVI, XVIII and XXI. The present scheme is closer to a clumsiergroupingof stripesfound in the Room of the Ladies at Akrotiriin choice of mostly 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 ratiosin broaderbands' widths (Thera V, PL E). The presentcolour-sequence,however,is exceptional. 5. E.g. the frescoescited in note 4, and the Taureador,Campstool and Caravanseraifrescoes fromKnossos. Similarlyblack dado and wainscot bands are so used in MM III to at least LM II frescoes (e.g. PM II, 723, Fig. 450), as commonly in LM/LH vase paintingwhich utilisesthe generalborderand registerarrangementof the frescoes(e.g. PM IV, 262- 372, passim). 6.PM II, 469-472, Figs. 276a and 279. In nature,with 7 to 12 red petals, an innerwhite ring and central grey-black 'disk': Niki A. Goulandris and Constantine N. Goulimis, Wild Flowers of Greece (1968) 16 withCol. PL Some species are usefulmedicinallyor are poisonous (Enc. Britannica,1975, 1, 367).

SECTION3.

THE FRESCOES

271

7. Cf. contour accentuation (in green on lily bud, HOF: PM Π, 455, Fig. 266C, and in red on crocus petals, Palaikastro:PKU 148, Fig. 130; respectivelyMM IIIB/LM IA and LM I). 8. Cf. 'hybrids'notably in MM IIIB/LM IA and LM I paintingsfromHOF {PM II, 446 ff., Col. PI. X and Figs. 266D, 275 A, C, K, and J = Europa 53, Fig. 3; add ibid. 55, Fig. 4) and fromH. Tríada {Mon. Ant. XIII, 1903, 55 ff.pls. VII- IX). And less inventively,chieflywith 'waz' fillingsand reed stems,afterLM IB (e.g. Knossos Throne Room frescoes). 9. As the artist's decorative alternationof red and blue flowerson these pieces suggests: cf. esp. HOF 'ivy' and 'mallow' representations{PM II, 446, Col. PL X and Fig. 275D = BSA 63, 1968, 10 f., Fig. 5, nos. 34-35). After LM I, this artisticconvention seems disused in naturescenes (v. note 21). 10. TheraVII, 14 and PI. 15a-b. 11. PM II, 446 ff.,Col. Pis. X-XI. 12. In the latterpieces, the blurred (? undulating)orangeareas may have turnedthatcolour fromproximityto fire: they are in any case a lighterhue and lack any black definitionline, in contrast to nos. 44-45. One fragmentof this second dado series occurred in the undisturbed burntLM II fill of the staircaseJ, indicatingthispaintingwas ruinedlong beforeit reached its chiefdeposit,in Room A, in LM IIIB. 13. AR 1972-3, 52 ff. and 61 (Addendum), emphasisingthe Crypt's "squalid state" and "retainingwalls .... to hold back piles of debris" in its finaldays. 14. Op. cit. 52 rules out a plastered floor in the Crypt itself which "had not even been properlylevelled". 15. SF 293, 295, 298, fromlevels 1,3, 6-8. 16. Cat. no. 69, for MM III refs.MM IIIB/LM IA: HOF {BSA 63, 1968, 14, no. 47); LM IA: H. Tríada, Room 14 {Mon. Ant. XIII, 1903, pls. VII and IX); perhaps Pseira, unpublished fragment(inf. courtesyof Prof.J.W. Graham). The scheme wanes or disappears in the Cretan LM Π- ΠΙΑ fresco record (v. n. 17). But Mycenaean paintersimitatedwooden beams (rather than wood panelling) in a derivativeconventionalmanner: e.g. TirynsII, pl. VIII, LH IIIB; cf. Pylos II, 162-178, forfurtherdiscussionand references. 17. Cf. Evans's discussion of painted imitations of white-spottedliparite {PM I, 180); WolfgangSchiering,'Steine und Malerei in der minoischenKunst', JDAI 75, 1960, 17 ff.,and remarksin Funde auf Kreta 1976, 164 ff. By MM III such dado decoration was widespread; but Minoan imitationsof woodwork were always superiorartisticallyto those of mottled or veined stonework, in this author's view. Cf. Pylos II, loc. cit. for discussion of Mycenaean examples. In the LM Π- ΠΙΑ 1 palace at Knossos, a vogue for painted imitations of stone dadoes and texturesevidentlyreplaced earlier interestin imitative'wood-panel' dadoes with black 'wainscot' bands. 18. Pace C.F. Hawke Smith, 'The Knossos Frescoes: A Revised Chronology' {BSA 71, 1976, 65 ff.) citingapprovinglyMabel L. Lang's Pylos II on the dangersof stylisticdatingof Aegean frescoes in general (op. cit. 65). That Lang claims that "a clear LH IIIB date for most of the Pylos plastersmakes necessarya complete restudyof Minoan- Mycenaean painting" {Pylos II, 221), admittinga 'bias' against stylisticdating as chronologicallydeterminative(ibid., 227; sustained on pp. 6 and 221-224), evidently leaves Hawke Smith untroubled. But as L.R. Palmer, citing F.T. Wainwright,has aptly remarked: ". . . an obsession or blind spot may . . . colour the whole of a report" (OKT, xi). Indeed, stylisticdatingcriteriavalidlyfounded should no more be withheld or 'kept distant' (Smith op. cit. 66) from the study of Aegean frescoes than from the study of any other ancient body of artisticmaterial,say, Greek Red or Black Figurevases. For this and other serious reasons, Hawke Smith's proposed 'revisedchronology' fails in its laudable goal and presentsinstead confusedconclusions and numerousmisdatingsof individual Knossian frescoes. Disastrouslyso, in relation to the frescoesfromthe North West Portico Heaps (allegedly c. 1400 B.C.: op. cit. 76): those heaps included fragments,some even joining, of the Procession, Shield, Palanquin, Bull and Chariot, and Spiral (Domestic Quarters) frescoseries,attributedby Hawke Smith (p. 70 ff.) to a subsequent redecorationof the palace in its 'final period (1400-1375)' (i.e. LM ΠΙΑ 1); while conversely,the Camp-Stool Fresco attributedto LM II by Hawke Smith (op. cit. 74 f.) evidentlydepicts a LM ΠΙΑ kylix (Mackeprang,AJA 42, 1938, 546; PM IV, 383 ff., Figs. 323-324 and Col. PI. XXXIA; cf. Furumark,Analysis, Fig. 16, nos. 256 and 265). But thispainting,too, had a joining fragment

272

SECTION4.

THE POTTERY

discovered in the North West Portico Heaps (drawn in AE/NB 1900, opp. p. 12, but labelled 'grasses'= the join in Kretika Chronika IH', 1964, 38 ff.), which circumstancealone might suggestthe Portico heaps were deposited in LM ΠΙΑ or later- as indeed Evans and Mackenzie thoughton stratigraphicalgrounds (PM III, 37 n. 1, and DM/DB 16, 21, 26 May 1900, inked copy). These points alone underminethe Revisedchronology'offered. 19. By contrast,LM II or LM ΠΙΑ 1 'nature' or pictoriallyrelated scenes (e.g. in thisview, the Throne Room, 'Argonaut' and SaffronGathererfrescoes) characteristicallyemphasise the horizontal arrangementof undulating background and rockwork bands, the latter now invariablygathered along upper and/or lower parts of the pictorial space which leaves the centralpictorial area freerfor the principalmotifs- animals (or humans in other stylistically related compositions: e.g. the Bull and Chariot fresco): these motifs thus acquire greater compositional emphasis than their counterpartsplay in MM III to LM I frescoes where 'landscape' and creatures are much more integratedpictorially. A 'tectonic' compositional structure;heavy black contoursand linearisationof innerdetails;flat 'unpenetrated'wall-space; a more stolidlydecorativeuse of colour; ponderous addition of white-speckling,'spot-by-spot', instead of quickly and casually 'flicked' or splashed on; and a certain'freezing'of movementin the more controlledpositioningof principalsubject matter,are among the numerousfeatures which stylisticallycharacterisesuch paintingsas both 'works of a period' (viz. LM II or ΠΙΑ 1) and later than theirMM III to LM I precursors. Mention should be made thatfurtherfragmentsattributableto the SaffronGathererfresco series have been identified,ascribed to the provenance"Demon Seals # Shield and Spirals" and possibly part of the LM ΠΙΑ 1 deposit of frescoes,seals and potteryfound there(v. Popham, SMA XII, 22-26: pottery); which, if so, raises the question whetherthe betterknown Saffron Gathererfragmentsmay have been part of the debriscleared fromdifferent parts of the palace into the extensive LM ΠΙΑ 2-Β North ThreshingFloor (North West Portico) frescoheaps ? (Thesis 1975, 1, 693-5, and 460-2, pace PM I, 265 withn. 1: MM II). 20. Contrast, e.g. the 'intarsia' borders of the Taureador Fresco (PM III, 213, Fig. 144: KFA, pl. IX), withwhitespots added 'spot-by-spot'(note 19 here). 21. The 'colour-alternation'conventionseems disused in later 'nature' scenes,but continues with naturalisticmotifsused as subordinatedecorationin a compositionor its principalsubject matter: e.g. in decorativebordersto pictorial scenes, as the argonautsand 'ivy-chains'in Pylos II, Col. PI. R = 4 F nws, 1 F 2; TirynsII, Col. PL VIII, XII matchingunpublishedLH IIIB 1 decoration, House of the Sphinxes, Mycenae; Thebes, AAA, ΑΙ, 1968, Col. PI. 11, 16), all LH IIIB 1; 'emblematically'on a 8-shield,Mycenae: G. Mylonas,Mycenae and theMycenaean Age, 1966, pl. 24. The earliestMinoan use of this convention,for principalfloral subjects in 'nature' scenes, is attested in unpublished MM ΠΙΑ frescoes from Knossos (Thesis 1975, II, pl. 108, RR/N Reed Fresco, restoredin Slide 31). 22. Cf. the flux of mergingrockworkcolours in the MM ΠΙΑ RR/N MyrtleFresco (Kadmos VII, 1968, 99), a precursorof sketchierbrushworkfor rockwork in HOF frescoes (add the scattered'nestingmaterials'there,too: BSA 63, 1968, 5, no. 5 with Fig. 1C, and nos. 23-26, Col. PI. B4-5 and pl. 4, 2-4, and unpublishedpieces in HM 191 Epsilon XXI (North)); and the 'miniaturetrees' from Prasa, MM IIIB/LM IA (BSA 71, 1976, 7 with n. 20 and pl. 3c: N.B. pl. 3a reproducedupside-down). 23. Even no. 48, the unpainted plaster hearth from Room D, may predate its context. Only 11 rim fragmentssurvivedin the disturbedlevels where it was found: yet nearly all from fragmentswere found of a shatteredand widely scatteredinscribedLM IIIB stirrup-jar, the same room and series of levels (Kadmos VIII, 1969, 43 ff.). No. 48 could be earlierdebris than thejar.

SECTION4. ThePottery 1. Below they are indecisivelyclassifiedas MM IIIB/LM IA, as too is the earliestfillin the S. Corridor,but this evidence should be combined with the contents of the firstfloorswithin the Mansion, PLATE 139 a and c, and the fill under StairwayO, both of which contain more advanced featuresand are more definitelyLM IA. Both contain reed patternand for the cup in PLATE 139a compare the LM IA deposit,BSA 72 (1977) Plate 30e-f. fragments

SECTION4.

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2. There are no other distinctiveLM IB sherdspresentbut until the fullrangeof thisstage at Knossos has been defined,some uncertaintymustremain. 3. GypsadhesWell,PM ii 549 Fig. 349k. 4. Somewhat resembling in style fragmentsfrom the Gysadhes Well, PM i 347, later ascribed in PM ii 549 note 1 to MM IIIA but there stated to occur with fragmentsof lilyjars resemblingthose fromthe Lily Vase Deposit which are ascribed to MM MB. 5. See full descriptionof similarcups in BSA 72 (1977) 193. 6. PLATE 140a and the matureLM IA deposit in BSA 72 (1977) Plate 3 Id. 7. Neck with foliate band in S. Platformfill,PLATE 137c; with solid discs PLATE 146b but withoutcontext and possibly later. 8. E.g. PLATES 139b and 140b. 9. BSA 72 (1977) Plate 30d. 10. To which the GysadhesWelladds reed decoration,BSA 62 (1967) Plate 76f. 11. E.g. loc cit Plate 76d. 12. Loc cit Plate 76e and AR 1980-1, 74 Fig. 5. 13. For thispaintersee loc cit 341 with Fig. 2, 7 and Plate 79d. 14. Restrictedrangecommentedon in loc cit 339. 15. BSA 72 (1977) 190-5. 16. Op cit 193-4. 1 7. Pelon, Mallia, Maisons III 69. 18.PMÜ549 Fig. 349 and BSA 72 (1977) 194-5. 19. A furthermost valuable supplementarycollection of vases has been published preliminarilyby A. Lebesi in Praktika 1967 195-209 from a tomb at Poros. Unfortunatelythe stratigraphy,while helpingto distinguishMM IIIA, does not assist in the subsequentMM IIIB and LM I A problemraisedhere. Much the same is true of Catling'spublication of houses on the Acropolis at Knossos, BSA 74 (1979) 1 ff. in which thereare few cups to help in the later deposits and where the final stagemay be earlyLM IB ratherthan LM IA. 20. Mallia Maisons III 112f. Gravesat Knossos, especiallythe 'warrior'burialsat the Hospital site and Ayios Ioannis. To these should now be added occupation deposits, Warren,AR 1982-3 63-9, published afterthisaccount had been written. 21. Popham, DPK 79-81 zxvdAJA79 (1975) 372-4. 22. PLATE 98. 23. Room H. PLATES 96-7; Room D, PLATES 11 1-1 12a. 24. N. Corridor,PLATE 119c and 120c-d; N. Platform,PLATE 125. 25. PLATE 124. 26. There are some 50 registeredmonochrome/plaincups (excluding the common conical cup) compared with about 25 kylikes.The decorated cup is curiouslyabsent so farfromLM II burials.See note 60 forcomparativenumbersof decorated cups and kylikes. 27. Eg. PLATE 172, 1-6. 28. For the handle of one, withits apparentlyearly 'leaf pattern,see PLATE 157c. 29. The intact vases are illustratedat PLATES 50-1 and 147-8. Motives are at PLATES 164-7. Festoon, motives 13 and 17, to which add motives 8, 16 and 18 from sherds at PLATES 89a, 90a bottom and 96 bottom; Network, motives 70 and 74 with PLATE 98c; version from PLATE 90a top; Iris Alternatingscroll, motives 24, and 27 the disk-with-tail zig-zag,motives 2, 4 and 5 with PLATES 90b, 120a bottom, 89d and PLATE 104c; Reed, motive 41 with PLATE 50c; Row of flowers,motives 44 and 53 with PLATE 125d, and add motives 29, 30, 45 and 52 from PLATES 89d, 90a middle row 1st, 120 1st, and 89f (a miniature); Floral hooks, motive 63 with PLATES 50e and 90a top; Trellis,motive 79 with PLATE 89c, Mottle (withreed), motive 90 with PLATE 51a. Two decorated cups are illustrated fromMallia, one with alternatingscroll Mallia Maisons II Plate XLV, 5 and anotherwithfloral hooks Mallia Maisons III Plate XIX, 5. 30. Floral sprays,motives46, 48-9 withPLATES 111 Fig. 169 bottom,and 90b. 31. PLATE 80 middle row, 3rd. There is part of a 3rd cup from Room H, not illustrated. For Mycenaean parallels see FS 219 and E. French, BSA 59 (1964) 249, discussion under Shallow Cup.

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32. On 'ogival cups' see forexample BSA 65 (1970) 22. 33. 'Familiaritybreeds contempt', so that, like the plain conical cup, surprisingly few have been published or are exhibited.See, however,BSA 72 (1977) 194 and Plate 30a and d, and the discussionbelow of the LM IA potteryfromthe Mansion where,despitenumeroussherds,only one vase was sufficientlywhole to be restored and its decoration is untypicallyclumsy and heavy, PLATE 131i. But, for a fine LM IB example see AR 1980-1, 89 Fig. 53. An unusual cup with solid-paintedinterior,perhaps LM II, is published in BSA 72 (1977) 186 and Plate 26e. The reed cup, to judge from publications, appears to be remarkablyrare outside the Knossos area, and yet more rarelyexportedabroad. 34. Discussed in PM iii 278. For some fineLM IB examples see AR 1980-1 Figs. 27-8. An LM II stemmedcup from the Kephala Tholos is published in BSA 72 (1977) 187 Fig. lc and discussedp. 186. 35. There are 5 such cups registered,M 157, Ν 50, Ν 52, Ν 55 and H 149. 36. Notice was firstdrawn to this type of decorationat Palaikastrowhereit occurredin the post-LM IB reoccupation in LM III, PKU 85 and 111, and BSA 60 (1970) 232. As a method of decoration for kylikesit survivedthereinto LM IIIC, BSA 60 (1965) 283 and Fig. 15 P22. On cups it recurrs(? as a survival)at Knossos in SM and later. See also BSA 67 (1972) 67. 37. The cup at PLATE 172,8 is placed with the LM ΠΙΑ 1 deposits and it is likelyto belong theresince it was found in the contemporaryfill of the window of Room D. However,it has the normal LM II cup shape and mightbe a hangoveralthoughno instancewas recordedin the Mansion's LM II deposits. 38. For LM IA see PLATE 141, 15-6, the rims of whichwere dipped in paint,not painted with the brush. 39. The taller cup, with both sides dipped in paint at PLATE 80b middle row, last, was found in the parapet adjacent to the S. door into Room H, and like the conical cups withit is likelyto belong to the LM IA construction. 40. There are 25 registeredvases of the 'normal' type and 20 of the 'ogival' version,many of both havingbeen storedin Room P. 41. In the case of Room H bases were counted and 1,079 recorded. A full zembil (basket) of otherfragmentswas rejected. In L, 16; in M 1 7, in Ν 16 and in Ρ 20. 42. One in CorridorL and anotherin Room Ρ had tracesof red in the bottom. 43. One retainedcup fromCorridorL has a hole at the rim; bases with holes are recorded fromRoom H, togetherwithmentionof burningon rims. 44. See note 39 above. 45. Withsome doubt about more monochromecups which may have lost theirpaint, they include M 126, M 142, M 126, L 104 and Ν 9, PLATE 80a plus the odditiesmentionedbelow. 46. BSA 6 (1899-1900) 73 Fig. 14, whereits paint is describedas 'Kamares'. 47. Above under LMIB and in the excavation account of Room M. 48. The 'C spirals,with theirheavy tangents,on M 158 at PLATE 100c-d bear a veryclose resemblanceto a cup fromPoros (Lebesi, Praktika 1967 Plate 182b, top right)which is close to ours, too, in its shape and banding.Perhapsour cup should have been restoredwith a similar strap handle; two such handles are attested on other cup fragmentswith similardecoration, a wide contextfrom?MM IIIB to LM IB. PLATE lOOe. The Poros cup has, unfortunately, 49. There are 14 registeredcups as compared with 13 bowls; addinglargefragmentsdoes not change the picture,about 20 cups and 19 bowls. 50. The whole vases are at PLATES 52-3, 92d, 148, 5-8 and 156, 13-4. Alternatingscrolls, motivesat PLATES 164-7, nos. 22 and 26 and add sherdsat PLATE 90a top; reed, motives38 and 43 and PLATE 89j; festoons,motives12 and 14 and PLATE 90a bottom. 51. Row of iris buds, motives 21 and 32-5 and PLATES 39k and 90a middle row. The variationsare clear on PLATE 90, the 1st sherdbeing a cup, the restbowls. 52. Network,motive 73, runningspirals,omitted fromthe motives,PLATE 33a; 'S' chain, motives 85-6; wavy lines, motive 87; iris flower,omitted from the motives, PLATE 52e, perhapsby the same hand as thejug at PLATE 152, 5, an equally imaginativevase. 53. As seen on the contemporarybowl, Mallia Maisons III plate XVII, 2, a deposit which versionsof the 'row of irisbuds', also contained two otherLM II bowls decorated with differing loc cit 1 and 3.

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54. Eg. Nirou Chani, AE 1922, 22 Fig. 19 and Tylissos,AE 1912, 207 Fig. 12 but seemingly always witha ledged rimand perhapssomewhatlarger. 55. Kanta, The LM HI Period Plate 13,2 appears to be such an instance, however, at Phoenikia. 56. Eg. PLATE 175, 13. See discussionunderLM ΠΙΑ 2 bowls below. 57. For blob decorationand discussion,see under Blob Cups above. 58. BSA 65 (1970) 224 and Fig. 15, NP 5-7. 59. For a generaldiscussion of the Minoan kylix,see the author's article in BSA 65 (1969) 299f. In Crete thereis some advantage in keeping the termgoblet for the tall-footedcup, eg. PLATE 156, 10, though it is firmlyestablished on the Mainland for Mycenaean Ephyraean vases and the contemporaryplain versions. There, the name kylix is reservedfor the later, taller-stemmed shape but, since the functionis the same and distinctionespeciallyin the plain Cretanversionsomewhatarbitrary,I have used the termkylixthroughout.See also note 26. 60. About 53 whole, or largelyso, decorated kylikescompared with around 22 decorated cups. Some 37 one-handledplain/monochromecups compared with about 34 kylikes.To the cups could be added at least 27 monochrome ones without handle, not to mention the numeroususual conical plain ones. 61. For a discussionof Mainland 'Ephyraean' see Wace, BSA 51 (1965) 123-7, and a forthcomingarticlein BSA by P. Mountjoy. 62. PLATE 157 for the exceptions. 63. PLATES 57h, 58 a-i, 91a and c-e, 125b and 169b. 64. PLATE 9 le. 65. PLATE 56g. 66. Motive 111 PLATE 99a, 112 PLATE 55b. 67. Motive 108 fromH 153 (not illustrated),107 PLATE 150, 3. 68. Motive 115 PLATE 56g, 110 PLATE 55a, 111 PLATE 99a, 107 PLATES 55c and 150, 4. Anotherversion,motive 109, with its stamen hanginglike a tassel on the end of a long cord, appears on a group of fragmentary kylikesfromRoom M which were clearlypainted by the same hand, PLATES 151, 3 and 100a-b. See also PLATE 190d. 69. PLATE 56a- c; forfragmentssee PLATES 91a top row and b, 99b and 169a. 70. 105 PLATE 92c, 113 PLATE 56d, 114 PLATE 55d. The 'sacral ivy' motive resembles FM 12y. 71. PLATE 169b 3rd row. 72. Argonaut,PLATES 183g, 97a bottom, 119a bottom, 119c top, 125b first,169b 3rd rom,last; rosette,PLATES 169a 2nd row, 91a 3rd row, 91d 1st row, last, 125b 4th row. 73. PLATE 119a bottom, 2nd sherd. 74. For a complete example, see Warren,AR 1982-3 68, Fig. 13; also PM iv Fig. 307b-c: sherds,PLATE 94b 3rd row, 1st, 169 1st row, last, 120 3rd row, 1st. 75. PLATES 54a-e, 151, 4, 91a last, and 96b. 76. Framed; alternatingspray PLATE 54d, spiralsPLATES 56f = 149,4, 91a 3rd row 1st, and 97a bottom. Free field;alternatingsprayPLATE 56a = 149, 5, spiralsPLATE 104d first. 77. Loops, PLATES 55g and 151, 1-2, foliateband PLATE 158,5. 78. PLATE 120a bottom,if LM II. 79. PLATE 91a centre. 80. PLATES 169d top and 97b bottom,if kylikes.For a complete vase, see PM iv Fig. 965i. 81. PLATES 169a 3rd row 2nd, 169b last, 91c bottom, 97a 2nd row and below, 112b 3rd and 4th rows, 124c 1st. 82. PLATES 57f and 104c. 83. BSA 73 (1978) 182 and Plates 24-5. 84. Iris cross; Knossos, BSA 76 (1981) Plate 58b, FM iv Fig. 301n; Katsambas Plate 4a (with a star on either side); Mallia Maisons II Plates LXVIIIe and XLV, 5, Maisons III Plate XXI, 2f-g; Ayia Triadha (?) Kanta, LM IIIB Period Plate 41, 1; Chania, ADelt Chron. 23 (1968) Plate 375a. Floral spray and derivatives;Knossos, BSA 47 (1954) Plate 55b, BSA 64 (1969) Plate 64a and BSA 76 (1981) Plate 58c; Katsambas Plate 14 gamma,Kommos, Hesperia 46 (1977) Plate 52a first;Chania,ADelt Chron. Plate 375 bottom (wronglyinverted).

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Rosette; Knossos, PM iv Figs. 301w, 302a and 206g, BSA 62 (1967) Plate 82c; Mallia Maisons I Plate LXVIIIe-f, Maisons III Plate XXI, 2e. Clover leaf; Knossos, AR (1978-9) 37 Fig. 49; S. Hood, The Minoans Plate 14 (a very elaborate versionand see PLATE 112a, 2nd row, first);Mallia Maisons III Plate XVIII, 1-2. Octopus; Knossos, PM iv Fig. 302b and BSA 73 (1978) Plate 23a and c. Argonaut;Knossos, BSA 73 (1978) Plate 23b-d; Katsambas Plate 4b; Ayia Triadha (?), Kanta, LM MB Period Plate 41, 1 last (with doubts). Circumcurrent; Iris zig-zag,Knossos BSA 47 (1954) 363 Fig. 9.2. Droplets; Mallia Nécropoles II Plate XLVIIIE, Chania, ADelt Chron. 23 (1968) Plate 3 75b (with 'S' row beneath). Abbreviated; Knossos, PendleburyAC Plate XXXV, 2 bottom 4th vase, Mallia Maisons III Plate XVI, 4-5. Surface mottle; Mallia Maisons III Plate XVII, 6. Uncertain;Phaestos,Annuario XXIX-XXX (1967-8) 140 Fig. 92b top and Fig. 93b, 2nd row, last. 85. Approximately34 whole and fragmentary plain/monochromekylikescompared with about 53 decorated. Comparativefiguresfor one and two-handledversionsare uncertainwhen where certaintywas possible, we have 8 one-handled,all plain, as against 2 twofragmentary; handled plain and 7 monochrome.Most of the fairlyintactones are shown at PLATE 83. Type vases are illustratedat PLATES 82 and 160. 86. For LM ΠΙΑ plain jugs, see PrΤ 514, Fig. 118, la, Katsambas Plate 16 gamma and BSA 69 (1974) 204, Fig. 7 and 207, Fig. 9 and references.They are oftenin fineware whereasthose in the Mansion are closer to Oatmeal' fabric. Unusual monochromejugs from Room M are discussedat the end of thissection as hangovers. 87. Approximatefigures,includinglargefragmentsand miniatures,are 31 : 15 : 8. 88. Reed, motives 40 and 42, and add sherdsat PLATES 93a 2nd row, 98, 99g and 104e; spirals,motive 66 with PLATES 93a, 98a and 104a; alternatingsprays,motives20, 21 and 23, with PLATE 93a and e; network,omitted frommotives,PLATE 152, 4; trellis,motive 80. See also miniaturesat PLATE 39j- k, m- n. 89. Eg. PLATE 98a. 90. Iris zig-zag, ivy leaf chain, leaf chain, iris row on PLATE 93a and motives 3 and 58; festoon, omitted from motives, PLATE 61a; double foliate band (unusual type) motive 64, PLATE 170a top; elaborate floralspray,omittedfrommotives,PLATE 170c. 91. Eg. PLATES 152, 1 and 60b. 92. To these may be added the vase at PLATES 92f and 153, 5 if correctlyrestoredin drawing;its 'libation' hole in the base raises some doubt. 93. Apart from whole vases, the following may be added, reed, PLATE 93e; festoon, motive 11 and PLATE 93a top; lily, motive 54; ivy chain, motive 59 and PLATE 99d; spirals, motive 68 and PLATES 93 top, 104d top and 112 bottom, if LM II; argonaut?, PLATE 113a-c; iris chain, PLATE 59o; quatrefoil,motive 84, PLATE 170a bottom; foliate chain, PLATE 111c. 94. Apartfromwhole vases,reed, PLATE 104c top left. 95. See note 86 above. 96. Katsambas Plate 20. 97. Op cit Plate 22. 98. Op cit Plate 4 gamma.BSA 47 (1952) 266 Fig. 10, III 2. 99. BSA 47 (1952) 268 Fig. 11, III 3, Katsambas Plate 4d. For othermotives,see BSA 51 (1956) 69 Fig. 1,3-4. 100. PLATE 99d, and Mallia Maisons III Plate XVIII, 5 and AR 1978-9, Fig. 55. 101. The disks and dots on the shoulder, and the type of lily sprayssuggestit should be ascribedto LM II. 102. Zervos, L'Art de la Crête,Plate 556 (Ayia Triadha and,4£ 1939-41, Plate 2, 1, bottom 1st (Sklavokambas). The shape is differentin that it is an amphora but the body is similarly slender. 103. Eg. PKU 103, AR 1980-1, 83-4 and Fig. 35 and BSA 74 (1979) 51, v. 258 with references. 104. The decorationpainted red has been dotted in the drawing. 105. Eg. PrT 513, Fig. 117, 5a, TDA 47, Fig. 62 and, in plain ware, BSA 69 (1974) 207, Fig. 9,4:5. 106. DPK 78.

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107. It is well represented in the 'Warrior Graves' at Knossos and in the contemporary LM II tombs at Karsambas. 108. DPK 71f and Plate 4-6. 109. DPK Plate 4d. 110. The jar has lost its spout but, from the break, seems to have had a vertical one, similar to that on some LM I jars, egPKU Plate XXIIa. 111. PLATES 96d, 97d, 111c and, unstratified, 169c and 170b. 112. BSA 47 (1952) 263, Fig. 9 I, 5, adding spirals to the Mansion's range of scale, reed, fronds and ivy chain decoration. 113. LM examples have been collected and discussed by Y. Tsedakis in BSA 66 (1971) 365f, where these features will be found. The example from the Mansion, with D. of more than 28 cm, is of hard-baked red-brown fine clay covered with a light brown lustrous slip; the very fugative paint varies from red to black. See also DPK p. 76 and Annuario LV (1977) Fig. 15 for an MM example. 114. Karphi, £5,4 55 (1960) 18 and to a lesser extent in LM III Palaikastro. 115. Birds, see DPK 77, to which add now ADelt 25 (1970) Plate 410 and ADelt 24 (1969) Plate 443e. 116. The main difference is in the size of the stem; it is the largest which are perforated, Ρ 127 and Ρ 128. Lip diameters vary little, between 14 and 13 cm. The fragmentary example from Room Η has a decoration of tricurved festoons and arcs and a monochrome interior; its small stem is not perforated. To them should be added fragments of another without datable context, PLATE 169a bottom right. 117. I am grateful to S. Macgillavry for the suggestion: a modern wooden cheese plate with cover would be analogous. 118. DPK 102 Fig. 8, 13 and Plate lOd. 119. See DPK 77. 120. FS 83 andFS 32. 121. For size, compare TDA 16 Fig. 23, and remarks in DPK 77. 122. Pseira Fig. 12 and Warren, AR 1980-1 267 Fig. 29a-b. For MM see Levi Festos 1, Fig. 731. 123. Antiquity 1980 267, Figs. 1-2; on its date, AJA 68 (1964) 350 and DPK 76 (Craters). 124. Their fabric and similarity in appearance make them difficult to restore, to which we may no doubt add some indifference through familiarity. Gournia, Palaikastro and Karphi remain the most fully illustrated LM sites in this respect, to which we may add more recent publications of Mallia and Knossos. A useful preliminary report on 'Cooking Vessels from Minoan Kommos' has been published by P.P. Betancout, Occasional Paper 7 of the Institute of Archaeology, University of California which deals principally with the tripod cooking pots, cooking dishes and trays. 125. EM II, Myrtos 125, LM IIIC, Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) 285 and Fig. 17, and Karphi, BSA 55 (1960) 7. For examples of intermediate LM I types, Palaikastro, PKU 64 Form 5 and BSA 65 (1970) 224 and Fig. 17-18 (LM IB); Gournia Plate II, 72; Mallia Maisons I Plate XXXL, 5; Thera I 28, Fig. 36; II 23, Fig. 14; IV Plate 101. One from Knossos (?LM IIIB) is much more globular, BSA 53-4 (1958-9) 190 Fig. 6, 12 and Plate 46a. See also, Betancourt, note 124 above, for Kommos. 126. From Room M; see at end of that room's catalogue. Most in the Mansion have somewhat bellying sides, though one is straight sided (L 48 not illustrated). The globular form may be both earlier (MMIII/LM IA) and later (LMIIIC). 127. Cf. Gournia Plate II, 64. 128. EM II, Myrtos 111, LMIIIC Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) 286, 16, Karphi BSA 55 10. (1960) 129. BSA 74 (1979) 50 Fig. 36, 253 from Knossos though different in shape may be related. The Mycenaean equivalent was used in the same way, Lefkandi PrelReport Fig. 31 (LM IIIC). 130. LM IA, Thera VI Plate 5a (somewhat different); LM IIIA, Katsambas Plate 17b; Knossos LM IIIB (but perhaps earlier) LDPK 19 Fig. 4; Palaikastro (LM IIIC), BSA 60 (1965) 296, Ρ 16 (but squatter). 131. LDPK 19 Fig. 5.

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132. A frequentshape, cf. PKU 65 Form 12 and BSA 65 (1970) 224 (LM IB). 133. Studi Micenei XXI 123f and Plate 1, 8 forveryclose parallel. 134. H 56, H 67, H 70, M 104 and PLATES 111 and 87a. 135. BSA 57 (1952) 271 Fig. 13; Its dimensions,H. 40 and D. 28 fall withinthose cited. Its decorationis badly effacedand it could be thatits motivehad fillornament. 136. LM III(?B) from the Makritikhoskitchen,BSA 52-3 (1958-9) 189, Fig. 5, 3. Reed sprays on a very similar shape exist in the LM IB deposits at Nirou Chani, but in multiple groups and in a deeper shoulder zone, Ε A 1922 18, Fig. 15, and yet earlierin LM IA on Thera, Thera IV Plate 66b. Both Thera, and Gournia (LM IB?), attest the use of individualmotives, palm and pendent crocus, on amphoras,Thera II p. 38 and Gournia,Plate VII, 22. 137. Three in Room Ρ, Ρ 121, Ρ 122, and Ρ 123; fourrestoredvases, M 49, M 66, M 72 and M 118, withparts of at least two otherswithheavyretortedspirals,in Room M. 138. M 118 with H. 38.8; the restvarybetween H. 38.8 to 46, and max. D. 31 to 35 cm. 139. An interruptionpresumably to allow the clay of the base to dry somewhat before adding more weightabove; they may have been bound, too, withcloth or rope to help prevent sagging. 140. Reed sprays,PLATE 73c-d; retortedspirals,PLATES 73a-b and 74a. That at PLATE 74b- c has geometricisedversionof alternatingspraysor maybejust tailed spirals,and the other at PLATE 74e apparentlyhas palms on the back and perhaps on the frontas well. 141. The existence of early dark-on-light jars has been attested for some time by the example fromMinetel Beida, PM IV 777, Fig. 756c, which should be LM II or earlyIIIA. For a recent discussion of laterjars, see Catling and others,BSA 75 (1980) 49f with a bias towards LM/LHIIIB, and add Haskell, BSA 76 (1981) 225f. Add to the examples from the Mansion thatat PLATE 178b top, withoutdatable context. 142. Could it be that the manufacturingcentre(s) forvesselsof thiskind had been dislocated in the LM IB disturbances,so that survivingold jars were pressedinto serviceuntilproduction was restarted? 143. Thera, but considerablymore baggy Thera III Plates 52, 1-4 and Fig. 40, 1. Knossos, S. House, an exact parallel to M 66, PM ii 381 Fig. 213, considered LM IA by Evans but perhaps LM IB, see DPK 59. Knossos, LM IA?, BSA 74 (1979) 54 Fig. 38, 264-5, one more slender, the other more baggy than ours. Knossos, LM IB, WarrenAR 1980-1 82, Fig. 25, markedlypiriformand looking somewhat more 'advanced' than some in the Mansion. Gournia, LMIB?, with reed, like PLATE 73c, Gournia PLATE VII, 24. Ayia Trianda, LMIB, Annuario LV (1977) Fig. 82. 144. LM IIIA 1, BSA 69 (1974) Plate 34a; probably early LM IIIA 2, Katsambas PLATE 25b and Alexiou, AE 1970 7 Fig. 6. 145. The capacities are based on calculations taken from 1:1 drawings,using volumes of multipletruncatedcones. 146. PM ii 645 gives average heightas 1.30 metres;PM ii 648 givescubic contentsof normal type as 185 litres. 147. For discussion of the storage capacity of the Mansion see G. Jones, Appendix on the plant remains. 148. P. Warren.Myrtos 107. 149. Popham. Kadmos 15. 102ff. 150. C/Phaistos example publishedin PM iv 640, Fig. 627. (LM IB Pithos). 151. Hood, AR 1958 18-19. 152.PMiv644 Fig. 632. 153.PMÍÍ628 Fig. 392.2. 154. PMÜ622. 155. P. Warren,AR 1980-81 Fig. 23. 156. P. Warren,Λ/? 1980-81 Fig. 21. 157. Sackett and Popham, BSA 65 (1970) Fig. 16 (NP 65). 158. Palaikastro,PXC/98. 159.PMiv641 Fig. 629. 160. Etudes CretoisesIV pi XIII but dated in E.C. XVI 107 (LMl-LMIIIa). 161. Popham. Kadmos 15 105.

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162. For the author's earlier views on the distinctionbetween LM IB and LM II, and between LM II and early LM ΠΙΑ, see AJA 68 (1964) 349-354, DPK 79-88, BSA 62 (1967) 339-345 (some details of which now need modifyingin the lightof the Mansion's finds)and BSA 79 (1975) 372-4. For chronology,see BSA 69 (1974) 255 with references,basically unchangedsince Furumark'sstudy.New LM IB at Knossos, Warren^/? 1980-1, 75-89; LM II at Mallia, Pelon, Mallia Maisons III. 163. Discussed most recentlyin BSA 75 (1980) 165-6, to be supplementedby comparative material cited above in the detailed discussions,and generallysupported by new findsfrom Kommos. 164. DPK 63-81 and BSA 62 (1967)343-5. 165. E.g. compare the cups on PLATES 147 and 156, 1 (LM II) with 172, 1-6 (LM IIIA 1). 166. E.g. PLATES 165, 8-9 and 160, 7-9. 167. Theirexistencein LM IIIA 1 is assured by, forexample, Sellopoulo T.4, BSA 69 (1974) 206-10, wherenote 10 is incorrect.They are absent in the Mansion's LM II deposits. 168. From the fill of the robbing trenchover the S. wall, PLATE 14 level 7, the contentsof whichwere mostlyLM II, to whichperiod it could, of course,belong. 169. The differenceis much more obvious in Sellopoulo T. 4, BSA 69 (1974) Figs. 7 and 9, so we may be in part dealingwith LM II hangoversor admixture. 170. FS 267; the fabrictoo is somewhatunusual. 171. See my remarksin BSA 64 (1969) 301-2. 172. An account of the stratigraphyof these areas will be found above in the sections on theirexcavation. 173. An outline and statisticson Pits 10+11, apart fromthat givenin the main account, may be useful despite the imperfectnature of the deposit. It comprised some 12 zembils of fragmentarysherds. About 80% was undecorated and of that about 80% coarse with a high proportion of kitchenware; the remaining20% was fine plain ware belongingto conical cups (40 bases), champagnecups (42 feet), kylikes(13 stems) and shallow bowls (33 bases). Of the 20% decorated ware, nearly all belonged to cups and included 12 outlined handles; about half the sherdswith bands were of the new versionwith thickouter bands; on bases the base band had an additional line above it on the majorityof examples. Over a half of the cup sherds were so small that decorative motives were uncertain. Of kylikes, there were 5 roll handles, solid painted apart froma reservedV at thejunction with the rim,and 3 banded kylix one of Chaniot fabric. stem/feet, 174. This will be to some extent made good by the preliminaryaccount of a LM IIIA 2 deposit to be published in AR 1982-3, of which ProfessorWarrenkindlysent me advanced proofs. 175. Panalled patternswith zig-zagfill are fairlycommon but have not been included in the motivessince theircomplete designwas uncertain. 176. A fragmentary cup of this shape withring-footand decorativezone of 'N' pattern(not illustrated)has a spiral on the interiorbut its context is uncertain.The shape and its probable Mycenaean originare discussedin DPK 69. 177. The sherdsat PLATE 183b-c, right,are clearlyby the same painter;the bottom sherd is froma kylixapparentlydecorated outside withhornsof consecration. 178. The flowersare of an early type and it may be that the systemof using a thick band border with thin borderinglines is an early featuretoo. Religious motives - horns of consecration and the double axe - may have enjoyed a renewedpopularity.The shape could well be borrowed from the Mycenaean repetoire,FS 304, the stemmedbowl, and resemblesan early LH IIIA 2 versionin its short,'humped' foot,BSA 60 (1965) 167 Fig. 4, 8. 179. Discussed by the authorin BSA 69 (1974) 210 with Fig. 9. 180. An outline discussion of the development of kylikes and of the champagne cup has been givenby the authorin BSA 64 (1969) 299-304. 181. One such archedfoot and banded stem are of typicalChaniot fabric.Anotherrimsherd of identicalfabricmay be part of the same vase, PLATE 122b, 3rd row, 2nd sherd. 182. BSA 64 (1969)301 Fig. 4. 183. See also BSA 65 (1970) 191-2 and referencescited there. 184. Cf BSA 65 (1970) 233 Fig. 22, 10, LM IIIA fromPalaikastro.

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SECTION5.

THE SEALS AND SEALING

185. See below forreferenceto itspublication and forthe association of a fragmentary kylix withwhorl-shelldecorationwhichhelps confirmthe LM IIIB date of the deposit. 186. BSA 65 (1970) 195-202 to whichreferenceshould be made forfullerdiscussion. 187. See BSA 64 (1969) 299-304 for a discussion of the developmentof the kylixand for other decorated examples. See Kastelli Fig. 14, 12 for conical type and Plate 8,10 forshallow, rounded version. 188. Kadmos VIII (1969) 43-5. 190. Seenöte 185 above. 191. Illustratedin AR 1972-3 60, Fig. 44 left. Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) 289, Fig. 10a; Kritsa,BSA 62 (1967) Plate 89b. 192. LM II: L 136 and unnumberedbowl fragmentsmentioned at the end of the Room Ν catalogue; ogival canopy, FM 13, whateverits derivationis a strongMycenaean preference; dotted scales with swastikafill,FM 48, may be the same and is not infrequent,cf. Kythera298 withillustrationsand the forthcomingpublicationof the Kea LM IB/LH II deposits. LM IIIA 1: H 40 on fabricand shape, FS 267. LM IIIB: PLATE 123d witha sherdof a Zygourieskylixand ?kalathoswithwhorlshell decoration on the interior.Dr. E. Frenchhas kindlyinformedme she knows of no parallel to the latter. It is unfortunatethat the Minoan sherdsfound in the same context are so few and mixed, since this would have supplied a much needed synchronism between the two regions. 193. Dr. R. Jones, who will be publishingthe resultsof variousclay analysesincludingones fromthe Mansion, has informedme that its chemical composition is indistinguishable(except in Na) fromthat of a contemporarygroup of Knossian vases, a resultnot to be expected of a Cycladic import. 194. Up to the end of LM IIIA 1 it is Knossos which is exportingand influencingW. Crete and elsewhere on the island, so imports earlier than LM IIIA 2 are not to be expected. It is interesting,however, that a reverse direction of exchange should have happened so quickly afterwards. A furtherstirrupjar sherd (PLATE 109c, 3rd on bottom row), though in a mixed level could well belong to its basic LM IIIB context. 195. See remarksof Tsedakis, BCH xciii (1969) 412 n. 1; Popham, BSA 65 (1970) 202; Kanta, The LM III Period 289.

SECTION 5.

The seals and sealing

I would like to thank M.R. Popham for invitingme to study this materialand preparingthe photographs; J. Sakellarakis and the staffof Heraklion Museum for facilitiesto study it; I. Pini for advice and for the photographson PLATE 190b and c; and Jean Bees for amending and adding to the drawingsmade by Susan Bird. 1. eg. by Kenna, CS 365-89 or CMS VII 197-8 which he called LH (sic Helladic!) IIIC; and by Boardman,GGFR 59-60, pls. 190-193 and 199-200. 2. eg. HM 1968 froman LM IB context, Royal Road excavations,Knossos. 3. eg. Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 98, Fig. 66, no. 45 and 118, Figs. 120-1, nos. 104-5; JHS 22 (1902) 76ff.,no. 109, pl. IX. 4. eg. CMS V 182, haematitelentoid;CMS XIII 22, amethystamygdaloid;cf. our 10. 5. BSA 74 (1979) 274 ff.;CMS BeiheftI Iff. 6. eg. CMS I 13, Mycenae Shaft Grave III; CMS I 221, 234, 250, 254-5, 260, Vapheio tholos. 7. eg. CMS XIII 124, CMCG 275. 8. eg. CMS V 247, 250, 258, 272. 9. GGFR 48. 10. eg. CMS V 193. 11. eg. CMS X 277; CMCG 185. 12. HM 1659 = BSA 47 (1952) 275, Fig. 16, no. 111:23, pl. 54; HM 1966; CMS I 206 respectively.

SECTION5.

THE SEALS AND SEALING

281

13. HM 1713=55^ 51 (1956) 93f., Fig. 5, no. 3, pl. 14; Annuario 8-9 (1925-6) 97, Fig. 63, no. 42; I.A. Papapostolou, Ta Sphragismataton Chanion (Athens, 1977) 56ff.,nos. 13-14, pls. 1, 24, 25 - respectively. 14. CMS I 143, Mycenae chambertomb 515 (LH II). 15. CMS V 191 ;CMCG 185. 16. HM 2116; CMS I 8 - respectively. 17. CMS VII p. 187, referring to nos. 151-3. 18. eg. CMS V 745, Pteleon (LH IIIA2); CMS I 387, Menidi tholos (LH IIIB). 19. eg. CMS V 437-8, Nichoriatholos (LH IIIA2 - Bl). 20. eg. CMS I 212, Prosymna tomb 13 (LH IIIA2); CMS V 730, Mega-Monastiritomb gamma (LH ΠΙΑ - Β). 21. BibO SI (1974) 309ff. 22. Papapostolou, op. cit. (fn. 13) 66f., no. 23, pls. 4, 34, 35 and no. 24, pls. 2, 34, 35; CMS II2 16 - respectively. 23. CMS II2 36, 57, 211 - respectively. 24. BSA 28 (1926-7) 276ff.; cf. A. Furumark,Mycenaean Pottery (Stockholm, 1972) 161-5; G. Walberg,Kamares (Uppsala, 1976) 124. 25. Kenna, CS p. 45, Figs. 78-81; Festschriftfür FriedrichMatz (Mainz, 1962) 5ff.; cf. TUAS 6 (1981) 2ff. 26. PM IV 216ff.,Fig. 167a/b and 489, Fig. 419 bis. 27. eg. CS 142; CMS VIII 103; CMS II5 299-300, sealingsfromPhaistos (MM IIB), probably impressedby signets. 28. eg. CMS VIII 115; HM 1623 = CMS II2 48, lion, Prophètes Elias tomb 5 (MM II - III); HM 621 = CMS II2 213, boar, Knossos. 29. HM sealing 180, bearing impressionsof three differentseals of this kind, Hieroglyph deposit, Knossos (MM III), = PM I 272, Fig. 201 and 276, Fig. 206; also AGDS II 13 which, pace Boardman,/j/andGems (London, 1963) 126, no. F21, is a MM III black steatitediscoid. 30. HM 1660, turquoise stone, calf or bull, Geometric tomb near Knossos; CS 206, black steatite,calf, Mirabello; CMS IV 168, black steatite,bull, Knossos; HM 1410, steatite,Knossos; CMS I Suppl. 151; HM sealing61, Zakro (LM IB), impressedby a small circularseal, perhapsan earlierdiscoid, bearinglion's head in profile(cf. HM 1623, fn. 28 above). 31. eg. CMS Us 51, impressedby circularseal - disc, button or signet;34 by rectangular flattenedcylinder(cf. CMCG 144; AGDS I 19). 32. CMS II2 51, disc; 55, three-sidedprism;64, signet. 33. CMS II2 38; 15; 253; CMS V 483 - respectively. 34. CMS II ! 257; 164; 334 - respectively. 35. eg. CMS II2 55, ProphètesElias (MM II - III); 268, Mirabello; 294, unknown provenience; CMS I Suppl. 108, unknownprovenience. 36. CMS X 21; CMCG 126 - respectively. 37. P.M. Warren,Minoan Stone Vases (Cambridge,1959) 127f. 38. see also CMS X p. 19. 39. eg. CMS V 163 and 171, Kokkalata and Lakkithra (Kephallenia); 217, Brauron; 229, Chalkis; 373-5 and 412, Medeon (Phocis); 617, Kladeos (Elis); 737, 739 and 742, Mega Monastiri(Thessaly); X 206-8, unknownprovenience. 40. CMS V 271, 277-8 and othersunpublished;CS 361. 41. eg. CMS I 300; I Suppl. 29; V 591-2, 620 and 630. 42. CMS II2 65 and 68. 43. CMS Πχ 432; II2 246; 128; 148 - respectively. 44. see also CMS Xp. 19. 45. Warren,op. cit (fn. 37) 138ff.; CMS X p. 19f.; GGFR 15f.; P. Yule, Early CretanSeals (Mainz, 1980) 198. 46. cf. CMS X p. 289, nos. 66 and 67 respectively. 47. cf. CMS X p. 288, nos. 242, 203 and 236 respectively. 48. cf. CMS X p. 290f., nos. 84 and 318 respectively. 49. eg. CMCG 396-8, p. 81f.; Kenna, The Cretan TalismanicStone in the Late Minoan Age (Lund, 1969) pl. 6. 50. PM 1673, Fig. 492c.

282

SECTION6.

TERRACOTTAFIGURINES

51. CMS VIII 152; CMS X 102; cf. our 12. 52. AAA 11 (1978) 61ff. 53. eg. CMS VII 63; CMS II2 16, room beta, Kamilaritholos (MM ΠΙΑ). 54. cf. (thoughwithout the stalk-likefeature) CS 275-6; BM (Egyptian Dept.) 23161; HM 772, Mochlos (LM I?); HM 1953, Field of Terracottas,Knossos (LM I?) - all amygdaloidswith concave-facetedbacks; HM 336 - three-sidedprismwith amygdaloid-shapedfaces. For LM I sealingsfromChania impressedby two seals bearingthe same motif,see fn. 22 above. 55. HM 197 = Gournia 54, App. Β. Fig. 30:2; CMS I 270, Rutsi tholos; CMS V 677, Kalamaki (Thebes) tomb 7. 56. CMS VII 71; VIII 152; X 102; CS 234; HM 1736 = £5,4 53-4 (1958-9) 245, no. 11:4, pl. 62, Gypsades tomb 2. 57. Papapostolou, op. cit. (fn. 13) 63f., no. 20, pls. 2, 30, 31 and no. 21, pls. 2, 32, 33; HM sealing552 = ASAA 8-9 (1925-6) 93, Figs. 53-4, nos. 29-30 -respectively. 58. CS 302 =PM IV 1018, Fig. 996; HM sealing 530=^S^^l 8-9 (1925-6) 95, Fig. 58, no. 35 - respectively. 59.JHS 24 (1904) 323f., Fig. lc. 60. sic Evans,PM III 148ff. 61. PM I 703, Fig. 529 and IV 490, Fig. 420; HM ring 989 = Archaeology 20 (1967) 280, Fig. 13 - respectively.

SECTION 6.

Terracottafigurines

1. To be publishedshortly. 2. Evans, PM i, 175. Pendlebury,AC, 107. M.P. Nilsson,The Minoan-MycenaeanReligion, 2nded. (Lund, 1950) xxiii, 192. S. Alexiou, Minoan Civilisation(Heraklion,1973) 86. Melanges Charles Picard, ii, 837, Fig. 3 (Poros). AE 1912, 229, Fig. 37; Études Cretoises iii, 104 (Tylissos).A Delt xiii (1930-31), 159 (Vorou). 3. Marinatosand Hirmer,pl. 19, top. 4. Études Cretoisesiii, pl. XXXIX: Zervos,Crete, Fig. 226. 5. Études Cretoises,ii, 59. AE 1937, pt. 1, 83. 6. No. 22 in the forthcomingpublication. l.Annuario. 1963-4, 12, Fig. 7. S.KrKhr. xii (1958), 179ff. 9. Marinatosand Hirmer,pl. 15. 10. ibid, pl. 17. 11. Palazzo di Festos, ii, 114, Fig. 62. 12. Marinatosand Hirmer,pl. 132, top. 13. ibid, pl. 132, bottom. 14. ibid, pls. 128-31. 15. ibid, pls. 135-7. 16. No. 10505. HeraklionMuseum Guide (1968), 85; otherwiseunpublished. 17. Robinson Festschrift,i, pl. 4. 18. Boardman,CretanCollection,pl. 21, nos. 261 and 265. 19. cf. BSA lv (1960), pls. 7-10. 20. Buchholz-Karageorghis, 380, no. 1250. 21. Annuariovi-vii (1923-4), 135, Fig. 57. Annuario xiii-xiv (1930-31), 295, Fig. 39. 22. cf. Archaeologyxviii (1965), 118, Fig. 9, fromTell Nagiba (1750-1550). 23. Annuariovi-vii (1923-4), 197, Fig. 120. 24.ClRh. i, 63, Fig. 44. 25. To be published shortly. 26. Pseira: Seager,Pseira 23, Fig. 7 and 31, pl. 9. Pachyammos:BrooklynMuseum Quarterly, xii (1935), 1 15. Vasiliki: unpublished.HeraklionMuseum no. 6850. Thera: PAE 1969, pl. 232. 27. Phaestos: Palazzo di Festos i, 374, Fig. 225. Palaikastro: BSA xi (1904-5), 287. Gournia: Gournia,Colour PI. I, left. 28. Zervos,Crète, Figs. 516-7.

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

283

29. cf. ibid, Figs. 284-9 passim. 30. See C. Laviosa, Annuario xlvii-xlviii,(1969-70) 7ff. 31. ibid., 27, Fig. 26. 32. BSA lxii (1967), pl. 76e. Pendlebury,AC 246, Fig. 43. 33. Furumark,MP414, Fig. 72. 34. BSA lxvi (1971), 116, 131, 139. ,4 Belt. Chr. xxiv (1969), pl. 435. 35. BSA lxvi (1971), pl. 16. 36. BSA lxvi (1971), 151ff.

SECTION 7. The Bronzes 1. We are gratefulto Mr. M.R. Popham for his generousinvitationto undertakethe study and publication of the copper and bronze objects from the Unexplored Mansion. We were assisted in the Herakleion Museum by Miss A. Lembessis and Dr. Y. Sakellarakis.Dr. D. Evely providedvaluable informationconcerningthe materialfound in 1968. HWC and Ε AC are jointly responsiblefor the catalogue, Ε AC for the drawings,HWC for the commentary.The photographswere taken by Dr. C.B. Mee. In the catalogue entriesthe followingterminologyhas been used: SCRAP While much of the materialcategorizedhad been brokenup deliberatelyand is in a real sense scrap, the pieces remain identifiable,and have been described by categories. But much remains whose original form and function can hardly be guessed, which is labelled as scrap. This is material deliberatelybroken up, presumablyfor remelting.Occasional suggestionsof identity are to be treated with caution. The majority of pieces were part of sheet metal objects - vessels,saws, facings. WASTE describes identifiable objects, frequently complete in themselves,seen as the byproducts of the castingprocess, includingthe jets, risers,fragmentsof web thatadhered to the new castingwhen freshlytaken fromthe mould, to be brokenoffby the founderand kept for remelting.Drops or lumps of spilledmetal are included. CASTING EQUIPMENT describes materials used in the preparation of the mould for use almost exclusively the metal wire used to strap the two parts of a two-piecemould together ('Mould Wire') and the cruciblesin which the metal was melted and preparedforpouringinto the mould. The description 'bronze' has been used as a convention when the object has not been analysed. Objects analysed can be distinguishedby the resultof theiranalysisbeingincluded in the catalogue entry. The results have been published by the author and Dr. R.E. Jones in Archaeometry19 (1977) 57-66. Subsequent analyses by Dr. N. Gale have not been published as yet and it has not been possible to take account of his resultsin thisaccount. 2. From Knossos - PM ii, 627ff; Hagia Triadha - referencesin PZ 37 (1959), 32-34; Tylissos- Hazzidakis, Tylissos (Paris,1921), 54f; Zakro - Zakro 80 and Fig. 39. 3. Gournia pl. iv. I do not regardthe meltinghoards encounteredratherlater on the mainland and in Cyprus - Thesauri,passim; CBMW 278- 291; Alasia I 381-432 - as comparable to this highlyspecialized complex. Rathernearerin type,perhaps,is the late thirteenth- early twelfthcentury complex of metalwork and other objects found with the Cape Gelydonia ship - G.F. Bass, Cape Gelydonia: A Bronze Age Shipwreck,Philadelphia,1967 - thoughthis, too, seems more akin to the meltinghoards than our workshop.G.F. Bass, however,was of the opinion that the ship carried an itinerantbronzesmithand the greaterpart of his workshop equipment and raw materials.Thanks chieflyto the differencein date, no doubt, thereis very little overlap between the contents of the Unexplored Mansion workshopand the cargo of the Cape Gelydonia ship. 4. Knossos - Zapher Papoura Tombs 14 and 36 - PTK 34-45, 51-59; Knossos: Sellopoulo Tombs 3 and 4 - BSA 69, (1974), 196-257; Arkhanes- tholos tomb - PZ 45, 152-3; Arkhanes - Grave Enclosure - AAA 5 (1972), 399ff; Phaistos, Tombe dei Nobili Tomb 8 - Mon Ant 14, 533-4; Chania, Tomb behind the Lawcourts - Forschungenauf Kreta, 1942 (Berlin,1951), 73f. 5. For examples of which note the so-called FoundryHoard at Enkomi - CBMW 278-281 and refs.

284

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

6. Some such explanation mightbe looked for in the lightof the bizarreconditionsunder which smithswere apparentlyexpected to work at Pylos - Documents 2, 351-360; see J.T. Hooker, Linear B. An Introduction (Bristol, 1980), 107ff, with references.L.R. Palmer, Mycenaean Greek Texts (Oxford,1963), 279-287. 7. Enkomi^ Foundry Hoard, d 23 - CBMW 162-63 and pl. 25:e; Enkomi, Cachette de Fondeur aux Epées - d 24 - Alasia I, 411, 419-421; 368, Fig. 1; 378, Fig. 9; 418, Fig. 22; Enkomi - Tresorde Bronzes - En komi-Alasia 44, no. 35 and Fig. 3:35; CBMW 163, 2 and pi 25f; Enkomi,MiniatureHoard - Enkomilll, pi 172:6;CBMW 163 and pl. 25d. 8. BSA 69, 242-45. 9. See PAE 1970, 189, PI. 290b = Thera IV, 39, PI 92b. 10. See BSA 69, 248, no. 1 = BKMK 126, no 123. ll.Zakro - PAE 1966, 146f, Fig. 2, pi 131; Zakro 216, fig on ρ 219; Vaphio - AE 1889, 145, 159, pi 8:10, 10a = BKMK 305, no 468 and pi 56; Thera, PAE 1971, 209, pi 291 = Thera V 22, pi 35a, 76. 12. On jugs fromKnossos, Thera and Mycenae - see BKMK pi 31-33; forthe Zakro brazier, refsquoted n. 1 1 above. 13. d BKMK 208-209. 14. C£MW 94 and refs. 15. See 'Abbreviations'. 16. The author made a closer study of the mainland material than was possible for the Cretan. 17. Matthäus,with only a briefnotice of this piece in BSA 69, 249, to go on, assignedit to his VariantE, a distinguishing featureof which is that the rimis separatelycast and attached. 18. Piaton in PAE 1966, 148-49 and Fig. 2, pi 131. 19. AE 1889, 159 and pi 8:10 and 10a = BKMK no 468. 20. Marinatos,PAE 1971, 209 and pi 291 = BKMK no 469. 21. ^4^ 1889, 158 and pi 8,8; detailed drawing,Marinatosin BSA 37 (for 1936-37), 188 Fig. 2. 22. loc. cit. 23. BKMK, 305 24. Two examples fromKnossos - BSA 62, pi 80a (Royal Road); AR 1972-73, 56, Fig. 19 (Unexplored Mansion) and two from the mainland - ChT at Mycenae, pi III, 2 and Kreta, Thera. . . Hellas, pi 254, top, fromRutsi - sufficeto make the point. 25. See, for instance, the unpublished thesis of E.N. Davis, The Vaphio cups and Aegean gold and silver work (1973) and R. Laffineur,Les vases en métal précieux à l'époque mycénienne,Göteborg,1977. 26. See, eg, A. Sakellariou,Antike Kunst 17 (1974) 3-20. 27. RT, frontispieceand pis ix- xi. 28. SG 148, no 855 and pi 134; Kreta, Thera. . . Hellas, pi 217. From CircleA, GraveV. 29. BKMK nos 311, 319, 322, 331 and 337. 30. CBMW 185-86. 31. BSA 69, 238, nos 37, 38, Fig. 24 and ρ 251. 32. CBMW 162-63 and pi 25e. 33. TheraV, pi 56a. 34. C.F.A. Schaeffer,UgariticaI, Paris, 1939, 44 and Fig. 33. 35. Mochlos 62 and Fig. 26, right. 36. Katsambas 46 and pi 8 B, centre= BKMK no 414. 37. BKMK nos 417-18 withrefs. 38. BKMK no 416. 39. BKMK p' 31. 40. AE 1889, pi 8, 6. 41. See BKMK 301-302. 42. BSA 69, 233, no 24 and Fig. 21. 43. BKMK Form 32. 44. Circle Β, 172, Ν 309 and pi 151a, b. Matthäus - BKMK no 321 - describesthe ringas lead. 45. BKMK no 322.

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

285

46. Eg BKMK nos 1,2,6,9,27, 192, 196,208,218,220,294. 47. AJA 67 (1963) 133. 48. BSA 69, 229, no 3 and Fig. 16. 49. 4M 67, 132-33, 149-150. 50. BSA 51 (1956) 8 Iff,especially Fig. 3 and pi 15. 51. op cit Fig. 3, nos 6 and 7 and ρ 98. 52. BSA 47 (1952), 243-277. 53. PPS 21 (1955) 174-197, where such knivesformher classes 3a and 3b; the matteris discussed furtherby her in BSA 53-54, 232-33; see also BSA 63, 95 no 10, Fig. 3 and pi 23g, withρ 107. 54. I am aware of Olaf Höckmann's studyof Minoan/Mycenaeanspears - 'Lanze und Speer im spätminoischen und mykenischenGriechenland', in Jd Römisch-GermanischenZentralmuseumsMainz 27, (1980), 13-158, an expanded versionof his 'Lanze und Speer', ChapterX in Arch Homérica: Kriegswesen 2, Ε 275-319. Also R.A.J. Avila, Bronzene Lanzen- und PfeilspitzendergriechischenSpätbronzezeit (= PrähistorischeBronzefundeV, 1) Munich,1983. It is a testimonyto the obstinacy of the spearheads of the Aegean Bronze Age in resisting wholly convincingclassificationthatnone of the threeUnexploredMansion weapons obviously fitsinto the schemesof eitherHöckmann or Avila. 55. BSA 47,270, Fig. 12 and pi 53; see CBMW 122-23; BSA 63, 105;BSA 69,244. 56. BSA 51, 91, Fig. 4. 57. loc cit no 12. 58. BSA 47, 245-246, 262, Fig. 8. 59.PTKFig. 113. 60. BSA 63, 105-07. 61. BSA 47, 271-72, Fig. 12 and pi 53b, top left. 62. Jdl 77 (1962) 11, Fig. 7; 19, Fig. 12,nosn-r. 63. op cit 26. 64. PPS 21, 175, Evans,Ρ ΤΚ 69, givesthe lengthas 34. 65. PPS 21, 188-190; thislistswell over 70 items. 66. As A. Hardinghas pointed out -PPS 41 (1975) 195ff- knivesare easily transportable, and it is surprisingto find how few Aegean kniveshave been reportedbeyond the main area in which theywere made and used. He quotes fourexamples found in Italy. 67. Hoard in the basementof a house SE of the S House - PM ii, Fig. 394, 5. Le Palais de Mallia i, 104, Figs. 137-38; Outils,no 2900. 68. van Effenterre, to ten saws fromZakro. 69. Zakro, 106, Fig. 55; 110, Fig. 58; Techniques 55, η 4, referring 70. Gourniapi iv, 3. 71. Outils 2899 and 2904. 72. Techniques 55-69, Figs. 43-46, 58-60. See also Palais de Mallia i, 104; Wells in Expedition 16, pt 4 (1974), 2-8. 7S.Prosymna 346, Fig. 244, 1 (LH IIIA - B); Alt Ithaka 1, 209, Fig. 69, 2, (apparently MH). See also Aegean Metalwork,26 and 168, no. 708. 74. A piece of scrap metal - publication forthcoming. 75. Zur Herkunftder kretischenDoppelaxt, Munich, 1959. 76. cf CBMW 91-92 and pl 8. 77. On double-axes,see also Thesauri134-35, and Hardingin PPS 41, 190-93. 78. Outils i, 88-89, ii, 38-39 withpl ix and lv: 2 and 5 79. AE 1906, 133-35, pl VII 3 = PM i, 194, Fig. 141 A; Outils ii, 318 no 718. 80. Aegean Metalwork 25, Type III, 169-170 and pis 14 and 15 has somewhatblurredthe issue of this class of chisel's developmentand chronologyby enmeshingit among the developmentof less specialisedtools. 81. eg Gournia pl iv, 9, 10 and 1 1; PKU pl xxv ?;Palais de Mallia i 103 Fig. 130; PM ii 629 Fig. 392, 12. 82. PTK Fig. 49, fromthe 'Carpenter'sTomb'. 83. SG 223, pl xcviiiand Fig. 57, nos 424, 438 and 773. 84. Thesauri Figs. 23ff and pis 9-10, Mycenae, Tsountas Hoard; 54, no 9 and Fig. 115, Mycenae, Mylonas Hoard, 48 no 9 and Fig. 96, Mycenae,Poros Wall Hoard; 68-69, nos 6a, b, Figs. 128-29 and pl 20g, AthensAkropolisHoard.

286

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

85. Akrotiri,Thera - Thera VII, pi 52e; Kos - Asclepieion,Annuario 50-51 (1975), 255, no 2, Figs. 200, 201, Seragliosettlement,op cit 276-77, Fig. 234, right. 86. Techniques 70-73, with Fig. 47. 87. Outils i, 86-87. 88. Outils ii, 36-37; Aegean Metalwork 169-170. 89. Mallia Palace - Etudes Cretoisesiv, 42 and pi xxiif,Mallia, House delta beta, Etudes Cretoisesix, 60 no 2261; Gournia pi iv, 15-16; PKU pi XXVO. 90. CBMW 95 withreferences. 91. Thesauri45f, Figs. 79-83, possibly fromthe Tsountas Mycenae Hoard; 48, Figs. 9798 and pi 16d, Mycenae Poros Wall Hoard; 60, no 6, Fig. 135 and pi 21e, Athens Akropolis Hoard. 92. Outils i, 46-47; ii, 10-11 and pi 11. 93. Techniques, 69-70 with Figs. 36 and 48. A diagramin Palais de Mallia i, 106, Fig. 142 illustratesone modus operandi forsuch a drill. 94. Gournia pi iv, 12-14; Festos ii, 394 no 40 and Fig. 237f; Unpublished Objects pi XXVQ. 95. Thesauripi 1 7 no IX. 96. BSA 48, pi 2c second fromright;BSA 49, 292 no 418; Thesaun 48, 8d. 97. Spyropoulosin AAA 3 (1970) 264, no 18 and Fig. 3; Thesaun 221 and pi 35a. 98. CBMW 96-97 with Fig. 10 and pi IX; I am now less sure whethermy Type b drills were correctlyidentified. 99. Six are mentionedPKU 119, Ν (called 'stilettos'); one, 1 19.5, is figuredop cit pi XXV; the Gourniaawl - Gourniapi iv, 17 - is 16.7 long. 100. Thesauri37-38, no 12, Figs. 63-71 and pi 13i. 101. Enkomi ii, 623 no 1654 withpi 153 no 12. 102. BSA 69,228 Fig. 17. 103. Knossos, Hospital Tomb II, 4 and III, 14 - BSA 47, 267 and 271, with Fig. 12. 104. BSA 47 , 265 and Fig. 12 - similartweezerswere found in Mavro Spelio Tomb V BSA 28, 257 no 4 and Fig. 38. 105. Annuario xiii- xiv, 274 and Fig. 19. 106. CBMW 229 and references;Thesauri113-116. 107. Thesauri38-40, Figs. 72-76 and pi 14. 108. R.E.Jones and H.W. Catling,Archaeometry19 (1977) 57-66. 109. CBMW 105, withreferences. 110. Aegean Metalwork30 and 173-74. 111. Aegean Metalwork29, 173 and pi 15. 112. Gourniapi iv, 45 and 47. 113. Mallia Maisons ii, 146 and pi LI.3, describedas 'clous'. 114. Festos ii, 373 and Fig. 239, left;Gourniapi iv no 25, 1 10. 115. Gournia,pi iii, 54 and 62. 116. SG pi 162. 117. An exception is the pair fromMallia - Etudes Cretoisesv, 19, wherethe largestrivetis only 2.6 to our 3.2. 118. BKMK plates,passim. 119. BSA 51, 81-99, especially 86 and 99, no 22, with Figs. 1 and 3, pi 16b. 120. PM ii 382-84, PM iv, 993-95; Graham,Palaces of Crete, 175-79 and Fig. 112. 121. EgPTK Fig. 35a fromthe Tomb of the Tripod Hearth. 122. Alasia I, 411, no 12 and 378, Fig. 9. 123. PM 124. Zakro 147, Fig. 90, now exhibited in the Zakro room of the HerakleionMuseum,HM 2611-2612. 125. Thesauri74f, Fig. 139 and pi 23g, 110-111. 126. Hood, BSA 51, 96-97 and references;Sanders,BSA 53-54, 234-35; Catling,BSA 63, 107-108. 121 . Prosymna332Î. 128. Well illustrated by an example from Stamnae Pediados, Tomb E.ll (Herakleion Museum).

SECTION 7.

THE BRONZES

287

129. Razor with plain butt - Prosymna Fig. 604, fromTomb XXVI; razor withlong tangCircle Β pi 100 a and b, Mycenae Circle B, Tomb Iota; razor with shorttang ('cruciform')PTK Fig. 78, fromTomb 64. 130. BSA 53-54, 234-35. 131. BSA 51, 98 with Fig. 4 and pi 15a, top centre. 132. CBMW 229 and pi 40g. 133. EgPKU pi XXVU; Gourniapi iv, 30. 134. On these, see Branigan,Bronze Workingin Early Bronze Age Crete, Lund, 1968, ρ 32 and 36-38. 135. BSA 28, 268 and Fig. 38, fromMavro Spelio Tomb IX; BSA 47, 277 and Fig. 18, from Tomb V, 10. 136. CretanCollection,45-46, nos 210-216 and pi XV. 137. Aegean Metalwork33, 176-77, nos 1442-1453. 138. Mallia Maisons ii, pi 29, Β 3 and 51, 2. 139. CretanCollection, 8. 140. Op cit 12, nos 24-31 and pis IV-V. 141. AJ. Evans in PM Index sv figurines'; W. Lamb, GreekBronzes, London, 1929; Cretan Collection 6-9, with references.Davaras, 'Trois bronzes minoens de Skoteino' in BCH 93 (1969) 620-650; the same, 'Chalkini Minoïki Latreis tis Sullogis Metaxa' in AE 1977 (1979) 109-127. 142. L 109, L 137, L 124, H 15, H 90, H 199, O 3 and Ν 76. 143. Such moulds as Gourniapl. iii. 144. Possiblyfromsaws, M 70 and M 97; possiblyfromvesselsM 1,M18,M23,M39,M51, M 106, M 127, M 131, M 182, H 39. 145. M 185, M 5, M 22, M 130, M 113, M 186,M 86, M 10, M 132, M 7, Ν 129, M 2, M 187, M 92a, M 189, M 190, L 20, L 27, L 25, L 13, L 67, H 200, H 201, H 202, H 87, H 73, H 203, H 76, Ρ 131, Ρ 134 and Ν 77. 146. L 139, L 140, H 29 and Ρ 12. 147. Gourniapl. iii, 27. 148. Eg. the Gourniamould, Gourniapl. iii. 149. M 194, L 145, L 93, L 30, L 146, L 29, L 31, L 17, L 147, L 148, H 43, H 102, H 208 and Ρ 62. 150. See Archaeometry19 (1977) 61. 151. M 192, M 193, L 142, L 143, H 9, H 47, H 206, Ρ 135, Ρ 29, Ν 65, Ν 66, Ν 67 and Ν 68. 152. Η 94, Η 95, Η 64, and Ν 79. 153. L 144, Η 207, Ο 4 and O 5 Ν 26. 154. CretanCollection 11, no. 14 and pl. II; op cit 12, no. 35 and pl. VII. 155. CBMW 276 and pi 5 If. There were jets in the Cape Gelydonia cargo - Bass, Cape Gelydonia 114-116 and Fig. 127, Β 229-234. 156. L 73, L 141, Η 204, Η 12, Η 2, Η 205, Ν 10 and N 32. 157. Complete, M 195, M 196, H 92, H 68, H 209, Ρ 66, P. 67 and Mise. 4; frags.,L 149, L 52, Mise. 5-8. 158. Hesperia 21 (1962) 277 and pi 98. 159. A Historyof Metallurgy, London, 1976, 20, Fig. 13L and 18, Fig. 11. 160. Aegean Metalwork,69-71 and 203 nos C1-C22. 161. Thermi157 and references. 162. In P. Mountjoy,Four Early Mycenaean Wells(Mise Graeca Fasc 4) 80-85. 163. Enkomi ii, 731, no 904; 737, no 1195, pi 174. 164. Eg Gournia pi iii, 62 (?nail or staple, ratherthan billet); largerbillets,of course, will have been cast in the composite mould, ibid no 67. 165. Zur Herkunftder kretischenDoppelaxt, 7-8. 166. Op cit, 37-38. 167. Thesauri,passim. 168. For this pin type see CBMW 71, referringto GreekPins 133f and Âstr'ôm,The Middle

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Cypriot Bronze Age, Lund, 1957 201 and 250f (= SCE IV, pt). The pin was particularly popular in Cyprus in the transitionalperiod between MC III and LC I - cf eg Karageorghis, Nouveaux Documents pour l'Étude du Bronze Recent à Chypre,Paris 1965, ρ 52 and references.

SECTION 8. The otherfinds 1. In this and the followingdiscursivesections, the same abbreviationsforsize and weight are retained as have been used in the catalogues. Illustrationsinvolvingpatternedpieces were drawnby the skilledhand of Sue Bird. In preparingthe catalogue entries,I wish to acknowledge the expert help of I.K. Whitbread,Science Officerof the Fitch Laboratory (Petrology)at the BSA, on matters of identificationof stone type; and generallytoo that of Harriet Blitzer Watrous,whose deep practical expertiseand experience helped me gain a perspectiveon these objects: cf. her Ground Stone Implementsat Gournia, Temple UniversityAegean Symposium 4 (1979) 46ff. 2. Excluding such items as pumice, obsidian and the 'neolithic' axes: all of which were put to a practicaluse. 3. Such 'damage' can be broadly divided into polishing, and chipping/abradingfrom actions. No opportunityhas presenteditselfto engage in large scale experpounding-grinding imentsto determinewhat tasks cause what kind of damage. 4. For example, was a stone now displayinga prominentgloss chosen for that quality to act as a polisher,or did it acquire the same as a resultof beingused forpolishing?Certaintyis not always possible. 5. Eight from LMII contexts;? 1 fromlater ones. Compare Hawes, Gournia 32.12, pl. Ill (datingMMIII- LMI) - fromthe Hill House, a buildingof rank,but no closer contextsgiven. 6. Over 10 from sundry LMII levels; with others in mixed tool groups from Room H 222, (H 228): indeed the majorityare fromthisroom. Cf. Hawes, Gournia 32.3, pl. Ill (dating MMIII- LMI) - of unknowncontext and uncertainuse therefore. 7. Seven from LMII layers, ?2 later. 'Palettes': Xanthoudides, VTM passim, e.g. pl. xxi, xxxviii (?cosmetic purposes) in various Mesara tholoi (EM- MMII); Hazzidakis, VMT 98.1, pl. xxviii.wfromTylissos (MMIII- LMI); and Hawes, Gournia 32.56, pl. Ill forgrindingcolours (MMIII-LMI). Ovoid disc: Warren,Myrtos 234.192, Fig. 102 (EMU). Humped form: Warren, BSA 60 (1965) Group Ha, 312.71 & 72, Fig. 24 and pl. 80a (LMIII) at Palaikastro. 8. Eight fromLMII contexts, ?1 froma later. Cf. Hawes, Gournia 32.24, pl. Ill, which is close to L 18 (MMIII-LMI). 9. Seventeen from LMII debris; 9 from later periods; 5 of uncertaindate. A good set of comparanda are available from: Warren,Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) 307ff,Fig. 24, pls. 80a, b (MM-LMIII); Warren,Myrtos spherical with facets, Group Ib and lib, 234.184; spherical, Group la, 233.180-181; ovoid, Group Vb, 234; rod, Group IV, 233.182 - (all EMU), and cf. 307, ftnt. 100 for others listed from Tylissos, Trapeza and Mallia; Pendlebury,Karphi, BSA 38 (1937-38) 125.575, pl. xxx.3 (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan). 10. Five belong to LMII levels, 1 fromlater. Cylindrical:Pernier,Festos I 235, Fig. 112 close to M 4 (MMII); Hawes, Gournia 32.14-16, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Warren,Palaikastro, BSA 60 (1965) 314.104, Fig. 21 (LMIb); Pendlebury,Karphi, BSA 38 (1937-38) 124ff., 256 and 610, pl. xxx.i (LMIIIc- Sub Minoan). Expanded Cylindrical:Chevallier,Mallia, E.C. xx 125, pl. xxxviii.5 (MMI); Hawes, Gournia 32.27, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Pendlebury,Karphi, BSA 38 (1937-38) 124ff.,339 and 579, pl. xxx.i (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan). tool. 1 1. M 197 mightconceivablybe a workingblock ratherthan a polishing-pounding 12. Nine of LMII date, ?4 later. None are complete. Cf. Warren,Myrtos 224ff. (EMU); Hawes, Gournia 32.50, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Warren,Palaikastro,BSA 60 (1965) 314.106 (LMIb). 13. For such a case, compare Shaw, He speria 46 (1977) 218 (LMI-III). 14. Three grooved, 6 plaques, 7 thin plates (with 7 undetermined)in LMII levels; 5 grooved and 3 plaque-formsare later: to which study of the Trench Note Books could add a few more of the 'potential' classes fromall periods. Though I can findno Minoan parallelsfor the grooved

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forms,thereexist,plaques: Warren,Myrtos 236.202, Fig. 103 (EMU); Hawes, Gournia 32.2931, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI); Pendlebury,Karphi,BSA 38 (1937-38) 125, pl. xxx.3 (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan); and thinplates: Chevallier,Mallia,E.C. xx 126, pl. xxxix.2 (MMI). 15. The firstpoint at which this may occur is, of course, duringthe excavation itself,when the objects may not be recognized for what they are - and here it should be rememberedthat the LMII levels of the Unexplored Mansion are marked by a massive stone collapse fromits upper storeys,as well as being riddled by subsequent robbing. Both factors will scatter the material and therebyhinderits retrieval.The second stage of loss occurs with the element of 'choice' that may impel the excavators to reject certainitems. The affairis not, however,as one-sidedas this mightsuggest.For whilst some tools have no doubt escaped detection,others have probably been added. This contrarysituation arises fromthe habit of packingwalls with rubble (particularlyhere - giventhe amount of tumbledwall debrisinvolvedin thissite): tools of all sorts (includingobsidian) are bound to find theirway into walls of such construction, fromwhich theycan re-emergein theiroverthrow,withoutthe excavatorbeing any the wiser. 16. Consult the individualroom accounts, wherethe difficultiesattendantin locatingproper floorsand datable horizonsare mournfullynoted. 17. Close nearby,and slightlylower in the fill,are the two othermixed tool groups (H 222, 228) mentionedpreviouslyin footnote6. 18. Cf. Warren,Myrtos 228.141-142 (EMU); but compare too, Catling, BSA 74 (1979) 61. S 34, Fig. 42 (LMI); and Hawes, Gournia 32.32-33, pl. Ill (MMIII-LMI), where it is suggestedthat theyare hammers.Perhapsone is to envisagethemas beingheld in a forkedgrip, the two depressionsacting as some kind of locating socket. This would at least tally with the mentions the 'spindle-stand'identifimarks of pounding seen on mine. Dr. J. Carington-Smith cation at Myrtosas plausible, but has no otherexamples: I thankher forpermissionto include this and subsequent comments drawn from her unpublishedthesis - 'Spinning,Weavingand Textile Manufacturein PrehistoricGreece' (Hobart, Tasmania 1975). Cf. Hall, Vrokastro121, fromthe settlementand of Geometricdate. 19. One should note too the serpentinelamp (L 94) coated on the interiorwith a similar looking substance: the two are not linked stratigraphically.Specular haematite lumps are recorded from Rooms M and G/H - which is an interestingcoincidence that could argue for the powders being derived from that substance. Analysiswill be attempted- but since both ochre and haematite are essentiallythe same mineral,I am not sure of success. Amongstthe uses for red iron oxide, other than as a pigment,is its qualities as a polishing agent with metals - Wulff,The TraditionalCraftsof Persia 34, Fig. 40 (Cambridge,Massachusetts1966). 20. Consistingof 3 polishers/grinder-pounders, pestle, emery rod, pumice, and two whetstones (1 grooved). 2 emerypieces, pumice, a polisher/grinder-pounder, 21. Perhaps up to 6 grinder-pounders, a quern fragment,and 3 whetstones. metals in Room L; ivoryand precious metalsin Room M; 22. Such as ivory/crystal/precious and ivory/crystal/precious metals again in Room P. 23. In fairness,I should qualify that bald statementa little by pointingout that above the central and southern'basement' rooms of the Unexplored Mansion, and maybe amongstthem too to some degree,the workingor storage of metal was undertaken:hammerstones,abrasives and whettingtools would all be of use in such a milieu. 24. Identifiedfrom the fact that it scratches SheffieldSteel and rock-crystal,and froma visualinspectionby I.K. Whitbread. 25. The only account published to date for Crete is contained in Warren,MSV 160, with referenceto traces left on bore cores fromstone vase production (LM date), and a chip froma mixed level. 26. Recent excavations by Warren behind the StratigraphicalMuseum at Knossos have yielded many stone tools: a suitable milieu forfurtherpieces of emeryto appear in. 27. How practical is such a groove in use? Unless a short rod is placed in it, and both hands - grippingeitherend - used to bear down harder? 28. Cf. Lucas and Harris,AEMI 423ff.,which givesfurtherreferences. 29. See especiallyfootnotes5 to 14 above. 30. As footnote29. 31. Cf. passim, Platon, Praktika 1961 to date (MMIII-LMI). Othergood seriesare expected

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from Myrtos, Pyrgos and Kommos on the south coast, and recent British excavations at Knossos itself: cf. forKommos, Shaw, Hesperia 46-48 (1977-79), passim in the annual report of excavation. 32. Pumice (hardnessb' on Mohs' scale) has been used in a ground formin metal polishes (Encyclopedia Britannicallth editionVol. 22 645). 33. See the opinion expressed by Sakellarakis in Thera and the Aegean World,Congress, II. 2.37 6, where he observes that it was used as an abrasivein the ivoryworkshopin the House of Shields at Mycenae. More on this can be found in his Ivory and its workingin Mycenaean Times (Greekand Germantext), pages 31-2. Amongstthe otheruses thatpumice mightbe put to in the Minoan/Aegeanworld are the formationof cones for the legs of plastered offering tables (Doumas in Thera Congress77.2.376), and as a suggestedinsulatingmaterial(on roof of LMIb house at Chania - Hankey in Thera Congress77.2.340), and see too footnote35. 34. Four + only on floordeposits - Rooms L (1), Ν (several). 35. A very comprehensivereview of the distributionof pumice in Crete (from Neolithic times to the present) is presentedby Faure in Thera Congress7.422ff. He lists Mallia and its environs,Amnisos,Mirou Khani, Arkalochori,Zakro and Chania fromthe LM period, and also takes the opportunityto catalogue uses of pumice - both ancient and modern,fromwhich I mentionits alleged presence in the fabricof LMIIIb wares at Knossos (p. 423). Otherexamples of pumice as a tool can be seen at Mallia (cf. footnote 37 for reference),and at Kommos Shaw, Hesperia 46 (1977) 208 in LMIII contexts. 36. This materialis drawn fromLMII destructionlevels in the centre and southernareas of the Mansion: which only servesto underlinethe fact that the eruptionhad takenplace before the end of the LMII period, c. 1425 B.C. 37. Reported by Pichler in Thera Congress 77.2.304. The pumice in question had been investigatedby neutronactivation,and the identificationmade on the identical match of rare earths between it and the 'Minoan' pumice at Thera (which differsfrom all other Aegean pumice sources known to him). A fulleraccount is givenby Pichlerin A.A. 1980 35, the pieces comingfromRooms H and M. More analysisis promisedin the future. 38. There is no reason to argue that such pumice fell on Crete, ratherit could have washed onto the northerncoasts gradually as the sea currentsand wind carriedit fromThera. Or it mighthave been broughtby some human agency. 39. See forthcomingarticle for a breakdown by type (i.e. core, blade, flake etc.) and utilizationdamage. The materialcan also be dividedby the period of its context: 5 to pre-LMII levels, 69 to LMII, 30 fromLMIII, 6 frompost-Minoan,and 9 of uncertaindate. A room-byroom account gives A:8; B:2; C:3; D:6; H:48; L:6; M: 14; N:2; 0:5; P:5; N. Corridor:10; NE Platform: 6 ; S of building: 1, and a few unplaced. The figuresare provisional. 40. Cf. Renfrew et alii, BSA 60 (1965) 229ff. for descriptionsof the various sorts of obsidian available in the Aegean. Also Cherry,Thera Congress77.2.305 stressesthat not all Giali obsidian has white spherulitesin its matrix,some pieces are devoid of themand distinctly translucent. 41. The potential of the restwas neverignored- see laterin the discussion. 42. Seferiades,Mallia, E.C.xx 24, 109, pls. vi-vii; Crabtree,AmericanAntiquity 33 (1968) 446ff. Also in conversationwithHarrietBlitzerWatrous(a studentof the latter). 43. Surely not a verysuitable use to put obsidian to - it would be likelyto chip and break in the hand, with consequent dangerto fingers,or worse leave sherdsof glass in the substance beingstruck. 44. Crested blades are those produced on the core by removinga series of flakes fromtwo opposed directions,obtainingtherebya veiy characteristicshape and profile.Firstseriesblades are those firstremoved,often carryingtrimmingflake scars or cortex, whilstthe second series have only the scarsleftby the detachmentof previousblades. 45. I mention here one or two blades that have the occasional crescentic'bites' removed fromone side, givinga denticulatedeffect. 46. The most relevantwork to the UnexploredMansion materialwould be the D.Phil, thesis of George Diamond, who investigatedsuch mattersin relation to the obsidian fromNeolithic Knossos. To this may be added Wilmsen,A.Ant. 33 (1968) 156ff.;Semenov,PrehistoricTechnology 111 (more to do with flintthan obsidian); and Kantman,BSPF 68 (1971) 200ff. A

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good review of the position of microwear studies may be found by Keeley, W.A. 5 (1973) 323ff., with support given later by Odell, W.A. 7 (1975-6) 226ff.: both of which articles contain useful bibliographies.A recent study of specificallyCretan obsidian may be found in the Temple University Aegean Symposium3 (1978) 36ff.by N. Hartmann. 47. There is no coherentsize range as there was for the blades, rathermost flakes measure less than 2.5 cm. in length,with some attaining4.0 cm., and a thicknessof 2.0 cm. In contrast, the blades have a widthof 0.8 to 1.0 cm and a uniformthicknessof 0.15 to 0.2 cm., thoughthe crestedvarietyreach 0.7 cm. Since they are all fragments(33 in total), theiraveragelengthof 1.0 to 2.5 cm. probablyhas no significance. 48. Not, at any rate,in comparisonwith the debrisfroman unequivocal knappingoperation, which will number in the hundredsor even thousands of pieces - see WarrenAAA 5 (1972) 393 forthe EMU 'Royal Road' example at Knossos. 49. Such have been the observations of other scholars: Bosanquet, BSA Supplementary Mallia, E.C. xvii 17; and Shaw, Hesperia 46 Paper 4 (1904) 232 for Phylakopi,Van Effenterre, (1977) 211, ftnt.21. The period of maximum use is confined to pre- and firstpalatial times, though Bosanquet does suggestthat it was retained still later,perhaps in the main foragriculturalactivities. 50. Van Effenterre, Mallia, E.C. xvii 17ff., pls. xxv 3 and 4, xxvii 3; xxix. Warren,Knossos, AAA 5 (1972) 392ff.and Figs. - both belong to the EMU period. 51. Cf. examples of vases in Warren,MS V Table 8 146ff.;and 36 Type 15 - Chalices (LMI), 86 Type 34.B1 - Rhyton (LMI); and 9 Type 35 - Shell vases (LMI); amongst others. For sealstones see Sakellarakis and Kenna, CMS IV seals 157, 166, 195, 207 - all dated by the authors to between MMIII- LMI. Lastly, note below its use for arrowheads throughoutthe Bronze Age in the Aegean. 52. Catling,BSA 74 (1979) 61 in particular. 53. Sakellarakis,Praktika1974 207ff. 54. Sakellarakis,Praktika1974 211. 55. Tsountas,DS 325. 56. Buchholz,/d/ 77 (1962) 1 ff.,and Fig. 10a. 57. Buchholz lists one such of obsidian (on 40 of his catalogue), and some 3 of flint(on 36) - all fromthe area of Knossos. 58. How one interpretsthe sole example from the Unexplored Mansion is up to the individual'spreference- loss or storage are the most likely. Manufacturecannot be totally ruled out and it is suggestive,but no more, thanin H 17 we have a stone tool reminiscentof the 'arrow-shaftstraighteners'(all of stone) collected by Buchholz, Jd I 77 (1962) 4ff., Fig. 1 albeit most of the stones are perhaps not suited forsuch work,as it involvesthe application of heat (HarrietBlitzer Watrous- personal communication).A device forsharpeningbone points or even a swage. may be a more accurate interpretation, 59. Over 300 vase fragmentswere collected, fromwhich only a score of vesselscan be firmly associated withthe Minoan occupation. 60. In the catalogue and the followingdiscussionalike, referenceis made to the corresponding type of vessel in Warren'sMinoan Stone Vases, without seekingin everyinstanceto locate exact parallels which seldom exist anyway. 61. H 89 mightbelong to a pyxis. 62. For a general review of such stands, with comparanda from several sources and an appreciation of their role in both palatial and 'domestic' milieux, cf. Warren,BSA 60 (1965) 257,313. 63. One mightcompare this to a pyramidalstand (of gypsum,and slightlylarger)fromthe House of the High Priest, Knossos - Evans, PM IV.i 209ff, Fig. 160. There Evans interprets it as a double-axe stand, but givenits position in an interiorroom, it mighthave supported a lamp. 64. Unless NC 29 had the hollow shaftof a double axe slipped over the top of the central sealstone fromthe Idean cave - Evans, pillar. Betterthoughis a parallel seen on a rock-crystal PM IV.i 210, Fig. 162. Here, in a scene of worship,stands an incurved-sidebase supportinga tapered pillar. Evans saw it as a flame on an altar. Less exactly comparable illustrationsof - Evans,PM I 160ff,Figs. 115/6. baetylscan be found on a numberof gold finger-rings

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65. Warren,Myrtos138/9 has a summarizedaccount of theseclay tubs. 66. Marinatos,AD 1927-8 7Off,pl. 1.10; and anotherfromSitea - Papadopoulos, 4th C.C. A.II413,pl. 119a. 67. Cf. a similarvase fromnear The Tomb of the Double Axes - Evans, TDA 3ff,Fig. 4. For the Egyptianoriginals- WarrenMS F 1 12. 68. Though Warrenhas no parallels forthe decorativemotifin MSV, the interlockingtrefoil can be seen in some faience inlay pieces fromthe 6th Kasella in The Long Gallery(WestWing) of the palace at Knossos (MMIII) - Evans,PM I 452, Fig. 324. 69. Rhyta, entirelyMinoan in style,but cut fromEgyptianalabaster, are known fromthe Palace of Knossos - Evans,PM Il.ii 822, Fig. 537.0. 70. Bull's head rhytaare the commonestform,and the only ones to employ chlorite. 71. Cf. Warren,MSV P.465 - the vase quoted in footnote69. 72. The bull evading the net on the Vapheio Cup has its lower ribs portrayedby two indentations- Marinatosand Hirmer,Crete and Mycenae pl. 178: this is quite probablywhat our artistsoughtto portray,but withless success. 73. One that was most often expressed in this formin the Second Palatial period (MMIIILMI). 74. Halbherr,Annuario 55 (1977) 83, Fig. 51. 75. Alexiou, Katsamba 71ff,pl. 33. 76. Marinatosand Hirmer,Creteand Mycenae pl. 178-81. 77. Also portrayedpainted onto a crystalplaque - Evans,PM III 108ff,Fig. 61. 78. Marinatosand Hirmer,Creteand Mycenae pl. 1 17 - bottom. 79. Evans,PM III 176/7. 80. Guide marks to help in positioninginlays and parts of composite wholes are knownin a number of crafts: ivory/bone - Evans, PM I 496, Fig. 354a; faience - Pernier,M. Ant. xii 96-6, Fig. 30; stone - Pernier,Festos I 415ff., and the same principleutilized by the stone vase maker is seen at Thera - Marinatos,Thera V Praktika 1971 207ff,pl. 284/5. The same Τ markis found on ivories,faienceand stone objects alike. 81. As now seems likely - Warren,AE 1979 108. Previously,opinion had assignedthemto a Syro-Palestiniansource. 82. Warren,PalaikastroBSA 60 (1965) 305ff. 83. There exist, however,two sets of evidence that do demonstratesuch processes: 6 bore cores and 2 'wedgingstones' (cf. Warren,MS V 158-60). All date frompost-LMII deposits,and thusneed have no connectionwiththe main period of occupation (PLATE 217, 8-10). 84. The lids do not seem to directlybelong to any of the existingvases. 85. For a generalappreciationof these points - Warren,MS V 186ff,and individuallyunder the variousvase types. 86. As for the stone vases, whilst there is no reason to suspect actual manufacturein the Mansion, a certainamount of debris fromsuch activitieshas foundits way inside. Certainrock crystalshave been cut by a saw, with tracesof Pemerystillvisible.Similarwork witha saw can be seen on fragmentsof serpentineand chlorite (LMII deposits), along with scratchedguidelines. In each the saw blade was less than 1 mm. in width- (PLATE 219, 23). 87. Woodworkingon a small scale is a likelytask. 88. For theirpresence in the EM/MM periods - Warren,BSA 59 (1964) 98; Myrtos 232; Xanthoudides,VTM 80, 86 and generallyPendlebury,AC 35 and 52. 89. Thus - Pendlebury,KarphiBSA 38 (193 7-38) 125, pl. xxx.2. 90. Shaw, Annuario 49 (1971) 54, 229 (Appendix F) has collected the Cretan examples, largelydatingto MMIII- LMI. 91. H 229 resembles the elongated arm of the Poros example (Lembessis, Praktika 1967 208-9, pl. 193a), whilstMisc. 22 recalls ratherthose illustratedby Shaw (Annuario49 (1971) 54, Fig. 42) fromPalaikastroand Pseira. 92. The point is made by many authors- furtherstrengthened by the existenceof a unique clay version (a rhyta),Davaras, GCA 271, 323. Theiruse by the priesthoodis, on the one hand, affirmedby Davaras, but meets withmore equivocal supportfromothers(Hood, Minoans 105; APG 174). 93. The working of metals was, of course, a primaryactivityin the Mansion: not only bronzes,but lead and preciousmetals to a lesserextentas well.

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94. Parallelsto the 'mace-heads'are gatheredby Shaw (Annuario49 (1971) Appendix F.I). Evans, TDA 17-18 comments on their probable priestly function in passing. The MUM examples do not openly declare theirsacred or industrialintent,as objects of value - including the contents of a shrine- are found alongside more ordinaryones. Misc. 19, at least, fromits surfacecondition,appears to have been pressedinto some secondaryuse. 95. Since thereis a strongsuspicion that the LMII occupants of the Mansion were engaged in collectingscrap forremeltingon a grandscale (Popham,AR 1972-3, 58), it may be that the broken condition of both objects was occasioned by their removal from a damaged blade requiredforreworking. 96. Warren,BSA 60 (1965) presentsa briefexegisison pommels. Ρ 37 has close parallelsin Tomb 36 at Zafer Papoura, Knossos - one of ivory,anotherof agate: Evans,PTK 56-7, Figs. 58/9. 97. The examples from Tomb 36 at Zafer Papoura measure 4.5 to 5 cm. in diameter: smallerthan ours. 98. Its highly polished surface would make it suitable for burnishingclay - but, still, identificationas a knifehandle seems preferable. 99. Necklaces made up of beads of but one substance are quite common; viz. Archanes: Sakellarakis,AD 21 Β (2) 412 - carnelian;Isopata, Knossos: Evans,PTK 151, Fig. 130 - lapis lazuli; Kalyvia, Phaistos: Savignoni,NP HOff, Figs. 74-6 - carnelian, amethystand agate. Though one should note that these belong more to the period of the Mycenaean presence in Crete (LMII-IIIa1). 100. For an impressionof the generalrun of bead types available (in LMIb), cf. a necklace fromPalaikastro- Popham, BSA 60 (1965) 303.17, Fig. 17, pl. 79c and Colour. Spheres,discs and tubularbeads are all represented,as are peg-toppedpendants.The rangeof substancesalso as parallels those fromthe Mansion closely. This example representsa composite arrangement, opposed to those in the previous footnote. Braceletsare, of course, anotherpotentialsource see forexample, those shown on the Thera frescoes:Marinatos,Thera VII - colour plate H. 101. Good parallels exist in Crete for this object: Zakro (LMIb) Platon, Zakros 219; and at Isopata, Knossos (LMII-IIIa) Evans, PTK 153.30, Fig. 134. Platon suggeststhey might be intendedas heads for long metal pins - as seen at an earlierdate in Grave Circle A, Mycenae (Karo, SM pl. xxxi) fromGraveIII. 102. Such small objects as beads, apart frombecoming heirlooms,will also traveleasily in disturbedsoils - such as are seen at the Northernend of the Mansion. One cannot, then, be completelycertainthatsome beads did not belong to LMII deposits originally. 103. Compare footnotes99 and 100. 104. Twenty one or two buttons' are recorded: 1 froman LMII context,some dozen from post-Minoan,and the restfromLMIIIa- b. 105. For a fulleraccount of the manufacturing processesof these buttons,cf. Evely,BSA 75 (1980) 136. 106. Carington-Smith(in her thesis on Textile Manufacturein PrehistoricGreece) believes and also in the size of them to be too small - both in regardto theiroverall diameter/weight, the centralholes. 107. Iakovides,BSA 72 (1977) 113 ffsummarizesprecedingviews on the question of identification, and concludes that the available data are in favour of weights for dresses or dress accessories. 108. When strung as necklaces, there are many examples of them offered in LMIII: Savignoni,M. Ant. xiv 1 11-2, Fig. 76 is just one of a multitude. 109. Room Β has 2; Room C 2; over Rooms C/D 2; the Central and South Areas 7; the NorthArea 5 and the exteriorregionsto the northof the Mansion provide 3. 110. Though exactlywhat is not obvious. 111. The chronologiesworked out by Wace and Biegen, endorsed by Iakovides, BSA 72 (1977) 113, 115, allocate only clay specimens to LHI- III (conical/biconical), with stone equivalentsintroducedalongside them in LHIIIa; and culminatein the developmentof various shankedformsin later LHIIIa- c times. 112. 1 from Room C; 2 fromRoom D; 4 + fromthe CentralAreas; 2 fromRoom M, and 1 fromRoom P. 113. The use of rock crystalplaques as inlays is well attestedby objects fromthe Temple

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Repositories,Knossos (MMIIIb) - Evans, PM I 469ff, Figs. 337, 340. 'Lenses' are paralleledby components of the Draught Board from the same source, and again later in the Mavrospelio cemetery- Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 288, Fig. 40 vii.A.13. Such lenses are not suitable to act as magnifying glasses,as the distortionis ratherbad. 114. An inlaid crystaleye is associated with a serpentinebull's head rhytonfromthe Little Palace at Knossos - Evans,PM Il.ii 530 (LMII- Ilia1). The pupil and iriswere painted onto the hollow back of the crystal. 115. An earlierinterestis shown in an amulet fromthe Tholos tomb at Aghios Onouphrios (EM probably) - Evans, Pictographs 110, Fig. 90: this is made by fixinga crystalinto a gold leaf 'setting'.No shapingof the crystalwas undertaken. 116. Beads of crystal (shaped and plainly decorated) come from the tholoi of Porti and Plátanos - both of which have a definiteMMI- II period of use. The firstsealstonesof crystal are MMI- II too, Evans, PM I 199, 271-4; to which can be added an MMII seal workshop at Mallia, Poursat,KMS 11 Iff. 117. See footnotes113 and 114. 118. The best knownwhole vase is the Zakro rhyton(LMIb) - Platon, Zakros 139, figure. 119. A suitable context for such a weightwould be in workingout proportionsof metals to mix an alloy accurately,cf. Catlingand Jones,Archaeometry19.1, 57ff. 120. Petruso, Thera CongressII. 1 547ffoffersa usefulsummaryof knowledge- withregard primarilyto lead weights;Evans, CN 336ff gives a detailed examination of many weighttypes (up to 1906 only). 121. Alexiou, Katsamba 54, Fig. 28a. 122. The tolerance of accuracy is withinacceptable limitsforthese,but the last weightfrom the Katsamba group fallsoutside these bounds. At 28.0 gm.,it does indeed closely approximate to 5/12 of the subsidiaryunit - but such a fractionseems alien to the Minoan system,which prefersmultiplesof 3 and 4. However, the same weightis withinthe tolerancefor 2 Egyptian gold units (upper limit of 13.9 gm.): could it be used for conversionin 'Minoan/Egyptian' transactions?Evans claims (CN 349.13, Fig. 5) that a haematiteweightfromthe Palace area (12.6 gm) belongs to this same Egyptian scale. Finally, from Mavrospelio comes a lead equivalent (Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 253, Fig. 6 - Tomb III), in the company of lead disc weightsand the remainsof a pair of bronze scale pans. 123. Required is the sort of object (though on a smallerscale, and perhapsbetterin wood) generallyviewed as offeringtables/kernoi(cf. Karageorghis,4th C.C. 254ff). Note that on page 259, Karageorghismentions,with some approval, a French theory that would view some of such stone objects as boards fora 'sacred game'. This line is taken yet furtherby Van Effentere (BCH 79 (1955) 541ff) who postulatesthat a type of 'battleships'was played on them. 124. Some early equivalents (EMU) of clay fromMyrtosare published by Warren(Myrtos 217, pl. 79.E). Add to this an EMIII sealstone depicting a man engaged in a game on a chequered board, witha triangularplayingpiece (Evans,PM I 124, Fig. 93a). 125. Cf. Boardman, GGF 36 and 47; withvariousfiguresthere,and coloured plates opposite pages 38 and 48. 126. A good range of examples can be seen in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford - Kenna, Cretan Seals illustratesmany of these, with descriptionsand discussion. His 226-232 group includes some (230, 231) that stillretainscratchesfromthe abrasioncarriedout in creatingthe facets. 127. Of some 120 recognizablepieces, all but 10 (excluding the bone tools) are associated with LMII contexts. The later items are mostlypins, with an occasional (Predeposited)plaque and a lid fragmentmakingup the total. 128. Taylor, BSA 50 (1955) 248ff; Baier et alii, SC 1971 Iff - on the effectsof heat on ivory. 129. The lentoids have no parallels known to me fromCrete,and are rareeven on the Mainland. One similarto ours is displayed in Case 30 (Mycenae) in the National Museum at Athens. Cf. Poursat,BEFAR 230 bis 16.35d, pl. Ill 35/2608 whereit is called a button. Since the holes do not interconnecton the Cretan examples, they could not have been sewn into position. Anotherexample in Poursat, 151.443, pl. xlvi,443/1991 is peppered withholes - fartoo many to have all been used forpegs: could some of the lentoidshave been used as gamingcounters?

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130. A glimpseof the lost splendoursof thissortmay be caughtin the Linear Β tabletsfrom Pylos and Knossos - Ventris and Chadwick, Documents Ed. 2 339ff (Py 239, 242) and 365 (Kn. 265). From ArchanesTholos A (LMIIIa) comes a ?foot-stool- Sakellarakis,CIM i, pl. v. 131. There are no close parallels fromLM Crete,but a few somewhatsimilaritemsfromthe Mainland are held in the National Museum, Athens. Poursat,BEFAR 230 bis pl. xxxvii.345. For earlier(EM- MM) examples - Xanthoudides, VTM pl. lviii. 132. Cf. Tomb 36, Zafer Papoura - Evans, PTK 56-7, Fig. 58. Remains of others are known at Sellopoulo Tomb 4 - Catling,BSA 69 (1974) 226.2, pl. 39, Figs. 16-17; and at Sanatorium Tomb II - Hood, BSA 47 (1952) 265.11 (3), pl. 50b, Fig. 15a. All of much the same date as ours, or a littlelater. 133. The object is unlikely to be a spindle whorl, for reasons of size and weight - as mentionedabove with regardto the pierced stone 'buttons' (cf. footnote 106). So-called ivory and bone whorlsare reportedat Sphoungaras- Hall, Excavations in Eastern Crete III. 2 53; and at Mallia - Deshayes and Dessenne,EC xi.73, pls. xxi 2.4, xxx 2: fromearliercontexts. 134. Best seen at Zakro - Platon, Zakros 245. The largestis said to be 70 cms. in length. 135. One shows clear signsof havingbeen sawn to shape. 136. The best comparativematerialis fromthe debrisof an ivory/boneworkshop (LMIb) by the Royal Road at Knossos (unpublished); but there exist too both relief carved plaques: Palaikastro Dawkins, PKU 125ff, Figs. 108/9 (LMIb); Archanes Sakellarakis,Archaeology 20 278 (LMIIIa); as well as ribbedand plain plaques: Mallia Demargne,EC vii 57/8, pl. lxviii (MM); Mallia Demargne,EC ix.18, pl. xlvi (MM-LM). 137. This device recalls the dovetail joint (in profile), and is probably taken froma woodworker'srepertoire.Since it is mostly contained withinthe object concerned,its sides must be cut down by a chisel first,and the restpared away. The mortiseis generally2-4 cms. in length, 1 wide, and slightlyless deep. 138. Most pyxides are carved in low relief- but one carryingan incisedpatternis recorded fromAghia Triadha: Halbherr,Annuario 55 (1977) 97, Fig. 64-5. 139. Cf. Evans, PM Il.ii 727; III 428ff; and Hood, AR 1957-1962 passim for more recent finds at the Royal Road. For wing fragmentsthat recall the general shape of ours - Poursat, BEFAR 230 bis, pl. xxxv.333 fromMycenae. 140. Were these manufacturedby shaping a rod of ivory, and then repeating,for each button, the two stages of firstgrindingand polishingto shape the domed top, and lastlysawing it off? 141. Compare the sort of stone inlay used in MMIII bridge-spoutedstone bowls - Warren, MSV 33, P. 187/8. 142. Simpler rod at Mallia - Demargne, EC vii pl. lxviii.1 (MM), but probably not freestanding. 143. A somewhat similarpiece may be seen at Phaestos: Pernier,Festos I 251, Fig. 129 (MMI- II). At the Mansion the plain pieces are roughlythree times as numerous as those with a hollowed top (7). 144. Tools that retain a bone (let alone ivory)sleeve handle in position are extremelyrare examples of bone on awls/pointsare: Phaestos Pernier,Festos I 125, Fig. 52 (EMI- Ha); Karphi Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937/8) 82.251, pl. xxxix.l (LMIIIc to Sub Minoan). 145. Cf. PalaikastroPopham, BSA 60 (1965) 300.10-12 (LMI-III); and Karphi Pendlebury BSA 38 (193 7-8) 127, pl. xxviii4 (LMIIIc to Sub Minoan). 146. The SanatoriumGrave III, Knossos example comes froma WarriorGrave (see below). The champions carried their sword and shield on baldrics - Buchholz, KW 2 Fig. 63 (for shield) and Fig. 65b (forsword). 147. An equivalent in gold is noted on Sanatorium Grave III, Knossos - Hood, BSA 47 (1952) 272.III.19, Fig. 18, pl. 54C (LMII probably). Furtherexamples on the Mainland and elsewhereare therelisted. 148. At least 15 combs are known from Crete: the earliest being one from Archanes Catling, AR 1971-2 20 (EM- MMII); with the majority LMII- III in date, e.g. Katsamba Tomb H - Alexiou, Katsamba 57, pls. 34-5 (LMIIIa). 149. Kalyvia,Phaestos - Savignoni,M.A. xiv 580/1, Fig. 35 (LMIIIa). 150. Probablya deliberatepolish, thoughbone will acquire such a finishfromsweatyhands.

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151. These few pieces (half a dozen in total) are too few to argue in favour of actual production taking place on anythingbut the most intermittentlevel. Rather they could be accidentalintroductionsinto the Mansion. 152. I would like to acknowledgethe help of Dr. O. Krzyszkowskaand SheilaghWall - who have passed expert comment on workingdamage and identificationof bone type respectively. Exact parallels to the spatulae are missingin Crete, but compare Mallia Pelon, EC xvi 68, Fig. xxvii.5d (MMIII-LMI). There are manypoints available: PalaikastroBosanquet, BSA 9 (19023) 288 (MMIII-LMI); Warren,BSA 60 (1965) 304, Fig. 18.23/4 (LMIb); Popham, BSA 65 (1970) 239.5, Fig. 24, pl. 55e (LMIb); and Karphi Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-8) 128, pl. xxviii.4 (LMIIIc to Sub Minoan). 153. Similarmarks exist in faience and stone in Crete, and for ivory/bone on the Mainland too - Sakellarakis,Ivory Fig. 87. 154. Cf. footnote 139 forHood's BSA reportson the Royal Road. 155. Objects of ivory made after LMII in Crete (one assumes) include the notable mirror handles, some statuettes,various inlay pieces, and objects for personal adornment- substantiallymuted afterthe elegance and richnessof the second Palace products. 156. Four only clearlybelong to post-LMII contexts. 157. Such as the 'ring' fragment(C 17), bivalve pendants (C/D), and perhaps a spondylus fragment(exact position uncertain). 158. Gasteropoda embrace Arcularia,Astraea, Charonia,Columbella,Conus, Murex,Patella, Thais and Tonna; Bivalvia Donax, Glycimeris,Spondylus and Tapes/Venerupis;Scaphopoda Dentalium; leaving the sea urchin to representΕ chinο dermata. I would like to acknowledge most heartilythe expert help givenin the field by Sheilagh Wall and D.S. Reese - the latter submittinga detailed report of types and parallelsin the Aegean. I have incorporatedpoints of his into my text (in quotes). See generallyReese on a numberof shell types: BSA 78 (1983) 353, on Conus species. Others are promised - Charonia in Kition V; Monodonta in BSA and Arculariain The Journalof MediterraneanAnthropologyand Archaeology. 159. Details underlying this brief statement are drawn in particular from Shackleton, Appendix IX of Evans and Renfrew,Excavations at Saliagos 122ff.A usefulspecies by species study is developed there. Furtherspecialized knowledgewas freelygivenby Dr. John Taylor of the Departmentof Zoology, BritishMuseum (Natural History),South Kensington,London my gratefulthanksto him also. 160. Only Charonia and Tonna mighthave had to come fromdeeper waters. 161. To extract the dye, the shell needs to be broken; but foreatingpurposes,the animal is easy enough to extractafterboiling whole. The numbersof shells involvedin the Mansion are not by themselvessufficientto suggestthat theywere used fordyeingin any way. 162. It is especially favoured as a 'ritual' stone vessel subject - with specimens of MMIII- LMI (or later) being recoveredat Knossos, Mallia, Palaikastro,Kalyvia (Phaistos) and Slavokampos: Warren,MSV 91. Otherreal shellsare used in religiouscontexts,e.g. beingblown like a trumpeton a crystalsealstone fromMount Ida - see generallyin Evans PM passim under 'Shell' in the index volume. 163. Again copied in stone - Aghia Triadha: Warren,MSV 91; also in metal from the Phaestosregion.See Evans,PM passim under 'Shell' in the index volume. 164. Bivalves are vulnerable in the area of the hinge to a hard knock, and it may be that originallythe damage was sustained as a resultof accident or in an effortto open the mollusc. (Note that two Glycimerisspecimens were collected dead - as they are water worn.) One Murex (fromRoom M) has a hole in the body whorl, and mightalso have been intended as a pendant? 165. The Dentalium is naturallyan open-ended tube - and other than cleaning,needs no preparationforthreading. 166. The National Museum at Athens has necklaces of these shells strungand on display. The Prosymna LH cemeteryshows a mixtureof complete shells,alongside those worn at the side or with the top knocked off: Biegen, Prosymna 465. Hundreds more are known from Perati: Iakovides, Perati pls. 56b, 109b, 135a, 136b. To date, worn Conus shells are less common on Crete, and perhaps post-LMIb in date. If so, they could be considered a taste developed eitherby or afterthe Mycenaeanpresencein Crete.

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167. ?Like those withlead poured into themfromPerati- Iakovides,Perati pl. 109 g. 168. Note the preponderance of ivoryinlays fromthe same area (Room M): are we faced with the remainsof an inlaid gamingboard/boxwitha set of shell counters? 169. There is a degree of differenceas to which molluscs are edible. The list I have accumulated (fromliteratureand Dr. J. Taylor) is more extensivethan that originallyproposed by D.S. Reese who includes only 'Murex, Venerupis, Glycimeris,Donax, Patella and the sea urchin'. 170. See several reports by Shackleton - in Warren,Myrtos Appendix VII; in Evans and Renfrew,Saliagos Appendix IX; and for Knossos in BSA 63 (1968) 264. These are all concernedwithsites of an earlydate (Neolithicto EBA). 171. See Evans PM - various shell types: IV 316, 318, 360; IV 104; IV 111, 316, 371; IV 369. 172. See Evans PM - variousshell types: I 498; II 369; IV 933; I 221; IV 111. 173. See above footnote 162, and from religious contexts within the Palace at Knossos alone - Evans,PM I 581 (Domestic Shrine); I 517-21 (Temple Repositories). 174. As the wealth of scholarshipon the Knossian systemof LMII- Ilia1 attests,e.g. Killen, BSA 59 (1964) Iff; BICS 13 (1966) 105ff; and CIM 1 Vol. 2 (1968) 6 3 6ff- to mentionjust some of the work of one scholarin thisfield. 175. There are, for example, representationsof probable Cretans carryingfabricsin the in the 18th DynastyEgyptiantomb of Menkheperrasonb:de Garis portrayalof tributeofferings Davies, The Tombs ofMenk., Amenmose and anotherpls. iv and v. 176. In addition, there are some 20 examples frompost-LMII Minoan contexts,and 6 from laterstill. 177. Perhapstheyare intendedas a set? 178. Room H contained 23 of them; Room J/K 1; Room L 9; Room M 2; NP 1; Room Ρ 2 and Room Q area 2; 1 fromRoom E. 179. These are particularlyscattered: Room A has 1 example; Room Β 3; Room D 2; over Rooms C/D 1; Room Η 5; Room J 1; Room J/K 2; NorthCorridor3, and the NorthernArea 12 fragmentsof uncertainsorts. 180. These were found in the NW area of the Mansion, from an undifferentiatedLMIII context. 181. Such reels, only baked, are seen in LM deposits here - e.g. Room C, D 17. Others of LMIIIc date from Crete are known at Palaikastro - Popham, BSA 60 (1965) 305, 45-50, Fig. 19. On the Mainland they are found in both baked and unbaked clay in LHIIIc - for example at Xeropolis, Lefkandi: Popham, BSA 1968 PreliminaryReport 13, Fig. 16. The identificationof these as loomweights(with the bunches of yarns tied around theirwaists) is not withoutcontest. 182. By fasteninga row of weights to a rod, all swaying motion is inhibited,thereby reducingtheamount of noise and also preventingthe yarnsfrombecomingtwistedand strained. For modern parallels to the system,compare Hoffmann,The Warp-WeightedLoom (Studia Norvegica 14 (1964)) 92, Fig. 47 in particular. 183. I wonder if the grooveswere 'painted' only as a side resultof dippingthe whole to get at the centralsuspensionhole. Did the rest of the externalcoat wear offdue to frictionin the course of employment? 184. Mallia Deshayes and Dessenne, EC xi 73, pl. xxii 2/3 (MM- LMI); Vathypetro Marinatos,Praktika 1952 594, Fig. 7 (LMIa); Knossos Catling,BSA 74 (1979) 61, Figs. 43-4 (LMIa); Archanes Sakellarakis, Praktika 1974 209, pl. 153 (LMIa); Knossos Warren,AR 1980-1 85, Fig. 42/3 (LMIb). 185. Warren,Myrtos54, Fig. 21; 221, Fig. 96. 186. Hawes, Gournia 31.7, pl. Ill (MMIII- LMI); and another fromthe House of Frescoes area, Knossos (now storedin Box 1465 in the StratigraphicalMuseum there): LMIa perhaps. 187. The flat ovoid forms(pierced at the apex) have earlierantecedentstoo, and are likely to be an alternativeformto the sphericaltype, but somewhateclipsed by thismore 'standard' product of the Palatial period: Palaikastro Eccles, BSA 40 (1939-40) 47; Zakro Platon, Archaeology 16.4 (1963) 273, Fig. (LMI). 188. If indeed loomweights.

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189. Of course, with such simple objects as an undecorated sphericalclay bead, one cannot be certain that those retrievedfromcontexts stretchingbeyond the Minoan period, mightnot actuallybe post-Minoanin date too. 190. This pendant bears a genericresemblanceto one of bronze froman LMIb context at Palaikastro- Popham, BSA 60 (1965) 303.16, Fig. 18 (righthand one). They are no doubt, in turn,related to the tear-dropand peg-toppedvarietiesthat appear in variousstones fromsuch sites as Mochlos, Trapeza, and Aghios Onouphrios (EM- early MM) and Palaikastro,Phaistos, Aghia Triadha,the Knossos area and Armenoi (MM- LM). 191 The sphericalbeads mightjust suit braceletstoo, cf. footnote 100 above. 192. As at Myrtos,Warren,Myrtos 239.230, Fig. 107 (EMU); and at Knossos, Evans, PTK 23. 2d (LMII-III). 193. Arguablyin response to the relativelack of more luxuriousitems,with the collapse of the palatial way of life. But one wonders what else the lower sectors of the community habituallywore! 194. Tzedakis,,4£ 25-27 (1970-72) B2 passim (LMIIIa-b). 195. Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-38) 133 (LMIIIc-Sub Minoan). 196. For example, the more elaborate ones at Vrokastro,Hall, Vrokastro121, Fig. 73. 197. The 'cut-down' examples come from Rooms Β (2), C (4), over C/D (3), D (1), and North area (1); whilst the manufacturedones derive one apiece from Room D and the N.W. area of the Mansion. 198. Unless game counters? 199. They are perhaps not appreciably greaterin weightthan the stone equivalents (about 7 gms. on average). But in combination with the largercentralhole, this differencemay be a significantpoint in favour of identifyingthem as spindle-whorlsproper. The shape itself is reportedfromEM times onward: Warren,Myrtos 228.144, Fig. 100 (EMU); Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-38) 55, Fig. 23.22 (MM) fromKastello; Platon,Ergon 1968 128 (LMIb) fromZakro. The habit of using cut-down kylix stems is reported too at Karphi (where they are termed 'spindle-whorls')- Pendlebury,BSA 38 (1937-38) 129. 200. See footnote 111, for clay equivalents (conical/biconical)in Mainland Greece throughout the LH period. 201. See footnotes199, 200 generally. 202. Compare examples fromKnossos Hood and de Jong,BSA 47 (1952) 274.III.26, Fig. 18 (LMII). Phaistos Savignoni,M. Ant. 14 112.42, Fig. 76 (LMII-IIIa); and for a more general surveyof typesand findsplaces Foster,A F 1 15ff. 203. For an appreciation of Minoan faience vessels and containers- Foster,AF 60ff: with major groups at Knossos (the Temple Repositories, MMIIIb) and Zakro (Palace, LMIb). To these may be added more fragmentary pieces (akin in that respect to our material) fromthe Mavrospeliocemeteryat Knossos - Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 237. Tomb V.7, Figs. 9 and 47 (LMI to III). For an appreciation of aspects of the faience industryin the Near East, equivalent in time to the LBA in the Aegean - Peltenbergin Kition I (Karageorghis)Appendix 1, 105ff. 204. It lacks the stringholeentirely. 205. They are all singletons- the LMII specimens (3) derivingfromRooms Ε, Μ and NE Platform;whilst those of LMIII date (7) are fromRooms A, B, C/D, D (2), Ν. Corridor,and N. Platform.There remain 2 of uncertaindate - one fromthe North Rooms, the other from Room J/K. 206. Frit (to which the term'Egyptianblue' is by use synonomous) is an artificial,synthetic material (a copper-calcium silicate) with a crystallinestructure.Before being shaped, the materialhas already passed throughone firingprocess - it is in effecta powdered 'glass', and is no longer subject to surface migrationof the colouring agents on firing(as happens with faienceproper). Hence the homogeneityof colour and texture. 207. Some (Misc. 46 - PLATE 232, 22) could be placed in eithercategory. 208. I have used this term to indicate an intermediateform between faience and glass based on a visual judgment only. If there had been an excess of an alkaline flux in the basic mix, or of heat in the kiln,thenmore of the silica would have sintered,beginninga vitrification process. A more thorough appreciation of this substance is given by Cooney, JGS 2 (1960)

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299

to Egyptianmaterial.One mustnote thatthere,at least,theprocesswas 32ff,withreference deliberate andcontrolled. of LMIII fromRoomsA, C/D andJ/K 209. Two of LMII date in Room H; and singletons areas. accountofbothmetalandglassformsof 210. Higgins, GRJ(Edition2) 76ffgivesa lengthy reliefplaque beads - witha typological catalogueand sitelist.He notesthattheuse of glass in theearly15thcentury B.C. on beads (beginning in Crete)gradually increasedin popularity themarket. theMainland, B.C. theydominated untilbythe12thcentury 211. Fivepiecesfrom4 vessels:2 fromRoom H, 1 fromNP (all LMII), and a solitary fragmentoflaterdatein RoomC. members(of which examplesexist in the Unexplored 212. Other than architectural Praktika1967 and largeobjects(e.g. coffinsand biers- Lembessis, /shafts, Mansion),handles materialof thisperiod 204, pl. 184b/185;fromPoros,LMIa), theonlyinstanceofcomparable Knossos(Hood and is a wood backingto an ivorypanel,fromTomb III at the Sanatorium, deJong,£S,447 (1952) 274.III.24, Fig.17). TheraIV 24, pl. 36 - fordetails. 213. Marinatos, 214. Perhapsa simpleclay seal againsta wovencontainer.One shouldnote thattheuse of theterm'linen-weave' forthisitemdenotesthe equal warp/weftthreadratioper cm; andhas no relevanceto the actualmaterialused forthefabric.See generally, Forbes,SAT IV 183ff, parallelin Crete- also fromtheKnossos Fig. 25a. Thereis onlyone publishedcontemporary in the corrosionproductsof a area, wherea piece of 'linen'has lefta negativeimpression the bronzeswordblade: Evans,PTK (Tomb 36) 58 (LMII- Ilia). I wouldliketo acknowledge of theclothtype. aid of Dr.J. Carington-Smith in checking myfieldidentification in Olivier,Les Scribesde Cnossos 215. The tabletsfromthe LittlePalace maybe identified 24, itemM in hislistof locationsand contents,and theirtextsspeltout in Chadwick,Killen and Olivier,The KnossosTablets(4thedition)passim.The LittlePalacepieces,thoughresisting clear elucidation,show all the signsof havingto do with textiles- in the raw formof details. and textile/cloth workshop requirements sheep/goatflocks;in femaleworkers, of thisfragment 216. A fullerconsideration by Killen, (KN X 8833) is beingundertaken It includesdetailsof archaeological context, Pophamand Evely in Kadmos (forthcoming). comment. andspecialist illustration 217. All thatcan be said is thatthe hand of our piece is not thatof Scribe103, who is to in thenextfootnote. forthetabletsreferred responsible 218. These people are a-ra-ka-te-ja (spinners- Ak 5009, Lc 531), to-te-ja(Ak 611), and to' we-ra-to, Ap 618: not in thiscase standinginitiallyon the we-ra-te-ja (workers'belonging tablet). and 219. ThusPY Aa 785, Ab 388 forpersonalnames;PY Jn601, Na 923 forplace-names; PY Ta 713+ formaterials. in the southernrangeof rooms, 220. It was foundnearthefloorof Room P, a storeroom a numberoflargevessels. containing 221. A fragment (MUM/72/P.17)of anothersuch wheel was recoveredfroma broadly LMIIIa contextin the area of Rooms M and N. Thisis probablyan accidentalintroduction, fill. perhapspartof a wallinterior 222. Over30 areknownto me - fromPalaces(Phaistos,AghiaTriadha,Malliaand Knossos), villas(Vathypetro, MyrtosPyrgos Tourtoula,and Tylissos),settlements (Gournia,Palaikastro, dateMMIII-LMI. andGazi),and eventombs(Kritsa).The majority 223. Malliaprovidesmostof these- thoughmanyof thecontextsarenotgood: Demargne, EC ix 21, pl. ix. and De Santerre, EC vii61, pl. lxix.4;Pelon,EC xvi29.12,pl. xi.4; Demargne Praktika1971 290, pl. 370 (LMIIIb); MesaraLembessis, 224. Such as thosefromAnegyros, TylissosHazzidakis,TEM 75, Fig.39 bottomleft(LMIII); KnossosPopham,DPK 28/9,pl. 21e (LMIIIa/b). sincethisfeatureis very,veryrarelyseen,it maybe thattheholeshad a more 225. However, of thecollar? thefiring intent:perhapsconcernedwithfacilitating pragmatic 226. Only one certainspecimenexists in clay (Pothersof wood), fromMallia: Van EC xxii 64, pl. xi.l and 4 (FirstPalace period);and betterstillin: Hampe and Effenterre, Winter, ΓΓ117, andfigs,there.

300

SECTION9.

SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS

227. It may also have helped incidentallyin drainingaway watercollectingon the surfaceof the wheel in throwinga pot (suggestedby Ann Strunckof the AmericanSchool at Athens). 228. See, for example, Singer, Holmyard and Hall, HT 1 388/9, Figs. 232, 234; and Bourriau,14ff,fora complete account of such matters. 229. Pieces fromRooms L and Ρ make up the LMII material. 230. Granulationcan be seen in jewellery of this period, as at Sellopoulo Tomb 4, Popham, BSA 69 (1974) 222 J.I, Fig. llh. 231. One mightspeculate that it covered inlay elementsin a piece of furnitureor a boardgame. 232. Five fragmentscame fromthe LMII floorin Room L; 1 fromRoom M. 233. Catlingand Jones,Archaeometry19 (1977) 62. 234. The account of the most recentlyexcavated of these warriorgraves,at Sellopoulo near Knossos, will give plentifulreferencesto others of the type, Popham and Catling,BSA 69 (1974) 195ff. 235. These include some pieces fromRoom H, 3 + fromL, 9 fromM, severalfromΝ and 5 fromP. Lithargewas identifiedin Rooms L, M and N. 236. Bull's head or 'mulberry'earringsare known fromseveralroughlycontemporarysites (in gold), Mavrospelio Tomb VIIA and Β (LMI-III) - Forsdyke,BSA 28 (1926-27) 261, pl. xviii. A lead earringin a domestic (LMIb) settingis reportedat Archanes - Sakellarakis, Ergon 1980, 49. 237. Sheet lead is known to have been used to line MMIII cists in the Long Corridorat Knossos - Evans,PM I 456. 238. If this is interpretedas a weight,then it will fit into the accepted deviationabout the 60-65 gms. sub-unit- in which case the centralhole may also 'double' as the equivalent of the single'dot' of Misc. 51. 239. To the work mentionedin footnote 120 and followingcan be added Petruso,Kadmos 17 (1978) 26ff,and Caskey,^/) 24 (1969) 95ff: both concernedwithlead disc weights. 240. Cf. Petruso'stables in Thera CongressI 549-51, and Kadmos 17 (1978) 35 and 38. 241. I warmlythank Dr. N. Gale, of the Departmentof Geology, Oxford University,and Dr. Z. St^s-Gale foridentification(includingXRD work) of these items,and also forpermission to quote fromtheirstill uncompleted programmeof lead-isotopeanalysis. For an indicationof the sort of work they are undertaking,cf. Miscellanea Graeca 2 (Gent 1979) - Technological Studies 1979, where theircontribution'Some Aspects of Lead and SilverMiningin the Aegean' covers the matter.Lithargeis also produced in roastingores,but not in the relativelypure form thatwe are dealingwith here. 242. Withthese 'waste' productsof cupellation,it is worthwhile mentioningthe presenceof some pieces of specular haematitefromLMII contextsin Room M, and in the area of Room H. It is just possible that this iron oxide was gatheredin errorfora galena ore, but more tempting is to see it as the deliberatelyacquired raw materialfromwhich the red powder,visibleon the stone tool (H 215) and stone lamp (L 94), was obtained by crushingand grinding. 243. The analysis work in Catling and Jones, Archaeometry19 (1977) 57ffshows only the occasional presenceof lead in a bronze, and only at the level of 1%.

SECTION 9.

Summaryand Conclusions

1. I am gratefulto Peter Warren for reading this section in draftand making helpful comments. 2. pp. 00-00. Evans ascribed the constructionof the Little Palace to the beginningof the New Era (PM II 513); he cites as evidence MM IIIB potteryof the "seismic stratum"in the make-up of walls at PM II 514, though he speaks of "the LM I builders" {PM II 520) and ascribes the pottery beneath stairs of the 'grand staircase', where a seal was found, to the "transitionalMM III- LM I epoch' (PM IV 216). As will be seen in my discussionof the pottery fromthe S. Corridor,I sympathisewithand sharehis indecision. No attemptis made here to consider the interpretationof the buildingby J.W. Grahamin AJA 79 (1975) 141 ffwhich was based principallyon the preliminary reportthoughmany other detailswere known to the author.

SECTION9.

SUMMARYAND CONCLUSIONS

301

3. Possible signsof an earlierbuilding; Room H (p. 20), Room Ρ (p. 78), Room Q (p. 89) and S. Corridor(p. 95). 4. See note 2 above and the discussionin Section 4 pp. 153-158. 5. Floors in Rooms D (p. 11) and H (p. 20). It would seem likelythat it was the intention to replace StairwayΟ withmore suitable steps. 6. N. Sector, Rooms Β and C with theirflooringof gypsumslabs (thoughthatin Room L may not have been completed); fresco in the room above Room P, discussed in Section 3. We must also presume that the infantburialsbelow the floorsof Rooms C and M and in the cist at the W. end of CorridorL belong to this stage. A comparable burial below the floorof a room was noted by Hogarthin the houses on Gypsadhes,BSA 6 (1899-1900) 77. 7. Evidence in Room H (p. 20), Room M (p. 55), Room Ν (p. 70) and Room Ρ (p. 78). 8. pp. 19-20. 9. p. 15. 10. p. 21. 11. Cist fillin Room C (p. 8) and levellingof Pit 8 in Room D (p. 11). 12. pp. 11 and 90. 13. Discussed by Catlingin Section 7. 14. The divine smith, Hephaestos, is but one such instance and the close relationship between religiousworshipand metalworkingis well demonstratedat Kition, eg. Karageorghis, Kition (1976) 73-76. 15. p. 13. 16. p. 18. 17. p. 90. 18. Popham, DPK 83-8, thoughthe potteryseems slightlyearlier. 19. pp. 13 and 9. 20. p. 7. 21. Popham LDPK 8-9 and BSA 65 (1970) 194-202. 22. The rhyton, basket vases, figurineand, less certainly,the clay alabstron point to traditionalreligiouspracticesin the Mansion. 23. For Mycenaean features generally at Knossos, see BSA 69 (1974) 254-7. Further featuresin LM ΠΙΑ 1 include 'burials with bronzes' and some new vase shapes and decoration. Possible adoption of Minoan featuresinclude jewellery absent fromthe LM II 'WarriorGraves' between and the re-emergenceof the decorated cup in popularity.But it is the interrelationship Knossos and the Mycenaean Mainland that is clearest and to be seen in tomb types,wooden coffins,'tinned' vases, weaponry and bronze vases, razors, mirrors,and specifictypesof vases, seals and jewellery,and, of course, the creationof the Linear Β script. 24. Linear Β must be an immediate adaption of Linear A, and, apart from the inscribed pithoidjar, Ρ 60, the latteris equally absent fromthe LM II firedestructions. 25. See note 2 above andPM IV 564-5. 26. PM IV 872. 27. DPK 60 and 67. 28. Arguedwithreferencesin AJA 79 (1975) 3 72-4. 29. Warren,preliminaryreportin AR 1982-3 63-6. 30. There is little LM II pottery in the preserved material from the Little Palace but a considerable quantity of LM IIIA, DPK 62-3. If Catling's interpretation(p. 000) that the Mansion had been deliberatelylooted is accepted, hostilityratherthan coincidence becomes yet stronger. 31. The flimsyblocking walls, change of intendeduse and architecturalmodificationsin the Mansion in LM II suggesta reappraisalof similarfeatureselsewherewhichhave been generally ascribed to the 'reoccupation' stage afterthe LM IIIA destructions.Two blocking walls were constructed at some stage outside the Little Palace (p. 00 above) and Boardman, On the Knossos Tablets p. 62, feature 14 on Fig. 12. There are also the modificationsmade to the 'Megaron' (PM II 544 and II 20 note 1) on which a familiarnote is sounded by Mackenzie's comment (quoted by Boardman), "the re-occupiershad arrangedan erection like a fireplace with a recess below like that for ashes and at any rate this constructionwith the fact of the wallingup of so many doorways indicates that in later times the room had degraded to more common use than the original one". However, extensiveLM IIIB occupation of the building seems assured,BSA 65 (1970) 194-202.

Appendix1 The LM 11 PlantRemains GLYNIS JONES The storeroomP, destroyedin LM II, containednumerousdepositsof carbonizedfruitsand seeds, whichhad clearlybeen kept in the storagejars rangedalong its walls,to the south oftenstillconoppositethe entrance.Many of thesedepositswere discreteconcentrations, tained in the jars despite theirshatteredstate; othershad spilled out onto the floor.A numberof samplesweretaken.The plantremainswereidentifiedand theresultsare givenin thetableat theend,whilesome of thematerialis illustratedin PLATE 233. Althoughmanyof the taxa representedhave been previouslyidentifiedfromCrete,the thosewhichweredeliberately presentsamplesprovidea rareopportunityfordistinguishing from those own in their and stored presentmerelyas chance right, grown(or collected) contaminantsof othertaxa. It is clear thatin all these samplesone taxonheavilypredomicultivatedor nates and so it can be assumedthat,in each case, thistaxon was deliberately collectedand thatthe othersarepresentas minorcontaminants. Thereforethe cerealswhichcan be classifiedas deliberately grownare emmer(Triticum hulled and wheat or macaroni bread barley.Twistedbarley durum) (T. aestivum/ dicoccum), Hordeum in two-row occur do not distichum,conclusivelyindicate barley grains,which the presencehere of the six-rowspecies- H. vulgäre.Two-rowbarley,also, maybe present because of the predominancein some samplesof straightgrains- a featureof all two-row but of onlyone in threesix-rowgrains.However,thisis uncertainas mostgrainsare indeterminate.Figs {Ficus carica) and the pulses,pea (Pisumsativum),grasspea (Lathyrussativus) and Celticbean ( Viciafaba) werealso storedin theirown right. Comparingthese findsto othersin Crete, we find that a reasonablypure depositof bread wheat was found at neolithicKnossos.1 Emmerhas neverbeen demonstratedfrom Crete as a pure find,althougha fewgrainswere encounteredin the neolithicbread wheat sample,grainimpressionsin potterywere found at EM Debla2 and early excavationsof palace remainsreferto pure samplesof wheat.3Six-rowhulled barleyis reportedas a pure findfroma LM I storeroomat MyrtosPyrgos4and old reportsof barleyare againcommon were from the palaces. Stored beans and peas are similarlyreported,but identifications from been claimed not workmen. has Grass the made Crete, previously pea by usually thoughit has been encounteredon themainland.5Dried figshave been noted at MM II Agia Triadha6and at LM I MyrtosPyrgos.7Lentils (Lens sp.) and bittervetch (Vicia ervilia), which occur only as minorcontaminantsin the UnexploredMansion,have been foundas Findsof graperemains(Vitissp.) purecropsat LM IMallia8 and MyrtosPyrgos9respectively. are rareon Crete,but havebeen recordedat EM II Myrtosand in thepalace of Phaistos.10 In the case of the barleyin the UnexploredMansion,the threesamples(4, 5 and 6) in whichthisgenuspredominateswere foundveryclose to one another(all in thevicinityof 303

304

THE LM II PLANT REMAINS

pot 75) and so these could well representa singlestoredproductthathas been sampled threetimesratherthan threeseparatelystoredproducts.Two other species,emmerand but Celtic bean, are similarlyrepresentedby two sampleseach (1, 2 and 9, 10 respectively), in thesecases it is not possible to establishwithany degreeof certaintywhetheror not the samplesare likelyto be fromthe same storedproduct,as theexact positionof one sample in each case is unknown.The emmersample 2 is describedas comingfromthe southwest part of the room and so may have the same originas the emmersample 1 in pot 54. Similarlythereis some evidence to suggestthatboth the Celtic bean samplescome from thesouthwestpartof theroom.So it is possiblethateach storagevesselin use at thetimeof destruction containeda different taxon. whichoccuredat the it is likelythatsome are admixtures, As forthecrop contaminants, time of the destruction,from crops stored nearby (e.g. the barleyin samples 7 and 8 probablycomes fromthe neighbouring samples 4, 5 and 6) whereasothers(such as the rus bittervetch,lentilsand a Vicia/ Lathy speciesin samples7 and 8) were not foundelsewherein theroomand so seem to have been introducedbeforethedestruction. Seeds of the could not the rus contaminate which 7, Vicia/ grass pea sample heavily Lathy species, examination. electron be identified without They do microscope accurately surface-scanning not, however,belongto any of the otherspecieslistedin theTable. They are flattenedand resembleViciasativa (commonvetch) seeds, thoughtheytendto be rathermoreelongated than is usual for this species. No intact hila (attachmentscars) were preservedbut the of theseed (cf. depressionsleftby the hila extendedover about '-' of the circumference PLATE in for F. Some of are to these seeds illustrated 233. ' ^ sativa). OtherfindsfromRoom Ρ deservemention.Some plant materialin pot 69/70 included of leaf petiole and root, whichcould not be furtheridentifiedbut may be the fragments remainsof some herb or spice. A conical cup in Room Ν had similarcontentsand also containeda singleolivestone(Olea sp.) (see PLATE 233j- k). Two olivestonesand an unidentified pulse seed (broken)were also foundin the upper levels of Room Ρ and are probably LM II as well. A grainweevil (SitophilusgranariusL.), fromthe barleysample 4, was identifiedby is theresult I. G. Tyers.This is a flightless specieswhose presentcosmopolitandistribution of man movinginfestedgrain;it appears only to occur in storesand neverin the field (Tyerspers.comm.). The almostcompleteabsenceof weed seeds (just one seed of Galiumin a sampleof over 500 grasspeas) is of interest.Althoughit is theoretically possible,by carefulrogueing,to behindin the fieldat harvest or leave all weeds weed-free fields to in growcrops completely time,in practiceit is perhapsmorelikelythatweed seedshave been removedfromtheseLM crops by carefulcleaningsuch as that describedby Hillman11(1981). In order to test whethersuch samples as these result fromrigorouscleaningratherthan fromintensive it would be necessaryto samplerubbishdepositswhichare weedingor carefulharvesting, likelyto yield crop cleaningresidues.Such evidencemightalso throwlighton the typesof alone, it is crop cleaningused, e.g. sievingand hand sorting.On the presentinformation temptingto suggestthatthesecropswerein the finalstagesof processingand had been hand sorted^perhapsin addition to sieving.The presenceof quite largenumbersof chafffragments(glumebases and spikeletforks)in emmersample 1 is, however,not consistentwith such rigorouscleaning. But it is possible either that their complete removal was not considerednecessaryor that emmerspikeletswerestoredwhole (as describedby Hillman11 1981) untiljust beforefood preparationwhen theywerepounded,possiblyafterparching,

THE LM II PLANT REMAINS

305

TABLE PlantRemainsfromLM II Destruction inRoomΡ Sample

1

2

3

4'

5"

6

7"

8"

9'

Triticum monococcum grains T. dicoccum grains T. dicoccum glume bases+ T. aestivum/durum grains Hordeum (hulled)* straight grains Hordeum (hulled)* twisted grains Hordeum (hulled)* indet. grains Pisum sativum seeds Lathyrus sativus seeds Vicia faba seeds V. ervilia seeds Vicia/Lathyrus seeds Lens sp. seeds Ficus carica fruits Vitis sp. seeds Galium cf. aparine seeds

3 310 97 -

-

-

-

-

-

15 __ --

?10 -

-

-

5 _____ --__ ______ -

___ ___ ___ ___ 1 -

+ forks-î-2 ' includingspikelet γ subsample

Hordeumvulgäre "*including J-subsample

150

?2 -

-

-

1

5838 48 30 569 170 --__ -

-

-

-

1

811 168 ?' _ -

1

-

1

2

10

23 5 7 1180 8 555 1 2137252 ?2 1 92 ___ 2 -

2

2--1

-

11 -

6 -

to releasethe grainfromthe chaff.If the latterwere the case thenthe spikeletsmusthave and some of the spikeletfragments been destroyedbecause the observedratio disintegrated of glumebases to grains(0.3) is less thanthatforwhole spikelets(1.0). If indeed these crops were in the finalstagesof preparationand if each taxon was, in fact,storedin a singlejar thenthismay throwlighton the functionof Room P. Both these observationswould suggestthat Room Ρ was used among otherthingsforthe storageof cropsjust prior to theirpreparationas food, i.e. thatRoom Ρ served,at least partly,as a "larder"ratherthanas a roomforlargescale,long termstorage.In thelattercase one might expect to findsemi-cleangrain,whichhad been partlysievedbut not hand sorted,and there probablywould havebeen morethanone jar of some taxa. This is because hand sorting(and even fine sieving)is a time-consuming activityand so is usually carriedout piecemeal theyear. throughout If the above hypothesisis correct,one would expect thestoragecapacityof Room Ρ to be insufficient to supply the inhabitantsof the complex to whichit belongsfora whole year. In fact, the dry storagecapacity of Room P, at the time of destruction,calculated from both the complete and fragmentary vessels found therein,was in the region of 550-600 litres,i.e. about enoughto feed two to threeindividualsforone year.Indeed at the timeof the destructionthejars were eitheremptyor containedverylittleseed,which could mean that stocks were low or that theywere not used to capacity.The size of the UnexploredMansionitselfwould suggestthatit cateredfora largernumberthanthisand, as it seemson architectural groundsto havebeen partof the LittlePalace complex,it could be that the numbersinvolvedwere much greater.The evidencefromstoragecapacityis thus consistentwith the interpretation of at least the south part of Room Ρ as a larder,and moreovertallieswiththe ceramicevidenceforpantriesin thispartof thebuilding. If this interpretation is correct,the question thenarisesof wherethe bulk storageof

306

THE LM II PLANT REMAINS

in theLittle Whether seed tookplace fromwhichthelarderstockscouldbe replenished. wouldbe of Palace complexor in themainPalaceitself,thelocationof thesestorerooms a depenwas for of the Mansion unit which the Unexplored importance identifying larger dentpartat thetimeofitsdestruction.12 Appendix1 footnotes 1. Evans,BSA 63 (1968) 269 BSA 69 (1974) 341-2 2. Greig, Food in EarlyGreece15-22 3. Vickery, 4. Cadogan,AR1977-8 70-84 8 (1979) 173-189 5. See forexample, Kroll,Archaeo-Physika 18 6. Vickery, cit. op. 7. Cadogan,op. cit. 8. Vickery, op. cit.20 inMyrtos315-7 9. J. Renfrew 10. Cadogan,op. cit.andLevi,FestosI 114 11. Farming inBritish Prehistory (ed. R. J.Mercer)123-162 86 3-19 12. McEnroe, AJA (1982)

Appendix2 The AnimalBones OWEN BEDWIN A total of 4190 animalbones and teethwereidentifiedfromthe 1972 and 1973 seasons.Of these,66% (2760) came fromsealed LM II contexts,notablythe PillarHall (H); 4% were fromLM IA levels,and 5% fromLM IIIA 2 levels.The followingtable summarises the data no to has been made to and between according species; attempt distinguish goat. sheep TABLE ONE Context LMII LMIA LMIIIA2

Sheep/Goat (Caprine)

Pig

Cattle

Horse

Dog

Deer

Other

Totals

1665 60.4% 104 69.8% 117 64.0%

658 23.9% 34 22.8% 43 23.5%

330 11.9% 11 7.4% 22 12.0%

52 1.8%

17 0.6%

22 0.8%

16 0.6%

2760

1 0.5%

149 183

These figuresunderlinethe importanceof caprinesin the Late Minoan economy.Furthermore, the proportionsof the main food animalsfromtheseLM II contextsare not unlike those fromsome of the Neolithiclevels at Knossos, e.g. Early Neolithicla, c. 5780 BC, wherethe percentageswere: sheep - 64.6, pig - 20.9, and cattle 13.6.* This reflectslittle changein the practiceand techniquesof animalhusbandryin theKnossos area. Horse,dog in thebone record. (a smallcanid), and red deer,Cervuselaphus,are all poorlyrepresented The variationsbetween the figuresfor LM II levels, and those for LM IA and LM IIIA 2 levels may be of little significancebecause of the relativelysmall numbersof bones of LM IA and LM IIIA 2 date. Amongthe LM II material,a considerablenumberof bones fromthe destruction phase depositsin the PillarHall (H) and CorridorL were eithercompletelycharred,or calcined, i.e. roastedin therelativeor completeabsenceof air. Butcheringmarkswere rare;therewere 11 cases of repeatedblows acrossthe shaftof a long bone of Bos, which may indicate attemptsto joint a carcase withno regardforits anatomy. Analysisof the LM II materialshowed thatno part of the post-cranialskeletonof the threemain specieswerepresentin unexpectedlyhighor low proportions.(It was impossible to produce comparativedata forthe skullsbecause theywereso fragmented). the Similarly, materialwas subdividedaccordingto the position withinthe UnexploredMansion from 307

308

THE ANIMAL BONES

variationin the proportionsof the threemain which it came; thisproducedno significant of the corridors etc. the Mansion.One factwhichdid emergefrom rooms, species among not in percentage,but in the age rangeof thislatterexaminationwas a markeddifference, found remains in the Pillar Hall pig (H), compared with those foundelsewherein LM II in Table 2. contexts.Details are summarised TABLE TWO Mandibleandmaxilla

Metapodials

Context

Deciduous

Adult

Unfused

Fused

PillarHall OtherLM II contexts

14 2

11 6

22 8

19 29

Thus 54.5% of pig remainsfromthe PillarHall (H) were fromindividualswhichhad been killedbeforethe age of 2 years;outsidethepillarhall,theproportionwas 22.2%. Giventhe a changein slaughtering of 32.3% surelyrepresents numbersinvolved,a difference practice, notjust a statisticalfreak.The majorityof thesebones came fromlowerfloorsand debris. There were fourinteresting groupsof horsebones,also fromthe PillarHall. The firstwas condition. All the teeth were present;the a complete skull, in extremelyfragmentary had lower molars third indicatingan age at deathof betweenthree just erupted, permanent and fouryears.2The othergroupsof bones,foundwiththehead (PLATE 30b - mistakenly elementsof two forelegs,leftand right,from titled'donkey'), consistedof the articulating the radiusdown to the thirdphalange,inclusive,and one lefthindleg,fromthe tibiato the thirdphalange,inclusive.The appearanceand dimensionsof thesebones were compatible withhavingcome fromthe same animal,probablythesame individualfromwhichtheskull derived.A possible conclusionis thatthecarcaseof a horsehad been cut up into threelarge legjoints,plus thecompletehead, at the timeof the LM II destruction. Finally,in Room P, were foundthelargelycomplete,almostidentical,skeletonsof two veryyoungdogs.Manyof thebones werecharred.Both skullspossessedall theirmilkteeth, and age at deathwas less thanfourmonths. Footnotes 1. Jarman,M. R. and Jarman,H. R. 1968 'The Fauna and Economy of EarlyNeolithic Knossos;£S^4 63 (1968) 241-264. 2. Cornwall,I. W. 197'4 Bones for theArchaeologist,London.

Appendix3 The HumanSkeletons JONATHANH. MUSGRAVE These skeletonsbelongedto threefetusesand one neonate aged approximately33, 35 and 38 weeks of intrauterine life and 2 weeks of postnatallife respectively. More information about theirages is given in Table 1; and the limb bone lengthsfromwhich they were calculatedare reproducedin Table 2. Age was determinedby meansof a techniquedevised by Scheuer,Musgraveand Evans (1980). In each case it was possible to use the regression equations with the lowest standarderrorof the estimate,i.e. the ones whichofferedthe mostreliableestimate. Our techniquetakes account of sex differences and so two equationswere applied to each skeletonto determinethe 'male' age and the 'female'age. The two equationsused were: (i) Male age = + 0.1402Femur 0.0230Tibia + 0.0556Humerus+ 0.2651Radius + 0.0765Ulna + 7.4339 ± 1.67 weeks.This is ourMethodNo. 2.01. (ii) Female age = +0.1509Femur + 0.4056Tibia + 2.2947 ± 1.90 weeks. This is ourMethodNo. 3.02. The age of each fetusgivenin Table 1 is its 'menstrual'ratherthanits 'coital' age. The human gestationperiod,fromfertilisation to birthat fullterm,is thoughtto be 266 days (38 weeks). However it is virtuallyimpossibleto pinpointthe precisemomentof fertilisation. Since most women can rememberwhen theirlast menstrualperiodbeforepregnancy now regardthisas the firstday of the gestationperiod and calculate started,obstetricians the baby's developmentalage accordingly.The obstetricalgestationperiod now becomes 280 days (40 weeks). TABLE 1 Estimatedagesof thefetalandneonatalsubjectsfromtheUnexplored Mansion Burial1. RoomC, underfloorin NWofroom.(PLATE 26f) life. 38.12 ± 1.67 weeksofintrauterine Ageifmale: 37.95 ± 1.90 weeksof intrauterine life. Ageiffemale: Burial2. RoomM, underfloor 35.13 ± 1.67 weeksofintrauterine life.(FIG. 10) Ageifmale: 34.63 ± 1.90 weeksof intrauterine life. Ageiffemale: Burial3. Corridor L, eastend,highup in outerdoordebris(possiblynotMinoan) 33.51 ± 1.67 weeksof intrauterine life. Ageifmale: life. 32.67 ± 1.90 weeksof intrauterine Ageiffemale: Burial4. Corridor L, westend,in cistinfloor.(PLATE 33b) 0.55 ±1.67 weeksofpostnatallife. Ageifmale: if female: 2.30 ± 1.90 weeksofpostnatallife. Age

309

THE HUMANSKELETONS

310

TABLE 2

Lengths(in mm) of the ossifiedshaftsof the limb bones of thefetal and neonatalskeletonsfromthe Mansion Unexplored Humérus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula

Skeleton

12

Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right Left Right *Us *Us

64.8 64.8 52.0 52.4 59.2 59.3 71.6 71.8 60.7 61.2 59.6 59.2

59.2 59.3 47.4 53.1 64.5 64.6 56.0 55.7 -

3

4

54.0 44.7 45.0 51.1 60.2 52.3 52.5 51.1

67.7 68.1 56.3 64.0 63.5 79.7 79.4 69.0 69.1 64.8

ofeachis given inTable1. Forthesakeofconsistency leftboneswereusedwhennumber *Us= unsided. Thecatalogue everpossible.

Acknowledgements

and meto reporton theseskeletons; I shouldliketo thankMrMervyn Pophamforinviting I when them. in 1975 studied theBritish the to Knossos for visit Academy financing

Reference

oflatefetalandperiScheuer, J. H. andEvans,S. P. 1980. "Theestimation J. L., Musgrave, AnnalsofHuman natalage fromlimbbonelengthby linearandlogarithmic regression". 257-265. Biology7, of'fetus'. NOTE: On thespelling Medical I haveadoptedthespelling'fetus'afterreadinga letterto theEditoroftheBritish in which W. D. and Hamilton theyclaimed J. Journal(BMJ,18.2.67,p. 425) byJ. Boyd it is probablymorecorrect.A. B. Cook had pointedout to themthat thatetymologically from*feo (I beget)thanfromfoveo (I the wordcould be derivedmoreconvincingly other and that words derived from speltwith'e' ratherthan *feoarecommonly cherish); 'oe' in theirstems,e.g.femina, and fecundus fetura.

THE MINOAN UNEXPLORED MANSION AT KNOSSOS PLATES BY M. R. POPHAM WITH J. BETTS M. CAMERON H. W. AND E. A. CATLING D. E. EVELY R. A. HIGGINS D. SMYTH and others

THE BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT ATHENS THAMES AND HUDSON 1984

© M. R. Popham 1984

Printedin GreatBritainat theAlden Press,Oxford

CONTENTS

Introduction

1. Architecture and Excavation

vii PLATES

1-42

2. Frescoes

43~49

3. LM II PotteryfromtheMain DestructionDeposits 4. MinorLM II and theLM IIIA and B Stratified DepositsofPottery

50-104 105-127

5. MM IIIB/LM IA PotteryDeposits 6. MM IIIB/LM IA-LM IIIB Type Vases and Sherds 7. Sealstonesand Sealing

128-140

8. Clay Figurines 9. Bronzesand Clay Crucibles

191-194

10. OtherFindsofStone,Clay, Ivory,Faience and Lead 11. LM II PlantRemains Fold-outPlan

141-183 184-190 195-207 208-232 233 at end

INTRODUCTION

ofa complexexcavationpresentsproblemswhichhave notbeen Arranging theillustrations completelyresolved,but it may be helpfulto those using this volume to understandthe whichhave been made. difficulties encounteredand thedecisionsand compromises ofthe Mansion,withits Photographsand plansoftheexcavationand of thearchitecture have producedfewproblemsexceptthegeneralneed forselectivity frescoes, (no workmenand thesizeofillustrations. To those no trenchsupervisors) and foreconomy,whichhas also affected requiringmoredetailsand a range of largerphotographs,the archiveof the excavationis available at theSchool in Athens.The architectural stagesin theuse ofthe buildingare one whatis thought important aspectand,tothisend,carehas beentakenin theplanstodisentangle and thesubsequent tohavebeentheoriginaldesignoftheMansionfromitsLM II modifications whenthebuildingwas onlypartially alterationsmade in LM III afterthegreatdestruction reoccupied. ofa massofobjectsin liesin itsrecovery oftheexcavation,inotherrespects, The importance in LM II, around 1425bc, a stageknownfrom usewhenthebuildingwas burntand destroyed thereand elsewherein burialsat Knossosbut poorlyrepresented previouslyin thesettlement Crete. So, the emphasisgiven to thisphase, even at the expenseof chronologicalorder,is deliberate.My colleagueshave been asked to adopt thisemphasiswhere feasiblein their This has beeneasierin somesectionsthanin others;nearlyall themetalobjects, contributions. forinstance,werefoundin the LM II debris,but, in othercases, fewerfinds,a moreeven of classification have dictateda somewhat and the requirements chronologicaldistribution kindofpresentation. different has presentedthegreatestproblems,in itsquantity,theuneasefeltat breaking The pottery evidenceforit.As sequenceand theneedtopresentthemainstratigraphical up itschronological theimportanceofthevast LM II destruction a compromise, depositshas been recognisedby placing first,in Section 3, the photographsof the whole and restoredvases, followedby deposits, potteryfromthe same deposits.The other,much smallerstratified fragmentary rangingfromLM II to LM 11IB, have beenplaced next,in Section4, whichhas beenarranged but in the alphabeticalordergivento the rooms,followedby the areas not chronologically outsidethebuilding,theorderadoptedin theexcavationreport.Exceptionally, however,the in thethirdpart,Section5, MM IIIB/LM IA depositshavebeencollectedtogether considerable relatedtotheMansionbutwas foundoutsideindeposits sincemostofthismaterialisnotdirectly a phaselittleillustrated fromKnossosand fromelsewhere.It is,moreover, ofrefuseoriginating a consolidatedpicture.Finally,to helpthosewhomayfindall thistobe tooconfusing requiring an arrangement,and who prefer,or require,a somewhatless detailed presentationin almostentirely ofdrawings,is arranged order,thelastpart,Section6, consisting chronological in sequenceby potteryphases. ofthesectionson have been preparedby manyhands.The contributors The illustrations vii

viu

INTRODUCTION

and drawings;MarkCameronof variousobjectshave providedmostoftheirown photographs Hectorand ElizabethCatlingofthebronzes,Don Evelyoftheotherfinds,Reynold thefrescoes, and GlynisJonesoftheseeds,whileSusan Birdpreparedtheinitial Higginsoftheclayfigurines amendedand augmentedbyJohnBetts.The initial drawingsofmanyoftheseals,subsequently elevations weremadebyKen McFadzean; thesehavebeen of the the Mansion and some of plans retracedand added to by David Smyth.The excavationsectionsand photographswere and I have made thefinaltracings.Trenchsupervisors recordedby Hugh Sackettand myself plottedtheirown finds,especialmentionbeingdue to Hugh Sackettand CressidaRidley,the latterresponsiblefortheplans oftheimmensestonefallsin the PillarRoom; othersincluded and ElizabethWaywell,DyfriWilliamsand John RichardHeyhoe,Roger Howell, Geoffrey ofthepottery and someoftheprofiles and motivesweremadebymyself; Younger.Photographs the drawingswere completedby Susan Bird,Gus MacVarish, PennyMountjoyand Helen WilkinsonoftheInstituteofArchaeologyat Oxfordwho helpedconsiderablytoo on thefinal toNickPollardofthesameInstituteformuchhelpon the plansand sections.I am also grateful The photographs ofEvans'sexcavationare reproducedbykindpermission ofthe photography. DirectoroftheAshmoleanMuseum. have been cataloguedin individuallistsaccordingto the Objects,exceptfrescofragments, thenumbergivento room,corridoror area in whichtheywerefound;theletterwhichprefixes each objectindicatesitslocation,e.g. A 5 and NC 5 are thefifth objectlistedin thecontentsof Room A and oftheNorthCorridorrespectively. Wherethecontextofan objectis notclear,the findhas beengivena Misc. (miscellaneous)numberand iscataloguedat theendofthesectionin whichits categoryis considered.Exceptionally,frescofragments have theirown catalogue numbersand are listedin theirrelevantsection.The findplacesofobjectswillbe givenon Room plans,whichwillaccompanytheRoom cataloguesin theText volume. All measurements are metricand photographicscale bars are in centimetres. MERVYN POPHAM

I Plates 1-42

ARCHITECTURE AND EXCAVATION

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Plate io (a), Section 2 Description of levels: (1) Dark brown soil with layers of stone chippings (post-Minoan robbing pit). (2) Yellow hard above, loose below with some large stones,sherd and wall plaster, to possible floor(LM 11IB). (3) Soft brown with few stones (LM 11IB). (4) As 3 but with some carbon layers and bone (LM III). (5) Light brown with yellow patches and carbon to kouskouras (MM III/LM IA). (6) Yellow clayey with patches of disintegrated mudbrick and large stone fall (LM III). (7) Earth floorwith carbon (Phearth) above decayed gypsum slabs and cist (projected) (LM III). (8) Fine, ashy brown with small stone (LM IIIB-?C). (9) Yellow clayey and fairlyloose (LM IIIB-PC). (10) Dark ashy with sherd and bone (LM IIIB-?C). (11) Yellow clayey with stone fall (LM 11IB). (12) Earth floor above decayed gypsum slabs and infant burial (projected) (LM IIIB). (13) Packing around cist (projected); earth, stones and kouskouras lumps (MM III/LM IA with LM II Pintrusive). (14) Cist fill; little grey earth at bottom; above, yellow clayey, stone chippings and ash (MM III/LM IA). (15) As 10. (16) As 11. (17) Yellow clayey floor (LM IIIA and B). (18) Build-up of floor;sandy light yellow with stones and gypsum slab, much sherd (LM IIIA 1 with LM II). (20) Dark ashy (LM II). Cists projected.

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Plate io(¿), Section 7 Description of levels: (1) Red powdery earth, loose with stones, burnt and calcinated lumps, some charcoal (LM II). (2) Yellow clay floor (LM II). (3) Lower floorof pink plaster with small pebbles, above thin clay and ash. (4) Fill of earth, kouskouras chunks and sherd, above wall (projected) (MM III/LM iA). (5) As 1 but more compacted, less burnt with patches of yellow clay (LM II). (6). Above, loose grey,ashy with much charcoal and fallen gypsum paving, with admixture of 5; below, very loose and hollow with fallen stones, smashed pots and much charcoal above earth floor (LM II). (7) Black earth, burnt stones and much charcoal (LM II). (8) Sandy brown, loose with hollows (LM II). (9) As 6 (LMII). (10-11) Vertical lenses of yellow clayey alternating with grey ashy, loose soil and burnt stones; lower 11, horizontal lenses of black ash, yellow clayey and red powdery earth to floor (LM II). (12) Grey ashy above kouskouras packing (to LM II). (13) Fine, loose pink with potteryand gypsum slabs (LM II). (14) Yellow-green clayey, fallen stones, pottery,some charcoal (LM II). (15) As 13 but bright red, with 'silting' lines above carbon lines (LM II). (16) Upper, as 14 but blacker; lower, brick-reddust with broken vases, burnt stones and charcoal above clay floor (LM II). (17) Kouskouras fillwith carbon flecks,above gypsum slab. (18) Charcoal layer below clayey. (19) Fill of earth, kouskouras chunks and some sherd, with infant burial (MM III/LM IA).

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Plate 11, Section3 Descriptionoflevels: (1) Alternating layersofgreyash and reddishdebris;pitfills(mostlySub-M). (2) Modernwash. (3) Packingofstonesand kouskouraslumpsunderfirmyellowclayeylayer(MM III/LM IA). {4) Yellow compacted(LM III), to ashyPfloor. (5-6) Greyashyabove firmyellowclayey(LM III). (7) Softbrownsoil to earthPfloor(LM II?). (8) Softyellowwithsmallstone(LM II). (9) Fine siltedsoil to thinplasterfloor. (W) clayeywithkouskouras chips ( 10) CorridorE(E) softbrownwithsomecarbon(LM I withII Pintrusive); (MM III/LM IA): (J/K) blackash overrock. to clay floor(LM II). (n) Yellowishearthwithfragsofgypsumslabs and pottery, (12) Yellow clayeywithlensofblackash (?floor),withsomestoneand pottery(LM III A). (13) Yellow clayeywithdiagonallensesofdarksoil and pottery(LM IIIA). (14) Yellow-brownearthwithlargestonesand pottery(LM IIIA-B). soil to earthfloor(LM II). (15) Yellow clayeyabove; belowgreyash, thenred-brown carbonand fallenblock(LM II). (16) Loose yellow-brown, (17) Black ash withsherds(LM II). (18) Yellow-brownwithstones,gypsumfrags,charcoaland bone (LM II). (19) Yellow withsmallstones,somemudbrickand layersofdarkash below (LM IIIA 1).

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Plate 12 (a), Section 5 Description of levels: (1) Loose brown, much stone (post-Minoan). (2) Grey ashy (post-Minoan). (3) Yellow-green, clayey with some carbon (LM II) above dark grey ashy level. (4) As 3 with much stone, and gypsum stair-tread. (5) Grey ashy, fragm. vases, to floor (LM II). (6) Light brown with kouskouras lumps and stone. (7) Dark brown with much sherd, ash and charcoal (LM 1A). (8) Black ashy. (9) Yellow clayey, much small stone (LM II disturbed). (10- 11) Similar but 1 1 more compacted and less carbon (LM II). (12) Fine yellow clayey, no carbon to E. (?wash), grey and dark brown lens with small stone and sherd to W. above floor (LM II). (13) Dark grey-brown,ashy and much charcoal (LM II). (14) Greenish-greyclayey, floor make-up (LM II). (15) As 13 (LM II). (16) Yellow clayey with charcoal patches and kouskouras chips, to floor (to LM II). (17) Grey ashy to probable floor (LM III A 1). (18) Light brown, carbon flecks (LM II I A 1). (19) As 17 but looser with more sherd and stones (LM IIIA 1). (20) Yellow clayey, small and large stones, carbon fleckswith grey-brownlenses, to floor (LM II). (21) Pit 12, brown earth, stone, kouskouras chips and much sherd (to LM II). (22) Grey-brown loose with sherd (LM II disturbed by Pit 5). (23) Immense stone fall, much charcoal, yellow and brown earth patches, to floor (LM II). (24) Grey-green clayey with much bone and sherd (LM II). (25) Earth and stone packing (?LM IA). (26) Stone and earth packing with large charcoal patches.

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Plate I2(A), Section 4 Description of levels: (1) Upper destruction fill,not recorded. (2) Destruction fillof large blocks and stones with much charcoal at W. end, down to floor (LM II). (3) Dark brown earth, small stones, some sherd (LM II). (4) Ashy brown with some sherd, down to original floorwith kouskouras fillwith sherd and some carbon on it (LM II). (5) Brown with small stone to ashy floor (LM II). (6-8) Main divisions in many successive layers of ash with much sherd and bone, to clay floorwith ash and sherd on it (LM II). Pit 13, see Section 8.

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Plate 14,Section8 Descriptionoflevels: (1) Greywithyellowclay,charcoaland muchsherd,to hardclay surface(LM II). (2) Firm,yellowclayey,muchsherdand bone (LM IB/i1). (3) Mainlycompactedsherd(LM IA). (4) Less sherdand withstones(LM IA). (5) Stonechippingsabove darkbrownsoil (LM IA); kouskouraspackingbelow. (6) Loose darkbrownwithsherd,belowN/Scrosswall (MM III/LM IA). withLM II destruction debris. (7) Pit refilled (8) As Section7 level 1 (LM II). (9) Room P, as Section7 levels5-6 (LM II); CorridorL as Section6 level8 withfallengypsumslabs(LM II). (10) Room P, yellowearthfill,belowclayashyfloor,withkouskouras chips,stones,sherdand somecarbonto rockwithwall (MM III/LM IA); similarfillwithhorizontal lensofstonechippingsand powderto?floorofred hardearth(MM III/LM IA). (11) Compactedyellowsoil,to rock(MM III/LM IA). (12) As Section8 level9 (LM IIIA 2), Pits 10+ 11. (13-16) As Section5 levels9-15 (LM II). (17) Compactedyellowsoil (LM II), to ?floor(LM II). (18) Dark greyashy(LM II). (19) As Section5 level 16. (20) Dark brownwithmuchsherdin rockdepression(LM II). (21) As Section4 level5. withcarbon,sherdand muchbone;manykouskouras (22) Cisternfill;darkgrey-brown lumpsnearbottom(to LM II). (23) Dark brownwithkouskouraschips,muchcharcoal and some sherd(MM III/LM IA withLM II). Foundationdeposit;miniatureLM I A pots. Pits 1 and 8 post-Minoan,Pit 3 to LM IIIC.

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Plate 14

Section8 (S-N). Scale i :5o

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Plate 15

Mansion'sE. façade,buttresses and S. Court (a) beforeand (b) afterexcavation.The superimposedbuildingin (a) is Roman

Plate 16

withS. Courtin mid ground(b) Mansion'sbuttresses Evans's excavation(a) ofS. Platform, and E. façade,withblockingwalls betweenLittlePalace and NE Platform

Plate 17

afterrecentexcavationand somerestoration showingwallsofRomanbuilding(b) S. Platform (a) Evans'sexcavationon S. Platform, (c) S. wall ofjog in S. Corridor

Plate 18

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Plate 19

(a-b) N. Corridor, (a) Along N. façade (b) on NE Platform, (c-d) S. face of NE Platform, (c) Blocking wall between it and Little Palace (d) position of possible steps

Plate 20

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Plate 21

N. Sectorand N. Platform (a) RoomCas in LM III (b) and (e) RoomsBand C and StairwayJ/K,withLM III additionsremovedin (b) and underexcavationin (e), (c) S. wall ofN. Platform(d) N. Platform

Plate 22

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Plate 23

(ä-b) DoorwaybetweenRoomsA and B beforeand afterremovalofblocking.Cists(c) ofRoom C (d) and (/) ofRoomB. (e) Room C, pitin NW corner(LM IIIA 2)

Plate 24

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Plate 25

Room C (a-b) in itsfinalstatein LM IIIB (c-e) cists,(c) BelowLM III floor(d-e) in NW and NE corners.(/) LM III clayhearth

Plate 26

(a -c)StairwayG withgypsumsteps,(a) Duringexcavation(c) afterrestoration deposit (b) drainbelow,(d) CorridorE, foundation (LM IA). (e) Room D, potterydeposit(LM IIIB). (/) Room C, infantburialbelowfloor

Plate 27

Pillar Hall, H; partitionwall of upper floor(a b) N. end (c d) S. end (e) fullextent looking N. Gypsum pillar drum, no. 25-1 2, shown in (a)

Plate 28

PillarHall, H; stonefillin W. sectorat successivelevelswith(c-d) and (/) showingS. doorstillunexcavated

Plate 29

PillarHall, H; details,(a) CantedupperW. wall beforereconstruction (b) (¿/and/)LM II divisionwalls (e) clayhearth(c) dowel holeson S. pillarsand S. wall

Plate 30

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Plate 31

PillarHall, H; details,(a) NW pillarand upperfloordivisionwall as restored(b) coursesofashlaron N. wall (c-J) mason'smarks

Plate 32

(a-b) S. Sector(c) StairwayO (d) blockingwall at E. end ofS. Corridor

Plate 33

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Plate 34

Room M at successivestagesofexcavation

Plate 35

(a-c) LimestoneblockfromRoom M, no. 21-14 (d-f) gypsumstairwayblockat S. end ofstaircaseN/O

Plate 36

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Plate 40

Dowel holes (a) Room H, balustrade oí S. door (b) Room M, S. window (c) W. end oí bridge (d) Room M, S. pier oí doorway (>) Room H, top of 'V. wall

Plate 41

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2 Plates43-49

FRESCOES

Plate 43

Frescofragments, (a-e) fromRoom P (f-i) fromotherareas

Plate 44

Frescofragments, {a-f) fromRoom P {g-h) fromotherareas

Plate 45

Frescofragments fromRoom A and otherareas ofN. Sector

Plate 46

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Plate 47

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Plate 48

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Frescofragments fromareas otherthanRoom P

3 Plates 50-104

LM II POTTERY FROM THE MAIN DESTRUCTION DEPOSITS

Plate 50

LM II cups,(a) N 39 (*) H 136{e) H 132(d) P 77 W H 133(/) H 130(g) H 138(h)H 135.Scale 1:3

Plate 51

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Plate 52

LM II bowls, (a) H 142 (b) L 83 (c) H 146 (d) M 100 (*) P 42 (/) N 16. Scale 1:3

Plate 53

LM II bowls,(a) N 46 {b) P 98 (c) P 97 (d) N 43 {e) N 28 (/) N 21. Scale 1:3

Plate 54

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Plate 55

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Plate 56

LM II kylikes.(a) H 152 (b) P 21 {c) H 149 (d) N 41 (e) N 35 (/) H 88 (g) L 98. Scale 1:3

Plate 57

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Plate 58

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Plate 59

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Plate 60

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Plate 61

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Plate 62

LM II jugs, (a-b) P 115 (c) N 30 (d) L 58 (e) N 23 (/) N 51. Scale 1: 3

Plate 63

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PL.

Plate 64

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Plate 65

LM II rhyton, pyxisand basketvase, (a) H 179 (b-c) H 10 (d-t) M 45. Scales (a-c) 1:3, (d-e) 1:6

Plate 66

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Plate 67

LM II vases,(a) M 104 (b) L 92 (c-d) H 174 (e) P 52 (/) P 124. Scales (a) and (/) 1¡4, rest1:3

Plate 68

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Plate 69

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Plate 70

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Plate 72

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Plate 73

1:6 jars, (a) M 66 (*) P 123 (c) M 114 (d) P 122. Scale Storagestirrup

Plate 74

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Plate 75

Storagejars, {a) P 41 W P 72 (0 P 57 (^) M 99. Scale 1:7

Plate 76

Storagejars, (a) P69 (b) P 126 (e) P51 (d) P 60. Scale 1:7

Plate 77

Storage jars, (a) P 56 (b) H 191 (c) P 125 (d) M 50. Scale 1:7

Plate 78

LM II pithos, storage jar and box. (a) M 41 (b) P 75 (c-d) L 69 + H 192. Scales (a-b) 1 :8, (c-d) 1:12

Plate 79

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Plate 80

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Plate 81

LM II cups,(a) monochrome (b) conicalplainfromRoom N. (a) toprow,H 78,N 45, N 18,P 91; 2ndrow,P 84, P 83, P 82, P 85; 3rdrow,P 86, P 88, P 89, P 87; 4th row,L 68, L 111, N 3, L 74; bottomrow,H 139,M 141. Scale of (a) approx. 114

Plate 82

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Plate 83

and bandedkylikes.(a) top,M 123,H 83, N 17,L 97; bottom,L 78,L 84b,N 12,H 163; (b) top,L 84a, LM II plain,monochrome N 13,L 96, L 65; bottom,L 79, H 162,H 165,P 99; (c) top,P 22, M 140,L 80a, N 27; bottom,L 132,L 62. Scale approx. 114

Plate 84

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Plate 85

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Plate 86

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Plate 87

LM II variousvases, (a-b) light-on-dark decorated,(a) CorridorL upper levels (b) Room H upper levels,(c) kylixP 75, (d) funnelvase H 185. Coarsewarebasins,scale 115, (e) P 28 (f) M 11o (g) H 180 (heirloom?) grey-ware

Plate 88

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Plate 89

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Plate 91

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Plate 92

LM II kylikes, Room H. Fragmentary bowls,flaskand jug. (a-b) H 158 (c) H 161 (d) H 145 (f) H 172. Scale 113

Plate 93

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Plate 94

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Plate 98

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Plate 101

Room M. Fragmentary (a-b) and (e) amphoras,(c) pithoslid M 175, (d) stirrup potteryin the LM II destruction, jar handles, (/) sherds

Plate 102

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in CorridorL, (b) L 136. (d) Room Q, all levels,(e) S. compartment ofStaircaseN/O (a-c) SherdsfromtheLM II destruction

Plate 104

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4 Plates 105-127

MINOR LM II AND THE LM IIIA AND B STRATIFIED DEPOSITS OF POTTERY

Plate 105

Room A, potteryfromvariouslevels,(a-b) A 2 (c) A 3 (d) A 1. Scales (a-b) 1:5, (d) 1:3

Plate 106

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Plate 114

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Plate 115

(i-6) CorridorE (West) (i) E 5 (2) E 2 (3) E 9 (5) E 3. (7-8) Room A (7) A 3 (8) A 1. (9-11) Room D fillabove upperfloor.Scale 1:3

Plate 116

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5 Plates 128-140

mmiiib/lm ia pottery deposits

Plate 128

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South Corridor,W. end,level E, somewithjoins fromD. LM I A sherds,(a-e) (h-i) cups, (f-g) closedvases.Scale approx. i : 3

Plate 131

SouthCorridor,W. end except(i-f),MM III-LM IA fragmentary vases.Level C (a); D (d), (g), (j) 3rdvase,and (*); D + E (A);E (c) and (e) first;F (b); remainder,mixedlevels,(e left)SC 17. Scale approx. 113

Plate 132

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Plate 139

Sherdsfromfloorsand fills,MM III/LM IA except(/) LM II. (a) Room M, floorcontent(b) Room N, belowfloor(c) CorridorL, build-upof floor(sherds1-2), fillbelow floor(remainder)(d) CorridorL, fillunderfloor(e) StaircaseG, below LM II floor (f) Ramp ofStairwayO, belowupperfloor(g) StairwayO, fillbelowstairs

Plate 140

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6 Plates 141-183

MM IIIB/LM IA-LM IIIB TYPE VASES AND SHERDS

Plate 141

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MM III/LM IA cups fromthe South Corridor, E. end, lower levels (i) SC 7 (3) SC 8 (7) SC 9 (8) SC 2 (9) SC 10 (10) SC 1. Scale 1:3

Plate 142

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2

3

4

5

6

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MM III/LM I A cups from the South Corridor, E. end, lower levels (12) SC 4 (13) SC 3. Scale 1:3

Plate 143

fromtheSouthCorridor,W. endexceptnos. 16-17.LevelD 3, 4 and 6; E 1, 5 and 7; D + E 2 MM III/LM I A vases,mostlyrestored, and 8; F io, 11 and 13. (9) SC 19. Scale i ¡3

Plate 144

MM III/LM IA cupsfromtheSouthCorridor,E. end,lowerlevels(2) SG 6 (23) SC 5. Scale 1:3

Plate 145

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MM III/LM IA vasesfromtheSouth Corridor,E. end,lowerlevels(i) SC 15 (2) SC 14 (3) SC 13 (4) SC 12. Scale 1:3

Plate 146

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Plate 147

LM II decoratedcups (i) N 39 (2) H 128 (3) L 178 (4) H 136 (5) L 76 (6) H 130 (7) H 133 (8) H 138 (9) P 77 (10) NP i. Scale 1:3

Plate 148

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LM II decorated cups and bowls (i) P 78 (2) H 131 (3) M 156 (4) H 143 (5) L 83 (6) N 16 (7) P 42 (8) N 43. Scale 1:3

Plate 149

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LM II decoratedkylikes(1-2) P 107 (3) H 86 (4) H 88 (5) P 108 (6) H 149. Scale 1:3

Plate 150

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LM II decorated kylikes (i)P

147 (2) H 129 (3) P 103 (4) I, 81 (5) H 152 (6) N 47 (7) L 63. Scale 1:3

Plate 151

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LM II decorateci kylikes,cups and lid (i) P 102 (2) H 129 (3) reconstructedM 171 (4) H 154(5) H 150 (6) H 161 (7) N 38 (8) N 15 (9) H 156 (10) L47a (11) L 130 (12) L 53 (13) P 55. Scale 1:3

Plate 152

3

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5

LMII decoratedjugs (i) H i66 (2) P73 (3) P in (4) P no (5) G 1. Scale 1:3

Plate 153

LM II decorated jugs (i) N 51 (2) N 23 (3) N 30 (4) L 58 (5) reconstructed H 172 (6-7) P 115 (8) N 25. Scale 1 13

Plate 154

LM II decorated rhyton,alabastra and pyxis (i) H 189 (2) H 180 (3) L 92 (4) H 176. Scale 1 13

Plate 155

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È

Plate 156

LM II decorated cups and bowls (i) N 39 (2) H 128 (3) L 76 (4) H 137 (5) H 131 (6) L 99 (7) H 134 (8-9) reconstructedRoom H (10) N38 (11) P79 (12) P 127 (13) M 100 (14) H 146. Scale 1:3

Plate 157

LM II handleson (a-c) and (/) cups, (d-e) kylikes,(g) bowl

Plate 158

M 171 (4) reconstructed LM II decoratedkylikes,bowl and stirrupjars (i) H 155 (2) H 160 (3) reconstructed J/K (5) N 14 (6) P 106 (7) L51 (8) H 143 (9) P23. Scale 1:3

Plate 159

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Plate 160

LM II plain and painted cups and kylikes (i) P 84 (2) N 55 (3) N 52 (4) M 142 (5) M 155 (6) N 33 (7) P 96 (8) P 92 (9) P 93 (10) L 62 (11) L 79 (12) P 99 (13) N 27 (14) reconstructed H 157 (15) L 132 (16) H 162. Scale 1:3

Plate 161

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LM II plain cups, bowlsand jugs (1-2) Room P (3) Room H (4) Room N (5) N 19 (6) N 47 (7) L 50 (8) Room P (9) H 184 (10) P 117 (11) P 118 (12) P79. Scale 1:3

Plate 162

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LM II kitchen and other vases (i) N 34 (2) L 103 (3) N 30 (4) N 59 (5) H 374 (6) L 57 (7) H 186 (8) N 36 (9) Room P (10) H 187 (11) H 188. Scale 1:3

Plate 163

LM II and other vases (i) D 3 (2) reconstructed,Room D (3) P 52; (9-14) vases of LM I and earlier typesfromRoom M (5) M 150 (6) M 135 (8) M 162 (9) M 167 (10) M 177 (11) M 158 (12) M 67 (13) M 152 (14) reconstructed, M 168. Scale 1:3

Plate 164

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LM II motiveson cups,bowls,jugs and pyxides.Scale 113

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Plate 165

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LM II motiveson cups,bowls,jugs and pyxides.Scale 113

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Plate 166

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LM II motiveson cups,bowls,jugs and pyxides.Scale 113

Plate 167

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LM II motives,(73-93) on cups,bowls,jugs and pyxides,(94-8) on kylikes.Scale 113

Plate 168

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LM II motiveson kylikes.Scale 113

116

117

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Plate 169

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LM

IIIA

i motives and reconstructed

vases from the N. Corridor

(i)

NC

i (2) NC

15. Scale

1 13

Plate 172

fromtheN. Corridor(i) NC 5 (2) NC 2 (3) NC 10 (4) NC 15 (5) NC 6 (6) NC 7 (7) NC 1 LM IIIA i reconstructed cupsand kylikes (8) NC 10 (9) NC 18 (13) NC 19 (14) NC 2. Scale 1:3

Plate 173

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Plate 174

LM III A 2 motivesand reconstructed vasesfromH/L Pit 10+ 11 and C, Pit 8

Plate 175

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Plate 176

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Plain cups and kylikes( i-g) LM IIIA i types ( 10-18) LM IIIA 2.(1, 4-6) fromN. Corridor (4) NC 17, (7, 9 and ?5) Room H upper floor, (8) Corridor E(W) lower levels, (10, 12, 14-17) from Rooms H/L Pit 10+ 1 1, (11, 13 and 18) Room C, Pit 8. Scale 1 13

Plate 177

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Plate 179

LM 11IB motivesand reconstructed vasesfromN. PlatformPits2 and 4. Scale 113

Plate 180

LM 11IB vases (1-5) fromN. PlatformPits2 and 4 (7-13) fromRoom D lowerlevels.Scale 113

Plate 181

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7 Plates 184-190

SEALSTONES AND SEALING

Plate 184

Seals, (a-c) FromLM II and (d) fromprobableLM II contexts,(a) P 64 (b) H 104 (c) M 35 (d) J/K3. Scale 2: i

Plate 185

Seals, {a) FromLM II (b) fromprobableLM II and (c) fromLM IIIB contexts,(a) P 136 (b) H 50 (c) D 8. Scale 2:1

Plate 186

Seals, (a) FromLM IIIB (b-c) fromprobableLM IA and (d) frommixedLM contexts,{a) D 9 (b) NC 20 (c) NP 18 {d) H 259. Scale 2 : 1

Plate 187

Seals frommixed,or uncertain,LM contexts.Misc. i (b) Misc. 2 (c) Misc. 3 (d) Misc. 4. Scale 2 : 1

Plate 188

Seals frompost-Minoancontexts,(a) Misc. 5 (b) Misc. 6 (c) Misc. 7 (d) Misc. 8. Scale 2 : 1

Plate 189

Seals frompost-Minoancontexts,(a) Misc. 9 (b) Misc. 10 (c) Misc. 11 (d) Misc. 12. Scale 2: 1

Plate 190

Seals and sealingfrompost-Minoancontexts,(a) Misc. 13 (b-c) Misc. 14 (d) Misc. 16. Scale 2: 1

8 Plates 191-194

CLAY FIGURINES

Plate 191

Goddess figurines,(a) H 53 (LM II) (b) C 6 (LM IIIB). Approx. scales (a) 1:2, {b) 1 14

Plate 192

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Plate 193

Human (1-12) and animal figurines(13-16). (1) H 116 (LM II) (2) Misc. 2 (3) Misc. 3 (4) Misc. 4(5) Misc. 5 (6) Misc. 6(7) Misc. 7 (8) Misc. 8 (9) Misc. 9 (10) H 260 (LMIIIA 1) (11) Misc. 10 (12) Misc. 11 (13) Misc. 16 (14) Misc. 12 (15) Misc. 13 (16) Misc. 14

Plate 194

Animal figurinesand rhyta (i-io) and Mycenaean types (i 1-15). (1) Misc. 15 (2) Misc. 17 (3) Misc. 21 (4) Misc. 18 (5) Misc. 23 (6) Misc. 20 (7) Misc. 19 (8) Misc. 26 (9) Misc. 24 (10) Misc. 22 (11) Misc. 28 (12) Misc. 29 (13) Misc. 30 (14) C9 (15) NC 19a

9 Plates 195-207

BRONZES AND CLAY CRUCIBLES

Plate 195

Bronze spearheads, knives and figurine. LM II contexts, (a) H 62 (b-c) H 63 (d) M 90 (e) L 128 (/) (h-k) L 32. Scales (a-g) 1:3, {h-k) 1 : 1

M 80 (g) Pio

Plate 196

Bronzetoolsand staples.LM II contexts,(a) M 9 (b) M 26 and M 29 (c) P 6 (d) L 129 (e) M 47 (f) H 91 (^) M 30 (A) H 195 (0 M 93 (7) M 65 (*) Li69(/) H 25

Plate 197

Bronzesaws,pan, plaque and scalepans.LM II contexts,(a) M 33 (b) M79 (c) M 12 («/)M 48 (e) M 116 (f) L 67

Plate 198

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Plate 199

Clay cruciblesand (i) bellowsnozzle.LM II contexts,(a) P 66 (b) M 196 (c) M 195 (d) D 11 and H 209 (e) H 92 (f) H 210 and H 111 (g) top,P 67 (A) Misc. 4 (1) H 58 (j) H 67

Plate 200

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Plate 201

Bronze chisels, razor, saws, axe and knives. LM II contexts, (i) M 9 (2) M 29 (3) M 26 (4) M 30 (5) M 47 (6) P 6 (7) L 128 (8) M 79 (12) H 25 (13) P2 (i4)Li5 M 33+ 128 (9) M 77 (10) M 139(11) (15) H 93 (16) M 80. Scale 1:3

Plate 202

Bronzebrazier,M 63. LM II context.Scale 113

Plate 203

Bronze basin, fragmentaryvessels, scalepans, staples and plaque. LM II II contexts, (i) L 16 (2) L 10 (3) H 48 (4) H 36 (5) H 31 (6-7) L67 (8) H 74 (9) L23 (10) M 82 (11) M 65 (12) M 93 (13) Q,4 (14) H 195 (15) M 48. Scale 1:3

Plate 204

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Bronzes, various. LM II contexts, (i) P 33 (2) M 103 (3) N 64 (4) P 34 (5) N 32 (6) N 10 (7) H 90 (8) H 49 (9) M 184 (part) (10) M 102 (11) H 199 (12) O 3 (13) H 26 (14) M 6 (15) H 74 (part) (16) H 23 (17) H 197 (18) M 188 (part) (19) P 130 (20) P 9 (21) P 8 (22) L24 (24) H 198 (25) L90 (part). Scale 2:3

Plate 205

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Bronze tweezers, points, pins, wire, hooks, hinges, inlays and various, (i) L 126 (2) L 129 (3) H 80 (4) H 91 (5a) H 99 (5b) NC 21 (6) H 97 (7) H 33 (8) H 32 (9) H 7 (10) H 6 (i i) H 81 (12) H 71 (13) F/G 2 (14) M 179 (15) M 180 (16) H 75 (17) M 68 (18) M 91 (19) P 43 (20) H 8 (21) P 31 (22) H 51 (23) N 62 (24) H 77 (25) H 1 (26) H 16 (27) L 120 (28) O 2 (29) M 98 (30) L 138 (31) M 96 (32) M 91 (33) M 3 (34) M 181 (35) L 41. Scale 2:3

Plate 206

4

3

2

I

5

6

Clay crucibles. LM II contexts, (i) M 196 (2) P 66 (3) D 11 (4) H 92 (5) M 195 (6) P 67 (7) Hin.

7 Scale 2:5

Plate 207

Clay crucibles, bellows nozzle and billet. LM II contexts, (i) H 68 (2) H 210 (3) Misc. 5 (4) Misc. 7 (5) H 58 (6) Misc. 4 (7) L 1 17. Scale 2 : 5

IO Plates 208-232

OTHER FINDS OF STONE, CLAY, IVORY, FAIENCE AND LEAD

Plate 208

Stonetools;polishers, and pounders.(1-12) fromLM II contexts,(13-17) frompost-LMII contexts.(1) H 214 (2) H 215 grinders (3) H 221 (4) 1.3a (5) L 18 (6) H 216 (7) M 197 (8) M 198 (9) L 150(10) P i37(n)P 139(12) H 217 (13)0 7 (14) E 11 (15) H 246 (16) Mise. 3 (17) L 171. Scale 1:2

Plate 209

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Plate 210

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Plate 211

Pumice and obsidian, fromall contexts, (a) H 234 (b) L 160 {c) H 235 (d) D 12 {e) Rooms H and N (/) Room M (g) S. Sector {h) Room H (1) Rooms H and A (j) Rooms H, A and C (k) Rooms H, D and NC. Scales (a-d) 1:2, {e) 1:3, (/-h) 2:1, {i-k) 2:3

Plate 212

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Plate 213

Stone vases. LM

II contexts except

(e). {a) L 123 (b) L 36 (c) L 5-7 (d) H 19a {e) Misc.

16. Scale

1:2, except

(e) at 2:3

Plate 214

Stone pillars and stands. LM II contexts except (d). {a) L 89 {b) N 70 (c) G 4 (d) NC 29. Scale 2:5

Plate 215

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Plate 216

Misc. Stone vases; shapes and decoration. LM II contexts (i) (4) (6-8), post-LM II contexts (2 3), (5) and (7). (1) P 39 (2) NP 3 (3) n (4) Misc. 13 (5) Misc. 12 (6) M 73 (7) A 5 and NP 2 (8) H 112. Scale 1:2

Plate 217

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Plate 218

Stone axes, socketed tools and 'buttons'. LM 11 contexts (1-5), post-LM 11 contexts (b-10). (i)Hioi (2) Y 30 (3) Y 37 (4) rt 229 (5) P 14 (6) Misc. 19 (7) top C 15, B 6, bottom NP 8, Misc. 24, H 249 (8) Misc. 20 (9) Misc. 22 (10) Misc. 18. Scale 2:3, except (5) and (7) at 1 : 1

Plate 219

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Plate 220

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Plate 221

Ivory, inlay and freestandingobjects. LM II contexts except (16) (19-20). (1) M 222 (2) H 113 (3) H 60 (4) H 35 (5) M 137 (6) M 221 (7)Hiio(8)Hi8(9)J/K5(io)H6i (11) L 34 (12) P 1 (13, 15) P 5 (14) H 13 (16) Mise. 40 (17) P 4 (18) M 138 (19) Mise. 41 (20) B 9. Scale 2 : 3 except (19) at 4 : 3

Plate 222

Bone, shell and fibres,various. Post-LM II contexts except (1-3) and (9) 2nd and 6th objects. (1) Room L (2) H 37 (3) P 156 (4) Misc. 43, NP 12 (5) H 256 (6) NG 32, Misc. 44, H 257, Misc. 45, C 18 (7) C 19, Mise 42, Room C (8) Room H, E 12 (9) Rooms C/D, Room H, C 17, C/D, H, H. Scale 2:3 except (3) at 1 : 1 and (5) at 3:2

Plate 223

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Plate 224

(1) H 233 (2) H 42 (3) D 17 (4) C 25 (5) F/G 5 (6) D 23 Clay and metal, various objects. LM II contexts (i) (2) (12) (20-2). (7) Misc. 59 (8) Misc. 61 (9) Misc. 58 (10) Misc. 64a (11) D 22 (12) M 226 (13) NP 17 (14) Misc. 65 (15) A 10 (16) Misc. 66 (17) Corridor L (18) C 24 (19) B 1 1 (20) L 166 (21) N 29 (22) P 27 (23) Misc. 51 (24) Misc. 53 (25) NC 40 (26) S. Area. Scale 2:3 except (20) 4:3 (21-6) 1:2

Plate 225

Faience and glass. LM II contexts (1-3) (5-8). (1) H 238 (2) NP io (3 and 5) H 237 (4) C 26 (6) M 69 (7) H 98 (8) H 24 (9) E 14 (10) B 12 (11) D 18 (12) NC39 (13) Misc. 47 (14) A 6b (15) A 6a (16) Misc. 49 (17) NC 38. Scale 1:1

Plate 226

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Plate 227

Stone tools, (i) Misc. 2 (2) H 217 (3) P 139 (4) L 77 (5) L 14 (6) M 198 (7) M 199 (8) H 218 (9) M 200 (io) N 72 (11) H 17 (12) Mn (13) M 197 (14) L 18 (15) L 172 (16) D 19 (17) A 7 (18) O 7 (19) H 247 (20) O 8. Scale 1:3

Plate 228

Stone vases, lamps. LM II contexts (2-3). (1) Misc. 15 (2) L 91 (3) L 94.

Scale 1 ¡3

Plate 229

Stone vases, various. LM II contexts (1-3) (5-6) (8-1 1). (1) NP 4 (2) L 44 (3) L 123 (4) Misc. 14 (5) H 19 (6) H 89 (7) A 5 (8) Misc. 13 (9-10) H 45 (11) NP 5. Scales (1-6) 1:3, ( 7- 11) 1:2

Plate 230

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Plate 231

Clay loomweights. (i) N 31 (2-8) N 31 (9) L 130 (10) H 120 (1 1) NC 33 (12) Misc. 54 (13) Misc. 57 (14) RoomC (?SM) (15) D 17. Scale 1 : 3

Plate 232

Clay, stone, faience, glass and metal objects, (i) H 233 (2) H 42 (3) H 24 (4) J/K 4 (5) H 230 (6) M 69 (7) L 101 (8) L 47 (9) L 166 (10) A 10 (11) Mise. 59 (12) D 23 (13) NP 17 (14) Misc. 58 (15) D 22 (16) Misc. 64a (17) Misc. 61 (18) A 9 (19) Misc. 49 (20) B 12 (21) Misc. 47 (22) Misc. 46 (23) Misc. 38 (24) Misc. 4 (25) Misc. 27 (26) C 16 (27) A 6b (28) Misc. 67a (29) NP 6 (30) NC 39. Scale 2:3 except (7) (9) at 2: 1 and (30) at 4:3

II Plate 233

LM II PLANT REMAINS

Plate 233

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The UnexploredMansion.Scale

UnexploredMansion.Scale i : ioo

Corrigendato thePlateVolume PLATE 10 PLATE 12 PLATE 14 PLATE20 PLATE25 PLATE39 PLATE61 PLATE 78 PLATE82 PLATE87 PLATE 147 PLATE 150 PLATE 151 PLATE 152 PLATE 154 PLATE 159 PLATE 160 PLATE 161 PLATE 162 PLATE 175 PLATE 195 PLATE 199 PLATE 205 PLATE209 PLATE223 PLATE225 PLATE231 PLATE 232

(b) Section7, for'RoomO' read'RoomQ' Section5, for'Corridor G' read'Stairway G' L' before'similar Section8, level10,add 'Corridor fill' for'(a) during after' read after' (b) '(a-d) during (e-h) for'RoomC read'RoomD', andfor'NWandNE' read'NE andNW (c-d) for'RoomP' read'RoomM' (e) for'L 112' read'P 112' (c-d) forΉ 192' readΉ 5 7' (c) for'M 27' read'N 27' (c) for'P 75' read'N 14' (g)for'H 180' readΉ 190' (3) for'L 178' readΉ 132' (1) for'P 147' readΉ 147' (2) forΉ 129' read'N 42' read(2) G 1 (3) Ρ 73 (4) Ρ 111 (5) Ρ 110 (1) forΉ 189' readΉ 179' L' read'RoomΡ (3) for'Corridor (16) forΉ 162' readΉ 163' (6) for'N 47' read'N 49' (5) forΉ 374' readΉ 185' fromH/LPit 10+11 read8,9,13and15 fromC Pit8; remainder for'h-k' read'h-j' (j) forΉ 67' readΉ 68' (32) for'M 91' read'M 92' (19) forΌ 8' readΌ 9' (e) for'L 130' read'L 164' (8) forΉ 21' readΉ 24' (9) for'L 130' read'L 164' (24) for'Misc.4' read'Misc.37'

Knossos: From Greek City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the Unexplored Mansion II. Text & Plates

Lefkandi III (plates) (Supplementary Volume)

Lefkandi III (plates) (Supplementary Volume)

The Central Palace Sanctuary at Knossos (Supplementary Volume)

Knossos: The South House (BSA Supplementary Volume)

Palaikastro: Two Late Minoan Wells (Supplementary Volume)

The Theatre at Butrint (Supplementary Volume)

The Ivory Houses' at Mycenae (Supplementary Volume)

Dining at the Governor's Mansion

Knossos: Protopalatial Deposits in Early Magazine A and the South-West Houses (BSA Supplementary Volume)

The Palace of Minos at Knossos I

The Palace of Minos at Knossos III

The Mansion

The Mansion

The Mansion

The Mansion

The Mansion

Knossos North Cemetery: Early Greek Tombs vols I-IV. (Supplementary Volume)

The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the Palace of Minos at Knossos

Kristy And The Haunted Mansion

The Palace of Minos at Knossos (Digging for the Past)

The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus: Fragments (Phoenix Supplementary Volume)

Kristy,The Haunted Mansion

Kommos: The monumental Minoan buildings at Kommos (Kommos V)

Deserted Mansion

The Palace of Minos at Knossos IV.1

Vampire Mansion

Magic Mansion

Murder Mansion

The Mysterious Mansion

The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Text and Plates) (Supplementary Volume)

The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (Text and Plates) (Supplementary Volume)

Knossos: From Greek City to Roman Colony. Excavations at the Unexplored Mansion II. Text & Plates

Lefkandi III (plates) (Supplementary Volume)

Lefkandi III (plates) (Supplementary Volume)

The Central Palace Sanctuary at Knossos (Supplementary Volume)

Knossos: The South House (BSA Supplementary Volume)

Palaikastro: Two Late Minoan Wells (Supplementary Volume)

The Theatre at Butrint (Supplementary Volume)

The Ivory Houses' at Mycenae (Supplementary Volume)

Dining at the Governor's Mansion

Knossos: Protopalatial Deposits in Early Magazine A and the South-West Houses (BSA Supplementary Volume)

The Palace of Minos at Knossos I

The Palace of Minos at Knossos III

The Mansion

The Mansion

The Mansion

The Mansion

The Mansion

Knossos North Cemetery: Early Greek Tombs vols I-IV. (Supplementary Volume)

The Knossos Labyrinth: A New View of the Palace of Minos at Knossos

Kristy And The Haunted Mansion

The Palace of Minos at Knossos (Digging for the Past)

The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus: Fragments (Phoenix Supplementary Volume)

Kristy,The Haunted Mansion

Kommos: The monumental Minoan buildings at Kommos (Kommos V)

Deserted Mansion

The Palace of Minos at Knossos IV.1

Vampire Mansion

Magic Mansion

Murder Mansion

The Mysterious Mansion

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