Ionized Calcium - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

IONIZED CALCIUM A 3-IN-1 MEDICAL REFERENCE Medical Dictionary Bibliography & Annotated Research Guide TO I NTERNET

R EFERENCES

IONIZED CALCIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Ionized Calcium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-497-00609-X 1. Ionized Calcium-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on ionized calcium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON IONIZED CALCIUM .................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Ionized Calcium ............................................................................ 6 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 11 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND IONIZED CALCIUM .......................................................................... 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Finding Nutrition Studies on Ionized Calcium ........................................................................... 55 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 56 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND IONIZED CALCIUM.................................................... 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 59 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 66 General References ....................................................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON IONIZED CALCIUM...................................................................... 69 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 69 Dissertations on Ionized Calcium ................................................................................................ 69 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON IONIZED CALCIUM ................................................................................ 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Patents on Ionized Calcium ......................................................................................................... 71 Patent Applications on Ionized Calcium ..................................................................................... 77 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 79 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 83 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 83 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 83 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 85 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 87 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 89 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 93 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 93 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 93 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 93 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 93 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 99 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 99 IONIZED CALCIUM DICTIONARY ........................................................................................ 101 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 145

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with ionized calcium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about ionized calcium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to ionized calcium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on ionized calcium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to ionized calcium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on ionized calcium. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON IONIZED CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on ionized calcium.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and ionized calcium, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Effects of Aging on Serum Ionized and Cystosolic Free Calcium Source: Hypertension. 34(4 Part 2): 902-906. October 1999. Contact: Available from American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Summary: Calcium ions, both intracellular (within the cells) and extracellular (outside the cells) are critically important for a wide spectrum of cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve excitability, and stimulus to secretion coupling in all endocrine and exocrine tissues. Elevated cyctosolic free calcium (Cai) and reciprocally reduced, extracellular ionized calcium (Ca ion) levels are observed in both hypertension (high blood pressure) and type 2 diabetes. Because the changes of vascular (blood vessel) function and insulin sensitivity in these conditions resemble the changes

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associated with 'normal' aging, the authors of this article considered to what extent similar alterations in calcium metabolism occur with aging per se in the absence of overt hypertension or diabetes. This article reports on a study in which platelet Cai levels and serum C ion levels were measures in normotensive, nondiabetic, healthy, normal elderly (older than 65 years) subjects (n = 11); in 10 young adults with hypertension; and in 10 normotensive adults with type 2 diabetes. Platelet Cai levels were higher and Ca ion levels lower in normal elderly compared with young control subjects, but normal elderly Cai and Ca ion levels were indistinguishable from those in hypertensive and type 2 diabetes subjects. In normal subjects, significant correlations were found between platelet Cai levels and age, and between Cai levels and systolic blood pressure. The authors conclude that aging is associated with alterations of Cai and Ca ion levels resembling those changes present at any age in hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The authors hypothesize that these alterations of calcium metabolism underlie the predisposition to the alterations of blood pressure and insulin sensitivity characteristics of 'normal' aging. The data also suggest that studies of the aging process should be limited to subjects with normal blood pressure and glucose tolerance. 2 figures. 2 tables. 35 references. •

Modulation of Renal Calcium Handling by 11B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 13 (10): 2540-2546. October 2002. Contact: Available from Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 12107 Insurance Way, Hagerstown, MD 21740. (800) 638-6423. Summary: Reduced concentration of serum ionized calcium and increased urinary calcium excretion have been reported in primary aldosteronism and glucocorticoid treated patients. This study considers whether inhibition of 11betaHSD2 (a type of dehydrogenase) by glcyrrhetinic acid (HA) may increase renal (kidney) calcium excretion. The results showed that inhibition of 11betaHSD2 activity is sufficient to significantly increase the fractional excretion of calcium and to decrease serum ionized calcium, suggesting decreased tubular reabsorption of this divalent cation under conditions of renal glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid excess. The likely site of steroidregulated renal calcium handling appears to be the distal tubule. 4 figures. 1 table. 47 references.

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Risk Factors and Risk for Mortality of Mild Hypoparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 39(6): 1245-1254. June 2002. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Periodicals Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. (800) 654-2452 or (407) 345-4000. Summary: Relative hypoparathyroidism (low levels of parathyroid hormone, PTH) is prevalent in patients on hemodialysis (HD), with unknown pathogenesis (how the disease develops) and prognosis. This article reports on a study undertaken to clarify the risk factors and prognosis of time-dependent relative hypoparathyroidism in HD patients. The retrospective study was performed for 126 HD patients with four or more PTH determinations and no previous total or subtotal parathyroidectomy. The prevalence of relative hypoparathyroidism at entry into the study was 76 of 126 patients (60.3 percent). Analysis showed that patients with hypoparathyroidism were older, more likely to have diabetes, and had greater ionized calcium levels and lower

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phosphate, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels. Patients with diabetes were older and had a shorter duration of dialysis therapy and lower PTH, phosphate, albumin, BUN, and creatinine levels and urea reduction ratios. Conversely, analysis also showed that PTH levels at entry were associated directly with creatinine levels and inversely with age and ionized calcium levels (but not diabetes). During follow up, PTH levels fluctuated concomitantly with ionized calcium and phosphate levels over time in all patients. The authors note that hypoparathyroidism at entry and lower time-dependent PTH levels predict mortality (death). 3 figures. 4 tables. 49 references. •

Severe Hyperphosphatemia and Hypocalcemia: A Dilemma in Patient Management Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 7(10): 2055-2061. October 1996. Summary: This article presents a case report of severe hyperphosphatemia and tetanic hypocalcemia resulting from the inadvertant oral ingestion of a phosphate enema. The physiology of serum phosphate regulation and the mechanism by which the elevation of serum phosphate is thought to induce hypocalcemia is discussed, and the treatment of hyperphosphatemia is reviewed. Finally, the authors consider the potential consequences of the administration of calcium to treat tetany in a patient with severe hyperphosphatemia. The authors conclude that, from a theoretical viewpoint, it seems prudent to give only enough calcium to control the cardiovascular consequences of hypocalcemia while delaying attempts to restore normal levels until after plasma phosphate concentration is controlled. However, when faced with a combination of acute, extreme exogenous hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia, as in this case study, the risk of metastatic soft tissue calcification in response to administration of calcium may be less important than restoration of at least a low-normal ionized calcium concentration. 1 figure. 2 tables. 31 references. (AA-M).

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Foscarnet - Induced Hypocalcemia and Effect of Foscarnet on Calcium Metabolism Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism; Vol. 72, No. 5, May 1991. p. 1130-1135. Contact: University of California Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, AIDS Program, Clinical Research Section, PO Box 0881, San Francisco, CA, 94110-0881, (415) 514-0550. Summary: Toscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate), an investigational pyrophosphate analog increasingly used to treat refractory cytomegalovirus retinitis and mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in immunocompromised patients, has been reported to cause abnormalities in serum calcium and phosphate, including cases of fatal hypocalcemia. To further elucidate the magnitude and mechanism of these abnormalities in humans treated with foscarnet for opportunistic herpes virus infections, we analyzed anaerobic serum specimens and 24-h urine samples before and after single and multiple doses of iv foscarnet and performed a series of in vitro experiments with normal human serum and plasma. Plasma ionized calcium concentrations acutely decreased by a mean 0.17 mmol/L in the 6 individuals who received a 90 mg/kg dose of foscarnet and by a mean 0.28 mmol/L in the 11 individuals who received a 120 mg/kg dose (P = 0.016, 90 vs. 120 mg/kg dose). Results of in vitro experiments showed a highly significant inverse linear relationship between foscarnet and ionized calcium concentrations, but no correlation between foscarnet and total calcium or phosphate concentration. Dialysis experiments suggested that the

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complexing of foscarnet with ionized calcium could be a cause of this ionized hypocalcemia. Physicians must be aware of this phenomenon and should measure serum ionized calcium during foscarnet therapy (preferably at the end of a foscarnet infusion) whenever neurological or cardiological abnormalities occur.

Federally Funded Research on Ionized Calcium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to ionized calcium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to ionized calcium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore ionized calcium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for ionized calcium: •

Project Title: ALTERED CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN PMDD Principal Investigator & Institution: Thys-Jacobs, Susan; Assistant Professor; St. Luke'sRoosevelt Inst for Hlth Scis Health Sciences New York, Ny 100191102 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is widely recognized as a recurrent disorder related to hormonal variations of the menstrual cycle. PMDD shares many of the features of depression anxiety and the dysphoric states. Whereas alterations in calcium homeostasis have long been associated with many affective disturbances, recent evidence has suggested that luteal phase symptomatology may be associated with a perturbation in calcium homeostasis. Recently reported abnormalities in calciotropic hormone regulation, as well as the beneficial response to calcium treatment, all support the hypothesis that disordered calciotropic hormone regulation is a major provocative factor in luteal phase symptomatology. The purpose of the investigation is to understand more completely the extent to which calcium regulation is disturbed in PMDD by utilizing new tools to assess calcium and bone turnover. This investigation seeks to confirm our preliminary data in a definitive study. The long-term objective is to elucidate the pathophysiology of PMDD as it relates to the calciotropic hormones and bone markers. The experimental design involves enrolling 70 with PMDD and 35 controls. Following 2 months of baseline symptom documentation, women with PMDD and controls will be enrolled in a 1-month observational period with frequent hormonal samplings, urinary collections and daily ratings. Clinical evaluation will involve a detailed history and physical examination, a structured psychiatric interview and a dietary assessment. Hormonal

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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evaluation will include total and ionized calcium intact parathyroid hormone, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, estradiol, progesterone, osteocalcin, urinary N-telopeptide, IGF-1 and TNF-A. Each subjects will be initially screened prospectively for 2 menstrual cycles with a daily, self assessment scale; symptoms will then be monitored and quantified for another 1 month while undergoing blood and urine sampling. The observation period will provide extensive characterization of the calciotropic hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover across the menstrual cycle with simultaneous symptom ratings in women with PMDD and controls. Bone density evaluation will be performed as well on all subjects. Understanding the pathophysiology associated with PMDD may lead to effective therapeutic strategies to prevent the neuropsychiatric disturbances and abnormal calcium regulation that are characteristic of this disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CA2+-RECEPTOR: IMMUNE MODULATION IN VIVO AND IN VITRO Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Edward M.; Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2004; Project Start 01-APR-2004; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Autoimmunity is the cause of several common endocrine disorders. Graves' disease and nongoitrous hypothyroidism are examples of diseases caused by activating and inhibitory antibodies, respectively, to a G proteincoupled cell surface receptor (GPCR). The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is a GPCR that plays a crucial role in maintaining mineral ion homeostasis by virtue of its capacity to sense small changes in the extracellular ionized calcium concentration (Ca2+o). The physiological relevance of the CaR was established by the discovery of patients with activating or inactivating mutations that produce hypo- or hypercalcemic conditions, respectively. The former is termed autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (ADH) and the latter familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Similar to inactivating or activating mutations, there might be patients with inactivating or activating antibodies to the CaR. Indeed, we recently described 4 patients with inactivating antibodies to the CaR, three of whom had a picture of FHH while one had biochemical findings more like primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Surprisingly, further preliminary studies have identified inactivating antibodies in two individuals who had undergone removal of a parathyroid (PT) adenoma for a diagnosis of PHPT, raising the possibility that anti-CaR antibodies can contribute to the development of PHPT in a subset of patients. Additional preliminary studies have also identified two hypocalcemic individuals with activating antibodies to the receptor, who have a biochemical picture compatible with hypoparathyroidism. The overall goal of this proposal is to document that activating and inactivating CaR antibodies can cause forms of hypoparathyroidism and PTH-dependent hypercalcemia, respectively, that should be distinguished from other causes of these disorders and may be amenable to specific CaR-based medical therapy. The following aims are addressed at achieving this goal: (1) To identify and characterize inactivating antibodies to the CaR in persons with PTH-dependent hypercalcemia. (2) To identify and characterize activating antibodies to the CaR in persons with hypoparathyroidism. (3) To develop an animal model of activating and/or inactivating antibodies by immunization with the CaR's extracellular domain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: INTESTINAL PERFUSION AND PERMEABILITY IN SEPSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Fink, Mitchell P.; Professor and Chairman; Anesthesiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract). The long- term goal of this application is to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms responsible for intestinal barrier dysfunction in states associated with acute tissue hypoxia and/or inflammation. One unifying hypothesis is that derangements in cellular energy metabolism cause or contribute to alterations in epithelial barrier function in critical illness. Aim I is to study cytokine mediated repression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1)-dependent adaptive epithelial responses to hypoxia during sepsis. HIF-1 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a number of genes associated with adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia. In preliminary studies, they demonstrated that HIF-1 DNAbinding activity is increased when cultured hepatocytes and enterocytes are incubated with a mixture of IFN-gamma and TNF under normoxia. However, these cytokines fail to induce the expression of a HIF-1-dependent luciferase reporter gene. More recently, these cytokines inhibit HIF-1-dependent reporter activity during hypoxia. The applicants hypothesize that (1) HIF-1 DNA-binding activity will increase in the liver and intestinal mucosa of septic animals; (2) adaptive cellular responses to hypoxia will be impaired in cells or tissues that have been exposed to a pro-inflammatory milieu (such as occurs in sepsis); (3) signaling initiated by IFN-gamma and TNF suppresses HIF-1induced gene expression by blocking the recruitment of CBP/p300 to hypoxia-inducible promoters. Aim II is to evaluate one potential way that an increase in cytosolic ionized calcium concentration, [Ca2+] i, could act to increase intestinal epithelial paracellular permeability. They previously showed that epithelial hyperpermeability caused by ATP depletion is dependent upon the resultant increase in [Ca2+] i. The mechanism(s) whereby increases in [Ca2+] i promote hyperpermeability are unknown. In Aim II they will conduct experiments to test the hypothesis that elevation of [Ca2+] i leads to activation of a calcium-dependent enzyme, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and thereby increases phosphorylation of the 20-kDa cytoskeletal protein, myosin light chain (MLC20), resulting in cytoskeletal contraction and epithelial hyperpermeability on that basis. Aim III is to investigate the effect of cytokines, hypoxia, or metabolic inhibition on the polarized basolateral-to-apical transport of complex carbohydrates and other hydrophilic compounds across the intestinal epithelium. These studies are prompted by preliminary data they have obtained, which indicate that a wide variety of compounds, including dextrans and various anionic dyes, are transported across rat colonic mucosa in the serosa-to-mucosa direction via a process that apparently is energy-dependent. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that that impaired barrier function in sepsis (or other forms of acute illness) may not just reflect increased passive permeation in the apical-to basolateral direction, but also decreased active pumping (scavenging) in the opposite direction. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: LUNG CANCER--ROLE OF PTHRP AND REGULATION BY TGFBETA Principal Investigator & Institution: Tannehill-Gregg, Sarah H.; Veterinary Biosciences; Ohio State University 1960 Kenny Road Columbus, Oh 43210 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2005

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Summary: (Applicant's Description): The overall goal of the K08 award is to permit Sarah Tannehill-Gregg, D.V.M. to devote full time for research training leading to a Ph.D. in experimental pathobiology, and for development into an independent scientist for a cancer in academia or biomedical research. Dr. Tannehill-Gregg has completed a residency in comparative pathology and one year of research training in the sponsor's laboratory. The research goals are to investigate the regulation of extracellular calcium and the role of transforming growth factor-beta in parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression and secretion by cancers of the lung. This will address an important medical question since PTHrP is expressed by many carcinomas and is responsible for inducing humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The action of TGFbeta may be a critical determinant in the overexpression of PTHrP by carcinomas and play an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer-associated hypercalcemia in human patients. The overall hypothesis to be tested is that TGFbeta production by lung carcinoma acts as an autocrine or paracrine against to stimulate PTHrP production by the carcinoma cells. Aim 1: Investigate expression of PTHrP, TGFbeta1-3 and TGFbeta receptors (I and II) and measure serum ionized calcium and PTHrP concentrations and urine excretion of calcium and phosphorus in humans with lung cancer. Aim 2: Investigate the regulation of PTHrP expression and secretion by TGFbeta in lung carcinomas in vitro using explant cultures from spontaneous human neoplasms and cultures of lung carcinoma cell lines. Aim 3: Investigate the molecular regulation of PTHrP mRNA steady state levels, stability, and alternate splicing by TGFbeta in vitro using lung carcinoma explants and cell lines. Dr. Tannehill-Gregg has developed preliminary data to support all three aims and a collaboration with Medical and Surgical Oncology to facilitate the in vivo studies. The cooperative efforts of Dr. Tannehill-Gregg, the sponsor, and co-investigators in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, James Cancer Research Hospital, Pulmonary Oncology and Thoracic Surgery Divisions, and Tissue Procurement Program at Ohio State University will provide a productive environment to complete this significant investigation. The studies will provide important new data on the function of PTHrP and TGFbeta in lung cancer in human patients. The combination of results from in vivo study, in vitro cultures, and mechanistic molecular experiments will contribute to the understanding of the role of PTHrP in lung cancer and provide insight into the pathogenesis of cancer-associated hypercalcemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MAGNESIUM AS A NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT FOR PEDIATRIC TBI Principal Investigator & Institution: Shaffner, Donald H.; Anesthesiology/Crit Care Med; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, Md 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): The overall objective of this collaborative, multiinstitutional project is to provide preliminary information required for subsequent, fullscale clinical trials of novel therapies for children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study will contribute both pediatric safety data for a specific pharmacotherapy (magnesium sulfate) and demonstrate the applicability in children of novel methods for assessing the effects of such therapy on the neuronal extracellular environment (cerebral microdialysis). Magnesium has a good safety profile and is being tested in pilot studies of adults with stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage for its neuroprotective potential. There are, however, no data regarding its safety or efficacy in children with TBI. Cerebral microdialysis is being used both clinically and in research settings directed to adult TBI, but has not been used in children. The following Specific

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Ionized Calcium

Aims address these gaps: 1. to examine the safety of magnesium for children with severe traumatic brain injury and therefore potentially compromised cerebral perfusion; 2) to examine the short-term efficacy of magnesium in modifying molecular markers of secondary brain injury 3) to examine the feasibility of measuring longer-term efficacy using clinical outcomes (functional, neuropsychological, and behavioral measures) as well as indicators of the severity of structural injury by MRI at three months post-injury. We will implement a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of magnesium in children with severe TBI who require intensive care and intracranial pressure monitoring. Based on subject availability with proposed inclusion/exclusion criteria, 24 subjects will be randomized. Clinically-required intracranial pressure monitoring will be accompanied by placement of a microdialysis catheter for research purposes. Following baseline measurements, study drug at (magnesium or placebo) will be administered as a bolus of 0.2 mmol/kg followed by 24-hour infusion. Using hemodynamic variables, cerebral perfusion pressure will be monitored. In addition, transcranial doppler velocities and brain interstitial lactate and pyruvate levels will be used to assess effects on cerebral perfusion. Microdialysis will be used to assess brain interstitial levels of ionized magnesium, ionized calcium, excitatory amino acids, and nitric oxide byproducts. In addition blood magnesium and calcium levels (both ionized and total) will be obtained. Multiple validated psychometric measures and MRI evaluation of CNS lesion numbers and location will address Specific Aim 3. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PILOT--STANNIOCALCIN-1 INFLAMMATION Principal Investigator & Institution: Sheikh-Hamad, David; Associate Professor; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, Tx 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1) is a calcium-regulating hcrmone in bony fish. It is produced and stored in the corpuscle of Stannius, an accessory organ to the kidney. Elevation of ionized calcium in the fish plasma induces synthesis and secretion of STC1 into the blood. Upon circulation in the gill, it inhibits calcium influx from the aquatic environment, while in the gut, it inhibits calcium uptake. T'he mammalian homologue of this hormone is produced in multiple organs and is thought to function in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. The cumulative data suggest that it inhibits calcium flux in cardiomyocytes, glut epithelium and neuronal cells. In neuronal cells, it is upregulated following ischemic injury and appears to have a cytoprotective effect in a manner that requires inhibition of calcium flux into the cells. Recent findings from our laboratory revealed striking upregulation of STC1 in the proximal tubules following ischemic or obstructive renal injury in humans. In addition, STC1 protein decorated the plasma membrane of inflammatory cells in the injured tissue. These findings suggested the involvement of STC1 in tissue inflammation, indeed, STC1 attenuated MCP1mediated intracellular calcium increas and chemotaxis (using a trans-filter assay) in the macrophage-like Raw264.7 cells. The following specific aims are intended to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie this process. Specific Aim I: will test the hypothesis that STC1 inhibits chemotaxis in other mononuclear cells (lymphocytes) in a manner that involves alterations in intracellular calcium currents. Specific Aim II: will examine the hypothesis that STC1 is an anti-inflammatory molecule. This will be tested using STC1 in an in vivo model of rat (WKY) anti-GBM (glomerular basement membrane) glomerulonephritis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: ROLE OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE CALCIUM PUMP IN HEARING Principal Investigator & Institution: Penniston, John T.; Professor; Mayo Clinic Coll of Medicine, Rochester 200 1St St Sw Rochester, Mn 55905 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract) Ionized calcium (Ca2+) acts as an intracellular signal which is essential to hearing. To manage this signal, Ca2+ channels and pumps are necessary. Recent studies have shown that the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump (PMCA), which is highly concentrated in the tips of the stereocilia, is the sole Ca2+ extrusion system in hair cells. Knockout mice lacking isoform 2 of the PMCA are deaf and show severe balance deficits. Mice of strains named "deafwaddler" and "wriggle," which have similar deficits, have recently been found to be homozygous for a mutation in the same PMCA2 gene. Based on these findings, the proposal will explore the functional properties and specific interacting proteins of the major PMCA isoform(s) of the inner ear. The specific aims are (1) to determine which PMCA ioforms and alternative splice variants are expressed in rodent cochlea and vestibular hair cells; (2) to determine the functional properties of the major "deafwaddler" and "wriggle" PMCA mutants and of additional single amino acid mutants; and (3) to identify and characterize the proteins that interact with the major PMCA ioform of the hair cells, which may be responsible for its unique localization to the stereocilia tips. These experiments will establish a new area of investigation into the role of the plasma membrane Ca2+ pump as the controller of local Ca2+ regulation in the inner ear and should lead to a better appreciation of its contribution to the process of hearing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for ionized calcium in the PubMed Central database: •

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Crosslinking of surface antigens causes mobilization of intracellular ionized calcium in T lymphocytes. by Ledbetter JA, June CH, Grosmaire LS, Rabinovitch PS.; 1987 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=304434

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Effect of common agonists on cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentration in platelets. Measurement with 2-methyl-6-methoxy 8-nitroquinoline (quin2) and aequorin. by Ware JA, Johnson PC, Smith M, Salzman EW.; 1986 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=423474

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Effect of ionized calcium and soluble magnesium on the predictability of the performance of Mueller-Hinton agar susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with gentamicin. by Casillas E, Kenny MA, Minshew BH, Schoenknecht FD.; 1981 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=181596

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Evidence that blood ionized calcium can regulate serum 1,25(OH)2D3 independently of parathyroid hormone and phosphorus in the rat. by Bushinsky DA, Riera GS, Favus MJ, Coe FL.; 1985 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&action=stream&blobt ype=pdf&artid=424140

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Influence of twenty-five per cent human serum albumin on total and ionized calcium concentrations in vivo. by Erstad BL, Richards H, Rose S, Nakazato P, Fortune J.; 1999; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=29024

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with ionized calcium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for ionized calcium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

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A comparison of serum ionized calcium in arterial and mixed venous blood during CPR. Author(s): Gando S, Tedo I, Kubota M. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1990 August; 19(8): 850-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2372166

PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A direct relationship between ionized calcium and arterial pressure among patients in an intensive care unit. Author(s): Desai TK, Carlson RW, Thill-Baharozian M, Geheb MA. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1988 June; 16(6): 578-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3371020

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A reference system for ionized calcium. Author(s): Bowers GN Jr. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578576

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A reliable potentiometric measurement of ionized calcium and pH on the ICA2 Radiometer in clinical practice. Author(s): Gouget B, Gourmelin Y, Blanchet F, Truchaud A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 June; 49(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2740827

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A rise in ionized calcium activates the neutrophil NADPH-oxidase but is not sufficient to directly translocate cytosolic p47phox or p67phox to b cytochrome containing membranes. Author(s): Movitz C, Sjolin C, Dahlgren C. Source: Inflammation. 1997 October; 21(5): 531-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9343750

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Ability of nonviable Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I to bind ionized calcium in vitro and ex vivo in an extracorporeal perfusion system. Author(s): Ray PK, Raychaudhuri S, McLaughlin D, Idiculla A, Rhoads JE Jr, Bassett JG. Source: Cancer Research. 1981 December; 41(12 Pt 1): 5010-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7307002

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Activation of neutrophil superoxide production by concanavalin A can occur at low levels of intracellular ionized calcium. Author(s): Whitin JC, Takahashi K, Cohen HJ. Source: Blood. 1987 March; 69(3): 762-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3028535

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Actual ionized calcium (at actual pH) vs adjusted ionized calcium (at pH 7.4) in hemodialyzed patients. Author(s): Rudnicki M, Frolich A, Haaber A, Thode J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1992 July; 38(7): 1384. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1623613

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Actual ionized calcium and pH in blood collected in capillary or evacuated tubes. Author(s): Thode J. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1986 February; 46(1): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3952443

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Acute effects of oral phosphate-salt ingestion on serum phosphorus, serum ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone in young adults. Author(s): Calvo MS, Heath H 3rd. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1988 June; 47(6): 1025-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2837078

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Addition of inulin to breakfast does not acutely affect serum ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations. Author(s): Teuri U, Karkkainen M, Lamberg-Allardt C, Korpela R. Source: Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 1999; 43(6): 356-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10725769

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Adjusted ionized calcium (at pH 7.4) and actual ionized calcium (at actual pH) in capillary blood compared for clinical evaluation of patients with disorders of calcium metabolism. Author(s): Thode J, Holmegaard SN, Transbol I, Fogh-Andersen N, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1990 March; 36(3): 541-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2311230

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ADP-induced platelet shape change and mobilization of cytoplasmic ionized calcium are mediated by distinct binding sites on platelets: 5'-pfluorosulfonylbenzoyladenosine is a weak platelet agonist. Author(s): Rao AK, Kowalska MA. Source: Blood. 1987 September; 70(3): 751-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3040154

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Age-related reference values for ionized calcium in the first week of life in premature and full-term neonates. Author(s): Wandrup J, Kroner J, Pryds O, Kastrup KW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1988 May; 48(3): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3375781

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Altered diurnal regulation of blood ionized calcium and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Goodman WG, Misra S, Veldhuis JD, Portale AA, Wang HJ, Ament ME, Salusky IB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 560-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10648272

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An evaluation of the ICA1 ionized calcium analyzer in a clinical chemistry laboratory. Author(s): Smith SC, Buckley BM, Wedge G, Bold AM. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 33-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578572

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An in vitro evaluation of ionized calcium levels and clotting in red blood cells diluted with lactated Ringer's solution. Author(s): King WH, Patten ED, Bee DE. Source: Anesthesiology. 1988 January; 68(1): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3337362

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An ionized calcium regulated calcium clamp technique in man. Author(s): Torring O, Sjoberg HE. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 101-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578562

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Analysis of cytosolic ionized calcium variation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes using flow cytometry and Indo-1 AM. Author(s): Lopez M, Olive D, Mannoni P. Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 1989 March; 10(2): 165-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2540938

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Annual rhythmic and non-rhythmic biological variation of magnesium and ionized calcium concentrations. Author(s): Valero-Politi J, Ginard-Salva M, Gonzalez-Alba JM. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2001 January; 39(1): 45-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11256800

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Anticoagulant-induced preanalytical errors in ionized calcium determination on blood. Author(s): Sachs C, Rabouine P, Chaneac M, Kindermans C, Dechaux M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 November; 49(7): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2609108

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Aqueous and serum-based materials compared for use as simulated calibrators for three ionized calcium analyzers. Author(s): Toffaletti J, Bird C, Berg C, Abrams B. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1986 August; 32(8): 1548-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3731449

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Assay of sodium, potassium, and ionized calcium in whole blood with the ChemPro1000. Author(s): Ng RH, Altaffer M, Statland BE. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1986 November; 32(11): 2103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3779959

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Assessment of calcaemic status in geriatric hospital patients: serum ionized calcium versus albumin-adjusted total calcium. Author(s): Sorva A, Elfving S, Pohja P, Tilvis RS. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1988 October; 48(6): 489-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3217751

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Association between plasma ionized calcium and lactate concentration. Author(s): Zander R. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1993; 19(6): 362-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8227732

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Association of serum albumin concentration, serum ionized calcium concentration, and blood pressure in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Author(s): Vargas CM, Obisesan T, Gillum RF. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1998 September; 51(9): 739-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9731922

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Baseline and activated platelet cytoplasmic ionized calcium in acute ischemic stroke. Effect of aspirin. Author(s): Joseph R, Welch KM, Grunfeld S, Oster SB, D'Andrea G. Source: Stroke; a Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 1988 October; 19(10): 1234-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3176082

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Bias of ionized calcium results from blood gas syringes. Author(s): Swanson JR, Heeter C, Limbocker M, Sullivan M. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1994 April; 40(4): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8149623

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Biochemical and morphological findings in patients with increased serum ionized calcium. Author(s): Larsson L, Enestrom S, Gillquist J. Source: Acta Chir Scand. 1979; 145(7): 435-42. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=539326

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Biological and analytic components of variation in long-term studies of serum constituents in normal subjects. V. Estimated biological variations in ionized calcium. Author(s): Harris EK, DeMets DL. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1971 October; 17(10): 983-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5095152

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Blood exchange transfusions in newborns, the effect on serum ionized calcium. Author(s): Nelson N, Finnstrom O. Source: Early Human Development. 1988 December; 18(2-3): 157-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3224578

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Blood ionized calcium measurements during aortocoronary bypass graft operations. Author(s): Pedersen KO, Juhl O. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 107-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6604937

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Blood pressure response to changes in serum ionized calcium during hemodialysis. Author(s): Maynard JC, Cruz C, Kleerekoper M, Levin NW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1986 March; 104(3): 358-61. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 1986 October; 105(4): 635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3946979

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Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase activity and ionized calcium in Type 2 diabetic patients with neuropathy. Author(s): Migdalis IN, Xenos K, Chairopoulos K, Varvarigos N, Leontiades E, Karmaniolas K. Source: Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2000 August; 49(2-3): 113-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10963822

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Calcium balance and serum ionized calcium fluctuations in on-line haemodiafiltration in relation to ultrafiltration rate and dialysate calcium concentration. Author(s): Malberti F, Corradi B, Tetta C, Imbasciati E. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 1994; 9(12): 1759-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7708260

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Cancer cell contact causes oscillatory and polarized rise of cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Author(s): Tsuji Y, Nakamori S, Ariyoshi H, Sakon M, Aono Y, Ueda A, Tokunaga M, Nakamura T, Monden M. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 September; 21(3): 541-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12168097

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Carryover between internal standards in the Nova 2 ionized calcium analyzer. Author(s): Payne RB. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1981 November; 27(11): 1956-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7296866

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CD5 antibodies increase intracellular ionized calcium concentration in T cells. Author(s): June CH, Rabinovitch PS, Ledbetter JA. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 1987 May 1; 138(9): 2782-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3106489

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Changes in cytosolic ionized calcium induced by activators of secretion in GH3 cells. Author(s): Snowdowne KW, Borle AB. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1984 February; 246(2 Pt 1): E198-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6421177

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Changes in cytosolic resting ionized calcium level and in calcium transients during in vitro development of normal and Duchenne muscular dystrophy cultured skeletal muscle measured by laser cytofluorimetry using indo-1. Author(s): Rivet-Bastide M, Imbert N, Cognard C, Duport G, Rideau Y, Raymond G. Source: Cell Calcium. 1993 July; 14(7): 563-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8402838

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Changes in ionized calcium concentrations and acid-base status during abdominal aortic vascular surgery. Author(s): Jankowski S, Knighton J, Dunnill R, Dickson D. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1998 December; 81(6): 965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10211028

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Changes in plasma ionized calcium and magnesium in blood donors after donation of 450 mL blood. Effects of hemodilution and Donnan equilibrium. Author(s): Fogh-Andersen N, Altura BM, Altura BT, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1996; 224: 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8865440

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Changes in protein-bound, complex-bound, and ionized calcium related to parathyroid hormone levels in healthy donors during plateletapheresis. Author(s): Toffaletti J. Source: Transfusion. 1983 November-December; 23(6): 471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6649022

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Cholecystokinin effect on human lymphocyte ionized calcium and mitogenesis. Author(s): McMillen MA, Ferrara A, Adrian TE, Margolis DS, Schaefer HC, Zucker KA. Source: The Journal of Surgical Research. 1995 February; 58(2): 149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7861766

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Circadian variations in serum zinc (Zn) concentrations: correlation with blood ionized calcium, serum total calcium and phosphate in humans. Author(s): Markowitz ME, Rosen JF, Mizruchi M. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1985 April; 41(4): 689-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3984922

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Circulating ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone levels following coronary artery by-pass surgery. Author(s): Carlstedt F, Lind L, Joachimsson PO, Rastad J, Wide L, Ljunghall S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1999 February; 59(1): 47-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10206097

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Citrate intoxication and blood concentration of ionized calcium in liver transplantation. Author(s): Diaz J, Acosta F, Parrilla P, Sansano T, Bento M, Cura S, Contreras RF, Belmonte JG, Bueno FS, Robles R, et al. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 1994 December; 26(6): 3669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7998315

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Clinical and histologic appearance in enamel of primary teeth in relation to neonatal blood ionized calcium values. Author(s): Ranggard L, Noren JG, Nelson N. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1994 October; 102(5): 254-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7817149

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Clinical studies on ionized calcium using the radiometer ICA1 analyzer. Author(s): Buckley BM, Smith SC, Heath DA, Bold AM. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 87-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578583

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Combined measurements of ionized calcium and intact parathyroid hormone in blood. Author(s): Rudnicki PM. Source: Dan Med Bull. 1996 February; 43(1): 58-67. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8906981

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Comparative study of sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, urea and creatinine circadian rhythm documented in samples of capillary and venous blood from healthy subjects. Author(s): Baghdassarian RA, Aghadadian SN, Hairapetian TV, Yeghian VA, Burshtein GY, Filian JP. Source: Chronobiologia. 1990 January-March; 17(1): 15-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2350984

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Comparison of hypertonic and isotonic reference electrode junctions for measuring ionized calcium in whole blood: a clinical study. Author(s): Masters PW, Payne RB. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1993 June; 39(6): 1082-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8504542

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Comparison of serum total calcium, albumin-corrected total calcium, and ionized calcium in 1213 patients with suspected calcium disorders. Author(s): Thode J, Juul-Jorgensen B, Bhatia HM, Kjaerulf-Nielsen M, Bartels PD, FoghAndersen N, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 May; 49(3): 217-23. Erratum In: Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1990 February; 50(1): 113. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2662382

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Concentrations of magnesium and ionized calcium in umbilical cord blood in distressed term newborn infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Author(s): Ilves P, Blennow M, Kutt E, Magi ML, Kudrjavtseva G, Lagercrantz H, Talvik T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1996 November; 85(11): 1348-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8955464

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Concurrent measurement of platelet ionized calcium concentration and aggregation: studies with the lumiaggregometer. Author(s): Johnson PC, Ware JA, Salzman EW. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1985 November 15; 40(4): 435-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3936227

Studies

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Control of pulsatile and tonic parathyroid hormone secretion by ionized calcium. Author(s): Schmitt CP, Schaefer F, Bruch A, Veldhuis JD, Schmidt-Gayk H, Stein G, Ritz E, Mehls O. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996 December; 81(12): 4236-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8954021

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Correlation among ionized calcium, citrate, and total calcium levels during hepatic transplantation. Author(s): Diaz J, Acosta F, Parrilla P, Sansano T, Contreras RF, Bueno FS, Martinez P. Source: Clinical Biochemistry. 1995 June; 28(3): 315-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7554253

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Correlation between severity of septic conditions and circulating levels of ionized calcium. Author(s): Vadstrup S, Pedersen TE, Weywadt L, Wandrup J. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1989; 15(5): 329-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2768652

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Critical analytical and clinical aspects of ionized calcium in neonates. Author(s): Wandrup J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 October; 35(10): 2027-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2676238

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Cytosolic ionized calcium homeostasis in platelets: an abnormal sensitivity to PAFactivation in migraine. Author(s): Joseph R, Welch KM, Grunfeld S, Oster SB, D'Andrea G. Source: Headache. 1988 July; 28(6): 396-402. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2844693

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Cytosolic ionized calcium in human platelets: the influence of collagen and a novel antiplatelet agent. Author(s): Gollamudi R, Dillingham EO, Bond SE, Lyman BA. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1991 June 14; 177(2): 888-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2049109

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Decreased ionized calcium during therapeutic plasma exchange pheresis and platelet pheresis. Author(s): Morse EE, Hohnadel DC, Genco P, Katz AJ. Source: Johns Hopkins Med J. 1980 June; 146(6): 260-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7382251

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Decreased levels of ionized calcium one year after hemithyroidectomy: importance of reduced thyroid hormones. Author(s): Lindblom P, Valdemarsson S, Lindergard B, Westerdahl J, Bergenfelz A. Source: Hormone Research. 2001; 55(2): 81-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11509864

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Decreased serum concentration of ionized calcium in insulin-dependent human diabetes mellitus. Author(s): McNair P, Fogh-Andersen N, Madsbad S, Christensen MS. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1983 June; 13(3): 267-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6409651

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Decreased serum ionized calcium and normal vitamin D metabolite levels with anticonvulsant drug treatment. Author(s): Weinstein RS, Bryce GF, Sappington LJ, King DW, Gallagher BB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984 June; 58(6): 1003-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6725504

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Dental enamel in relation to ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone. Studies of human primary teeth and rat maxillary incisors. Author(s): Ranggard L. Source: Swed Dent J Suppl. 1994; 101: 1-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7886618

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Dependence of measured ionized calcium on protein concentration as measured by three ion-selective electrodes. Author(s): McEnroe E, McKenna MJ, Diamond D, Covington AK, Freaney R. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1992 July; 29 ( Pt 4): 443-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1642453

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Depressor effects of ionized calcium infusion in essential hypertension. Author(s): Midtbo KA, Hals O. Source: Angiology. 1987 February; 38(2 Pt 1): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3826747

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Design and preliminary performance characteristics of a newly proposed reference cell for ionized calcium in serum. Author(s): D'Orazio P, Bowers GN Jr. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1992 July; 38(7): 1332-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1623600

Studies

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Determination of blood ionized calcium in a large segment of the normal adult population. Author(s): Drop LJ, Fuchs C, Stulz PM. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1978 November 1; 89(3): 503-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=30555

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Determination of calcium fractions of serum. 3. Ionized calcium in ultrafiltrates of normal serum and examination of pertinent variables. Author(s): Pedersen KO. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1970 May; 25(3): 223-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5450676

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Determination of ionized calcium in mentally ill patients. Author(s): Bucci L, Johnson EE. Source: Psychosomatics. 1966 July-August; 7(4): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5920610

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Determination of ionized calcium in parotid saliva. Author(s): Lagerlof F. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1980 March 28; 102(2-3): 127-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7371186

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Determination of ionized calcium in serum by use of an lon-selective electrode. I. Determination of normal values under physiologic conditions, with comments on the effects of food ingestion and hyperventilation. Author(s): Seamonds B, Towfighi J, Arvan DA. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1972 February; 18(2): 155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5008523

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Determination of ionized calcium in serum that has been exposed to air. Author(s): Wybenga DR, Ibbott FA, Cannon DC. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1976 July; 22(7): 1009-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6166

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Determination of ionized calcium in serum with a calcium electrode. Author(s): Raman A. Source: Biochem Med. 1970 April; 3(5): 369-75. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5523413

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Determination of ionized calcium: evaluation of sampling and storage procedures. Author(s): Couttenye MM, Jurgens A, Lamberts LV, Verpooten GA, D'Haese PC, De Broe ME. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1996 March; 42(3): 468-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8598117

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Different plasma ionized calcium correlations with blood pressure in high and low renin normotensive adults in Utah. Author(s): Hunt SC, Williams RR, Kuida H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 1991 January; 4(1 Pt 1): 1-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2006991

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Dimethyl sulfoxide and stimulation of platelet cytoplasmic ionized calcium. Author(s): Joseph R, Han E, Grunfeld S, Welch KM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1989 April 25; 61(2): 326. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2749606

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Divalent cations in essential hypertension. Relations between serum ionized calcium, magnesium, and plasma renin activity. Author(s): Resnick LM, Laragh JH, Sealey JE, Alderman MH. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1983 October 13; 309(15): 888-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6350880

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Divalent ions and myocardial function during cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB). Changes of total calcium, ionized calcium, and magnesium in plasma. Author(s): Fuchs C, Brasche M, Spieckermann PG, Kirchhoff G, Regensburger D, Koncz J. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1975 September-October; 16(5): 476-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1194332

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Do calcium entry blockers act on circulating ionized calcium? Author(s): Merzon KA, Kolomiets VV. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 1992 April; 6(2): 137. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1390324

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Dry electrolyte-balanced heparinized syringes evaluated for determining ionized calcium and other electrolytes in whole blood. Author(s): Toffaletti J, Ernst P, Hunt P, Abrams B. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1991 October; 37(10 Pt 1): 1730-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914173

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Effect of caerulein on total and ionized calcium secretion in the duodenal juice of man. Author(s): Pfeiffer A, Lohse J, Kuntzen O. Source: Digestion. 1984; 30(4): 242-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6510575

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Effect of common agonists on cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentration in platelets. Measurement with 2-methyl-6-methoxy 8-nitroquinoline (quin2) and aequorin. Author(s): Ware JA, Johnson PC, Smith M, Salzman EW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1986 March; 77(3): 878-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3081576

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Effect of fluoride addition on ionized calcium in salivary sediment and in saliva containing various amounts of solid calcium fluoride. Author(s): Matsuo S, Rolla G, Lagerlof F. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1990 December; 98(6): 482-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2091244

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Effect of fluoride addition on ionized calcium in salivary sediment and in saliva. Author(s): Lagerlof F, Ekstrand J, Rolla G. Source: Scand J Dent Res. 1988 October; 96(5): 399-404. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3201111

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Effect of hematocrit and added heparin on ionized calcium in capillary blood samples from neonates. Author(s): Nelson N, Ohman S, Larsson L. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 March; 35(3): 486-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2920418

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Effect of hyperventilation on total calcium, ionized calcium, and serum phosphorus in neonates. Author(s): Watchko J, Bifano EM, Bergstrom WH. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1984 December; 12(12): 1055-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6510002

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Effect of hypocalcemia on cardiac function in very-low-birth-weight preterm neonates: studies of blood ionized calcium, echocardiography, and cardiac effect of intravenous calcium therapy. Author(s): Venkataraman PS, Wilson DA, Sheldon RE, Rao R, Parker MK. Source: Pediatrics. 1985 October; 76(4): 543-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4047796

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Effect of inorganic phosphate on serum ionized calcium concentration in vitro: a reassessment of the "trade-off hypothesis". Author(s): Adler AJ, Ferran N, Berlyne GM. Source: Kidney International. 1985 December; 28(6): 932-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4087699

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Effect of menopause and aging on serum total and ionized calcium and protein concentrations. Author(s): Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1989 March; 44(3): 181-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2493324

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Effect of pH and NaCl on measurements of ionized calcium in matrices of serum and human albumin with a new calcium-selective electrode. Author(s): Rehfeld SJ, Barkeley J, Loken HF. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1984 February; 30(2): 304-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6692542

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Effect of silicone-separator tubes and storage time on ionized calcium in serum. Author(s): Larsson L, Ohman S. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1985 January; 31(1): 169-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3965211

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Effect of storage on measurement of ionized calcium in serum of uremic patients. Author(s): Nikolakakis NI, De Francisco AM, Rodger RS, Gaiger E, Goodship TH, Ward MK. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1985 February; 31(2): 287-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3967366

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Effects of age, sex, season and diet on serum ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D in a random population. Author(s): Rudnicki M, Thode J, Jorgensen T, Heitmann BL, Sorensen OH. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1993 August; 234(2): 195-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8340743

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Effects of albumin on ionized calcium in vitro. Author(s): Mimouni A, Mimouni F, Mimouni C, Mou S, Ho M. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1991 June; 7(3): 149-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1876503

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Effects of erythrocytes, bicarbonate, temperature and albumin on in vitro ionized calcium variations with pH. Author(s): Kancir CB, Petersen PH, Madsen T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 September; 49(5): 475-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2595242

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Effects of furosemide administration on ionized calcium in normal subjects. Author(s): Hermida JM, Martinez ME, Herranz L, Catalan P, Pallardo LF. Source: Nephron. 1985; 41(1): 120-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4033836

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Effects of heparin on serum ionized calcium and haemodynamics during coronary artery surgery. Author(s): Takkunen O. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 1989 January; 33(1): 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2644752

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Effects of oral base therapy on serum ionized calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone in chronic hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Caruana RJ, Weinstein RS, Campbell HT, Chaudhary BA, Smith KL, Kurunsaari KM. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 1989 December; 12(12): 778-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2559040

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Effects of propranolol and verapamil on plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone in short-term intense isokinetic leg exercise. Author(s): Joborn H, Bergstrom R, Rastad J, Wide L, Akerstrom G, Ljunghall S. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1988 February; 8(1): 1-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3349754

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Effects of storage temperature and time before centrifugation on ionized calcium in blood collected in plain vacutainer tubes and silicone-separator (SST) tubes. Author(s): Toffaletti J, Blosser N, Kirvan K. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1984 April; 30(4): 553-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6705198

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Electrolytes and blood gases (ionized calcium). Author(s): Burritt MF. Source: Analytical Chemistry. 1993 June 15; 65(12): 409R-411R. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8333618

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Epidemiological evidence for the disruption of ionized calcium homeostasis in the elderly. Author(s): Watson JB, Lee K, Klein R, Klein BE, Koch DD. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1997 July; 50(7): 845-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9253397

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Evaluation of a new semiautomatic electrode system for simultaneous measurement of ionized calcium and pH. Author(s): Thode J, Wandrup J, Aas F, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1982 September; 42(5): 407-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7156853

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Evaluation of argatroban and DUP 714 as anticoagulants for blood gas, electrolyte and ionized calcium analyses. Author(s): Lyon ME, Harding SR, Oosman SN, Lyon AW. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2000 February; 60(1): 19-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10757450

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Evaluation of AVL988/4 analyzer for measurement of ionized magnesium and ionized calcium. Author(s): Cao Z, Tongate C, Elin RJ. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 2001; 61(5): 38994. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11569486

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Evaluation of capillaries for ionized calcium measurements. Author(s): Sachs C, Rabouine P, Kindermans C, Dautzenberg MD, Dechaux M. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1992 May; 29 ( Pt 3): 296-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1610105

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Evaluation of radiometer ICA1 as a routine instrument for serum ionized calcium and its application for whole blood capillary samples from newborn infants. Author(s): Larsson L, Finnstrom O, Nilsson B, Ohman S. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 21-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578570

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Evaluation of routine ionized calcium determination in cancer patients. Author(s): Shemerdiak WP, Kukreja SC, Lad TE, York PA, Henderson WJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1981 September; 27(9): 1621-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7261345

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Facilitated determination of ionized calcium. Author(s): Urban P, Buchmann B, Scheidegger D. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1985 February; 31(2): 264-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3967359

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Factors affecting ionized calcium concentration in human bile. Author(s): Usui R, Ise H, Suzuki N, Matsuno S. Source: Gastroenterol Jpn. 1990 June; 25(3): 403. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2358172

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Factors affecting the determination of ionized calcium in blood. Author(s): Brauman J, Delvigne C, Deconinck I, Willems D. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578571

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Failure of T cell receptor-anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody interaction in T cells from marrow recipients to induce increases in intracellular ionized calcium. Author(s): Yamagami M, McFadden PW, Koethe SM, Ratanatharathorn V, Lum LG. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990 October; 86(4): 1347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2145322

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Fall of blood ionized calcium on watching a provocative TV program and its prevention by active absorbable algal calcium (AAA Ca). Author(s): Fujita T, Ohgitani S, Nomura M. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 1999; 17(2): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10340641

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Flow cytometric measurement of cellular ionized calcium concentration. Author(s): June CH, Rabinovitch PS. Source: Pathol Immunopathol Res. 1988; 7(5): 409-32. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3068669

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Fluoroacetamide poisoning in man: the role of ionized calcium. Author(s): Taitelman U, Roy A, Hoffer E. Source: Arch Toxicol Suppl. 1983; 6: 228-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578726

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Foscarnet-induced changes in plasma concentrations of total and ionized calcium and magnesium in HIV-positive patients. Author(s): Noormohamed FH, Youle MS, Tang B, Martin-Munley S, Gazzard BG, Lant AF. Source: Antivir Ther. 1996 August; 1(3): 172-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11322251

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Furosemide-induced reduction in ionized calcium in hypoparathyroid patients. Author(s): Gabow PA, Hanson TJ, Popovtzer MM, Schrier RW. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1977 May; 86(5): 579-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=851306

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Glucose ingestion and whole blood ionized calcium and magnesium in the third trimester of pregnancy. Author(s): Bracero LA, Mimouni F, Hafeez A. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 1998 August; 17(4): 385-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9710850

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Hemodynamic instability after the initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: role of ionized calcium. Author(s): Meliones JN, Moler FW, Custer JR, Snyder SJ, Dekeon MK, Donn SM, Chapman RA, Bartlett RH. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1991 October; 19(10): 1247-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1914481

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Heparinization of blood decreases ionized calcium concentration. Author(s): Soong WJ, Wang HZ, Hwang B. Source: Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1991 May; 47(5): 331-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1649675

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High plasma ionized calcium with normal PTH and total calcium levels in normalfunction kidney transplant recipients. Author(s): Vezzoli G, Elli A, Palazzi P, Bertoni T, Scabini M, Quarto di Palo F, Bianchi G. Source: Nephron. 1986; 42(4): 290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3515218

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Higher values for ionized calcium with a new type of electrode for Orion SS-20. Author(s): Ohman S, Larsson L. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1978 November; 24(11): 2070-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=709854

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How to stabilize the level of ionized calcium and citrate during plateletpheresis. Author(s): Farrokhi P, Farahmand H, Bismuth A, Suarez C, Ducot B, Gillon MC, Debat P, Laskowski P, Pinon F. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1998; 74(1): 7-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9481853

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Human platelet aggregation and release reaction induced by platelet activating factor (PAF-acether)--effects of acetylsalicylic acid and external ionized calcium. Author(s): Cattaneo M, Canciani MT, Mannucci PM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1985 April 22; 53(2): 221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3927505

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Hypercalcitoninemia and hypocalcemia in acutely ill children: studies in serum calcium, blood ionized calcium, and calcium-regulating hormones. Author(s): Sanchez GJ, Venkataraman PS, Pryor RW, Parker MK, Fry HD, Blick KE. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1989 June; 114(6): 952-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2723909

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Hyperparathyroidism due to clear cell hyperplasia. Serial determinations of serum ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Author(s): Dawkins RL, Tashjian AH Jr, Castleman B, Moore EW. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 1973 January; 54(1): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4682491

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Hypertonic versus isotonic salt bridges and the measurement of ionized calcium. Author(s): Rebelo MJ, Almeida SC. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 2000 January; 37 ( Pt 1): 77-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10672377

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Hysteresis in the relationship between serum ionized calcium and intact parathyroid hormone during recovery from induced hyper- and hypocalcemia in normal humans. Author(s): Conlin PR, Fajtova VT, Mortensen RM, LeBoff MS, Brown EM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1989 September; 69(3): 593-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2760172

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IFCC recommended reference method for the determination of the substance concentration of ionized calcium in undiluted serum, plasma or whole blood. Author(s): Burnett RW, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Fogh-Andersen N, Kulpmann WR, Lewenstam A, Maas AHJ, Muller-Plathe O, Sachs C, Andersen OS, VanKessel AL, Zijlstra WG; International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. IFCC Scientific Division, Working Group on Selective Electrodes. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2000 December; 38(12): 1301-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11205698

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Impaired cytoplasmic ionized calcium mobilization in inherited platelet secretion defects. Author(s): Rao AK, Kowalska MA, Disa J. Source: Blood. 1989 August 1; 74(2): 664-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2752141

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Improving the acceptance of "ionized calcium" for routine clinical practice. Author(s): Muller-Plathe O. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1993; 214: 95-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8332858

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Inadequate algorithm: a cause for 'incorrect pH 7.40 correction' in ionized calcium analysers. Author(s): Sachs C, Chaneac M, Rabouine P, Kindermans C, Dechaux M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 October; 49(6): 561-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2595248

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Increased serum ionized calcium does not suppress parathyroid hormone secretion in a kidney transplanted patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy and parathyroid transplantation. Author(s): Halabe A. Source: Nephron. 2001 January; 87(1): 96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11174036

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Increased total to ionized calcium ratio during continuous venovenous hemodialysis with regional citrate anticoagulation. Author(s): Meier-Kriesche HU, Gitomer J, Finkel K, DuBose T. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2001 April; 29(4): 748-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11373461

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Influence of changes in ionized calcium on cardiovascular reactivity during hemodialysis. Author(s): van Kuijk WH, Mulder AW, Peels CH, Harff GA, Leunissen KM. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1997 March; 47(3): 190-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9105767

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International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) Scientific Division. IFCC recommendation--recommendation on sampling, transport and storage for the determination of concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma and serum. Author(s): Boink AB, Buckley BM, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Maas AH, MullerPlathe O, Sachs C, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1991 October 14; 202(1-2): S13-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1807860

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International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), scientific division: IFCC recommendation on sampling transport and storage for the determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma and serum. Author(s): Boink AB, Buckley BM, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Maas AH, MullerPlathe O, Sachs C, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1991 November; 29(11): 767-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1782285

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Intracellular ionized calcium mobilization of CD 9 monoclonal antibody-activated human platelets. Author(s): Yatomi Y, Higashihara M, Ozaki Y, Kume S, Kurokawa K. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1990 August 31; 171(1): 109-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2393384

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Intracellular ionized calcium. Author(s): June CH, Rabinovitch PS. Source: Methods Cell Biol. 1994; 41: 149-74. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7861962

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Ion effects in measurement of sodium and ionized calcium in direct potentiometry. Author(s): Zoppi F, Guagnellini E, Manzoni A. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1993 August; 53(5): 521-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8210976

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Ionized calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration in serum of patients with sarcoidosis. Author(s): Hamada K, Nagai S, Tsutsumi T, Izumi T. Source: The European Respiratory Journal : Official Journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. 1998 May; 11(5): 1015-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9648949

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Ionized calcium and cyclic AMP in plasma and urine. Biochemical evaluation in calcium metabolic disease. Author(s): Thode J. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1990; 197: 1-45. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2154030

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Ionized calcium buffering in the transfused anhepatic patient: Ab initio calculations of calcium ion concentrations. Author(s): Bertholf RL, Bertholf MF, Brown CM, Riley WJ. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1992 January-February; 22(1): 40-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1739273

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Ionized calcium changes during living-donor liver transplantation in patients with and without administration of blood-bank products. Author(s): Jawan B, de Villa V, Luk HN, Chen YS, Chiang YC, Wang CC, Wang SH, Cheng YF, Huang TL, Eng HL, Liu PP, Chen CL. Source: Transplant International : Official Journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation. 2003 July; 16(7): 510-4. Epub 2003 April 10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12687324

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Ionized calcium concentration in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Carney SL. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1992 September; 38(3): 167-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1395172

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Ionized calcium concentration in saliva and its relationship to dental disease. Author(s): Maijer R, Klassen GA. Source: Journal (Canadian Dental Association). 1972 September; 38(9): 333-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4404003

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Ionized calcium in blood: studies on patients with pulmonary disease. Author(s): Vadstrup S, Wandrup J. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1991 September; 230(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1910074

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Ionized calcium in exchange transfusion with THAM-buffered ACD blood. Author(s): Friedman Z, Hanley WB, Radde IC. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1972 October 21; 107(8): 742-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4629427

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Ionized calcium in gallbladder bile: new insights into a clear and ever-present danger. Author(s): Hofmann AF. Source: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1992 December; 120(6): 818-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1453100

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Ionized calcium in human male and female reproductive fluids: relationships to sperm motility. Author(s): Magnus O, Abyholm T, Kofstad J, Purvis K. Source: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 1990 January; 5(1): 94-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2324251

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Ionized calcium in patients with chronic renal failure. Author(s): Kumchev E, Ledzhev I, Simeonov S, Dimitrov A. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1992; 34(3-4): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1369513

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Ionized calcium levels in coronary sinus blood during coronary angiography: effects of four contrast media. Author(s): Mitsumori M, Hayakawa K, Torizuka T, Okuno Y, Monji T, Uwatoko H, Kitamura K, Abe M. Source: Radiology. 1992 April; 183(1): 159-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1549664

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Ionized calcium or corrected total calcium? Author(s): Larsson L, Magnusson P. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2003 August; 18(8): 1554-5; Author Reply 1556. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12929947

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Ionized calcium plays a pivotal role in controlling blood pressure during haemodialysis. Author(s): Leunissen KM, van den Berg BW, van Hooff JP. Source: Blood Purification. 1989; 7(5): 233-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2803704

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Ionized calcium, parathormone, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients. Author(s): Burchard KW, Gann DS, Colliton J, Forster J. Source: Annals of Surgery. 1990 October; 212(4): 543-9; Discussion 549-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2222019

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Ionized calcium: its significance and clinical usefulness. Author(s): Forman DT, Lorenzo L. Source: Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1991 September-October; 21(5): 297-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1952778

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Ionized calcium: pediatric perspective. Author(s): Lynch RE. Source: Pediatric Clinics of North America. 1990 April; 37(2): 373-89. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2184403

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Ketoconazole decreases the serum ionized calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in tuberculosis-associated hypercalcemia. Author(s): Saggese G, Bertelloni S, Baroncelli GI, Di Nero G. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1993 March; 147(3): 270-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8438806

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Lack of evidence of low ionized calcium levels in systemic hypertension. Author(s): Buckley BM, Smith SC, Beevers M, Beevers DG, McKiernan MJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 1987 April 1; 59(8): 878-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3825953

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Lack of relationship between actual ionized calcium and pH in umbilical cord blood. Author(s): Rudnicki M, Jorgensen JS. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1995 May; 41(5): 763-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7729061

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Left ventricular contractility varies directly with blood ionized calcium. Author(s): Lang RM, Fellner SK, Neumann A, Bushinsky DA, Borow KM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 April; 108(4): 524-9. Erratum In: Ann Intern Med 1988 October 1; 109(7): 600. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3248127

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Leukocyte ionized calcium and sodium content and blood pressure in humans. Author(s): Bing RF, Heagerty AM, Jackson JA, Thurston H, Swales JD. Source: Hypertension. 1986 June; 8(6): 483-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3710556

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Limits for use of heparin in ionized calcium determination. Author(s): Vezzoli G, Elli A, Palazzi P, Orazi E, Perticucci E, di Palo FQ, Bianchi G. Source: Ric Clin Lab. 1984 July-September; 14(3): 535-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6522964

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Low plasma concentrations of ionized calcium in patients with asthma. Author(s): Gugger M, Staubli M, Peheim E, Bachofen H. Source: Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 1988 April; 64(4): 1354-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3378970

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Low plasma ionized calcium and response to calcium therapy in critically ill man. Author(s): Drop LJ, Laver MB. Source: Anesthesiology. 1975 September; 43(3): 300-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=240298

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Low serum concentrations of ionized calcium in patients with hypertension. Author(s): McCarron DA. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1982 July 22; 307(4): 226-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7088071

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Lower serum ionized calcium and abnormal calciotropic hormone levels in preeclampsia. Author(s): Seely EW, Wood RJ, Brown EM, Graves SW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 June; 74(6): 1436-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1592891

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Lowered serum ionized calcium in insulin treated diabetic subjects. Author(s): Fogh-Andersen N, McNair P, Moller-Petersen J, Madsbad S. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 93-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6353549

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Massive blood replacement: correlation of ionized calcium, citrate, and hydrogen ion concentration. Author(s): Kahn RC, Jascott D, Carlon GC, Schweizer O, Howland WS, Goldiner PL. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1979 July-August; 58(4): 274-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=36816

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Measure of blood ionized calcium versus total calcium in normal man, in renal insufficiency and in hypercalcemia of various origins. Author(s): Brauman J, Delvigne C, Brauman H. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 75-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578580

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Measurement of ionized calcium in biological fluids. Author(s): Robertson WG. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1969 April; 24(1): 149-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5780158

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Measurement of ionized calcium in biological fluids: ion-selective electrode method. Author(s): Sena SF, Bowers GN Jr. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1988; 158: 320-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3374382

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Measurement of ionized calcium in blood platelets with the photoprotein aequorin. Comparison with Quin 2. Author(s): Johnson PC, Ware JA, Cliveden PB, Smith M, Dvorak AM, Salzman EW. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1985 February 25; 260(4): 2069-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3918996

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Measurement of ionized calcium in human plasma with a calcium selective electrode. Author(s): Oreskes I, Hirsch C, Douglas KS, Kupfer S. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1968 September; 21(3): 303-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5725188

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Measurement of ionized calcium in normal human blood platelets. Author(s): Rao GH. Source: Analytical Biochemistry. 1988 March; 169(2): 400-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382012

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Measurement of ionized calcium in serum with ion-selective electrodes: a mature technology that can meet the daily service needs. Author(s): Bowers GN Jr, Brassard C, Sena SF. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1986 August; 32(8): 1437-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3524900

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Measurement of ionized calcium with five types of instruments. An external quality assessment. Author(s): Uldall A, Fogh-Andersen N, Thode J, Boink AB, Kofstad J, Larsson L, Narvanen S, Pedersen KO, Weber T. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1985 May; 45(3): 255-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4001830

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Measurement of platelet cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentration with aequorin and fluorescent indicators. Author(s): Johnson PC, Ware JA, Salzman EW. Source: Methods Enzymol. 1989; 169: 386-415. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2716532

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Measurement of platelet ionized calcium. Author(s): Salzman EW, Johnson P, Ware JA. Source: Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1985; 27(4): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2997700

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Measurement of serum and plasma ionic calcium with the "Space-Stat 20 Ionized Calcium Analyzer". Author(s): Husdan H, Leung M, Oreopoulos D, Rapoport A. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1977 September; 23(9): 1775-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=890923

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Measurement of serum ionized calcium with the ion-exchange electrode. Author(s): Subryan VL, Popovtzer MM, Parks SD, Reeve EB. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1972 December; 18(12): 1459-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4639856

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Mechanisms of altered myocardial contractility during hemodialysis: importance of changes in the ionized calcium to plasma potassium ratio. Author(s): Kramer W, Wizemann V, Thormann J, Bechthold A, Schutterle G, Lasch HG. Source: Klin Wochenschr. 1985 March 15; 63(6): 272-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3990169

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Mitogen-induced T-lymphocyte proliferation: a reappraisal of the early requirement of extracellular ionized calcium. Author(s): Hovi T, Allison AC, Williams SS. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1979 June 27; 88(4): 1337-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=113005

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Monitoring of ionized calcium during human hepatic transplantation. Critical values and their relevance to cardiac and hemodynamic management. Author(s): Kost GJ, Jammal MA, Ward RE, Safwat AM. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1986 July; 86(1): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3524194

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More on determination of ionized calcium in blood with ion-selective electrodes. Author(s): Sachs C. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1987 March; 33(3): 444-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3815827

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Neonatal hyperexcitability in relation to plasma ionized calcium, magnesium, phosphate and glucose. Author(s): Nelson N, Finnstrom O, Larsson L. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1987 July; 76(4): 579-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3630674

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Neonatal reference values for ionized calcium, phosphate and magnesium. Selection of reference population by optimality criteria. Author(s): Nelson N, Finnstrom O, Larsson L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1987 April; 47(2): 111-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3576116

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Neonatal reference values for ionized calcium. Some comments on criteria in selection of reference population. Author(s): Larsson L, Ohman S, Nelson N, Finnstrom O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1989 May; 49(3): 301-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2740824

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New method for determining bound and ionized calcium in serum. Author(s): Angelova-Gateva P, Koev DJ. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 March; 35(3): 491-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2920420

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New techniques for ion-selective measurements of ionized calcium in serum after pH adjustment of aerobically handled sera. Author(s): Schwartz HD. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1976 April; 22(4): 461-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3297

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Nitric oxide donors increase cytosolic ionized calcium in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. Author(s): Tsuji Y, Unno N, Menconi MJ, Smith M, Fink MP. Source: Shock (Augusta, Ga.). 1996 July; 6(1): 19-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8828079

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Nomograms for calculating the concentration of ionized calcium of human blood plasma from total calcium, total protein and/or albumin, and pH. Author(s): Siggaard-Andersen O, Thode J, Fogh-Andersen N. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 57-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578577

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Normal ionized calcium, parathyroid hypersecretion, and elevated osteocalcin in a family with fluorosis. Author(s): Srivastava RN, Gill DS, Moudgil A, Menon RK, Thomas M, Dandona P. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1989 February; 38(2): 120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2783618

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Normalization of priming solution ionized calcium concentration improves hemodynamic stability of neonates receiving venovenous ECMO. Author(s): Cheung PY. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 1996 November-December; 42(6): 1033-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8959282

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Normalization of priming solution ionized calcium concentration improves hemodynamic stability of neonates receiving venovenous ECMO. Author(s): Meliones JN, Moler FW, Custer JR, Dekeon MK, Chapman RA, Bartlett RH. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 1995 October-December; 41(4): 884-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8589471

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Nova 2 ionized calcium analyzer compared with the Orion SS-20. Author(s): Larsson L, Ohman S. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1980 November; 26(12): 1761-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7428166

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Nova 2 ionized calcium analyzer: imprecision, bias, and protein interference. Author(s): Butler SJ, Payne RB. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1983 March; 29(3): 585-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6825291

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Optimal discrimination of mild hyperparathyroidism with total serum calcium, ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone measurements. Author(s): Benson L, Ljunghall S, Groth T, Falk H, Hvarfner A, Rastad J, Wide L, Akerstrom G. Source: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 1987; 92(2): 147-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2889282

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Parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium levels are related to the severity of illness and survival in critically ill patients. Author(s): Carlstedt F, Lind L, Rastad J, Stjernstrom H, Wide L, Ljunghall S. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1998 November; 28(11): 898-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9824432

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Patterns of total and ionized calcium and other electrolytes in plasma during and after cardiac surgery. Author(s): Moffitt EA, Tarhan S, Goldsmith RS, Pluth JR, McGoon DC. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1973 May; 65(5): 751-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4696875

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Pentastarch as partial replacement fluid for therapeutic plasma exchange: effect on plasma proteins, adverse events during treatment, and serum ionized calcium. Author(s): Goss GA, Weinstein R. Source: Journal of Clinical Apheresis. 1999; 14(3): 114-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10540365

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pH effects on measurements of ionized calcium and ionized magnesium in blood. Author(s): Wang S, McDonnell EH, Sedor FA, Toffaletti JG. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2002 August; 126(8): 947-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12171493

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Physiology and regulation. Ionized calcium, magnesium and lactate measurements in critical care settings. Author(s): Toffaletti J. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1995 October; 104(4 Suppl 1): S88-94. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7484954

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Plasma ionized calcium and blood lactate concentrations are inversely associated in human lactic acidosis. Author(s): Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Dodek PM, Rosenberg F, Russell JA. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1992; 18(5): 286-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1343563

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Plasma ionized calcium and cardiovascular risk factors in mild primary hyperparathyroidism: effects of long-term treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol). Author(s): Lind L, Wengle B, Lithell H, Ljunghall S. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1992 April; 231(4): 427-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1588270

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Plasma ionized calcium during open-heart surgery. Author(s): Heining MP, Linton RA, Band DM. Source: Anaesthesia. 1985 March; 40(3): 237-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3993882

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Plasma ionized calcium during paediatric anaesthesia: effects of pH and succinylcholine. Author(s): Kancir CB, Petersen PH, Wandrup J. Source: Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia = Journal Canadien D'anesthesie. 1987 July; 34(4): 391-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3608058

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Plasma ionized calcium in brain-dead patients. Author(s): Fulgenico JP, Riou B, Devilliers C, Guesde R, Saada M, Viars P. Source: Intensive Care Medicine. 1995 October; 21(10): 832-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8557872

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Plasma ionized calcium in hypomagnesaemia. Author(s): Zimmet P, Breidahl HD, Nayler WG. Source: British Medical Journal. 1968 March 9; 1(592): 622-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5637573

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Plasma ionized calcium in the critically ill on total parenteral nutrition. Author(s): Crottogini AJ, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1981 February; 41(1): 49-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6789448

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Plasma ionized calcium monitoring during liver transplantation. Author(s): Gray TA, Buckley BM, Sealey MM, Smith SC, Tomlin P, McMaster P. Source: Transplantation. 1986 March; 41(3): 335-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3513392

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Plasma ionized calcium, phosphate and magnesium in preterm and small for gestational age infants. Author(s): Nelson N, Finnstrom O, Larsson L. Source: Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989 May; 78(3): 351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2741677

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Plasma profiles and removal rates of inorganic sulphate, and their influence on serum ionized calcium, in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Author(s): Marangella M, Petrarulo M, Cosseddu D, Vitale C, Linari F. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 1991 May; 80(5): 489-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1851690

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Plasmapheresis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia lowers ionized calcium but does not deteriorate left ventricular function. Author(s): Gisinger C, Burghuber OC, Traindl O, Zielinski CC. Source: Atherosclerosis. 1990 February; 81(1): 75-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2306308

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Potentiometric determination of serum ionized calcium in a normal human population. Author(s): Lindgarde F. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1972 September; 40(2): 477-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5056147

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Potentiometric measurements of ionized calcium in anaerobic whole blood, plasma, and serum evaluated. Author(s): Wandrup J, Kvetny J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1985 June; 31(6): 856-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3995764

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Preanalytical procedures in the measurement of ionized calcium in serum and plasma. Author(s): Kallner A. Source: Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1996 January; 34(1): 53-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8704036

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Protein interference with measurement of ionized calcium. Author(s): Payne RB. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1988 February; 34(2): 465-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3342541

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Protein-bound calcium in human serum. Quantitative examination of binding and its variables by a molecular binding model and clinical chemical implications for measurement of ionized calcium. Author(s): Pedersen KO. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1972 November; 30(3): 321-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4640639

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Quasi-simultaneous measurement of ionized calcium and alpha-granule release in individual platelets. Author(s): Oda A, Daley JF, Kang J, Smith M, Ware JA, Salzman EW. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1991 February; 260(2 Pt 1): C242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1847585

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Rate and concentration dependence of parathyroid hormone dynamics during stepwise changes in serum ionized calcium in normal humans. Author(s): Grant FD, Conlin PR, Brown EM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1990 August; 71(2): 3708. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2380334

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Recommendation on sampling, transport, and storage for the determination of the concentration of ionized calcium in whole blood, plasma, and serum. IFC Scientific Division, Working Group on Ion-Selective Electrodes (WGSE). Author(s): Boink AB, Buckley BM, Christiansen TF, Covington AK, Maas AH, MullerPlathe O, Sachs C, Siggaard-Andersen O. Source: J Int Fed Clin Chem. 1992 September; 4(4): 147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10148305

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Regional and systemic effects of short-term intense muscular work on plasma concentration and content of total and ionized calcium. Author(s): Ljunghall S, Joborn H, Lundin L, Rastad J, Wide L, Akerstrom G. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1985 October; 15(5): 248-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3935454

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Regulation of the plasma ionized calcium and its therapeutic control in patients treated by regular hemodialysis. Author(s): Kaye M, Cohen GF, Chatterjee G, Mangel R. Source: Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1969; 15: 341-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5791407

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Relation between blood pH and ionized calcium during acute metabolic alteration of the acid-base balance in vivo. Author(s): Gaiter AM, Bonfant G, Manes M, Belfanti P, Alloatti S. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1997 July; 57(4): 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9249879

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Ionized Calcium

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Relation between pH and ionized calcium in vitro and in vivo in man. Author(s): Thode J, Fogh-Andersen N, Wimberley PD, Moller Sorensen A, SiggaardAndersen O. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 79-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578581

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Relations between diurnal variations in serum osteocalcin, cortisol, parathyroid hormone, and ionized calcium in normal individuals. Author(s): Nielsen HK, Laurberg P, Brixen K, Mosekilde L. Source: Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991 April; 124(4): 391-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2031437

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Relationship between blood lactate concentrations and ionized calcium, glucose, and acid-base status in critically ill and noncritically ill patients. Author(s): Aduen J, Bernstein WK, Miller J, Kerzner R, Bhatiani A, Davison L, Chernow B. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 1995 February; 23(2): 246-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7867349

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Relationship between plasma cholesterol and total and ionized calcium concentrations in serum from postmenopausal women. Author(s): Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1989 February; 35(2): 328. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2914394

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Relationship between serum lactate and ionized calcium in open-heart surgery. Author(s): Toffaletti J, Christenson RH, Mullins S, Harris RE. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1986 October; 32(10): 1849-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3757204

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Relationship between total and ionized calcium concentrations in human whole saliva and dental plaque fluid. Author(s): Matsuo S, Lagerlof F. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 1991; 36(7): 525-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1776927

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Renal handling of calcium in fasting subjects: relation to ketosis and plasma ionized calcium level. Author(s): Stein F, Kolanowski J, Bemelmans S, Desmecht P. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 99-100. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578584

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Role of extracellular ionized calcium in the in vitro assessment of GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonists. Author(s): Rebello SS, Huang J, Faul JD, Lucchesi BR. Source: Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2000 January; 9(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10590185

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Seminal concentssrations of total and ionized calcium from men with normal and decreased motility. Author(s): Prien SD, Lox CD, Messer RH, DeLeon FD. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 1990 July; 54(1): 171-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2358084

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Serum concentrations of ionized calcium reflect renal function in patients with sarcoidosis. Author(s): Hamada K, Nagai S, Shigematsu M, Nagao T, Hayaschi M, Tsutsumi T, Izumi T. Source: Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2002 March; 19(1): 71-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12002390

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Serum ionized calcium and intact parathyroid hormone levels during pregnancy and postpartum. Author(s): Rasmussen N, Frolich A, Hornnes PJ, Hegedus L. Source: British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 1990 September; 97(9): 857-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2242375

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Serum ionized calcium and the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism in age cohorts of 75, 80 and 85 years. Author(s): Sorva A, Valvanne J, Tilvis RS. Source: Journal of Internal Medicine. 1992 March; 231(3): 309-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1556527

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Serum ionized calcium changes following citrated blood transfusion in anaesthetized man. Author(s): Hinkle JE, Cooperman LH. Source: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 1971 December; 43(12): 1108-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5156293

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Serum ionized calcium during bed rest in fracture patients and normal men. Author(s): Heath H 3rd, Earll JM, Schaaf M, Piechocki JT, Li TK. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1972 July; 21(7): 633-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5040918

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Serum ionized calcium in a normal population studied with a calcium ion-sensitive electrode. Author(s): Lindgarde F, Zettervall O. Source: Isr J Med Sci. 1971 March; 7(3): 510-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5567539

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Serum ionized calcium in newborn infants. Author(s): Brown DM, Boen J, Bernstein A. Source: Pediatrics. 1972 June; 49(6): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5041317

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Serum ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone and phosphate in uremic patients during and between hemodialysis. Author(s): Rudnicki M, Frolich A, Haaber A, Tvedegaard E, Thode J. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1993 October; 40(4): 225-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8261680

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Serum ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone and related variables: effect of age and sex. Author(s): Minisola S, Pacitti MT, Scarda A, Rosso R, Romagnoli E, Carnevale V, Scarnecchia L, Mazzuoli GF. Source: Bone Miner. 1993 December; 23(3): 183-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8148663

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Serum ionized calcium, serum and intracellular phosphate, and serum parathormone concentrations in acute malaria. Author(s): Davis TM, Li GQ, Guo XB, Spencer JL, St John A. Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993 January-February; 87(1): 49-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8465394

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Serum ionized calcium: some factors influencing its level. Author(s): Pittinger C, Chang PM, Faulkner W. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1971 October; 64(10): 1211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=5097795

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Serum ionized magnesium levels and serum ionized calcium/ionized magnesium ratios in women with menstrual migraine. Author(s): Mauskop A, Altura BT, Altura BM. Source: Headache. 2002 April; 42(4): 242-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12010379

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Serum phosphate concentration. Effect on serum ionized calcium concentration in vitro. Author(s): Lehmann M, Mimouni F. Source: Am J Dis Child. 1989 November; 143(11): 1340-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2816862

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Serum total magnesium and ionized calcium concentrations in asphyxiated term newborn infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Author(s): Ilves P, Kiisk M, Soopold T, Talvik T. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2000 June; 89(6): 680-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10914962

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Short-term effects of low-calcium dialysis solutions on calcium mass transfer, ionized calcium, and parathyroid hormone in CAPD patients. Author(s): Pagliari B, Baretta A, De Cristofaro V, Sama F, Cantaluppi A, Martis L, Imbasciati E. Source: Perit Dial Int. 1991; 11(4): 326-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1751598

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Sodium ion specifically modifies plasma ionized calcium concentration. Author(s): Akimoto T, Ando Y, Takahashi H, Miyata Y, Kusano E, Asano Y. Source: American Journal of Nephrology. 2001 November-December; 21(6): 429-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11799258

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Stimulation of arginine vasopressin secretion by a small increase in blood ionized calcium in normal men. Author(s): Chiodera P, Volpi R, Capretti L, Caffarri G, Pilla S, Coiro V. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1997 July; 27(7): 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9263745

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Subcellular regulation of the ionized calcium pool in isolated growth-plate chondrocytes. Author(s): Iannotti JP, Brighton CT, Stambough JE. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1989 May; (242): 285-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706859

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Systolic blood pressure alterations during hyperinsulinemia are related to changes in ionized calcium status. Author(s): Haenni A, Fugmann A, Lind L, Lithell H. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2001 November; 14(11 Pt 1): 1106-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11724208

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Teicoplanin and daptomycin bactericidal activities in the presence of albumin or serum under controlled conditions of pH and ionized calcium. Author(s): Lamp KC, Rybak MJ. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1993 March; 37(3): 605-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8384822

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The challenges of ionized calcium. Cardiovascular management and critical limits. Author(s): Kost GJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1987 October; 111(10): 932-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3307682

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The effect of a standard oral calcium load given in two different forms on plasma ionized calcium and serum PTH. Author(s): Bailey IR. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1991 September; 28 ( Pt 5): 446-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1958046

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The effect of an intravenous calcium load on serum total and ionized calcium in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Author(s): Cirillo M, Strazzullo P, Galletti F, Siani A, Nunziata V. Source: J Clin Hypertens. 1985 March; 1(1): 30-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3014074

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The effect of an oral calcium load on plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Author(s): Horowitz M, Morris HA, Hartley TF, Need AG, Wishart J, Ryan P, Nordin BE. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1987 March; 40(3): 133-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3105843

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The effect of different doses of nasal salmon calcitonin on plasma cyclic AMP and serum ionized calcium. Author(s): Thamsborg G, Storm TL, Brinch E, Sykulski R, Fogh-Andersen N, Holmegaard SN, Sorensen OH. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1990 January; 46(1): 5-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2153040

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The effect on blood pressure of an acute fall in ionized calcium during hemodialysis. A randomized study in two patients. Author(s): Kaye M, Vasilevsky M, Ketis M. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1998 December; 50(6): 361-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9877109

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The effects of estrogen, progesterone, and ionized calcium on seizures during the menstrual cycle of epileptic women. Author(s): Jacono JJ, Robertson JM. Source: Epilepsia. 1987 September-October; 28(5): 571-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3653063

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The effects of heparin anticoagulants and fill volume in blood gas syringes on ionized calcium and magnesium measurements. Author(s): Toffaletti JG, Wildermann RF. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 2001 February; 304(1-2): 147-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11165211

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The effects of intraduodenal bile acid administration on biliary secretion of ionized calcium and carbonate in man. Author(s): Knyrim K, Vakil N, Pfab R, Classen M. Source: Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 1989 August; 10(2): 134-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2744727

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The hemodynamic effects of heparin and their relation to ionized calcium levels. Author(s): Urban P, Scheidegger D, Buchmann B, Skarvan K. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 1986 February; 91(2): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3945097

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The in vitro production of thromboxane B2 by platelets of diabetic patients is normal at physiological concentrations of ionized calcium. Author(s): Falcon CR, Cattaneo M, Ghidoni A, Mannucci PM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1993 September 1; 70(3): 389-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8259535

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The modulation of circulating parathyroid hormone immunoheterogeneity in man by ionized calcium concentration. Author(s): D'Amour P, Palardy J, Bahsali G, Mallette LE, DeLean A, Lepage R. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992 March; 74(3): 52532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1740486

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The pathophysiological role of blood ionized calcium in essential hypertension. Author(s): Shibata S, Kikuchi K, Yamaji I, Nozawa A, Nishimura M, Aoki K, Hasegawa T, Komura H, Suzuki S, Yamamoto M, et al. Source: Japanese Circulation Journal. 1987 October; 51(10): 1223-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3323559

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The Q-oTc and Q-Tc interval and ionized calcium in newborns. Author(s): Nelson N, Illes L. Source: Clinical Physiology (Oxford, England). 1989 February; 9(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2706914

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The response of parathyroid hormone to specific changes in either ionized calcium, ionized magnesium, or protein-bound calcium in humans. Author(s): Toffaletti J, Cooper DL, Lobaugh B. Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1991 August; 40(8): 814-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1861632

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The significance of ionized calcium in cardiac and critical care. Availability and critical limits at US medical centers and children's hospitals. Author(s): Kost GJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1993 September; 117(9): 890-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8368900

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Thromboxane A2 causes feedback amplification involving extensive thromboxane A2 formation on close contact of human platelets in media with a low concentration of ionized calcium. Author(s): Packham MA, Kinlough-Rathbone RL, Mustard JF. Source: Blood. 1987 September; 70(3): 647-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3620698

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TmP/GFR and ionized calcium in the management of severe hypophosphataemia. Author(s): Coyle S, Masters PW, Barnard D. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1992 September; 29 ( Pt 5): 567-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1444173

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Treatment for the decline of ionized calcium levels during peripheral blood progenitor cell harvesting. Author(s): Kishimoto M, Ohto H, Shikama Y, Kikuta A, Kimijima I, Takenoshita S. Source: Transfusion. 2002 October; 42(10): 1340-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=12423519

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Urinary ionized calcium and renal stone. An interracial study. Author(s): Modlin M. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1967 April; 97(4): 567-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6022424

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Urinary ionized calcium in urolithiasis. Effect of cranberry juice. Author(s): Light I, Gursel E, Zinnser HH. Source: Urology. 1973 January; 1(1): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4792290

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Urine calcium and serum ionized calcium, total calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and familial benign hypercalcaemia. Author(s): Gunn IR, Wallace JR. Source: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1992 January; 29 ( Pt 1): 52-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1536526

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Use of calcium-titrated sodium heparinate for ionized calcium determination on plasma and whole blood (heparinized blood sampler B-129 Radiometer). Author(s): Sachs C, Rabouine P, Chaneac M, Kindermans C, Dechaux M. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1991 May; 51(3): 303-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1882182

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Use of novel preparations of heparin to eliminate interference in ionized calcium measurements: have all the problems been solved? Author(s): Toffaletti J. Source: Clinical Chemistry. 1994 April; 40(4): 508-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8149601

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Variability of ionized calcium with pH of normal urine. Author(s): Jacobson AL, Singhal PC, Mandin H, Hyne JB. Source: Biochem Med. 1979 December; 22(3): 383-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=43729

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Variations in total and ionized calcium during cardiac surgery. Author(s): Catinella FP, Cunningham JN Jr, Strauss ED, Adams PX, Laschinger JC, Spencer FC. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1983 November-December; 24(6): 593602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6654970

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Verapamil increases serum ionized calcium and serum phosphate in patients with post-surgical hypoparathyroidism. Author(s): Sjoden G, Rosenqvist M, Nordenstrom J, Bjorkhem I, Eriksson SA, Kriegholm E. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1992 June; 22(6): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1633832

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Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with serum total and ionized calcium concentration. Author(s): Nakano Y, Oshima T, Sasaki S, Yamaoka K, Matsumoto T, Hirao H, Ozono R, Matsuura H, Kajiyama G, Kambe M. Source: Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany). 2000; 78(10): 575-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11199331

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What is "ionized calcium"? Author(s): Siggaard-Andersen O, Thode J, Fogh-Andersen N. Source: Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 1983; 165: 11-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6578564

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Why should ionized calcium be determined in acutely ill patients? Author(s): Vincent JL, Jankowski S. Source: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1995; 107: 281-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8599291

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Zinc heparin introduces a preanalytical error in the measurement of ionized calcium concentration. Author(s): Lyon ME, Guajardo M, Laha T, Malik S, Henderson PJ, Kenny MA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. 1995 February; 55(1): 61-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7624738

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND IONIZED CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and ionized calcium.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Ionized Calcium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7

Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “ionized calcium” (or a synonym): •

Conditions influencing the interaction of asialo von Willebrand factor with human platelets--the effects of external ionized calcium concentration and the role of arachidonate pathway. Author(s): A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, University of Milano, Italy. Source: Cattaneo, M Mustard, J F Canciani, M T Richardson, M Federici, A B Mannucci, P M Thromb-Haemost. 1988 October 31; 60(2): 280-8 0340-6245

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Increased total and free ionized calcium in a canine model of pigment gallstones. Author(s): Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill. Source: Dawes, L G Nahrwold, D L Rege, R V Surgery. 1988 July; 104(1): 86-90 0039-6060

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Modulation of serum parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium concentrations during reproduction in rats fed a low calcium diet. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599. Source: Garner, S C Peng, T C Toverud, S U J-Bone-Miner-Res. 1988 June; 3(3): 319-23 0884-0431

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Regulation of serum calcitriol by serum ionized calcium in rats during pregnancy and lactation. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA. Source: Boass, A Garner, S C Schultz, V L Toverud, S U J-Bone-Miner-Res. 1997 June; 12(6): 909-14 0884-0431

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Renal vascular hyperresponsiveness to elevated ionized calcium in spontaneously hypertensive rat kidneys. Author(s): Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA. Source: Pargger, H Kaufmann, M A Drop, L J Intensive-Care-Med. 1998 January; 24(1): 61-70 0342-4642

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The effect of vitamin D deficiency on the cochlear potentials and the perilymphatic ionized calcium concentration of rats. Author(s): Department of Otolaryngology and Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. Source: Ikeda, K Kusakari, J Kobayashi, T Saito, Y Acta-Otolaryngol-Suppl. 1987; 4356472 0365-5237

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND IONIZED CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to ionized calcium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to ionized calcium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to ionized calcium: •

45Ca and (14C)EDTA efflux from dialyzed barnacle muscle fibers. Author(s): Brinley FJ Jr, Spangler SG. Source: Biophysical Journal. 1975 March; 15(3): 281-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=804333

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A new rapid and reproducible homologous immunoradiometric assay for aminoterminal parathyroid hormone in the rat. Author(s): Rucinski B, Mann GN, Epstein S. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 1995 January; 56(1): 83-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=7796352

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A new sensitive homologous radioimmunoassay for amino-terminal parathyroid hormone in the rat. Author(s): Finch JL, Rapp N, Martin KJ, Slatopolsky E. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1992 February; 7(2): 229-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1570767

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A serum agglutinin inhibited by ionized calcium. Author(s): Gunson HH. Source: Vox Sanguinis. 1969 December; 17(6): 514-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4984681

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A serum haemagglutinating property dependent upon polycarboxyl groups. Author(s): Beck ML, Freihaut B, Henry R, Pierce S, Bayer WL. Source: British Journal of Haematology. 1975 January; 29(1): 149-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=32

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A simple and rapid method for the measurement of plasma ultrafiltrable and ionized calcium. Author(s): Rose GA. Source: Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 1972 March; 37: 343-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4623299

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Absorbability and cost effectiveness in calcium supplementation. Author(s): Heaney RP, Dowell SD, Bierman J, Hale CA, Bendich A. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2001 June; 20(3): 239-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11444420

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Acute effects of chundosunbup qi-training on blood concentrations of TSH, calcitonin, PTH and thyroid hormones in elderly subjects. Author(s): Lee MS, Kang CW, Shin YS, Huh HJ, Ryu H, Park JH, Chung HT. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1998; 26(3-4): 275-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9862015

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Acute hypocalcemia enhances prolactin levels: a study before and after oophorectomy. Author(s): Bigi F, Minisola S, Tabolli S, Carnevale V, Bianchi G, Scarnecchia L, Paggi A, Mazzuoli GF. Source: Exp Clin Endocrinol. 1990 April; 95(2): 224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2365020

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Aging alters calcium regulation of serum concentration of parathyroid hormone in healthy men. Author(s): Portale AA, Lonergan ET, Tanney DM, Halloran BP. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1997 January; 272(1 Pt 1): E139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9038863

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Albumin-corrected calcium and ionized calcium in stable haemodialysis patients. Author(s): Clase CM, Norman GL, Beecroft ML, Churchill DN. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2000 November; 15(11): 1841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=11071975

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Alterations in integrity of goldfish membrane induced by edetate disodium. Author(s): Cascella PJ, Huppler EG 2nd, Johnson JD. Source: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1981 October; 70(10): 1128-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6795337

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Amelioration of postmenopausal primary hyperparathyroidism during adjuvant tamoxifen for breast cancer. Author(s): Kristensen B, Mouridsen HT, Holmegaard SN, Transbol I. Source: Cancer. 1989 November 1; 64(9): 1965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2790705

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An EDTA-associated anti-B agglutinin: the role of ionized calcium. Author(s): Yasuda H, Ohto H, Motoki R, Uchikawa M. Source: Transfusion. 1997 November-December; 37(11-12): 1131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9426635

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Antithrombotic/antiplatelet activity of tetramethylpyrazine. Author(s): Liu SY, Sylvester DM. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1990 April 15; 58(2): 129-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2349541

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Biochemical effects of a calcium supplement in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Horowitz M, Wishart JM, Need AG, Morris HA, Nordin BE. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1994 January; 26(1): 39-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8150422

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Blood pressure and metabolic effects of calcium supplementation in normotensive white and black men. Author(s): Lyle RM, Melby CL, Hyner GC, Edmondson JW, Miller JZ, Weinberger MH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1987 April 3; 257(13): 1772-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3820493

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Brain ionized magnesium and calcium levels during magnesium supplementation and deficiency in female Long-Evans rats. Author(s): Standley CA, Cotton DB. Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996 August; 88(2): 184-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8692498

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Ca2+/calmodulin regulation of putrescine uptake in cultured gastrointestinal epithelial cells. Author(s): Groblewski GE, Hargittai PT, Seidel ER. Source: The American Journal of Physiology. 1992 June; 262(6 Pt 1): C1356-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1616003

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Calcium and EDTA fluxes in dialyzed squid axons. Author(s): Brinley FJ Jr, Spangler SG, Mullins LJ. Source: The Journal of General Physiology. 1975 August; 66(2): 223-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=809538

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Calcium carbonate is an effective phosphate binder when dialysate calcium concentration is adjusted to control hypercalcemia. Author(s): Mactier RA, Van Stone J, Cox A, Van Stone M, Twardowski Z. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1987 November; 28(5): 222-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3427832

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Calcium cation regulation of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex formation in platelet plasma membranes. Author(s): Fujimura K, Phillips DR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1983 September 10; 258(17): 10247-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6224787

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Calcium dependence of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase. Author(s): Weiner R, Fairhurst AS. Source: Experientia. 1977 April 15; 33(4): 447-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=405236

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Calcium determination in primary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Ladenson JH.

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Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 1991 October; 6 Suppl 2: S33-41; Discussion S61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1722382 •

Calcium fluxes in internally dialyzed giant barnacle muscle fibers. Author(s): Russell JM, Blaustein MP. Source: The Journal of Membrane Biology. 1975 August 29; 23(2): 157-79. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=809588

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Calcium mass transfer in peritoneal dialysis patients using 2.5 mEq/l calcium dialysate. Author(s): Piraino B, Bernardini J, Holley J, Johnston JR, Perlmutter JA, Martis L. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1992 January; 37(1): 48-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=1541065

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Calcium measurements in serum and plasma--total and ionized. Author(s): Robertson WG, Marshall RW. Source: Crc Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1979 December; 11(3): 271-304. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=116800

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Calcium modulation of the renin-aldosterone axis. Author(s): Porter L, Conlin PR, Scott J, Brown EM, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 1999 February; 22(2): 115-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=10195378

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Calcium set point progressively worsens in hemodialysis patients despite conventional oral 1-alpha hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation. Author(s): Ali AA, Varghese Z, Moorhead JF, Baillod RA, Sweny P. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 1993 April; 39(4): 205-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8491050

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Calcium supplementation and ototoxicity in patients receiving cisplatin. Author(s): Grau JJ, Estape J, Cuchi MA, Firvida JL, Blanch JL, Ascaso C. Source: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1996 August; 42(2): 233-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8864323

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Calcium supplementation during cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric surgery. Author(s): Morrell DF, Jaros GG, Thornington R.

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Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 1984 September 8; 66(10): 367-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6484757 •

Cardiac arrest and blood ionized calcium levels. Author(s): Urban P, Scheidegger D, Buchmann B, Barth D. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1988 July 15; 109(2): 110-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3382105

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Conditions influencing the interaction of asialo von Willebrand factor with human platelets--the effects of external ionized calcium concentration and the role of arachidonate pathway. Author(s): Cattaneo M, Mustard JF, Canciani MT, Richardson M, Federici AB, Mannucci PM. Source: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1988 October 31; 60(2): 280-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=3146144

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Dynamics of ionized magnesium and ionized calcium during recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis managed with conventional treatment. Author(s): Escobar O, Lifshitz F, Mimouni F. Source: Magnes Res. 1998 June; 11(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9675755

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Effect of Ca2+ on GP IIb-IIIa interactions with integrilin: enhanced GP IIb-IIIa binding and inhibition of platelet aggregation by reductions in the concentration of ionized calcium in plasma anticoagulated with citrate. Author(s): Phillips DR, Teng W, Arfsten A, Nannizzi-Alaimo L, White MM, Longhurst C, Shattil SJ, Randolph A, Jakubowski JA, Jennings LK, Scarborough RM. Source: Circulation. 1997 September 2; 96(5): 1488-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9315536

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Effects of exercise and EDTA administration on blood ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone in horses. Author(s): Aguilera-Tejero E, Garfia B, Estepa JC, Lopez I, Mayer-Valor R, Rodriguez M. Source: Am J Vet Res. 1998 December; 59(12): 1605-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9858414

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Effects of extracellular ionized calcium, diltiazem and cAMP on motility of human spermatozoa. Author(s): Aaberg RA, Sauer MV, Sikka S, Rajfer J. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1989 May; 141(5): 1221-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2540352

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Flow cytometric measurement of intracellular ionized calcium in single cells with indo-1 and fluo-3. Author(s): June CH, Rabinovitch PS. Source: Methods Cell Biol. 1990; 33: 37-58. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=2128108

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Immunological evidences for post-translational control of the parathyroid function by ionized calcium in dogs. Author(s): Cloutier M, Rousseau L, Gascon-Barre M, D'Amour P. Source: Bone Miner. 1993 September; 22(3): 197-207. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8268753

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Influence of ionized calcium on thrombin-induced down regulation of GPIb/IX receptors on human platelets. Author(s): Rao GH, Peller JD, White JG. Source: Thrombosis Research. 1997 January 1; 85(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=8983122

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Ionized calcium in normal serum, ultrafiltrates, and whole blood determined by ionexchange electrodes. Author(s): Moore EW. Source: The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1970 February; 49(2): 318-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=4983663

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Myocardial performance and extracellular ionized calcium in a severely failing human heart. Author(s): Ginsburg R, Esserman LJ, Bristow MR. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 1983 May; 98(5 Pt 1): 603-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6133487

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Posttransplantation hyperparathyroidism: demonstration of retained control of parathyroid function by plasma ionized calcium. Author(s): McCarron DA, Bennett WM, Muther RS, Barry JM, Krutzik S. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1980 July; 33(7): 1536-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=6772013

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Reactivity of a transient autoantibody inhibited by ionized calcium. Author(s): Joshi SR. Source: Haematologia. 1997; 28(4): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=9408770

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The relationship between total and ionized calcium in the blood sheep when calcium levels are altered. Author(s): Belonje PC. Source: J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1976 September; 47(3): 175-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=A bstract&list_uids=825645

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to ionized calcium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html.

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This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON IONIZED CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to ionized calcium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “ionized calcium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ionized calcium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Ionized Calcium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to ionized calcium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

Analysis of the relationship between myoplasmic ionized calcium and contractile function in guinea pig intact hearts by Rhodes, Samhita Shahane, PhD from Marquette University, 2003, 170 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093149

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. PATENTS ON IONIZED CALCIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.8 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “ionized calcium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on ionized calcium, we have not necessarily excluded nonmedical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Ionized Calcium By performing a patent search focusing on ionized calcium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an 8Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on ionized calcium: •

Clinical testing apparatus Inventor(s): Schwartz; Henry D. (935 Waverly St., Palo Alto, CA 94301) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,994,171 Date filed: December 15, 1975 Abstract: The testing apparatus is preferably for the measurement of ionized calcium and other ions in biologic fluids. The apparatus comprises a selectively operated turntable defined by a plurality of radially extending leaves fixed in position at one end along a circular locus, a cover overlying the turntable, and a plurality of sample cups carried by the turntable and each received by and positioned at the free end of one of the leaves. The leaves flex sufficiently to provide a bias on the cup urging the top edge of the cup into intimate contact with the bottom surface of the cover. The cover is at least partially hollow forming a plenum chamber for a saturated gas such as carbon dioxide and having a number of outlet jets spaced along a circumference of the cover with each jet for directing a flow of the gas into the cup at a suitable velocity to produce a good mixing and swirling action in the cup. In addition to the plenum mixing holes there is also an independent mixing hole at the probe station where a probe assembly comprising one or more probes is selectively and sequentially registered with the cups. The cover may also be provided with one or more sensor holes disposed outside of the mixing hole at the probe station. One sensor hole may have means associated therewith to permit introduction of an alternative gas to the cup at the probe station when this hole is blocked by a cup of special shape having a larger outside diameter. The other sensor hole may have means associated therewith to identify the cup at the probe station as containing a particular type of sample. By selection of the proper configuration of cup one can effectively program operation of the apparatus. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to a clinical testing apparatus. More particularly, this invention pertains to a testing apparatus for making multiple sample clinical determinations of ionized calcium concentrations or other ions in body fluids. My copending application Ser. No. 320,264 shows a testing apparatus providing these multiple samplings. Although this apparatus operates quite satisfactorily it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved clinical testing apparatus which is preferably for making multiple sample clinical determinations of original ionized calcium concentrations of body fluids. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved turntable type apparatus for performing a multiple sampling. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03994171__

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Clinical testing means and methods Inventor(s): Schwartz; Henry D. (111 Ashton Ave., San Francisco, CA 94112) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 3,941,565 Date filed: January 2, 1973

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Abstract: Clinical testing means for determining pH dependent body fluid substances. In vivo ionized calcium concentration is obtained by withdrawing a blood specimen, determining the pH of the serum when withdrawn from the body and later, determining the in vivo ionized calcium concentration at the original pH. The pH of the serum is adjusted to the original pH by equilibration with carbon dioxide after which the ionized calcium concentration is directly electrically measured. Alternately, the original ionized calcium concentration is extrapolated or interpolated by making two different pH adjustments, electrically measuring calcium ion concentration, graphing the points obtained on semi-log paper to form a straight line graph from which the original calcium ion concentration can be obtained knowing the original serum pH. In still another variation, an extrapolation can be made to determine the carbon dioxide adjustment required to produce the original pH, after which pH adjustment the original concentration can be directly measured. Other variations of the methods are used to obtain less reliable but useful ionized calcium concentrations. A relationship between ionized calcium and total calcium in serum is used to determine total calcium levels. Multiple sample serum testing means has a rotatable sample container turntable and a cover means through which carbon dioxide can be simultaneously introduced into plural samples. The sampling means carries pH determining means and ionized calcium determining means for rapid ionized calcium measurements. Excerpt(s): For many years the medical profession has used clinical testing to determine total human serum calcium concentration in connection with diagnosis and treatment of various disease of the body including parathyroid disorders, tetany and bone structure diseases. Total calcium concentration of the serum includes both bound calcium and ionized or disassociated calcium. More recently, it has been recognized that the ionized calcium level is of significance in diagnosis and treatment of certain human malfunctions such as the diseases noted above. Knowing the total calcium concentration of a person, which can be measured by conventional means does not enable one to know the level of ionized calcium of that person. Thus, direct methods of measuring ionized calcium are desirable. It has been difficult to clinically measure human serum ionized calcium concentrations of the body by conventional clinical laboratory procedures. However, one apparatus for directly determining ionized calcium concentration in protein-containing liquids such as blood serum has been developed and is the Orion Ionalyzer Serum Calcium Activity Flow-Through System such as model 99-20 (Orion Research, Inc., Cambridge, Mass. U.S.A.). This system, as is known, basically uses two or three aqueous standards of known ionized calcium concentration which are flowed in turn through a calcium electrode with the millivoltage produced being recorded. The millivoltage is plotted against the logarithm of the ionized calcium for each standard to produce a calibration graph. Blood serum sample millivoltage is then similarly measured and by means of the calibration graph its ionized calcium concentration extrapolated manually or automatically by an electrical calculator such as an Olivetti 101. Thus, a method of directly measuring ionized calcium in a sample is available. However, certain problems arise in making useful and practical clinical determinations. When blood is withdrawn from its in vivo state in the body, its original pH in the body changes as time of exposure to air progresses. Thus, if ionized calcium is measured directly after withdrawal of the blood from a patient, reasonably accurate original or body serum ionized calcium concentration is obtained. However, such immediate measurement is often not practical because of distances between patients and the clinical laboratory as well as the volume of determinations to be made, shortages of personnel and the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US03941565__

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Control for blood gas/calcium analysis instrumentation Inventor(s): Chiang; Ching (Acton, MA) Assignee(s): Bionostics Incorporated (Acton, MA) Patent Number: 4,945,062 Date filed: June 15, 1988 Abstract: A liquid control standard for the use in the qualilty assurance of blood analysis instrumentation systems is disclosed. The liquid control standard is able to act as a control standard for blood gas instrumentation systems measuring pH, pCO.sub.2 and pO.sub.2 of blood, as a liquid control standard for ion selective electrode instrumentation systems for the measuring of electrolytes such as ionized calcium and total calcium as well as Na, K and Li ions in the blood and, optionally, as a control standard for a co-oximeter measuring the amount of total hemoglobin present in the blood and the relative amounts of other hemoglobin fractions present in the blood. Excerpt(s): The measurement of total calcium in blood has been used in the clinical practice for many years for routine diagnosis by physicians. During the past several years, the measurement of ionized calcium (Ca.sup.++, free calcium ions) has been recommended to provide an indicator which is more effective than total calcium in cases such as hyperparathyroidism, pancreatitis, renal diseases, and hypocalcemia resulting from repeated blood transfusion, malignancy, and other causes. Furthermore, it is also thought that the simultaneous measurement of both total and ionized calcium is beneficial in the clarification of certain diagnosis. For example, in some clinical cases of multiple myeloma in which hypercalcemia becomes a severe complication, the total calcium in patients is highly elevated while their ionized calcium is normal. Therefore both total and ionized calcium measurements are needed to provide information for a proper diagnosis. Various instrumentation systems have been developed for the determination of both total and ionized calcium. In the recent past, these instruments have utilized ion-selective-electrodes (ISE) for calcium and other electrolyte measurements. In addition, there has been the development of blood gas analyzers to which electrolyte analysis capabilities have been included through the integration of ion selective electrodes with electrodes for measurement of pH, pCO.sub.2 and pO.sub.2. Furthermore, the capability for measuring a variety of other parameters (e.g., total hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose) has also been included in some of these instruments. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04945062__

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Method for measurement of ionized calcium Inventor(s): Kayahara; Norihiko (Kanagawa, JP), Miike; Akira (Shizuoka, JP), Tadano; Toshio (Shizuoka, JP), Umemoto; Jun (Hyogo, JP) Assignee(s): Kyowa Medex Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,840,512 Date filed: April 3, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for quantitatively determining ionized calcium in a sample by using a phospholipase, which comprises carrying out an enzyme reaction with the phospholipase in a buffer comprising a nitrogen heterocyclebinding sulfonic acid having a pK ranging 6.6 to 7.6 or a salt thereof.According to the

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method of the invention, the amount of ionized calcium in a sample, such as serum, can be accurately determined. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a method for measuring ionized calcium by using an enzyme. Calcium contained in blood can be classified into the three kinds of proteinbinding calcium, complexing calcium and ionized calcium. Among these, only ionized calcium is important in clinical tests and the amount of ionized calcium in blood is measured in a test for parathyroid functions, a cardiac operation and the like. As a method for selectively determining the amount of ionized calcium, the ion electrode method is known. However, this method requires much time for operation and cannot treat a large number of samples at one time. Therefore, it is not suitable for clinical tests. As a method for treating a large number of samples at one time, there have been disclosed a method for quantitatively determining calcium by using a phospholipid, phospholipase D and N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid ›TES! buffer (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 62-195297 and EP486997A); a method for quantitatively determining calcium by using phosphorylcholine thioester, phospholipase A.sub.2 and Tris-maleic acid buffer (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 1-231896); a quantitative determination method by using calmodulin (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 62-36199); and a quantitative determination method by using pyruvate kinase (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2-142498). However, selective determination of ionized calcium is impossible by these methods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05840512__ •

Method for measuring calcium Inventor(s): Mulholland; Linda M. (Stoughton, MA), Young; Chung C. (Natick, MA) Assignee(s): Nova Biomedical Corporation (Waltham, MA) Patent Number: 4,724,216 Date filed: November 8, 1985 Abstract: A releasing reagent for releasing, as ionized calcium, protein-bound calcium in a biological sample for measurement of the ionized calcium, together with any ionized calcium originally present in the sample, using a calcium ion specific electrode, the releasing reagent including monochlorocoacetate salt, formate salt, and formic acid, in concentrations sufficient to render the pH of the sample, when mixed with the reagent, in the range of 4.0 to 5.5. Also disclosed is a method of measuring calcium in a liquid sample using such a releasing reagent. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the measurement of calcium using ion specific electrodes. In biological fluids calcium ordinarily exists both in the form of calcium ions (Ca.sup.++) , and calcium complexed with protein and, to a lesser extent, other complexing agents in the fluids. Ion selective calcium electrodes measure only ionized, and not complexed calcium, despite the fact that it would be desirable in some situations to measure, in addition to ionized calcium, "total" calcium, i.e., the sum of ionized and complexed calcium. It is known that complexed calcium can be released by lowering the pH of the sample containing the complexed calcium. The most efficient releasing of calcium (over 90% calcium released) is observed when a sufficient amount of a strong acid is added to the liquid to lower the pH below 3.0. Such a drastic lowering of pH, however, is inconsistent with optimal operation of conventional calcium electrodes.

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Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04724216__ •

Method of blending an anticoagulant Inventor(s): Mercereau; Steven F. (4911 W. Lake Dr., Conyers, GA 30208) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,552,323 Date filed: August 3, 1994 Abstract: A blended heparin salt for use as an anticoagulant in a blood sample, which substantially eliminates a skew in a determined amount of ionized calcium imparted by the heparin in the blood sample. The blended heparin salt comprises a proportional blend of a zinc salt of heparin and a lithium salt of heparin the salts in a ratio of 1-to-afractional-value-less-than-one of the zinc salt of heparin to the lithium salt of heparin by weight based on the USP potency of the salts, the fractional value determined by the ratio of the zinc available per unit of USP potency in the zinc salt of heparin to a predetermined amount of zinc per USP potency to be provided by the blended heparin salt. Methods of blending the proportional amounts of the zinc salt and the lithium salt of heparin are disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to anticoagulants for use with analysis of blood samples and mettles of blending anticoagulants. More particularly, the present invention relates to heparin salts and to methods of blending heparin salts. Medical evaluations typically rely on a variety of tests for determining physiological conditions of patients. One common test is known as electrolyte analysis. This test determines the percentages of several ionized minerals in samples of blood taken frown patients. These ionized minerals include calcium, sodium, and potassium. Other tests can determine the pH value of the blood as well as other physiological indicators. The blood samples are typically collected in sampling syringes. The samples taken from the patients often consist of about three milliliters of blood. Them are a number of sampling syringes known in the art for drawing and holding samples for testing. The samples of blood typically are moved to laboratories for testing and analysis shortly after being obtained from the patients. Testing preferably should occur within 30 minutes or less of the samples being drawn. Dissolved gases in the blood begin diffusing from the samples immediately. The blood begins to coagulate and bind the minerals in the fluidal blood together. Coagulation skews the test results because the bound minerals resist detection during the analysis which only detects the free ionized minerals in the fluidal blood. If some of the minerals are clotted out of the fluid, the analysis results in a false determination of mineral content percentages less than is actually present in the blood of the patients being tested. Such incorrect determinations can lead to mis-diagnosis, which may lead to injury to the patients. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05552323__

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Reference liquid Inventor(s): Christiansen; Torben F. (Holte, DK) Assignee(s): Radiometer A/S (Copenhagen, DK) Patent Number: 4,363,633 Date filed: June 24, 1980

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Abstract: A reference liquid for calibration or quality control of instruments which determine ionized calcium and pH. The reference liquid contains both a particular calcium ion activity and a pH-buffer and can therefore be used for calibration of both the calcium-sensitive electrode and the pH-electrode in the instruments. The pH-buffer is a nitrogen-containing organic sulphonic acid and the salt of this acid, the acid having a pK in the range of 6.6-7.6. The reference liquid has an ionic strength of 0.15-0.17, a buffer capacity.beta. in the range of 0.04-0.10 and is packed in glass ampoules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a reference liquid for calibration or quality control of instruments which are adapted to determine the content of ionized calcium in liquid samples. It is known that the activity or concentration of calcium ions in biological liquids is critical to many important biological processes. The content of ionized calcium in serum or plasma is of a special interest as it plays an important role in the total calcium metabolism. In recent years, calcium-sensitive electrodes have been provided which permit an exact and relatively simple determination of ionized calcium. An example of these electrodes is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,233. This electrode comprises an internal reference system and a membrane adapted to be contacted with the liquid the calcium ion activity of which is to be determined. The membrane contains a calcium ion exchanger, e.g. calciumdi-(p-n-octylphenyl)-phosphate which, during use of the electrode, is in electrical contact with the internal reference which may, e.g., be a silver/silver chloride electrode. The other known electrodes for determining calcium ion activities are also based on the use of calcium ion exchangers. It is known that the content of ionized calcium in serum is pH-dependent, which is especially due to the fact that the binding of calcium to serum proteins is pH-dependent. For this reason it is important to determine the pH of a serum sample together with its calcium ion activity, either in order to report the measured set of calcium ion activity and pH or to perform a conversion of the calcium ion activity into the calcium ion activity which would be present in the sample at a predetermined "normal" pH, for example 7.40. The relation between ionized calcium and pH is discussed, e.g., by Moore in "The Journal of Clinical Investigation", volume 19, 1969, pages 318-334, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,565. Therefore, the most suitable instruments for determining ionized calcium in biological liquids are instruments in which the liquid sample in which the content of ionized calcium is to be determined is measured both with a calcium-sensitive electrode and with a pHelectrode. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04363633__

Patent Applications on Ionized Calcium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.9 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to ionized calcium:

9

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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HCaRG, a novel calcium-regulated gene coding for a nuclear protein Inventor(s): Grossard, Francis; (Quebec, CA), Hamet, Pavel; (Quebec, CA), Lewanczuk, Richard; (Alberta, CA), Solban, Nicolas; (Quebec, CA), Tremblay, Johanne; (Quebec, CA) Correspondence: Banner & Witcoff; 1001 G Street N W; Suite 1100; Washington; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020115604 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel gene that shows tissue specific expression and increased expression in a low calcium concentration medium. Low renin hypertension is characterized by decreased levels of serum ionized calcium in the presence of increased levels of parathyroid hormone. It is hypothesized that hypertensive factor(s) are cosecreted with PTH in SHR, a model of low renin hypertension, the parathyroid hypertensive factor being one of them. As a negative calcium balance is present in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we searched for gene(s) involved in this dysregulation. A cDNA library was constructed from the SHR parathyroid gland which is a key regulator of serum ionized calcium. From 7 overlapping DNA fragments, a 1100-bp novel cDNA containing an open reading frame of 224 codons was reconstituted. This novel gene, named HCaRG (Hypertension-related, Calcium-regulated Gene), was negatively regulated by extracellular calcium concentration and its basal mRNA levels were higher in hypertensive animals. The deduced protein showed no transmembrane domain, 67% a helix content, a mutated calcium-binding site (EF-hand motif), 4 putative `leucine zipper` motifs and a nuclear receptor-binding domain. At the subcellular level, HCaRG had a nuclear localization. We cloned the human homolog of this gene. Sequence comparison revealed 80% homology between rats and humans at the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Tissue distribution showed a preponderance in the heart, stomach, jejunum, kidney (tubular fraction), liver and adrenal gland (mainly in the medulla). HCaRG mRNA was significantly more expressed in adult than in fetal organs, and its levels were decreased in tumors and cancerous cell lines. We observed that after 60-min ischemia followed by reperfusion, HCaRG mRNA declined rapidly in contrast with an increase in c-myc mRNA. Its levels then rose steadily to exceed baseline at 48 h of reperfusion. HEK293 cells stably transfected with HCaRG exhibited much lower proliferation, as shown by cell count and 3 H-thymidine incorporation. Taken together, our results suggest that HCaRG is a nuclear protein potentially involved in the control of cell proliferation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel gene that shows tissue specific expression and increased expression in a low calcium concentration medium and in hypertensive animals, and which is potentially involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. Calcium ion is an essential element of life with distinct extracellular and intracellular roles- Extracellular functions of calcium include its role in blood clotting, intercellular adhesion, bone metabolism, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity whereas its intracellular roles include protein secretion, cellular contraction and division. The free extracellular calcium concentration is maintained within a narrow range (.about.1 to 1.3 mM) and that of intracellular calcium is in the order of 100 nM; 10,000 fold lower than the extracellular free calcium concentration. The first priority of the extracellular calcium homeostatic system is to maintain a normal extracellular ionized calcium concentration. This component represents approximately 45% of the total circulating calcium concentration- Another 45% of total circulating calcium is bound to proteins (primarily albumin) and about 10% is Pound to small organic anion. Therefore, ionized calcium concentration in plasma is maintained within a very narrow

Patents 79

range. The major players maintaining extracellular calcium homeostasis are calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitonin and calcium itself. Indeed, extracellular calcium regulates its own concentration as an extracellular messenger by acting on cells involved in the control of extracellular calcium homeostasis such as parathyroid, bone, intestine and kidney cells (56). For example, parathyroid cells are key sensors of extracellular calcium in vertebrates responding with increases in PTH secretion when there is a decrease in calcemia while high calcemia stimulates hormonal release of calcitonin from C cells of the thyroid gland. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with ionized calcium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on ionized calcium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning ionized calcium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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APPENDICES

83

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 3928 12 383 5 113 4441

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on ionized calcium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to ionized calcium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to ionized calcium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “ionized calcium”:

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Bone Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Parathyroid Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/parathyroiddisorders.html Sarcoidosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sarcoidosis.html You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to ionized calcium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

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Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to ionized calcium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with ionized calcium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about ionized calcium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “ionized calcium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “ionized calcium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “ionized calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.

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The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “ionized calcium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.21

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

21

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)22: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

22

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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95

•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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IONIZED CALCIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Aequorin: A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350). [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean

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intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]

Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino-terminal: The end of a protein or polypeptide chain that contains a free amino group (-NH2). [NIH] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH]

Dictionary 103

Amniotic Fluid: Amniotic cavity fluid which is produced by the amnion and fetal lungs and kidneys. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH]

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Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Anticonvulsant: An agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Apheresis: Components plateletpheresis. [NIH]

being

separated

out,

as

leukapheresis,

plasmapheresis,

Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Aspirin: A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH]

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Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile duct: A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Cell Count: A count of the number of leukocytes and erythrocytes per unit volume in a sample of venous blood. A complete blood count (CBC) also includes measurement of the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte indices. [NIH]

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Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood urea: A waste product in the blood that comes from the breakdown of food protein. The kidneys filter blood to remove urea. As kidney function decreases, the BUN level increases. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood Viscosity: The internal resistance of the blood to shear forces. The in vitro measure of whole blood viscosity is of limited clinical utility because it bears little relationship to the actual viscosity within the circulation, but an increase in the viscosity of circulating blood can contribute to morbidity in patients suffering from disorders such as sickle cell anemia and polycythemia. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bolus: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion. [NIH] Bolus infusion: A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Caerulein: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction. [NIH]

Dictionary 107

Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcitonin: A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calibration: Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency, or other output. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

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[NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiological: Relating to the study of the heart. [EU] Cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Diversion of the flow of blood from the entrance of the right atrium directly to the aorta (or femoral artery) via an oxygenator thus bypassing both the heart and lungs. [NIH] Cardioselective: Having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Carrier Proteins: Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheter: A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Size: The physical dimensions of a cell. It refers mainly to changes in dimensions correlated with physiological or pathological changes in cells. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Centrifugation: A method of separating organelles or large molecules that relies upon differential sedimentation through a preformed density gradient under the influence of a gravitational field generated in a centrifuge. [NIH]

Dictionary 109

Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chondrocytes: Polymorphic cells that form cartilage. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clamp: A u-shaped steel rod used with a pin or wire for skeletal traction in the treatment of certain fractures. [NIH] Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cochlea: The part of the internal ear that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, is conical, and is placed almost horizontally anterior to the vestibule. [NIH]

Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU]

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Codons: Any triplet of nucleotides (coding unit) in DNA or RNA (if RNA is the carrier of primary genetic information as in some viruses) that codes for particular amino acid or signals the beginning or end of the message. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving

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biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]

Contrast medium: A substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. [EU] Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH] Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Angiography: Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corpuscle: A small mass or body; a sensory nerve end bulb; a cell, especially that of the blood or the lymph. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Critical Care: Health care provided to a critically ill patient during a medical emergency or

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crisis. [NIH] Critical Illness: A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent. [NIH] Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as agar or gelatin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, . New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokine: Small but highly potent protein that modulates the activity of many cell types, including T and B cells. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness. [NIH] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Daptomycin: A lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits gram-positive bacteria. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively

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persistent. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Dextrans: A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Complication of diabetes resulting from severe insulin deficiency coupled with an absolute or relative increase in glucagon concentration. The metabolic acidosis is caused by the breakdown of adipose stores and resulting increased levels of free fatty acids. Glucagon accelerates the oxidation of the free fatty acids producing excess ketone bodies (ketosis). [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialysis Solutions: Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Diurnal: Occurring during the day. [EU] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU]

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Echocardiography: Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]

Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Emulsions: Colloids of two immiscible liquids where either phase may be either fatty or aqueous; lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion and water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. [NIH] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH]

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Enterocytes: Terminally differentiated cells comprising the majority of the external surface of the intestinal epithelium (see intestinal mucosa). Unlike goblet cells, they do not produce or secrete mucins, nor do they secrete cryptdins as do the paneth cells. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Amino Acids: Endogenous amino acids released by neurons as excitatory neurotransmitters. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Aspartic acid has been regarded as an excitatory transmitter for many years, but the extent of its role as a transmitter is unclear. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extracorporeal: Situated or occurring outside the body. [EU]

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Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Application of a life support system that circulates the blood through an oxygenating system, which may consist of a pump, a membrane oxygenator, and a heat exchanger. Examples of its use are to assist victims of smoke inhalation injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac failure. [NIH] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Artery: The main artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. [NIH] Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorescent Dyes: Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorosis: Discoloration of the tooth enamel due to fluorine. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV. [NIH] Furosemide: A sulfamyl saluretic and diuretic. It has a fast onset and short duration of action and is used in edema and chronic renal insufficiency. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gas exchange: Primary function of the lungs; transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gestational: Psychosis attributable to or occurring during pregnancy. [NIH] Gestational Age: Age of the conceptus. In humans, this may be assessed by medical history, physical examination, early immunologic pregnancy tests, radiography, ultrasonography, and amniotic fluid analysis. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]

Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glomerulus: A tiny set of looping blood vessels in the nephron where blood is filtered in the kidney. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic

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(drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Goblet Cells: Cells of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-positive: Retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. [EU] Gram-Positive Bacteria: Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method. [NIH] Granule: A small pill made from sucrose. [EU] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Hair Cells: Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information

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centrally in the nervous system. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Hematocrit: Measurement of the volume of packed red cells in a blood specimen by centrifugation. The procedure is performed using a tube with graduated markings or with automated blood cell counters. It is used as an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, anemia shows a low hematocrit, polycythemia, high values. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodilution: Reduction of blood viscosity usually by the addition of cell free solutions. Used clinically l) in states of impaired microcirculation, 2) for replacement of intraoperative blood loss without homologous blood transfusion, and 3) in cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH] Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatobiliary: Pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. [EU] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH]

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Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Humoral: Of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. [EU] Humour: 1. A normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. A secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). [EU] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU] Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperreflexia: Exaggeration of reflexes. [EU] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperventilation: A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for

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the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals; in man usually accidental or unintentional. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hypoxic: Having too little oxygen. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileus: Obstruction of the intestines. [EU] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by antigen injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen. [NIH] Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodiffusion: Technique involving the diffusion of antigen or antibody through a semisolid medium, usually agar or agarose gel, with the result being a precipitin reaction. [NIH]

Immunoelectrophoresis: A technique that combines protein electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion. In this procedure proteins are first separated by gel electrophoresis (usually agarose), then made visible by immunodiffusion of specific antibodies. A distinct elliptical precipitin arc results for each protein detectable by the antisera. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH]

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Immunoradiometric Assay: Form of radioimmunoassay in which excess specific labeled antibody is added directly to the test antigen being measured. [NIH] Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incubated: Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. (For instance, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.) [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical

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patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]

Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Mucosa: The surface lining of the intestines where the cells absorb nutrients. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracranial Pressure: Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Inulin: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to fructose, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Ion-Selective Electrodes: Electrodes which can be used to measure the concentration of particular ions in cells, tissues, or solutions. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Ischemic stroke: A condition in which the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Also called "plug-type" strokes. Blocked arteries starve areas of the brain controlling sight, speech, sensation, and movement so that these functions are partially or completely lost. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 80 percent of all strokes. Most ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot called a thrombus, which blocks blood flow in the arteries feeding the brain, usually the carotid artery in the neck, the major vessel bringing blood to the brain. When it becomes blocked, the risk of stroke is very high. [NIH] Isozymes: The multiple forms of a single enzyme. [NIH] Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Jellyfish: Free swimming marine cnidarians. Most of the large jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa; the small jellyfish are in the class Hydrozoa (hydra). [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Ketoacidosis: Acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. [EU]

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Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Labyrinth: The internal ear; the essential part of the organ of hearing. It consists of an osseous and a membranous portion. [NIH] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]

Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Ligaments: Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile. [NIH] Linkages: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]

Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Luciferase: Any one of several enzymes that catalyze the bioluminescent reaction in certain

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marine crustaceans, fish, bacteria, and insects. The enzyme is a flavoprotein; it oxidizes luciferins to an electronically excited compound that emits energy in the form of light. The color of light emitted varies with the organism. The firefly enzyme is a valuable reagent for measurement of ATP concentration. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 1.13.12.-. [NIH] Luteal Phase: The period of the menstrual cycle that begins with ovulation and ends with menstruation. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Malaria: A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum (malaria, falciparum), P. vivax (malaria, vivax), P. ovale, and P. malariae) and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Malaria in animals is caused by other species of plasmodia. [NIH] Malaria, Falciparum: Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations. [NIH] Malaria, Vivax: Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax. This form of malaria is less severe than malaria, falciparum, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day. [NIH] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Maxillary: Pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms

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the upper jaw. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to mercury poisoning. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing. [NIH] Metabolic acidosis: (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis): A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream). [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Microdialysis: A technique for measuring extracellular concentrations of substances in tissues, usually in vivo, by means of a small probe equipped with a semipermeable membrane. Substances may also be introduced into the extracellular space through the membrane. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH]

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Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Multiple Myeloma: A malignant tumor of plasma cells usually arising in the bone marrow; characterized by diffuse involvement of the skeletal system, hyperglobulinemia, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and anemia. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle relaxant: An agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). [EU] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of

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muscles. [NIH] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Niacin: Water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. Required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. Has pellagra-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]

Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH]

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Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Oophorectomy: Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Ovaries: The pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH] Ovulation: The discharge of a secondary oocyte from a ruptured graafian follicle. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]

Oxygenator: An apparatus by which oxygen is introduced into the blood during circulation

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outside the body, as during open heart surgery. [NIH] Paediatric: Of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perfusion: Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid. In regional perfusion, a specific area of the body (usually an arm or a leg) receives high doses of anticancer drugs through a blood vessel. Such a procedure is performed to treat cancer that has not spread. [NIH] Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH]

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Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Pheresis: A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called apheresis. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and

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other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasma Volume: Volume of plasma in the circulation. It is usually measured by indicator dilution techniques. [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Plateletpheresis: The preparation of platelet concentrates with the return of red cells and platelet-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]

Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Post-translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH]

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Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pregnancy Tests: Tests to determine whether or not an individual is pregnant. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol is used in the treatment or prevention of many disorders including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, angina pectoris, hypertension, hypertensive emergencies, hyperthyroidism, migraine, pheochromocytoma, menopause, and anxiety. [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH]

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Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoan: 1. Any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. Of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. [EU] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Ventilation: The total volume of gas per minute inspired or expired measured in liters per minute. [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living organisms. [NIH] Putrescine: A toxic diamine formed by putrefaction from the decarboxylation of arginine and ornithine. [NIH] Pyruvate Kinase: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioimmunoassay: Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Nonimmunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects

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are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Reabsorption: 1. The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. Resorption. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reference Values: The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relaxant: 1. Lessening or reducing tension. 2. An agent that lessens tension. [EU] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Respiratory failure: Inability of the lungs to conduct gas exchange. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH]

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Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU]

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Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Sedimentation: The act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Semicircular canal: Three long canals of the bony labyrinth of the ear, forming loops and opening into the vestibule by five openings. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sepsis: The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. [NIH] Septic: Produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. [EU] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Serum Albumin: A major plasma protein that serves in maintaining the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and transporting large organic anions. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smoke Inhalation Injury: Pulmonary injury following the breathing in of toxic smoke from burning materials such as plastics, synthetics, building materials, etc. This injury is the most frequent cause of death in burn patients. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for

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oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Steady state: Dynamic equilibrium. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated Steroid: A group cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]

Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for. [NIH]

Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic

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muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]

Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make

Dictionary 141

permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tonic: 1. Producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. Characterized by continuous tension. 3. A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. [EU] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfer Factor: Factor derived from leukocyte lysates of immune donors which can transfer both local and systemic cellular immunity to nonimmune recipients. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Translational: The cleavage of signal sequence that directs the passage of the protein through a cell or organelle membrane. [NIH] Translocate: The attachment of a fragment of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tryptophan Hydroxylase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan to 5hydroxytryptophan in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen. It is important in the biosynthesis of serotonin. EC 1.14.16.4 [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tunica: A rather vague term to denote the lining coat of hollow organs, tubes, or cavities. [NIH]

142

Ionized Calcium

Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Ultrasonography: The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of echoes of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz. [NIH] Umbilical Arteries: Either of a pair of arteries originating from the internal iliac artery and passing through the umbilical cord to carry blood from the fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical Cord: The flexible structure, giving passage to the umbilical arteries and vein, which connects the embryo or fetus to the placenta. [NIH] Umbilical cord blood: Blood from the placenta (afterbirth) that contains high concentrations of stem cells needed to produce new blood cells. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]

Urea: A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasodilators: Any nerve or agent which induces dilatation of the blood vessels. [NIH] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU]

Dictionary 143

Venous blood: Blood that has given up its oxygen to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide back for gas exchange. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles. [NIH]

Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]

Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

145

INDEX A Abdomen, 101, 106, 123, 124, 130, 138, 139 Abdominal, 18, 101, 130, 131 Acetylcholine, 101, 128 Acidosis, 42, 101, 123 Actin, 101, 127 Adenoma, 7, 101 Adenosine, 101, 131 Adjustment, 40, 73, 101 Adjuvant, 61, 101 Adrenal Cortex, 101, 102, 111, 115, 133 Adrenergic, 101, 133 Aequorin, 12, 25, 38, 39, 101 Affinity, 101, 102, 137 Agar, 12, 102, 112, 121 Age of Onset, 102, 142 Agonist, 14, 102, 139 Albumin, 5, 16, 20, 26, 27, 41, 50, 61, 78, 102, 131 Aldosterone, 63, 102 Algorithms, 102, 105 Alimentary, 102, 130 Alkaline, 101, 102, 107, 140 Alkalosis, 102, 140 Alternative medicine, 102 Amino Acid Sequence, 78, 102, 103 Amino-terminal, 59, 60, 102 Ammonia, 102, 142 Amniotic Fluid, 103, 117 Amplification, 52, 103 Anaerobic, 5, 44, 103 Anaesthesia, 18, 43, 47, 103, 122 Anal, 17, 103 Analog, 5, 103 Anaplasia, 103, 128 Anatomical, 103, 104, 114 Anemia, 103, 106, 119, 125, 127, 134 Angina, 103, 133 Angina Pectoris, 103, 133 Angiotensinogen, 103, 135 Animal model, 7, 103 Anionic, 8, 103 Anions, 102, 103, 123, 137 Antagonism, 103, 113 Antibacterial, 103, 138 Antibiotic, 103, 112, 138 Antibodies, 7, 18, 103, 119, 121, 125, 131

Antibody, 29, 33, 101, 103, 104, 110, 119, 120, 121, 122, 127, 134 Anticoagulant, 15, 76, 104, 133 Anticonvulsant, 22, 104 Antigen, 101, 103, 104, 110, 117, 120, 121, 122, 134 Anti-inflammatory, 10, 104, 117 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 104 Antiviral, 104, 117 Anus, 103, 104, 114 Anxiety, 6, 104, 133 Aorta, 104, 108, 143 Apheresis, 42, 104, 131 Applicability, 9, 104 Aqueous, 16, 73, 104, 114 Arginine, 49, 104, 128, 129, 134 Arrhythmia, 104, 143 Arterial, 12, 13, 104, 120, 133, 139 Arteries, 104, 106, 111, 123, 126, 127, 142 Arterioles, 104, 106, 107, 126 Artery, 19, 27, 104, 111, 116, 123, 130, 135, 139, 142 Aspirin, 16, 104 Assay, 10, 16, 104, 134 Asymptomatic, 104, 130 Atrium, 104, 108, 143 Attenuated, 10, 104, 142 Auditory, 104, 118 Autodigestion, 104, 130 Axons, 62, 104 B Bacteria, 103, 104, 105, 112, 113, 118, 125, 126, 137, 138, 142 Bactericidal, 50, 105 Basement Membrane, 10, 105, 124 Basophils, 105, 124, 132 Bed Rest, 47, 105 Benign, 53, 101, 105, 128 Bile, 29, 35, 51, 105, 117, 119, 120, 124, 138 Bile Acids, 105, 138 Bile Acids and Salts, 105 Bile duct, 105 Biliary, 51, 105, 106, 119, 130 Biliary Tract, 105, 130 Bilirubin, 102, 105 Binding Sites, 14, 105 Biochemical, 7, 17, 21, 33, 34, 39, 61, 105, 116, 137

146

Ionized Calcium

Bioluminescence, 101, 105 Biosynthesis, 105, 141 Biotechnology, 11, 12, 85, 105 Bladder, 105, 142 Blood Cell Count, 105, 119 Blood Coagulation, 106, 107, 140 Blood Glucose, 106, 119, 122 Blood Platelets, 38, 106, 137, 140 Blood pressure, 3, 16, 17, 24, 35, 36, 50, 62, 106, 120, 121, 127, 129, 138 Blood transfusion, 47, 74, 106, 119 Blood urea, 5, 106 Blood vessel, 3, 106, 107, 108, 109, 114, 117, 119, 123, 130, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142 Blood Viscosity, 106, 119 Body Fluids, 72, 102, 106, 113, 138 Bolus, 10, 106 Bolus infusion, 106 Bone Marrow, 106, 121, 127 Bowel, 103, 106, 114, 123, 124, 131 Bradykinin, 106, 128, 132 Bronchoconstriction, 106, 132 Bypass, 17, 106 C Caerulein, 25, 106 Calcifediol, 107 Calcification, 5, 107 Calcitonin, 31, 50, 60, 79, 107 Calcitriol, 56, 107 Calcium channel blocker, 107, 143 Calibration, 73, 77, 107 Calmodulin, 62, 75, 107 Capillary, 14, 20, 25, 28, 106, 107, 143 Carbohydrate, 107, 118 Carbon Dioxide, 72, 73, 107, 112, 117, 121, 131, 135, 143 Carcinogenic, 107, 122, 138 Carcinoma, 9, 107 Cardiac, 25, 39, 42, 52, 53, 64, 75, 108, 114, 115, 116, 119, 127, 138 Cardiological, 6, 108 Cardiopulmonary, 24, 63, 108, 119 Cardiopulmonary Bypass, 63, 108, 119 Cardioselective, 108, 133 Cardiovascular, 5, 24, 33, 42, 50, 51, 53, 108, 137 Carrier Proteins, 108, 131, 134 Case report, 5, 108, 109 Case series, 108, 109 Catecholamine, 108, 131 Catheter, 10, 108 Cathode, 108, 114

Cations, 24, 108, 123 Cell Count, 78, 108 Cell Cycle, 108, 109 Cell Division, 105, 108, 131 Cell proliferation, 78, 108 Cell Size, 108, 116 Cellulose, 108, 131 Centrifugation, 27, 108, 119 Cerebral, 9, 16, 109, 111, 115, 125 Cerebrum, 109 Chemotaxis, 10, 109 Cholesterol, 46, 105, 109, 120, 138, 139 Chondrocytes, 49, 109 Chromatin, 109, 115, 138 Chromosomal, 103, 109 Chromosome, 109, 124, 141 Chronic, 27, 35, 109, 114, 117, 122, 130, 142 Chronic renal, 35, 109, 117, 142 Circadian, 19, 20, 109 Circadian Rhythm, 20, 109 Circulatory system, 109, 123 Cisplatin, 63, 109 Clamp, 15, 109 Clinical study, 20, 109 Clinical trial, 6, 9, 85, 109, 134 Cloning, 105, 109 Cochlea, 11, 109, 122 Cochlear, 56, 109 Codons, 78, 110 Cofactor, 110, 133, 140 Collagen, 21, 102, 105, 110, 132, 133 Colloidal, 102, 110, 137 Complement, 110, 132 Complementary and alternative medicine, 59, 66, 110 Complementary medicine, 59, 110 Computational Biology, 85, 110 Conjugated, 105, 111, 112 Connective Tissue, 106, 110, 111, 116, 125 Constriction, 111, 123 Contractility, 36, 39, 111 Contraindications, ii, 111 Contrast Media, 35, 111 Contrast medium, 111 Conventional therapy, 111 Conventional treatment, 64, 111 Convulsions, 104, 111, 114, 133 Coronary, 19, 27, 35, 103, 111, 126, 127 Coronary Angiography, 35, 111 Coronary Thrombosis, 111, 126, 127 Corpus, 111, 125, 133 Corpus Luteum, 111, 125, 133

147

Corpuscle, 10, 111 Cortex, 111, 115 Cortical, 111, 115, 137 Cortisol, 46, 102, 111 Cranial, 111, 116, 123 Creatinine, 5, 20, 111, 142 Critical Care, 13, 25, 30, 32, 42, 46, 52, 56, 111 Critical Illness, 8, 112 Culture Media, 102, 112 Cyclic, 34, 50, 107, 112, 118, 128 Cytochrome, 13, 112 Cytokine, 8, 112 Cytomegalovirus, 5, 112, 117 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis, 5, 112, 117 Cytotoxicity, 109, 112 D Daptomycin, 50, 112 Deamination, 112, 142 Decarboxylation, 112, 134 Density, 7, 108, 112, 116, 129 Dental Caries, 112, 116 Dental Plaque, 46, 112 Depressive Disorder, 112, 124 Deuterium, 113, 120 Dextrans, 8, 113 Diabetes Mellitus, 22, 113, 118, 119 Diabetic Ketoacidosis, 64, 113 Diagnostic procedure, 71, 113 Dialysate, 17, 62, 63, 113 Dialysis Solutions, 49, 113 Dialyzer, 113, 119 Diastolic, 113, 120 Diffusion, 113, 118, 121, 122, 142 Digestion, 25, 102, 105, 106, 113, 123, 124, 139 Diltiazem, 64, 113 Direct, iii, 13, 33, 73, 113, 135 Discrimination, 41, 113 Distal, 4, 113, 114 Diuretic, 113, 117 Diurnal, 15, 46, 113 Duct, 113, 115, 136 Duodenum, 105, 113, 123, 139 Dyes, 8, 105, 113, 116 Dysphoric, 6, 112, 113 Dystrophy, 18, 113 E Echocardiography, 25, 114 Eclampsia, 114, 133 Edema, 112, 114, 117, 133, 142 Efficacy, 9, 114

Elastin, 110, 114 Electrode, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 38, 39, 48, 73, 74, 75, 77, 108, 114 Electrolysis, 103, 108, 114 Electrolyte, 24, 28, 74, 76, 102, 114, 119, 132, 138, 142 Electrons, 108, 114, 123, 129 Electrophysiological, 114, 143 Embryo, 114, 122, 142 Emulsions, 102, 114 Enamel, 19, 22, 112, 114, 116 Encephalopathy, 20, 49, 114 Endemic, 114, 125 Endothelial cell, 18, 114, 140 Endothelium, 114, 128 Endothelium-derived, 114, 128 End-stage renal, 109, 114 Enema, 5, 114 Enterocytes, 8, 115 Environmental Health, 84, 86, 115 Enzymatic, 102, 107, 110, 112, 115, 136 Enzyme, 8, 74, 75, 115, 118, 123, 125, 132, 134, 135, 140, 141, 143 Enzyme Inhibitors, 115, 132 Eosinophils, 115, 124 Epithelial, 8, 40, 62, 101, 115, 118, 119, 124 Epithelial Cells, 40, 62, 115, 119, 124 Epithelium, 8, 10, 105, 114, 115 Erythrocytes, 27, 103, 105, 106, 115, 135 Esophagus, 115, 139 Estradiol, 7, 115 Estrogen, 51, 115, 133, 137, 139 Evoke, 115, 138 Excitability, 3, 115 Excitation, 115, 116, 128 Excitatory, 10, 115 Excitatory Amino Acids, 10, 115 Exhaustion, 103, 115, 125 Exocrine, 3, 115, 130 Exogenous, 5, 115, 142 Extracellular, 3, 7, 9, 39, 47, 64, 65, 78, 111, 115, 126, 129, 138, 140 Extracellular Space, 115, 126 Extracorporeal, 13, 30, 115, 116, 119 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, 30, 116 F Facial, 116, 130 Facial Nerve, 116, 130 Family Planning, 85, 116 Fat, 105, 106, 116, 124, 138 Femoral, 108, 116

148

Ionized Calcium

Femoral Artery, 108, 116 Fetus, 116, 131, 142 Fibrinogen, 116, 131, 140 Fibrosis, 116, 136 Flatus, 116, 117 Flow Cytometry, 15, 116 Fluorescence, 116 Fluorescent Dyes, 116 Fluorine, 116 Fluorosis, 41, 116 Fold, 78, 116 Forearm, 106, 116 Foscarnet, 5, 30, 117 Furosemide, 27, 30, 117 G Gallbladder, 35, 101, 105, 117 Gas, 16, 28, 51, 72, 74, 102, 107, 113, 116, 117, 120, 128, 134, 135, 143 Gas exchange, 117, 135, 143 Gastric, 104, 106, 117 Gastrin, 117, 120 Gastrointestinal, 62, 106, 117, 125, 137, 139 Gene, 8, 11, 54, 78, 105, 117 Gene Expression, 8, 117 Geriatric, 16, 117 Germ Cells, 117, 129, 138, 139 Gestational, 43, 117 Gestational Age, 43, 117 Giant Cells, 117, 136 Gingivitis, 112, 117 Gland, 78, 101, 117, 125, 130, 136, 138, 140 Glomerular, 10, 117, 123 Glomeruli, 117 Glomerulonephritis, 10, 117 Glomerulus, 117 Glucocorticoid, 4, 117 Glucose, 4, 30, 40, 46, 74, 106, 108, 113, 118, 119, 122, 135, 136 Glucose Intolerance, 113, 118 Glucose tolerance, 4, 118 Glucose Tolerance Test, 118 Glucuronic Acid, 118, 119 Glycine, 102, 105, 118, 128 Glycoprotein, 62, 116, 117, 118, 124, 140 Goblet Cells, 115, 118 Gonadal, 118, 138 Governing Board, 118, 132 Graft, 17, 118 Gram-positive, 112, 118 Gram-Positive Bacteria, 112, 118 Granule, 45, 118 Guanylate Cyclase, 118, 128

H Haemodialysis, 35, 44, 61, 118 Hair Cells, 11, 118 Haptens, 101, 119, 134 Hematocrit, 25, 74, 105, 119 Heme, 105, 112, 119 Hemodiafiltration, 119, 142 Hemodialysis, 4, 17, 27, 32, 33, 34, 39, 45, 48, 50, 63, 113, 119, 142 Hemodilution, 18, 119 Hemofiltration, 119, 142 Hemoglobin, 74, 103, 105, 115, 119, 124 Hemolytic, 119, 134 Hemorrhage, 9, 112, 119, 139 Heparin, 25, 27, 37, 51, 53, 54, 76, 119 Hepatic, 21, 39, 102, 118, 119 Hepatobiliary, 119, 131 Hepatocytes, 8, 119 Heredity, 117, 120 Herpes, 5, 120 Herpes virus, 5, 120 Herpes Zoster, 120 Homeostasis, 6, 7, 21, 28, 79, 120 Homologous, 59, 60, 119, 120, 141 Hormonal, 6, 79, 120 Hormone, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 31, 32, 37, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 59, 60, 61, 64, 78, 79, 102, 107, 109, 111, 115, 117, 120, 122, 130, 133, 140 Humoral, 9, 120 Humour, 120 Hydrogen, 37, 101, 107, 113, 120, 127, 129, 134 Hydrolysis, 109, 120, 132 Hydroxylation, 107, 120, 141 Hydroxylysine, 110, 120 Hydroxyproline, 102, 110, 120 Hypercalcemia, 7, 9, 36, 37, 62, 74, 120 Hypercholesterolemia, 44, 120 Hyperplasia, 31, 120 Hyperreflexia, 120, 140 Hypertension, 3, 22, 24, 36, 37, 49, 51, 78, 120, 133, 142 Hyperthyroidism, 120, 133 Hypertrophy, 120 Hyperventilation, 23, 25, 120 Hypotension, 111, 121, 132 Hypothermia, 119, 121 Hypothyroidism, 7, 121 Hypoxia, 8, 121 Hypoxic, 20, 49, 121

149

I Idiopathic, 121, 136 Ileum, 121, 123 Ileus, 106, 121 Immune response, 101, 104, 119, 121, 139, 143 Immune Sera, 121 Immune system, 121, 122, 125, 143 Immunization, 7, 121 Immunocompromised, 5, 121 Immunodiffusion, 102, 121 Immunoelectrophoresis, 102, 121 Immunogenic, 121, 134 Immunoglobulin, 103, 121, 127 Immunologic, 117, 121 Immunology, 18, 101, 116, 121 Immunoradiometric Assay, 59, 122 Immunosuppressive, 117, 122 In vitro, 5, 9, 13, 15, 18, 26, 27, 46, 47, 49, 51, 106, 122 In vivo, 9, 10, 12, 45, 46, 73, 119, 122, 126 Incubated, 8, 122 Induction, 122, 133 Infarction, 122, 135 Infection, 112, 121, 122, 125, 128, 139, 143 Infiltration, 117, 122 Inflammation, 8, 10, 13, 102, 104, 116, 117, 120, 122, 130, 132, 136, 142 Infusion, 6, 10, 22, 122, 141 Ingestion, 5, 14, 23, 30, 118, 122, 132, 140 Inhalation, 122, 132 Initiation, 30, 122 Inner ear, 11, 122 Inorganic, 26, 44, 109, 122 Insight, 9, 122 Insulin, 3, 22, 37, 113, 118, 122, 124, 142 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 122 Intensive Care, 10, 13, 16, 21, 42, 43, 122 Intermittent, 123, 131 Interstitial, 10, 115, 123 Intestinal, 8, 40, 107, 115, 118, 123 Intestinal Mucosa, 8, 115, 123 Intestine, 79, 105, 106, 123, 124 Intoxication, 19, 123, 143 Intracellular, 3, 10, 11, 13, 18, 29, 33, 48, 65, 78, 122, 123, 128, 132 Intracranial Pressure, 10, 123 Intramuscular, 123, 130 Intravenous, 25, 50, 122, 123, 130 Intrinsic, 102, 105, 123 Inulin, 14, 123 Ion Exchange, 77, 108, 123

Ions, 3, 24, 72, 74, 75, 77, 107, 114, 120, 123, 134 Ion-Selective Electrodes, 22, 38, 40, 45, 123 Ischemia, 78, 103, 123, 135 Ischemic stroke, 16, 123 Isozymes, 123, 134 J Jejunum, 78, 123 Jellyfish, 101, 123 K Kb, 84, 123 Ketoacidosis, 123, 124 Ketone Bodies, 113, 123, 124 Ketosis, 46, 113, 123, 124 L Labyrinth, 109, 122, 124, 137, 143 Lactation, 56, 124, 133 Laminin, 105, 124 Large Intestine, 123, 124, 135, 137 Latent, 124, 133 Laxative, 102, 124 Lesion, 10, 124 Lethal, 105, 124 Lethargy, 121, 124 Leucine, 78, 124 Leukocytes, 15, 105, 106, 115, 124, 127 Ligaments, 111, 124 Linkages, 119, 124 Lipid, 114, 122, 124 Lithium, 76, 124 Liver, 8, 19, 34, 43, 78, 101, 102, 105, 107, 112, 117, 118, 119, 124, 136, 142 Liver Transplantation, 19, 34, 43, 124 Localization, 11, 78, 124 Luciferase, 8, 124 Luteal Phase, 6, 125 Lutein Cells, 125, 133 Lymph, 109, 111, 114, 120, 125, 136 Lymph node, 125, 136 Lymphocyte, 19, 39, 104, 125 Lymphoid, 103, 125 M Macrophage, 10, 125 Malaria, 48, 125 Malaria, Falciparum, 125 Malaria, Vivax, 125 Malignancy, 9, 74, 125 Malignant, 125, 127, 128 Malignant tumor, 125, 127 Malnutrition, 102, 125 Mammary, 125, 139 Mammogram, 107, 125, 126

150

Ionized Calcium

Manic, 124, 125 Maxillary, 22, 125 Medical Records, 126, 136 MEDLINE, 85, 126 Membrane, 10, 11, 61, 63, 77, 78, 110, 113, 115, 116, 118, 124, 126, 127, 129, 132, 135, 141 Menopause, 26, 126, 132, 133 Menstruation, 125, 126 Mental, iv, 6, 84, 86, 121, 126, 134, 136, 142 Mercury, 116, 126 Metabolic acidosis, 113, 126 Metabolite, 22, 107, 126 Metastasis, 126, 128 Metastatic, 5, 126 MI, 99, 126 Microcalcifications, 107, 126 Microcirculation, 119, 126 Microdialysis, 9, 126 Microorganism, 110, 126, 143 Mobilization, 11, 14, 32, 33, 126 Modification, 102, 126 Molecular, 9, 10, 44, 54, 85, 87, 103, 105, 107, 110, 113, 116, 119, 127, 133, 139, 141 Molecule, 10, 104, 105, 110, 114, 115, 120, 127, 129, 135 Monitor, 111, 127, 129 Monoclonal, 29, 33, 127 Monocytes, 124, 127, 132 Mononuclear, 10, 127 Morphological, 17, 114, 127 Motility, 47, 64, 127, 137 Mucins, 112, 115, 118, 127, 136 Mucocutaneous, 5, 127 Mucosa, 8, 127, 133 Mucositis, 127, 140 Multiple Myeloma, 74, 127 Muscle Contraction, 3, 127 Muscle Fibers, 59, 63, 127 Muscle relaxant, 127, 139 Muscle Relaxation, 127, 139 Muscular Dystrophies, 113, 127 Myocardial infarction, 111, 126, 127, 133 Myocardium, 103, 126, 127 Myosin, 8, 127 N Nausea, 124, 128, 142 Necrosis, 112, 122, 126, 127, 128, 135, 136 Neonatal, 19, 40, 128 Neoplasms, 9, 128 Nerve, 3, 101, 104, 111, 116, 128, 135, 136, 138, 141, 142

Nervous System, 101, 119, 128, 137, 139 Neural, 120, 128 Neuronal, 9, 10, 128 Neurons, 115, 127, 128 Neuropathy, 17, 128 Neurotransmitter, 101, 102, 106, 115, 118, 128, 139 Neutropenia, 128, 132 Neutrophil, 13, 128 Niacin, 128, 141 Nitric Oxide, 10, 128 Nitrogen, 5, 74, 77, 128, 141 Normotensive, 4, 24, 50, 62, 129 Nuclear, 78, 114, 128, 129 Nucleic acid, 128, 129 Nucleus, 105, 109, 112, 113, 115, 127, 129, 134 O On-line, 17, 99, 129 Oophorectomy, 60, 129 Opacity, 112, 129 Organelles, 108, 127, 129 Ornithine, 129, 134 Osmotic, 102, 129, 137 Osteoblasts, 129 Osteocalcin, 7, 41, 46, 129 Osteoclasts, 107, 129 Ovaries, 129 Ovary, 111, 115, 129 Ovulation, 125, 129 Ovum, 111, 129, 133 Oxidation, 112, 113, 129 Oxygenator, 108, 116, 129 P Paediatric, 43, 63, 130 Pancreas, 101, 122, 130 Pancreatic, 106, 130 Pancreatitis, 74, 130 Parathyroid Glands, 130 Parenteral, 15, 43, 130 Parenteral Nutrition, 15, 43, 130 Parotid, 23, 130, 136 Parturition, 130, 133 Pathogenesis, 4, 9, 130 Pathologic, 101, 111, 130, 135 Pathophysiology, 6, 130 Peptide, 102, 107, 130, 132, 133, 140 Perfusion, 10, 13, 121, 130 Peripheral blood, 52, 130 Peritoneal, 63, 113, 130, 131 Peritoneal Cavity, 131 Peritoneal Dialysis, 63, 113, 131

151

Peritoneum, 130, 131 Pharmacologic, 131, 141 Pharmacotherapy, 9, 24, 131 Pheresis, 21, 131 Phosphorus, 9, 12, 14, 25, 27, 107, 130, 131 Phosphorylation, 8, 131, 134 Phosphorylcholine, 75, 131 Physical Examination, 6, 117, 131 Physiologic, 23, 102, 105, 123, 126, 131, 135 Physiology, 5, 18, 27, 34, 37, 42, 45, 52, 56, 61, 62, 114, 131 Pigment, 56, 105, 131 Placenta, 115, 131, 133, 142 Plants, 107, 118, 123, 131, 136 Plasma cells, 103, 127, 131 Plasma protein, 42, 102, 131, 134, 137 Plasma Volume, 113, 132 Platelet Activating Factor, 31, 132 Platelet Aggregation, 31, 64, 128, 132 Plateletpheresis, 31, 104, 132 Platelets, 12, 14, 21, 25, 33, 45, 51, 52, 56, 64, 65, 128, 131, 132, 140 Platinum, 109, 132 Pneumonia, 111, 132 Poisoning, 29, 123, 126, 128, 132 Polymers, 113, 132, 133 Polymorphism, 54, 132 Polypeptide, 102, 110, 116, 132, 133, 143 Posterior, 103, 130, 132 Postmenopausal, 46, 50, 61, 132 Post-translational, 65, 132 Potassium, 16, 20, 39, 76, 102, 132 Practice Guidelines, 86, 132 Precursor, 103, 115, 133, 134, 141 Predisposition, 4, 133 Preeclampsia, 37, 133 Pregnancy Tests, 117, 133 Prevalence, 4, 47, 133 Probe, 72, 126, 133 Progesterone, 7, 51, 133, 138 Progression, 103, 133 Progressive, 109, 127, 128, 133 Prolactin, 60, 133 Proline, 110, 120, 133 Propranolol, 27, 133 Protein C, 22, 26, 102, 129, 133, 142 Protein Conformation, 102, 133 Protein S, 78, 105, 129, 133 Proteins, 11, 77, 78, 102, 104, 108, 109, 110, 121, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 142 Proteinuria, 127, 133

Proteoglycans, 105, 134 Prothrombin, 134, 140 Protons, 120, 134 Protozoan, 125, 134 Psychiatric, 6, 134 Psychiatry, 134 Psychic, 126, 134, 137 Psychoactive, 134, 143 Public Policy, 85, 134 Publishing, 11, 134 Pulmonary, 9, 34, 106, 119, 120, 134, 137, 143 Pulmonary Artery, 106, 134, 143 Pulmonary Ventilation, 120, 134 Putrefaction, 134 Putrescine, 62, 134 Pyruvate Kinase, 75, 134 Q Quaternary, 133, 134, 139 R Radioactive, 120, 129, 134 Radiography, 111, 117, 134 Radioimmunoassay, 60, 122, 134 Randomized, 10, 50, 114, 134 Reabsorption, 4, 135 Reagent, 75, 125, 135 Receptor, 7, 29, 47, 54, 78, 104, 134, 135, 137 Rectum, 104, 116, 117, 124, 135 Recurrence, 109, 135 Red blood cells, 15, 115, 119, 135, 136 Refer, 1, 110, 120, 124, 135, 143 Reference Values, 14, 40, 135 Refraction, 135, 138 Refractory, 5, 135 Regimen, 114, 131, 135 Relaxant, 135, 139 Renin, 24, 63, 78, 103, 135 Reperfusion, 78, 135 Reperfusion Injury, 135 Resorption, 107, 129, 135 Respiration, 107, 127, 135 Respiratory failure, 116, 135 Retina, 112, 135, 136 Retinal, 112, 136 Retinitis, 112, 136 Retrospective, 4, 136 Retrospective study, 4, 136 Risk factor, 4, 42, 136 Rod, 109, 136 S Saliva, 23, 25, 34, 46, 136

152

Ionized Calcium

Salivary, 25, 112, 116, 136 Salivary glands, 112, 116, 136 Saponins, 136, 138 Sarcoidosis, 34, 47, 90, 136 Schizoid, 136, 143 Schizophrenia, 136, 143 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 136, 143 Screening, 109, 136 Secretion, 3, 9, 10, 18, 21, 25, 32, 49, 51, 79, 106, 109, 120, 121, 122, 124, 127, 136 Sediment, 25, 137 Sedimentation, 108, 137 Seizures, 51, 137 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 137, 139 Semicircular canal, 122, 137 Seminiferous tubule, 137, 138 Sensibility, 103, 137 Sensor, 72, 137 Sepsis, 8, 126, 137 Septic, 8, 21, 137 Serotonin, 128, 131, 137, 141 Serum Albumin, 12, 16, 134, 137 Skeletal, 18, 109, 127, 137, 138, 139 Skeleton, 101, 137 Skull, 123, 137 Small intestine, 113, 120, 121, 123, 137 Smoke Inhalation Injury, 116, 137 Smooth muscle, 106, 137, 138, 139 Sodium, 16, 20, 33, 36, 49, 53, 76, 102, 135, 137 Soft tissue, 5, 106, 137, 138 Somatic, 120, 138 Spasm, 138, 140 Specialist, 91, 138 Species, 125, 127, 138, 141, 143 Spectrum, 3, 138 Sperm, 35, 109, 137, 138 Sperm Motility, 35, 138 Spermatozoa, 64, 138 Spermatozoon, 138 Spinal cord, 109, 128, 138 Spleen, 112, 136, 138 Steady state, 9, 138 Steel, 109, 138 Stem Cells, 138, 142 Sterile, 130, 138 Steroid, 4, 105, 111, 136, 138 Stimulus, 3, 111, 114, 115, 138, 140 Stomach, 78, 101, 104, 115, 117, 118, 120, 124, 128, 131, 137, 138, 139 Stress, 108, 111, 128, 133, 139

Stridor, 139, 140 Stroke, 9, 16, 84, 123, 139 Subarachnoid, 9, 139 Subclinical, 122, 137, 139 Subcutaneous, 114, 130, 139 Substance P, 126, 136, 139 Succinylcholine, 43, 139 Superoxide, 13, 139 Supplementation, 60, 62, 63, 139 Symptomatic, 130, 139 Symptomatology, 6, 139 Synergistic, 133, 139 Systemic, 36, 45, 104, 106, 122, 132, 136, 139, 141 Systolic, 4, 49, 120, 139 Systolic blood pressure, 4, 49, 139 T Tamoxifen, 61, 137, 139 Teratogenic, 113, 139 Testis, 115, 139 Tetanic, 5, 139 Tetanus, 139, 140 Tetany, 5, 73, 130, 140 Threshold, 113, 115, 120, 140 Thrombin, 65, 116, 132, 133, 134, 140 Thrombocytes, 132, 140 Thrombocytopenia, 132, 140 Thrombomodulin, 133, 140 Thrombosis, 20, 24, 31, 47, 51, 56, 61, 64, 65, 133, 139, 140 Thrombus, 111, 122, 123, 132, 140 Thymidine, 78, 140 Thymus, 121, 140 Thyroid, 22, 60, 79, 107, 120, 121, 130, 140 Thyroid Gland, 79, 120, 130, 140 Thyroid Hormones, 22, 60, 140 Thyrotropin, 121, 140 Thyroxine, 102, 140 Tolerance, 118, 140 Tone, 129, 140, 141 Tonic, 21, 141 Toxaemia, 133, 141 Toxic, iv, 112, 128, 134, 137, 141 Toxicology, 86, 141 Trachea, 139, 140, 141 Traction, 109, 141 Transfection, 105, 141 Transfer Factor, 121, 141 Transfusion, 19, 35, 52, 61, 141 Translation, 102, 141 Translational, 141 Translocate, 13, 141

153

Transmitter, 101, 115, 141 Transplantation, 17, 19, 21, 32, 34, 39, 43, 61, 109, 121, 141 Trauma, 128, 130, 141 Tryptophan, 62, 110, 137, 141 Tryptophan Hydroxylase, 62, 141 Tuberculosis, 36, 141 Tunica, 127, 141 Type 2 diabetes, 3, 142 U Ultrafiltration, 17, 119, 142 Ultrasonography, 117, 142 Umbilical Arteries, 142 Umbilical Cord, 20, 36, 142 Umbilical cord blood, 20, 36, 142 Uraemia, 130, 142 Urea, 5, 20, 106, 129, 142 Urethra, 142 Urinary, 4, 6, 52, 53, 142 Urine, 5, 7, 9, 34, 53, 105, 111, 113, 124, 133, 142 Urolithiasis, 53, 142 Uterus, 111, 126, 129, 133, 142 V Vaccines, 142, 143 Vascular, 3, 18, 56, 111, 114, 122, 126, 128, 131, 140, 142

Vasculitis, 130, 142 Vasodilators, 128, 142 Vein, 18, 123, 129, 130, 142 Venous, 12, 20, 105, 133, 142, 143 Venous blood, 12, 20, 105, 143 Ventricle, 134, 139, 143 Ventricular, 36, 44, 143 Ventricular Function, 44, 143 Venules, 106, 107, 126, 143 Verapamil, 27, 53, 143 Vestibular, 11, 118, 143 Vestibule, 109, 122, 137, 143 Veterinary Medicine, 85, 143 Virulence, 104, 143 Virus, 5, 117, 143 Vitro, 5, 9, 119, 143 Vivo, 9, 13, 73, 143 W White blood cell, 103, 122, 124, 125, 128, 131, 143 Windpipe, 140, 143 Withdrawal, 73, 143 X Xenograft, 103, 143 X-ray, 108, 111, 116, 125, 129, 143 Z Zymogen, 133, 143

154

Ionized Calcium

155

156

Ionized Calcium